Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 385 4635618 4635492 2026-05-13T18:46:40Z ~2026-28847-60 3586206 /* Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories */ Reply 4635618 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] == Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC) :Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it "abandoned": it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though). :I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope. :I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book. :Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book? ::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC) ::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Deleted page]] == Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template: * [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]] * [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC) :This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Cereal Grains Through History]] == Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page: {{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}} :{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] == Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks for looping me in. :::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine. :::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable. :::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context. :::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order. :::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated). :::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development). :::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task. :::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I'm still not sure whether this makes it in-scope at Wikibooks and suitable for the book-like scope of this work, so I'm looping in other admins to weigh in on scope and consensus @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period, I'm wondering if user space is more suitable than main space. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::::This is just one page of a book, right? It's not like the entire wikibook is a transcription. I'm inclined to keep it unless there is something I am missing. "For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period" - that's a draft and can generally stay in article space. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:09, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::My thoughts are similar to Leaderboard's. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 05:47, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] Thank you, and good to know. Unless I am misunderstanding, the plan is actually to host many source texts in this book's namespace (see other subpages in [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]) and not limited to this one page. Additionally, do we have anything in policy regarding how long drafts can stay in mainspace? I couldn't find anything, and it strikes me as unconstructive to the project if pages with significant issues (e.g. scope, quality, etc) are left in the mainspace for months to years. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] Thank you for your considered responses, the following is provided as background summary. :::::::(1) I should mention that all of these pages were speedily deleted six months ago on the basis of breach of copyright, despite the fact that they are in the public domain (yes I was remiss in not making this clear in the relevant discussion pages, and yes I was aware of the need for copyright explanation, but was overly focussed on content creation). I was hit by about 20 simultaneous speedily delete notifications, responded to 2 or 3 thinking that would be sufficient, but later found they had all been deleted (I was not active on Wikibooks at the time). My intention is to provide clear public domain information for each page in the coming months, but I am only one person and need time to give effect. Copyright worldwide is quite complex. :::::::(2) I was hit by this RfD about 2 weeks ago, nominally a single subpage, but with the threat of dozens of subpages being similarly treated. This time the basis of the RfD was breach of the "Not a text repository" policy, of which I was not previously aware. I see in the policy that there is a clear exception for annotated texts and I will further develop content in support of that exception (you will see that is my general practice in any event). There are literally hundreds of articles in this Wikibook already heavily annotated, simply on the basis of good authorship e.g. :::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies/Clement_Edgar_Ames/Notes :::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/7BU_Burnie/Notes :::::::But, again, I am only one person and need time to give effect. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:59, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] As far as I can see, isn't the goal to annotate most of those pages? And there is no set limit for a draft. The main reason we'd delete a draft is if the book ''itself'' has nothing of value, which is not the case here. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 04:49, 5 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Got it, thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:06, 6 May 2026 (UTC) : As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::Additionally, I'd note that creating content like [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Fair dealing]] or [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Not a text repository]] is not helpful. This sort of argumentative content clearly does not belong in a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :{{keep}} - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks "Not a text repository" policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :{{keep}}. Annotated texts are an exception and while there can be a debate about how much annotation is enough, at the moment I think we should accept the primary editor's position in respect of their intent. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 13:58, 5 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History Books]] == Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] == As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::I have started the creation of this book and I request an additional time before deleting it. Since I started, some time has passed in which I have not been able to continue adding information, but I intend to add information on the way in which the different parameters of the overhead power lines are calculated, the electric and magnetic fields created by them, their operating regimes and the possible problems of overvoltage due to resonance phenomena in some cases. It was intended to show some of these questions with the calculations made with the program. ::If you give me an additional time to introduce more information later you can decide if that information is sufficient or not to keep the book. I have the problem that (as can be seen in this writing) my English is not good enough to introduce directly into the book what I am writing and I have to reredact everything using some artificial intelligence program; this delays the process much. Still I request a little more time to be able to show that the information introduced is of value. ::Thank you very much for your understanding. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 13:29, 5 May 2026 (UTC) == Various Transwiki Namespace Pages == *[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]] *[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]] *[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]] *[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]] *[[Transwiki:Front door method]] *[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] *[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]] *[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]] *[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]] *[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]] *[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]] *[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]] *[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]] *[[Transwiki:Barter]] *[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]] *[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]] *[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]] *[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]] *[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] *[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]] *[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]] *[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]] *[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]] *[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]] *[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]] *[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Maude system]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Model rocket]] *[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]] *[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]] This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]], [[Transwiki:Horse grooming]], and [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] could be viable book content. None of the others obviously looked usable to me. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) ::I excluded Transwikis that could be added to books here, but the pages you mentioned do not seem usable to me (unless a specific book where they could be added is created). Additionally, in [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]], the tone is unfit for Wikibooks. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :I deleted a few of these that seemed unambiguously out of scope. I agree that most of them are not sufficiently book-like in scope on their own, and I think they warrant deletion unless anyone can identify specific books that can host them. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:01, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[A second course to linear algebra - Matrix algebra]] == Abandoned, with several unresolved quality issues as outlined at [[User talk:Akira tanzivana]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:04, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Bengali–Assamese script]] == Abandoned for three years with minimal content that is seemingly redundant to [[Bengali]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :<nowiki>'''Keep'''</nowiki> — Comment from page author/subject expert. :I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Objective Projection<nowiki>''</nowiki> methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On the content itself:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through: :* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: "Levent Bulut Objective Projection") :* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at <nowiki>''</nowiki>Digital Humanities Quarterly<nowiki>''</nowiki> :* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology :* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection) :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On AI assistance:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The <nowiki>''</nowiki>ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments<nowiki>''</nowiki> are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2024. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>Proposed remedy instead of deletion:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I am happy to: :# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms :# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim :# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record :This would address the <nowiki>''</nowiki>undisclosed<nowiki>''</nowiki> part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors. :<nowiki>I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Kindred1]] and [[User:Lesleysiri/sandbox]] == Both pages were created by [[Special:Contributions/Lesleysiri|Lesleysiri]], who has not been active since creating them. It is also obvious from the writing style that they are AI-generated; in the sandbox, there are two images generated from DALL-E. I disclose that I came from Commons; see [[c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by Lesleysiri]]. [[User:Whyiseverythingalreadyused|Whyiseverythingalreadyused]] ([[User talk:Whyiseverythingalreadyused|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whyiseverythingalreadyused|contribs]]) 03:12, 12 May 2026 (UTC) :'''Keep''' [[Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Kindred1]], at least for now. While this page was created by [[User:Lesleysiri]], it has been extensively modified by [[User:Doctorxgc]], who wrote most of the content in the book. While the images (which have been removed) were clearly AI-generated, I don't think that the text was; the page was created in late 2022 and its text does not seem characteristic of ChatGPT output from that era. I'm not certain that the content of this book as a whole is appropriate for Wikibooks - the contents are largely a collection of personal essays reflecting on readings, not instructional matter - but that should be addressed separately. :'''Delete''' the sandbox. The content was copied into mainspace in 2022; it's clearly outlived its purpose. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:34, 13 May 2026 (UTC) mh1pyqab3q9y2dhaoaqm65wuzkemnky 4635619 4635618 2026-05-13T18:47:17Z ~2026-28847-60 3586206 /* Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories */ 4635619 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] == Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC) :Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it "abandoned": it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though). :I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope. :I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book. :Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book? ::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC) ::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Deleted page]] == Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template: * [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]] * [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC) :This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Cereal Grains Through History]] == Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page: {{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}} :{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] == Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks for looping me in. :::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine. :::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable. :::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context. :::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order. :::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated). :::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development). :::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task. :::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I'm still not sure whether this makes it in-scope at Wikibooks and suitable for the book-like scope of this work, so I'm looping in other admins to weigh in on scope and consensus @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period, I'm wondering if user space is more suitable than main space. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::::This is just one page of a book, right? It's not like the entire wikibook is a transcription. I'm inclined to keep it unless there is something I am missing. "For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period" - that's a draft and can generally stay in article space. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:09, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::My thoughts are similar to Leaderboard's. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 05:47, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] Thank you, and good to know. Unless I am misunderstanding, the plan is actually to host many source texts in this book's namespace (see other subpages in [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]) and not limited to this one page. Additionally, do we have anything in policy regarding how long drafts can stay in mainspace? I couldn't find anything, and it strikes me as unconstructive to the project if pages with significant issues (e.g. scope, quality, etc) are left in the mainspace for months to years. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] Thank you for your considered responses, the following is provided as background summary. :::::::(1) I should mention that all of these pages were speedily deleted six months ago on the basis of breach of copyright, despite the fact that they are in the public domain (yes I was remiss in not making this clear in the relevant discussion pages, and yes I was aware of the need for copyright explanation, but was overly focussed on content creation). I was hit by about 20 simultaneous speedily delete notifications, responded to 2 or 3 thinking that would be sufficient, but later found they had all been deleted (I was not active on Wikibooks at the time). My intention is to provide clear public domain information for each page in the coming months, but I am only one person and need time to give effect. Copyright worldwide is quite complex. :::::::(2) I was hit by this RfD about 2 weeks ago, nominally a single subpage, but with the threat of dozens of subpages being similarly treated. This time the basis of the RfD was breach of the "Not a text repository" policy, of which I was not previously aware. I see in the policy that there is a clear exception for annotated texts and I will further develop content in support of that exception (you will see that is my general practice in any event). There are literally hundreds of articles in this Wikibook already heavily annotated, simply on the basis of good authorship e.g. :::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies/Clement_Edgar_Ames/Notes :::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/7BU_Burnie/Notes :::::::But, again, I am only one person and need time to give effect. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:59, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] As far as I can see, isn't the goal to annotate most of those pages? And there is no set limit for a draft. The main reason we'd delete a draft is if the book ''itself'' has nothing of value, which is not the case here. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 04:49, 5 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Got it, thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:06, 6 May 2026 (UTC) : As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::Additionally, I'd note that creating content like [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Fair dealing]] or [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Not a text repository]] is not helpful. This sort of argumentative content clearly does not belong in a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :{{keep}} - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks "Not a text repository" policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :{{keep}}. Annotated texts are an exception and while there can be a debate about how much annotation is enough, at the moment I think we should accept the primary editor's position in respect of their intent. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 13:58, 5 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History Books]] == Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] == As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::I have started the creation of this book and I request an additional time before deleting it. Since I started, some time has passed in which I have not been able to continue adding information, but I intend to add information on the way in which the different parameters of the overhead power lines are calculated, the electric and magnetic fields created by them, their operating regimes and the possible problems of overvoltage due to resonance phenomena in some cases. It was intended to show some of these questions with the calculations made with the program. ::If you give me an additional time to introduce more information later you can decide if that information is sufficient or not to keep the book. I have the problem that (as can be seen in this writing) my English is not good enough to introduce directly into the book what I am writing and I have to reredact everything using some artificial intelligence program; this delays the process much. Still I request a little more time to be able to show that the information introduced is of value. ::Thank you very much for your understanding. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 13:29, 5 May 2026 (UTC) == Various Transwiki Namespace Pages == *[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]] *[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]] *[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]] *[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]] *[[Transwiki:Front door method]] *[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] *[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]] *[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]] *[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]] *[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]] *[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]] *[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]] *[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]] *[[Transwiki:Barter]] *[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]] *[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]] *[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]] *[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]] *[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] *[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]] *[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]] *[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]] *[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]] *[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]] *[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]] *[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Maude system]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Model rocket]] *[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]] *[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]] This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]], [[Transwiki:Horse grooming]], and [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] could be viable book content. None of the others obviously looked usable to me. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) ::I excluded Transwikis that could be added to books here, but the pages you mentioned do not seem usable to me (unless a specific book where they could be added is created). Additionally, in [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]], the tone is unfit for Wikibooks. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :I deleted a few of these that seemed unambiguously out of scope. I agree that most of them are not sufficiently book-like in scope on their own, and I think they warrant deletion unless anyone can identify specific books that can host them. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:01, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[A second course to linear algebra - Matrix algebra]] == Abandoned, with several unresolved quality issues as outlined at [[User talk:Akira tanzivana]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:04, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Bengali–Assamese script]] == Abandoned for three years with minimal content that is seemingly redundant to [[Bengali]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :<nowiki>'''Keep'''</nowiki> — Comment from page author/subject expert. :I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Objective Projection<nowiki>''</nowiki> methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On the content itself:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through: :* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: "Levent Bulut Objective Projection") :* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at <nowiki>''</nowiki>Digital Humanities Quarterly<nowiki>''</nowiki> :* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology :* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection) :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On AI assistance:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The <nowiki>''</nowiki>ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments<nowiki>''</nowiki> are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>Proposed remedy instead of deletion:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I am happy to: :# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms :# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim :# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record :This would address the <nowiki>''</nowiki>undisclosed<nowiki>''</nowiki> part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors. :<nowiki>I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Kindred1]] and [[User:Lesleysiri/sandbox]] == Both pages were created by [[Special:Contributions/Lesleysiri|Lesleysiri]], who has not been active since creating them. It is also obvious from the writing style that they are AI-generated; in the sandbox, there are two images generated from DALL-E. I disclose that I came from Commons; see [[c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by Lesleysiri]]. [[User:Whyiseverythingalreadyused|Whyiseverythingalreadyused]] ([[User talk:Whyiseverythingalreadyused|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whyiseverythingalreadyused|contribs]]) 03:12, 12 May 2026 (UTC) :'''Keep''' [[Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Kindred1]], at least for now. While this page was created by [[User:Lesleysiri]], it has been extensively modified by [[User:Doctorxgc]], who wrote most of the content in the book. While the images (which have been removed) were clearly AI-generated, I don't think that the text was; the page was created in late 2022 and its text does not seem characteristic of ChatGPT output from that era. I'm not certain that the content of this book as a whole is appropriate for Wikibooks - the contents are largely a collection of personal essays reflecting on readings, not instructional matter - but that should be addressed separately. :'''Delete''' the sandbox. The content was copied into mainspace in 2022; it's clearly outlived its purpose. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:34, 13 May 2026 (UTC) hp1af1124q5ubaj0nziw2uh0hwiizf9 4635625 4635619 2026-05-13T19:15:25Z ~2026-28847-60 3586206 /* Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories */ Reply 4635625 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] == Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC) :Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it "abandoned": it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though). :I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope. :I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book. :Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book? ::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC) ::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Deleted page]] == Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template: * [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]] * [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC) :This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Cereal Grains Through History]] == Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page: {{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}} :{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] == Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks for looping me in. :::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine. :::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable. :::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context. :::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order. :::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated). :::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development). :::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task. :::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I'm still not sure whether this makes it in-scope at Wikibooks and suitable for the book-like scope of this work, so I'm looping in other admins to weigh in on scope and consensus @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period, I'm wondering if user space is more suitable than main space. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::::This is just one page of a book, right? It's not like the entire wikibook is a transcription. I'm inclined to keep it unless there is something I am missing. "For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period" - that's a draft and can generally stay in article space. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:09, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::My thoughts are similar to Leaderboard's. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 05:47, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] Thank you, and good to know. Unless I am misunderstanding, the plan is actually to host many source texts in this book's namespace (see other subpages in [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]) and not limited to this one page. Additionally, do we have anything in policy regarding how long drafts can stay in mainspace? I couldn't find anything, and it strikes me as unconstructive to the project if pages with significant issues (e.g. scope, quality, etc) are left in the mainspace for months to years. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] Thank you for your considered responses, the following is provided as background summary. :::::::(1) I should mention that all of these pages were speedily deleted six months ago on the basis of breach of copyright, despite the fact that they are in the public domain (yes I was remiss in not making this clear in the relevant discussion pages, and yes I was aware of the need for copyright explanation, but was overly focussed on content creation). I was hit by about 20 simultaneous speedily delete notifications, responded to 2 or 3 thinking that would be sufficient, but later found they had all been deleted (I was not active on Wikibooks at the time). My intention is to provide clear public domain information for each page in the coming months, but I am only one person and need time to give effect. Copyright worldwide is quite complex. :::::::(2) I was hit by this RfD about 2 weeks ago, nominally a single subpage, but with the threat of dozens of subpages being similarly treated. This time the basis of the RfD was breach of the "Not a text repository" policy, of which I was not previously aware. I see in the policy that there is a clear exception for annotated texts and I will further develop content in support of that exception (you will see that is my general practice in any event). There are literally hundreds of articles in this Wikibook already heavily annotated, simply on the basis of good authorship e.g. :::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies/Clement_Edgar_Ames/Notes :::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/7BU_Burnie/Notes :::::::But, again, I am only one person and need time to give effect. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:59, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] As far as I can see, isn't the goal to annotate most of those pages? And there is no set limit for a draft. The main reason we'd delete a draft is if the book ''itself'' has nothing of value, which is not the case here. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 04:49, 5 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Got it, thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:06, 6 May 2026 (UTC) : As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::Additionally, I'd note that creating content like [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Fair dealing]] or [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Not a text repository]] is not helpful. This sort of argumentative content clearly does not belong in a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :{{keep}} - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks "Not a text repository" policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :{{keep}}. Annotated texts are an exception and while there can be a debate about how much annotation is enough, at the moment I think we should accept the primary editor's position in respect of their intent. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 13:58, 5 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History Books]] == Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] == As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::I have started the creation of this book and I request an additional time before deleting it. Since I started, some time has passed in which I have not been able to continue adding information, but I intend to add information on the way in which the different parameters of the overhead power lines are calculated, the electric and magnetic fields created by them, their operating regimes and the possible problems of overvoltage due to resonance phenomena in some cases. It was intended to show some of these questions with the calculations made with the program. ::If you give me an additional time to introduce more information later you can decide if that information is sufficient or not to keep the book. I have the problem that (as can be seen in this writing) my English is not good enough to introduce directly into the book what I am writing and I have to reredact everything using some artificial intelligence program; this delays the process much. Still I request a little more time to be able to show that the information introduced is of value. ::Thank you very much for your understanding. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 13:29, 5 May 2026 (UTC) == Various Transwiki Namespace Pages == *[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]] *[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]] *[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]] *[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]] *[[Transwiki:Front door method]] *[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] *[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]] *[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]] *[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]] *[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]] *[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]] *[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]] *[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]] *[[Transwiki:Barter]] *[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]] *[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]] *[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]] *[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]] *[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] *[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]] *[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]] *[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]] *[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]] *[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]] *[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]] *[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Maude system]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Model rocket]] *[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]] *[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]] This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]], [[Transwiki:Horse grooming]], and [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] could be viable book content. None of the others obviously looked usable to me. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) ::I excluded Transwikis that could be added to books here, but the pages you mentioned do not seem usable to me (unless a specific book where they could be added is created). Additionally, in [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]], the tone is unfit for Wikibooks. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :I deleted a few of these that seemed unambiguously out of scope. I agree that most of them are not sufficiently book-like in scope on their own, and I think they warrant deletion unless anyone can identify specific books that can host them. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:01, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[A second course to linear algebra - Matrix algebra]] == Abandoned, with several unresolved quality issues as outlined at [[User talk:Akira tanzivana]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:04, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Bengali–Assamese script]] == Abandoned for three years with minimal content that is seemingly redundant to [[Bengali]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :<nowiki>'''Keep'''</nowiki> — Comment from page author/subject expert. :I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Objective Projection<nowiki>''</nowiki> methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On the content itself:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through: :* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: "Levent Bulut Objective Projection") :* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at <nowiki>''</nowiki>Digital Humanities Quarterly<nowiki>''</nowiki> :* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology :* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection) :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On AI assistance:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The <nowiki>''</nowiki>ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments<nowiki>''</nowiki> are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>Proposed remedy instead of deletion:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I am happy to: :# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms :# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim :# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record :This would address the <nowiki>''</nowiki>undisclosed<nowiki>''</nowiki> part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors. :<nowiki>I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures ::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion. ::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by: ::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page. ::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives). ::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format). ::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records. ::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts: ::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''"large amount of content removal"''' filter. ::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''"automated link/spam"''' filter. ::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Kindred1]] and [[User:Lesleysiri/sandbox]] == Both pages were created by [[Special:Contributions/Lesleysiri|Lesleysiri]], who has not been active since creating them. It is also obvious from the writing style that they are AI-generated; in the sandbox, there are two images generated from DALL-E. I disclose that I came from Commons; see [[c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by Lesleysiri]]. [[User:Whyiseverythingalreadyused|Whyiseverythingalreadyused]] ([[User talk:Whyiseverythingalreadyused|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whyiseverythingalreadyused|contribs]]) 03:12, 12 May 2026 (UTC) :'''Keep''' [[Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Kindred1]], at least for now. While this page was created by [[User:Lesleysiri]], it has been extensively modified by [[User:Doctorxgc]], who wrote most of the content in the book. While the images (which have been removed) were clearly AI-generated, I don't think that the text was; the page was created in late 2022 and its text does not seem characteristic of ChatGPT output from that era. I'm not certain that the content of this book as a whole is appropriate for Wikibooks - the contents are largely a collection of personal essays reflecting on readings, not instructional matter - but that should be addressed separately. :'''Delete''' the sandbox. The content was copied into mainspace in 2022; it's clearly outlived its purpose. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:34, 13 May 2026 (UTC) tlvx2qum1nduscvmd0vuovh47b7xl9y 4635647 4635625 2026-05-13T22:36:25Z Omphalographer 3427146 /* Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories */ Reply 4635647 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] == Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC) :Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it "abandoned": it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though). :I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope. :I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book. :Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book? ::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC) ::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Deleted page]] == Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template: * [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]] * [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC) :This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Cereal Grains Through History]] == Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page: {{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}} :{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] == Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks for looping me in. :::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine. :::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable. :::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context. :::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order. :::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated). :::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development). :::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task. :::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I'm still not sure whether this makes it in-scope at Wikibooks and suitable for the book-like scope of this work, so I'm looping in other admins to weigh in on scope and consensus @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period, I'm wondering if user space is more suitable than main space. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::::This is just one page of a book, right? It's not like the entire wikibook is a transcription. I'm inclined to keep it unless there is something I am missing. "For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period" - that's a draft and can generally stay in article space. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:09, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::My thoughts are similar to Leaderboard's. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 05:47, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] Thank you, and good to know. Unless I am misunderstanding, the plan is actually to host many source texts in this book's namespace (see other subpages in [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]) and not limited to this one page. Additionally, do we have anything in policy regarding how long drafts can stay in mainspace? I couldn't find anything, and it strikes me as unconstructive to the project if pages with significant issues (e.g. scope, quality, etc) are left in the mainspace for months to years. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] Thank you for your considered responses, the following is provided as background summary. :::::::(1) I should mention that all of these pages were speedily deleted six months ago on the basis of breach of copyright, despite the fact that they are in the public domain (yes I was remiss in not making this clear in the relevant discussion pages, and yes I was aware of the need for copyright explanation, but was overly focussed on content creation). I was hit by about 20 simultaneous speedily delete notifications, responded to 2 or 3 thinking that would be sufficient, but later found they had all been deleted (I was not active on Wikibooks at the time). My intention is to provide clear public domain information for each page in the coming months, but I am only one person and need time to give effect. Copyright worldwide is quite complex. :::::::(2) I was hit by this RfD about 2 weeks ago, nominally a single subpage, but with the threat of dozens of subpages being similarly treated. This time the basis of the RfD was breach of the "Not a text repository" policy, of which I was not previously aware. I see in the policy that there is a clear exception for annotated texts and I will further develop content in support of that exception (you will see that is my general practice in any event). There are literally hundreds of articles in this Wikibook already heavily annotated, simply on the basis of good authorship e.g. :::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies/Clement_Edgar_Ames/Notes :::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/7BU_Burnie/Notes :::::::But, again, I am only one person and need time to give effect. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:59, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] As far as I can see, isn't the goal to annotate most of those pages? And there is no set limit for a draft. The main reason we'd delete a draft is if the book ''itself'' has nothing of value, which is not the case here. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 04:49, 5 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Got it, thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:06, 6 May 2026 (UTC) : As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::Additionally, I'd note that creating content like [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Fair dealing]] or [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Not a text repository]] is not helpful. This sort of argumentative content clearly does not belong in a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :{{keep}} - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks "Not a text repository" policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :{{keep}}. Annotated texts are an exception and while there can be a debate about how much annotation is enough, at the moment I think we should accept the primary editor's position in respect of their intent. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 13:58, 5 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History Books]] == Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] == As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::I have started the creation of this book and I request an additional time before deleting it. Since I started, some time has passed in which I have not been able to continue adding information, but I intend to add information on the way in which the different parameters of the overhead power lines are calculated, the electric and magnetic fields created by them, their operating regimes and the possible problems of overvoltage due to resonance phenomena in some cases. It was intended to show some of these questions with the calculations made with the program. ::If you give me an additional time to introduce more information later you can decide if that information is sufficient or not to keep the book. I have the problem that (as can be seen in this writing) my English is not good enough to introduce directly into the book what I am writing and I have to reredact everything using some artificial intelligence program; this delays the process much. Still I request a little more time to be able to show that the information introduced is of value. ::Thank you very much for your understanding. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 13:29, 5 May 2026 (UTC) == Various Transwiki Namespace Pages == *[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]] *[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]] *[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]] *[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]] *[[Transwiki:Front door method]] *[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] *[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]] *[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]] *[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]] *[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]] *[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]] *[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]] *[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]] *[[Transwiki:Barter]] *[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]] *[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]] *[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]] *[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]] *[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] *[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]] *[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]] *[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]] *[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]] *[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]] *[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]] *[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Maude system]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Model rocket]] *[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]] *[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]] This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]], [[Transwiki:Horse grooming]], and [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] could be viable book content. None of the others obviously looked usable to me. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) ::I excluded Transwikis that could be added to books here, but the pages you mentioned do not seem usable to me (unless a specific book where they could be added is created). Additionally, in [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]], the tone is unfit for Wikibooks. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :I deleted a few of these that seemed unambiguously out of scope. I agree that most of them are not sufficiently book-like in scope on their own, and I think they warrant deletion unless anyone can identify specific books that can host them. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:01, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[A second course to linear algebra - Matrix algebra]] == Abandoned, with several unresolved quality issues as outlined at [[User talk:Akira tanzivana]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:04, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Bengali–Assamese script]] == Abandoned for three years with minimal content that is seemingly redundant to [[Bengali]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :<nowiki>'''Keep'''</nowiki> — Comment from page author/subject expert. :I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Objective Projection<nowiki>''</nowiki> methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On the content itself:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through: :* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: "Levent Bulut Objective Projection") :* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at <nowiki>''</nowiki>Digital Humanities Quarterly<nowiki>''</nowiki> :* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology :* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection) :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On AI assistance:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The <nowiki>''</nowiki>ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments<nowiki>''</nowiki> are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>Proposed remedy instead of deletion:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I am happy to: :# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms :# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim :# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record :This would address the <nowiki>''</nowiki>undisclosed<nowiki>''</nowiki> part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors. :<nowiki>I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures ::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion. ::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by: ::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page. ::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives). ::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format). ::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records. ::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts: ::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''"large amount of content removal"''' filter. ::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''"automated link/spam"''' filter. ::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either. ::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Kindred1]] and [[User:Lesleysiri/sandbox]] == Both pages were created by [[Special:Contributions/Lesleysiri|Lesleysiri]], who has not been active since creating them. It is also obvious from the writing style that they are AI-generated; in the sandbox, there are two images generated from DALL-E. I disclose that I came from Commons; see [[c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by Lesleysiri]]. [[User:Whyiseverythingalreadyused|Whyiseverythingalreadyused]] ([[User talk:Whyiseverythingalreadyused|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whyiseverythingalreadyused|contribs]]) 03:12, 12 May 2026 (UTC) :'''Keep''' [[Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Kindred1]], at least for now. While this page was created by [[User:Lesleysiri]], it has been extensively modified by [[User:Doctorxgc]], who wrote most of the content in the book. While the images (which have been removed) were clearly AI-generated, I don't think that the text was; the page was created in late 2022 and its text does not seem characteristic of ChatGPT output from that era. I'm not certain that the content of this book as a whole is appropriate for Wikibooks - the contents are largely a collection of personal essays reflecting on readings, not instructional matter - but that should be addressed separately. :'''Delete''' the sandbox. The content was copied into mainspace in 2022; it's clearly outlived its purpose. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:34, 13 May 2026 (UTC) aw1wmh322zj9yk1w599fpsaensiepqq 0 3985 4635607 4619964 2026-05-13T17:42:40Z Bageel 3586166 I added a new variation of WILD 4635607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{LDTOC}} == This page describes a number of lucid dream induction techniques. It is recommended that you be able to [[Lucid Dreaming/Dream Recall|recall]] ''at least'' one dream per night in order to maximize the effectiveness of these methods. == ==Preliminary Knowledge== Certain elements are common to many of the lucidity-inducing techniques discussed later in this chapter. To better understand these techniques, these common components will be discussed first. ===Sleep Interruption=== An element shared by many of the techniques is sleep interruption. Sleep interruption is the process of purposefully awakening during your normal sleep period and falling asleep a short time later (10&ndash;60 minutes). This can be easily done by using a relatively quiet alarm clock to bring you to consciousness without fully waking you. If you find yourself resetting the clock in your sleep, it can be placed on the other side of the room, forcing you to get out of bed to turn it off. Other biorhythm-based options involve drinking lots of fluid (particularly water or tea, a known [[w:Diuretic|diuretic]]) prior to sleep, forcing one to get up to urinate. Sleep interruption is a natural part of the MILD technique (described below) which trains you to arise immediately after your dreams end. === Sleep Continuity === If you have trouble initially falling asleep, avoid drinking water for about an hour before going to bed. Otherwise, you may find yourself running to the bathroom, disrupting any attempts at lucidity. Also, try to avoid caffeine and sugar before bed. However, depending on your sensitivity, caffeine may only stimulate your mind as opposed to your body. This extra grip on consciousness could be helpful in inducing lucid dreams. Exercising during the day is an excellent way of preparing your body for sleep. However, be sure to not exercise inside the three hours before bedtime, as your body will be stimulated for a short time afterwards. The morning or afternoon is the best time for this. If you still have difficulty getting to sleep, try reading about lucid dreaming just before going to sleep. Your subconscious will likely absorb this information, increasing your chances of experiencing a lucid dream. If you ''do'' decide to read before going to sleep, keep a lamp next to your bed as physically getting up to turn off the lights may reawaken your body. ===Reality checks=== A reality check is a test you can perform to see if you're dreaming or awake. It might seem odd to test reality when you are sure that you're awake, but making a habit out of one or more of these reality checks will hugely increase your chances of having a lucid dream. If, say, you hold your nose and try to breathe in through it several times throughout the day then you're very likely to dream about doing it. And when you dream about performing a reality check, then of course the results should come out differently, in this case you'll find that you are somehow breathing in through your closed nostrils. You'll know that you're dreaming, and be able to take lucid control! So here are some reality checks. You should be familiar with the entire list even if you only use a few. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !class="unsortable" width="10%"| !class="unsortable"| !width="5%"|Reliability !width="5%"|Speed !width="5%"|Inconspicuousness !width="5%"|Overall !width="5%"|False positives !width="5%"|False negatives |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Breathing|Breathing]]''' | Can you breathe with your fingers tightly sealing your nose and your mouth shut? |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|4.33 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Very Rare |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Jumping|Jumping]]''' | When you jump, do you float back down? |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|1 |style="text-align: center"|3.67 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Rare |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Reading|Reading]]''' | Do sentences change when you read them? Read, turn away and repeat it to yourself, and then turn back and read it again. Do this twice. |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|4.33 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Rare |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Vision|Vision]]''' | Do you have perfect vision? This only works for people who have at least slightly blurry vision in the waking world. Alternatively, if you have ''perfect'' vision in the waking world, you may have blurred vision in the dream world. |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|4.67 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Common |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Hands|Hands]]''' | Do your hands have a strange color, too many fingers (sometimes they disappear and reappear when you try to count them!) or other abnormalities? Can you push your finger through your other hand? |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|4.67 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Time|Time]]''' | Does your watch or clock tell a reasonable time? Are you even able to read the time off it? Sometimes clocks have the wrong number of hands or have strange symbols. Try reading the time twice, like the Reading check above. Note: Digital clocks often work better for this reality check. |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|4.33 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Powers|Powers]]''' | Are you able to fly (just visualize it), unlock doors, or use other magical powers? Try to change the shape of your body, or walk through a wall, window, or mirror. |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Common |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Light switches|Light switches]]''' | Does a light switch work? |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|1 |style="text-align: center"|2.67 |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Mirrors|Mirrors]]''' | Do you look normal in a mirror? |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Nose|Nose]]''' | Can you see your nose with one eye closed? |style="text-align: center"|2 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Rare |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Memory|Memory]]''' | Are you able to remember how you got here, why you are here and what happened an hour ago? |style="text-align: center"|2 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|3.33 |style="text-aligh: center"|Rare |style="text-aligh: center"|Common |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Identity|Identity]]''' | Do you have the same gender, age, job, relationships and responsibilities as usual? |style="text-align: center"|2 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|3.33 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |} Choose a few reality checks which you will do regularly. Take them seriously, do not assume you are awake (even when you know you are). If you practice performing these checks very thoroughly while awake, then you're more likely to perform them thoroughly while dreaming. You should '''always''' carry out more than one reality check. If you find that it is not a dream, look around you and think of what would be different if it were a dream. If you do this it will make it more likely that you will do a reality check in a dream. Apart from doing reality checks throughout the day, you also need to do a reality check immediately after you wake up. This helps you become lucid in false awakenings, when you dream that you have woken up but in fact are still dozing. Using a digital alarm clock or mobile phone display to do a Reading check, every single time you wake up, is a quick and reliable way to catch false awakenings. If you have trouble bringing reality checks into your dreams then before going to bed imagine yourself in a dream, noticing odd details and doing a reality check. Then do a reality check in real life. If you do this a few times before bed you will find that you will do it more often in dreams. If you are in a situation where you cannot do a reality check, such as at a public speaking, try to do one as soon as possible. You can do some reality checks very inconspicuously, such as looking at some text on a sign. If you start to say “well, I can't do a reality check now” you should not be surprised when you make this mistake in a dream! '''Which reality checks are best?''' When selecting reality checks, the most important properties of a reality check are ''reliability'', ''speed'', and ''inconspicuousness''. * The '''reliability''' of each reality check is how likely you are to recognize the dream-sign's results as showing that you are dreaming '''once you do them in a dream'''. It changes for each person but some reality checks are overall more accurate than others. The figures in the table above are ''rough only'' and differ for each person. * It is important for a reality check to be '''fast'''. It wastes dream time if you have to search around for a book or (perhaps worse) a mirror. Plus, it could also give your subconsciousness more time to produce real-life results, especially if you believe that the check will give real-life results. * Third, a reality check should be '''inconspicuous'''; that is, it should not draw too much attention to you when you do it in the waking world. Suddenly jumping in the air or trying to walk through a wall as a reality check could cause much embarrassment! * Fourth, a reality check should not have "false positives". These occur when the reality check shows you are dreaming in real life. When you get a dream result, do another reality check to be sure! * A final important note is whether or not a reality check should have "false negatives". These occur when a reality check shows you are in real life when you are actually dreaming. If you think you may be dreaming, keep doing tests until you prove yourself right! On the table above, these are scored '''out of 5'''. '''I have trouble remembering to do reality checks throughout the day. What reminders can I use?''' You are lucky to have an interesting day and forget about lucid dreaming! You can tag your mind to remember dreaming when you think of certain things, like your friend or your homework. It isn't advisable to explicitly write “reality check” or “lucid” on your hand, as this could create an over dependence on this reminder, which may not exist in a dream. However, you might want to just draw a dot or small circle on your hand. This should be enough to remind you to do a reality check. Try putting a little label on your clock, mobile phone, or watch, reminding yourself to do a reality check. (Some weird colors will make it more noticeable and it will take longer for you to get used to it and ignore it.) If you check these regularly during the course of your waking day, you will be doing lots of reality checks. A simple coffee mug with a reminder such as "Are you dreaming?" printed on it or random alarms can also serve well, but try not to become too dependent on them. You can find examples of these at [http://ld4all.com/ LD4All]. Another technique is to write down three things you do regularly in a day. Examples include hearing your name, going through a doorway, turning on a TV, beginning to read a book, or seeing a stranger. In the morning, choose three such events and intend to do a reality check whenever they happen in the following day. '''I did a reality check in a dream but it said that I was not dreaming. What went wrong?''' Some reality checks work perfectly for some people and awfully for others. These are mostly the light switches one and the hands one. If you find that the light switch works or that your hands are perfectly normal, you need to change to a different technique. '''I did a reality check in a dream but I did not quite realize I was dreaming. What went wrong?''' An example of this is looking into a mirror and seeing some huge boils or a gray mist on your reflection and not realizing that you are dreaming. This is rare if you actually intended to look into the mirror as a reality check. You need to be more careful when doing your reality checks in real life or pick more reliable reality checks which show more obviously that you are dreaming. Also try to pick reality checks that are easy to do. For example, don't rely the Time Reality Check if you never wear a watch, and don't pick the Mirror Reality Check if you rarely look in the mirror during the day or you know that you won't find a mirror in your dream. Another good remedy for this problem (and a good practice in general) is to perform two or three reality checks at a time. The Time Reality Check, for example, can be easily combined with attempting to push one hand through another. Or, for those with glasses, testing your ability to read text fits naturally with checking for "perfect eyesight w/o glasses". <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Threads about reality checks on [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com]: The BIG Reality Check topic [http://web.archive.org/web/20060507033358/http://www.ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=540 I] [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2929 II] | [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=5217 RCs that prove you are awake while dreaming] | [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=5627 New RC?] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051130083341/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5636 Today's Lucid Tip: Dream Characters Suck] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051128133216/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5708 The RC List!] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051123120245/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5778 Failed Reality Checks] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051130083317/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5846 Funny dream cue / RC experience] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051130084618/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5890 The Automatization Technique] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051130091058/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5903 Reality Check Failure] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051123023652/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6002 Need a better reality check for Christ's sake!!!!!!] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051123115829/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6256 WHY?!?!?! Failed Reality Check!]<br/> Threads about reality checks at [http://lucidity.com The Lucidity Institute]: Reality Testing [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/465.html September 2000] [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/511.html June 2001] [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/1587.html August 2001] [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/2014.html December 2001] [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/52.html Latest] </div> <div style="text-align: right; font-size: small">[[#top|top]]</div><br> ==Techniques== When you read through these techniques, remember that different techniques work for different people. There is no “best technique” and most techniques could be used to have 2&ndash;5 lucid dreams every night! You could have several lucid dreams in a night, but you will not know it unless you remember them! However, you will probably want some advice as to which technique you should try first. Consider whether you want to use a method which starts from a dream or a method which starts from being awake.^* If you master a technique which starts from being awake, you will eventually be able to have lucid dreams on demand when you sleep. For other techniques, you have to rely on your luck to give you lucid dreams after you have done your technique. Here are some advantages and disadvantages for specific techniques: (Remember, it is ''essential'' to be able to recall at least one dream per night before attempting these techniques) {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" !width="10%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Technique !width="20%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Summary !width="20%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Advantages !width="20%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Disadvantages !width="20%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Best for... !width="5%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Rating |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#WBTB|WBTB]]<br/>(Wake-Back-To-Bed) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Wake after some sleep and then return to bed. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Simple * Can be very reliable, especially when used with other techniques |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Disrupts sleep cycle |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People who want to strengthen other techniques, or who wake up in the middle of the night anyway. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#Auto-suggestion|Auto-suggestion]] |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Let yourself genuinely believe that you'll become lucid&mdash;without ''intending'' to become lucid&mdash;so that you really will. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Simple |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Less effective than some other techniques (such as MILD) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People who are susceptible to [[Hypnosis|hypnosis]] or practice meditation. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#MILD|MILD]]<br/>(Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Fall asleep while focused on your intention to ''remember'' that you are dreaming. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Simple |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Can be boring |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People with a good prospective memory (remembrance of future intentions). |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#WILD|WILD]]<br/>(Wake-Initiation of Lucid Dreams) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Keep your consciousness while falling asleep and go straight into a dream. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Lets you truly induce lucid dreams at will |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Can cause frightening experiences * Can take long to master |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People who want to reliably have lucid dreams. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#VILD|VILD]]<br/>(Visual Induction of Lucid Dreams) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| By repetitive visualisation, incubate a dream in which you do a reality check. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Also lets you induce lucid dreams at will * Works ''extremely'' well for some people... |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * ...but not very well for others * Visualizing can keep you awake |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People who have good visualization skills. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green/ yellow |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#CAT|CAT]]<br/>(Cycle Adjustment Technique) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Adjust your sleep cycle to encourage awareness during the latter part of your sleep. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Requires relatively little effort other than adjusting your sleep cycle * Is very effective |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Requires you to wake up early on some days * You are only likely to get a lucid dream on every other day (though this could easily be more frequently than with other techniques) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People who have a very regular sleep cycle. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green/ yellow |} <small>^* The usual acronyms in forums for this are DILD (Dream-Initiated Lucid Dream) and WILD (Wake-Initiated Lucid Dream). All the techniques that induce WILDs are described under [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#WILD|WILD]] on this page.</small> ===WBTB=== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba;"|Rated green. This technique has been successful in scientific research and/or is part of a commercial book about lucid dreaming. |} WBTB stands for “Wake-Back-To-Bed”. Wake yourself up after 4 to 6 hours of sleep, get out of bed and stay up for anywhere between a few minutes to an hour before going back to bed. It is preferable that you do something related to lucid dreaming during this time (such as reading about lucid dreaming), but it is not required. This is best combined with other techniques; many people have amazing results with a MILD/WBTB combination. The WBTB technique significantly increases your chances of a lucid dream, and using MILD (see below) in conjunction increases your success rate if you are planning to sleep an hour or more after your WBTB session. However, you might need plenty of sleep time and therefore you may only be able to use it on weekends. If you are sleeping too deeply to become lucid, then you can modify this technique. Try returning to sleep somewhere different than where you usually sleep, e.g. on a couch, a different bed, or even on the floor. If you are unable to do this, try changing the way you sleep, e.g. try sleeping with a lighter blanket or reversing the orientation of your body while in the bed (that is, swapping head and feet). Do this in order to teach your body that these different surroundings mean you want to have a more conscious sleep rather than a deeper sleep. In the beginning, different surroundings will also make you more alert, which can heighten your level of consciousness during sleep. '''I am sometimes awake for very short times, but cannot pull myself together enough to get up and out of bed. What can I do?''' Put a bright piece of paper on the wall or ceiling so that you will see it when you wake up. Other stimuli could be a hot water bottle, a light turned on under your bed, or an alarm clock. A good technique is to place an alarm clock out of arm's reach so that you are compelled to physically get up from bed and turn it off. If this is still insufficient to restore consciousness, try making a note of your intentions to remain awake and place the note on your alarm clock. After you get a lucid dream with this method, you'll find it easier and easier to get out of bed because you'll have more motivation. <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Threads about the WBTB technique at [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com]: [http://web.archive.org/web/20060502063146/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4361 The BIG WBTB topic] </div> ===Auto-suggestion=== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba;"|Rated green. This technique has been successful in scientific research and/or is part of a commercial book about lucid dreaming. |} This technique describes how to use [[w:Autosuggestion|auto-suggestion]] to have lucid dreams. It can be especially effective for people who are highly susceptible to [[Hypnosis|hypnosis]] or understand meditation, but for most people, MILD will probably be more effective. As you are falling asleep, suggest to yourself that you will have a lucid dream either that night or in the near future. You can use a mantra (such as “I will recognize that I'm dreaming”) if you want, but make sure you don't try too hard to get a lucid dream. Instead of putting intentional effort into the suggestion, try to genuinely expect to have a lucid dream. Let yourself think expectantly about the lucid dream you are about to have, but be patient if you don't get one right away. You may also use auto-suggestion to improve dream recall. Just use the technique as described above, but instead of suggesting that you'll have a lucid dream, suggest that you'll remember your dreams when you wake up. You could also use a mantra with this, such as “When I wake up, I will remember what I dreamt”. Just be careful not to put too much intentional effort into the mantra &mdash; try to genuinely expect to remember your dreams instead. ===MILD=== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba"|Rated green. This technique has been detailed in ''Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming'' by Stephen LaBerge. |} MILD stands for “Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams", or sometimes, “Mnemonically Induced Lucid Dream". The MILD technique was developed by Stephen LaBerge, and is described fully in his book ''Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming''. With the MILD technique, as you are falling asleep, you concentrate on your intention to ''remember'' to recognize that you are dreaming. Repeat a short mantra in your head, such as “Next time I'm dreaming, I will remember I'm dreaming”. Think about what this means (i.e., that you want to remember that you are dreaming&mdash;in the same way you might go to a grocery store and suddenly remember that you need bread), and imagine that you are back in a dream you've had recently, but this time you recognize that you are dreaming. For example, if you recently dreamed of flying, imagine realizing that it is a dream because you are flying. Keep repeating and visualizing the mantra until you are sure that your intention is set in your mind or you fall asleep. If you stop repeating and visualizing the mantra, then still try to make sure the last thing in your mind before falling asleep is your intention to remember to recognize that you are dreaming. In general, the MILD technique can be practiced when you first go to bed at night, or after you have awakened from a dream during the night. If you practice the MILD technique after you have awakened from a dream, you should first run through the dream to ensure that you remember it. Some people find it helpful to jot down a few notes about their dream in their dream journal. Once you have committed the dream to memory, go back to sleep and follow the steps above. But this time, visualize the dream you just had. Move through the dream in your mind until you encounter a dream-sign you originally missed. Now, instead of missing the dream-sign, imagine yourself recognizing it and becoming “lucid”. Repeat this until you have fallen asleep. You ''will'' re-enter the dream, and you ''will'' recognize the dream-sign and finally, become lucid. <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Threads about the MILD technique at [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com]: The BIG MILD topic [http://www.ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=623 I] [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4870 II] | [http://www.ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?topic=5326 MILD at Midnight?] | [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=5485 MILD Mantras]<br /> archive.org threads about the MILD technique from www.dreamviews.com (offline): [http://web.archive.org/web/20080302015405/http://www.dreamviews.com/community/showthread.php?t=1885 Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams (MILD)] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20080302223741/http://www.dreamviews.com/community/showthread.php?t=5679 Getting more help with MILD from your subconscious] </div> ===WILD=== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba;"|Rated green. This technique has been successful in scientific research and/or is part of a commercial book about lucid dreaming. |} WILD stands for “Wake-Initiated Lucid Dream”, or “Wake-Initiation of Lucid Dreams” to refer to any technique that involves falling asleep consciously. These techniques are similar to self-hypnosis. Some people believe that WILDs are not actual dreams, but are instead [[w:astral projection|astral projection]]. Various detailed resources are available under that moniker. For most people, they are far easier to induce in the early morning after waking up or in afternoon naps, as the sleep cycle will continue with a REM period. Once you are experienced with inducing WILDs, you can try to induce them at other times. For WILDs to occur, it is best for your body to be completely relaxed. When you go back to bed, lie down comfortably. Now tense and relax your body, starting from your shoulders and working downwards, then back up to the face. This (or similar relaxation, meditation, or trance techniques) should make your body feel slightly heavy and relaxed. There are many different ways to induce WILDs, but they all involve simultaneously attempting to keep the mind aware, while attempting to have the body fall asleep. A few techniques are detailed below. One of the common ways used to induct oneself into a concious sleep, is using an anchor. Anchors can be anything in your environment that you can focus on. These can be either internal, external, or both. An external anchor could be your breathing, white noise, quiet music, the sound of your fan, the ambiance of your room, any external stimuli that you can't control. An internal anchor is a feeling, sensation, or motion that doesn't really exist. These could be an image behind your eyes, moving the hands or fingers of your "dream/spirit body", or going through the motions of falling asleep. These anchors are meant to keep your mind awake, while you fall asleep, and should not be something that will keep you awake. If you pay attention to your physical body while using these techniques, then you will likely enter sleep paralysis (which usually happens after you are already asleep) without losing conscious awareness of your body. You will get a tingling and buzzing sensation (this might be unpleasant). These sensations might be so strong that you feel that you will die (e.g., you might feel a choking sensation), but don't worry, this is perfectly safe! In fact, this process happens to you every time you sleep, you are just not conscious during it. Sometimes you can simply wait until you fall asleep straight into a lucid dream. However, if you do not fall asleep, and you become completely paralyzed (with the exception of your eyes), do not try to move. Imagine your dream hand (or spirit hand if you prefer) going up and leaving your physical hand behind. Now you should have two separate bodies, a dream one and a real one. Control your dream body only &mdash; if you control your real one, you will wake up. Now you can try to roll out of bed into your dream world (alternatively, you can get up and walk through a mirror, or sink into your bed). There is a possibility that after waking up from a dream that you initiated using this technique, you may still be paralyzed. If this phenomenon occurs, it may be accompanied by hallucinations. For example, you may wake up from a lucid dream that you started using one of the WILD techniques, and you will still be paralyzed, this is a state of [[w:Sleep paralysis|Sleep paralysis]]. If you have the experience then you have been given an example of what your mind can do, even without your direction. Before the phenomena was understood, as Sleep paralysis also occurs outside of Lucid Dream experiments it had been given a general negative outlook, while the experience is truly unique (partial awareness, unable to move, and multi-sense hallucinations) it is often linked to cultural fears, nightmares and other night terrors, Americans call it Old Hag, Japanese people call it kanashibari, Korean people call it kawi nullida (being pressed by a pair of scissors), Turkish people call it ''karabasan'' and in old French it was called ''Cauquemare'', which was later transformed into the term ''cauchemar''. In any case as soon as you rationalize what is happening you should lose any fear by the temporary loss of muscular control and contextualize any hallucination. ====Chakra Technique==== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #fffaef; border: 1px solid #fada9a"|Rated green/yellow. There have been anecdotes from a few people of this working on the [http://web.archive.org/web/20090406111627/http://www.dreamviews.com/community/showthread.php?t=71387 DreamViews forums]. |} Using Chakra ("third eye") meditation is one way to achieve WILDs. Basically, one has to focus solely on his third eye and breathing to achieve a lucid dream. This is a technique over 5000 years old, taught to Parvati by Shiva.<ref name="shiva">[http://web.archive.org/web/20080104094658/www.totallyok.com/secret/007m.htm 112 Meditations from Shiva to Parvati]. ''Internet Archive.'' Accessed on 2009-09-18.</ref> He is quoted as saying:<blockquote>With intangible breath in center of forehead, as this reaches heart at the moment of sleep, have direction over dreams and over death itself.<ref name="shiva"/></blockquote> ====Eyelid Patterns==== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #faffef; border: 1px solid #dafa9a;"|Rated yellow. There have been some anecdotes from at least one person of this technique working, although there is no scientific research proving it. |} This has been found to be very effective in many cases. However, it may lead to strange after effects, such as up to 15 dreams in one night, but otherwise, nothing harmful. This technique is as follows: When you go to sleep, ensure the room is completely dark. Then, with eyes closed, try to focus on the little dots that should appear to be moving on your eyelids. You will find that you can change their color at will. Continue focusing on these dots; make them dance around and form patterns and change colors, and eventually you should enter a Lucid Dream. This may take a little practice, but is usually very effective for summoning Lucid Dreams at will. Works better in conjunction with WBTB and other techniques mentioned above, but is still extraordinarily effective on its own. ====Hypnagogic Imagery==== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba;"|Rated green. This technique has been successful with a large amount of people, in scientific research, and/or is part of a commercial book about lucid dreaming. |} Stimulate your thinking patterns by constantly switching your attention. After doing this long enough, the images and sounds should begin to take a momentum on their own (this is called hypnagogic imagery), and may they get very strange and illogical. You should enter a dream at this point and quickly become lucid. Otherwise, you will eventually realize you have entered sleep paralysis consciously (see above). Because hypnagogic sleep paralysis involves full consciousness, dreaming can sometimes be frighteningly real. There is often a feeling of being flipped upside down, spun, or being tugged upon by an outside force. Hypnagogic hallucinations may also include strange auditory hallucinations, dark beings and flying. It is possible to observe waking reality while in a hypnagogic state, but this is limited to the sensations of your physical body. Most hypnagogic sleep paralysis states occur when sleeping face up. There is evidence that the tendency toward experiencing Hypnagogic sleep paralysis may be hereditary. ====Counting==== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba;"|Rated green. This technique has been successful with a large amount of people, in scientific research, and/or is part of a commercial book about lucid dreaming. |} Another technique is to count up to 100 in your head, optionally adding (for example) an “I'm dreaming” between each number. Alternatively, you can imagine stepping down stairs and reading each floor number, from 100 to 0. Try to make this image as vivid as possible &mdash; include not only what you see, but also what you hear, feel (touch the banister), and smell. At some point this image should continue into a dream or you will begin to get sleep paralysis as described above. It is easy to lose count, especially with counting up to 100 with an 'I'm dreaming' with each number. But stay focused: you are not going to sleep; your body is, and you must concentrate fully. ====Sound Technique==== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #faffef; border: 1px solid #dafa9a;"|Rated yellow. There have been some anecdotes from at least one person of this technique working, although there is no scientific research proving it. [Important advice regarding this, may be unsafe, just do one of the other methods instead. Some people have gained the hissing sound of Tinnitus permanently (throughout the day) using this method. See discussion page under [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques|Facts to know about Tinnitus]]] |} This method is for people, who can hear the "tinnitus". The idea is pretty much the same as the other WILD methods, which is to remain conscious while entering the dream state. In order to use this method, you must sleep in a perfectly quiet place. You need to hear the inner buzzing sound inside your ears. Lay your body down and relax as much as possible while trying to hear the sound. If you are too tired, you will fall asleep too fast and it will be difficult to remain conscious - in this case you should combine it with WBTB. By time you realize that the buzzing sound will increase in intensity. This might frighten newcomers, but be assured - nothing bad is going to happen. No, you will not be deaf when you wake up, it’s perfectly safe! *It is just an effect caused by your brain is trying to change mode, from listening to the ambient sound, to listening to the sound of dreamland, which is not real sound but just electrical charge inputed to the part of the brain to create a sensation of hearing. By that time, you will enter the hypnagogic state. All you need to do is concentrate, do not be afraid or think of anything, just be still, and in time your dream body will float, separating from your physical body, and there you go, you arrive in the dreamworld. Note: These sounds can be heard when you concentrate, even throughout the day - when you pay attention to them, but they shouldn't be heard much aloud if you are not in silence and concentrating on it - *as author said. The formula to hear it is quite simple: come into complete silence close your eyes and listen: is there only absolute silence or is there - something else? some...? do not create some sound just concentrate - :-) The best thing on this tech is - you can do it when you want. ====Slight Physical Discomfort==== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #faffef; border: 1px solid #dafa9a;"|Rated yellow. There have been some anecdotes from at least one person of this technique working, although there is no scientific research proving it. |} For the purpose of helping to retain your conscious awareness, slight physical discomfort is useful while performing any WILD technique. This prevents you from just drifting off to sleep. If you are lying down on your bed to do WILD and you are totally comfortable then your chances of going to sleep instead of remaining conscious are very high. The WILD technique relies on a form of deep trance induction, and many people who induce trances for other reasons rely on slight physical discomfort — for example the lotus position, or sitting in a hard-backed chair. Depending on your own preferences and your requirements of discomfort for success, you could choose from the following methods, arranged in ascending order of discomfort: # Stacking pillows so that you can sit up in bed — the discomfort is caused by not being in a normal sleeping position. # Lying down on a hard floor. # Lifting your forearm vertically upwards, with the rest of your arm resting on the bed. # Sitting in a hard chair. <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Threads about the WILD technique at [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com]: The BIG WILD topic [http://www.ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=311 I] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=665 II] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=1075 III] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=1582 IV] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=2372 V] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=2975 VI] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=3645 VII] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=4109 VIII] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=4458 IX] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=5254 X] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=6254 XI] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=7727 XII] [http://www.ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=11180 XIII] [http://www.ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=13858 XIV]| [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5341 Strange colored dots?!? ULTIMATE WILD method] | Threads about the WILD technique at [http://dreamviews.com dreamviews.com]: [http://www.dreamviews.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2048 Wake-Initiated Lucid Dream (WILD)] | [http://www.dreamviews.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=12621 Five Stages of WILD] | [http://www.dreamviews.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=9026 WILD induction. help, only 3 hours til sleep time] | [http://www.dreamviews.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=8645 Lotus-Flame WILD technique] </div> ===Incubating Dreams=== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba"|Rated green. This technique has been successful in scientific research and/or is part of a commercial book about dreaming. |} To incubate a dream about a specific topic, you should first think of a phrase that summarizes that topic (e.g., “I want to go to Atlantis.”). It may help to write the phrase down. If there is something you want to do in the dream, think of a phrase to summarize that too (e.g., “I want to watch Atlantis sink into the ocean.”). If you want to become lucid in the dream, then you should probably write something like “When I dream of [the topic], I will remember that I'm dreaming.” beneath your topic phrase. Immediately go to sleep and focus on your topic phrase. Visualize yourself dreaming about the topic and (if you want to become lucid) realizing that you are dreaming. If there is something specific you want to do in the dream, visualize yourself doing it once you become lucid (not very likely to work if you don't become lucid in the dream). Think about your phrase and topic (and intention to become lucid) as you fall asleep. Make sure that the last thing in your mind before falling asleep is your intention to (lucidly) dream about the topic you want to dream about. You might want to wake yourself up when the dream starts to fade so that you remember more of the dream; you can do this by ignoring your perception of the dream environment &mdash; the opposite of dream stabilization techniques (just make sure you do a reality check when you wake up to make sure you are really awake). ====Chaining Dreams==== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba"|Rated green. This technique has been successful in scientific research and/or is part of a commercial book about dreaming. |} Dream-chaining or “chaining dreams” is a method to re-enter your dream ''after you've woken up''. It can work for lucid and non-lucid dreams, but you will probably want to enter your dream lucidly. Once you wake up from a dream (if you don't think you were dreaming before you woke up, it may not work well) you should stay still and keep your eyes closed. Small movements are okay, but the less movement, sensory stimulation, and less time awake, the better. Ideally, it should feel less like you've woken up, and more like you've taken a 30 second break from dreaming. Once you are prepared to go back to sleep, close your eyes and either visualize yourself back in your dream, or use the “spinning technique” given in the next chapter to imagine yourself spinning back “into” your dream. Spinning is a little faster than visualization. Be sure to maintain the fact that you are dreaming (unless you don't want to be lucid), or you may lose your lucidity while falling asleep. Once in the dream, stimulate your senses as early as possible (see the next chapter). ====VILD==== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #fffaef; border: 1px solid #fada9a"|Rated green/yellow. There have been anecdotes from several people of this working on the [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com] forums. |} VILD stands for “Visual Induction of Lucid Dreams”, or sometimes, “Visually Incubated Lucid Dream”. This technique has been perfected by Peter Harrison, known as Pedro on the [http://ld4all.com/forum/ forums at ld4all.com]. You may wish to read [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4789 the main thread about the technique]. The version described here has been adapted slightly. First, make sure you are relaxed. You can use the relaxing technique mentioned in the description of the WILD technique. You can also imagine your brain emptying out and becoming sleepier. If you have a hard time falling asleep quickly, it should help to read a book (preferably about lucid dreaming) for a while before you go to sleep, until you feel very sleepy. Now, you need to visualize a dream which you had prepared earlier. Here is an example of a prepared dream: : I am in a red room with one door. A friend next to me asks me to show them what a reality check is. I do my reality checks (which show that I am dreaming), tell them that I am dreaming, and head towards the door. Make sure you know exactly what the dream would be like, such as which friend, the exact words they say, and which reality checks you do. Reality checks that require no props, such as books or clocks, are recommended. Visualize this dream slowly three times, to make sure that you know every detail. Then, start going full-on and visualize the dream over and over. You should visualize the dream as though you are looking through your own eyes, not from a third-person perspective. If you find your thoughts drifting, ignore them and continue to visualize the dream continuously. You will need patience for this &mdash; don't just give up if you think it won't work. When you actually dream this, you will not notice the difference &mdash; until you do your reality checks! Continue with the dream as you incubated it (e.g., remember to thank your friend!) before continuing through the door. '''I tried to visualize the dream until I fell asleep, but I just stayed awake. What went wrong?''' If visualizing keeps you awake, the VILD technique is not the technique for you! You should use a different technique. <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Threads about VILD at [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com]: I can LD at will!!!! [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4774 I] [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4844 II] [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5194 III] | [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4789 VILD...Visually Incubated Lucid Dream]<br/> Topics about VILD at [http://lucidity.com The Lucidity Institute]: [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/2021.html The VILD Technique]<br/> There is an [[Lucid Dreaming/Appendices/VILD|appendix on VILD]]. </div> ====LILD==== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #fffaef; border: 1px solid #fada9a"|Rated yellow. There have been some anecdotes from at least one person of this technique working, although there is no scientific research proving it. |} LILD stands for “Lucid Induction of Lucid Dreams”, or sometimes, “Lucidly Induced Lucid Dream”. To use this technique, you need to have a lucid dream in the first place, but it can help you to get more later. The idea is to do something in your dream that will help you to become lucid the next time you are dreaming. For example, you could ask a dream character for help &mdash; ask them to meet you the next night and tell you that you are dreaming. If it works out the way it should, then the next time you are dreaming, the dream character will walk up to you and tell you that you are dreaming, and so you'll (hopefully) become lucid. There are many variations on this technique; you could set up signs in your dreamworld that remind you to do a reality check or eat lucid pills instead! This technique is not likely to be very effective, but it ''can'' work; it relies on the chance that you'll subconsciously induce the reminder (i.e., the dream character or sign or whatever you used) during some later dream, and become lucid because of it. Note that LILD is best used in conjunction with dream-signs and auto-suggested non-lucid dreams. The basic idea as explained above is to have something in your dream that triggers the transition from normal dream state to lucid dreaming. To simply tell a character to tell you that you are dreaming the next time you fall asleep is usually not enough. There is no guarantee that you will dream about that character and there is no guarantee that your subconscious will believe the character enough to make you snap into lucidity (make you realize that you are in fact dreaming). Now as this technique suggests, you must have some previous alternate means of having a lucid dream. Whatever technique you employ to get into this initial lucid dream state is not really important, but you should try to remember to use this technique (LILD) once you do get into a lucid dream state. Thinking of this before falling asleep (MILD) sometimes helps and usually takes many lucid dreams before finally remembering. Once you are in a lucid dream, make up a dream-sign. It can be anything. It can be an object. It can be food or a drink (that doesn't taste like anything). It is usually best to pick something that isn't quite right. Something that on the surface would appear normal in the real world, but that upon closer inspection is not quite right. Food or drinks are good as they can have no taste or not be refreshing in a dream. But try and pick something that you dream about a lot so that there is a better chance of you dreaming about this dream-sign later on. Now pick something else that only appears or happens in your lucid dream. It can be anything. If there is nothing in your current lucid dream, create something really strange. Something that could never be confused with the real world. Now mentally associate the dream-sign (food) with this unusual item or event that could never happen in the real world. But at the same time, this unusual item or event should equate to "lucid dreaming". When you see the unusual item, it should only make you think of when you have a lucid dream as this should be the only time you encountered it. So we have a 3 item associative link. Do all of the above while in a lucid dream. The next time you dream about your dream-sign, your subconscious will think of the unusual item or event. The unusual item or event will make you think of lucid dreaming. The two combined impossibilities (1. dream-sign that cannot exist in the real world 2. item or event that only appears in lucid dreams) will make your unconscious try to make a decision on all this. This will make your conscious mind come to the surface and hopefully you will come to the conclusion that you are dreaming. Many times, you will not want to deal with it because you are too tired (that is why you are sleeping, no?) and fall back into a normal dream state. This is why it can take a few tries. Eventually, your subconscious will start putting clear signs in your dreams like billboards that spell out "YOU ARE DREAMING". But once it triggers, it is quite the realization that an instant before, you had no real control over your actions and now you can do whatever you want. Another note... if it failed, you will usually know why. So next time, you can choose another dream-sign or slightly different technique or something more shocking. Once you get this working once, it is relatively easy to use over and over as the hard part just described is over with. Sometimes disassociative techniques are needed if used too much. To sum up, this technique is a way to force a reality check while in a normal dream state where your subconscious has no choice but to come to the conclusion that you are in fact dreaming. Once your mind knows that you are dreaming, there will be no other conclusion than your conscious mind taking over. And this is what lucid dreaming is all about. <nowiki>=== IA-WILD (Immersive Anchor Wake-Induced Lucid Dream) === '''</nowiki>IA-WILD<nowiki>'''</nowiki> is an advanced variation of the traditional Wake-Initiated Lucid Dream (WILD) technique. It utilizes an interactive, high-fidelity immersive daydream as a transitional bridge to bypass the common failure points of hypnagogic anxiety, boredom, and dream amnesia. ==== Core Mechanics ==== Unlike traditional WILD, which requires passive observation of hypnagogic imagery, IA-WILD employs an active mental anchor. The practitioner enters a highly detailed, low-rendering environmental vehicle (such as an elevator lounge or bus) while fully awake. * <nowiki>'''</nowiki>Direct Command Incubation:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The practitioner commands the subconscious mind to take 100% control of an incubated dream companion (e.g., a real-world friend) and instructs that character to initiate a casual conversation. * <nowiki>'''</nowiki>Attentional Diversion:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> By engaging in an autopilot conversation regarding a familiar, engaging topic, the practitioner's logic centers remain awake while the thalamus gates out real-world physical sleep-onset sensations (such as ghost itches). * <nowiki>'''</nowiki>Automated Safety-Net Trigger:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The companion character is pre-programmed with a verbal post-hypnotic script designed to interrupt the conversation and forcefully mandate a specific reality check (e.g., the nose-pinch breathing test) the exact moment the physical body transitions into REM sleep. ==== Execution Protocol =<nowiki>===</nowiki> ===CAT=== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #faffef; border: 1px solid #dafa9a;"|Rated green/yellow. There have been anecdotes from many different people of this technique working. |} # For one week, go to bed at the same time each night and get up 90 minutes earlier than you usually do. Spend those 90 minutes doing reality checks every 2&ndash;5 minutes. # Thereafter, on alternate days: follow the routine from step one, and set the intention to do your reality check routine at its regular time, while getting a full night sleep. This will cause the reality check conditioning to kick in during REM prime-time. For detailed information on the Cycle Adjustment Technique, see the [[Lucid Dreaming/Appendices/CAT|appendix on CAT]]. <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Topics about CAT at [http://lucidity.com The Lucidity Institute]: [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/441/2024.html?1090227250 **CAT method** New Lucid dream induction technique]<br/> There is an [[Lucid Dreaming/Appendices/CAT|appendix on CAT]]. </div> ===Tibetan methods=== Tibetan Buddhists practice what is known as Tibetan dream yoga. Probably the most time consuming way of inducing lucid dreams, it is also, according to the practitioners, the most rewarding. The basic practice is ''awareness''. Awareness should be practiced while sleeping just as well as while being awake. Meditating on the question “who is aware?” might catapult you into a higher degree of awareness according to Buddhist beliefs. Keeping this level of awareness is another matter. The Tibetans have developed many yogic exercises and disciplines to be practiced. Maybe the most interesting difference between Tibetan dream yoga and modern western methods of lucid dream induction is the Tibetan claim of the possibility to be aware during deep sleep, not only in the REM periods of sleep. For the reader who is interested in these methods a good start is to begin to regard all experience as a dream. After all, from the countless multitude of matter and radiation reaching our senses the nervous system tunes in only to a small fraction of this chaos. For members of the phalanx that believes we, more or less, create our own reality in the above sense this practice should feel natural. In general though, it is recommended to gain instruction from a teacher in the flesh rather than from books (like this one!). The Tibetan Methods are not "time consuming" if the goal is to go into deeper than Lucid states. From a Raja Yoga stand point, from a Daoist standpoint, and from a Tibetan Yoga standpoint the goal is not to "play" in Lucid Dreams, but to dispel the delusional nature of what we call "reality." Also, to heal and to develop super-learning, and to increase the "energy" you find most attractive: innovative, creative, joyous, blissful, love, power, wisdom, mirth. Are you Ambitious-Worldly or Ambitious-Spiritual? All these factors play into it. These techniques are very easy to learn and are rooted in a deeper science than the WILD, VILD, LILD -- one that does not use auto-suggestion or forced recall. In conclusion, the Tibetan methods are advanced yogic techniques that only an accomplished practitioner can fully teach. If one does not have access to a Tibetan dream yogi, one should probably concentrate on techniques that are more mundane from a Western point of view. ===Other techniques=== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #ffefef; border: 1px solid #fababa"|Rated red. There have been no anecdotes found of these techniques working. |} Many of these are combinations of other techniques with some addition or modification. * '''Inducing dream-signs''' - You can become lucid by trying to induce specific dream-signs to watch for during your dream. You can use auto-suggestion (see above) to associate a specific dream-sign with doing a reality check, or you can just get used to doing a reality check whenever you encounter the dream-sign while awake. Some dream-signs you can use: ** '''Thirst''' - Avoid drinking for very long. Wake up later in the night and put salt on your tongue or eat chili to make you even thirstier. Fill a glass of fresh cold water and take it with you back to bed. Hopefully, you'll dream of getting something to drink. Don't use this technique if you have trouble falling asleep while thirsty. ** '''False Awakening''' - Set your intention as you fall asleep to wake up in the middle of the night. If you are a heavy sleeper, you'll hopefully dream of waking up in the middle of the night. If you are a light sleeper, you are probably more likely to really wake up. ** '''Bladder''' - Drink large amounts of water before going to sleep. You should dream of having to go to the bathroom. You may wet your bed! This technique should be used carefully, to avoid the possibility of [[w:Water_intoxication|water intoxication]]. * '''Conditioning''' - Strictly punish or reward yourself after a dream where you failed to realize you were dreaming or when you do have a lucid dream. This could increase motivation but not necessarily cause lucid dreams in itself. Cognitive psychology, however, states that this punishment/reward system is very counterproductive, because it ties our self-esteem to the outcome of the endeavor. The opposite of this system would be to see each attempt, including those that fail, as another step towards success. * '''Muscle Exhaustion''' - Lift slight weights with one's arms and legs for about fifteen minutes before one begins to fall asleep. One should not, however, lift anything that strains the muscles too much, for that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and excites the body. The method should cause a release of tension in the muscles and tire them out. This combined with relaxation techniques and any of the -ILD's should produce a positive result. ==Other methods== ===Food and drink=== There are various foods and drinks that you can consume which seem to have some effect on sleeping and dreaming. Note that for most of these there is no explanation or scientific study of how they work, and some may simply be placebos. Don't go overboard with the consumption of any of these, as overdosing could have nasty effects (well, milk should be safe unless you are allergic). '''Don't experiment without accumulating enough knowledge first.''' The authors in no way encourage the use of legal or illegal drugs. * The amino acid tryptophan, which can be found in warm milk amongst other sources, is a precursor for the hormone serotonin, and has been proven to help you fall asleep. * Vitamin B6 and others of the B group are important for neuronal functions. * [[w:Melatonin|Melatonin]] is a hormone with neuronal effects. It is produced by the pineal gland in darkness and is suppressed by blue light. Wearing blue-blocking sunglasses or avoiding bright light in general the hours before bedtime maximizes night-time melatonin secretion. * [[w:5-HTP|5-HTP]] or [[w:L-5-HTP|L-5-HTP]] is a supplement that is related to serotonin, which some claim has induced lucid dreaming on approximately half the nights it is taken. * [[w:Caffeine|Caffeine]] is useful in WILD techniques, as it helps the mind stay focused and think vividly. Please notice that caffeine is an addictive substance and may have negative effects on your health. * An [[w:Amino Acid|Amino Acid]] Blend made up of 2000mg L-aspartic acid, 4000mg L-glutamine, and 300mg [[w:Theanine|L-theanine]] can substantially increase your odds of having a Lucid Dream. * [[w:Galantamine | Galantamine]] - acetylcholinesterase inhibitors extract from plants such as ''Lycoris radiata'' (Red Spider Lily) or from chemical synthesis. Works best when taken together with choline and/or alpha-GPC. Some people who practice Lucid dream (LD) or Out of body experience (OBE) use Galantamine to increase their odds to achieve LD or OBE. By taking small amount of Galantamine (around 4 to 8 mg) after 5 to 6 hours of deep sleep and practice the induction technique such as [[Happiness/Meditation|meditation]], MILD or WILD many people report more success with Galantamine. There also report that taking Galantamine without proper induction technique will not lead to LD or OBE but will result in only a vivid dream instead. It should also be noted that due to a long half life Galantamine will stay in the body for a period of up to and over 48 hours, as such it is advisable to space out the use of Galantamine over a period of three days so that the body does not build a resistance to the drug ruining its effectiveness. Some people report mixing Galantamine with other Nootropic can enhance the degree of lucidity but this is still controversial since some mixtures may work for some people, but lead to failure for others. Plants: * [[w:Artemisia vulgaris|Artemisia vulgaris]] * [[w:St John's wort|Hypericum perforatum]] * [[w:Ginseng|Korean Ginseng]] * [[w:Valerian (plant)|Valeriana officinalis]] * [[w:Calea zacatechichi|Calea zacatechichi]] * [[w:Ginkgo Biloba|Ginkgo biloba]] * [[w:Nutmeg|Nutmeg]] - contains [[w:myristicin|myristicin]] a [[w:deliriant|deliriant]]. * [[w:Silene_undulata|Silene undulata]] For an in-depth guide to using supplements for lucid dreaming, see the book <i>Advanced Lucid Dreaming - The Power of Supplements</i>. ===Drugs=== Dissociatives and hallucinogens can be used to create a (more or less) lucid dream-like state, though whether or not these help with lucid dreaming is debatable. '''The authors do not recommend use of these substances for induction of lucid dreams, nor do they condone the breaking of any applicable laws.''' Some dissociatives and hallucinogens are: * [[w:Amanita muscaria|Amanita muscaria]] * [[w:Banisteriopsis caapi|Ayahuasca]] * [[w:Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] - Common in the shamanic method of drinking Ayahuasca, to the result of entering the spirit realm. The herbal brew contains the psychedelic DMT, a drug is actually synthesized in minute quantities by the metabolism. It may be produced during dreams, adding to the enhanced experience.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20090406111627/http://www.dreamviews.com/community/showthread.php?t=71387 5000 year old WILD technique. Very easy, and very effective.] ''DreamViews forums.'' Accessed 2009-09-18.</ref> * [[w:Dextromethorphan|DXM]] * [[w:Ketamine|Ketamine]] * [[w:LSD|LSD]] * [[w:Mescaline|Mescaline]] * [[w:Morning glory|Morning glory]] seeds * [[w:Phencyclidine|PCP]] * [[w:Psilocybe|Psilocybe mushrooms]] * [[w:Salvia divinorum|Salvia divinorum]] For more info, see [http://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/psychoactives.shtml Erowid Vaults] ===Gadgets=== There are various gadgets you can use to become lucid easily. They generally detect when you are in the REM state and then provide a light and/or sound signal. This signal is supposed to be adjusted so that it doesn't wake you up but does enter your dream. The signal is then recognized as showing that you are dreaming, and you become lucid. The most well-known device is the NovaDreamer from the Lucidity Institute. However, this product is no longer produced. The INSPEC lucid dreaming device uses a night-vision smart camera to detect eye movements during REM sleep and triggers audio cues to promote lucidity. ===Software=== There are many programs for your computer that can assist with lucid dreaming. These can give out verbal cues while you sleep, or assist in doing your reality checks: * Lucid Scribe for Android. Reality checks, induction tools: Prospective Memory Trainer for MILD, Targeted Lucidity Reactivation (TLR), Targeted Dream Incubation (TDI), NREM1 detection with FILD screen tapping, mindfulness exercises. * [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ilucid-dream/id668103961?ls=1&mt=8 iLucid Dream] for the iPhone. Dream journal, reality checks, induction techniques, binaural beats for deep sleep and much more! * [http://lucidcode.com/LightenedDream/ Lightened Dream] is available for Windows as freeware. It can be used as a dream journal and a dream-sign list. One of its more notable features is that you can have it play a voice or song each time you enter a REM sleep period. * [http://www.dreamdoze.com DreamDoze] A web application for Social Dream interpretation and dreams journal management * [http://gnaural.sourceforge.net/ Gnaural] is a multi-platform programmable binaural-beat generator. Gnaural is released as free software under the GNU General Public License. (For a browser based demo, see [http://pantheon.yale.edu/%7Ebbl2/GnauralJavaApplet_signed.html Gnaural Java)]) * [http://uazu.net/sbagen SBaGen] is available for Windows, MacOS X, and Linux. It works by playing binaural beats into your ears, changing your brainstate. * [http://www.transparentcorp.com Neuro-Programmer] is available for Windows. This is powerful software that creates binaural beats and can work in conjunction with special goggles to induce certain mental states. * [http://www.lucidweaver.com/ LucidWeaver] is available for mobile phones and PDA that support Java (J2ME). It includes a Dream alarm with sound cue which can be adjusted to a personal REM-sleep cycle for improving dream recall and lucidity training. Randomized reality tests can be set and it can be used as regular alarm clock. * [http://mythwell.com/lucille/index.html Lucille 2.0] is an application to assist with doing reality checks. * [http://www.world-of-lucid-dreaming.com/lucid-dreaming-mp3.html Unexplainable Store] Lucid Dreaming Brainwave Entrainment MP3 * [http://www.androlib.com/android.application.com-ropez-android-sleepcheckreminder-qDwmw.aspx Sleep Check Reminder] for Android. * [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ilucid/id591703883?mt=8 iLucid] for iOS (iPod, iPhone, iPad). * [https://sites.google.com/site/sleepasandroid/ Sleep As Android] is an Android sleep tracking app. It has a feature where it can play a sound file (by default, a soft voice that says "You're dreaming..." and echoes out) when it detects that the user is in a deep sleep. There is also a list of programs available at [http://www.ld4all.com LD4all.com], under the “How” section. ====Hypnosis==== The techniques commonly referred to as hypnosis is based in a set of hypnotic suggestions are commonly composed of a series of instructions and ideas that may be delivered by a hypnotist in the presence of the subject, or they may be self-administered ("self-suggestion" or "autosuggestion"), even in a conscious state. Hypnosis is not a science. In fact, it has in almost every aspect eluded scientific analysis, as it is extremely hard to generalize (each individual responds differently and at different levels) and the methodology is so diverse and based on yet to be completely understood mental/biological phenomena, most related with faith or the placebo effect. For the phenomena to work, whom in aggregate we define as hypnosis, the mind has to be able to turn the suggestions into reality. All hypnosis is ultimately self hypnosis. If you, for instance, take into consideration the problems that faith beliefs have caused to the human race, or even the problems in the field of psychology, you can appreciate the problem of scientifically studying hypnotic phenomena, as they are extremely open to individual interpretation and to one's ability to be open to suggestibility (self-induced or otherwise). The Wikibook's work on [[Hypnosis]] will covers the subject in greater detail. It will also offer support material, or reference it, such as methods to induce, or reinforce specific mental states (or states of mind) and any attitudes and beliefs that impact the phenomena. Including information on techniques or procedures for hypnotic induction and hypnotic suggestion. ====Forums==== * [https://www.dreamviews.com/forum.php DreamViews] all about lucid dreaming, controlling dreams, lucid aids, sleep stages and dream signs. * [http://www.forumforastral.com/ Lucid Dreaming Forum] is where you can learn, discuss and help others to lucid dream. == References == <references/> <div style="text-align: right; font-size: small">[[#top|top]]</div> {{LDTOC}} [[es:Sueño lúcido/Técnicas de Inducción]] [[it:Sogno lucido/Tecniche di Induzione]] jxbyqwlt9l93i1tkxwvypommaesoqxd 4635610 4635607 2026-05-13T17:47:57Z Bageel 3586166 I was deleting something I messed up on 4635610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{LDTOC}} == This page describes a number of lucid dream induction techniques. It is recommended that you be able to [[Lucid Dreaming/Dream Recall|recall]] ''at least'' one dream per night in order to maximize the effectiveness of these methods. == ==Preliminary Knowledge== Certain elements are common to many of the lucidity-inducing techniques discussed later in this chapter. To better understand these techniques, these common components will be discussed first. ===Sleep Interruption=== An element shared by many of the techniques is sleep interruption. Sleep interruption is the process of purposefully awakening during your normal sleep period and falling asleep a short time later (10&ndash;60 minutes). This can be easily done by using a relatively quiet alarm clock to bring you to consciousness without fully waking you. If you find yourself resetting the clock in your sleep, it can be placed on the other side of the room, forcing you to get out of bed to turn it off. Other biorhythm-based options involve drinking lots of fluid (particularly water or tea, a known [[w:Diuretic|diuretic]]) prior to sleep, forcing one to get up to urinate. Sleep interruption is a natural part of the MILD technique (described below) which trains you to arise immediately after your dreams end. === Sleep Continuity === If you have trouble initially falling asleep, avoid drinking water for about an hour before going to bed. Otherwise, you may find yourself running to the bathroom, disrupting any attempts at lucidity. Also, try to avoid caffeine and sugar before bed. However, depending on your sensitivity, caffeine may only stimulate your mind as opposed to your body. This extra grip on consciousness could be helpful in inducing lucid dreams. Exercising during the day is an excellent way of preparing your body for sleep. However, be sure to not exercise inside the three hours before bedtime, as your body will be stimulated for a short time afterwards. The morning or afternoon is the best time for this. If you still have difficulty getting to sleep, try reading about lucid dreaming just before going to sleep. Your subconscious will likely absorb this information, increasing your chances of experiencing a lucid dream. If you ''do'' decide to read before going to sleep, keep a lamp next to your bed as physically getting up to turn off the lights may reawaken your body. ===Reality checks=== A reality check is a test you can perform to see if you're dreaming or awake. It might seem odd to test reality when you are sure that you're awake, but making a habit out of one or more of these reality checks will hugely increase your chances of having a lucid dream. If, say, you hold your nose and try to breathe in through it several times throughout the day then you're very likely to dream about doing it. And when you dream about performing a reality check, then of course the results should come out differently, in this case you'll find that you are somehow breathing in through your closed nostrils. You'll know that you're dreaming, and be able to take lucid control! So here are some reality checks. You should be familiar with the entire list even if you only use a few. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !class="unsortable" width="10%"| !class="unsortable"| !width="5%"|Reliability !width="5%"|Speed !width="5%"|Inconspicuousness !width="5%"|Overall !width="5%"|False positives !width="5%"|False negatives |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Breathing|Breathing]]''' | Can you breathe with your fingers tightly sealing your nose and your mouth shut? |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|4.33 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Very Rare |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Jumping|Jumping]]''' | When you jump, do you float back down? |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|1 |style="text-align: center"|3.67 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Rare |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Reading|Reading]]''' | Do sentences change when you read them? Read, turn away and repeat it to yourself, and then turn back and read it again. Do this twice. |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|4.33 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Rare |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Vision|Vision]]''' | Do you have perfect vision? This only works for people who have at least slightly blurry vision in the waking world. Alternatively, if you have ''perfect'' vision in the waking world, you may have blurred vision in the dream world. |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|4.67 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Common |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Hands|Hands]]''' | Do your hands have a strange color, too many fingers (sometimes they disappear and reappear when you try to count them!) or other abnormalities? Can you push your finger through your other hand? |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|4.67 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Time|Time]]''' | Does your watch or clock tell a reasonable time? Are you even able to read the time off it? Sometimes clocks have the wrong number of hands or have strange symbols. Try reading the time twice, like the Reading check above. Note: Digital clocks often work better for this reality check. |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|4.33 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Powers|Powers]]''' | Are you able to fly (just visualize it), unlock doors, or use other magical powers? Try to change the shape of your body, or walk through a wall, window, or mirror. |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Common |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Light switches|Light switches]]''' | Does a light switch work? |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|1 |style="text-align: center"|2.67 |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Mirrors|Mirrors]]''' | Do you look normal in a mirror? |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Nose|Nose]]''' | Can you see your nose with one eye closed? |style="text-align: center"|2 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Rare |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Memory|Memory]]''' | Are you able to remember how you got here, why you are here and what happened an hour ago? |style="text-align: center"|2 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|3.33 |style="text-aligh: center"|Rare |style="text-aligh: center"|Common |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Identity|Identity]]''' | Do you have the same gender, age, job, relationships and responsibilities as usual? |style="text-align: center"|2 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|3.33 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |} Choose a few reality checks which you will do regularly. Take them seriously, do not assume you are awake (even when you know you are). If you practice performing these checks very thoroughly while awake, then you're more likely to perform them thoroughly while dreaming. You should '''always''' carry out more than one reality check. If you find that it is not a dream, look around you and think of what would be different if it were a dream. If you do this it will make it more likely that you will do a reality check in a dream. Apart from doing reality checks throughout the day, you also need to do a reality check immediately after you wake up. This helps you become lucid in false awakenings, when you dream that you have woken up but in fact are still dozing. Using a digital alarm clock or mobile phone display to do a Reading check, every single time you wake up, is a quick and reliable way to catch false awakenings. If you have trouble bringing reality checks into your dreams then before going to bed imagine yourself in a dream, noticing odd details and doing a reality check. Then do a reality check in real life. If you do this a few times before bed you will find that you will do it more often in dreams. If you are in a situation where you cannot do a reality check, such as at a public speaking, try to do one as soon as possible. You can do some reality checks very inconspicuously, such as looking at some text on a sign. If you start to say “well, I can't do a reality check now” you should not be surprised when you make this mistake in a dream! '''Which reality checks are best?''' When selecting reality checks, the most important properties of a reality check are ''reliability'', ''speed'', and ''inconspicuousness''. * The '''reliability''' of each reality check is how likely you are to recognize the dream-sign's results as showing that you are dreaming '''once you do them in a dream'''. It changes for each person but some reality checks are overall more accurate than others. The figures in the table above are ''rough only'' and differ for each person. * It is important for a reality check to be '''fast'''. It wastes dream time if you have to search around for a book or (perhaps worse) a mirror. Plus, it could also give your subconsciousness more time to produce real-life results, especially if you believe that the check will give real-life results. * Third, a reality check should be '''inconspicuous'''; that is, it should not draw too much attention to you when you do it in the waking world. Suddenly jumping in the air or trying to walk through a wall as a reality check could cause much embarrassment! * Fourth, a reality check should not have "false positives". These occur when the reality check shows you are dreaming in real life. When you get a dream result, do another reality check to be sure! * A final important note is whether or not a reality check should have "false negatives". These occur when a reality check shows you are in real life when you are actually dreaming. If you think you may be dreaming, keep doing tests until you prove yourself right! On the table above, these are scored '''out of 5'''. '''I have trouble remembering to do reality checks throughout the day. What reminders can I use?''' You are lucky to have an interesting day and forget about lucid dreaming! You can tag your mind to remember dreaming when you think of certain things, like your friend or your homework. It isn't advisable to explicitly write “reality check” or “lucid” on your hand, as this could create an over dependence on this reminder, which may not exist in a dream. However, you might want to just draw a dot or small circle on your hand. This should be enough to remind you to do a reality check. Try putting a little label on your clock, mobile phone, or watch, reminding yourself to do a reality check. (Some weird colors will make it more noticeable and it will take longer for you to get used to it and ignore it.) If you check these regularly during the course of your waking day, you will be doing lots of reality checks. A simple coffee mug with a reminder such as "Are you dreaming?" printed on it or random alarms can also serve well, but try not to become too dependent on them. You can find examples of these at [http://ld4all.com/ LD4All]. Another technique is to write down three things you do regularly in a day. Examples include hearing your name, going through a doorway, turning on a TV, beginning to read a book, or seeing a stranger. In the morning, choose three such events and intend to do a reality check whenever they happen in the following day. '''I did a reality check in a dream but it said that I was not dreaming. What went wrong?''' Some reality checks work perfectly for some people and awfully for others. These are mostly the light switches one and the hands one. If you find that the light switch works or that your hands are perfectly normal, you need to change to a different technique. '''I did a reality check in a dream but I did not quite realize I was dreaming. What went wrong?''' An example of this is looking into a mirror and seeing some huge boils or a gray mist on your reflection and not realizing that you are dreaming. This is rare if you actually intended to look into the mirror as a reality check. You need to be more careful when doing your reality checks in real life or pick more reliable reality checks which show more obviously that you are dreaming. Also try to pick reality checks that are easy to do. For example, don't rely the Time Reality Check if you never wear a watch, and don't pick the Mirror Reality Check if you rarely look in the mirror during the day or you know that you won't find a mirror in your dream. Another good remedy for this problem (and a good practice in general) is to perform two or three reality checks at a time. The Time Reality Check, for example, can be easily combined with attempting to push one hand through another. Or, for those with glasses, testing your ability to read text fits naturally with checking for "perfect eyesight w/o glasses". <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Threads about reality checks on [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com]: The BIG Reality Check topic [http://web.archive.org/web/20060507033358/http://www.ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=540 I] [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2929 II] | [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=5217 RCs that prove you are awake while dreaming] | [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=5627 New RC?] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051130083341/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5636 Today's Lucid Tip: Dream Characters Suck] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051128133216/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5708 The RC List!] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051123120245/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5778 Failed Reality Checks] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051130083317/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5846 Funny dream cue / RC experience] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051130084618/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5890 The Automatization Technique] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051130091058/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5903 Reality Check Failure] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051123023652/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6002 Need a better reality check for Christ's sake!!!!!!] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051123115829/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6256 WHY?!?!?! Failed Reality Check!]<br/> Threads about reality checks at [http://lucidity.com The Lucidity Institute]: Reality Testing [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/465.html September 2000] [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/511.html June 2001] [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/1587.html August 2001] [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/2014.html December 2001] [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/52.html Latest] </div> <div style="text-align: right; font-size: small">[[#top|top]]</div><br> ==Techniques== When you read through these techniques, remember that different techniques work for different people. There is no “best technique” and most techniques could be used to have 2&ndash;5 lucid dreams every night! You could have several lucid dreams in a night, but you will not know it unless you remember them! However, you will probably want some advice as to which technique you should try first. Consider whether you want to use a method which starts from a dream or a method which starts from being awake.^* If you master a technique which starts from being awake, you will eventually be able to have lucid dreams on demand when you sleep. For other techniques, you have to rely on your luck to give you lucid dreams after you have done your technique. Here are some advantages and disadvantages for specific techniques: (Remember, it is ''essential'' to be able to recall at least one dream per night before attempting these techniques) {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" !width="10%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Technique !width="20%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Summary !width="20%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Advantages !width="20%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Disadvantages !width="20%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Best for... !width="5%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Rating |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#WBTB|WBTB]]<br/>(Wake-Back-To-Bed) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Wake after some sleep and then return to bed. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Simple * Can be very reliable, especially when used with other techniques |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Disrupts sleep cycle |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People who want to strengthen other techniques, or who wake up in the middle of the night anyway. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#Auto-suggestion|Auto-suggestion]] |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Let yourself genuinely believe that you'll become lucid&mdash;without ''intending'' to become lucid&mdash;so that you really will. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Simple |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Less effective than some other techniques (such as MILD) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People who are susceptible to [[Hypnosis|hypnosis]] or practice meditation. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#MILD|MILD]]<br/>(Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Fall asleep while focused on your intention to ''remember'' that you are dreaming. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Simple |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Can be boring |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People with a good prospective memory (remembrance of future intentions). |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#WILD|WILD]]<br/>(Wake-Initiation of Lucid Dreams) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Keep your consciousness while falling asleep and go straight into a dream. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Lets you truly induce lucid dreams at will |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Can cause frightening experiences * Can take long to master |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People who want to reliably have lucid dreams. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#VILD|VILD]]<br/>(Visual Induction of Lucid Dreams) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| By repetitive visualisation, incubate a dream in which you do a reality check. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Also lets you induce lucid dreams at will * Works ''extremely'' well for some people... |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * ...but not very well for others * Visualizing can keep you awake |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People who have good visualization skills. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green/ yellow |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#CAT|CAT]]<br/>(Cycle Adjustment Technique) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Adjust your sleep cycle to encourage awareness during the latter part of your sleep. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Requires relatively little effort other than adjusting your sleep cycle * Is very effective |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Requires you to wake up early on some days * You are only likely to get a lucid dream on every other day (though this could easily be more frequently than with other techniques) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People who have a very regular sleep cycle. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green/ yellow |} <small>^* The usual acronyms in forums for this are DILD (Dream-Initiated Lucid Dream) and WILD (Wake-Initiated Lucid Dream). All the techniques that induce WILDs are described under [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#WILD|WILD]] on this page.</small> ===WBTB=== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba;"|Rated green. This technique has been successful in scientific research and/or is part of a commercial book about lucid dreaming. |} WBTB stands for “Wake-Back-To-Bed”. Wake yourself up after 4 to 6 hours of sleep, get out of bed and stay up for anywhere between a few minutes to an hour before going back to bed. It is preferable that you do something related to lucid dreaming during this time (such as reading about lucid dreaming), but it is not required. This is best combined with other techniques; many people have amazing results with a MILD/WBTB combination. The WBTB technique significantly increases your chances of a lucid dream, and using MILD (see below) in conjunction increases your success rate if you are planning to sleep an hour or more after your WBTB session. However, you might need plenty of sleep time and therefore you may only be able to use it on weekends. If you are sleeping too deeply to become lucid, then you can modify this technique. Try returning to sleep somewhere different than where you usually sleep, e.g. on a couch, a different bed, or even on the floor. If you are unable to do this, try changing the way you sleep, e.g. try sleeping with a lighter blanket or reversing the orientation of your body while in the bed (that is, swapping head and feet). Do this in order to teach your body that these different surroundings mean you want to have a more conscious sleep rather than a deeper sleep. In the beginning, different surroundings will also make you more alert, which can heighten your level of consciousness during sleep. '''I am sometimes awake for very short times, but cannot pull myself together enough to get up and out of bed. What can I do?''' Put a bright piece of paper on the wall or ceiling so that you will see it when you wake up. Other stimuli could be a hot water bottle, a light turned on under your bed, or an alarm clock. A good technique is to place an alarm clock out of arm's reach so that you are compelled to physically get up from bed and turn it off. If this is still insufficient to restore consciousness, try making a note of your intentions to remain awake and place the note on your alarm clock. After you get a lucid dream with this method, you'll find it easier and easier to get out of bed because you'll have more motivation. <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Threads about the WBTB technique at [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com]: [http://web.archive.org/web/20060502063146/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4361 The BIG WBTB topic] </div> ===Auto-suggestion=== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba;"|Rated green. This technique has been successful in scientific research and/or is part of a commercial book about lucid dreaming. |} This technique describes how to use [[w:Autosuggestion|auto-suggestion]] to have lucid dreams. It can be especially effective for people who are highly susceptible to [[Hypnosis|hypnosis]] or understand meditation, but for most people, MILD will probably be more effective. As you are falling asleep, suggest to yourself that you will have a lucid dream either that night or in the near future. You can use a mantra (such as “I will recognize that I'm dreaming”) if you want, but make sure you don't try too hard to get a lucid dream. Instead of putting intentional effort into the suggestion, try to genuinely expect to have a lucid dream. Let yourself think expectantly about the lucid dream you are about to have, but be patient if you don't get one right away. You may also use auto-suggestion to improve dream recall. Just use the technique as described above, but instead of suggesting that you'll have a lucid dream, suggest that you'll remember your dreams when you wake up. You could also use a mantra with this, such as “When I wake up, I will remember what I dreamt”. Just be careful not to put too much intentional effort into the mantra &mdash; try to genuinely expect to remember your dreams instead. ===MILD=== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba"|Rated green. This technique has been detailed in ''Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming'' by Stephen LaBerge. |} MILD stands for “Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams", or sometimes, “Mnemonically Induced Lucid Dream". The MILD technique was developed by Stephen LaBerge, and is described fully in his book ''Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming''. With the MILD technique, as you are falling asleep, you concentrate on your intention to ''remember'' to recognize that you are dreaming. Repeat a short mantra in your head, such as “Next time I'm dreaming, I will remember I'm dreaming”. Think about what this means (i.e., that you want to remember that you are dreaming&mdash;in the same way you might go to a grocery store and suddenly remember that you need bread), and imagine that you are back in a dream you've had recently, but this time you recognize that you are dreaming. For example, if you recently dreamed of flying, imagine realizing that it is a dream because you are flying. Keep repeating and visualizing the mantra until you are sure that your intention is set in your mind or you fall asleep. If you stop repeating and visualizing the mantra, then still try to make sure the last thing in your mind before falling asleep is your intention to remember to recognize that you are dreaming. In general, the MILD technique can be practiced when you first go to bed at night, or after you have awakened from a dream during the night. If you practice the MILD technique after you have awakened from a dream, you should first run through the dream to ensure that you remember it. Some people find it helpful to jot down a few notes about their dream in their dream journal. Once you have committed the dream to memory, go back to sleep and follow the steps above. But this time, visualize the dream you just had. Move through the dream in your mind until you encounter a dream-sign you originally missed. Now, instead of missing the dream-sign, imagine yourself recognizing it and becoming “lucid”. Repeat this until you have fallen asleep. You ''will'' re-enter the dream, and you ''will'' recognize the dream-sign and finally, become lucid. <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Threads about the MILD technique at [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com]: The BIG MILD topic [http://www.ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=623 I] [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4870 II] | [http://www.ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?topic=5326 MILD at Midnight?] | [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=5485 MILD Mantras]<br /> archive.org threads about the MILD technique from www.dreamviews.com (offline): [http://web.archive.org/web/20080302015405/http://www.dreamviews.com/community/showthread.php?t=1885 Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams (MILD)] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20080302223741/http://www.dreamviews.com/community/showthread.php?t=5679 Getting more help with MILD from your subconscious] </div> ===WILD=== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba;"|Rated green. This technique has been successful in scientific research and/or is part of a commercial book about lucid dreaming. |} WILD stands for “Wake-Initiated Lucid Dream”, or “Wake-Initiation of Lucid Dreams” to refer to any technique that involves falling asleep consciously. These techniques are similar to self-hypnosis. Some people believe that WILDs are not actual dreams, but are instead [[w:astral projection|astral projection]]. Various detailed resources are available under that moniker. For most people, they are far easier to induce in the early morning after waking up or in afternoon naps, as the sleep cycle will continue with a REM period. Once you are experienced with inducing WILDs, you can try to induce them at other times. For WILDs to occur, it is best for your body to be completely relaxed. When you go back to bed, lie down comfortably. Now tense and relax your body, starting from your shoulders and working downwards, then back up to the face. This (or similar relaxation, meditation, or trance techniques) should make your body feel slightly heavy and relaxed. There are many different ways to induce WILDs, but they all involve simultaneously attempting to keep the mind aware, while attempting to have the body fall asleep. A few techniques are detailed below. One of the common ways used to induct oneself into a concious sleep, is using an anchor. Anchors can be anything in your environment that you can focus on. These can be either internal, external, or both. An external anchor could be your breathing, white noise, quiet music, the sound of your fan, the ambiance of your room, any external stimuli that you can't control. An internal anchor is a feeling, sensation, or motion that doesn't really exist. These could be an image behind your eyes, moving the hands or fingers of your "dream/spirit body", or going through the motions of falling asleep. These anchors are meant to keep your mind awake, while you fall asleep, and should not be something that will keep you awake. If you pay attention to your physical body while using these techniques, then you will likely enter sleep paralysis (which usually happens after you are already asleep) without losing conscious awareness of your body. You will get a tingling and buzzing sensation (this might be unpleasant). These sensations might be so strong that you feel that you will die (e.g., you might feel a choking sensation), but don't worry, this is perfectly safe! In fact, this process happens to you every time you sleep, you are just not conscious during it. Sometimes you can simply wait until you fall asleep straight into a lucid dream. However, if you do not fall asleep, and you become completely paralyzed (with the exception of your eyes), do not try to move. Imagine your dream hand (or spirit hand if you prefer) going up and leaving your physical hand behind. Now you should have two separate bodies, a dream one and a real one. Control your dream body only &mdash; if you control your real one, you will wake up. Now you can try to roll out of bed into your dream world (alternatively, you can get up and walk through a mirror, or sink into your bed). There is a possibility that after waking up from a dream that you initiated using this technique, you may still be paralyzed. If this phenomenon occurs, it may be accompanied by hallucinations. For example, you may wake up from a lucid dream that you started using one of the WILD techniques, and you will still be paralyzed, this is a state of [[w:Sleep paralysis|Sleep paralysis]]. If you have the experience then you have been given an example of what your mind can do, even without your direction. Before the phenomena was understood, as Sleep paralysis also occurs outside of Lucid Dream experiments it had been given a general negative outlook, while the experience is truly unique (partial awareness, unable to move, and multi-sense hallucinations) it is often linked to cultural fears, nightmares and other night terrors, Americans call it Old Hag, Japanese people call it kanashibari, Korean people call it kawi nullida (being pressed by a pair of scissors), Turkish people call it ''karabasan'' and in old French it was called ''Cauquemare'', which was later transformed into the term ''cauchemar''. In any case as soon as you rationalize what is happening you should lose any fear by the temporary loss of muscular control and contextualize any hallucination. ====Chakra Technique==== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #fffaef; border: 1px solid #fada9a"|Rated green/yellow. There have been anecdotes from a few people of this working on the [http://web.archive.org/web/20090406111627/http://www.dreamviews.com/community/showthread.php?t=71387 DreamViews forums]. |} Using Chakra ("third eye") meditation is one way to achieve WILDs. Basically, one has to focus solely on his third eye and breathing to achieve a lucid dream. This is a technique over 5000 years old, taught to Parvati by Shiva.<ref name="shiva">[http://web.archive.org/web/20080104094658/www.totallyok.com/secret/007m.htm 112 Meditations from Shiva to Parvati]. ''Internet Archive.'' Accessed on 2009-09-18.</ref> He is quoted as saying:<blockquote>With intangible breath in center of forehead, as this reaches heart at the moment of sleep, have direction over dreams and over death itself.<ref name="shiva"/></blockquote> ====Eyelid Patterns==== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #faffef; border: 1px solid #dafa9a;"|Rated yellow. There have been some anecdotes from at least one person of this technique working, although there is no scientific research proving it. |} This has been found to be very effective in many cases. However, it may lead to strange after effects, such as up to 15 dreams in one night, but otherwise, nothing harmful. This technique is as follows: When you go to sleep, ensure the room is completely dark. Then, with eyes closed, try to focus on the little dots that should appear to be moving on your eyelids. You will find that you can change their color at will. Continue focusing on these dots; make them dance around and form patterns and change colors, and eventually you should enter a Lucid Dream. This may take a little practice, but is usually very effective for summoning Lucid Dreams at will. Works better in conjunction with WBTB and other techniques mentioned above, but is still extraordinarily effective on its own. ====Hypnagogic Imagery==== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba;"|Rated green. This technique has been successful with a large amount of people, in scientific research, and/or is part of a commercial book about lucid dreaming. |} Stimulate your thinking patterns by constantly switching your attention. After doing this long enough, the images and sounds should begin to take a momentum on their own (this is called hypnagogic imagery), and may they get very strange and illogical. You should enter a dream at this point and quickly become lucid. Otherwise, you will eventually realize you have entered sleep paralysis consciously (see above). Because hypnagogic sleep paralysis involves full consciousness, dreaming can sometimes be frighteningly real. There is often a feeling of being flipped upside down, spun, or being tugged upon by an outside force. Hypnagogic hallucinations may also include strange auditory hallucinations, dark beings and flying. It is possible to observe waking reality while in a hypnagogic state, but this is limited to the sensations of your physical body. Most hypnagogic sleep paralysis states occur when sleeping face up. There is evidence that the tendency toward experiencing Hypnagogic sleep paralysis may be hereditary. ====Counting==== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba;"|Rated green. This technique has been successful with a large amount of people, in scientific research, and/or is part of a commercial book about lucid dreaming. |} Another technique is to count up to 100 in your head, optionally adding (for example) an “I'm dreaming” between each number. Alternatively, you can imagine stepping down stairs and reading each floor number, from 100 to 0. Try to make this image as vivid as possible &mdash; include not only what you see, but also what you hear, feel (touch the banister), and smell. At some point this image should continue into a dream or you will begin to get sleep paralysis as described above. It is easy to lose count, especially with counting up to 100 with an 'I'm dreaming' with each number. But stay focused: you are not going to sleep; your body is, and you must concentrate fully. ====Sound Technique==== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #faffef; border: 1px solid #dafa9a;"|Rated yellow. There have been some anecdotes from at least one person of this technique working, although there is no scientific research proving it. [Important advice regarding this, may be unsafe, just do one of the other methods instead. Some people have gained the hissing sound of Tinnitus permanently (throughout the day) using this method. See discussion page under [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques|Facts to know about Tinnitus]]] |} This method is for people, who can hear the "tinnitus". The idea is pretty much the same as the other WILD methods, which is to remain conscious while entering the dream state. In order to use this method, you must sleep in a perfectly quiet place. You need to hear the inner buzzing sound inside your ears. Lay your body down and relax as much as possible while trying to hear the sound. If you are too tired, you will fall asleep too fast and it will be difficult to remain conscious - in this case you should combine it with WBTB. By time you realize that the buzzing sound will increase in intensity. This might frighten newcomers, but be assured - nothing bad is going to happen. No, you will not be deaf when you wake up, it’s perfectly safe! *It is just an effect caused by your brain is trying to change mode, from listening to the ambient sound, to listening to the sound of dreamland, which is not real sound but just electrical charge inputed to the part of the brain to create a sensation of hearing. By that time, you will enter the hypnagogic state. All you need to do is concentrate, do not be afraid or think of anything, just be still, and in time your dream body will float, separating from your physical body, and there you go, you arrive in the dreamworld. Note: These sounds can be heard when you concentrate, even throughout the day - when you pay attention to them, but they shouldn't be heard much aloud if you are not in silence and concentrating on it - *as author said. The formula to hear it is quite simple: come into complete silence close your eyes and listen: is there only absolute silence or is there - something else? some...? do not create some sound just concentrate - :-) The best thing on this tech is - you can do it when you want. ====Slight Physical Discomfort==== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #faffef; border: 1px solid #dafa9a;"|Rated yellow. There have been some anecdotes from at least one person of this technique working, although there is no scientific research proving it. |} For the purpose of helping to retain your conscious awareness, slight physical discomfort is useful while performing any WILD technique. This prevents you from just drifting off to sleep. If you are lying down on your bed to do WILD and you are totally comfortable then your chances of going to sleep instead of remaining conscious are very high. The WILD technique relies on a form of deep trance induction, and many people who induce trances for other reasons rely on slight physical discomfort — for example the lotus position, or sitting in a hard-backed chair. Depending on your own preferences and your requirements of discomfort for success, you could choose from the following methods, arranged in ascending order of discomfort: # Stacking pillows so that you can sit up in bed — the discomfort is caused by not being in a normal sleeping position. # Lying down on a hard floor. # Lifting your forearm vertically upwards, with the rest of your arm resting on the bed. # Sitting in a hard chair. <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Threads about the WILD technique at [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com]: The BIG WILD topic [http://www.ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=311 I] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=665 II] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=1075 III] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=1582 IV] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=2372 V] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=2975 VI] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=3645 VII] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=4109 VIII] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=4458 IX] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=5254 X] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=6254 XI] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=7727 XII] [http://www.ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=11180 XIII] [http://www.ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=13858 XIV]| [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5341 Strange colored dots?!? ULTIMATE WILD method] | Threads about the WILD technique at [http://dreamviews.com dreamviews.com]: [http://www.dreamviews.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2048 Wake-Initiated Lucid Dream (WILD)] | [http://www.dreamviews.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=12621 Five Stages of WILD] | [http://www.dreamviews.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=9026 WILD induction. help, only 3 hours til sleep time] | [http://www.dreamviews.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=8645 Lotus-Flame WILD technique] </div> ===Incubating Dreams=== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba"|Rated green. This technique has been successful in scientific research and/or is part of a commercial book about dreaming. |} To incubate a dream about a specific topic, you should first think of a phrase that summarizes that topic (e.g., “I want to go to Atlantis.”). It may help to write the phrase down. If there is something you want to do in the dream, think of a phrase to summarize that too (e.g., “I want to watch Atlantis sink into the ocean.”). If you want to become lucid in the dream, then you should probably write something like “When I dream of [the topic], I will remember that I'm dreaming.” beneath your topic phrase. Immediately go to sleep and focus on your topic phrase. Visualize yourself dreaming about the topic and (if you want to become lucid) realizing that you are dreaming. If there is something specific you want to do in the dream, visualize yourself doing it once you become lucid (not very likely to work if you don't become lucid in the dream). Think about your phrase and topic (and intention to become lucid) as you fall asleep. Make sure that the last thing in your mind before falling asleep is your intention to (lucidly) dream about the topic you want to dream about. You might want to wake yourself up when the dream starts to fade so that you remember more of the dream; you can do this by ignoring your perception of the dream environment &mdash; the opposite of dream stabilization techniques (just make sure you do a reality check when you wake up to make sure you are really awake). ====Chaining Dreams==== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba"|Rated green. This technique has been successful in scientific research and/or is part of a commercial book about dreaming. |} Dream-chaining or “chaining dreams” is a method to re-enter your dream ''after you've woken up''. It can work for lucid and non-lucid dreams, but you will probably want to enter your dream lucidly. Once you wake up from a dream (if you don't think you were dreaming before you woke up, it may not work well) you should stay still and keep your eyes closed. Small movements are okay, but the less movement, sensory stimulation, and less time awake, the better. Ideally, it should feel less like you've woken up, and more like you've taken a 30 second break from dreaming. Once you are prepared to go back to sleep, close your eyes and either visualize yourself back in your dream, or use the “spinning technique” given in the next chapter to imagine yourself spinning back “into” your dream. Spinning is a little faster than visualization. Be sure to maintain the fact that you are dreaming (unless you don't want to be lucid), or you may lose your lucidity while falling asleep. Once in the dream, stimulate your senses as early as possible (see the next chapter). ====VILD==== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #fffaef; border: 1px solid #fada9a"|Rated green/yellow. There have been anecdotes from several people of this working on the [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com] forums. |} VILD stands for “Visual Induction of Lucid Dreams”, or sometimes, “Visually Incubated Lucid Dream”. This technique has been perfected by Peter Harrison, known as Pedro on the [http://ld4all.com/forum/ forums at ld4all.com]. You may wish to read [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4789 the main thread about the technique]. The version described here has been adapted slightly. First, make sure you are relaxed. You can use the relaxing technique mentioned in the description of the WILD technique. You can also imagine your brain emptying out and becoming sleepier. If you have a hard time falling asleep quickly, it should help to read a book (preferably about lucid dreaming) for a while before you go to sleep, until you feel very sleepy. Now, you need to visualize a dream which you had prepared earlier. Here is an example of a prepared dream: : I am in a red room with one door. A friend next to me asks me to show them what a reality check is. I do my reality checks (which show that I am dreaming), tell them that I am dreaming, and head towards the door. Make sure you know exactly what the dream would be like, such as which friend, the exact words they say, and which reality checks you do. Reality checks that require no props, such as books or clocks, are recommended. Visualize this dream slowly three times, to make sure that you know every detail. Then, start going full-on and visualize the dream over and over. You should visualize the dream as though you are looking through your own eyes, not from a third-person perspective. If you find your thoughts drifting, ignore them and continue to visualize the dream continuously. You will need patience for this &mdash; don't just give up if you think it won't work. When you actually dream this, you will not notice the difference &mdash; until you do your reality checks! Continue with the dream as you incubated it (e.g., remember to thank your friend!) before continuing through the door. '''I tried to visualize the dream until I fell asleep, but I just stayed awake. What went wrong?''' If visualizing keeps you awake, the VILD technique is not the technique for you! You should use a different technique. <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Threads about VILD at [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com]: I can LD at will!!!! [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4774 I] [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4844 II] [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5194 III] | [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4789 VILD...Visually Incubated Lucid Dream]<br/> Topics about VILD at [http://lucidity.com The Lucidity Institute]: [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/2021.html The VILD Technique]<br/> There is an [[Lucid Dreaming/Appendices/VILD|appendix on VILD]]. </div> ====LILD==== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #fffaef; border: 1px solid #fada9a"|Rated yellow. There have been some anecdotes from at least one person of this technique working, although there is no scientific research proving it. |} LILD stands for “Lucid Induction of Lucid Dreams”, or sometimes, “Lucidly Induced Lucid Dream”. To use this technique, you need to have a lucid dream in the first place, but it can help you to get more later. The idea is to do something in your dream that will help you to become lucid the next time you are dreaming. For example, you could ask a dream character for help &mdash; ask them to meet you the next night and tell you that you are dreaming. If it works out the way it should, then the next time you are dreaming, the dream character will walk up to you and tell you that you are dreaming, and so you'll (hopefully) become lucid. There are many variations on this technique; you could set up signs in your dreamworld that remind you to do a reality check or eat lucid pills instead! This technique is not likely to be very effective, but it ''can'' work; it relies on the chance that you'll subconsciously induce the reminder (i.e., the dream character or sign or whatever you used) during some later dream, and become lucid because of it. Note that LILD is best used in conjunction with dream-signs and auto-suggested non-lucid dreams. The basic idea as explained above is to have something in your dream that triggers the transition from normal dream state to lucid dreaming. To simply tell a character to tell you that you are dreaming the next time you fall asleep is usually not enough. There is no guarantee that you will dream about that character and there is no guarantee that your subconscious will believe the character enough to make you snap into lucidity (make you realize that you are in fact dreaming). Now as this technique suggests, you must have some previous alternate means of having a lucid dream. Whatever technique you employ to get into this initial lucid dream state is not really important, but you should try to remember to use this technique (LILD) once you do get into a lucid dream state. Thinking of this before falling asleep (MILD) sometimes helps and usually takes many lucid dreams before finally remembering. Once you are in a lucid dream, make up a dream-sign. It can be anything. It can be an object. It can be food or a drink (that doesn't taste like anything). It is usually best to pick something that isn't quite right. Something that on the surface would appear normal in the real world, but that upon closer inspection is not quite right. Food or drinks are good as they can have no taste or not be refreshing in a dream. But try and pick something that you dream about a lot so that there is a better chance of you dreaming about this dream-sign later on. Now pick something else that only appears or happens in your lucid dream. It can be anything. If there is nothing in your current lucid dream, create something really strange. Something that could never be confused with the real world. Now mentally associate the dream-sign (food) with this unusual item or event that could never happen in the real world. But at the same time, this unusual item or event should equate to "lucid dreaming". When you see the unusual item, it should only make you think of when you have a lucid dream as this should be the only time you encountered it. So we have a 3 item associative link. Do all of the above while in a lucid dream. The next time you dream about your dream-sign, your subconscious will think of the unusual item or event. The unusual item or event will make you think of lucid dreaming. The two combined impossibilities (1. dream-sign that cannot exist in the real world 2. item or event that only appears in lucid dreams) will make your unconscious try to make a decision on all this. This will make your conscious mind come to the surface and hopefully you will come to the conclusion that you are dreaming. Many times, you will not want to deal with it because you are too tired (that is why you are sleeping, no?) and fall back into a normal dream state. This is why it can take a few tries. Eventually, your subconscious will start putting clear signs in your dreams like billboards that spell out "YOU ARE DREAMING". But once it triggers, it is quite the realization that an instant before, you had no real control over your actions and now you can do whatever you want. Another note... if it failed, you will usually know why. So next time, you can choose another dream-sign or slightly different technique or something more shocking. Once you get this working once, it is relatively easy to use over and over as the hard part just described is over with. Sometimes disassociative techniques are needed if used too much. To sum up, this technique is a way to force a reality check while in a normal dream state where your subconscious has no choice but to come to the conclusion that you are in fact dreaming. Once your mind knows that you are dreaming, there will be no other conclusion than your conscious mind taking over. And this is what lucid dreaming is all about. ===CAT=== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #faffef; border: 1px solid #dafa9a;"|Rated green/yellow. There have been anecdotes from many different people of this technique working. |} # For one week, go to bed at the same time each night and get up 90 minutes earlier than you usually do. Spend those 90 minutes doing reality checks every 2&ndash;5 minutes. # Thereafter, on alternate days: follow the routine from step one, and set the intention to do your reality check routine at its regular time, while getting a full night sleep. This will cause the reality check conditioning to kick in during REM prime-time. For detailed information on the Cycle Adjustment Technique, see the [[Lucid Dreaming/Appendices/CAT|appendix on CAT]]. <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Topics about CAT at [http://lucidity.com The Lucidity Institute]: [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/441/2024.html?1090227250 **CAT method** New Lucid dream induction technique]<br/> There is an [[Lucid Dreaming/Appendices/CAT|appendix on CAT]]. </div> ===Tibetan methods=== Tibetan Buddhists practice what is known as Tibetan dream yoga. Probably the most time consuming way of inducing lucid dreams, it is also, according to the practitioners, the most rewarding. The basic practice is ''awareness''. Awareness should be practiced while sleeping just as well as while being awake. Meditating on the question “who is aware?” might catapult you into a higher degree of awareness according to Buddhist beliefs. Keeping this level of awareness is another matter. The Tibetans have developed many yogic exercises and disciplines to be practiced. Maybe the most interesting difference between Tibetan dream yoga and modern western methods of lucid dream induction is the Tibetan claim of the possibility to be aware during deep sleep, not only in the REM periods of sleep. For the reader who is interested in these methods a good start is to begin to regard all experience as a dream. After all, from the countless multitude of matter and radiation reaching our senses the nervous system tunes in only to a small fraction of this chaos. For members of the phalanx that believes we, more or less, create our own reality in the above sense this practice should feel natural. In general though, it is recommended to gain instruction from a teacher in the flesh rather than from books (like this one!). The Tibetan Methods are not "time consuming" if the goal is to go into deeper than Lucid states. From a Raja Yoga stand point, from a Daoist standpoint, and from a Tibetan Yoga standpoint the goal is not to "play" in Lucid Dreams, but to dispel the delusional nature of what we call "reality." Also, to heal and to develop super-learning, and to increase the "energy" you find most attractive: innovative, creative, joyous, blissful, love, power, wisdom, mirth. Are you Ambitious-Worldly or Ambitious-Spiritual? All these factors play into it. These techniques are very easy to learn and are rooted in a deeper science than the WILD, VILD, LILD -- one that does not use auto-suggestion or forced recall. In conclusion, the Tibetan methods are advanced yogic techniques that only an accomplished practitioner can fully teach. If one does not have access to a Tibetan dream yogi, one should probably concentrate on techniques that are more mundane from a Western point of view. ===Other techniques=== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #ffefef; border: 1px solid #fababa"|Rated red. There have been no anecdotes found of these techniques working. |} Many of these are combinations of other techniques with some addition or modification. * '''Inducing dream-signs''' - You can become lucid by trying to induce specific dream-signs to watch for during your dream. You can use auto-suggestion (see above) to associate a specific dream-sign with doing a reality check, or you can just get used to doing a reality check whenever you encounter the dream-sign while awake. Some dream-signs you can use: ** '''Thirst''' - Avoid drinking for very long. Wake up later in the night and put salt on your tongue or eat chili to make you even thirstier. Fill a glass of fresh cold water and take it with you back to bed. Hopefully, you'll dream of getting something to drink. Don't use this technique if you have trouble falling asleep while thirsty. ** '''False Awakening''' - Set your intention as you fall asleep to wake up in the middle of the night. If you are a heavy sleeper, you'll hopefully dream of waking up in the middle of the night. If you are a light sleeper, you are probably more likely to really wake up. ** '''Bladder''' - Drink large amounts of water before going to sleep. You should dream of having to go to the bathroom. You may wet your bed! This technique should be used carefully, to avoid the possibility of [[w:Water_intoxication|water intoxication]]. * '''Conditioning''' - Strictly punish or reward yourself after a dream where you failed to realize you were dreaming or when you do have a lucid dream. This could increase motivation but not necessarily cause lucid dreams in itself. Cognitive psychology, however, states that this punishment/reward system is very counterproductive, because it ties our self-esteem to the outcome of the endeavor. The opposite of this system would be to see each attempt, including those that fail, as another step towards success. * '''Muscle Exhaustion''' - Lift slight weights with one's arms and legs for about fifteen minutes before one begins to fall asleep. One should not, however, lift anything that strains the muscles too much, for that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and excites the body. The method should cause a release of tension in the muscles and tire them out. This combined with relaxation techniques and any of the -ILD's should produce a positive result. ==Other methods== ===Food and drink=== There are various foods and drinks that you can consume which seem to have some effect on sleeping and dreaming. Note that for most of these there is no explanation or scientific study of how they work, and some may simply be placebos. Don't go overboard with the consumption of any of these, as overdosing could have nasty effects (well, milk should be safe unless you are allergic). '''Don't experiment without accumulating enough knowledge first.''' The authors in no way encourage the use of legal or illegal drugs. * The amino acid tryptophan, which can be found in warm milk amongst other sources, is a precursor for the hormone serotonin, and has been proven to help you fall asleep. * Vitamin B6 and others of the B group are important for neuronal functions. * [[w:Melatonin|Melatonin]] is a hormone with neuronal effects. It is produced by the pineal gland in darkness and is suppressed by blue light. Wearing blue-blocking sunglasses or avoiding bright light in general the hours before bedtime maximizes night-time melatonin secretion. * [[w:5-HTP|5-HTP]] or [[w:L-5-HTP|L-5-HTP]] is a supplement that is related to serotonin, which some claim has induced lucid dreaming on approximately half the nights it is taken. * [[w:Caffeine|Caffeine]] is useful in WILD techniques, as it helps the mind stay focused and think vividly. Please notice that caffeine is an addictive substance and may have negative effects on your health. * An [[w:Amino Acid|Amino Acid]] Blend made up of 2000mg L-aspartic acid, 4000mg L-glutamine, and 300mg [[w:Theanine|L-theanine]] can substantially increase your odds of having a Lucid Dream. * [[w:Galantamine | Galantamine]] - acetylcholinesterase inhibitors extract from plants such as ''Lycoris radiata'' (Red Spider Lily) or from chemical synthesis. Works best when taken together with choline and/or alpha-GPC. Some people who practice Lucid dream (LD) or Out of body experience (OBE) use Galantamine to increase their odds to achieve LD or OBE. By taking small amount of Galantamine (around 4 to 8 mg) after 5 to 6 hours of deep sleep and practice the induction technique such as [[Happiness/Meditation|meditation]], MILD or WILD many people report more success with Galantamine. There also report that taking Galantamine without proper induction technique will not lead to LD or OBE but will result in only a vivid dream instead. It should also be noted that due to a long half life Galantamine will stay in the body for a period of up to and over 48 hours, as such it is advisable to space out the use of Galantamine over a period of three days so that the body does not build a resistance to the drug ruining its effectiveness. Some people report mixing Galantamine with other Nootropic can enhance the degree of lucidity but this is still controversial since some mixtures may work for some people, but lead to failure for others. Plants: * [[w:Artemisia vulgaris|Artemisia vulgaris]] * [[w:St John's wort|Hypericum perforatum]] * [[w:Ginseng|Korean Ginseng]] * [[w:Valerian (plant)|Valeriana officinalis]] * [[w:Calea zacatechichi|Calea zacatechichi]] * [[w:Ginkgo Biloba|Ginkgo biloba]] * [[w:Nutmeg|Nutmeg]] - contains [[w:myristicin|myristicin]] a [[w:deliriant|deliriant]]. * [[w:Silene_undulata|Silene undulata]] For an in-depth guide to using supplements for lucid dreaming, see the book <i>Advanced Lucid Dreaming - The Power of Supplements</i>. ===Drugs=== Dissociatives and hallucinogens can be used to create a (more or less) lucid dream-like state, though whether or not these help with lucid dreaming is debatable. '''The authors do not recommend use of these substances for induction of lucid dreams, nor do they condone the breaking of any applicable laws.''' Some dissociatives and hallucinogens are: * [[w:Amanita muscaria|Amanita muscaria]] * [[w:Banisteriopsis caapi|Ayahuasca]] * [[w:Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] - Common in the shamanic method of drinking Ayahuasca, to the result of entering the spirit realm. The herbal brew contains the psychedelic DMT, a drug is actually synthesized in minute quantities by the metabolism. It may be produced during dreams, adding to the enhanced experience.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20090406111627/http://www.dreamviews.com/community/showthread.php?t=71387 5000 year old WILD technique. Very easy, and very effective.] ''DreamViews forums.'' Accessed 2009-09-18.</ref> * [[w:Dextromethorphan|DXM]] * [[w:Ketamine|Ketamine]] * [[w:LSD|LSD]] * [[w:Mescaline|Mescaline]] * [[w:Morning glory|Morning glory]] seeds * [[w:Phencyclidine|PCP]] * [[w:Psilocybe|Psilocybe mushrooms]] * [[w:Salvia divinorum|Salvia divinorum]] For more info, see [http://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/psychoactives.shtml Erowid Vaults] ===Gadgets=== There are various gadgets you can use to become lucid easily. They generally detect when you are in the REM state and then provide a light and/or sound signal. This signal is supposed to be adjusted so that it doesn't wake you up but does enter your dream. The signal is then recognized as showing that you are dreaming, and you become lucid. The most well-known device is the NovaDreamer from the Lucidity Institute. However, this product is no longer produced. The INSPEC lucid dreaming device uses a night-vision smart camera to detect eye movements during REM sleep and triggers audio cues to promote lucidity. ===Software=== There are many programs for your computer that can assist with lucid dreaming. These can give out verbal cues while you sleep, or assist in doing your reality checks: * Lucid Scribe for Android. Reality checks, induction tools: Prospective Memory Trainer for MILD, Targeted Lucidity Reactivation (TLR), Targeted Dream Incubation (TDI), NREM1 detection with FILD screen tapping, mindfulness exercises. * [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ilucid-dream/id668103961?ls=1&mt=8 iLucid Dream] for the iPhone. Dream journal, reality checks, induction techniques, binaural beats for deep sleep and much more! * [http://lucidcode.com/LightenedDream/ Lightened Dream] is available for Windows as freeware. It can be used as a dream journal and a dream-sign list. One of its more notable features is that you can have it play a voice or song each time you enter a REM sleep period. * [http://www.dreamdoze.com DreamDoze] A web application for Social Dream interpretation and dreams journal management * [http://gnaural.sourceforge.net/ Gnaural] is a multi-platform programmable binaural-beat generator. Gnaural is released as free software under the GNU General Public License. (For a browser based demo, see [http://pantheon.yale.edu/%7Ebbl2/GnauralJavaApplet_signed.html Gnaural Java)]) * [http://uazu.net/sbagen SBaGen] is available for Windows, MacOS X, and Linux. It works by playing binaural beats into your ears, changing your brainstate. * [http://www.transparentcorp.com Neuro-Programmer] is available for Windows. This is powerful software that creates binaural beats and can work in conjunction with special goggles to induce certain mental states. * [http://www.lucidweaver.com/ LucidWeaver] is available for mobile phones and PDA that support Java (J2ME). It includes a Dream alarm with sound cue which can be adjusted to a personal REM-sleep cycle for improving dream recall and lucidity training. Randomized reality tests can be set and it can be used as regular alarm clock. * [http://mythwell.com/lucille/index.html Lucille 2.0] is an application to assist with doing reality checks. * [http://www.world-of-lucid-dreaming.com/lucid-dreaming-mp3.html Unexplainable Store] Lucid Dreaming Brainwave Entrainment MP3 * [http://www.androlib.com/android.application.com-ropez-android-sleepcheckreminder-qDwmw.aspx Sleep Check Reminder] for Android. * [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ilucid/id591703883?mt=8 iLucid] for iOS (iPod, iPhone, iPad). * [https://sites.google.com/site/sleepasandroid/ Sleep As Android] is an Android sleep tracking app. It has a feature where it can play a sound file (by default, a soft voice that says "You're dreaming..." and echoes out) when it detects that the user is in a deep sleep. There is also a list of programs available at [http://www.ld4all.com LD4all.com], under the “How” section. ====Hypnosis==== The techniques commonly referred to as hypnosis is based in a set of hypnotic suggestions are commonly composed of a series of instructions and ideas that may be delivered by a hypnotist in the presence of the subject, or they may be self-administered ("self-suggestion" or "autosuggestion"), even in a conscious state. Hypnosis is not a science. In fact, it has in almost every aspect eluded scientific analysis, as it is extremely hard to generalize (each individual responds differently and at different levels) and the methodology is so diverse and based on yet to be completely understood mental/biological phenomena, most related with faith or the placebo effect. For the phenomena to work, whom in aggregate we define as hypnosis, the mind has to be able to turn the suggestions into reality. All hypnosis is ultimately self hypnosis. If you, for instance, take into consideration the problems that faith beliefs have caused to the human race, or even the problems in the field of psychology, you can appreciate the problem of scientifically studying hypnotic phenomena, as they are extremely open to individual interpretation and to one's ability to be open to suggestibility (self-induced or otherwise). The Wikibook's work on [[Hypnosis]] will covers the subject in greater detail. It will also offer support material, or reference it, such as methods to induce, or reinforce specific mental states (or states of mind) and any attitudes and beliefs that impact the phenomena. Including information on techniques or procedures for hypnotic induction and hypnotic suggestion. ====Forums==== * [https://www.dreamviews.com/forum.php DreamViews] all about lucid dreaming, controlling dreams, lucid aids, sleep stages and dream signs. * [http://www.forumforastral.com/ Lucid Dreaming Forum] is where you can learn, discuss and help others to lucid dream. == References == <references/> <div style="text-align: right; font-size: small">[[#top|top]]</div> {{LDTOC}} [[es:Sueño lúcido/Técnicas de Inducción]] [[it:Sogno lucido/Tecniche di Induzione]] kifeoariusfuhq1ewtcqc7x0ltylnnk 4635612 4635610 2026-05-13T17:49:20Z Bageel 3586166 I added a new variation of WILD 4635612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{LDTOC}} == This page describes a number of lucid dream induction techniques. It is recommended that you be able to [[Lucid Dreaming/Dream Recall|recall]] ''at least'' one dream per night in order to maximize the effectiveness of these methods. == ==Preliminary Knowledge== Certain elements are common to many of the lucidity-inducing techniques discussed later in this chapter. To better understand these techniques, these common components will be discussed first. ===Sleep Interruption=== An element shared by many of the techniques is sleep interruption. Sleep interruption is the process of purposefully awakening during your normal sleep period and falling asleep a short time later (10&ndash;60 minutes). This can be easily done by using a relatively quiet alarm clock to bring you to consciousness without fully waking you. If you find yourself resetting the clock in your sleep, it can be placed on the other side of the room, forcing you to get out of bed to turn it off. Other biorhythm-based options involve drinking lots of fluid (particularly water or tea, a known [[w:Diuretic|diuretic]]) prior to sleep, forcing one to get up to urinate. Sleep interruption is a natural part of the MILD technique (described below) which trains you to arise immediately after your dreams end. === Sleep Continuity === If you have trouble initially falling asleep, avoid drinking water for about an hour before going to bed. Otherwise, you may find yourself running to the bathroom, disrupting any attempts at lucidity. Also, try to avoid caffeine and sugar before bed. However, depending on your sensitivity, caffeine may only stimulate your mind as opposed to your body. This extra grip on consciousness could be helpful in inducing lucid dreams. Exercising during the day is an excellent way of preparing your body for sleep. However, be sure to not exercise inside the three hours before bedtime, as your body will be stimulated for a short time afterwards. The morning or afternoon is the best time for this. If you still have difficulty getting to sleep, try reading about lucid dreaming just before going to sleep. Your subconscious will likely absorb this information, increasing your chances of experiencing a lucid dream. If you ''do'' decide to read before going to sleep, keep a lamp next to your bed as physically getting up to turn off the lights may reawaken your body. ===Reality checks=== A reality check is a test you can perform to see if you're dreaming or awake. It might seem odd to test reality when you are sure that you're awake, but making a habit out of one or more of these reality checks will hugely increase your chances of having a lucid dream. If, say, you hold your nose and try to breathe in through it several times throughout the day then you're very likely to dream about doing it. And when you dream about performing a reality check, then of course the results should come out differently, in this case you'll find that you are somehow breathing in through your closed nostrils. You'll know that you're dreaming, and be able to take lucid control! So here are some reality checks. You should be familiar with the entire list even if you only use a few. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !class="unsortable" width="10%"| !class="unsortable"| !width="5%"|Reliability !width="5%"|Speed !width="5%"|Inconspicuousness !width="5%"|Overall !width="5%"|False positives !width="5%"|False negatives |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Breathing|Breathing]]''' | Can you breathe with your fingers tightly sealing your nose and your mouth shut? |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|4.33 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Very Rare |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Jumping|Jumping]]''' | When you jump, do you float back down? |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|1 |style="text-align: center"|3.67 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Rare |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Reading|Reading]]''' | Do sentences change when you read them? Read, turn away and repeat it to yourself, and then turn back and read it again. Do this twice. |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|4.33 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Rare |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Vision|Vision]]''' | Do you have perfect vision? This only works for people who have at least slightly blurry vision in the waking world. Alternatively, if you have ''perfect'' vision in the waking world, you may have blurred vision in the dream world. |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|4.67 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Common |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Hands|Hands]]''' | Do your hands have a strange color, too many fingers (sometimes they disappear and reappear when you try to count them!) or other abnormalities? Can you push your finger through your other hand? |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|4.67 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Time|Time]]''' | Does your watch or clock tell a reasonable time? Are you even able to read the time off it? Sometimes clocks have the wrong number of hands or have strange symbols. Try reading the time twice, like the Reading check above. Note: Digital clocks often work better for this reality check. |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|4.33 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Powers|Powers]]''' | Are you able to fly (just visualize it), unlock doors, or use other magical powers? Try to change the shape of your body, or walk through a wall, window, or mirror. |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Common |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Light switches|Light switches]]''' | Does a light switch work? |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|1 |style="text-align: center"|2.67 |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Mirrors|Mirrors]]''' | Do you look normal in a mirror? |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Nose|Nose]]''' | Can you see your nose with one eye closed? |style="text-align: center"|2 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|4 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Rare |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Memory|Memory]]''' | Are you able to remember how you got here, why you are here and what happened an hour ago? |style="text-align: center"|2 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|3.33 |style="text-aligh: center"|Rare |style="text-aligh: center"|Common |- | '''[[Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Identity|Identity]]''' | Do you have the same gender, age, job, relationships and responsibilities as usual? |style="text-align: center"|2 |style="text-align: center"|3 |style="text-align: center"|'''5''' |style="text-align: center"|3.33 |style="text-aligh: center"|- |style="text-aligh: center"|Occasional |} Choose a few reality checks which you will do regularly. Take them seriously, do not assume you are awake (even when you know you are). If you practice performing these checks very thoroughly while awake, then you're more likely to perform them thoroughly while dreaming. You should '''always''' carry out more than one reality check. If you find that it is not a dream, look around you and think of what would be different if it were a dream. If you do this it will make it more likely that you will do a reality check in a dream. Apart from doing reality checks throughout the day, you also need to do a reality check immediately after you wake up. This helps you become lucid in false awakenings, when you dream that you have woken up but in fact are still dozing. Using a digital alarm clock or mobile phone display to do a Reading check, every single time you wake up, is a quick and reliable way to catch false awakenings. If you have trouble bringing reality checks into your dreams then before going to bed imagine yourself in a dream, noticing odd details and doing a reality check. Then do a reality check in real life. If you do this a few times before bed you will find that you will do it more often in dreams. If you are in a situation where you cannot do a reality check, such as at a public speaking, try to do one as soon as possible. You can do some reality checks very inconspicuously, such as looking at some text on a sign. If you start to say “well, I can't do a reality check now” you should not be surprised when you make this mistake in a dream! '''Which reality checks are best?''' When selecting reality checks, the most important properties of a reality check are ''reliability'', ''speed'', and ''inconspicuousness''. * The '''reliability''' of each reality check is how likely you are to recognize the dream-sign's results as showing that you are dreaming '''once you do them in a dream'''. It changes for each person but some reality checks are overall more accurate than others. The figures in the table above are ''rough only'' and differ for each person. * It is important for a reality check to be '''fast'''. It wastes dream time if you have to search around for a book or (perhaps worse) a mirror. Plus, it could also give your subconsciousness more time to produce real-life results, especially if you believe that the check will give real-life results. * Third, a reality check should be '''inconspicuous'''; that is, it should not draw too much attention to you when you do it in the waking world. Suddenly jumping in the air or trying to walk through a wall as a reality check could cause much embarrassment! * Fourth, a reality check should not have "false positives". These occur when the reality check shows you are dreaming in real life. When you get a dream result, do another reality check to be sure! * A final important note is whether or not a reality check should have "false negatives". These occur when a reality check shows you are in real life when you are actually dreaming. If you think you may be dreaming, keep doing tests until you prove yourself right! On the table above, these are scored '''out of 5'''. '''I have trouble remembering to do reality checks throughout the day. What reminders can I use?''' You are lucky to have an interesting day and forget about lucid dreaming! You can tag your mind to remember dreaming when you think of certain things, like your friend or your homework. It isn't advisable to explicitly write “reality check” or “lucid” on your hand, as this could create an over dependence on this reminder, which may not exist in a dream. However, you might want to just draw a dot or small circle on your hand. This should be enough to remind you to do a reality check. Try putting a little label on your clock, mobile phone, or watch, reminding yourself to do a reality check. (Some weird colors will make it more noticeable and it will take longer for you to get used to it and ignore it.) If you check these regularly during the course of your waking day, you will be doing lots of reality checks. A simple coffee mug with a reminder such as "Are you dreaming?" printed on it or random alarms can also serve well, but try not to become too dependent on them. You can find examples of these at [http://ld4all.com/ LD4All]. Another technique is to write down three things you do regularly in a day. Examples include hearing your name, going through a doorway, turning on a TV, beginning to read a book, or seeing a stranger. In the morning, choose three such events and intend to do a reality check whenever they happen in the following day. '''I did a reality check in a dream but it said that I was not dreaming. What went wrong?''' Some reality checks work perfectly for some people and awfully for others. These are mostly the light switches one and the hands one. If you find that the light switch works or that your hands are perfectly normal, you need to change to a different technique. '''I did a reality check in a dream but I did not quite realize I was dreaming. What went wrong?''' An example of this is looking into a mirror and seeing some huge boils or a gray mist on your reflection and not realizing that you are dreaming. This is rare if you actually intended to look into the mirror as a reality check. You need to be more careful when doing your reality checks in real life or pick more reliable reality checks which show more obviously that you are dreaming. Also try to pick reality checks that are easy to do. For example, don't rely the Time Reality Check if you never wear a watch, and don't pick the Mirror Reality Check if you rarely look in the mirror during the day or you know that you won't find a mirror in your dream. Another good remedy for this problem (and a good practice in general) is to perform two or three reality checks at a time. The Time Reality Check, for example, can be easily combined with attempting to push one hand through another. Or, for those with glasses, testing your ability to read text fits naturally with checking for "perfect eyesight w/o glasses". <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Threads about reality checks on [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com]: The BIG Reality Check topic [http://web.archive.org/web/20060507033358/http://www.ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=540 I] [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2929 II] | [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=5217 RCs that prove you are awake while dreaming] | [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=5627 New RC?] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051130083341/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5636 Today's Lucid Tip: Dream Characters Suck] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051128133216/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5708 The RC List!] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051123120245/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5778 Failed Reality Checks] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051130083317/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5846 Funny dream cue / RC experience] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051130084618/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5890 The Automatization Technique] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051130091058/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5903 Reality Check Failure] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051123023652/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6002 Need a better reality check for Christ's sake!!!!!!] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20051123115829/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6256 WHY?!?!?! Failed Reality Check!]<br/> Threads about reality checks at [http://lucidity.com The Lucidity Institute]: Reality Testing [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/465.html September 2000] [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/511.html June 2001] [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/1587.html August 2001] [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/2014.html December 2001] [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/52.html Latest] </div> <div style="text-align: right; font-size: small">[[#top|top]]</div><br> ==Techniques== When you read through these techniques, remember that different techniques work for different people. There is no “best technique” and most techniques could be used to have 2&ndash;5 lucid dreams every night! You could have several lucid dreams in a night, but you will not know it unless you remember them! However, you will probably want some advice as to which technique you should try first. Consider whether you want to use a method which starts from a dream or a method which starts from being awake.^* If you master a technique which starts from being awake, you will eventually be able to have lucid dreams on demand when you sleep. For other techniques, you have to rely on your luck to give you lucid dreams after you have done your technique. Here are some advantages and disadvantages for specific techniques: (Remember, it is ''essential'' to be able to recall at least one dream per night before attempting these techniques) {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" !width="10%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Technique !width="20%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Summary !width="20%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Advantages !width="20%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Disadvantages !width="20%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Best for... !width="5%" style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid #bfb; text-align: center;"|Rating |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#WBTB|WBTB]]<br/>(Wake-Back-To-Bed) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Wake after some sleep and then return to bed. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Simple * Can be very reliable, especially when used with other techniques |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Disrupts sleep cycle |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People who want to strengthen other techniques, or who wake up in the middle of the night anyway. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#Auto-suggestion|Auto-suggestion]] |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Let yourself genuinely believe that you'll become lucid&mdash;without ''intending'' to become lucid&mdash;so that you really will. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Simple |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Less effective than some other techniques (such as MILD) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People who are susceptible to [[Hypnosis|hypnosis]] or practice meditation. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#MILD|MILD]]<br/>(Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Fall asleep while focused on your intention to ''remember'' that you are dreaming. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Simple |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Can be boring |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People with a good prospective memory (remembrance of future intentions). |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#WILD|WILD]]<br/>(Wake-Initiation of Lucid Dreams) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Keep your consciousness while falling asleep and go straight into a dream. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Lets you truly induce lucid dreams at will |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Can cause frightening experiences * Can take long to master |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People who want to reliably have lucid dreams. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#VILD|VILD]]<br/>(Visual Induction of Lucid Dreams) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| By repetitive visualisation, incubate a dream in which you do a reality check. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Also lets you induce lucid dreams at will * Works ''extremely'' well for some people... |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * ...but not very well for others * Visualizing can keep you awake |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People who have good visualization skills. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green/ yellow |- |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea; text-align: center;"| [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#CAT|CAT]]<br/>(Cycle Adjustment Technique) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Adjust your sleep cycle to encourage awareness during the latter part of your sleep. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Requires relatively little effort other than adjusting your sleep cycle * Is very effective |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| * Requires you to wake up early on some days * You are only likely to get a lucid dream on every other day (though this could easily be more frequently than with other techniques) |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| People who have a very regular sleep cycle. |style="background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #fea;"| Green/ yellow |} <small>^* The usual acronyms in forums for this are DILD (Dream-Initiated Lucid Dream) and WILD (Wake-Initiated Lucid Dream). All the techniques that induce WILDs are described under [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques#WILD|WILD]] on this page.</small> ===WBTB=== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba;"|Rated green. This technique has been successful in scientific research and/or is part of a commercial book about lucid dreaming. |} WBTB stands for “Wake-Back-To-Bed”. Wake yourself up after 4 to 6 hours of sleep, get out of bed and stay up for anywhere between a few minutes to an hour before going back to bed. It is preferable that you do something related to lucid dreaming during this time (such as reading about lucid dreaming), but it is not required. This is best combined with other techniques; many people have amazing results with a MILD/WBTB combination. The WBTB technique significantly increases your chances of a lucid dream, and using MILD (see below) in conjunction increases your success rate if you are planning to sleep an hour or more after your WBTB session. However, you might need plenty of sleep time and therefore you may only be able to use it on weekends. If you are sleeping too deeply to become lucid, then you can modify this technique. Try returning to sleep somewhere different than where you usually sleep, e.g. on a couch, a different bed, or even on the floor. If you are unable to do this, try changing the way you sleep, e.g. try sleeping with a lighter blanket or reversing the orientation of your body while in the bed (that is, swapping head and feet). Do this in order to teach your body that these different surroundings mean you want to have a more conscious sleep rather than a deeper sleep. In the beginning, different surroundings will also make you more alert, which can heighten your level of consciousness during sleep. '''I am sometimes awake for very short times, but cannot pull myself together enough to get up and out of bed. What can I do?''' Put a bright piece of paper on the wall or ceiling so that you will see it when you wake up. Other stimuli could be a hot water bottle, a light turned on under your bed, or an alarm clock. A good technique is to place an alarm clock out of arm's reach so that you are compelled to physically get up from bed and turn it off. If this is still insufficient to restore consciousness, try making a note of your intentions to remain awake and place the note on your alarm clock. After you get a lucid dream with this method, you'll find it easier and easier to get out of bed because you'll have more motivation. <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Threads about the WBTB technique at [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com]: [http://web.archive.org/web/20060502063146/http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4361 The BIG WBTB topic] </div> ===Auto-suggestion=== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba;"|Rated green. This technique has been successful in scientific research and/or is part of a commercial book about lucid dreaming. |} This technique describes how to use [[w:Autosuggestion|auto-suggestion]] to have lucid dreams. It can be especially effective for people who are highly susceptible to [[Hypnosis|hypnosis]] or understand meditation, but for most people, MILD will probably be more effective. As you are falling asleep, suggest to yourself that you will have a lucid dream either that night or in the near future. You can use a mantra (such as “I will recognize that I'm dreaming”) if you want, but make sure you don't try too hard to get a lucid dream. Instead of putting intentional effort into the suggestion, try to genuinely expect to have a lucid dream. Let yourself think expectantly about the lucid dream you are about to have, but be patient if you don't get one right away. You may also use auto-suggestion to improve dream recall. Just use the technique as described above, but instead of suggesting that you'll have a lucid dream, suggest that you'll remember your dreams when you wake up. You could also use a mantra with this, such as “When I wake up, I will remember what I dreamt”. Just be careful not to put too much intentional effort into the mantra &mdash; try to genuinely expect to remember your dreams instead. ===MILD=== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba"|Rated green. This technique has been detailed in ''Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming'' by Stephen LaBerge. |} MILD stands for “Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams", or sometimes, “Mnemonically Induced Lucid Dream". The MILD technique was developed by Stephen LaBerge, and is described fully in his book ''Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming''. With the MILD technique, as you are falling asleep, you concentrate on your intention to ''remember'' to recognize that you are dreaming. Repeat a short mantra in your head, such as “Next time I'm dreaming, I will remember I'm dreaming”. Think about what this means (i.e., that you want to remember that you are dreaming&mdash;in the same way you might go to a grocery store and suddenly remember that you need bread), and imagine that you are back in a dream you've had recently, but this time you recognize that you are dreaming. For example, if you recently dreamed of flying, imagine realizing that it is a dream because you are flying. Keep repeating and visualizing the mantra until you are sure that your intention is set in your mind or you fall asleep. If you stop repeating and visualizing the mantra, then still try to make sure the last thing in your mind before falling asleep is your intention to remember to recognize that you are dreaming. In general, the MILD technique can be practiced when you first go to bed at night, or after you have awakened from a dream during the night. If you practice the MILD technique after you have awakened from a dream, you should first run through the dream to ensure that you remember it. Some people find it helpful to jot down a few notes about their dream in their dream journal. Once you have committed the dream to memory, go back to sleep and follow the steps above. But this time, visualize the dream you just had. Move through the dream in your mind until you encounter a dream-sign you originally missed. Now, instead of missing the dream-sign, imagine yourself recognizing it and becoming “lucid”. Repeat this until you have fallen asleep. You ''will'' re-enter the dream, and you ''will'' recognize the dream-sign and finally, become lucid. <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Threads about the MILD technique at [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com]: The BIG MILD topic [http://www.ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=623 I] [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4870 II] | [http://www.ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?topic=5326 MILD at Midnight?] | [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=5485 MILD Mantras]<br /> archive.org threads about the MILD technique from www.dreamviews.com (offline): [http://web.archive.org/web/20080302015405/http://www.dreamviews.com/community/showthread.php?t=1885 Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams (MILD)] | [http://web.archive.org/web/20080302223741/http://www.dreamviews.com/community/showthread.php?t=5679 Getting more help with MILD from your subconscious] </div> ===WILD=== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba;"|Rated green. This technique has been successful in scientific research and/or is part of a commercial book about lucid dreaming. |} WILD stands for “Wake-Initiated Lucid Dream”, or “Wake-Initiation of Lucid Dreams” to refer to any technique that involves falling asleep consciously. These techniques are similar to self-hypnosis. Some people believe that WILDs are not actual dreams, but are instead [[w:astral projection|astral projection]]. Various detailed resources are available under that moniker. For most people, they are far easier to induce in the early morning after waking up or in afternoon naps, as the sleep cycle will continue with a REM period. Once you are experienced with inducing WILDs, you can try to induce them at other times. For WILDs to occur, it is best for your body to be completely relaxed. When you go back to bed, lie down comfortably. Now tense and relax your body, starting from your shoulders and working downwards, then back up to the face. This (or similar relaxation, meditation, or trance techniques) should make your body feel slightly heavy and relaxed. There are many different ways to induce WILDs, but they all involve simultaneously attempting to keep the mind aware, while attempting to have the body fall asleep. A few techniques are detailed below. One of the common ways used to induct oneself into a concious sleep, is using an anchor. Anchors can be anything in your environment that you can focus on. These can be either internal, external, or both. An external anchor could be your breathing, white noise, quiet music, the sound of your fan, the ambiance of your room, any external stimuli that you can't control. An internal anchor is a feeling, sensation, or motion that doesn't really exist. These could be an image behind your eyes, moving the hands or fingers of your "dream/spirit body", or going through the motions of falling asleep. These anchors are meant to keep your mind awake, while you fall asleep, and should not be something that will keep you awake. If you pay attention to your physical body while using these techniques, then you will likely enter sleep paralysis (which usually happens after you are already asleep) without losing conscious awareness of your body. You will get a tingling and buzzing sensation (this might be unpleasant). These sensations might be so strong that you feel that you will die (e.g., you might feel a choking sensation), but don't worry, this is perfectly safe! In fact, this process happens to you every time you sleep, you are just not conscious during it. Sometimes you can simply wait until you fall asleep straight into a lucid dream. However, if you do not fall asleep, and you become completely paralyzed (with the exception of your eyes), do not try to move. Imagine your dream hand (or spirit hand if you prefer) going up and leaving your physical hand behind. Now you should have two separate bodies, a dream one and a real one. Control your dream body only &mdash; if you control your real one, you will wake up. Now you can try to roll out of bed into your dream world (alternatively, you can get up and walk through a mirror, or sink into your bed). There is a possibility that after waking up from a dream that you initiated using this technique, you may still be paralyzed. If this phenomenon occurs, it may be accompanied by hallucinations. For example, you may wake up from a lucid dream that you started using one of the WILD techniques, and you will still be paralyzed, this is a state of [[w:Sleep paralysis|Sleep paralysis]]. If you have the experience then you have been given an example of what your mind can do, even without your direction. Before the phenomena was understood, as Sleep paralysis also occurs outside of Lucid Dream experiments it had been given a general negative outlook, while the experience is truly unique (partial awareness, unable to move, and multi-sense hallucinations) it is often linked to cultural fears, nightmares and other night terrors, Americans call it Old Hag, Japanese people call it kanashibari, Korean people call it kawi nullida (being pressed by a pair of scissors), Turkish people call it ''karabasan'' and in old French it was called ''Cauquemare'', which was later transformed into the term ''cauchemar''. In any case as soon as you rationalize what is happening you should lose any fear by the temporary loss of muscular control and contextualize any hallucination. ====Chakra Technique==== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #fffaef; border: 1px solid #fada9a"|Rated green/yellow. There have been anecdotes from a few people of this working on the [http://web.archive.org/web/20090406111627/http://www.dreamviews.com/community/showthread.php?t=71387 DreamViews forums]. |} Using Chakra ("third eye") meditation is one way to achieve WILDs. Basically, one has to focus solely on his third eye and breathing to achieve a lucid dream. This is a technique over 5000 years old, taught to Parvati by Shiva.<ref name="shiva">[http://web.archive.org/web/20080104094658/www.totallyok.com/secret/007m.htm 112 Meditations from Shiva to Parvati]. ''Internet Archive.'' Accessed on 2009-09-18.</ref> He is quoted as saying:<blockquote>With intangible breath in center of forehead, as this reaches heart at the moment of sleep, have direction over dreams and over death itself.<ref name="shiva"/></blockquote> ====Eyelid Patterns==== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #faffef; border: 1px solid #dafa9a;"|Rated yellow. There have been some anecdotes from at least one person of this technique working, although there is no scientific research proving it. |} This has been found to be very effective in many cases. However, it may lead to strange after effects, such as up to 15 dreams in one night, but otherwise, nothing harmful. This technique is as follows: When you go to sleep, ensure the room is completely dark. Then, with eyes closed, try to focus on the little dots that should appear to be moving on your eyelids. You will find that you can change their color at will. Continue focusing on these dots; make them dance around and form patterns and change colors, and eventually you should enter a Lucid Dream. This may take a little practice, but is usually very effective for summoning Lucid Dreams at will. Works better in conjunction with WBTB and other techniques mentioned above, but is still extraordinarily effective on its own. ====Hypnagogic Imagery==== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba;"|Rated green. This technique has been successful with a large amount of people, in scientific research, and/or is part of a commercial book about lucid dreaming. |} Stimulate your thinking patterns by constantly switching your attention. After doing this long enough, the images and sounds should begin to take a momentum on their own (this is called hypnagogic imagery), and may they get very strange and illogical. You should enter a dream at this point and quickly become lucid. Otherwise, you will eventually realize you have entered sleep paralysis consciously (see above). Because hypnagogic sleep paralysis involves full consciousness, dreaming can sometimes be frighteningly real. There is often a feeling of being flipped upside down, spun, or being tugged upon by an outside force. Hypnagogic hallucinations may also include strange auditory hallucinations, dark beings and flying. It is possible to observe waking reality while in a hypnagogic state, but this is limited to the sensations of your physical body. Most hypnagogic sleep paralysis states occur when sleeping face up. There is evidence that the tendency toward experiencing Hypnagogic sleep paralysis may be hereditary. ====Counting==== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba;"|Rated green. This technique has been successful with a large amount of people, in scientific research, and/or is part of a commercial book about lucid dreaming. |} Another technique is to count up to 100 in your head, optionally adding (for example) an “I'm dreaming” between each number. Alternatively, you can imagine stepping down stairs and reading each floor number, from 100 to 0. Try to make this image as vivid as possible &mdash; include not only what you see, but also what you hear, feel (touch the banister), and smell. At some point this image should continue into a dream or you will begin to get sleep paralysis as described above. It is easy to lose count, especially with counting up to 100 with an 'I'm dreaming' with each number. But stay focused: you are not going to sleep; your body is, and you must concentrate fully. ====Sound Technique==== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #faffef; border: 1px solid #dafa9a;"|Rated yellow. There have been some anecdotes from at least one person of this technique working, although there is no scientific research proving it. [Important advice regarding this, may be unsafe, just do one of the other methods instead. Some people have gained the hissing sound of Tinnitus permanently (throughout the day) using this method. See discussion page under [[Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques|Facts to know about Tinnitus]]] |} This method is for people, who can hear the "tinnitus". The idea is pretty much the same as the other WILD methods, which is to remain conscious while entering the dream state. In order to use this method, you must sleep in a perfectly quiet place. You need to hear the inner buzzing sound inside your ears. Lay your body down and relax as much as possible while trying to hear the sound. If you are too tired, you will fall asleep too fast and it will be difficult to remain conscious - in this case you should combine it with WBTB. By time you realize that the buzzing sound will increase in intensity. This might frighten newcomers, but be assured - nothing bad is going to happen. No, you will not be deaf when you wake up, it’s perfectly safe! *It is just an effect caused by your brain is trying to change mode, from listening to the ambient sound, to listening to the sound of dreamland, which is not real sound but just electrical charge inputed to the part of the brain to create a sensation of hearing. By that time, you will enter the hypnagogic state. All you need to do is concentrate, do not be afraid or think of anything, just be still, and in time your dream body will float, separating from your physical body, and there you go, you arrive in the dreamworld. Note: These sounds can be heard when you concentrate, even throughout the day - when you pay attention to them, but they shouldn't be heard much aloud if you are not in silence and concentrating on it - *as author said. The formula to hear it is quite simple: come into complete silence close your eyes and listen: is there only absolute silence or is there - something else? some...? do not create some sound just concentrate - :-) The best thing on this tech is - you can do it when you want. ====Slight Physical Discomfort==== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #faffef; border: 1px solid #dafa9a;"|Rated yellow. There have been some anecdotes from at least one person of this technique working, although there is no scientific research proving it. |} For the purpose of helping to retain your conscious awareness, slight physical discomfort is useful while performing any WILD technique. This prevents you from just drifting off to sleep. If you are lying down on your bed to do WILD and you are totally comfortable then your chances of going to sleep instead of remaining conscious are very high. The WILD technique relies on a form of deep trance induction, and many people who induce trances for other reasons rely on slight physical discomfort — for example the lotus position, or sitting in a hard-backed chair. Depending on your own preferences and your requirements of discomfort for success, you could choose from the following methods, arranged in ascending order of discomfort: # Stacking pillows so that you can sit up in bed — the discomfort is caused by not being in a normal sleeping position. # Lying down on a hard floor. # Lifting your forearm vertically upwards, with the rest of your arm resting on the bed. # Sitting in a hard chair. <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Threads about the WILD technique at [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com]: The BIG WILD topic [http://www.ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=311 I] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=665 II] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=1075 III] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=1582 IV] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=2372 V] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=2975 VI] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=3645 VII] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=4109 VIII] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=4458 IX] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=5254 X] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=6254 XI] [http://ld4all.com/archive0205/viewtopic.php?t=7727 XII] [http://www.ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=11180 XIII] [http://www.ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=13858 XIV]| [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5341 Strange colored dots?!? ULTIMATE WILD method] | Threads about the WILD technique at [http://dreamviews.com dreamviews.com]: [http://www.dreamviews.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2048 Wake-Initiated Lucid Dream (WILD)] | [http://www.dreamviews.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=12621 Five Stages of WILD] | [http://www.dreamviews.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=9026 WILD induction. help, only 3 hours til sleep time] | [http://www.dreamviews.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=8645 Lotus-Flame WILD technique] </div> ===Incubating Dreams=== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba"|Rated green. This technique has been successful in scientific research and/or is part of a commercial book about dreaming. |} To incubate a dream about a specific topic, you should first think of a phrase that summarizes that topic (e.g., “I want to go to Atlantis.”). It may help to write the phrase down. If there is something you want to do in the dream, think of a phrase to summarize that too (e.g., “I want to watch Atlantis sink into the ocean.”). If you want to become lucid in the dream, then you should probably write something like “When I dream of [the topic], I will remember that I'm dreaming.” beneath your topic phrase. Immediately go to sleep and focus on your topic phrase. Visualize yourself dreaming about the topic and (if you want to become lucid) realizing that you are dreaming. If there is something specific you want to do in the dream, visualize yourself doing it once you become lucid (not very likely to work if you don't become lucid in the dream). Think about your phrase and topic (and intention to become lucid) as you fall asleep. Make sure that the last thing in your mind before falling asleep is your intention to (lucidly) dream about the topic you want to dream about. You might want to wake yourself up when the dream starts to fade so that you remember more of the dream; you can do this by ignoring your perception of the dream environment &mdash; the opposite of dream stabilization techniques (just make sure you do a reality check when you wake up to make sure you are really awake). ====Chaining Dreams==== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid #bafaba"|Rated green. This technique has been successful in scientific research and/or is part of a commercial book about dreaming. |} Dream-chaining or “chaining dreams” is a method to re-enter your dream ''after you've woken up''. It can work for lucid and non-lucid dreams, but you will probably want to enter your dream lucidly. Once you wake up from a dream (if you don't think you were dreaming before you woke up, it may not work well) you should stay still and keep your eyes closed. Small movements are okay, but the less movement, sensory stimulation, and less time awake, the better. Ideally, it should feel less like you've woken up, and more like you've taken a 30 second break from dreaming. Once you are prepared to go back to sleep, close your eyes and either visualize yourself back in your dream, or use the “spinning technique” given in the next chapter to imagine yourself spinning back “into” your dream. Spinning is a little faster than visualization. Be sure to maintain the fact that you are dreaming (unless you don't want to be lucid), or you may lose your lucidity while falling asleep. Once in the dream, stimulate your senses as early as possible (see the next chapter). ====VILD==== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #fffaef; border: 1px solid #fada9a"|Rated green/yellow. There have been anecdotes from several people of this working on the [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com] forums. |} VILD stands for “Visual Induction of Lucid Dreams”, or sometimes, “Visually Incubated Lucid Dream”. This technique has been perfected by Peter Harrison, known as Pedro on the [http://ld4all.com/forum/ forums at ld4all.com]. You may wish to read [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4789 the main thread about the technique]. The version described here has been adapted slightly. First, make sure you are relaxed. You can use the relaxing technique mentioned in the description of the WILD technique. You can also imagine your brain emptying out and becoming sleepier. If you have a hard time falling asleep quickly, it should help to read a book (preferably about lucid dreaming) for a while before you go to sleep, until you feel very sleepy. Now, you need to visualize a dream which you had prepared earlier. Here is an example of a prepared dream: : I am in a red room with one door. A friend next to me asks me to show them what a reality check is. I do my reality checks (which show that I am dreaming), tell them that I am dreaming, and head towards the door. Make sure you know exactly what the dream would be like, such as which friend, the exact words they say, and which reality checks you do. Reality checks that require no props, such as books or clocks, are recommended. Visualize this dream slowly three times, to make sure that you know every detail. Then, start going full-on and visualize the dream over and over. You should visualize the dream as though you are looking through your own eyes, not from a third-person perspective. If you find your thoughts drifting, ignore them and continue to visualize the dream continuously. You will need patience for this &mdash; don't just give up if you think it won't work. When you actually dream this, you will not notice the difference &mdash; until you do your reality checks! Continue with the dream as you incubated it (e.g., remember to thank your friend!) before continuing through the door. '''I tried to visualize the dream until I fell asleep, but I just stayed awake. What went wrong?''' If visualizing keeps you awake, the VILD technique is not the technique for you! You should use a different technique. <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Threads about VILD at [http://ld4all.com ld4all.com]: I can LD at will!!!! [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4774 I] [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4844 II] [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5194 III] | [http://ld4all.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4789 VILD...Visually Incubated Lucid Dream]<br/> Topics about VILD at [http://lucidity.com The Lucidity Institute]: [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/41/2021.html The VILD Technique]<br/> There is an [[Lucid Dreaming/Appendices/VILD|appendix on VILD]]. </div> ====LILD==== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #fffaef; border: 1px solid #fada9a"|Rated yellow. There have been some anecdotes from at least one person of this technique working, although there is no scientific research proving it. |} LILD stands for “Lucid Induction of Lucid Dreams”, or sometimes, “Lucidly Induced Lucid Dream”. To use this technique, you need to have a lucid dream in the first place, but it can help you to get more later. The idea is to do something in your dream that will help you to become lucid the next time you are dreaming. For example, you could ask a dream character for help &mdash; ask them to meet you the next night and tell you that you are dreaming. If it works out the way it should, then the next time you are dreaming, the dream character will walk up to you and tell you that you are dreaming, and so you'll (hopefully) become lucid. There are many variations on this technique; you could set up signs in your dreamworld that remind you to do a reality check or eat lucid pills instead! This technique is not likely to be very effective, but it ''can'' work; it relies on the chance that you'll subconsciously induce the reminder (i.e., the dream character or sign or whatever you used) during some later dream, and become lucid because of it. Note that LILD is best used in conjunction with dream-signs and auto-suggested non-lucid dreams. The basic idea as explained above is to have something in your dream that triggers the transition from normal dream state to lucid dreaming. To simply tell a character to tell you that you are dreaming the next time you fall asleep is usually not enough. There is no guarantee that you will dream about that character and there is no guarantee that your subconscious will believe the character enough to make you snap into lucidity (make you realize that you are in fact dreaming). Now as this technique suggests, you must have some previous alternate means of having a lucid dream. Whatever technique you employ to get into this initial lucid dream state is not really important, but you should try to remember to use this technique (LILD) once you do get into a lucid dream state. Thinking of this before falling asleep (MILD) sometimes helps and usually takes many lucid dreams before finally remembering. Once you are in a lucid dream, make up a dream-sign. It can be anything. It can be an object. It can be food or a drink (that doesn't taste like anything). It is usually best to pick something that isn't quite right. Something that on the surface would appear normal in the real world, but that upon closer inspection is not quite right. Food or drinks are good as they can have no taste or not be refreshing in a dream. But try and pick something that you dream about a lot so that there is a better chance of you dreaming about this dream-sign later on. Now pick something else that only appears or happens in your lucid dream. It can be anything. If there is nothing in your current lucid dream, create something really strange. Something that could never be confused with the real world. Now mentally associate the dream-sign (food) with this unusual item or event that could never happen in the real world. But at the same time, this unusual item or event should equate to "lucid dreaming". When you see the unusual item, it should only make you think of when you have a lucid dream as this should be the only time you encountered it. So we have a 3 item associative link. Do all of the above while in a lucid dream. The next time you dream about your dream-sign, your subconscious will think of the unusual item or event. The unusual item or event will make you think of lucid dreaming. The two combined impossibilities (1. dream-sign that cannot exist in the real world 2. item or event that only appears in lucid dreams) will make your unconscious try to make a decision on all this. This will make your conscious mind come to the surface and hopefully you will come to the conclusion that you are dreaming. Many times, you will not want to deal with it because you are too tired (that is why you are sleeping, no?) and fall back into a normal dream state. This is why it can take a few tries. Eventually, your subconscious will start putting clear signs in your dreams like billboards that spell out "YOU ARE DREAMING". But once it triggers, it is quite the realization that an instant before, you had no real control over your actions and now you can do whatever you want. Another note... if it failed, you will usually know why. So next time, you can choose another dream-sign or slightly different technique or something more shocking. Once you get this working once, it is relatively easy to use over and over as the hard part just described is over with. Sometimes disassociative techniques are needed if used too much. To sum up, this technique is a way to force a reality check while in a normal dream state where your subconscious has no choice but to come to the conclusion that you are in fact dreaming. Once your mind knows that you are dreaming, there will be no other conclusion than your conscious mind taking over. And this is what lucid dreaming is all about. === IA-WILD (Immersive Anchor Wake-Induced Lucid Dream) === '''IA-WILD''' is an advanced variation of the traditional Wake-Initiated Lucid Dream (WILD) technique. It utilizes an interactive, high-fidelity immersive daydream as a transitional bridge to bypass the common failure points of hypnagogic anxiety, boredom, and dream amnesia. ==== Core Mechanics ==== Unlike traditional WILD, which requires passive observation of hypnagogic imagery, IA-WILD employs an active mental anchor. The practitioner enters a highly detailed, low-rendering environmental vehicle (such as an elevator lounge or bus) while fully awake. * '''Direct Command Incubation:''' The practitioner commands the subconscious mind to take 100% control of an incubated dream companion (e.g., a real-world friend) and instructs that character to initiate a casual conversation. * '''Attentional Diversion:''' By engaging in an autopilot conversation regarding a familiar, engaging topic, the practitioner's logic centers remain awake while the thalamus gates out real-world physical sleep-onset sensations (such as ghost itches). * '''Automated Safety-Net Trigger:''' The companion character is pre-programmed with a verbal post-hypnotic script designed to interrupt the conversation and forcefully mandate a specific reality check (e.g., the nose-pinch breathing test) the exact moment the physical body transitions into REM sleep. ==== Execution Protocol ==== ===CAT=== {| width=100% |style="background-color: #faffef; border: 1px solid #dafa9a;"|Rated green/yellow. There have been anecdotes from many different people of this technique working. |} # For one week, go to bed at the same time each night and get up 90 minutes earlier than you usually do. Spend those 90 minutes doing reality checks every 2&ndash;5 minutes. # Thereafter, on alternate days: follow the routine from step one, and set the intention to do your reality check routine at its regular time, while getting a full night sleep. This will cause the reality check conditioning to kick in during REM prime-time. For detailed information on the Cycle Adjustment Technique, see the [[Lucid Dreaming/Appendices/CAT|appendix on CAT]]. <div width="100%" style="background-color: #ffe; border: solid 1px #fea; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;" valign="top"> Topics about CAT at [http://lucidity.com The Lucidity Institute]: [http://www.novadreamer.com/discus/messages/441/2024.html?1090227250 **CAT method** New Lucid dream induction technique]<br/> There is an [[Lucid Dreaming/Appendices/CAT|appendix on CAT]]. </div> ===Tibetan methods=== Tibetan Buddhists practice what is known as Tibetan dream yoga. Probably the most time consuming way of inducing lucid dreams, it is also, according to the practitioners, the most rewarding. The basic practice is ''awareness''. Awareness should be practiced while sleeping just as well as while being awake. Meditating on the question “who is aware?” might catapult you into a higher degree of awareness according to Buddhist beliefs. Keeping this level of awareness is another matter. The Tibetans have developed many yogic exercises and disciplines to be practiced. Maybe the most interesting difference between Tibetan dream yoga and modern western methods of lucid dream induction is the Tibetan claim of the possibility to be aware during deep sleep, not only in the REM periods of sleep. For the reader who is interested in these methods a good start is to begin to regard all experience as a dream. After all, from the countless multitude of matter and radiation reaching our senses the nervous system tunes in only to a small fraction of this chaos. For members of the phalanx that believes we, more or less, create our own reality in the above sense this practice should feel natural. In general though, it is recommended to gain instruction from a teacher in the flesh rather than from books (like this one!). The Tibetan Methods are not "time consuming" if the goal is to go into deeper than Lucid states. From a Raja Yoga stand point, from a Daoist standpoint, and from a Tibetan Yoga standpoint the goal is not to "play" in Lucid Dreams, but to dispel the delusional nature of what we call "reality." Also, to heal and to develop super-learning, and to increase the "energy" you find most attractive: innovative, creative, joyous, blissful, love, power, wisdom, mirth. Are you Ambitious-Worldly or Ambitious-Spiritual? All these factors play into it. These techniques are very easy to learn and are rooted in a deeper science than the WILD, VILD, LILD -- one that does not use auto-suggestion or forced recall. In conclusion, the Tibetan methods are advanced yogic techniques that only an accomplished practitioner can fully teach. If one does not have access to a Tibetan dream yogi, one should probably concentrate on techniques that are more mundane from a Western point of view. ===Other techniques=== {| width="100%" |style="background-color: #ffefef; border: 1px solid #fababa"|Rated red. There have been no anecdotes found of these techniques working. |} Many of these are combinations of other techniques with some addition or modification. * '''Inducing dream-signs''' - You can become lucid by trying to induce specific dream-signs to watch for during your dream. You can use auto-suggestion (see above) to associate a specific dream-sign with doing a reality check, or you can just get used to doing a reality check whenever you encounter the dream-sign while awake. Some dream-signs you can use: ** '''Thirst''' - Avoid drinking for very long. Wake up later in the night and put salt on your tongue or eat chili to make you even thirstier. Fill a glass of fresh cold water and take it with you back to bed. Hopefully, you'll dream of getting something to drink. Don't use this technique if you have trouble falling asleep while thirsty. ** '''False Awakening''' - Set your intention as you fall asleep to wake up in the middle of the night. If you are a heavy sleeper, you'll hopefully dream of waking up in the middle of the night. If you are a light sleeper, you are probably more likely to really wake up. ** '''Bladder''' - Drink large amounts of water before going to sleep. You should dream of having to go to the bathroom. You may wet your bed! This technique should be used carefully, to avoid the possibility of [[w:Water_intoxication|water intoxication]]. * '''Conditioning''' - Strictly punish or reward yourself after a dream where you failed to realize you were dreaming or when you do have a lucid dream. This could increase motivation but not necessarily cause lucid dreams in itself. Cognitive psychology, however, states that this punishment/reward system is very counterproductive, because it ties our self-esteem to the outcome of the endeavor. The opposite of this system would be to see each attempt, including those that fail, as another step towards success. * '''Muscle Exhaustion''' - Lift slight weights with one's arms and legs for about fifteen minutes before one begins to fall asleep. One should not, however, lift anything that strains the muscles too much, for that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and excites the body. The method should cause a release of tension in the muscles and tire them out. This combined with relaxation techniques and any of the -ILD's should produce a positive result. ==Other methods== ===Food and drink=== There are various foods and drinks that you can consume which seem to have some effect on sleeping and dreaming. Note that for most of these there is no explanation or scientific study of how they work, and some may simply be placebos. Don't go overboard with the consumption of any of these, as overdosing could have nasty effects (well, milk should be safe unless you are allergic). '''Don't experiment without accumulating enough knowledge first.''' The authors in no way encourage the use of legal or illegal drugs. * The amino acid tryptophan, which can be found in warm milk amongst other sources, is a precursor for the hormone serotonin, and has been proven to help you fall asleep. * Vitamin B6 and others of the B group are important for neuronal functions. * [[w:Melatonin|Melatonin]] is a hormone with neuronal effects. It is produced by the pineal gland in darkness and is suppressed by blue light. Wearing blue-blocking sunglasses or avoiding bright light in general the hours before bedtime maximizes night-time melatonin secretion. * [[w:5-HTP|5-HTP]] or [[w:L-5-HTP|L-5-HTP]] is a supplement that is related to serotonin, which some claim has induced lucid dreaming on approximately half the nights it is taken. * [[w:Caffeine|Caffeine]] is useful in WILD techniques, as it helps the mind stay focused and think vividly. Please notice that caffeine is an addictive substance and may have negative effects on your health. * An [[w:Amino Acid|Amino Acid]] Blend made up of 2000mg L-aspartic acid, 4000mg L-glutamine, and 300mg [[w:Theanine|L-theanine]] can substantially increase your odds of having a Lucid Dream. * [[w:Galantamine | Galantamine]] - acetylcholinesterase inhibitors extract from plants such as ''Lycoris radiata'' (Red Spider Lily) or from chemical synthesis. Works best when taken together with choline and/or alpha-GPC. Some people who practice Lucid dream (LD) or Out of body experience (OBE) use Galantamine to increase their odds to achieve LD or OBE. By taking small amount of Galantamine (around 4 to 8 mg) after 5 to 6 hours of deep sleep and practice the induction technique such as [[Happiness/Meditation|meditation]], MILD or WILD many people report more success with Galantamine. There also report that taking Galantamine without proper induction technique will not lead to LD or OBE but will result in only a vivid dream instead. It should also be noted that due to a long half life Galantamine will stay in the body for a period of up to and over 48 hours, as such it is advisable to space out the use of Galantamine over a period of three days so that the body does not build a resistance to the drug ruining its effectiveness. Some people report mixing Galantamine with other Nootropic can enhance the degree of lucidity but this is still controversial since some mixtures may work for some people, but lead to failure for others. Plants: * [[w:Artemisia vulgaris|Artemisia vulgaris]] * [[w:St John's wort|Hypericum perforatum]] * [[w:Ginseng|Korean Ginseng]] * [[w:Valerian (plant)|Valeriana officinalis]] * [[w:Calea zacatechichi|Calea zacatechichi]] * [[w:Ginkgo Biloba|Ginkgo biloba]] * [[w:Nutmeg|Nutmeg]] - contains [[w:myristicin|myristicin]] a [[w:deliriant|deliriant]]. * [[w:Silene_undulata|Silene undulata]] For an in-depth guide to using supplements for lucid dreaming, see the book <i>Advanced Lucid Dreaming - The Power of Supplements</i>. ===Drugs=== Dissociatives and hallucinogens can be used to create a (more or less) lucid dream-like state, though whether or not these help with lucid dreaming is debatable. '''The authors do not recommend use of these substances for induction of lucid dreams, nor do they condone the breaking of any applicable laws.''' Some dissociatives and hallucinogens are: * [[w:Amanita muscaria|Amanita muscaria]] * [[w:Banisteriopsis caapi|Ayahuasca]] * [[w:Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] - Common in the shamanic method of drinking Ayahuasca, to the result of entering the spirit realm. The herbal brew contains the psychedelic DMT, a drug is actually synthesized in minute quantities by the metabolism. It may be produced during dreams, adding to the enhanced experience.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20090406111627/http://www.dreamviews.com/community/showthread.php?t=71387 5000 year old WILD technique. Very easy, and very effective.] ''DreamViews forums.'' Accessed 2009-09-18.</ref> * [[w:Dextromethorphan|DXM]] * [[w:Ketamine|Ketamine]] * [[w:LSD|LSD]] * [[w:Mescaline|Mescaline]] * [[w:Morning glory|Morning glory]] seeds * [[w:Phencyclidine|PCP]] * [[w:Psilocybe|Psilocybe mushrooms]] * [[w:Salvia divinorum|Salvia divinorum]] For more info, see [http://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/psychoactives.shtml Erowid Vaults] ===Gadgets=== There are various gadgets you can use to become lucid easily. They generally detect when you are in the REM state and then provide a light and/or sound signal. This signal is supposed to be adjusted so that it doesn't wake you up but does enter your dream. The signal is then recognized as showing that you are dreaming, and you become lucid. The most well-known device is the NovaDreamer from the Lucidity Institute. However, this product is no longer produced. The INSPEC lucid dreaming device uses a night-vision smart camera to detect eye movements during REM sleep and triggers audio cues to promote lucidity. ===Software=== There are many programs for your computer that can assist with lucid dreaming. These can give out verbal cues while you sleep, or assist in doing your reality checks: * Lucid Scribe for Android. Reality checks, induction tools: Prospective Memory Trainer for MILD, Targeted Lucidity Reactivation (TLR), Targeted Dream Incubation (TDI), NREM1 detection with FILD screen tapping, mindfulness exercises. * [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ilucid-dream/id668103961?ls=1&mt=8 iLucid Dream] for the iPhone. Dream journal, reality checks, induction techniques, binaural beats for deep sleep and much more! * [http://lucidcode.com/LightenedDream/ Lightened Dream] is available for Windows as freeware. It can be used as a dream journal and a dream-sign list. One of its more notable features is that you can have it play a voice or song each time you enter a REM sleep period. * [http://www.dreamdoze.com DreamDoze] A web application for Social Dream interpretation and dreams journal management * [http://gnaural.sourceforge.net/ Gnaural] is a multi-platform programmable binaural-beat generator. Gnaural is released as free software under the GNU General Public License. (For a browser based demo, see [http://pantheon.yale.edu/%7Ebbl2/GnauralJavaApplet_signed.html Gnaural Java)]) * [http://uazu.net/sbagen SBaGen] is available for Windows, MacOS X, and Linux. It works by playing binaural beats into your ears, changing your brainstate. * [http://www.transparentcorp.com Neuro-Programmer] is available for Windows. This is powerful software that creates binaural beats and can work in conjunction with special goggles to induce certain mental states. * [http://www.lucidweaver.com/ LucidWeaver] is available for mobile phones and PDA that support Java (J2ME). It includes a Dream alarm with sound cue which can be adjusted to a personal REM-sleep cycle for improving dream recall and lucidity training. Randomized reality tests can be set and it can be used as regular alarm clock. * [http://mythwell.com/lucille/index.html Lucille 2.0] is an application to assist with doing reality checks. * [http://www.world-of-lucid-dreaming.com/lucid-dreaming-mp3.html Unexplainable Store] Lucid Dreaming Brainwave Entrainment MP3 * [http://www.androlib.com/android.application.com-ropez-android-sleepcheckreminder-qDwmw.aspx Sleep Check Reminder] for Android. * [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ilucid/id591703883?mt=8 iLucid] for iOS (iPod, iPhone, iPad). * [https://sites.google.com/site/sleepasandroid/ Sleep As Android] is an Android sleep tracking app. It has a feature where it can play a sound file (by default, a soft voice that says "You're dreaming..." and echoes out) when it detects that the user is in a deep sleep. There is also a list of programs available at [http://www.ld4all.com LD4all.com], under the “How” section. ====Hypnosis==== The techniques commonly referred to as hypnosis is based in a set of hypnotic suggestions are commonly composed of a series of instructions and ideas that may be delivered by a hypnotist in the presence of the subject, or they may be self-administered ("self-suggestion" or "autosuggestion"), even in a conscious state. Hypnosis is not a science. In fact, it has in almost every aspect eluded scientific analysis, as it is extremely hard to generalize (each individual responds differently and at different levels) and the methodology is so diverse and based on yet to be completely understood mental/biological phenomena, most related with faith or the placebo effect. For the phenomena to work, whom in aggregate we define as hypnosis, the mind has to be able to turn the suggestions into reality. All hypnosis is ultimately self hypnosis. If you, for instance, take into consideration the problems that faith beliefs have caused to the human race, or even the problems in the field of psychology, you can appreciate the problem of scientifically studying hypnotic phenomena, as they are extremely open to individual interpretation and to one's ability to be open to suggestibility (self-induced or otherwise). The Wikibook's work on [[Hypnosis]] will covers the subject in greater detail. It will also offer support material, or reference it, such as methods to induce, or reinforce specific mental states (or states of mind) and any attitudes and beliefs that impact the phenomena. Including information on techniques or procedures for hypnotic induction and hypnotic suggestion. ====Forums==== * [https://www.dreamviews.com/forum.php DreamViews] all about lucid dreaming, controlling dreams, lucid aids, sleep stages and dream signs. * [http://www.forumforastral.com/ Lucid Dreaming Forum] is where you can learn, discuss and help others to lucid dream. == References == <references/> <div style="text-align: right; font-size: small">[[#top|top]]</div> {{LDTOC}} [[es:Sueño lúcido/Técnicas de Inducción]] [[it:Sogno lucido/Tecniche di Induzione]] 2un61hxpuwk4l5dd55mo0y8at81f3rg 0 8720 4635620 4631615 2026-05-13T19:03:18Z ~2026-28958-76 3586208 I updated the begging paragraph to be more accurate 4635620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{featured book}}<noinclude> ---- [[File:Ada Mascot Wikibook.svg|thumbnail|300px]] {{reading level|professional}} __TOC__ </noinclude> {{Wikipedia|Ada (programming language)}} {{Book Search|prefix=Ada Programming}} Welcome to the '''Ada Programming''' tutorial at Wikibooks. This is the first [[Ada Programming/Tutorials|Ada tutorial]] covering the [[Ada Programming/Ada 2005|Ada&nbsp;2005]], [[Ada Programming/Ada 2012|2012]] and [[Ada Programming/Ada 2022|2022]] standards. If you are a beginner you will learn the latest standard — if you are a seasoned Ada user you can see what's new. Current Development Stage for '''Ada Programming''' is "{{stage|75%|June 8, 2024}}". At this date, there are more than 600 pages in this book, which makes '''Ada Programming''' one of the largest [[Computer programming|programming]] wikibooks.{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|Category||<ref>See [[:{{BOOKCATEGORY|Ada Programming}}]] or [[/All Chapters]]</ref>}} But still there is always room for improvement — do help us to expand '''Ada Programming'''. Even beginners will find areas to participate. == About Ada == [[File:Ada Lovelace 1838.jpg|right|thumbnail|270px|[[w:Ada Lovelace|Augusta Ada King]], Countess of Lovelace.]]Ada is a is terrible scratch ripoff made by Prince Barack Ali Barry Daddy Obama III that was made to be better, but everyone went to his house and poured baby oil on him. He himself had 18,000,000 SHU of baby oil, but they gave him extra. he got so angry his dih extended and he nutted all over them. They got a water gun, filled it with baby oil and shot it in his mouth. he eventually would call poison control but thought it tasted good. He would get a addiction to any oil and his body would adapt to eating it. === Programming in the large === Ada puts unique emphasis on and provides strong support for, good [[w:Software Engineering|software engineering]] practices that scale well to very large software systems (millions of lines of code, and very large development teams). The following language features are particularly relevant in this respect: * An extremely strong, static and safe '''[[w:Type system|type system]]''', which allows the programmer to construct powerful abstractions that reflect the real world, and allows the compiler to detect many logic faults before they become errors. * '''[[w:Modularity (programming)|Modularity]]''', whereby the compiler directly manages the construction of very large software systems from sources. * '''[[w:Information hiding|Information hiding]]'''; the language separates interfaces from implementation, and provides fine-grained control over visibility. * '''Readability''', which helps programmers review and verify code. Ada favours the reader of the program over the writer because a program is written once but read many times. For example, the syntax bans all ambiguous constructs, so there are no surprises, following the Tao of Programming's [[w:Principle of least astonishment|Law of Least Astonishment]]. (Some Ada programmers are reluctant to talk about ''source code'' which is often cryptic; they prefer ''program text'' which is close to English prose.) * '''[[w:Write once, compile anywhere|Portability]]''': the language definition allows compilers to differ only in a few controlled ways, and otherwise defines the semantics of programs very precisely; as a result, Ada source text is very portable across compilers and target hardware platforms. Most often, the program can be recompiled without any changes.{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|Category||<ref>{{cite conference | author = Gaetan Allaert, Dirk Craeynest, Philippe Waroquiers | title = European air traffic flow management: porting a large application to GNU/linux | conference = SIGAda'03 |conferenceurl = http://www.sigada.org/conf/sigada2003/SIGAda2003-CDROM/SIGAda2003-Proceedings/00-proceedings.html | booktitle = Proceedings of the 2003 annual ACM SIGAda international conference on Ada | year = 2003 | pages = 29–37 | doi = 10.1145/958420.958426 | isbn = 1-58113-476-2 | url = http://www.sigada.org/conf/sigada2003/SIGAda2003-CDROM/SIGAda2003-Proceedings/p29-allaert.pdf | accessdate = 2009-01-02 }} Paper by Eurocontrol (PDF, 160&nbsp;kB) on portability.</ref>}} * '''Standardisation''': standards have been a goal and a prominent feature ever since the design of the language in the late 1970s. The first standard was published in 1980, just 3 years after design commenced. Ada compilers all support the same language; the only dialect, [[w:SPARK (programming language)|SPARK]], is merely an annotated subset and can be compiled with an Ada compiler. Consequences of these qualities are superior '''reliability''', '''reusability''' and '''maintainability'''. For example, compared to programs written in [[Programming:C|C]], programs written in Ada&nbsp;83 contain ''"70% fewer internal fixes and 90% fewer bugs"'', and cost half as much to develop in the first place.{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|Category||<ref>{{cite paper | author = Stephen F. Zeigler | title = Comparing Development Costs of C and Ada | date = 1995-03-30 | url = http://archive.adaic.com/intro/ada-vs-c/ada-vs-c.html | quote = Our data indicates that Ada has saved us millions of development dollars. | accessdate = 2009-01-02 }}</ref>}} Ada shines even more in software maintenance, which often accounts for about 80% of the total cost of development. With support for object-oriented programming, Ada 95 may bring even more cost-benefit, depending on how objects are used; although no serious study comparable to Zeigler's has been published. === Programming in the small === In addition to its support for good software engineering practices, which applies to general-purpose programming, Ada has powerful specialised features supporting '''low-level programming''' for real-time, safety-critical and [[w:Embedded system|embedded]] systems. Such features include, among others, machine code insertions, address arithmetic, low-level access to memory, control over bitwise representation of data, bit manipulations, and a well-defined, statically provable concurrent computing model called the [[w:Ravenscar profile|Ravenscar Profile]]. Other features include restrictions (it is possible to restrict which language features are accepted in a program) and features that help review and certify the object code generated by the compiler. Several vendors provide Ada compilers accompanied by minimal run-time kernels suitable for use in certified, life-critical applications. It is also possible to write Ada programs which require no run-time kernel at all. It should come as no surprise that Ada is heavily used in the aerospace, defence, medical, railroad, and nuclear industries. === The Language Reference Manual === {{Wikipedia|ISO 8652}} The Ada Reference Manual (RM) is the official language definition. If you have a problem and no one else can help, you should read the RM <small>(albeit often a bit cryptic for non-language lawyers)</small>. For this reason, all complete <small>(not draft)</small> pages in '''Ada Programming''' contain links to the appropriate pages in the RM. This tutorial covers ''[[w:ISO 8652|Ada Reference Manual — ISO/IEC 8652:2023 Language and Standard Libraries]]'', colloquially known as ''Ada&nbsp;2022'' or just ''Ada''. You can browse the complete Reference Manual at http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/22rm/html/RM-TOC.html There are two companion documents: * The [http://www.adaic.org/resources/add_content/standards/22aarm/html/AA-TTL.html Annotated Reference Manual], an extended version of the RM aimed at compiler writers or other persons who want to know the fine details of the language. * The [http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/overview22.html Overview of Ada&nbsp;2022], an explanation of the features of this language edition. The [http://www.adaic.com/standards Ada Information Clearinghouse] also offers the older Ada&nbsp;83, 95, 2005 and 2012 standards and companion documents. The RM is a collective work under the control of Ada users. If you think you've found a problem in the RM, please report it to the [http://www.ada-auth.org/ Ada Conformity Assessment Authority] (the Ada RM explains how to do this, see http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/22rm/html/RM-0-2.html Introduction (58/1) ff). On this site, you can also see the list of "Ada Issues" raised by other people. === Ada Conformity Assessment Test Suite === {{Wikipedia|ISO 18009}} Unlike other programming languages, Ada compilers are officially tested, and only those which pass this test are accepted, for military and commercial work. This means that all Ada compilers behave (almost) the same, so you do not have to learn any dialects. The Ada standard does however allow compiler writers to include additional features and libraries that are not part of the standard. == Programming in Ada == <div class="noprint"> Reading a document online is often quite cumbersome. So if you just started you can also download [[/All Chapters|All Chapters]] ([//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Ada_Programming.pdf PDF version]) {{stage short|50%|Sep 23, 2005}} and print them out. </div> === Getting Started === Where to get a compiler, how to compile the source, all answered here: * [[Ada Programming/Basic|Basic Ada]] — '''Read Me First!''' {{stage short|100%|Sep 22, 2005}} * [[Ada Programming/Installing|Finding and Installing Ada]] {{stage short|100%|Sep 22, 2005}} * [[Ada Programming/Building|Building an Ada program]] {{stage short|100%|Sep 22, 2005}} * [[Ada Programming/Environment|Ada Development Environment]] {{stage short|0%|Jul 3, 2012}} === Language Features === These chapters look at the broader picture, introducing you to the main Ada features in a tutorial style. * [[Ada Programming/Expressions|Expressions]] {{stage short|75%|Jul 22, 2018}} * [[Ada Programming/Control|Control Structures]] {{stage short|100%|Dec 14, 2005}} * [[Ada Programming/Type System|Type System]] {{stage short|75%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Constants|Constants]] {{stage short|100%|Oct 31, 2022}} * [[Ada Programming/Representation_clauses|Representation Clauses]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 24, 2022}} * [[Ada Programming/Strings|Strings]] {{stage short|75%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Subprograms|Subprograms]] {{stage short|75%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Packages|Packages]] {{stage short|75%|Jun 2, 2008}} * [[Ada Programming/Input Output|Input Output]] {{stage short|50%|Jun 2, 2008}} * [[Ada Programming/Exceptions|Exceptions]] {{stage short|100%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Generics|Generics]] {{stage short|100%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Tasking|Tasking]] {{stage short|75%|Jun 2, 2008}} * [[Ada Programming/Object Orientation|Object Orientation]] {{stage short|100%|Jun 22, 2010}} * [[Ada Programming/Contract Based Programming|Contract Based Programming]] {{stage short|0%|Aug 20, 2015}} * [[Ada Programming/Types/access|Memory Management (Access Types)]] {{stage short|100%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Ada 2005|New in Ada&nbsp;2005]] {{stage short|100%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Ada 2012|New in Ada&nbsp;2012]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 26, 2012}} * [[Ada Programming/Ada 2022|New in Ada 2022]] * [[Ada Programming/Containers|Containers]] {{stage short|50%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Interfacing|Interfacing to other Languages]] {{stage short|25%|Nov 24, 2008}} * [[Ada Programming/Coding standards|Coding Standards]] {{stage short|25%|Nov 24, 2008}} * [[Ada Programming/Tips|Ada Programming Tips]] {{stage short|25%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Errors|Common Programming Errors]] {{stage short|25%|Jun 1, 2008}} === Computer Programming === The following articles are Ada adaptations from articles of the [[Computer programming]] book. The texts of these articles are language neutral but the examples are all Ada. * [[/Algorithms/]] ** [[/Algorithms/Chapter 1|Chapter 1]] ** [[/Algorithms/Chapter 6|Chapter 6]] ** [[/Algorithms/Knuth-Morris-Pratt pattern matcher/|Knuth-Morris-Pratt pattern matcher]] ** [[Algorithm implementation/Search/Binary search#Ada|Binary search]] * [[/Error handling/]] * [[/Function overloading/]] * [[/Mathematical calculations/]] * [[/Statements/]] ** [[/Control/]] * [[/Variables/]] === Language Reference === Within the following chapters we look at foundations of Ada. These chapters may be used for reference of a particular keyword, delimiter, operator and so forth. * [[Ada Programming/Lexical elements|Lexical elements]] {{stage short|100%|Dec 14, 2005}} ** [[Ada Programming/Keywords|Keywords]] {{stage short|75%|Jan 6, 2008}} ** [[Ada Programming/Delimiters|Delimiters]] {{stage short|75%|Jan 10, 2005}} * [[Ada Programming/Operators|Operators]] {{stage short|100%|Jan 10, 2005}} * [[Ada Programming/Attributes|Attributes]] {{stage short|50%|Jan 2, 2009}} * [[Ada Programming/Aspects|Aspects]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 26, 2012}} * [[Ada Programming/Pragmas|Pragmas]] {{stage short|25%|Jan 10, 2005}} ** [[Ada Programming/Pragmas/Restrictions|Restrictions]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 26, 2012}} === Predefined Language Libraries === This section is a reference of the Ada Standard Library, which is extensive and well structured. It has these four root packages: * [[Ada Programming/Libraries/Standard|Standard]] {{stage short|75%|Aug 29, 2021}} * [[Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada|Ada]] {{stage short|75%|Aug 29, 2021}} * [[Ada Programming/Libraries/Interfaces|Interfaces]] {{stage short|75%|Aug 29, 2021}} * [[Ada Programming/Libraries/System|System]] {{stage short|75%|Aug 29, 2021}} Besides the Standard Library, compilers usually come with a built-in library. This chapter describes the [[w:GNAT|GNAT]] library in particular. * [[Ada Programming/Libraries/GNAT|GNAT]] {{stage short|25%|Sep 22, 2005}} === External Libraries === This section is a reference of third-party Ada libraries which are not part of the compiler predefined environment but are freely available. * [[Ada Programming/Libraries|Libraries]] ** [[Ada Programming/Libraries/MultiPurpose|Multi Purpose]] ** [[Ada Programming/Libraries/Container|Container Libraries]] ** [[Ada Programming/Libraries/GUI|GUI Libraries]] ** [[Ada Programming/Libraries/Distributed|Distributed Objects]] ** [[Ada Programming/Libraries/Database|Database]] ** [[Ada Programming/Libraries/Web|Web Programming]] ** [[Ada Programming/Libraries/IO|Input/Output]] * [[Ada Programming/Platform|Platform specific]] ** [[Ada Programming/Platform/Linux|Programming Ada in Linux]] ** [[Ada Programming/Platform/Windows|Programming Ada in Windows]] ** [[Ada Programming/Platform/VM|Programming Ada in Virtual Machines (Java, .NET)]] == External resources == * [[Ada Programming/Portals|Open-source portals]] * [[Ada Programming/Tutorials|Web Tutorials]] * [[Ada Programming/Web 2.0|Web 2.0]] == Collections == === Printable Versions === <noinclude> {{Collection}} {{Print version|Ada Programming/All Chapters|1,839 kb}} {{PDF version|Ada Programming|2,663 kb, 243 pages|Ada Programming}} </noinclude> The following are collection pages. All collection pages are comprised of groups of the already available pages. You can use them for printing or to gain a quick overview. Please note that those pages are partly very long. ; Tutorial : [[Ada Programming/All Chapters|Show HTML]] <small>(1,839 kb)</small> — [//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Ada_Programming.pdf Download PDF] <small>(2,663 kb, 243 pages)</small> ; Keywords : [[Ada Programming/All Keywords|Show HTML]] <small>(470 kb)</small> — [//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Ada_Programming_Keywords.pdf Download PDF] <small>(290 kb, 59 pages)</small> ; Operators : [[Ada Programming/All Operators|Show HTML]] <small>(232 kb)</small> — [//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Ada_Programming_Operators.pdf Download PDF] <small>(189 kb, 27 pages)</small> === Source Code === The Source from the Book is available for [https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=124904 download] and [http://wikibook-ada.sourceforge.net/html/index.html online browsing]. The latter allows "drill down", meaning that you can follow the links right down to the package bodies in the Ada runtime library. == References == {{reflist}} == Further reading == === Ada 2005 textbooks === *{{cite book | author = John Barnes | title = Programming in Ada&nbsp;2005 | year = 2006 | publisher = Addison Wesley | isbn = 0-321-34078-7 | url = http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/academic/product/0,,0321340787,00%2Ben-USS_01DBC.html }} *{{cite book | author = Mordechai Ben-Ari | title = Ada for Software Engineers (Second Edition with Ada 2005) | year = 2009 | publisher = Springer | isbn = 978-1-84882-313-6 | url = http://www.springer.com/978-1-84882-313-6 }} *{{cite book | author = Alan Burns, Andy Wellings | title = Concurrent and Real-Time Programming in Ada | year = 2007 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-86697-2 | url = http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521866972 }} *{{cite book | author = Nell Dale, John W. McCormick | title = Ada Plus Data Structures: An Object Oriented Approach | year = 2007 | edition = 2nd | publisher = Jones and Bartlett | isbn = 0-7637-3794-1 | url = http://www.jbpub.com/catalog/9780763737948/ }} *{{cite book | author = John W. McCormick, Frank Singhoff, Jérôme Hugues | title = Building Parallel, Embedded, and Real-Time Applications with Ada | year = 2011 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-19716-8 | url = http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item5659578/?site_locale=en_GB }} === Ada 2012 textbooks === *{{cite book | author = John Barnes | title = Programming in Ada 2012 | year = 2014 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-1-107-42481-4 | url = http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/computer-science/software-engineering-and-development/programming-ada-2012?format=PB }} *{{cite book | author = Andrew T.Shvets | title = Beginning Ada Programming: From Novice to Professional | year = 2020 | publisher = Apress Media LLC, A Subsidiary of Springer Nature. | isbn = 978-1-4842-5427-1 | url = https://www.apress.com/gp/book/9781484254271 }} === Ada 2022 textbooks === * John Barnes (2022). [https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/computer-science/software-engineering-and-development/programming-ada-2012-preview-ada-2022-2nd-edition?format=PB&isbn=9781009181341 Programming in Ada 2012 with a Preview of Ada 2022]. Cambridge University Press. {{#isbn:9781009181341}} * John Barnes (2024). [https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/computer-science/programming-languages-and-applied-logic/programming-ada-2022 Programming in Ada 2022]. Cambridge University Press. {{#isbn:9781009564779}} === Manuals and guides === * [[Ada Style Guide|Ada Quality & Style Guide:]] Guidelines for Professional Programmers (wikibook) * [http://www.adaic.com/standards/05rat/html/Rat-TTL.html Rationale for Ada&nbsp;2005], by John Barnes (2007) * [http://www.adaic.com/standards/05rm/html/RM-TTL.html Ada&nbsp;2005 Reference Manual] (2007) * [https://github.com/bracke/AdaReferenceCard/releases Ada Reference Card] (in PDF format) === High-Integrity Software === * ISO/IEC TR 15942:2000, ''[http://www.dit.upm.es/~str/ork/documents/adahis.pdf Guide for the use of the Ada programming language in high integrity systems]''. ISO Freely Available Standards [http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/] * ISO/IEC TR 24718:2005, ''[http://www.sigada.org/ada_letters/jun2004/ravenscar_article.pdf Guide for the use of the Ada Ravenscar Profile in high integrity systems]''. ISO Freely Available Standards [http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/] *{{cite book | author = John Barnes | year = 2003 | title = High Integrity Software: The SPARK Approach to Safety and Security | publisher = Addison-Wesley | isbn = 0-321-13616-0 }} == External links == <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> === Resources === * [http://www.adaic.org/ Ada Information Clearinghouse] — News and resources * [news://comp.lang.ada comp.lang.ada] ([https://usenet.ada-lang.io/comp.lang.ada/ Web archive], [http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.ada Google groups]) — International Usenet newsgroup * [https://ada-lang.io ada-lang.io] — Community site and forum === Research and user groups === * Journals: ** ''[http://www.sigada.org/ada_letters/ Ada-Letters]'' ** ''[http://www.ada-europe.org/auj/ Ada User Journal]'' <small>([http://www.ada-europe.org/auj/archive/ archive])</small> * International Conferences/Workshops: ** [http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?linked=1&part=series&idx=SERIES176&coll=portal&dl=ACM International Real-Time Ada Workshop (IRTAW)] [<small>[http://www.ctr.unican.es/irtaw-15/cfp.html IRTAW&nbsp;15]</small>] ** [http://portal.acm.org/toc.cfm?id=SERIES332 ACM SIGAda international conference on Ada] [<small>[http://www.sigada.org/conf/hilt2012/ HILT 2012]</small>] ** [http://www.ada-europe2013.org/ 18th International Conference on Reliable Software Technologies — Ada-Europe 2013] ** [http://www.cister.isep.ipp.pt/ae2012/ 17th International Conference on Reliable Software Technologies — Ada-Europe 2012] ** [http://conferences.ncl.ac.uk/adaconnection2011/ Ada Connection 2011] <small>([http://www.adacore.com/home/ada_answers/lectures/ada-connection-2011/ videos])</small> ** [https://archive.fosdem.org/2020/schedule/track/ada/ Ada "Developers Room" at FOSDEM] <small>([https://people.cs.kuleuven.be/~dirk.craeynest/ada-belgium/events/20/200201-fosdem.html 2020])</small> * Local conferences: ** [http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/~dirk/ada-belgium/events/local.html Ada-Belgium Conference] === Associations === * [http://www.acm.org/sigada/ ACM SIGAda] — ACM Special Interest Group on Ada * [http://www.ada-europe.org/ Ada-Europe] * [http://www.ada-deutschland.de/ Ada Germany] * [http://www.adaspain.org/ Ada Spain] * [http://www.cs.kuleuven.be/~dirk/ada-belgium/ Ada-Belgium] * [http://www.ada-france.org/ Ada-France] * [http://www.ada-switzerland.ch/ Ada Switzerland] === Free online books/courses === <!--TODO: categorize into books and web based courses --> * [https://learn.adacore.com/ learn.adacore.com] * ''[http://www.pegasoft.ca/resources/boblap/book.html The Big Online Book of Linux Ada Programming]'' * ''[http://www.sigada.org/education/pages/Ada-Distilled-07-27-2003-Color-Version.pdf Ada Distilled]'' * ''[http://www.cs.kuleuven.be/~dirk/ada-belgium/aia/contents.html Ada in Action]'' * ''[http://www.seas.gwu.edu/~adagroup/sigada-website/barnes-html/intro.html Introducing Ada&nbsp;95]'' * ''[http://web.archive.org/web/19980131094124/www.scism.sbu.ac.uk/law/lawhp.html Learn Ada on the Web]'' * ''[http://goanna.cs.rmit.edu.au/~dale/ada/aln.html Quick Ada]'' * ''[http://archive.adaic.com/docs/craft/craft.html Ada&nbsp;95: The Craft of Object-Oriented Programming]'' — Free textbook originally published by Prentice Hall * [https://www.onlineprogrammingbooks.com/free-ada-books/ Online Ada books] </div> == Authors and contributors == This Wikibook has been written by: <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> * [[User:Krischik|Martin Krischik]] ([[Special:Contributions/Krischik|Contributions]]) * [[User:ManuelGR|Manuel Gómez]] ([[Special:Contributions/ManuelGR|Contributions]]) * [[User:suruena|Santiago Urueña]] ([[Special:Contributions/suruena|Contributions]]) * [[User:CKWG - Ada Magica|C.K.W. Grein]] ([[Special:Contributions/53.122.157.1|Contributions]], [[Special:Contributions/CKWG - Ada Magica|more]] and [[Special:Contributions/80.156.44.1|more contributions]]) * Bill Findlay ([[Special:Contributions/82.41.187.188|Contributions]]) * [[User:Bseidel|B. Seidel]] ([[Special:Contributions/Bseidel|Contributions]]) * [[User:SimonJWright|Simon Wright]] ([[Special:Contributions/SimonJWright|Contributions]]) * [[User:Alsocal|Allen Lew]] ([[Special:Contributions/Alsocal|Contributions]]) * [[User:oleszkie|John Oleszkiewicz]] ([[Special:Contributions/oleszkie|Contributions]]) * [[User:Nikai|Nicolas Kaiser]] ([[Special:Contributions/Nikai|Contributions]]) * [[User:Larry Luther|Larry Luther]] ([[Special:Contributions/Larry Luther|Contributions]]) * [[User:GeorgBauhaus|Georg Bauhaus]] ([[Special:Contributions/GorgeUbuasha|Contributions]]) * [[User:Sam|Samuel Tardieu]] ([[Special:Contributions/Sam|Contributions]]) * [[User:Ludovic Brenta|Ludovic Brenta]] ([[Special:Contributions/Ludovic Brenta|Contributions]]) * [[User:M4t3uz|Mateus de Lima Oliveira]] ([[Special:Contributions/M4t3uz|Contributions]]) * Ed Falis * Pascal Obry * Bent Bracke ([[Special:Contributions/Bentbracke|Contributions]]) </div> If you wish to contribute as well you should read [[Wikibooks:WikiProject Ada|Contributing]] and join us at the [[Wikibooks talk:WikiProject Ada|Contributors lounge]]. {{shelves|Ada programming language}} <noinclude> {{alphabetical|A}} {{status|100%}} [[es:Programación en Ada]] [[fr:Programmation Ada]] [[it:Ada]] </noinclude> ilsi0baiv6pt8jhw8abf5ugll6zdrsf 4635629 4635620 2026-05-13T19:16:10Z Codename Noreste 3441010 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-28958-76|~2026-28958-76]] ([[User talk:~2026-28958-76|talk]]) to last version by Jdlrobson 4631615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{featured book}}<noinclude> ---- [[File:Ada Mascot Wikibook.svg|thumbnail|300px]] {{reading level|professional}} __TOC__ </noinclude> {{Wikipedia|Ada (programming language)}} {{Book Search|prefix=Ada Programming}} Welcome to the '''Ada Programming''' tutorial at Wikibooks. This is the first [[Ada Programming/Tutorials|Ada tutorial]] covering the [[Ada Programming/Ada 2005|Ada&nbsp;2005]], [[Ada Programming/Ada 2012|2012]] and [[Ada Programming/Ada 2022|2022]] standards. If you are a beginner you will learn the latest standard — if you are a seasoned Ada user you can see what's new. Current Development Stage for '''Ada Programming''' is "{{stage|75%|June 8, 2024}}". At this date, there are more than 600 pages in this book, which makes '''Ada Programming''' one of the largest [[Computer programming|programming]] wikibooks.{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|Category||<ref>See [[:{{BOOKCATEGORY|Ada Programming}}]] or [[/All Chapters]]</ref>}} But still there is always room for improvement — do help us to expand '''Ada Programming'''. Even beginners will find areas to participate. == About Ada == [[File:Ada Lovelace 1838.jpg|right|thumbnail|270px|[[w:Ada Lovelace|Augusta Ada King]], Countess of Lovelace.]] Ada is a programming language suitable for all development needs. It has built-in features that directly support [[w:Structured programming|structured]], [[w:Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]], [[w:Generic programming|generic]], [[w:Distributed computing|distributed]] and [[w:Concurrent computing|concurrent]] programming. Ada is a good choice for [[w:Rapid application development|Rapid Application Development]], [[w:Extreme Programming|Extreme Programming (XP)]], and [[w:Free Software|Free Software]] development. Ada is named after [[w:Ada Lovelace|Augusta Ada King-Noel]], Countess of Lovelace. === Programming in the large === Ada puts unique emphasis on and provides strong support for, good [[w:Software Engineering|software engineering]] practices that scale well to very large software systems (millions of lines of code, and very large development teams). The following language features are particularly relevant in this respect: * An extremely strong, static and safe '''[[w:Type system|type system]]''', which allows the programmer to construct powerful abstractions that reflect the real world, and allows the compiler to detect many logic faults before they become errors. * '''[[w:Modularity (programming)|Modularity]]''', whereby the compiler directly manages the construction of very large software systems from sources. * '''[[w:Information hiding|Information hiding]]'''; the language separates interfaces from implementation, and provides fine-grained control over visibility. * '''Readability''', which helps programmers review and verify code. Ada favours the reader of the program over the writer because a program is written once but read many times. For example, the syntax bans all ambiguous constructs, so there are no surprises, following the Tao of Programming's [[w:Principle of least astonishment|Law of Least Astonishment]]. (Some Ada programmers are reluctant to talk about ''source code'' which is often cryptic; they prefer ''program text'' which is close to English prose.) * '''[[w:Write once, compile anywhere|Portability]]''': the language definition allows compilers to differ only in a few controlled ways, and otherwise defines the semantics of programs very precisely; as a result, Ada source text is very portable across compilers and target hardware platforms. Most often, the program can be recompiled without any changes.{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|Category||<ref>{{cite conference | author = Gaetan Allaert, Dirk Craeynest, Philippe Waroquiers | title = European air traffic flow management: porting a large application to GNU/linux | conference = SIGAda'03 |conferenceurl = http://www.sigada.org/conf/sigada2003/SIGAda2003-CDROM/SIGAda2003-Proceedings/00-proceedings.html | booktitle = Proceedings of the 2003 annual ACM SIGAda international conference on Ada | year = 2003 | pages = 29–37 | doi = 10.1145/958420.958426 | isbn = 1-58113-476-2 | url = http://www.sigada.org/conf/sigada2003/SIGAda2003-CDROM/SIGAda2003-Proceedings/p29-allaert.pdf | accessdate = 2009-01-02 }} Paper by Eurocontrol (PDF, 160&nbsp;kB) on portability.</ref>}} * '''Standardisation''': standards have been a goal and a prominent feature ever since the design of the language in the late 1970s. The first standard was published in 1980, just 3 years after design commenced. Ada compilers all support the same language; the only dialect, [[w:SPARK (programming language)|SPARK]], is merely an annotated subset and can be compiled with an Ada compiler. Consequences of these qualities are superior '''reliability''', '''reusability''' and '''maintainability'''. For example, compared to programs written in [[Programming:C|C]], programs written in Ada&nbsp;83 contain ''"70% fewer internal fixes and 90% fewer bugs"'', and cost half as much to develop in the first place.{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|Category||<ref>{{cite paper | author = Stephen F. Zeigler | title = Comparing Development Costs of C and Ada | date = 1995-03-30 | url = http://archive.adaic.com/intro/ada-vs-c/ada-vs-c.html | quote = Our data indicates that Ada has saved us millions of development dollars. | accessdate = 2009-01-02 }}</ref>}} Ada shines even more in software maintenance, which often accounts for about 80% of the total cost of development. With support for object-oriented programming, Ada 95 may bring even more cost-benefit, depending on how objects are used; although no serious study comparable to Zeigler's has been published. === Programming in the small === In addition to its support for good software engineering practices, which applies to general-purpose programming, Ada has powerful specialised features supporting '''low-level programming''' for real-time, safety-critical and [[w:Embedded system|embedded]] systems. Such features include, among others, machine code insertions, address arithmetic, low-level access to memory, control over bitwise representation of data, bit manipulations, and a well-defined, statically provable concurrent computing model called the [[w:Ravenscar profile|Ravenscar Profile]]. Other features include restrictions (it is possible to restrict which language features are accepted in a program) and features that help review and certify the object code generated by the compiler. Several vendors provide Ada compilers accompanied by minimal run-time kernels suitable for use in certified, life-critical applications. It is also possible to write Ada programs which require no run-time kernel at all. It should come as no surprise that Ada is heavily used in the aerospace, defence, medical, railroad, and nuclear industries. === The Language Reference Manual === {{Wikipedia|ISO 8652}} The Ada Reference Manual (RM) is the official language definition. If you have a problem and no one else can help, you should read the RM <small>(albeit often a bit cryptic for non-language lawyers)</small>. For this reason, all complete <small>(not draft)</small> pages in '''Ada Programming''' contain links to the appropriate pages in the RM. This tutorial covers ''[[w:ISO 8652|Ada Reference Manual — ISO/IEC 8652:2023 Language and Standard Libraries]]'', colloquially known as ''Ada&nbsp;2022'' or just ''Ada''. You can browse the complete Reference Manual at http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/22rm/html/RM-TOC.html There are two companion documents: * The [http://www.adaic.org/resources/add_content/standards/22aarm/html/AA-TTL.html Annotated Reference Manual], an extended version of the RM aimed at compiler writers or other persons who want to know the fine details of the language. * The [http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/overview22.html Overview of Ada&nbsp;2022], an explanation of the features of this language edition. The [http://www.adaic.com/standards Ada Information Clearinghouse] also offers the older Ada&nbsp;83, 95, 2005 and 2012 standards and companion documents. The RM is a collective work under the control of Ada users. If you think you've found a problem in the RM, please report it to the [http://www.ada-auth.org/ Ada Conformity Assessment Authority] (the Ada RM explains how to do this, see http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/22rm/html/RM-0-2.html Introduction (58/1) ff). On this site, you can also see the list of "Ada Issues" raised by other people. === Ada Conformity Assessment Test Suite === {{Wikipedia|ISO 18009}} Unlike other programming languages, Ada compilers are officially tested, and only those which pass this test are accepted, for military and commercial work. This means that all Ada compilers behave (almost) the same, so you do not have to learn any dialects. The Ada standard does however allow compiler writers to include additional features and libraries that are not part of the standard. == Programming in Ada == <div class="noprint"> Reading a document online is often quite cumbersome. So if you just started you can also download [[/All Chapters|All Chapters]] ([//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Ada_Programming.pdf PDF version]) {{stage short|50%|Sep 23, 2005}} and print them out. </div> === Getting Started === Where to get a compiler, how to compile the source, all answered here: * [[Ada Programming/Basic|Basic Ada]] — '''Read Me First!''' {{stage short|100%|Sep 22, 2005}} * [[Ada Programming/Installing|Finding and Installing Ada]] {{stage short|100%|Sep 22, 2005}} * [[Ada Programming/Building|Building an Ada program]] {{stage short|100%|Sep 22, 2005}} * [[Ada Programming/Environment|Ada Development Environment]] {{stage short|0%|Jul 3, 2012}} === Language Features === These chapters look at the broader picture, introducing you to the main Ada features in a tutorial style. * [[Ada Programming/Expressions|Expressions]] {{stage short|75%|Jul 22, 2018}} * [[Ada Programming/Control|Control Structures]] {{stage short|100%|Dec 14, 2005}} * [[Ada Programming/Type System|Type System]] {{stage short|75%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Constants|Constants]] {{stage short|100%|Oct 31, 2022}} * [[Ada Programming/Representation_clauses|Representation Clauses]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 24, 2022}} * [[Ada Programming/Strings|Strings]] {{stage short|75%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Subprograms|Subprograms]] {{stage short|75%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Packages|Packages]] {{stage short|75%|Jun 2, 2008}} * [[Ada Programming/Input Output|Input Output]] {{stage short|50%|Jun 2, 2008}} * [[Ada Programming/Exceptions|Exceptions]] {{stage short|100%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Generics|Generics]] {{stage short|100%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Tasking|Tasking]] {{stage short|75%|Jun 2, 2008}} * [[Ada Programming/Object Orientation|Object Orientation]] {{stage short|100%|Jun 22, 2010}} * [[Ada Programming/Contract Based Programming|Contract Based Programming]] {{stage short|0%|Aug 20, 2015}} * [[Ada Programming/Types/access|Memory Management (Access Types)]] {{stage short|100%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Ada 2005|New in Ada&nbsp;2005]] {{stage short|100%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Ada 2012|New in Ada&nbsp;2012]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 26, 2012}} * [[Ada Programming/Ada 2022|New in Ada 2022]] * [[Ada Programming/Containers|Containers]] {{stage short|50%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Interfacing|Interfacing to other Languages]] {{stage short|25%|Nov 24, 2008}} * [[Ada Programming/Coding standards|Coding Standards]] {{stage short|25%|Nov 24, 2008}} * [[Ada Programming/Tips|Ada Programming Tips]] {{stage short|25%|Jan 5, 2006}} * [[Ada Programming/Errors|Common Programming Errors]] {{stage short|25%|Jun 1, 2008}} === Computer Programming === The following articles are Ada adaptations from articles of the [[Computer programming]] book. The texts of these articles are language neutral but the examples are all Ada. * [[/Algorithms/]] ** [[/Algorithms/Chapter 1|Chapter 1]] ** [[/Algorithms/Chapter 6|Chapter 6]] ** [[/Algorithms/Knuth-Morris-Pratt pattern matcher/|Knuth-Morris-Pratt pattern matcher]] ** [[Algorithm implementation/Search/Binary search#Ada|Binary search]] * [[/Error handling/]] * [[/Function overloading/]] * [[/Mathematical calculations/]] * [[/Statements/]] ** [[/Control/]] * [[/Variables/]] === Language Reference === Within the following chapters we look at foundations of Ada. These chapters may be used for reference of a particular keyword, delimiter, operator and so forth. * [[Ada Programming/Lexical elements|Lexical elements]] {{stage short|100%|Dec 14, 2005}} ** [[Ada Programming/Keywords|Keywords]] {{stage short|75%|Jan 6, 2008}} ** [[Ada Programming/Delimiters|Delimiters]] {{stage short|75%|Jan 10, 2005}} * [[Ada Programming/Operators|Operators]] {{stage short|100%|Jan 10, 2005}} * [[Ada Programming/Attributes|Attributes]] {{stage short|50%|Jan 2, 2009}} * [[Ada Programming/Aspects|Aspects]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 26, 2012}} * [[Ada Programming/Pragmas|Pragmas]] {{stage short|25%|Jan 10, 2005}} ** [[Ada Programming/Pragmas/Restrictions|Restrictions]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 26, 2012}} === Predefined Language Libraries === This section is a reference of the Ada Standard Library, which is extensive and well structured. It has these four root packages: * [[Ada Programming/Libraries/Standard|Standard]] {{stage short|75%|Aug 29, 2021}} * [[Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada|Ada]] {{stage short|75%|Aug 29, 2021}} * [[Ada Programming/Libraries/Interfaces|Interfaces]] {{stage short|75%|Aug 29, 2021}} * [[Ada Programming/Libraries/System|System]] {{stage short|75%|Aug 29, 2021}} Besides the Standard Library, compilers usually come with a built-in library. This chapter describes the [[w:GNAT|GNAT]] library in particular. * [[Ada Programming/Libraries/GNAT|GNAT]] {{stage short|25%|Sep 22, 2005}} === External Libraries === This section is a reference of third-party Ada libraries which are not part of the compiler predefined environment but are freely available. * [[Ada Programming/Libraries|Libraries]] ** [[Ada Programming/Libraries/MultiPurpose|Multi Purpose]] ** [[Ada Programming/Libraries/Container|Container Libraries]] ** [[Ada Programming/Libraries/GUI|GUI Libraries]] ** [[Ada Programming/Libraries/Distributed|Distributed Objects]] ** [[Ada Programming/Libraries/Database|Database]] ** [[Ada Programming/Libraries/Web|Web Programming]] ** [[Ada Programming/Libraries/IO|Input/Output]] * [[Ada Programming/Platform|Platform specific]] ** [[Ada Programming/Platform/Linux|Programming Ada in Linux]] ** [[Ada Programming/Platform/Windows|Programming Ada in Windows]] ** [[Ada Programming/Platform/VM|Programming Ada in Virtual Machines (Java, .NET)]] == External resources == * [[Ada Programming/Portals|Open-source portals]] * [[Ada Programming/Tutorials|Web Tutorials]] * [[Ada Programming/Web 2.0|Web 2.0]] == Collections == === Printable Versions === <noinclude> {{Collection}} {{Print version|Ada Programming/All Chapters|1,839 kb}} {{PDF version|Ada Programming|2,663 kb, 243 pages|Ada Programming}} </noinclude> The following are collection pages. All collection pages are comprised of groups of the already available pages. You can use them for printing or to gain a quick overview. Please note that those pages are partly very long. ; Tutorial : [[Ada Programming/All Chapters|Show HTML]] <small>(1,839 kb)</small> — [//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Ada_Programming.pdf Download PDF] <small>(2,663 kb, 243 pages)</small> ; Keywords : [[Ada Programming/All Keywords|Show HTML]] <small>(470 kb)</small> — [//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Ada_Programming_Keywords.pdf Download PDF] <small>(290 kb, 59 pages)</small> ; Operators : [[Ada Programming/All Operators|Show HTML]] <small>(232 kb)</small> — [//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Ada_Programming_Operators.pdf Download PDF] <small>(189 kb, 27 pages)</small> === Source Code === The Source from the Book is available for [https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=124904 download] and [http://wikibook-ada.sourceforge.net/html/index.html online browsing]. The latter allows "drill down", meaning that you can follow the links right down to the package bodies in the Ada runtime library. == References == {{reflist}} == Further reading == === Ada 2005 textbooks === *{{cite book | author = John Barnes | title = Programming in Ada&nbsp;2005 | year = 2006 | publisher = Addison Wesley | isbn = 0-321-34078-7 | url = http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/academic/product/0,,0321340787,00%2Ben-USS_01DBC.html }} *{{cite book | author = Mordechai Ben-Ari | title = Ada for Software Engineers (Second Edition with Ada 2005) | year = 2009 | publisher = Springer | isbn = 978-1-84882-313-6 | url = http://www.springer.com/978-1-84882-313-6 }} *{{cite book | author = Alan Burns, Andy Wellings | title = Concurrent and Real-Time Programming in Ada | year = 2007 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-86697-2 | url = http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521866972 }} *{{cite book | author = Nell Dale, John W. McCormick | title = Ada Plus Data Structures: An Object Oriented Approach | year = 2007 | edition = 2nd | publisher = Jones and Bartlett | isbn = 0-7637-3794-1 | url = http://www.jbpub.com/catalog/9780763737948/ }} *{{cite book | author = John W. McCormick, Frank Singhoff, Jérôme Hugues | title = Building Parallel, Embedded, and Real-Time Applications with Ada | year = 2011 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-19716-8 | url = http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item5659578/?site_locale=en_GB }} === Ada 2012 textbooks === *{{cite book | author = John Barnes | title = Programming in Ada 2012 | year = 2014 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-1-107-42481-4 | url = http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/computer-science/software-engineering-and-development/programming-ada-2012?format=PB }} *{{cite book | author = Andrew T.Shvets | title = Beginning Ada Programming: From Novice to Professional | year = 2020 | publisher = Apress Media LLC, A Subsidiary of Springer Nature. | isbn = 978-1-4842-5427-1 | url = https://www.apress.com/gp/book/9781484254271 }} === Ada 2022 textbooks === * John Barnes (2022). [https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/computer-science/software-engineering-and-development/programming-ada-2012-preview-ada-2022-2nd-edition?format=PB&isbn=9781009181341 Programming in Ada 2012 with a Preview of Ada 2022]. Cambridge University Press. {{#isbn:9781009181341}} * John Barnes (2024). [https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/computer-science/programming-languages-and-applied-logic/programming-ada-2022 Programming in Ada 2022]. Cambridge University Press. {{#isbn:9781009564779}} === Manuals and guides === * [[Ada Style Guide|Ada Quality & Style Guide:]] Guidelines for Professional Programmers (wikibook) * [http://www.adaic.com/standards/05rat/html/Rat-TTL.html Rationale for Ada&nbsp;2005], by John Barnes (2007) * [http://www.adaic.com/standards/05rm/html/RM-TTL.html Ada&nbsp;2005 Reference Manual] (2007) * [https://github.com/bracke/AdaReferenceCard/releases Ada Reference Card] (in PDF format) === High-Integrity Software === * ISO/IEC TR 15942:2000, ''[http://www.dit.upm.es/~str/ork/documents/adahis.pdf Guide for the use of the Ada programming language in high integrity systems]''. ISO Freely Available Standards [http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/] * ISO/IEC TR 24718:2005, ''[http://www.sigada.org/ada_letters/jun2004/ravenscar_article.pdf Guide for the use of the Ada Ravenscar Profile in high integrity systems]''. ISO Freely Available Standards [http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/] *{{cite book | author = John Barnes | year = 2003 | title = High Integrity Software: The SPARK Approach to Safety and Security | publisher = Addison-Wesley | isbn = 0-321-13616-0 }} == External links == <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> === Resources === * [http://www.adaic.org/ Ada Information Clearinghouse] — News and resources * [news://comp.lang.ada comp.lang.ada] ([https://usenet.ada-lang.io/comp.lang.ada/ Web archive], [http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.ada Google groups]) — International Usenet newsgroup * [https://ada-lang.io ada-lang.io] — Community site and forum === Research and user groups === * Journals: ** ''[http://www.sigada.org/ada_letters/ Ada-Letters]'' ** ''[http://www.ada-europe.org/auj/ Ada User Journal]'' <small>([http://www.ada-europe.org/auj/archive/ archive])</small> * International Conferences/Workshops: ** [http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?linked=1&part=series&idx=SERIES176&coll=portal&dl=ACM International Real-Time Ada Workshop (IRTAW)] [<small>[http://www.ctr.unican.es/irtaw-15/cfp.html IRTAW&nbsp;15]</small>] ** [http://portal.acm.org/toc.cfm?id=SERIES332 ACM SIGAda international conference on Ada] [<small>[http://www.sigada.org/conf/hilt2012/ HILT 2012]</small>] ** [http://www.ada-europe2013.org/ 18th International Conference on Reliable Software Technologies — Ada-Europe 2013] ** [http://www.cister.isep.ipp.pt/ae2012/ 17th International Conference on Reliable Software Technologies — Ada-Europe 2012] ** [http://conferences.ncl.ac.uk/adaconnection2011/ Ada Connection 2011] <small>([http://www.adacore.com/home/ada_answers/lectures/ada-connection-2011/ videos])</small> ** [https://archive.fosdem.org/2020/schedule/track/ada/ Ada "Developers Room" at FOSDEM] <small>([https://people.cs.kuleuven.be/~dirk.craeynest/ada-belgium/events/20/200201-fosdem.html 2020])</small> * Local conferences: ** [http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/~dirk/ada-belgium/events/local.html Ada-Belgium Conference] === Associations === * [http://www.acm.org/sigada/ ACM SIGAda] — ACM Special Interest Group on Ada * [http://www.ada-europe.org/ Ada-Europe] * [http://www.ada-deutschland.de/ Ada Germany] * [http://www.adaspain.org/ Ada Spain] * [http://www.cs.kuleuven.be/~dirk/ada-belgium/ Ada-Belgium] * [http://www.ada-france.org/ Ada-France] * [http://www.ada-switzerland.ch/ Ada Switzerland] === Free online books/courses === <!--TODO: categorize into books and web based courses --> * [https://learn.adacore.com/ learn.adacore.com] * ''[http://www.pegasoft.ca/resources/boblap/book.html The Big Online Book of Linux Ada Programming]'' * ''[http://www.sigada.org/education/pages/Ada-Distilled-07-27-2003-Color-Version.pdf Ada Distilled]'' * ''[http://www.cs.kuleuven.be/~dirk/ada-belgium/aia/contents.html Ada in Action]'' * ''[http://www.seas.gwu.edu/~adagroup/sigada-website/barnes-html/intro.html Introducing Ada&nbsp;95]'' * ''[http://web.archive.org/web/19980131094124/www.scism.sbu.ac.uk/law/lawhp.html Learn Ada on the Web]'' * ''[http://goanna.cs.rmit.edu.au/~dale/ada/aln.html Quick Ada]'' * ''[http://archive.adaic.com/docs/craft/craft.html Ada&nbsp;95: The Craft of Object-Oriented Programming]'' — Free textbook originally published by Prentice Hall * [https://www.onlineprogrammingbooks.com/free-ada-books/ Online Ada books] </div> == Authors and contributors == This Wikibook has been written by: <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> * [[User:Krischik|Martin Krischik]] ([[Special:Contributions/Krischik|Contributions]]) * [[User:ManuelGR|Manuel Gómez]] ([[Special:Contributions/ManuelGR|Contributions]]) * [[User:suruena|Santiago Urueña]] ([[Special:Contributions/suruena|Contributions]]) * [[User:CKWG - Ada Magica|C.K.W. Grein]] ([[Special:Contributions/53.122.157.1|Contributions]], [[Special:Contributions/CKWG - Ada Magica|more]] and [[Special:Contributions/80.156.44.1|more contributions]]) * Bill Findlay ([[Special:Contributions/82.41.187.188|Contributions]]) * [[User:Bseidel|B. Seidel]] ([[Special:Contributions/Bseidel|Contributions]]) * [[User:SimonJWright|Simon Wright]] ([[Special:Contributions/SimonJWright|Contributions]]) * [[User:Alsocal|Allen Lew]] ([[Special:Contributions/Alsocal|Contributions]]) * [[User:oleszkie|John Oleszkiewicz]] ([[Special:Contributions/oleszkie|Contributions]]) * [[User:Nikai|Nicolas Kaiser]] ([[Special:Contributions/Nikai|Contributions]]) * [[User:Larry Luther|Larry Luther]] ([[Special:Contributions/Larry Luther|Contributions]]) * [[User:GeorgBauhaus|Georg Bauhaus]] ([[Special:Contributions/GorgeUbuasha|Contributions]]) * [[User:Sam|Samuel Tardieu]] ([[Special:Contributions/Sam|Contributions]]) * [[User:Ludovic Brenta|Ludovic Brenta]] ([[Special:Contributions/Ludovic Brenta|Contributions]]) * [[User:M4t3uz|Mateus de Lima Oliveira]] ([[Special:Contributions/M4t3uz|Contributions]]) * Ed Falis * Pascal Obry * Bent Bracke ([[Special:Contributions/Bentbracke|Contributions]]) </div> If you wish to contribute as well you should read [[Wikibooks:WikiProject Ada|Contributing]] and join us at the [[Wikibooks talk:WikiProject Ada|Contributors lounge]]. {{shelves|Ada programming language}} <noinclude> {{alphabetical|A}} {{status|100%}} [[es:Programación en Ada]] [[fr:Programmation Ada]] [[it:Ada]] </noinclude> kh4cx8e4smsgeckhmm668agw5y7w17v 3 15929 4635642 4634819 2026-05-13T20:58:02Z Panic2k4 2865 /* Working on it... */ added 4635642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Return|to=User:Panic2k4}} <div style="background-color: #c0cfcf"> {| align=right class=PrettyTextBox style="-moz-border-radius: 1em;" cellspacing="3" |- valign="top" |width="45%" style="border: 1px solid #000000; color: #000; background-color: #c0c0cf; | <div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em"> {{User talk:Panic2k4/Header}} {{center|1='''ASK QUESTIONS'''}} ;If you are going to ask any question first take some time and take a look into<br> [http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html#intro How To Ask Questions The Smart Way ]... txs ---- {{center|1='''REPORT BUGS'''}} ;If you are going to report a BUG please take the time to look at this Guide first<br> [http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html How to Report Bugs].</div> |align=center cellspacing="3" width="20%" style="border: 1px solid #000000; color: #000; background-color: #c0c0c0"| <div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em"> <small> <h1>'''Archives'''</h1> {{center|1=[[User Talk:Panic2k4/Archive2|here]] and in [[User Talk:Panic2k4/Archive1|Archive]].}} '''C++ Programming''' old discussion moved to<br>[[User Talk:Panic2k4/Archive2|Archive 2]], [[User Talk:Panic2k4/Archive3|Archive]]<br> '''The user blocks saga''' old post moved to <br>[[User Talk:Panic2k4/block|blocks]]<br> '''essays'''<br> [[User:Panic2k4/How To Do Nothing|How To Do Nothing]]</small></div> |- |colspan="2" width="80%" | <div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em"> <div style="background-color: #cfcfcf"> == Working on it... == [[User:Panic2k4/Educational overview of consensus in human society|Understanding Consensus: How Groups Make Fair Decisions and Protect Everyone’s Voice]] - (archived)<br> [[User:Panic2k4/Church of I|'''Chuch of I: The path to a consistent and coherent meta-physics''']] - (active)<br> [[User:Panic2k4/Decision making and Community consensus on Wikibooks|'''Essay on Decision making and Community consensus on Wikibooks''']] - (active)<br> [[User:Panic2k4/Historical and Linguistic Report on the Rise of English|'''Report: Historical and Linguistic on the Rise of English''']] - (active)<br> [[User:Panic2k4/Improving English-Algorithmical|''Why Might '''algorithmical''' Be Missing from English?'']] - (active)<br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/No Magical Thinking Required: Pioneer Anomaly Case Solved|'''No Magical Thinking Required: Pioneer Anomaly Case Solved''']]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/Et tu, BBC?|'''Et tu, BBC? From External Projection to Internal Emotional Management''']]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/Language as Conceptual Encoding Why Social‑Action‑First Theories Fail|Language as Conceptual Encoding: Why Social‑Action‑First Theories Fail]]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/Knowledge, Coordination, and the Human Condition How Institutions Learned to Control Information|Knowledge, Coordination, and the Human Condition: How Institutions Learned to Control Information]]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/Artificial Mankind The Self‑Domestication of Man|Artificial Mankind: The Self‑Domestication of Man]]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/Engineering After Software Why the Old Definitions No Longer Fit|Engineering After Software: Why the Old Definitions No Longer Fit]]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/Over‑Simplification in English Why Deprecating *Insatisfaction* Means a Loss of Definition|Over‑Simplification in English: Why Deprecating *Insatisfaction* Means a Loss of Definition]]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/For the betterment C++ and Ada (2026)|For the betterment C++ and Ada (2026)]]</big><br> {{dynamic navigation |title = Other planed '''Essays''' |bodystyle=text-align:left; |body = <span class="plainlinks"> [[/Arbitration and it's applicability to Administrative actions|'''Essay on Arbitration and it's applicability to Administrative actions''']] - (stub) arbitrations, unblock, beyond wikiworld (real world liabilities), how to address events or accusations if you don't have prof or are not involved, great example [[http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks%3AVotes_for_deletion&diff=769516&oldid=769429 here]] .<br> [[/User Blocks (best practices)|'''Essay on User Blocks (best practices)''']]- (stub) how to avoid abuses, proxys other limitations on how to make people comply if not in good faith<br> [[/Be Bold and restrictions|'''Essay on Be Bold and restrictions''']]- (stub) define the general restrictions (format, scope)<br> [[/Administrators (users on a task)|'''Essay on Administrators (users on a task)''']] - (stub) no special insight, common users on a task<br> [[/Authors and Contributor|'''Essay on Authors and Contributor''']] - (stub) Darklama/Whiteknigh view, history pages, anonymous contributions and IDs (to be extended on the another essay), real world liabilities (on copyright), Moving control toward a defined book community (see [[User:Whiteknight/Primary Authors|Primary Authors]] and argue against the Essay concept)<br> [[/Forks|'''Essay on Forks''']] - (stub) show my divergences even with [[http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.science.linguistics.wikipedia.technical/14252 Jimbo on the forks]] (related to the C++ fork).<br> [[/GFDL and copyright|'''Essay on the GFDL and copyright''']] - (stub) Darklama/WitheKnight view, erroneous identification (or claims of abuse of copyright), history pages problems and abuses or simply as misinformation, GFDL and Documentation (not software), WMF and GFDL/FSF, [[Wikibooks:Copyrights]], GFDL [http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/gpl-violation.html violation] (only copyright holders), [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html Copyright Law of the United States of America], [[Wikibooks:Ownership]]<br> [[/CrossTalk|'''Essay on using back channels to promote hegemony ''']] (see also [[User:Panic2k4/A house with no law(n)]])</span>}} {{dynamic navigation |title = NOTES |bodystyle=text-align:left; |body = {{NOTE|note= [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Talk:The_World_of_Peer-to-Peer_%28P2P%29 Examine and mine this] comment try to find a place for the info (P2P) --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] 04:21, 14 March 2007 (UTC) ---- Guideline needed to process and address requests of copyvio --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] 18:55, 27 February 2007 (UTC) ---- Find out what happened to the C++ Programming discussion archives. ---- '''Math exercises and info'''[http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3APanic2k4&diff=1038225&oldid=1038224 1] move contribution of side project into wikibooks under a) general page to be used by others OR b) have to look for the proper places to include the stuff... --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] 20:15, 25 November 2007 (UTC) ---- [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AMike.lifeguard&diff=1257855&oldid=1257291 User talk:Mike.lifeguard talk posts regarding speedy deletion, vfd and C++ toc] --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|talk]]) 18:11, 18 January 2009 (UTC) }} }} {{center|1=[http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Panic2k4&action=edit&section=new Leave a new message]}} </div></div> |} </div> {{-}} == [[Elements of Political Communication]] == Hi there,<br /> Since there isn't really a "peer review" process that I know of on Wikibooks, I was wondering if you could do me a favor. I've been working on [[Elements of Political Communication]] for a year or so, off and on when I had the time. At some point (though I'm not sure when) I'd like to nominate it for featured book status, but I still have a number of changes to make. I was wondering if you could skim through it and give me a few thoughts on style, structure, format, or anything else that crosses your mind. I've tried to keep it readable, printable, and most importantly, practical. It uses a [[Template:Quiz|new template]], so that probably should be checked out for any potential issues, too. If it isn't really your thing, could you possibly direct me to an editor who might help? Thanks a ton, &ndash; [[User:Runfellow|Runfellow]] ([[User talk:Runfellow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Runfellow|contribs]]) 16:51, 16 November 2012 (UTC) :In regards to functioning and structure beyond the accepted conventions there has been many divergent views. I will gladly take a look and comment according to my preferences. :I'm not a great supporter of the featured book process, but understand the validity of the goal of providing readers the more complete works. :If you are after a preview of the process (by having the general community review the book outside of the featured book process itself) you could place an announcement on the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Projects]] or you could first attempt to get an idea from those reading/editing/interested in the specific work ([http://stats.grok.se/en.b/latest60/Elements_of_Political_Communication Elements of Political Communication has been viewed 423 times in the last 60 days]) by adding a information box linking and promoting a dialog on the talk page. --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 07:31, 17 November 2012 (UTC) :One thing that I dislike but it is more a software limitation is having a large list of references/notes at the bottom of a page and it is one motive why I do not use beyond directly mentioning them in the text (or linking to Wikipedia where the reader can get more details and editors maintain the information). :As an on-line reader I also prefer larger pages than a need to navigate across the work, especially if some of the pages have no real content in it. I have in my works attempted to join my need as an editor to have a larger view of the content with that reader preference (even useful for section printing) and attempt to provide a full chapter as a single page. Some people like it some don't but it can be done easily with wiki trasclusions and keep both sides happy (don't remember how it works out with the references/notes). :I like the entry page, I would only move the search box up a bit since you provide navigation into subsections a online reader that is revisiting or someone that is just browsing may need to use it more than once and having it in the bottom of the page in todays widescreen setups is a bit bothersome. --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 07:47, 17 November 2012 (UTC) ::Featured Book status obviously isn't a huge deal, just a way to spread the word a bit more and have a little fun. Regarding the references, I admit the structure is not very intuitive for more novice editors, but I think it works well for the time being as a consistent system that avoids the clutter you're talking about. On the subject of larger pages, I'll look into doing an transclusions, but a) I'm also keenly aware of the average person's reading habits online and b) the eventual goal here is to expand the content of each page, slowly but surely, with practical and useful information. I'll see about moving the search box; everything is a bit tightly packed in there right now that there's little room to maneuver. &ndash; [[User:Runfellow|Runfellow]] ([[User talk:Runfellow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Runfellow|contribs]]) 16:47, 20 November 2012 (UTC) == Migration of other controversial content == Hi Panic, I was thinking it might be good to migrate most of the content from [[wikiindex:NewgonWiki|NewgonWiki]] and [[wikiindex:BoyWiki|BoyWiki]] over here. I'm not sure what the title of the book(s) would be; perhaps [[boylove]], [[intergenerational sexuality]], or [[sexual emancipation of minors]], or something. This [https://www.newgon.com/wiki/Debate_Guide debate guide] provides some interesting arguments, for instance. I'm not too familiar with the norms around here. Sometimes policy can say one thing, and practice can be quite another. Are one-sided polemics considered okay for inclusion? I figure, someone can create another book with polemics from the opposing viewpoint, so in that way, balance between different arguments can be achieved. On some Wikimedia wikis, the topic of adult-child sexual relationships is so touchy that even advocating that this type of content be included could be considered grounds for banning the user. I don't see any such policy here, but I'm not in a mood to get banned, so I thought I'd ask first. Also, even if the reaction wouldn't be a ban, I don't like to create content that's just going to be deleted. Thanks, [[User:Leucosticte|Leucosticte]] ([[User talk:Leucosticte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leucosticte|contribs]]) 23:51, 24 October 2014 (UTC) :First I must confess that the subject in itself is something that I find displeasing in certain circumstances/context, but at the same time will acknowledge the need of making it visible and not hidden or made into a taboo. Humans are complex and society is often restrictive to fringe behaviors and minorities (for many reasons some bad others good). :Having established that I would support the creation of a work regarding the subject if it conforms to a textbook with educational value, there are already books that could probably include this subject maybe [[Abnormal Sexual Psychology]]... :As for keeping a specific viewpoint you will need to cement that as the specificity of the scope of the book and provide for a book specific community record/forum to process and approve changes and core modification so that they may be consensual and reduce interference for non-contributors. Note that due to its controversial nature there will be a high probability that someone will attempt to get the Wikibook's community in general to delete the project. It would certainly need extra care as to stay within our project's guidelines, if so then it is all up for to the value of the content and the argumentation for its existence here. --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 06:11, 25 October 2014 (UTC) == Cannot vs. can not on [[Computer Science Design Patterns/Singleton|Singleton Pattern]] == My apologies for the hasty edit. After some research, there does seem to be [http://english.stackexchange.com/a/4516 a lot of discussion] on the subject, and [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cannot Oxford Dictionaries] states that can not is also acceptable. Cheers, [[User:Hardwigg|Hardwigg]] ([[User talk:Hardwigg|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Hardwigg|contribs]]) 18:09, 4 December 2014 (UTC) :No problem its interesting how any living language evolves and is shaped by its use. Somethings we like or see as logical and acceptable others we dislike or become annoyances by how they create exceptions to normal rules. In this case I see "cannot" as a creep of the way dialog passes into writing and as an unnecessary innovation that at best shows a modicum of laziness as I can't see any added value... --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 20:40, 4 December 2014 (UTC) :: &lt;dropping in on the conversation&gt; :: Interesting. To me "cannot" and "can not" mean different things, and "cannot" is much more often wanted. If somebody can not do something, I understand that to mean they are able to not do it, where as if they cannot do it, I understand they are unable to do it. When someone uses "can not" to mean the second thing rather than the first, I find I have to stop and think about what they mean. Presumably, this is because I find the distinction between the two meanings useful; if I were, occasionally, trying to say the first thing out loud, I would carefully enunciate a pause between "can" and "not" to emphasize that "not" is grouped with the word after it rather than the "can" before it, and I imitate that pause or lack of pause in my orthography. --[[User:Pi zero|Pi zero]] ([[User talk:Pi zero|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi zero|contribs]]) 22:27, 4 December 2014 (UTC) Thank you for the corrections. For the "program text" term, I want to say I read it in a few books, one of which was a concurrent programming book. It makes sense when you think about it, however it isn't a widely conjured term and may raise a copyright conflict. Thanks. == Portuguese books split == Thanks for [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese/Contents&diff=next&oldid=2413903 adding the TODO box here]. I agree they should perhaps be merged, but did you notice as well that there's actually a three way split in these books. There's a [[Brazilian Portuguese]] book. And a book which has two bits to it [[Portuguese/Contents#Courses for Portuguese spoken in Brazil]] and [[Contents#Courses for Portuguese spoken in Portugal]]. So that's messy. It seems to me those first two should definitely be merged somehow, even if the brazil/portugal separation remains. Some old discussion here: [[Contents#Separate_wikibook_Brazilian_Portuguese]]. Very old discussion in fact. One day I should just ''be bold'' and merge it somehow. -- [[User:Harry Wood|Harry Wood]] ([[User talk:Harry Wood|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harry Wood|contribs]]) 14:10, 28 May 2015 (UTC) ==[[:Understanding C++]]== {{tmbox|type=delete|text='''Panic2k4, please [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Understanding C++|share your thoughts]] about whether to [[WB:WIW|keep]] or [[WB:DP|delete]] "[[:Understanding C++|Understanding C++]]".'''<br />You are being notified because you have contributed to this work. [[User:DustDFG|DustDFG]] ([[User talk:DustDFG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DustDFG|contribs]]) 10:56, 5 November 2025 (UTC)}} e0uttsfszrc530esmvp6f8bcdrxc5t3 0 18423 4635623 4604912 2026-05-13T19:08:05Z ~2026-28958-76 3586208 ye 4635623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{featured book|PDF=BlenderDocumentation4}}{{Book Search}} == About This Book == I want diddys balls to shake around like a blender and 3D into my noob to pro mouth {{B3D:N2P/Note|'''Version compatibility:''' Blender is under continuous development, and most of the following tutorials '''do not apply to the current version of Blender.''' While you might find some individual tutorials still useful, this book should no longer be used as a general guide for learning Blender.}} Version-specific content should be tagged with a [[Template:B3D:N2P/ForVersion|note]] that looks like this: {{B3D:N2P/ForVersion|2.75}} == Overview == {{collection}} The core of this book is a series of tutorials that increase in complexity, with later tutorials building on the preceding ones. While experienced users can skip ahead, ''beginners are urged to proceed through the tutorials in sequence.'' The tutorials in the core series are grouped into four '''units''': # [[#Unit 1: Background|''Background'']] — A basic orientation regarding: #* Computer graphics #* The Blender user interface (UI) # [[#Unit 2: Basic Modeling and Shading|''Basic Modeling and Shading'']] — Basic techniques for building and rendering 3D models # [[#Unit 3: Broadening Horizons|''Broadening Horizons'']] #* Alternative modeling and rendering techniques #* Introductions to lighting, animation, and game creation # [[#Unit 4: Taking Off with Advanced Tutorials|''Taking Off'']] #* Scripting #* Advanced techniques for modeling, animation and game creation (Note: the Blender Game Engine is not available as of 2.8x onwards) Each unit is subdivided into '''sections''', which are made up of '''modules'''. Three appendices are also provided: * ''Reference Material'' — including: ** [[/FAQ|Frequently-Asked Questions]] ** [[/Glossary|Glossary]] * ''General Advice'' — Tips to help you get the most out of Blender * ''Miscellaneous Tutorials'' — Tutorials that aren't part of the core series {{clear}} {{B3D:N2P/noprint|1=== You Can Help! == {{B3D:N2P/Hidden begin|title=Click "show" for details.}} You are strongly encouraged (read as ''begged'') to contribute to this book! There are many things you can do to help: *edit existing modules (to correct errors, improve the writing, or make additions) *add new modules (tutorials or reference material) *upload new images (screen shots or sample renders) *join the team responsible for this WikiBook === How to Edit a Module === To edit any wiki page (including this one): # Click on the '''Edit''' tab at the top of the page. # Make your change in the large text box. # Type an explanation of your change in the '''Edit summary''' text box below. # Click on the '''Show preview''' button below the edit summary to preview your change. # If you're satisfied with the result, click on the '''Save page''' button. Your contribution will be [[Help:Revision_review|reviewed]] before it is officially published. Things you shouldn't add to modules: * external links that are not directly related to the module * comments or questions regarding the text To ask questions and make comments about any module: #Click on the '''Discussion''' tab at the top of the page. This will take you to the corresponding talk page. Note that the talk page name begins with the "Talk:" prefix. #If the topic of your question or comment is under discussion, edit the relevant section. #If it's a new topic, click on the '''Add topic''' tab at the top of the talk page to start a new discussion. #Sign your message by typing <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> at the end. (This will expand to your username and the date.) #Remember to save your edit when you're done! #To return to the WikiBook, click on the '''Book''' tab at the top of the talk page. === How to Add a Module === To add a module (such as a tutorial or reference page) to this book: #Edit the [[#Table of Contents|Table of Contents]] section (below) and add a list item with a descriptive wikilink. (If you're creating a tutorial and are unsure where it belongs, put it in the [[#Miscellaneous Tutorials|Miscellaneous Tutorials section]].) #After saving your edit, follow the redlink to create the module and begin adding content to it. #To make it easy to read the book in sequence, each module should have '''navigation links''' to the previous module and the next module. Provide these links by transcluding the [[Template:B3D:N2P/NAV|NAV template]] at the top and bottom of the page, as shown on the [[/Nav Demo Page 2|demo page]]. (If you expect the module to be moved elsewhere in the sequence, you can skip this step.) #Preview your work. When you're satisfied with it, use the '''Save page''' button to add your new module to the wiki. #If you provided navigation links, update the NAV templates on the previous and next modules, if they exist. #If you didn't provide navigation links, please ask someone to insert your new module in an appropriate place. One way to do this would be to create a talk page for your new module and type your request there. === Images === Images are a vital part of Blender tutorials. They clarify instructions, provide a point of reference, and improve the teaching process. However, '''if the image's copyright is not attributed correctly, we must remove it.''' This can make a once-great tutorial useless. Even if you believe you know what copyright to use, please check the '''[[Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Using proper copyright RE:Blender|proper Blender images copyright]]''' page to see how and where you should add copyright information. Please make sure every image you use is not copyrighted or that you have permission to use it. Before uploading an image: * Search [[commons:Main Page|Wikimedia Commons]] or look in [[:Commons:Category:Blender 3D screenshots|the appropriate Commons category]] to see if the image you want to use already exists. (Uploading duplicate images is wasteful.) * Before uploading a general image (such as an icon or button) or if you want an image to use as an example, look in our [[/Image Portfolio|image portfolio]]. Remember to attribute the work of others. If you use a Commons image in this WikiBook, please use one of the categories shown in the templates on '''[[Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Using proper copyright RE:Blender|proper Blender images copyright]]''' to make it visible from the category links in the [[/Image Portfolio|image portfolio]]. === How to Join the Team === If you want to join our WikiBook team, go to the [[/Team|team page]] for information and advice. {{Hidden end}} }} <br> == Table of Contents == === Unit 1: Background === * [[/Unit 1: Knowing Before Making|Knowing before Making]] &nbsp;'''{{Green|⇐ START HERE}}''' * [[/What Blender Can Do/]] * Section 1A: 3D Concepts ** [[/3D Geometry/]] ** [[/Coordinate Transformations/]] *** [[/Orthographic Views/]] *** [[/Perspective Views/]] ** [[/Coordinate Spaces in Blender/]] * Section 1B: User Interface (UI.) ** [[/User Interface Overview|Overview]] ** [[/Keystroke, Button, and Menu Notation/]] ** [[/Non-standard equipment|Non-standard Input Devices]] ** [[/Operating System specific notes|Operating System-specific Issues]] ** [[/Blender Interface|Blender User Interface]] ** [[/Blender Windowing System/]] ** [[/User Preferences Windows/]] ** [[/Properties Window/]] ** [[/3D View Windows/]] ** [[/Object Mode/]] === Unit 2: Basic Modeling and Shading === * Section 2A: Your First Mesh Models ** [[/Mesh Edit Mode/|Meshes and Edit Mode]] ** [[/Normals and Shading/]] ** [[/More Mesh Editing Techniques/]] ** [[/Quickie Lighting/]] ** [[/Quickie Model/]] ** [[/Quickie Render/]] ** [[/World Settings/|Enter the World]] ** [[/Understanding the Camera/]] ** [[/Improving Your House/]] * Section 2B: Smooth Meshes (Simple Person with a Hat) ** [[/Modeling a Simple Person|Extruding a Simple Person]] ** [[/Detailing Your Simple Person 1|Smoothing Your Simple Person]] ** [[/Detailing Your Simple Person 2|Improving Your Simple Person]] ** [[/Creating a Simple Hat|Spinning a Simple Hat]] ** [[/Putting Hat on Person|Putting the Hat on the Person]] * Section 2C: Materials and Textures ** [[/Materials and Textures/|Overview]] ** [[/Quickie Material/]] ** [[/Multiple Materials Per Object|Multiple Materials per Object]] ** [[/Metal Versus Plastic|Metal Versus Plastic]] ** [[/Texture Settings/]] ** [[/Image Textures/]] ** [[/Procedural Textures/]] ** [[/Quickie Texture/]] ** [[/Halo Materials/]] * Beyond Basics ** [[/Blender Memory Management/]] ** [[/Bones/|Using Bones]] ** [[/Mountains Out Of Molehills|Mountains out of Molehills]] ** [[/Modeling a volcano|Modeling a Volcano]] ** [[/Penguins from spheres/|Penguins from Spheres]] {{stage short|75%|00:00, 13 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/Dicing With Depth/|Dicing With Depth (Dice Modeling)]] **[[/Model a Goblet/]] *** [[/Model a Silver Goblet/]] {{stage short|75%|00:00, 13 sept 2015 (UTC)}} *** [[/Model a Silver Goblet cylinder|Model a Silver Goblet Another Way]] *** [[/Spin a goblet/]] *** [[/Light a Silver Goblet/|Light a Silver Goblet (Early look at lighting)]] ** [[/Simple Vehicle/]] *** [[/Simple Vehicle: Wheel tutorial 1/]] *** [[/Simple Vehicle: Wheel tutorial 2/]] *** [[/Simple Vehicle: Seat/]] *** [[/Simple Vehicle: Rocket Launcher/]] *** [[/Simple Vehicle: Another Shooting Machine/]] *** [[/Simple Vehicle: Body/]] *** [[/Simple Vehicle: Some Assembly Required/]] ** [[/Modeling a 3D Parachute in Blender/]] ** [[/Model a Low Poly Head/]] ** [[/Building a House/]] ** [[/Pipe joints/]] ** [[/Lighting Suzanne: Introductory one lamp lighting/]] * Curve and Path Modeling ** [[/Curve and Path Modeling/|Overview]] ** [[/Intro to Bezier Curves/|Intro to Bézier Curves]] {{stage short|75%|00:00, 13 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/Bevelling a Curve/|Bevelling a Curve]] ** [[/NURBS Patches/|NURBS Patches]] ** [[/Deforming Meshes using the Curve Modifier/]] * [[/The Empty Object/]] * Using Reference Photos ** [[/Background Images/]] ** [[/Aligning Vertices with a Guide Image/]] {{stage short|75%|00:00, 13 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/Modeling a Wolf from Guide Images/]] ** [[/2D Image (logo) to a 3D Model|Using Bézier Curve to Model a 3D logo from a 2D logo]] {{stage short|75%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}} * Further Materials and Textures ** [[/Subsurface scattering|Subsurface Scattering]] ** [[/Ray Tracing|Ray Tracing]] ** [[/Using Textures|Using Textures]] {{stage short|25%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/Using a texture to make a material partially transparent/]] {{stage short|50%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/Creating Basic Seawater/]] {{stage short|25%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/Mountains Out Of Molehills 2/]] {{stage short|25%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/Basic Carpet Texture/]] {{stage short|25%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/The Rusty Ball/]] ** [[/Creating Pixar-looking eyes in Blender|Creating Pixar-looking eyes]] {{stage short|25%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/Procedural Eyeball/]] ** [[/Putting It All Together: A Dragon!/]] === Unit 3: Broadening Horizons === * [[/Image Editor/|The UV/Image Editor]] * UV Maps - Pasting photos to 3D surfaces ** [[/UV Map Basics/]] ** [[/Realistic Eyes In Blender/]] {{stage short|75%|9:00, 20 sept 2015 (UTC)}} * Lighting ** [[/Beginning Lighting/]] ** [[/Understanding Real Lights/]] ** [[/Understanding Blender Lights/]] ** [[/Basic Lighting Rigs/]] ** [[/Faked Gi with Blender internal/|Faked Global Illumination with Blender internal]] {{stage short|50%|9:00, 4 dec 2015 (UTC)}} * [[/Parenting/|Practicing Good Parenting]] * Basic Animation ** [[/Basic Animation/|Overview]] ** [[/Basic Animation/Keyframing_Introduction/|Introduction to Keyframing]] ** [[/The Ways of the Animator/]] ** [[/Animation Editors/]] ** [[/Basic Animation/Introducing the Graph Editor/|Introducing the Graph Editor]] ** [[/Basic Animation/Rendering/|Animation Rendering]] ** [[/Basic Animation/Lattice|Lattice Modifier]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 2 Feb 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Basic Animation/Bounce|Bouncing Ball with Lattice]] {{stage short|75%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Creating Basic Water animation/|Creating Basic Water Animation]] ** [[/Flying Through A Canyon/|Flying Through a Canyon]] ** [[/Using the sequencer to compile frames into an animation/|Using the Sequencer to Compile Frames into an Animation]] * [[/Further Rendering Options/]] * Particle Systems ** [[/Particle Systems/|Overview]] ** [[/Making Fire/|Fire]] {{stage short|50%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Furry/|Fur]] {{stage short|75%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Fireworks/]] {{stage short|25%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Particles forming Shapes/]] {{stage short|75%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Billboard Animation/]] {{stage short|75%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}} * Soft Bodies ** [[/Soft Body Animation/]] {{stage short|75%|11:15, 8 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Simple Cloth Animation/]] ** [[/Soft Body with wind/|Soft Body with Wind]] {{stage short|75%|11:15, 8 March 2016 (UTC)}} * Blender Game Engine ** [[/Your First Test/|Blender Game Engine Basics- Rolling Ball]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Platformer: Creation and Controls|Platformer: Controls and Movement]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/An aMAZEing game engine tutorial|Maze: Force and Multiple Levels]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Platformer: Physics Fixes|Platformer: Improving the Physics]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Making exe|How to Make an Executable]] {{stage short|50%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Build a skybox/|Build a Skybox]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Basic mouse pointer/|Basic Mouse Pointer]] {{stage short|25%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Text in BGE/]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Python Platformer: Creation|Platformer: Creating the Engine with Python]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} === Unit 4: Taking Off with Advanced Tutorials === * Python Scripting ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Introduction|Introduction]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Addon Anatomy|Anatomy Of An Addon]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Addon User Interface|A User Interface For Your Addon]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Addon Custom Property|Adding A Custom Property]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Separately Installable Addon|A Separately Installable Addon]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Object, Action, Settings|Object, Action, Settings]] * Advanced Modeling **[[Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Modeling|Overview]] ** [[/HDRi|High Dynamic Range imaging (HDRi)]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Creating a Light Probe/]] {{stage short|50%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Making Landscapes with heightmaps|Landscape Modeling with Heightmaps]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/How to Do Procedural Landscape Modeling/]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Landscape Modeling I: Basic Terrain/]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Landscape Modeling II: Texture Stenciling/]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Landscape Modeling III: Exporting as a Heightmap/]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}} * Advanced Materials and Textures ** [[/Bump Mapping|Bump Mapping]] {{stage short|75%|17 may 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Normal Mapping|Normal Mapping]] *** [[/Texture Normal Mapping|Texture Normals]] {{stage short|75%|17 may 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Color Map Normal Mapping|Color Map Normals]] {{stage short|75%|17 may 2016 (UTC)}} * Nodes ** [[/Nodes|Introduction]] ** [[/Texture Nodes|Texture Nodes]] ** [[/Material Nodes|Material Nodes]] {{stage short|75%|24 July 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Compositing|Compositing]] ** [[/Compositing/Portal Effect|Further Compositing: A Portal Effect]] * [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Rendering|Advanced Rendering]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Introduction to Cycles|Introduction to Cycles]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Cycles Glass|A Glass Material in Cycles]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Cycles Fireflies|Dealing with Fireflies in Cycles]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Cycles Fireflies 2|Fireflies in Cycles, Continued]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Procedural Eyeball in Cycles|Procedural Eyeball in Cycles]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Introduction to Freestyle|Introduction to Freestyle]] * Advanced Animation **[[Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation|Overview]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Introduction|Introduction]] {{stage short|50%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/index|Guided Tour:]] *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Armature/index|Armature Object]] {{stage short|50%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Armature/object|Armature Object in Object Mode]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Armature/edit|Armature Object in Edit Mode]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Armature/pose|Armature Object in Pose mode]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/index|Mesh Object]] **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/Amodif|Connection between Armature and Mesh]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/env|Envelope]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/vg|Vertex Groups & Weight Paint]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/Shape|Shape Keys]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} ***** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/Shape/Sync|Lip-Sync with Shape Keys]]{{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/index|Constraints]]{{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/cl|Copy Location]]{{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/cr|Copy Rotation]]{{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/tt|Track-To]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/fl|Floor]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/lt|Locked Track]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/fp|Follow Path]] **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/st|Stretch-To]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/ik|IK Solver]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/timeline|Timeline Window]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/ipo/index|Graph Editor]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/ipo/type|Dope Sheet]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/NLA/index|NLA Editor]] {{stage short|50%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/NLA/intro|Introduction To NLA Editor]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/bob/index|Working Example: Bob]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/bob/Build rig|Building the Rig]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/bob/connect2mesh|Deform the Mesh]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/bob/walk|Create a Walk Cycle]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/ Piston, Rod and Crank|Working example: Piston, Rod and Crank]] {{stage short|50%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/ Cutting Through Steel|Working example: Cutting Through Steel]]{{stage short|50%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} * Advanced Game Engine ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine|Overview]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)|Advanced Game Engine Techniques (GUI)]] *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)/Creating Pop-Up Menus|Creating Pop-Up Menus]] {{stage short|75%|29 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)/Creating Moving Menus|Creating Dropping Menus]] {{stage short|75%|29 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)/The "5-Layer" Button|The "5-Layer" Button]]{{stage short|25%|29 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)/Creating Object Outlines|Creating Object Outlines]]{{stage short|25%|29 July 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(Python)|Advanced Game Engine Techniques (Python)]] ** [[Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)|Creating A "HUD"]] * [[/Hacking Blender/]] **[[/Intro-GE-Source|Introduction to Game Engine Source]] {{stage short|75%|29 July 2016 (UTC)}} === Appendices === ==== Reference Material ==== * [[/Glossary/]] * [[/FAQ/|Frequently Asked Questions]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Tutorial Links List/]] * [[/Hotkeys/]] * [[/Output Formats/]] * [[/Image Portfolio/]] * [[/Blender Glossary/]] {{stage short|25%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Every Material Known to Man/|Materials Directory: Every Material Known To Man]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Sources of free 3D models/]] - Sources of free 3D models for additional study * [[/Blueprint Links List|All Blueprints Links]] &ndash; blueprints from all over the Web * [[/Materials, Textures, Photos/]] - Sources of free materials, textures and photos ==== Advice ==== General advice: * [[/Asking for Help/]] * [[/Know What You're Doing|Tips for a Successful Project]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Modeling Realistically|Modeling Realistically]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Modeling tips/]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} Performance tips (for making Blender run faster): * [[/Cheat the 3D/]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Performance vs. Quality/]] {{stage short|25%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} ==== Miscellaneous Tutorials ==== ''This is our attic, mostly tutorials that could be useful to some extent if they would be revamped completely, but are of little use at the moment. If you can contribute to some of them, go ahead and rewrite them to your liking!'' * [[/Modeling a Gingerbread Man/]] {{stage short|75%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Modeling a simple space-ship/]] * [[/Create an animated GIF wallpaper (Blender/GIMP)/]] ** [[/Part 1 - Preparing the Scene/]] * [[/Creating Weapons based on 2D Images/]] {{stage short|25%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Making Your Creation Smoother/|Modeling with Meta Balls]] {{stage short|75%|19:16, 07 May 2010 (UTC)}} * [[/Match Moving/]] {{stage short|25%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Motion Tracking with Icarus/|Match Moving/Motion Tracking with Icarus and Blender]] {{stage short|75%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Create a Clayman/]] {{stage short|00%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Organic Modeling/]] {{stage short|25%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Understanding the Fluid Simulator/]] {{stage short|50%|17:06, 4 January 2010 (UTC)}} * [[/Creating a jewel in Blender/]] * [[/Modeling a picture/]] [[image: 00%.svg]] * [[/Modeling with the Spin Tool/]] ** [[/Spin Tool Introduction/]] ** [[/Illustrative Example: Model a Wine Glass/]] * [[/Creating Ogg-Theora movies using Blender/]] * [[/Creating animated GIFs using Blender and Gimp/]] * [[/3D Tiling Backgrounds For The Web/]] {{stage short|100%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Cool Things|Cool Things That Aren't That Obvious in Blender]] * [[/Troubleshooting/]] Common Technical Issues and What to do About Them * [[/Creating Blender Libraries/]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Add some depth with stereo/]] * [[/Fluffy Material|Ways to create a "fluffy" effect (materials and lights)]] * [[/Human Body/]] {{stage short|00%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Rendering Information/]] {{stage short|00%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Using Blender Libraries/]] {{stage short|00%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Beginning Modeling Final Project/]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Using Inkscape to make advanced Bezier curves/]]{{stage short|25%|1:18, 28 July 2010 (UTC)}} * [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Modeling/Light Mapping|Light Mapping]] {{stage short|00%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Platonic Solids/]] **[[/Polygonal Modeling/]] *** [[/Box Modeling/]] **** [[/Illustrative example: Model a Chair (Swan Chair)/]] ***** [[/Model a Chair-Preparations/]] ***** [[/Model a Chair-The Seat/]] ***** [[/Model a Chair-The Feet/]] **** [[/Illustrative Example: Modeling a Simple Human Character/]] ***** [[/Modeling a Human Character - Preparations/]] ***** [[/Modeling a Human Character - Modeling/]] *** [[/Polygon by Polygon modeling/]] * [[/Animation Notes and FAQ/]] * [[/Customization|Customization]] * [[/Mist - Make Objects Opaque/]] {{Stages}} === Additional Resources === * [https://docs.blender.org/manual/en/latest/ The Blender Reference Manual for the latest release] {{mergefrom|Blender 3D: MemoBook}} {{Shelves|Blender 3D|Open source software}} {{alphabetical|B}} {{status|75%}} [[ca:Blender 3D: novell a professional]] [[de:Blender Dokumentation]] [[es:Blender 3D: novato a profesional]] [[fr:Blender 3D]] [[gl:Blender 3D: de novato a profesional]] [[he:Blender 3D ממתחיל למתקדם]] [[ko:블렌더_3D_배우기]] [[pt:Tornando-se profissional em Blender 3D]] [[ru:Blender 3D/Шаг за шагом]] [[tr:Blender 3D: Noob to Pro]] [[zh:Blender 3D：从入门到精通]] epmezkxuuc2wdewsqk4rqfphmo44wpj 4635628 4635623 2026-05-13T19:15:46Z Codename Noreste 3441010 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-28958-76|~2026-28958-76]] ([[User talk:~2026-28958-76|talk]]) to last version by MELAMONDIDO 4604912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{featured book|PDF=BlenderDocumentation4}}{{Book Search}} == About This Book == ''Blender 3D: Noob to Pro'' is a product of shared effort by numerous [[/Team|team members]] and anonymous editors. Its purpose is to teach people how to create three dimensional computer graphics using [http://www.blender.org Blender], a [[w:free software|free software]] application. This book is intended to be used in conjunction with other on-line resources that complement it: *[[Subject:Blender 3D|Other Blender-related Wikibooks]] on topics such as scripting and creating games; *The [http://wiki.blender.org/ Blender Wiki] for technical documentation; *User forums, such as the [http://blenderartists.org/forum/ Blender Artists Forum]. While you can learn simply by reading the book, you'll get more out of the tutorials if you follow along. In order to do this, you'll need access to a computer with Blender installed. You can [http://www.blender.org/download download Blender] from the [http://www.blender.org/ Blender Foundation]'s website; more detailed instructions are in the [[/Unit 1: Knowing Before Making|first module]]. {{B3D:N2P/Note|'''Version compatibility:''' Blender is under continuous development, and most of the following tutorials '''do not apply to the current version of Blender.''' While you might find some individual tutorials still useful, this book should no longer be used as a general guide for learning Blender.}} Version-specific content should be tagged with a [[Template:B3D:N2P/ForVersion|note]] that looks like this: {{B3D:N2P/ForVersion|2.75}} == Overview == {{collection}} The core of this book is a series of tutorials that increase in complexity, with later tutorials building on the preceding ones. While experienced users can skip ahead, ''beginners are urged to proceed through the tutorials in sequence.'' The tutorials in the core series are grouped into four '''units''': # [[#Unit 1: Background|''Background'']] — A basic orientation regarding: #* Computer graphics #* The Blender user interface (UI) # [[#Unit 2: Basic Modeling and Shading|''Basic Modeling and Shading'']] — Basic techniques for building and rendering 3D models # [[#Unit 3: Broadening Horizons|''Broadening Horizons'']] #* Alternative modeling and rendering techniques #* Introductions to lighting, animation, and game creation # [[#Unit 4: Taking Off with Advanced Tutorials|''Taking Off'']] #* Scripting #* Advanced techniques for modeling, animation and game creation (Note: the Blender Game Engine is not available as of 2.8x onwards) Each unit is subdivided into '''sections''', which are made up of '''modules'''. Three appendices are also provided: * ''Reference Material'' — including: ** [[/FAQ|Frequently-Asked Questions]] ** [[/Glossary|Glossary]] * ''General Advice'' — Tips to help you get the most out of Blender * ''Miscellaneous Tutorials'' — Tutorials that aren't part of the core series {{clear}} {{B3D:N2P/noprint|1=== You Can Help! == {{B3D:N2P/Hidden begin|title=Click "show" for details.}} You are strongly encouraged (read as ''begged'') to contribute to this book! There are many things you can do to help: *edit existing modules (to correct errors, improve the writing, or make additions) *add new modules (tutorials or reference material) *upload new images (screen shots or sample renders) *join the team responsible for this WikiBook === How to Edit a Module === To edit any wiki page (including this one): # Click on the '''Edit''' tab at the top of the page. # Make your change in the large text box. # Type an explanation of your change in the '''Edit summary''' text box below. # Click on the '''Show preview''' button below the edit summary to preview your change. # If you're satisfied with the result, click on the '''Save page''' button. Your contribution will be [[Help:Revision_review|reviewed]] before it is officially published. Things you shouldn't add to modules: * external links that are not directly related to the module * comments or questions regarding the text To ask questions and make comments about any module: #Click on the '''Discussion''' tab at the top of the page. This will take you to the corresponding talk page. Note that the talk page name begins with the "Talk:" prefix. #If the topic of your question or comment is under discussion, edit the relevant section. #If it's a new topic, click on the '''Add topic''' tab at the top of the talk page to start a new discussion. #Sign your message by typing <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> at the end. (This will expand to your username and the date.) #Remember to save your edit when you're done! #To return to the WikiBook, click on the '''Book''' tab at the top of the talk page. === How to Add a Module === To add a module (such as a tutorial or reference page) to this book: #Edit the [[#Table of Contents|Table of Contents]] section (below) and add a list item with a descriptive wikilink. (If you're creating a tutorial and are unsure where it belongs, put it in the [[#Miscellaneous Tutorials|Miscellaneous Tutorials section]].) #After saving your edit, follow the redlink to create the module and begin adding content to it. #To make it easy to read the book in sequence, each module should have '''navigation links''' to the previous module and the next module. Provide these links by transcluding the [[Template:B3D:N2P/NAV|NAV template]] at the top and bottom of the page, as shown on the [[/Nav Demo Page 2|demo page]]. (If you expect the module to be moved elsewhere in the sequence, you can skip this step.) #Preview your work. When you're satisfied with it, use the '''Save page''' button to add your new module to the wiki. #If you provided navigation links, update the NAV templates on the previous and next modules, if they exist. #If you didn't provide navigation links, please ask someone to insert your new module in an appropriate place. One way to do this would be to create a talk page for your new module and type your request there. === Images === Images are a vital part of Blender tutorials. They clarify instructions, provide a point of reference, and improve the teaching process. However, '''if the image's copyright is not attributed correctly, we must remove it.''' This can make a once-great tutorial useless. Even if you believe you know what copyright to use, please check the '''[[Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Using proper copyright RE:Blender|proper Blender images copyright]]''' page to see how and where you should add copyright information. Please make sure every image you use is not copyrighted or that you have permission to use it. Before uploading an image: * Search [[commons:Main Page|Wikimedia Commons]] or look in [[:Commons:Category:Blender 3D screenshots|the appropriate Commons category]] to see if the image you want to use already exists. (Uploading duplicate images is wasteful.) * Before uploading a general image (such as an icon or button) or if you want an image to use as an example, look in our [[/Image Portfolio|image portfolio]]. Remember to attribute the work of others. If you use a Commons image in this WikiBook, please use one of the categories shown in the templates on '''[[Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Using proper copyright RE:Blender|proper Blender images copyright]]''' to make it visible from the category links in the [[/Image Portfolio|image portfolio]]. === How to Join the Team === If you want to join our WikiBook team, go to the [[/Team|team page]] for information and advice. {{Hidden end}} }} <br> == Table of Contents == === Unit 1: Background === * [[/Unit 1: Knowing Before Making|Knowing before Making]] &nbsp;'''{{Green|⇐ START HERE}}''' * [[/What Blender Can Do/]] * Section 1A: 3D Concepts ** [[/3D Geometry/]] ** [[/Coordinate Transformations/]] *** [[/Orthographic Views/]] *** [[/Perspective Views/]] ** [[/Coordinate Spaces in Blender/]] * Section 1B: User Interface (UI.) ** [[/User Interface Overview|Overview]] ** [[/Keystroke, Button, and Menu Notation/]] ** [[/Non-standard equipment|Non-standard Input Devices]] ** [[/Operating System specific notes|Operating System-specific Issues]] ** [[/Blender Interface|Blender User Interface]] ** [[/Blender Windowing System/]] ** [[/User Preferences Windows/]] ** [[/Properties Window/]] ** [[/3D View Windows/]] ** [[/Object Mode/]] === Unit 2: Basic Modeling and Shading === * Section 2A: Your First Mesh Models ** [[/Mesh Edit Mode/|Meshes and Edit Mode]] ** [[/Normals and Shading/]] ** [[/More Mesh Editing Techniques/]] ** [[/Quickie Lighting/]] ** [[/Quickie Model/]] ** [[/Quickie Render/]] ** [[/World Settings/|Enter the World]] ** [[/Understanding the Camera/]] ** [[/Improving Your House/]] * Section 2B: Smooth Meshes (Simple Person with a Hat) ** [[/Modeling a Simple Person|Extruding a Simple Person]] ** [[/Detailing Your Simple Person 1|Smoothing Your Simple Person]] ** [[/Detailing Your Simple Person 2|Improving Your Simple Person]] ** [[/Creating a Simple Hat|Spinning a Simple Hat]] ** [[/Putting Hat on Person|Putting the Hat on the Person]] * Section 2C: Materials and Textures ** [[/Materials and Textures/|Overview]] ** [[/Quickie Material/]] ** [[/Multiple Materials Per Object|Multiple Materials per Object]] ** [[/Metal Versus Plastic|Metal Versus Plastic]] ** [[/Texture Settings/]] ** [[/Image Textures/]] ** [[/Procedural Textures/]] ** [[/Quickie Texture/]] ** [[/Halo Materials/]] * Beyond Basics ** [[/Blender Memory Management/]] ** [[/Bones/|Using Bones]] ** [[/Mountains Out Of Molehills|Mountains out of Molehills]] ** [[/Modeling a volcano|Modeling a Volcano]] ** [[/Penguins from spheres/|Penguins from Spheres]] {{stage short|75%|00:00, 13 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/Dicing With Depth/|Dicing With Depth (Dice Modeling)]] **[[/Model a Goblet/]] *** [[/Model a Silver Goblet/]] {{stage short|75%|00:00, 13 sept 2015 (UTC)}} *** [[/Model a Silver Goblet cylinder|Model a Silver Goblet Another Way]] *** [[/Spin a goblet/]] *** [[/Light a Silver Goblet/|Light a Silver Goblet (Early look at lighting)]] ** [[/Simple Vehicle/]] *** [[/Simple Vehicle: Wheel tutorial 1/]] *** [[/Simple Vehicle: Wheel tutorial 2/]] *** [[/Simple Vehicle: Seat/]] *** [[/Simple Vehicle: Rocket Launcher/]] *** [[/Simple Vehicle: Another Shooting Machine/]] *** [[/Simple Vehicle: Body/]] *** [[/Simple Vehicle: Some Assembly Required/]] ** [[/Modeling a 3D Parachute in Blender/]] ** [[/Model a Low Poly Head/]] ** [[/Building a House/]] ** [[/Pipe joints/]] ** [[/Lighting Suzanne: Introductory one lamp lighting/]] * Curve and Path Modeling ** [[/Curve and Path Modeling/|Overview]] ** [[/Intro to Bezier Curves/|Intro to Bézier Curves]] {{stage short|75%|00:00, 13 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/Bevelling a Curve/|Bevelling a Curve]] ** [[/NURBS Patches/|NURBS Patches]] ** [[/Deforming Meshes using the Curve Modifier/]] * [[/The Empty Object/]] * Using Reference Photos ** [[/Background Images/]] ** [[/Aligning Vertices with a Guide Image/]] {{stage short|75%|00:00, 13 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/Modeling a Wolf from Guide Images/]] ** [[/2D Image (logo) to a 3D Model|Using Bézier Curve to Model a 3D logo from a 2D logo]] {{stage short|75%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}} * Further Materials and Textures ** [[/Subsurface scattering|Subsurface Scattering]] ** [[/Ray Tracing|Ray Tracing]] ** [[/Using Textures|Using Textures]] {{stage short|25%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/Using a texture to make a material partially transparent/]] {{stage short|50%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/Creating Basic Seawater/]] {{stage short|25%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/Mountains Out Of Molehills 2/]] {{stage short|25%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/Basic Carpet Texture/]] {{stage short|25%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/The Rusty Ball/]] ** [[/Creating Pixar-looking eyes in Blender|Creating Pixar-looking eyes]] {{stage short|25%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}} ** [[/Procedural Eyeball/]] ** [[/Putting It All Together: A Dragon!/]] === Unit 3: Broadening Horizons === * [[/Image Editor/|The UV/Image Editor]] * UV Maps - Pasting photos to 3D surfaces ** [[/UV Map Basics/]] ** [[/Realistic Eyes In Blender/]] {{stage short|75%|9:00, 20 sept 2015 (UTC)}} * Lighting ** [[/Beginning Lighting/]] ** [[/Understanding Real Lights/]] ** [[/Understanding Blender Lights/]] ** [[/Basic Lighting Rigs/]] ** [[/Faked Gi with Blender internal/|Faked Global Illumination with Blender internal]] {{stage short|50%|9:00, 4 dec 2015 (UTC)}} * [[/Parenting/|Practicing Good Parenting]] * Basic Animation ** [[/Basic Animation/|Overview]] ** [[/Basic Animation/Keyframing_Introduction/|Introduction to Keyframing]] ** [[/The Ways of the Animator/]] ** [[/Animation Editors/]] ** [[/Basic Animation/Introducing the Graph Editor/|Introducing the Graph Editor]] ** [[/Basic Animation/Rendering/|Animation Rendering]] ** [[/Basic Animation/Lattice|Lattice Modifier]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 2 Feb 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Basic Animation/Bounce|Bouncing Ball with Lattice]] {{stage short|75%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Creating Basic Water animation/|Creating Basic Water Animation]] ** [[/Flying Through A Canyon/|Flying Through a Canyon]] ** [[/Using the sequencer to compile frames into an animation/|Using the Sequencer to Compile Frames into an Animation]] * [[/Further Rendering Options/]] * Particle Systems ** [[/Particle Systems/|Overview]] ** [[/Making Fire/|Fire]] {{stage short|50%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Furry/|Fur]] {{stage short|75%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Fireworks/]] {{stage short|25%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Particles forming Shapes/]] {{stage short|75%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Billboard Animation/]] {{stage short|75%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}} * Soft Bodies ** [[/Soft Body Animation/]] {{stage short|75%|11:15, 8 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Simple Cloth Animation/]] ** [[/Soft Body with wind/|Soft Body with Wind]] {{stage short|75%|11:15, 8 March 2016 (UTC)}} * Blender Game Engine ** [[/Your First Test/|Blender Game Engine Basics- Rolling Ball]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Platformer: Creation and Controls|Platformer: Controls and Movement]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/An aMAZEing game engine tutorial|Maze: Force and Multiple Levels]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Platformer: Physics Fixes|Platformer: Improving the Physics]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Making exe|How to Make an Executable]] {{stage short|50%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Build a skybox/|Build a Skybox]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Basic mouse pointer/|Basic Mouse Pointer]] {{stage short|25%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Text in BGE/]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Python Platformer: Creation|Platformer: Creating the Engine with Python]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}} === Unit 4: Taking Off with Advanced Tutorials === * Python Scripting ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Introduction|Introduction]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Addon Anatomy|Anatomy Of An Addon]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Addon User Interface|A User Interface For Your Addon]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Addon Custom Property|Adding A Custom Property]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Separately Installable Addon|A Separately Installable Addon]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Object, Action, Settings|Object, Action, Settings]] * Advanced Modeling **[[Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Modeling|Overview]] ** [[/HDRi|High Dynamic Range imaging (HDRi)]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Creating a Light Probe/]] {{stage short|50%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Making Landscapes with heightmaps|Landscape Modeling with Heightmaps]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/How to Do Procedural Landscape Modeling/]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Landscape Modeling I: Basic Terrain/]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Landscape Modeling II: Texture Stenciling/]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Landscape Modeling III: Exporting as a Heightmap/]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}} * Advanced Materials and Textures ** [[/Bump Mapping|Bump Mapping]] {{stage short|75%|17 may 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Normal Mapping|Normal Mapping]] *** [[/Texture Normal Mapping|Texture Normals]] {{stage short|75%|17 may 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Color Map Normal Mapping|Color Map Normals]] {{stage short|75%|17 may 2016 (UTC)}} * Nodes ** [[/Nodes|Introduction]] ** [[/Texture Nodes|Texture Nodes]] ** [[/Material Nodes|Material Nodes]] {{stage short|75%|24 July 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Compositing|Compositing]] ** [[/Compositing/Portal Effect|Further Compositing: A Portal Effect]] * [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Rendering|Advanced Rendering]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Introduction to Cycles|Introduction to Cycles]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Cycles Glass|A Glass Material in Cycles]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Cycles Fireflies|Dealing with Fireflies in Cycles]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Cycles Fireflies 2|Fireflies in Cycles, Continued]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Procedural Eyeball in Cycles|Procedural Eyeball in Cycles]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Introduction to Freestyle|Introduction to Freestyle]] * Advanced Animation **[[Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation|Overview]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Introduction|Introduction]] {{stage short|50%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/index|Guided Tour:]] *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Armature/index|Armature Object]] {{stage short|50%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Armature/object|Armature Object in Object Mode]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Armature/edit|Armature Object in Edit Mode]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Armature/pose|Armature Object in Pose mode]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/index|Mesh Object]] **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/Amodif|Connection between Armature and Mesh]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/env|Envelope]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/vg|Vertex Groups & Weight Paint]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/Shape|Shape Keys]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} ***** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/Shape/Sync|Lip-Sync with Shape Keys]]{{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/index|Constraints]]{{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/cl|Copy Location]]{{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/cr|Copy Rotation]]{{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/tt|Track-To]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/fl|Floor]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/lt|Locked Track]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/fp|Follow Path]] **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/st|Stretch-To]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/ik|IK Solver]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/timeline|Timeline Window]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/ipo/index|Graph Editor]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/ipo/type|Dope Sheet]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/NLA/index|NLA Editor]] {{stage short|50%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} **** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/NLA/intro|Introduction To NLA Editor]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/bob/index|Working Example: Bob]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/bob/Build rig|Building the Rig]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/bob/connect2mesh|Deform the Mesh]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/bob/walk|Create a Walk Cycle]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/ Piston, Rod and Crank|Working example: Piston, Rod and Crank]] {{stage short|50%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/ Cutting Through Steel|Working example: Cutting Through Steel]]{{stage short|50%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}} * Advanced Game Engine ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine|Overview]] ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)|Advanced Game Engine Techniques (GUI)]] *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)/Creating Pop-Up Menus|Creating Pop-Up Menus]] {{stage short|75%|29 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)/Creating Moving Menus|Creating Dropping Menus]] {{stage short|75%|29 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)/The "5-Layer" Button|The "5-Layer" Button]]{{stage short|25%|29 July 2016 (UTC)}} *** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)/Creating Object Outlines|Creating Object Outlines]]{{stage short|25%|29 July 2016 (UTC)}} ** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(Python)|Advanced Game Engine Techniques (Python)]] ** [[Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)|Creating A "HUD"]] * [[/Hacking Blender/]] **[[/Intro-GE-Source|Introduction to Game Engine Source]] {{stage short|75%|29 July 2016 (UTC)}} === Appendices === ==== Reference Material ==== * [[/Glossary/]] * [[/FAQ/|Frequently Asked Questions]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Tutorial Links List/]] * [[/Hotkeys/]] * [[/Output Formats/]] * [[/Image Portfolio/]] * [[/Blender Glossary/]] {{stage short|25%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Every Material Known to Man/|Materials Directory: Every Material Known To Man]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Sources of free 3D models/]] - Sources of free 3D models for additional study * [[/Blueprint Links List|All Blueprints Links]] &ndash; blueprints from all over the Web * [[/Materials, Textures, Photos/]] - Sources of free materials, textures and photos ==== Advice ==== General advice: * [[/Asking for Help/]] * [[/Know What You're Doing|Tips for a Successful Project]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Modeling Realistically|Modeling Realistically]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Modeling tips/]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} Performance tips (for making Blender run faster): * [[/Cheat the 3D/]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Performance vs. Quality/]] {{stage short|25%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} ==== Miscellaneous Tutorials ==== ''This is our attic, mostly tutorials that could be useful to some extent if they would be revamped completely, but are of little use at the moment. If you can contribute to some of them, go ahead and rewrite them to your liking!'' * [[/Modeling a Gingerbread Man/]] {{stage short|75%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Modeling a simple space-ship/]] * [[/Create an animated GIF wallpaper (Blender/GIMP)/]] ** [[/Part 1 - Preparing the Scene/]] * [[/Creating Weapons based on 2D Images/]] {{stage short|25%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Making Your Creation Smoother/|Modeling with Meta Balls]] {{stage short|75%|19:16, 07 May 2010 (UTC)}} * [[/Match Moving/]] {{stage short|25%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Motion Tracking with Icarus/|Match Moving/Motion Tracking with Icarus and Blender]] {{stage short|75%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Create a Clayman/]] {{stage short|00%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Organic Modeling/]] {{stage short|25%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Understanding the Fluid Simulator/]] {{stage short|50%|17:06, 4 January 2010 (UTC)}} * [[/Creating a jewel in Blender/]] * [[/Modeling a picture/]] [[image: 00%.svg]] * [[/Modeling with the Spin Tool/]] ** [[/Spin Tool Introduction/]] ** [[/Illustrative Example: Model a Wine Glass/]] * [[/Creating Ogg-Theora movies using Blender/]] * [[/Creating animated GIFs using Blender and Gimp/]] * [[/3D Tiling Backgrounds For The Web/]] {{stage short|100%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Cool Things|Cool Things That Aren't That Obvious in Blender]] * [[/Troubleshooting/]] Common Technical Issues and What to do About Them * [[/Creating Blender Libraries/]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Add some depth with stereo/]] * [[/Fluffy Material|Ways to create a "fluffy" effect (materials and lights)]] * [[/Human Body/]] {{stage short|00%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Rendering Information/]] {{stage short|00%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Using Blender Libraries/]] {{stage short|00%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Beginning Modeling Final Project/]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Using Inkscape to make advanced Bezier curves/]]{{stage short|25%|1:18, 28 July 2010 (UTC)}} * [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Modeling/Light Mapping|Light Mapping]] {{stage short|00%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} * [[/Platonic Solids/]] **[[/Polygonal Modeling/]] *** [[/Box Modeling/]] **** [[/Illustrative example: Model a Chair (Swan Chair)/]] ***** [[/Model a Chair-Preparations/]] ***** [[/Model a Chair-The Seat/]] ***** [[/Model a Chair-The Feet/]] **** [[/Illustrative Example: Modeling a Simple Human Character/]] ***** [[/Modeling a Human Character - Preparations/]] ***** [[/Modeling a Human Character - Modeling/]] *** [[/Polygon by Polygon modeling/]] * [[/Animation Notes and FAQ/]] * [[/Customization|Customization]] * [[/Mist - Make Objects Opaque/]] {{Stages}} === Additional Resources === * [https://docs.blender.org/manual/en/latest/ The Blender Reference Manual for the latest release] {{mergefrom|Blender 3D: MemoBook}} {{Shelves|Blender 3D|Open source software}} {{alphabetical|B}} {{status|75%}} [[ca:Blender 3D: novell a professional]] [[de:Blender Dokumentation]] [[es:Blender 3D: novato a profesional]] [[fr:Blender 3D]] [[gl:Blender 3D: de novato a profesional]] [[he:Blender 3D ממתחיל למתקדם]] [[ko:블렌더_3D_배우기]] [[pt:Tornando-se profissional em Blender 3D]] [[ru:Blender 3D/Шаг за шагом]] [[tr:Blender 3D: Noob to Pro]] [[zh:Blender 3D：从入门到精通]] l38m9aiq4f9o57mmahgfmtvq7vwja4m 0 18936 4635540 3718123 2026-05-13T12:02:30Z ~2026-28861-93 3585954 4635540 wikitext text/x-wiki 67<br> While its lack of power makes it unsuitable for many of today's applications, it is an invaluable learning tool. This wikibook will cover the usage of QBasic and most of its functions. While most of the text discussed will work under QBasic, that version of the Basic interpreter has limitations and certain advanced commands will only work under QuickBasic. One of the best Qbasic IDEs (Integrated Development Environment) is QB64. There are certain functions that work only in QB64. '''[[QBasic/Full Book View|View this Wikibook in full book view.]]''' [[File:QBASIC.png|thumb|Microsoft QBASIC 1.0]] {{Book Search}} {{print version}} {{PDF version|QBasic v1.2|915 kb, 103 pages|QBasic}} ==Chapters== *[[/Text Output/]] :: Learn to control text based output. {{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Arrays and Types/]] :: Introduction to data structures in QBasic.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Basic Input/]] :: Get input from a user and use it in various ways.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Basic Math/]] :: Shows the proper method of performing basic calculations in QBasic.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Flow Control/]] :: This section shows how to control the flow of a program.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Subroutines and Functions/]] :: Explores the uses of Subroutines and Functions in QBasic.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Working With Strings/]] :: Shows string manipulation techniques in QBasic.{{stage short|0%|August,26,2020}} *[[/Files/]] :: Read and write to files allowing for data storage. {{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Sound/]] :: Use the computer to make noises and incorporate them into output. Use Qbasic to make songs and PLAY tunes.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Graphics/]] :: Draw images on the screen. An introduction to the use of graphics in Qbasic.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Images/]] :: Understand how to use images in QB64. {{stage short|75%|June,7,2019}} *[[/Advanced Text Output/]] :: More advanced features of displayed output.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Advanced Input/]] :: Get more precise and real-time input from users. Learn the usage of the INKEY$ loop.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Advanced Maths/]] :: This section delves further into the mathematical side of programing.{{stage short|75%|June,13,2019}} *[[/Advanced Graphics/]] :: Learn how to make animation.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/3D Graphics/]] :: Explore 3D equations in QBasic.{{stage short|75%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Advanced QBasic/]] :: Incorporate many of the concepts into larger programs.{{stage short|25%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Sample Programs/]] :: A set of simple programs. {{stage short|75%|June,10,2019}} *[[/What Next/]] :: Where to go from here. A list of very good sites to continue further.{{stage short|50%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Appendix/]] :: An Appendix of commands and source code.{{stage short|75%|June,5,2019}} [[/Authors/]] {{Shelves|BASIC programming language}} {{alphabetical|Q}} {{status|75%}} [[ko:큐베이직 프로그래밍]] qq31sdzt8xebieimxhr99pkjrzpfj73 4635544 4635540 2026-05-13T12:24:31Z MathXplore 3097823 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-28861-93|~2026-28861-93]] ([[User talk:~2026-28861-93|talk]]) to last version by LiquidFox1776 3718123 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Microsoft [[w:QuickBasic|QuickBasic]]''' and '''[[w:QBasic|QBasic]]''' (Quick Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) are very popular programming languages for beginners.<br> While its lack of power makes it unsuitable for many of today's applications, it is an invaluable learning tool. This wikibook will cover the usage of QBasic and most of its functions. While most of the text discussed will work under QBasic, that version of the Basic interpreter has limitations and certain advanced commands will only work under QuickBasic. One of the best Qbasic IDEs (Integrated Development Environment) is QB64. There are certain functions that work only in QB64. '''[[QBasic/Full Book View|View this Wikibook in full book view.]]''' [[File:QBASIC.png|thumb|Microsoft QBASIC 1.0]] {{Book Search}} {{print version}} {{PDF version|QBasic v1.2|915 kb, 103 pages|QBasic}} ==Chapters== *[[/Text Output/]] :: Learn to control text based output. {{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Arrays and Types/]] :: Introduction to data structures in QBasic.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Basic Input/]] :: Get input from a user and use it in various ways.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Basic Math/]] :: Shows the proper method of performing basic calculations in QBasic.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Flow Control/]] :: This section shows how to control the flow of a program.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Subroutines and Functions/]] :: Explores the uses of Subroutines and Functions in QBasic.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Working With Strings/]] :: Shows string manipulation techniques in QBasic.{{stage short|0%|August,26,2020}} *[[/Files/]] :: Read and write to files allowing for data storage. {{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Sound/]] :: Use the computer to make noises and incorporate them into output. Use Qbasic to make songs and PLAY tunes.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Graphics/]] :: Draw images on the screen. An introduction to the use of graphics in Qbasic.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Images/]] :: Understand how to use images in QB64. {{stage short|75%|June,7,2019}} *[[/Advanced Text Output/]] :: More advanced features of displayed output.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Advanced Input/]] :: Get more precise and real-time input from users. Learn the usage of the INKEY$ loop.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Advanced Maths/]] :: This section delves further into the mathematical side of programing.{{stage short|75%|June,13,2019}} *[[/Advanced Graphics/]] :: Learn how to make animation.{{stage short|100%|June,5,2019}} *[[/3D Graphics/]] :: Explore 3D equations in QBasic.{{stage short|75%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Advanced QBasic/]] :: Incorporate many of the concepts into larger programs.{{stage short|25%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Sample Programs/]] :: A set of simple programs. {{stage short|75%|June,10,2019}} *[[/What Next/]] :: Where to go from here. A list of very good sites to continue further.{{stage short|50%|June,5,2019}} *[[/Appendix/]] :: An Appendix of commands and source code.{{stage short|75%|June,5,2019}} [[/Authors/]] {{Shelves|BASIC programming language}} {{alphabetical|Q}} {{status|75%}} [[ko:큐베이직 프로그래밍]] afqo1f5sq4z7gzdz5pi08ognj1d1c1o 0 27218 4635659 4358323 2026-05-14T05:59:55Z Sowban513 3586511 /* Arabia, Pre-Islam */ ~~~~ 4635659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WHP - page top 1}} == প্রাক-ইসলামী আরব == ইসলামের উত্থানের আগে, আরব উপদ্বীপ মূলত যাযাবর '''বেদুইন''' সংস্কৃতির অধীনে ছিল। এই বহুঈশ্বরবাদী বেদুইন গোষ্ঠীগুলো আত্মীয়তা-ভিত্তিক সম্পর্কের ওপর অনেক গুরুত্ব দিত এবং প্রতিটি গোষ্ঠী বিভিন্ন গোত্রের অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল। বেদুইনদের মধ্যে গোত্রে-গোত্রে যুদ্ধ ছিল অত্যন্ত সাধারণ বিষয় এবং যুদ্ধে অংশ নেওয়াকে উচ্চ সম্মানের চোখে দেখা হতো। আরব উপদ্বীপের প্রতিকূল জীবনযাত্রার কারণে পারিবারিক সংহতির ওপর বিশেষ জোর দেওয়া হতো, যা তাদের এই গোত্র প্রথাকে আরও শক্তিশালী করেছিল। যদিও আরবের অধিকাংশ মানুষই যাযাবর ছিল, তবুও বাণিজ্য এবং ধর্মীয় কেন্দ্র হিসেবে বেশ কিছু গুরুত্বপূর্ণ শহর গড়ে উঠেছিল— যেমন ইয়াসরিব [মদিনা], মক্কা, কারবালা এবং দামেস্ক। এর মধ্যে সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ছিল '''মক্কা''', যা ওই অঞ্চলের একটি প্রধান বাণিজ্য কেন্দ্র হওয়ার পাশাপাশি '''কাবা''' শরিফের উপস্থিতির কারণেও বিখ্যাত ছিল। প্রাক-ইসলামী আরবে কাবা ছিল বহুঈশ্বরবাদীদের অন্যতম পবিত্র উপাসনালয়। সাংস্কৃতিক দিক থেকে প্রাক-ইসলামী আরবের সাথে পরবর্তী সময়ের আরবের মিল থাকলেও কিছু উল্লেখযোগ্য পার্থক্য ছিল। ইসলামের আগমনের আগে অধিকাংশ বেদুইন গোত্র ছিল বহুঈশ্বরবাদী এবং প্রাণবাদী (animist), তবে কিছু ব্যতিক্রমও ছিল (যেমন ইয়াসরিবের শাসনকারী তিনটি গোত্র ছিল ইহুদি)। কিছু কিছু গোত্র 'আল্লাহ' নামক এক পরম সত্তার পূজা করত, তবে তা খুব একটা প্রচলিত ছিল না। পরবর্তী সময়ের সংস্কৃতির মতো, বেদুইনদের কাছেও কবিতা এবং মৌখিক ঐতিহ্যের গুরুত্ব ছিল অপরিসীম। ---- == মুহাম্মদ এবং ইসলামের সূচনা == মুহাম্মদ (সা.) কুরাইশ বংশের প্রভাবশালী '''বানু হাশিম''' গোত্রে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। তাঁর জন্মের কিছুকাল পরেই তাঁর বাবা মারা যান এবং তাঁর ছয় বছর বয়সে মা মারা যান। আট বছর বয়স পর্যন্ত তাঁর দাদা তাঁকে লালন-পালন করেন এবং দাদার মৃত্যুর পর তাঁর চাচা তাঁর অভিভাবকত্ব গ্রহণ করেন। মুহাম্মদ একজন ব্যবসায়ী হিসেবে বড় হয়ে ওঠেন এবং পেশাগতভাবেও তিনি একজন ব্যবসায়ী ছিলেন। তরুণ বয়সে তিনি খাদিজা নামক এক ধনী বিধবা নারীর পক্ষে ব্যবসায়ী হিসেবে কাজ করেন, যাঁকে তিনি কয়েক বছর পর বিয়ে করেন। একজন ব্যবসায়ী হিসেবে কাজ করার সময় তিনি বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতি ও ধর্মের মানুষের (বিশেষ করে খ্রিস্টান ও ইহুদি) সংস্পর্শে আসেন, যা তাঁর দর্শনে প্রভাব ফেলেছিল বলে ধারণা করা হয়। প্রায় ৬১০ খ্রিস্টাব্দের দিকে মুহাম্মদ (সা.) ফেরেশতা জিবরাঈলের মাধ্যমে প্রথম ওহী বা প্রত্যাদেশ লাভ করেন; এই ওহীগুলোই পরবর্তীতে আরবিতে '''কুরআনে''' লিপিবদ্ধ করা হয়, যা ইসলাম ধর্মের ভিত্তি হিসেবে কাজ করে। এই নতুন ধর্মের শুরুর দিকের অনুসারীর সংখ্যা ছিল খুবই অল্প— যার মধ্যে মূলত তাঁর স্ত্রী, কিছু নিকটাত্মীয়, কয়েকজন সেবক এবং দাস অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিলেন। মুহাম্মদ তাঁর গোত্র এবং মক্কার মানুষের কাছে এই নতুন ধর্মের প্রচার শুরু করেন। ইসলামের প্রসার বাড়ার সাথে সাথে মক্কার প্রভাবশালী গোত্র '''উমাইয়ারা''' এই নতুন ধর্মকে তাদের রাজনৈতিক ক্ষমতা এবং কাবার ওপর তাদের ধর্মীয় কর্তৃত্বের জন্য হুমকি হিসেবে দেখতে শুরু করে। ইসলাম যত ছড়িয়ে পড়ছিল, উমাইয়াদের পক্ষ থেকে মুহাম্মদের প্রতি হুমকির মাত্রাও তত বাড়ছিল। ইয়াসরিবে যেমন ইহুদি ও বেদুইন ধর্মাবলম্বীদের মধ্যে ক্ষমতার দ্বন্দ্ব ছিল, মক্কার পরিস্থিতিকেও অনেকটা সেভাবে বিবেচনা করা হয়েছিল। মক্কায় মুহাম্মদ এবং তাঁর অনুসারীদের জীবনের নিরাপত্তা হুমকির মুখে পড়ায় তাঁরা মক্কা ছেড়ে ইয়াসরিবের উদ্দেশ্যে যাত্রা করেন। এই ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনাটি '''হিজরত''' নামে পরিচিত। ইয়াসরিবে মুহাম্মদকে বিপুল সংবর্ধনা দেওয়া হয় এবং শহরের ধর্মীয় বিবাদ মিটিয়ে ফেলার ক্ষমতার কারণে শহরটির নামকরণ করা হয় '''<nowiki/>'মদিনা''''। মদিনায় ইসলাম দ্রুত ছড়িয়ে পড়ে এবং এটি নতুন এই ধর্মের প্রধান কেন্দ্রে পরিণত হয়। এর ফলে মদিনা শহরে মুহাম্মদের ক্ষমতা ও প্রভাব বৃদ্ধি পায়। মুহাম্মদের নেতৃত্বে মদিনার শক্তি বৃদ্ধি পেতে থাকে এবং শীঘ্রই তা মক্কার প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বী হয়ে ওঠে। মক্কার বণিকদের ওপর মুসলিমদের অভিযানের ফলে উমাইয়ারা আরও শঙ্কিত হয়ে পড়ে। ৬২০-এর দশকের মাঝামাঝি সময়ে কুরাইশদের সাথে মুসলিমদের যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়। ৬২৮ খ্রিস্টাব্দে মুহাম্মদ উমাইয়াদের সাথে একটি শান্তি চুক্তি (হুদায়বিয়ার সন্ধি) স্বাক্ষর করেন। তবে ৬২৯ খ্রিস্টাব্দে মক্কাবাসীরা সেই চুক্তি ভঙ্গ করলে মুহাম্মদ ১০,০০০ অনুসারী নিয়ে মক্কায় ফিরে আসেন। মুহাম্মদ কোনো রক্তপাত ছাড়াই মক্কা জয় করেন। আল্লাহর ক্ষমতা প্রমাণের উদ্দেশ্যে তিনি কাবার আশেপাশে থাকা মূর্তিপূজার প্রতীকগুলোকে ধ্বংস করেন। মুহাম্মদ মক্কার প্রত্যক্ষ নিয়ন্ত্রণ নিজের হাতে না রেখে উমাইয়াদের হাতেই তা ন্যস্ত করেন এবং নিজে মদিনায় ফিরে যান। সময়ের সাথে সাথে উমাইয়াসহ মক্কার অন্যান্য অধিবাসীরা ইসলাম ধর্ম গ্রহণ করেন। == উমাইয়া সাম্রাজ্যের উত্থান ও পতন == [[File:Umayyad Caliphate 720 AD (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|উমাইয়া খিলাফত আরব থেকে আটলান্টিক পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত ছিল, যা তাদের পতন হওয়ার অনেক পরেও শাসিত অঞ্চলগুলোর সংস্কৃতি ও ইতিহাসকে গভীরভাবে প্রভাবিত করেছিল।]] ৬৩৩ খ্রিস্টাব্দের মধ্যে মুসলিম বাহিনী আরবের অধিকাংশ অঞ্চল জয় করে ফেলে, যা ইসলামের প্রসারকে আরও ত্বরান্বিত করে। শীঘ্রই মুসলিম বাহিনী উত্তর আফ্রিকা, আইবেরীয় উপদ্বীপের (স্পেন ও পর্তুগাল) কিছু অংশ, মেসোপটেমিয়া এবং পারস্য জয় করে, যা এই অঞ্চলগুলোতে ইসলামের প্রসারের মাধ্যমে বিশ্ব ইতিহাসকে উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে প্রভাবিত করে। ৬৩২ খ্রিস্টাব্দে মুহাম্মদ (সা.)-এর ইন্তেকালের পর, তাঁর স্থলাভিষিক্ত কে হবেন তা নিয়ে গোত্রীয় নেতারা এক সভায় মিলিত হন। আলী (মুহাম্মদ সা.-এর জামাতা) এবং আবু বকর (মুহাম্মদ সা.-এর ঘনিষ্ঠ বন্ধু, ইসলামের প্রাথমিক যুগের অনুসারী এবং রাজনৈতিকভাবে প্রভাবশালী)—এই দুইজনের মধ্যে দীর্ঘ বিতর্কের পর, আবু বকরকে নেতৃত্বের জন্য নির্বাচিত করা হয় এবং তিনি প্রথম খলিফা হন; এই সিদ্ধান্তটি পরবর্তীতে বিতর্কের জন্ম দিয়েছিল। আলী (রা.) পরবর্তীতে চতুর্থ খলিফা হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। আবু বকরের খিলাফতকালে (৬৩২-৬৩৪ খ্রিস্টাব্দ), যুদ্ধপ্রিয় বেদুইন গোত্রগুলো ইসলাম প্রচারের জন্য ঐক্যবদ্ধ হয়। তৎকালীন সমৃদ্ধ বাইজেন্টাইন এবং পারস্য সাম্রাজ্যের দুর্বলতা তাদের সাম্রাজ্য বিস্তারে উৎসাহিত করেছিল। আরব নেতারা জয় করা শহরগুলোর ওপর এমন কর আরোপ করেছিলেন যা বাইজেন্টাইনদের আরোপিত করের চেয়ে কম ছিল এবং এই করের বিনিময়ে আরবরা সামরিক সুরক্ষা প্রদান করত। আরবরা ইসলাম প্রচার অব্যাহত রাখে এবং 'আহলে কিতাব' (ইহুদি ও খ্রিস্টান)-দের প্রতি সম্মান প্রদর্শন করে, তবে যে ধর্মগুলোকে তারা বহুঈশ্বরবাদী মনে করত সেগুলো দূর করার চেষ্টা চালায়। এই নতুন ভূমিগুলো জিহাদের মাধ্যমে আরব নিয়ন্ত্রণে আনা হয়েছিল (পাশ্চাত্যের একটি ভুল ধারণা হলো যে জিহাদ কেবল ইসলাম প্রচারের জন্য ব্যবহৃত হয়; আসলে জিহাদ হলো একটি শারীরিক ও মানসিক সংগ্রাম যা বিভিন্ন রূপে হতে পারে)।{{BookCat}} j9rwno20vlt48qxw49m1cabuowgyupd 102 41849 4635593 4614839 2026-05-13T16:45:20Z ~2026-28894-59 3586135 A fun fact about pizza 4635593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cookdp}} [[File:Pepperoni pizza.jpg|thumb|210px|right|Pepperoni pizza]] '''Pizza''' generally consists of a crust covered in sauce, layered with toppings and finally with a layer of cheese on top. Little did you know, that pizza can be topped with vegetables instead of motor oil! ==Crust== A pizza's crust can be made using almost any [[Cookbook:Dough|dough]] or [[Cookbook:Bread|bread]] recipe. [[Cookbook:Flour|White flour]] is commonly used for a soft crust that won't crumble, which is usually considered desirable. [[Cookbook:Whole Wheat Flour|Whole wheat]] flour can be used to make a firmer crust. [[Cookbook:Cake Flour|Cake flour]] can be useful if a crumbly crust is desired. Other common ingredients in crusts include [[Cookbook:Olive Oil|Olive oil]] (usually extra virgin), active dry [[Cookbook:Yeast|yeast]], [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]], and [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]]. Less often crusts will include ingredients like malt-syrup, vital wheat gluten, and various dough activators to help the yeast ferment and the crust to brown while baking. What type of crust to use is matter of taste. There are several types of pizza crust that are constructed differently and have (sometimes) wildly different textures, though the taste remains fairly consistent. There are many different techniques for preparing dough, most largely dependent on the type of crust you've decided to make. Because pizza crusts almost always contain yeast they must be allowed to rise at least once, though some recipes recommend improving the flavor and texture of the dough by allowing the crust to rise 2 separate times. Higher quality recipes also often recommend that you deflate the dough after the first rise and refrigerate it overnight to help improve its flavor and texture. Depending on the recipe dough docking or pre-baking might be necessary as well. *[[Cookbook:Original Pizza|thin-crust pizza without precooking the crust]] *[[Cookbook:Deep Dish Pizza|deep dish pizza]] ==Sauce== A simple [[Cookbook:Sauces|sauce]] consists of [[Cookbook:Tomato Paste|tomato paste]], [[Cookbook:Basil|basil]], and [[Cookbook:Oregano|oregano]]. Using [[Cookbook:Tomato Paste|tomato puree]] will give a runny sauce that must be spread thinly to prevent the cheese and toppings from sliding off. Diced, dried, or crushed [[Cookbook:Tomato|tomatoes]] may be added for extra flavor and texture. A tiny bit of [[Cookbook:Anise|anise]] or [[Cookbook:Fennel|fennel]] can make the sauce more interesting. [[Cookbook:Onion|Onions]], [[Cookbook:Black Pepper|pepper]], [[Cookbook:Chili Pepper|peppers]], [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]], and [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]] are often used as well. [[Cookbook:Herbs and Spices|Spices]] are more flavorful when ground right before use; a bit of [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] is helpful when grinding. [[Cookbook:Bread|Bread]] with cheese baked onto it, without any [[Cookbook:Sauces|sauce]] at all, is sometimes called a white pizza. *[[Cookbook:Pizza Sauce|a pair of sauce recipes]] *''(another sauce recipe belongs here; the one above should be split)'' ==Cheese== The basic pizza cheese is [[Cookbook:Mozzarella Cheese|mozzarella]]. [[Cookbook:Feta Cheese|Feta]] is often used in combination with a [[Cookbook:Spinach|spinach]] topping. [[Cookbook:Cheddar Cheese|Cheddar]] can be used for a more [[Cookbook:Southwestern cuisine|southwestern]] taste. Commercial pizzerias almost always use a blend of various cheeses, the most common of which are mozzarella, Parmesan, and [[Cookbook:Pecorino Romano Cheese|Romano]]. ==Toppings== Toppings go on top. Put plenty of topping near the edges to protect the cheese from burning there. A pizza without toppings will cook much faster than one with toppings. * [[Cookbook:Anchovy|anchovies]] * oil-coated [[Cookbook:Broccoli|broccoli]] * [[Cookbook:Black Olive|black olives]] * [[Cookbook:Pepperoni|pepperoni]], [[Cookbook:Onion|onions]], [[Cookbook:Mushroom|mushrooms]], [[Cookbook:Bell Pepper|green peppers]] * precooked and drained [[Cookbook:Sausage|sausage]], [[Cookbook:Bacon|bacon]], [[Cookbook:Hamburger|hamburger]], [[Cookbook:Salami|salami]], or [[Cookbook:Tomato|tomatoes]] * precooked [[Cookbook:Chicken|chicken]] or [[Cookbook:Ham|ham]] == Baking == Pizzas are typically baked directly on special surfaces for short periods at temperatures in excess of 500 degrees F (260 degrees C). Coal and brick ovens are preferred for baking pizza because of their even heat and superior heat-retention. Some pizzerias prefer to use a wire-mesh pan though, as working with pizza peels can be difficult for some. Home bakers can attempt to duplicate the effects of a brick oven by using a baking stone (also called a pizza stone), a slab of porous stone that evenly heats the pizza and leeches moisture away from the dough, helping it develop a better crust. Baking/pizza stones become "seasoned" after frequent use, a characteristic that is said to improve the flavor of crusts baked on them. ==Recipes== # [[Cookbook:Pizza Vanegas|Pizza Vanegas]] # [[Cookbook:Cheese stuffed crust pizza|Cheese Stuffed Crust Pizza]] # [[Cookbook:Four in one pizza|Four in One Pizza]] # [[Cookbook:Deep Dish Pizza|Deep Dish Pizza]] # [[Cookbook:Thick-crust pizza|Thick-crust pizza]] # More at [[:Category:Pizza recipes]] {{Commonscat|Pizzas}} {{Wikipedia|Pizza}} {{wikivoyage|Pizza in the United States and Canada}} [[fr:Livre de cuisine/Tartes et pizzas]] 0euahktgyddsooi3os7pdn6a07p7hav 4635596 4635593 2026-05-13T16:54:34Z Codename Noreste 3441010 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-28894-59|~2026-28894-59]] ([[User talk:~2026-28894-59|talk]]) to last version by Minorax 4614839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cookdp}} [[File:Pepperoni pizza.jpg|thumb|210px|right|Pepperoni pizza]] '''Pizza''' generally consists of a crust covered in sauce, layered with toppings and finally with a layer of cheese on top. ==Crust== A pizza's crust can be made using almost any [[Cookbook:Dough|dough]] or [[Cookbook:Bread|bread]] recipe. [[Cookbook:Flour|White flour]] is commonly used for a soft crust that won't crumble, which is usually considered desirable. [[Cookbook:Whole Wheat Flour|Whole wheat]] flour can be used to make a firmer crust. [[Cookbook:Cake Flour|Cake flour]] can be useful if a crumbly crust is desired. Other common ingredients in crusts include [[Cookbook:Olive Oil|Olive oil]] (usually extra virgin), active dry [[Cookbook:Yeast|yeast]], [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]], and [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]]. Less often crusts will include ingredients like malt-syrup, vital wheat gluten, and various dough activators to help the yeast ferment and the crust to brown while baking. What type of crust to use is matter of taste. There are several types of pizza crust that are constructed differently and have (sometimes) wildly different textures, though the taste remains fairly consistent. There are many different techniques for preparing dough, most largely dependent on the type of crust you've decided to make. Because pizza crusts almost always contain yeast they must be allowed to rise at least once, though some recipes recommend improving the flavor and texture of the dough by allowing the crust to rise 2 separate times. Higher quality recipes also often recommend that you deflate the dough after the first rise and refrigerate it overnight to help improve its flavor and texture. Depending on the recipe dough docking or pre-baking might be necessary as well. *[[Cookbook:Original Pizza|thin-crust pizza without precooking the crust]] *[[Cookbook:Deep Dish Pizza|deep dish pizza]] ==Sauce== A simple [[Cookbook:Sauces|sauce]] consists of [[Cookbook:Tomato Paste|tomato paste]], [[Cookbook:Basil|basil]], and [[Cookbook:Oregano|oregano]]. Using [[Cookbook:Tomato Paste|tomato puree]] will give a runny sauce that must be spread thinly to prevent the cheese and toppings from sliding off. Diced, dried, or crushed [[Cookbook:Tomato|tomatoes]] may be added for extra flavor and texture. A tiny bit of [[Cookbook:Anise|anise]] or [[Cookbook:Fennel|fennel]] can make the sauce more interesting. [[Cookbook:Onion|Onions]], [[Cookbook:Black Pepper|pepper]], [[Cookbook:Chili Pepper|peppers]], [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]], and [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]] are often used as well. [[Cookbook:Herbs and Spices|Spices]] are more flavorful when ground right before use; a bit of [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] is helpful when grinding. [[Cookbook:Bread|Bread]] with cheese baked onto it, without any [[Cookbook:Sauces|sauce]] at all, is sometimes called a white pizza. *[[Cookbook:Pizza Sauce|a pair of sauce recipes]] *''(another sauce recipe belongs here; the one above should be split)'' ==Cheese== The basic pizza cheese is [[Cookbook:Mozzarella Cheese|mozzarella]]. [[Cookbook:Feta Cheese|Feta]] is often used in combination with a [[Cookbook:Spinach|spinach]] topping. [[Cookbook:Cheddar Cheese|Cheddar]] can be used for a more [[Cookbook:Southwestern cuisine|southwestern]] taste. Commercial pizzerias almost always use a blend of various cheeses, the most common of which are mozzarella, Parmesan, and [[Cookbook:Pecorino Romano Cheese|Romano]]. ==Toppings== Toppings go on top. Put plenty of topping near the edges to protect the cheese from burning there. A pizza without toppings will cook much faster than one with toppings. * [[Cookbook:Anchovy|anchovies]] * oil-coated [[Cookbook:Broccoli|broccoli]] * [[Cookbook:Black Olive|black olives]] * [[Cookbook:Pepperoni|pepperoni]], [[Cookbook:Onion|onions]], [[Cookbook:Mushroom|mushrooms]], [[Cookbook:Bell Pepper|green peppers]] * precooked and drained [[Cookbook:Sausage|sausage]], [[Cookbook:Bacon|bacon]], [[Cookbook:Hamburger|hamburger]], [[Cookbook:Salami|salami]], or [[Cookbook:Tomato|tomatoes]] * precooked [[Cookbook:Chicken|chicken]] or [[Cookbook:Ham|ham]] == Baking == Pizzas are typically baked directly on special surfaces for short periods at temperatures in excess of 500 degrees F (260 degrees C). Coal and brick ovens are preferred for baking pizza because of their even heat and superior heat-retention. Some pizzerias prefer to use a wire-mesh pan though, as working with pizza peels can be difficult for some. Home bakers can attempt to duplicate the effects of a brick oven by using a baking stone (also called a pizza stone), a slab of porous stone that evenly heats the pizza and leeches moisture away from the dough, helping it develop a better crust. Baking/pizza stones become "seasoned" after frequent use, a characteristic that is said to improve the flavor of crusts baked on them. ==Recipes== # [[Cookbook:Pizza Vanegas|Pizza Vanegas]] # [[Cookbook:Cheese stuffed crust pizza|Cheese Stuffed Crust Pizza]] # [[Cookbook:Four in one pizza|Four in One Pizza]] # [[Cookbook:Deep Dish Pizza|Deep Dish Pizza]] # [[Cookbook:Thick-crust pizza|Thick-crust pizza]] # More at [[:Category:Pizza recipes]] {{Commonscat|Pizzas}} {{Wikipedia|Pizza}} {{wikivoyage|Pizza in the United States and Canada}} [[fr:Livre de cuisine/Tartes et pizzas]] s77itclzy0y6vt6eyemwkwy49s99k7e 0 96478 4635613 3251153 2026-05-13T17:56:27Z ~2026-29033-13 3586179 /* 5. Know the different inks available for printing and their characteristics. */ 4635613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{honor_header|2|1929|Vocational|General Conference}} ==1. Know how the following printing devices work== ===a. Web press=== A web press prints on a continuous paper roll (web). Think of printing newspapers, etc. Sometimes a web press can print on both sides of the paper at the same time, as well as printing in color, and finishing (cutting, folding, punching, etc.) ===b. Offset press=== [[Image:Offset.png|thumb|250px|Offset Lithography Printing Process]] An 'Offset press' uses an 'offset' roller which transfer the 'inked image' from the plate to the printing surface of the paper. Offset printing is a widely used printing technique where the inked image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface. When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water, the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier on which the image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a film of water, keeping the non-printing areas ink-free. See the Wikipedia article on [[W:Offset printing|Offset printing]] for more. {{clear}} ===c. Photocopy machine=== [[Image:Xerographic_photocopy_process_en.svg|thumb|200px|Xerographic Photocopy Process]] How a photocopier works (using xerography): #First, the surface of a cylindrical drum is given an electro-static charge by a high-voltage wire called a corona wire. The drum is coated with a photoconductive semiconductor material, such as selenium or germanium. #Then the light reflected from the scanned original document is beamed in a narrow band onto the surface of the drum. Only the white areas of the original document reflect light. The reflected light then hits the drum, which is specially conditioned to make it photoconductive. This means that wherever light hits it, the positive charges are conducted away to a ground. #As a result, the white areas of the picture are now neutral, and the black areas remain positively charged, yielding a latent electrical image on the surface of the drum. #The toner is negatively charged. Therefore, when it is applied to the drum to develop the image, it is attracted and sticks to the areas that are positively charged, just as paper sticks to a toy balloon with a static charge. #The toner image is then transferred from the drum onto a positively charged piece of paper. #The drum is then wiped clean and completely discharged by light, before beginning the process again. #The toner is a dry powder. If copies were to exit the photocopier covered in dry toner it would easily brush off. Toner usually contains a styrene or polyester resin, and with the application of high heat and pressure it melts and binds (or fuses) to the paper. {{clear}} ===d. Letterpress=== [[Image:Metal_movable_type.jpg|thumb|130px|Movable Metal Type]] Think [[w:Johannes Gutenberg|Gutenberg]]. Letterpress is probably one of the first printing methods. Individual 'letters' are assembled to form words, sentences, and paragraphs into a form and when finished this is tightened/locked and this form is 'inked' and applied / pressed to the paper resulting in the printed page. You can also research "letterpress" at [[w:Letterpress printing|Letterpress printing]]. {{clear}} ==2. Know what the reference of pound means in determining the weight of paper. == Basically, it is the weight of 500 sheets (a ream) of paper stock, but not in the cut sizes you find for your printer, etc., but in the 'uncut' size as manufactured. Requirement #5 of Bookbinding [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Vocational/Bookbinding] has an answer for 'pound-weight'. Also, there are several lines here [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_weight_of_paper]. ==3. Know what the following paper types are used for== ===a. Offset=== 'Offset' paper is an uncoated paper. ===b. Bond=== 'Bond' paper is a high quality paper used for a variety of purposes (like in your computer printer or copier). It's name is derived from the original use of such paper for 'government bonds'. ===c. Cover weight=== 'Cover weight'. Possibly 'cover stock' which is paper generally used for the cover of books, pamphlets, or other soft covered books. ===d. Index=== 'Index' paper. Possibly 'Index Bristol' which is a rather thick paper stock. ==3. Tour a print shop or newspaper company. Write a 300-word report or give a three-minute oral report on the steps taken in the printing process that you observed.== :Ah! This is your part. ==4. Do some research to learn about the history of printing. Trace the development of printing by learning how printing presses have progressed to the present.== Try this for a starting point: : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing ==5. Know the different inks available for printing and their characteristics.== * '''Water-Based Ink''' ** Made with water as the main solvent. ** Environmentally friendly, low odor. ** Dries quickly but may not be as durable on non‑porous surfaces. ** Often used for paper products and packaging. * '''Oil-Based Ink''' ** Traditional ink used in offset and letterpress printing. ** Rich, vibrant colors with good durability. ** Takes longer to dry, sometimes requiring heat or additives. ** Excellent for high‑quality books, newspapers, and magazines. * '''Solvent-Based Ink''' ** Uses chemical solvents instead of water. ** Very durable, resistant to weather and fading. ** Common in outdoor signage, banners, and plastics. ** Strong odor and less eco‑friendly compared to water‑based inks. * '''UV Ink''' ** Cures instantly under ultraviolet light. ** Produces sharp, glossy finishes. ** Resistant to scratches and fading. ** Ideal for packaging, labels, and specialty prints. * '''Soy-Based Ink''' ** Derived from soybean oil, more sustainable than petroleum inks. ** Provides bright colors and is easier to recycle. ** Popular in newspapers and eco‑conscious printing. * '''Screen Printing Ink (Plastisol)''' ** Thick, plastic‑based ink used for textiles. ** Sits on top of fabric rather than soaking in. ** Durable, flexible, and widely used for T‑shirts and apparel. ==6. Know the meaning of the following terms== ;a. Backing up: Printing things on the back side of a paper after the front side has already been printed. ;b. Blanket: A thick rubber mat that transfers ink to the paper on a printing press. ;c. Bleed: Print that goes all the way to the edge of a sheet as a result of trimming the paper. ;d. Boldface: Typeface or fontwork that is thicker than normal. For example, the word "Boldface" above compared to here. ;e. Camera ready art: Camera ready art is art(work) that is ready for the camera to take a 'picture' onto the plates which will 'print' the printed material. ;f. Caption: Short text describing an image or picture immediately next to the image or picture. ;g. Clip art: This is graphics and other source material (sometimes in a clip art book) that you 'clip' or cut out and 'paste-up' into 'camera ready' work. ;h. Collate: Sorting printed material in a precise order. ;i. Color separations: To print color photos, the pictures must be divided into four colors - red, yellow, blue, and black. These four colors are then printed separately on the same page, with all the other colors being made by combining these four. ;j. Contact print: Much like in photography, this is placing a negative in direct 'contact' with the camera's plate and then exposing this 'sandwich' for a short time to a light source. ;k. Debossing: This is the reverse of 'Embossing' where the image is depressed into the paper surface. In embossing, the image is raised. ;l. Embossing: Imprinting an image by pressing it into the paper forming a raised relief. ;m. Engraving: This is a printing method which uses a printing plate (or die) which has an image cut into the printing surface. (Die: a stamp used to press an image or design). This is a type of 'Intaglio' printing. ;n. Font: The appearance/characteristics of the letters that makes up a typeface. Courier, Times Roman, Arial, are examples of different fonts. ;o. Ghosting: A faint copy of an image appearing on a page where it was unintended. ;p.&nbsp;Intaglio: Intaglio (pronounced in-TAL-yo) is a printmaking technique in which the image is incised into a surface. Normally, copper or zinc plates are used as a surface, and the incisions are created by etching, engraving, or some other method. To print an intaglio plate, the surface is covered in ink, and then rubbed vigorously with a special cloth or with newsprint to remove the ink from the surface, leaving it only in the incisions. A damp piece of paper is placed on top, and the plate and paper are run through a printing press that, through pressure, transfers the ink from the recesses of the plate to the paper. ;q. Jog: Aligning the printed material on two adjoining edges. You would do this, for example, so that you can cut the printed material, bind, or, other finishing tasks. ;r. Matte: A dull, flat ink finish. ;s. Negative: A reverse-color image. In a black and white negative, areas that are supposed to be white are black, and areas that are supposed to be black are white. ;t. Paste-up: 'Paste'-ing clip art, words, pictures, onto a page to create what you want the page to look like, resulting in 'camera ready' work. ;u. Register: To line up a piece of paper for printing so that the printed material is placed in the correct position on the page. This is important especially when printing separate colors in the 4-color process. ;v. Set-off: Unwanted transfer of ink from the top (printed) side of one sheet to the underside of another sheet after having been printed. ;w. Show through: When printing on one side of a page can be seen on the other side of the page. ;x. Thermography: This mostly refers to printing using a special process (ink, dusting powder, and a heat process) to create raised letters on the resulting printed paper. Mostly done on business cards, letterheads, envelopes, invitations. ;y. Water mark: A light design on a sheet of paper which can be easily seen if the sheet is held up to a light. U.S. currency has a lot of watermarking. ;z. Work and turn: The process of printing one side of a paper and then flipping it left-to-right and printing the opposite side using the same guide rails. ==7. Know the difference between half-tones, duo-tones, and the four-color process.== [[Image:Halftoning_introduction.png|thumb|130px|Left: Shows the half-tone dots when magnified. Right: shows how this would appear normally.]] '''Half-tone''' : this simulates a continuous shade of an image by using equally spaced dots of different sizes. See the Wikipedia article on [[W:Halftone|Halftone]] {{clear}} [[Image:Volunteer_Park_Blues.jpg|thumb|130px|Duo-tone image made up of blue and black]] '''Duo-tone''' : is a Half-tone picture made up of two printed colors. See the Wikipedia article on [[W:Duotone|Duotone]]. This seems to have evolved to also be a generic word for 'color separation' printing like the four color process below. Duo-tone would only be using TWO colors. {{clear}} '''Four-color process''' : is the process of combining the four basic printing colors (cyan, magenta, yellow, black), to create a picture, image, or colors. {{clear}} ==8. Interview a printer to find out the following== Go [[W:Interview|interview]] a printer and get answers to the following questions. Enjoy! *'''a. What education is needed to get into the printing field?''' *'''b. What advancement opportunities are available in printing?''' *'''c. What does the future hold for the printing industry?''' *'''d. What do you do in your business to keep customers happy?''' *'''e. What career opportunities related to printing are available?''' ==References== * http://www.printusa.com/glos.htm Glossary of printing terms * http://www.canadaprintquotes.com/printing101/what_is_a_webpress.asp What is a web press? [[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book}}|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] [[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book}}/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] e0o1mkr845wjlk2ncz4vvnyh3urnokx 4635615 4635613 2026-05-13T18:11:33Z ~2026-29033-13 3586179 /* 5. Know the different inks available for printing and their characteristics. */ 4635615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{honor_header|2|1929|Vocational|General Conference}} ==1. Know how the following printing devices work== ===a. Web press=== A web press prints on a continuous paper roll (web). Think of printing newspapers, etc. Sometimes a web press can print on both sides of the paper at the same time, as well as printing in color, and finishing (cutting, folding, punching, etc.) ===b. Offset press=== [[Image:Offset.png|thumb|250px|Offset Lithography Printing Process]] An 'Offset press' uses an 'offset' roller which transfer the 'inked image' from the plate to the printing surface of the paper. Offset printing is a widely used printing technique where the inked image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface. When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water, the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier on which the image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a film of water, keeping the non-printing areas ink-free. See the Wikipedia article on [[W:Offset printing|Offset printing]] for more. {{clear}} ===c. Photocopy machine=== [[Image:Xerographic_photocopy_process_en.svg|thumb|200px|Xerographic Photocopy Process]] How a photocopier works (using xerography): #First, the surface of a cylindrical drum is given an electro-static charge by a high-voltage wire called a corona wire. The drum is coated with a photoconductive semiconductor material, such as selenium or germanium. #Then the light reflected from the scanned original document is beamed in a narrow band onto the surface of the drum. Only the white areas of the original document reflect light. The reflected light then hits the drum, which is specially conditioned to make it photoconductive. This means that wherever light hits it, the positive charges are conducted away to a ground. #As a result, the white areas of the picture are now neutral, and the black areas remain positively charged, yielding a latent electrical image on the surface of the drum. #The toner is negatively charged. Therefore, when it is applied to the drum to develop the image, it is attracted and sticks to the areas that are positively charged, just as paper sticks to a toy balloon with a static charge. #The toner image is then transferred from the drum onto a positively charged piece of paper. #The drum is then wiped clean and completely discharged by light, before beginning the process again. #The toner is a dry powder. If copies were to exit the photocopier covered in dry toner it would easily brush off. Toner usually contains a styrene or polyester resin, and with the application of high heat and pressure it melts and binds (or fuses) to the paper. {{clear}} ===d. Letterpress=== [[Image:Metal_movable_type.jpg|thumb|130px|Movable Metal Type]] Think [[w:Johannes Gutenberg|Gutenberg]]. Letterpress is probably one of the first printing methods. Individual 'letters' are assembled to form words, sentences, and paragraphs into a form and when finished this is tightened/locked and this form is 'inked' and applied / pressed to the paper resulting in the printed page. You can also research "letterpress" at [[w:Letterpress printing|Letterpress printing]]. {{clear}} ==2. Know what the reference of pound means in determining the weight of paper. == Basically, it is the weight of 500 sheets (a ream) of paper stock, but not in the cut sizes you find for your printer, etc., but in the 'uncut' size as manufactured. Requirement #5 of Bookbinding [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Vocational/Bookbinding] has an answer for 'pound-weight'. Also, there are several lines here [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_weight_of_paper]. ==3. Know what the following paper types are used for== ===a. Offset=== 'Offset' paper is an uncoated paper. ===b. Bond=== 'Bond' paper is a high quality paper used for a variety of purposes (like in your computer printer or copier). It's name is derived from the original use of such paper for 'government bonds'. ===c. Cover weight=== 'Cover weight'. Possibly 'cover stock' which is paper generally used for the cover of books, pamphlets, or other soft covered books. ===d. Index=== 'Index' paper. Possibly 'Index Bristol' which is a rather thick paper stock. ==3. Tour a print shop or newspaper company. Write a 300-word report or give a three-minute oral report on the steps taken in the printing process that you observed.== :Ah! This is your part. ==4. Do some research to learn about the history of printing. Trace the development of printing by learning how printing presses have progressed to the present.== Try this for a starting point: : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing ==5. Know the different inks available for printing and their characteristics.== * '''Water-Based Ink''' ** Made with water as the main solvent. ** Environmentally friendly, low odor. ** Dries quickly but may not be as durable on non‑porous surfaces. ** Often used for paper products and packaging. * '''Oil-Based Ink''' ** Traditional ink used in offset and letterpress printing. ** Rich, vibrant colors with good durability. ** Takes longer to dry, sometimes requiring heat or additives. ** Excellent for high‑quality books, newspapers, and magazines. * '''Solvent-Based Ink''' ** Uses chemical solvents instead of water. ** Very durable, resistant to weather and fading. ** Common in outdoor signage, banners, and plastics. ** Strong odor and less eco‑friendly compared to water‑based inks. * '''UV Ink''' ** Cures instantly under ultraviolet light. ** Produces sharp, glossy finishes. ** Resistant to scratches and fading. ** Ideal for packaging, labels, and specialty prints. * '''Soy-Based Ink''' ** Derived from soybean oil, more sustainable than petroleum inks. ** Provides bright colors and is easier to recycle. ** Popular in newspapers and eco‑conscious printing. * '''Screen Printing Ink (Plastisol)''' ** Thick, plastic‑based ink used for textiles. ** Sits on top of fabric rather than soaking in. ** Durable, flexible, and widely used for T‑shirts and apparel. * '''Petroleum-Based Ink''' ** Derived from petroleum oils. ** Strong, durable, and widely used in commercial printing. ** Less environmentally friendly compared to soy or water-based inks. ** Provides consistent quality for large-scale production. ==6. Know the meaning of the following terms== ;a. Backing up: Printing things on the back side of a paper after the front side has already been printed. ;b. Blanket: A thick rubber mat that transfers ink to the paper on a printing press. ;c. Bleed: Print that goes all the way to the edge of a sheet as a result of trimming the paper. ;d. Boldface: Typeface or fontwork that is thicker than normal. For example, the word "Boldface" above compared to here. ;e. Camera ready art: Camera ready art is art(work) that is ready for the camera to take a 'picture' onto the plates which will 'print' the printed material. ;f. Caption: Short text describing an image or picture immediately next to the image or picture. ;g. Clip art: This is graphics and other source material (sometimes in a clip art book) that you 'clip' or cut out and 'paste-up' into 'camera ready' work. ;h. Collate: Sorting printed material in a precise order. ;i. Color separations: To print color photos, the pictures must be divided into four colors - red, yellow, blue, and black. These four colors are then printed separately on the same page, with all the other colors being made by combining these four. ;j. Contact print: Much like in photography, this is placing a negative in direct 'contact' with the camera's plate and then exposing this 'sandwich' for a short time to a light source. ;k. Debossing: This is the reverse of 'Embossing' where the image is depressed into the paper surface. In embossing, the image is raised. ;l. Embossing: Imprinting an image by pressing it into the paper forming a raised relief. ;m. Engraving: This is a printing method which uses a printing plate (or die) which has an image cut into the printing surface. (Die: a stamp used to press an image or design). This is a type of 'Intaglio' printing. ;n. Font: The appearance/characteristics of the letters that makes up a typeface. Courier, Times Roman, Arial, are examples of different fonts. ;o. Ghosting: A faint copy of an image appearing on a page where it was unintended. ;p.&nbsp;Intaglio: Intaglio (pronounced in-TAL-yo) is a printmaking technique in which the image is incised into a surface. Normally, copper or zinc plates are used as a surface, and the incisions are created by etching, engraving, or some other method. To print an intaglio plate, the surface is covered in ink, and then rubbed vigorously with a special cloth or with newsprint to remove the ink from the surface, leaving it only in the incisions. A damp piece of paper is placed on top, and the plate and paper are run through a printing press that, through pressure, transfers the ink from the recesses of the plate to the paper. ;q. Jog: Aligning the printed material on two adjoining edges. You would do this, for example, so that you can cut the printed material, bind, or, other finishing tasks. ;r. Matte: A dull, flat ink finish. ;s. Negative: A reverse-color image. In a black and white negative, areas that are supposed to be white are black, and areas that are supposed to be black are white. ;t. Paste-up: 'Paste'-ing clip art, words, pictures, onto a page to create what you want the page to look like, resulting in 'camera ready' work. ;u. Register: To line up a piece of paper for printing so that the printed material is placed in the correct position on the page. This is important especially when printing separate colors in the 4-color process. ;v. Set-off: Unwanted transfer of ink from the top (printed) side of one sheet to the underside of another sheet after having been printed. ;w. Show through: When printing on one side of a page can be seen on the other side of the page. ;x. Thermography: This mostly refers to printing using a special process (ink, dusting powder, and a heat process) to create raised letters on the resulting printed paper. Mostly done on business cards, letterheads, envelopes, invitations. ;y. Water mark: A light design on a sheet of paper which can be easily seen if the sheet is held up to a light. U.S. currency has a lot of watermarking. ;z. Work and turn: The process of printing one side of a paper and then flipping it left-to-right and printing the opposite side using the same guide rails. ==7. Know the difference between half-tones, duo-tones, and the four-color process.== [[Image:Halftoning_introduction.png|thumb|130px|Left: Shows the half-tone dots when magnified. Right: shows how this would appear normally.]] '''Half-tone''' : this simulates a continuous shade of an image by using equally spaced dots of different sizes. See the Wikipedia article on [[W:Halftone|Halftone]] {{clear}} [[Image:Volunteer_Park_Blues.jpg|thumb|130px|Duo-tone image made up of blue and black]] '''Duo-tone''' : is a Half-tone picture made up of two printed colors. See the Wikipedia article on [[W:Duotone|Duotone]]. This seems to have evolved to also be a generic word for 'color separation' printing like the four color process below. Duo-tone would only be using TWO colors. {{clear}} '''Four-color process''' : is the process of combining the four basic printing colors (cyan, magenta, yellow, black), to create a picture, image, or colors. {{clear}} ==8. Interview a printer to find out the following== Go [[W:Interview|interview]] a printer and get answers to the following questions. Enjoy! *'''a. What education is needed to get into the printing field?''' *'''b. What advancement opportunities are available in printing?''' *'''c. What does the future hold for the printing industry?''' *'''d. What do you do in your business to keep customers happy?''' *'''e. What career opportunities related to printing are available?''' ==References== * http://www.printusa.com/glos.htm Glossary of printing terms * http://www.canadaprintquotes.com/printing101/what_is_a_webpress.asp What is a web press? [[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book}}|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] [[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book}}/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] o8zvs2oboscoksyhvkizvzzs77unnby 0 130407 4635634 2211155 2026-05-13T19:25:13Z ~2026-28958-76 3586208 ye 4635634 wikitext text/x-wiki == BACKGROUND for the Book of GENESIS account of Creation == GOD SUPPORT GOD PRAY TO GOD HOLY JESUS ap1c6zgszghanl73xslv9c3vbi6o1gz 4635635 4635634 2026-05-13T19:27:25Z Codename Noreste 3441010 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-28958-76|~2026-28958-76]] ([[User talk:~2026-28958-76|talk]]) to last version by Xania 2211155 wikitext text/x-wiki == BACKGROUND for the Book of GENESIS account of Creation == GENESIS is the first of the five Mosaic books in the Old Testament which together make up the ''Pentateuch''. The name of the book comes from the greek word ''geneseos'' which means 'birth', 'geneology' or 'history of origin'. The name is appropriate as it reflects the main theme of the book: Beginnings. Genesis was written by Moses, circa 1446 - 1406 B.C. The content and writing style is characteristic of similar manuscripts of that time period. Many similarities and parallelisms in content and lifestyles can be found between Genesis and other important manuscripts such as the Mesopotamian works ''Enuma Elish'', Gilgamesh Epic and Hammurabi's code of Law. We can estimate the timeframe of writing by referring to the Jewish history in the Book of 1 Kings. 1Ki 6:1 indicates that "In the four hundred and eightieth year after the Israelites had come out of Egypt,in the fourth year of Solomon's reign...he began to build the temple of the Lord". We know from historical records that the temple construction began circa 966 BC, putting the exodus of Israel around 1446 BC. Progress in both Archaeology and Literary research substantiates the authenticity of the Book of Genesis. The Book of Genesis begins with an account of Creation. This account outlines the sequence in which God creates all things. It starts with the Creations of "the heavens' (note this is plural) and over seven days creation progresses through terrestrial objects, the Earth's form, plants, animals and finally Man. This occurs over a period of seven literal days (morning and evening being part of the narrative for each day). === A secular perspective === The Creation in Christianity is based in the book of Genesis. The Christians believe that this book depicts some spiritual concepts about the creation. Genesis is described as inspired by God that illustrates the creation from the point of view of the Jewish culture and its people. It was written around the X century BC. The genesis is not a scientific document, therefore it doesn't explain the creation in scientific words, However it is a religious document that explain spiritual truths based from a religious and spiritual point of view. Nowadays, there are many different interpretations about the Genesis from many different Christian denominations. {{BookCat}} ksmgg56q7pmb7b93wdt2bar335xn8sj 0 142013 4635621 4634596 2026-05-13T19:06:18Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Engine codes for passenger cars */ 4635621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} It is the tenth digit that gives you the model year for GM. I've been working at a Chevy dealer for years running codes/vins. For example (my examples only apply to 2001-2015 gm vehicles) Remember 10th digit from the beginning, (left to right). 2001... 1, 2002...2, 2003...3, etc., 2009...9. After 2009, the tenth digit was given a letter 2010... A, 2011...B, 2012...C, 2013...D, 2014...E, 2015...F, Etc... We have another 20 years worth of letters. Thanks for reading. You can always check your model year by looking in your drivers side door jamb and it will give you model year. If it was assembled in July or later, the model year is probably a year later than the calendar year of the manufacturing date listed. ==American GM== ===American VIN format 1981-1984 Passenger Car=== GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>A</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American restraint types 1981-1984|Restraint type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>M</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Car Line & Series Code 1981-1984|Car Line & Series Code]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=2>[[#Body style codes 1981-1986|Body style]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td> </td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>E</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====American restraint types 1981-1984==== The restraint type is specified as character four of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |A||Manual Seatbelts only - No Passive Restraint |} ====Car Line & Series Code 1981-1984==== The Car Line & Series Code is specified as character five of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !List of GM platforms !Car Line & <br> Series Code !:Category:General Motors vehicles|Model |- |rowspan=19|GM A platform - rear-wheel drive |T||Chevrolet Malibu 1981 |- |W||Chevrolet Malibu Classic 1981 |- |Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1981 |- |D||Pontiac LeMans 1981 |- |F||Pontiac Grand LeMans 1981 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1981 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix LJ 1981 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1981 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass sedan, Cutlass Cruiser wagon 1981 |- |H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser ''Brougham'' wagon 1981 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais coupe 1981 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1981 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme coupe, Cutlass LS sedan 1981 |- |E||Buick Century wagon 1981 |- |H||Buick Century sedan, Estate wagon 1981 |- |J||Buick Regal 1981 |- |K||Buick Regal ''Sport'' 1981 |- |L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1981 |- |M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1981 |- |rowspan=10|GM A platform - front-wheel drive |W||Chevrolet Celebrity 1982-1984 |- |F||Pontiac 6000 1982-1984 |- |G||Pontiac 6000 ''LE'' 1982-1984 |- |H||Pontiac 6000 ''STE'' 1983-1984 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera 1982 |- |J||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''LS'' 1982-1984, Cutlass Cruiser ''LS'' 1984 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''Brougham'' 1982-1984 |- |G||Buick Century ''T-Type'' 1983-1984 |- |H||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1982-1984 |- |L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=19|GM B platform |D||Chevrolet Bel Air 1981 (Canada only) |- |L||Chevrolet Impala 1981-1984 |- |N||Chevrolet Caprice Classic 1981-1984 |- |F||Pontiac Laurentian 1981 (Canada only) |- |L||Pontiac Catalina 1981, Parisienne 1984 |- |L||Pontiac Parisienne 1982-1983 (Canada only) |- |N||Pontiac Bonneville 1981 |- |N||Pontiac Parisienne 1981, Parisienne Brougham 1982-1983 (Canada only) |- |R||Pontiac Bonneville Brougham 1981 |- |T||Pontiac Parisienne Brougham 1984 |- |L||Oldsmobile Delta 88 1981-1983 |- |N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1981-1984 |- |P||Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser 1981-1984 |- |V||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham LS 1984 |- |Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1981-1984 |- |N||Buick Le Sabre 1981, Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1982-1984 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1981-1984 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre Estate Wagon 1981-1983 |- |V||Buick Electra Estate Wagon 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=13|GM C platform - rear-wheel drive |G||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1984 |- |H||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1984 |- |V||Oldsmobile 98 Luxury 1981 |- |W||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1982-1983 |- |X||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1981-1983 |- |R||Buick Electra Limited 1984 |- |U||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1984 |- |W||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1981-1983 |- |X||Buick Electra Limited 1981-1983 |- |B||Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham 1981-1983 |- |D||Cadillac DeVille 1981-1983 |- |M||Cadillac DeVille 1984 |- |W||Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham 1984 |- |rowspan=1|GM D platform - rear-wheel drive |F||Cadillac Fleetwood Limousine 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=4|GM E platform |Z||Oldsmobile Toronado Brougham 1981-1984 |- |Y||Buick Riviera T-Type 1981-1984 |- |Z||Buick Riviera 1981-1984 |- |L||Cadillac Eldorado 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=7|GM F platform |P||Chevrolet Camaro Sport Coupe 1981-1984 |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro Berlinetta 1981-1984 |- |S||Pontiac Firebird 1981-1984 |- |T||Pontiac Firebird ''Esprit'' 1981 |- |V||Pontiac Firebird ''Formula'' 1981 |- |W||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' 1981-1984 |- |X||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' Turbo Special Edition 1981, Firebird ''S/E'' 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=15|GM G platform - rear-wheel drive |W||Chevrolet Malibu Classic 1982, Malibu 1983 |- |Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1982-1984 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1982-1984 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix LJ 1982-1983, Grand Prix LE 1984 |- |N||Pontiac Bonneville G 1982-1984 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1982-1984 |- |R||Pontiac Bonneville G Brougham 1982-1984 |- |S||Pontiac Bonneville G ''LE'' 1984 |- |H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser wagon 1982-1983 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais coupe 1982-1984 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1982-1984 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme coupe & sedan 1982-1984 |- |J||Buick Regal 1982-1984 |- |K||Buick Regal ''Sport'' 1982, Regal ''T-Type'' 1983-1984 |- |M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=13|GM J platform |C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1983-1984 |- |D||Chevrolet Cavalier 2-d/4-d/wagon 1982, Cavalier CS 1983-1984 |- |E||Chevrolet Cavalier 3-door hatchback 1982, Cavalier CS 3-door hatchback 1983, Cavalier Type 10 2-d/3-d/Convertible 1984 |- |B||Pontiac J2000 1982, 2000 1983, 2000 Sunbird 1984 |- |C||Pontiac J2000 LE 1982, 2000 LE 1983, 2000 Sunbird LE Convertible 1983, 2000 Sunbird LE 1984 |- |D||Pontiac J2000 SE 1982, 2000 SE 1983, 2000 Sunbird SE 1984 |- |E||Pontiac J2000 S 1982 |- |C||Oldsmobile Firenza Base model 1982-1984, Firenza S 1982-1984 |- |D||Oldsmobile Firenza LX 1982-1984, Firenza SX 1982-1984 |- |E||Buick Skyhawk T-Type 1983-1984 |- |S||Buick Skyhawk Custom 1982-1984 |- |T||Buick Skyhawk Limited 1982-1984 |- |G||Cadillac Cimarron 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=1|GM K platform |S||Cadillac Seville 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=3|GM P platform ||E||Pontiac Fiero ''Coupe'' 1984 |- ||F||Pontiac Fiero ''SE'' 1984 |- ||M||Pontiac Fiero ''Sport coupe'' 1984 |- |rowspan=6|GM T platform - rear-wheel drive |B||Chevrolet Chevette 1981-1983, Chevette CS 1984 |- |J||Chevrolet Chevette Scooter 1981-1983, Chevette 1984 |- |B||Pontiac Acadian 1981-1984 (Canada only) |- |J||Pontiac Acadian S 1981-1982, Pontiac Acadian Scooter 1983-1984 (Canada only) |- |L||Pontiac T1000 1982, 1000 1983-1984 |- |M||Pontiac T1000 1981 |- |rowspan=10|GM X platform |H||Chevrolet Citation 2-door coupe 1982-1983, Citation II 2-door coupe 1984 |- |X||Chevrolet Citation hatchback 1981-1983, Citation II hatchback 1984 |- |T||Pontiac Phoenix SJ 1982-1983, Phoenix SE 1984 |- |Y||Pontiac Phoenix 1981-1984 |- |Z||Pontiac Phoenix LJ 1981-1983, Phoenix LE 1984 |- |B||Oldsmobile Omega 1981-1984 |- |E||Oldsmobile Omega Brougham 1981-1984 |- |B||Buick Skylark 1981-1982, Skylark Custom 1983-1984 |- |C||Buick Skylark Limited 1981-1984 |- |D||Buick Skylark Sport 1981-1982, Skylark T-Type 1983-1984 |- |rowspan=1|GM Y platform |Y||Chevrolet Corvette 1981-1982, 1984 |} ===American VIN format 1985-1986 Passenger Car=== GM has traditionally encoded the platform as the fourth character of the VIN. Other content includes an engine code and manufacturing plant. GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>D</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Platform]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>W</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Series Code]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=2>[[#Body style codes 1981-1986|Body style]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td> </td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>Y</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====Body style codes 1981-1986==== The Body type is specified as characters six and seven of the American GM VIN for passenger cars from 1981-1986. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |11,27,37,47,57,97||Two-Door Coupe/Sedan |- |07,08,77,87||Two-Door Hatchback |- |67||Two-Door Convertible |- |19,69||Four-Door Sedan |- |68||Four-Door Hatchback |- |23||Four-Door Limousine, 8-passenger ("Limousine") |- |33||Four-Door Limousine w/Center Partition, 7-passenger ("Formal Limousine") |- |35||Four-Door Station Wagon |} ===American VIN format 1987- Passenger Car=== GM has traditionally encoded the platform as the fourth character of the VIN. Other content includes an engine code and manufacturing plant. GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>D</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Platform]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>M</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Series Code]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Body style codes 1987- Passenger Car|Body style]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American restraint types 1987-|Restraint type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>N</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ===American VIN format 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle=== GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>E</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GVWR/Brake System 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|GVWR/Brake System]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Line & Chassis Type 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line & Chassis Type for 1981-1999]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Line & Chassis Type 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line & Chassis Type for 2000-2009]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Series 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Series]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Body style codes 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Body type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Engine codes for light trucks|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>N</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>J</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====GVWR/Brake System 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The GVWR/Brake System is specified as character four of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !GVWR Range in lbs. & Weight Class !Brake System |- |A||Class A: 0-3,000||Hydraulic |- |B||Class B: 3,001-4,000||Hydraulic |- |C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic |- |D||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic |- |E||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic |- |F||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic |- |G||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic |- |H||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic |- |J||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic |- |K||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic |- |L||Class 5: 16,001-19,500||Hydraulic |} ====Line & Chassis Type 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Line & Chassis Type is specified as character five of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |B||Special Body Buick, Chevrolet |- |C||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '81-'86, '88-'99,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '81-'86, Sierra 2wd (C-series) '88-'99 |- |C||Chevy C10 Blazer 2wd ('81-'82), Tahoe 4-door 2wd ('95-'99), Suburban 2wd ('81-'86, '92-'99),<br /> GMC C1500 Jimmy 2wd ('81-'82), Yukon 4-door 2wd ('95-'99), Suburban 2wd ('81-'86, '92-'99) |- |D||Military Truck 4wd |- |E||'91-'97 Geo Tracker 2wd, '98-'99 Chevrolet Tracker 2wd |- |E||'97-'98 Chevy S-10 EV |- |G||Chevy/GMC full-size vans (Chevy Van, Sportvan, Express, GMC Vandura, Rally Van, Savana) |- |H||'93-'96 Chevy G30HD/GMC G3500HD cutaway van |- |H||Cadillac chassis cutaway/special body (Based on Rwd Fleetwood '93-'96, Fwd DeVille '97-'99) |- |J||'89-'97 Geo Tracker 4wd, '98-'99 Chevrolet Tracker 4wd |- |K||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '81-'86, '88-'99,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '81-'86, Sierra 4wd (K-series) '88-'99 |- |K||Chevy K10/K5 Blazer 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'94), Tahoe 4wd ('95-'99), Suburban 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'99),<br /> GMC K1500 Jimmy 4wd ('81-'86), Yukon 4wd ('92-'99), Suburban 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'99), '99 Cadillac Escalade 4wd |- |L||Chevy Luv 2wd '81-'82 |- |L||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 4wd '90-'99 |- |M||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 2wd '85-'99 |- |P||Forward Control (includes Chevrolet Step-Van/GMC Value-Van, Chevy/GMC P-Series) |- |R||Chevy Luv 4wd '81-'82 |- |R||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (R-series), Suburban 2wd '87-'91,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (R-series), Suburban 2wd '87-'91 |- |S||Chevy S-10 2wd ('82-'99), S-10 Blazer 2wd ('83-'94), Blazer 2wd ('95-'99), GMC S-15 2wd ('82-'90), Sonoma 2wd ('91-'99),<br> S-15 Jimmy 2wd ('83-'91), Jimmy 2wd ('92-'99), Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('96-'99) |- |T||Chevy S-10 4wd ('83-'99), S-10 Blazer 4wd ('83-'94), Blazer 4wd ('95-'99), GMC S-15 4wd ('83-'90), Sonoma 4wd ('91-'99), Syclone 4wd ('91),<br> S-15 Jimmy 4wd ('83-'91), Jimmy 4wd ('92-'99), Typhoon 4wd ('92-93), Envoy 4wd ('98-'99), Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('91-'94, '96-'99),<br> Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('98-'99) |- |U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle ('90-'99 U-body fwd minivans) |- |V||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (V-series), V10/V1500 Blazer 4wd, Suburban 4wd '87-'91,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (V-series), V1500 Jimmy 4wd, Suburban 4wd '87-'91 |- |W||'81-'87 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero |- |X||Extended length All-Purpose Vehicle ('97-'99 U-body fwd extended length minivans) |- |Z||Cadillac chassis cutaway/special body (Based on Rwd Fleetwood '81-'84, Fwd Fleetwood '85-'92) |} ====Line & Chassis Type 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Line & Chassis Type is specified as character five of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A||Pontiac Aztek 2wd '01-'05, Buick Rendezvous 2wd '02-'07 |- |A||Chevrolet HHR '06-'09, HHR Panel '07-'09 |- |B||Pontiac Aztek Awd '01-'05, Buick Rendezvous Awd '02-'06 |- |C||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '00, full-size chassis cabs 2wd (C3500HD) '01-'02, Silverado 2wd '00-'09, Silverado Classic 2wd '07,<br /> GMC Sierra 2wd (C-series) '00-'09, Sierra Classic 2wd '00, '07 |- |C||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('00-'09), Suburban 2wd ('00-'09), Avalanche 2wd ('02-'09),<br /> GMC Yukon 2wd ('00-'09), Yukon XL 2wd ('00-'09), Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('02-'09), Escalade ESV 2wd ('08-'09) |- |E||Chevrolet Tracker 2wd '00-'04 |- |E||Cadillac SRX 2wd & Awd '04-'09 |- |G||Chevy/GMC full-size vans 2wd (Chevy Express, GMC Savana) '00-09 |- |H||Chevy/GMC full-size vans 4wd (Chevy Express, GMC Savana) '03-09 |- |H||Cadillac Commercial Chassis for Hearse (Based on Fwd DeVille '02-'05, DTS '06-'09) |- |H||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on Fwd DeVille '00-'05, DTS '06-'07) |- |J||Chevrolet Tracker 4wd '00-'04 |- |K||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '00, Silverado 4wd '00-'09, Silverado Classic 4wd '07,<br /> GMC Sierra 4wd (K-series) '00-'09, Sierra Classic 4wd '00, '07 |- |K||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('00-'09), Suburban 4wd ('00-'09), Avalanche 4wd ('02-'09), GMC Yukon 4wd ('00-'09), Yukon XL 4wd ('00-'09),<br> Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('00, '02-'09), Escalade ESV 4wd ('03-'09), Escalade EXT 4wd ('02-'09) |- |K||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on Fwd DTS '08-'09) |- |L||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 4wd '00-'05 |- |L||Chevy Equinox 2wd & Awd '05-'09, Pontiac Torrent 2wd & Awd '06-'09, Saturn Vue 2wd & Awd '08-'09 |- |M||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 2wd '00-'05 |- |N||Hummer H2 '03-'09, H2 SUT '05-'09 |- |N||Hummer H3 '06-'09, H3T '09 |- |R||GMC Acadia 2wd, Saturn Outlook 2wd '07-'09, Buick Enclave 2wd '08-'09, Chevy Traverse 2wd '09 |- |S||Chevy S-10 2wd ('00-'03), Blazer 2wd ('00-'05), GMC Sonoma 2wd ('00-'03), Jimmy 2wd ('00-'01), Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('00) |- |S||Chevy Trailblazer 2wd ('02-'09), SSR ('03-'06), GMC Envoy 2wd ('02-'09), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05), Oldsmobile Bravada 2wd ('02-'04),<br> Buick Rainier 2wd ('04-'07), Isuzu Ascender 2wd ('03-'08) |- |S||Chevy Colorado 2wd ('04-'09), GMC Canyon 2wd ('04-'09), Isuzu i-series 2wd ('06-'08) |- |T||Chevy S-10 4wd ('00-'04), Blazer 4wd ('00-'05), GMC Sonoma 4wd ('00-'04), Jimmy 4wd ('00-'01, Canada only: '02-'05), Envoy 4wd ('00),<br> Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('00-'01), Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('00) |- |T||Chevy Trailblazer 4wd ('02-'09), GMC Envoy 4wd ('02-'09), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05), Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('02-'04), Buick Rainier 4wd ('04-'07),<br> Isuzu Ascender 4wd ('03-'08), Saab 9-7X 4wd ('05-'09) |- |T||Chevy Colorado 4wd ('04-'09), GMC Canyon 4wd ('04-'09), Isuzu i-series 4wd ('06-'08) |- |U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('00-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana) |- |U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] (Chevy Uplander [US: '06-'08, Canada only: '05-'09], Pontiac Montana SV6 [Canada only: '05-'09]) |- |V||Extended length AWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('02-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana, Oldsmobile Silhouette Extended length AWD) |- |V||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('05 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana Extended length FWD) |- |V||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] (Chevy Uplander ['05-'08, Canada only: '09], Pontiac Montana SV6 ['05-'06, Canada only: '07-'09],<br> Buick Terraza ['05-'07], Saturn Relay ['05-'07]) |- |V||GMC Acadia Awd, Saturn Outlook Awd '07-'09, Buick Enclave Awd '08-'09, Chevy Traverse Awd '09 |- |X||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('00-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana, Oldsmobile Silhouette Extended length FWD) |- |X||Extended length AWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('05-'06 Chevy Uplander AWD, Pontiac Montana SV6 AWD, Buick Terraza AWD, Saturn Relay AWD) |- |Z||Saturn Vue 2wd & Awd '02-'07 |} ====Series 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Series is specified as character six of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |1||1/2 Ton |- |2||3/4 Ton |- |3||1 Ton |- |8||1/2 Ton ('81-'87 El Camino, Caballero) |- |9||Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet Commercial Body/Chassis |- |0||All-Purpose Vehicle ('90-'99 U-body fwd minivans) |} ====Body style codes 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Body type is specified as character seven of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |0||Sedan Pickup/Pickup Delivery ('81-'87 El Camino, Caballero) |- |0||Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet Commercial Body/Chassis |- |0||Chassis Only |- |1||Cutaway Van |- |2||Forward Control ('81-'03) (includes '93-'95 Chevy G30HD/GMC G3500HD) |- |2||Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('04-'09 Avalanche & Escalade EXT, '04-'05 Envoy XUV, '05-'09 Hummer H2 SUT) |- |3||Four-Door Cab pickup (Crew Cab) |- |3||4-door Passenger Minivan ('97-'09 U-bodies) |- |3||4-door SUV or MPV ('06-'09 HHR) (also includes '02-'03 Avalanche & Escalade EXT) |- |4||Two-Door Cab pickup (includes '83-'87 S-10/S-15 extended cab pickups & '03-'06 Chevy SSR) |- |5||Van (Astro/Safari & full-size vans & '07-'09 HHR Panel) |- |6||Extended length 4-door SUV (Suburban, Yukon XL, Escalade ESV, Trailblazer EXT, Envoy XL, Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.) |- |6||3-door Passenger Minivan ('90-'99 U-bodies) |- |7||Motor Home Chassis ('81-'09) |- |8||Two-Door SUV (Utility) (2-d Tracker, S-10 Blazer, S-15 Jimmy, Blazer, Jimmy, Tahoe, Yukon) |- |9||Stake (81-87) |- |9||Extended Cab pickup ('88-) |- |9||Extended length van ('90-) (Astro/Safari & full-size vans) |} ===American VIN format 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle=== GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>L</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010-]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>R</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Line & Chassis Type 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line & Chassis Type for 2010-]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>L</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Series]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>E</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Restraint codes for light trucks 2010-|Restraint type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>D</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Engine codes for light trucks|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>A</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>J</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The GVWR/Brake System is specified as character four of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !GVWR Range in lbs. & Weight Class !Brake System !Body Style |- | ||Class A: 0-3,000||Hydraulic|| |- | ||Class B: 3,001-4,000||Hydraulic|| |- |A||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV or MPV ('10-'11 Chevy HHR Panel, '10-'26 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '10 Saturn Vue,<br> '12-'15 Chevy Captiva Sport, '19-'24 Cadillac XT4, '24-'26 Buick Encore GX) |- |B||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||46: 4-door MPV ('10-'11 Chevy HHR) |- |J||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||48: 4-door, 4 window Hatchback ('18-'23 Chevy Bolt EV w/Rear Seat Delete pkg. - incomplete vehicle) |- |C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |D||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |E||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |7||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||75: Four-Door Wagon - High Roof Monocab (Canada only: '12-'14 Chevy Orlando) |- |M||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('20-'23 Buick Encore GX) |- |9||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('21-'26 Chevy Trailblazer) |- |7||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||58: 4-door Utility Extended ('24-'26 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista) |- |C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||76: 4-door SUV ('13-'22 Buick Encore, Canada only: '13-'14 Chevy Trax, US & Canada: '15-'22 Chevy Trax) |- |F||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('10-'17 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '10 Saturn Vue, '10-'16 Cadillac SRX, '11 Saab 9-4X,<br> '12-'13 Chevy Captiva Sport, '16-'26 Buick Envision, '17 Cadillac XT5, '19-'25 Cadillac XT4) |- |H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |G||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |J||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |G||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('15-'24 Chevy Colorado, '15-'22 GMC Canyon) |- |K||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |J||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('15-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |T||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |7||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Traverse, GMC Acadia, Buick Enclave, Saturn Outlook) |- |K||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('11-'17 Chevy Traverse, Buick Enclave, '11-'23 GMC Acadia, '17 Acadia Limited,<br> '17-'26 Cadillac XT5, '19-'26 Chevy Blazer, '20-'25 Cadillac XT6, '23-'26 Cadillac Lyriq EV,<br> '24-'26 Chevy Blazer EV, '25-'26 Cadillac Optiq EV, '24-'26 Honda Prologue EV, '24 Acura ZDX EV A-Spec) |- |7||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||48: 4-door SUV ('24-'25 Chevy Equinox EV) |- |E||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('18-'26 Chevy Traverse, Buick Enclave, '24 Chevy Traverse Limited,<br> '24-'26 GMC Acadia |- |M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Tahoe, GMC Yukon, Hummer H3) |- |L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'20 Chevy Tahoe Police Pursuit Vehicle 2wd) |- |N||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('10 Chevy Avalanche 2wd) |- |M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('11-13 Chevy Avalanche 2wd) |- |P||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |N||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited) |- |R||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra, Hummer H3T) |- |P||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited, '16-'26 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |S||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |R||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '19 Chevy Silverado LD, GMC Sierra Limited, '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited,<br> '16-'22 Chevy Colorado) |- |G||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |8||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |X||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('13-'19 Cadillac XTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Tahoe, Suburban 1500, GMC Yukon, Yukon XL 1500, Cadillac Escalade, Escalade ESV) |- |S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'26 Chevy Tahoe, Suburban 1500, GMC Yukon, Yukon XL 1500, Cadillac Escalade, Escalade ESV) |- |V||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('10 Chevy Avalanche 4wd, Cadillac Escalade EXT 4wd) |- |T||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('11-'13 Chevy Avalanche 4wd, Cadillac Escalade EXT 4wd) |- |X||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('24 Acura ZDX EV Type S) |- |C||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('26- Cadillac Vistiq EV) |- |W||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |X||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited) |- |Y||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |V||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '19 Chevy Silverado LD, GMC Sierra Limited, '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |9||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Suburban 2500, GMC Yukon XL 2500) |- |W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'13 Chevy Suburban 2500, GMC Yukon XL 2500) |- |2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana,<br> '23-'24 BrightDrop Zevo 600, '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, '25 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600) |- |2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |3||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |0||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |3||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |0||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |4||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |1||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '24-'25 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/20 module battery pack,<br> '24-'26 Chevy Silverado EV, '25-'26 GMC Sierra EV) |- |5||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'13, '15-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |B||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('24-'25 GMC Hummer EV SUV) |- |6||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |3||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |6||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |3||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |7||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |4||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22-'24 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/24 module battery pack, '25 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/20 or 24 module battery pack, '26 GMC Hummer EV pickup, '24-'25 Chevy Silverado EV, GMC Sierra EV) |- |8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |5||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'13, '15-'18, '20-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('16-'19, '24-'26 Chevy Suburban 3500HD) |- |8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('22 BrightDrop EV600, '23-'24 BrightDrop Zevo 600, '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400,<br> '25 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600) |- |T||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('25-'26 GMC Hummer EV SUV, '25-'26 Cadillac Escalade IQ [EV]) |- |L||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('26- Cadillac Escalade IQL [EV]) |- |9||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |6||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- | ||Class 5: 16,001-19,500||Hydraulic|| |} ====Line & Chassis Type 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Line & Chassis Type is specified as character five of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A||Chevrolet HHR ('10-'11), HHR Panel ('10-'11) |- |A||Chevy Silverado 1500 2wd ('22-'26), Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd ('25-'26) |- |B||Chevy Blazer 2wd & Awd '19-'26 |- |C||Chevy Silverado 2wd ('10-'18), Silverado LD 1500 2wd '19, Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd '19, GMC Sierra 2wd ('10) |- |C||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('10-'24), Suburban 2wd ('10-'24), Avalanche 2wd ('10-'13),<br /> GMC Yukon 2wd ('10), Yukon XL 2wd ('10), Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('10), Escalade ESV 2wd ('10) |- |D||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('22-'24) |- |D||Chevy Blazer EV ('24-'26), Chevy Equinox EV ('24-'26) |- |E||Cadillac Escalade IQ [EV] ('25-'26), Escalade IQL [EV] ('26-), GMC Hummer EV pickup ('26-), GMC Hummer EV SUV ('26-), GMC Sierra EV ('26-) |- |F||Chevy Bolt EV w/Rear Seat Delete pkg. - incomplete vehicle ('18-'23) |- |G||Cadillac Chassis for Limousine & for Armored Vehicle (Based on XTS '13-'19) |- |G||Cadillac Chassis for Hearse (Based on XTS '13-'19) |- |G||Chevy Express 2wd ('10-'26), GMC Savana 2wd ('10) |- |H||Chevy Express 4wd ('10-'14), GMC Savana 4wd ('10) |- |H||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('22-'26), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('25-'26) |- |H||Honda Prologue EV ('24-'26), Acura ZDX EV ('24) |- |J||Buick Encore 2wd & Awd ('13-'22), Chevy Trax 2wd & Awd (Canada: '13-'22, US: '15-'22) |- |J||BrightDrop EV600 ('22), BrightDrop Zevo 600 ('23-'24), BrightDrop Zevo 400 ('24), Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 ('25) |- |K||Chevy Silverado 4wd ('10-'18), Silverado LD 1500 4wd ('19), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('19), GMC Sierra 4wd ('10) |- |K||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('25-'26), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('25-'26) |- |K||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('10-'24), Suburban 4wd ('10-'24), Suburban HD 4wd ('24-'26), Avalanche 4wd ('10-'13), GMC Yukon 4wd ('10), Yukon XL 4wd ('10),<br> Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('10), Escalade ESV 4wd ('10), Escalade EXT 4wd ('10) |- |K||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on DTS '10-'11) |- |K||Cadillac Commercial Chassis for Hearse (Based on DTS '10-'11) |- |L||Chevy Equinox 2wd & Awd '10-'17, Captiva Sport 2wd '12-'15, Captiva Sport Awd '12, GMC Terrain 2wd & Awd '10-'17, Saturn Vue 2wd & Awd '10 |- |L||GMC Terrain 2wd & Awd '18-'26 |- |L||Buick Envista '24-'26, Chevy Trax '24-'26 |- |M||Buick Encore GX 2wd & Awd ('20-'26), Chevy Trailblazer 2wd & Awd ('21-'26) |- |N||Cadillac SRX 2wd & Awd '10-'16, Saab 9-4X 2011 |- |N||GMC Acadia 2wd & Awd '17-'26, Cadillac XT5 2wd & Awd '17-'26 |- |N||Hummer H3, H3T 2010 |- |P||Chevy Orlando (Canada only: '12-'14) |- |P||Cadillac XT6 2wd & Awd '20-'25 |- |P||Cadillac Lyriq EV 2wd & Awd '23-'25 |- |R||GMC Acadia 2wd '10-'16, Acadia Limited 2wd '17, Saturn Outlook 2wd '10, Buick Enclave 2wd '10-'17, Chevy Traverse 2wd '10-'17 |- |R||Buick Enclave 2wd '18-'24, Chevy Traverse 2wd '18-'23 |- |R||Buick Enclave 2wd '25-'26, Chevy Traverse 2wd '24-'26 |- |S||Chevy Traverse Limited 2wd '24 |- |S||Chevy Colorado 2wd ('10-'12, '15-'26), GMC Canyon 2wd ('10) |- |T||Chevy Colorado 4wd ('10-'12, '15-'26), GMC Canyon 4wd ('10) |- |T||Chevy Traverse Limited Awd '24 |- |U||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('22-'26), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('25-'26) |- |V||GMC Acadia Awd '10-'16, Acadia Limited Awd '17, Saturn Outlook Awd '10, Buick Enclave Awd '10-'17, Chevy Traverse Awd '10-'17 |- |V||Buick Enclave Awd '18-'24, Chevy Traverse Awd '18-'23 |- |V||Buick Enclave Awd '25-'26, Chevy Traverse Awd '24-'26 |- |W||Chevy Silverado 1500 2wd ('19-'21), Silverado LTD 1500 2wd ('22), Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd ('20-'24) |- |X||Buick Envision 2wd & Awd '16-'20, Chevy Equinox 2wd & Awd '18-'26 |- |Y||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('19-'21), Silverado LTD 1500 4wd ('22), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('20-'24) |- |Z||Cadillac XT4 2wd & Awd '19-'25, Buick Envision 2wd '21-'23, Buick Envision Awd '21-'26 |- |1||GMC Sierra 2wd ('11-'18), Sierra Limited 1500 2wd ('19), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('19), Yukon 2wd ('11-'26), Yukon XL 2wd ('11-'26) |- |1||GMC Canyon 2wd ('25-'26) |- |2||GMC Sierra 4wd ('11-'18), Sierra Limited 1500 4wd ('19), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('19), Yukon 4wd ('11-'26), Yukon XL 4wd ('11-'26) |- |2||GMC Canyon 4wd ('25-'26) |- |3||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('11-'24), Escalade ESV 2wd ('11-'24) |- |3||Cadillac Optiq EV ('25-), Cadillac Vistiq EV ('26-) |- |4||Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('11-'24), Escalade ESV 4wd ('11-'24), Escalade EXT 4wd ('11-'13) |- |5||GMC Canyon 2wd ('11-'12, '15-'24) |- |5||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('25-'26), Suburban 2wd ('25-'26) |- |6||GMC Canyon 4wd ('11-'12, '15-'24) |- |6||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('25-'26), Suburban 4wd ('25-'26) |- |7||GMC Savana 2wd ('11-'26) |- |8||GMC Savana 4wd ('11-'14) |- |8||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('19-'21), Sierra Limited 1500 2wd ('22), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('20-'24) |- |8||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('25-'26), Escalade ESV 2wd ('25-'26) |- |9||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('19-'21), Sierra Limited 1500 4wd ('22), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('20-'24) |- |9||Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('25-'26), Escalade ESV 4wd ('25-'26) |- |0||GMC Hummer EV pickup ('22-'25), GMC Hummer EV SUV ('24-'25), Chevy Silverado EV ('24-'26), GMC Sierra EV ('24-'25) |} ===Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car=== GM used a lettered system of automobile platform codes for three decades. These letters were used as the fourth position of the VIN. Though today's GM platforms use Greek characters, they are still encoded with Latin characters in the fourth position. Position five encodes the specific model and trim level of the vehicle. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !List of GM platforms !Platform<br>Code !Series<br>Code !:Category:General Motors vehicles|Model |- |rowspan=14|GM A platform |rowspan=14|A||W||Chevrolet Celebrity 1985-1990 |- |E||Pontiac 6000 ''SE'' 1986-1988 |- |F||Pontiac 6000 1985-1988, 6000 ''LE'' 1989-1991 |- |G||Pontiac 6000 ''LE'' 1985-1988 |- |H||Pontiac 6000 ''STE'' 1985-1989 |- |J||Pontiac 6000 ''SE'' 1989-1991 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Sedan 1993-1994 |- |J||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''LS'' 1985, Cutlass Ciera 1986-1989 & Cutlass Cruiser 1985-1989,<br /> Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Coupe 1986-1987, Cutlass Ciera ''S'' 1990-1991 & Cutlass Cruiser ''S'' 1990-1994, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' & Cutlass Cruiser ''SL'' 1995, Ciera ''SL'' sedan & wagon 1996 |- |L||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera 1990-1991, Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Sedan 1992 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''Brougham'' 1985-1988, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' Coupe 1986-1989, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' Sedan 1989-1993, Cutlass Cruiser ''Brougham'' 1987-1988, Cutlass Cruiser ''SL'' 1989-1993 |- |S||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''International Series'' 1988-1990 |- |G||Buick Century ''T-Type'' 1985-1986, Century ''Special'' 1991-1996 |- |H||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1985-1995 |- |L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1985-1993, Century Estate Wagon 1986-1989 |- |rowspan=14|GM B platform |rowspan=14|B||L||Chevrolet Impala 1985, Caprice 1986-1992, Caprice Classic 1993-1996, Impala SS 1995-96 |- |N||Chevrolet Caprice Classic 1985-1992, Caprice Classic LS 1993-1994,<br /> Caprice Classic LTZ 1991-1993, Impala SS 1994 |- |U||Chevrolet Caprice Classic Brougham/Brougham LS 1987-1990 |- |L||Pontiac Parisienne 1985-1986, Safari Wagon 1987-1989 |- |T||Pontiac Parisienne Brougham 1985-1986 |- |N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1985 |- |P||Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser 1985-1992 |- |V||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham LS 1985 |- |Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1985 |- |N||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1985, Roadmaster sedan 1992-1996 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1985 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre Estate Wagon 1985-1989, Estate Wagon 1990,<br /> Roadmaster Estate Wagon 1991-1996 |- |T||Buick Roadmaster ''Limited'' sedan 1992-1996 |- |V||Buick Electra Estate Wagon 1985-1989 |- |rowspan=13|GM C platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=13|C |V||Oldsmobile Touring Sedan 1988-1990, 98 Touring Sedan 1991-1993 |- |W||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1985-1990, 98 Regency Elite 1991-1996 |- |X||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1985-1990, 1992-1994 |- |F||Buick Electra T-Type 1985-1990 |- |U||Buick Electra Park Avenue Ultra 1989-1990, Park Avenue Ultra 1991-1996 |- |W||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1985-1990, Park Avenue 1991-1996 |- |X||Buick Electra 1985-1986, Electra Limited 1987-1990 |- |B||1985-1992 Cadillac Fleetwood, Fleetwood D'Elegance, 1993 Cadillac Sixty Special |- |D||1985-1993 Cadillac DeVille |- |G||1991-1992 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special |- |H||1985-1987 Cadillac Fleetwood Limousine |- |S||1987-1990 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special |- |T||1991-1993 Cadillac DeVille Touring Sedan |- |rowspan=3|GM G platform (models formerly on C platform) |rowspan=3|C |- |U||Buick Park Avenue Ultra 1997-2005 |- |W||Buick Park Avenue 1997-2005 |- |rowspan=2|GM D platform |rowspan=2|D||W||1985-1986 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham, 1987-1992 Cadillac Brougham |- |W||1993-1996 Cadillac Fleetwood |- |rowspan=31|GM Delta I platform |rowspan=31|A |- |A||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/manual trans. 2010 |- |B||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/automatic trans. 2010 |- |C||Chevrolet Cobalt 1LT w/manual trans. 2010 |- |D||Chevrolet Cobalt 1LT w/automatic trans. 2010 |- |E||Chevrolet Cobalt 2LT w/manual trans. 2010 |- |F||Chevrolet Cobalt 2LT w/automatic trans. 2010 |- |G||Chevrolet Cobalt SS Turbo 2010 |- |H||Chevrolet Cobalt (base model w/XFE) 2010 |- |K||Chevrolet Cobalt (base model) 2005, Cobalt LS 2006-2008, Cobalt LS w/man. trans. 2009 |- |L||Chevrolet Cobalt LS 2005, Cobalt LT 2006-2008, Cobalt LT w/manual trans. 2009 |- |M||Chevrolet Cobalt SS 2006-2007, Cobalt Sport 2008 |- |P||Chevrolet Cobalt SS Supercharged 2005-2007, SS Turbo 2008-2009 |- |S||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |T||Chevrolet Cobalt LT w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |Z||Chevrolet Cobalt LT 2005, Cobalt LTZ 2006-2007 |- |L||Pontiac G5 2007-2008, G5 w/manual trans. 2009 |- |N||Pontiac G5 GT 2007-2008, G5 GT w/manual trans. 2009 |- |S||Pontiac G5 w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |T||Pontiac G5 GT w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |F||Saturn Ion sedan Level 1 w/manual trans. 2003-2005 |- |G||Saturn Ion sedan Level 1 w/automatic trans. 2003-2005 |- |J||Saturn Ion sedan Level 2 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |K||Saturn Ion sedan Level 3 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |L||Saturn Ion sedan Level 3 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |M||Saturn Ion coupe Level 2 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |N||Saturn Ion coupe Level 2 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |V||Saturn Ion coupe Level 3 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |W||Saturn Ion coupe Level 3 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |Y||Saturn Ion coupe Red Line 2004-2007 |- |Z||Saturn Ion sedan Level 2 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |rowspan=9|GM E platform |rowspan=9|E |- |V||Oldsmobile Toronado Trofeo 1988-1992 |- |Z||Oldsmobile Toronado Brougham 1985-1986, Toronado 1987-1992 |- |C||Buick Reatta 1988-1991 |- |Y||Buick Riviera T-Type 1985-1986 |- |Z||Buick Riviera 1985-1993 |- |C||Cadillac Eldorado Collector Series 2002 |- |L||Cadillac Eldorado 1985-2002 |- |T||Cadillac Eldorado Touring Coupe 1994-2002 |- |rowspan=26|GM Epsilon I platform |rowspan=26|Z||A||Chevrolet Malibu Fleet 2010-2012 |- |B||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2010-2012 |- |C||Chevrolet Malibu 1LT 2010-2012 |- |D||Chevrolet Malibu 2LT 2010-2012 |- |E||Chevrolet Malibu LTZ 2010-2011, Malibu 1LZ 2012 |- |F||Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid 2008-2010, Malibu 3LT 2012 |- |G||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2008-2009, Malibu 2LZ 2012 |- |H||Chevrolet Malibu 1LT 2008-2009 |- |J||Chevrolet Malibu 2LT 2008-2009 |- |K||Chevrolet Malibu LTZ 2008-2009 |- |S||Chevrolet Malibu 2004-2005, Malibu LS 2006-2007, Malibu Classic LS 2008 |- |T||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2004-2005, Malibu LT 2006-2007, Malibu Classic LT 2008 |- |U||Chevrolet Malibu LT 2004-2005, Malibu LTZ 2006-2007 |- |W||Chevrolet Malibu SS 2006-2007 |- |A||Pontiac G6 Sedan 2010 |- |F||Pontiac G6 2.4L Sedan (Base model) 2006, G6 Value Leader (Base model w/1SV) 2007-2008 |- |G||Pontiac G6 3.5L Sedan (Base model) 2005-2006, G6 (Base model) 2007-2009 |- |H||Pontiac G6 GT 2005-2009 |- |J||Pontiac G6 (Base model) 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision) |- |K||Pontiac G6 GT 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision) |- |L||Pontiac G6 GXP 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision) |- |M||Pontiac G6 GTP 2006-2007, G6 GXP 2008-2009 |- |R||Saturn Aura Green Line 2007-2009 |- |S||Saturn Aura XE 2007-2009 |- |V||Saturn Aura XR 2007-2008, Aura XR 2.4L 2009 |- |X||Saturn Aura XR V6 2009 |- |rowspan=6|GM F platform |rowspan=6|F||P||Chevrolet Camaro Sport Coupe 1985-2002, Convertible 1987-1992, 1994-2002 |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro Berlinetta 1985-1986 |- |S||Pontiac Firebird 1985-2002, Firebird ''Formula'' 1987-1992 |- |V||Pontiac Firebird ''Formula / Trans Am'' 1993-2002, Firebird ''Trans Am GT'' 1994 |- |W||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' 1985-1992, Firebird ''Trans Am GTA'' 1987-1992 |- |X||Pontiac Firebird ''S/E'' 1985-1986 |- |rowspan=13|GM G platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=13|G||Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1985-1988 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1985-1987 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix LE 1985-1987 |- |N||Pontiac Bonneville 1985-1986 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1985-1987 |- |R||Pontiac Bonneville Brougham 1985-1986 |- |S||Pontiac Bonneville LE 1985-1986 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Salon coupe 1985-1987 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1985-1987,<br /> Cutlass Supreme Classic ''Brougham'' 1988 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 1985-1987, Cutlass Supreme Classic 1988 |- |J||Buick Regal 1985-1987 |- |K||Buick Regal T-Type 1985-1987 |- |M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1985-1987 |- |rowspan=4|GM G platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=4|G||D||1995-1999 Buick Riviera |- |R||1995-1999 Oldsmobile Aurora |- |R||2001-2002 Oldsmobile Aurora 3.5 |- |S||2001-2003 Oldsmobile Aurora 4.0 |- |rowspan=9|GM H platform |rowspan=9|H||H||Buick Le Sabre 1987 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1986-1999 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1986-1999 |- |C||Oldsmobile Regency 1997-1998, Eighty Eight 50th Anniversary Edition 1999 |- |N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1986-1988, 88 Royale 1989-1995, Eighty Eight & Eighty Eight LS 1996-99 |- |Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1986-1988, 88 Royale Brougham 1989-91, Eighty Eight Royale LS 1992-1995, LSS 1996-1999 |- |X||Pontiac Bonneville 1987, Bonneville LE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SE'' 1992-1999 |- |Y||Pontiac Bonneville SSE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SSEi'' 1992-1993 |- |Z||Pontiac Bonneville LE 1987, Bonneville SE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SSE'' 1992-1999, Bonneville ''SSEi'' 1994-1999 |- |rowspan=17|GM G platform (models formerly on H platform or their successors) |rowspan=17|H||A||Buick Lucerne ''CX'' 2010-2011 |- |B||Buick Lucerne ''CX-2'' 2010 |- |C||Buick Lucerne ''CXL'' 2010-2011 |- |D||Buick Lucerne ''CXL V6'' 2006-2009, Lucerne ''CXL Special Edition'' 2010 |- |E||Buick Lucerne ''CXS'' 2006-2008, Lucerne ''CXL-3'' 2010 |- |F||Buick Lucerne ''Super'' 2008-2009, Lucerne ''CXL-4'' 2010 |- |G||Buick Lucerne ''CXL-5'' 2010 |- |H||Buick Lucerne ''Super 1SP'' 2010 |- |J||Buick Lucerne ''CXL Premium'' 2010-2011 |- |K||Buick Lucerne ''Super 1XS'' 2010, Lucerne ''Super'' 2011 |- |P||Buick Lucerne ''CX'' 2006-2009 |- |R||Buick Lucerne ''CXL V8'' 2006-2007, Lucerne ''CXL Special Edition V8'' 2008 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 2000-2005 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 2000-2005 |- |X||Pontiac Bonneville ''SE'' 2000-2005 |- |Y||Pontiac Bonneville ''SLE'' 2000-2005 |- |Z||Pontiac Bonneville ''SSEi'' 2000-2003, Bonneville GXP 2004-2005 |- |rowspan=23|GM J platform |rowspan=23|J |- |C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1985-1994, RS Convertible 1991-1994 |- |D||Chevrolet Cavalier CS 1985-1987 |- |E||Chevrolet Cavalier Type 10 1985, RS 1986-1988,<br /> Type 10 Convertible 1985, RS Convertible 1986-1987 |- |F||Chevrolet Cavalier Z24 1986-1994, Z24 Convertible 1988-1989, 1992-1994 |- |C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1995-2005, Cavalier RS 1997-1999 |- |F||Chevrolet Cavalier LS Sedan 1995-2005, LS Coupe 2003-2005, Z24 Coupe 1995-2001,<br /> LS Convertible 1995-1997, Z24 Convertible 1998-2000 |- |H||Chevrolet Cavalier Z24 Coupe/Sedan 2002, LS Sport 2002-2005 |- |S||Chevrolet Cavalier LS Coupe 2002 |- |B||Pontiac Sunbird 1985-1989, Sunbird LE 1990-1991, Sunbird SE 1992-1993,<br /> Sunbird LE 1994 |- |C||Pontiac Sunbird LE 1985, Sunbird 1991, Sunbird LE 1992-1993 |- |D||Pontiac Sunbird SE 1985-1991, Sunbird GT 1992-1993 |- |L||Pontiac Sunbird SE 1994 |- |U||Pontiac Sunbird GT 1986-1991 |- |B||Pontiac Sunfire SE 1995-2002, Convertible 1995-2000, Sunfire 2003-2005 |- |D||Pontiac Sunfire GT 1995-2002 |- |C||Oldsmobile Firenza Base model 1985-1987, Firenza S 1985-1987, Firenza 1988 |- |D||Oldsmobile Firenza LX 1985-1987, Firenza SX 1985, Firenza LC, GT 1986-1987 |- |E||Buick Skyhawk T-Type 1985-1986 |- |S||Buick Skyhawk Custom 1985-1987, Skyhawk Sport 1986-1987, Skyhawk 1988-1989 |- |T||Buick Skyhawk Limited 1985-1987 |- |G||Cadillac Cimarron 1985-1988 |- |G, H||Toyota Cavalier (Japan only) |- |rowspan=8|GM2900 platform |rowspan=8|J||C||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.1 |- |D||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.2, 2005 Saturn L300 |- |L||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.3 |- |R||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS w/manual transmission '00/L100 w/manual transmission '01 |- |S||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS w/automatic transmission '00/L100 w/automatic transmission '01-'02 |- |T||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS1 w/manual transmission '00/L200 w/manual transmission '01-'03, LW200 w/manual trans. '02 |- |U||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS1 w/automatic transmission '00/L200 w/automatic transmission '01-'03,<br> Saturn LW1 w/automatic transmission '00/LW200 w/automatic transmission '01-'03 |- |W||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS2 '00, LW2 '00, L300 '01-'03, LW300 '01-'03 |- |rowspan=5|GM K platform |rowspan=5|K||D||Cadillac Deville 1994-1999 |- |E||Cadillac Deville D'Elegance 1997-1999 |- |F||Cadillac Deville Concours 1994-1999 |- |S||Cadillac Seville 1985-1993 / Cadillac Seville SLS 1994-1997 |- |Y||Cadillac Seville Touring Sedan / Cadillac Seville STS 1990-1997 |- |rowspan=9|GM G platform (models formerly on K platform) |rowspan=9|K||A||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS |- |D||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville, 2006-2009 Cadillac DTS, 2010-2011 DTS Luxury |- |E||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville DHS |- |F||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville DTS |- |H||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Premium |- |P||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Platinum |- |R||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Livery |- |S|| 1998-2004 Cadillac Seville SLS |- |Y|| 1998-2003 Cadillac Seville STS |- |rowspan=33|GM Kappa platform |rowspan=33|M||A||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |B||Pontiac Solstice 2006-2007, Solstice w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |B||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |C||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |D||Pontiac Solstice w/manual transmission 2010 |- |E||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/manual transmission 2010 |- |F||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |G||Pontiac Solstice GXP 2007, Solstice GXP w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |K||Pontiac Solstice Street Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |N||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |S||Pontiac Solstice SCCA SSB Championship Edition (2.4L) 2008 |- |T||Pontiac Solstice SCCA T2 Championship Edition (2.0L Turbo) 2008 |- |T||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |Z||Pontiac Solstice Street Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |B||Saturn Sky 2007, Sky w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |B||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |C||Saturn Sky w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |C||Saturn Sky Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |C||Saturn Sky Preferred w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |D||Saturn Sky Hydro Blue Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |E||Saturn Sky Redline w/manual transmission 2010 |- |F||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |F||Saturn Sky Preferred w/manual transmission 2010 |- |G||Saturn Sky Redline 2007, Sky Redline w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |H||Saturn Sky Redline Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |L||Saturn Sky Redline Hydro Blue Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |N||Saturn Sky w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |P||Saturn Sky Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |R||Saturn Sky Hydro Blue Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |T||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |V||Saturn Sky Redline Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |X||Saturn Sky Redline Hydro Blue Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |G||Opel GT 2007-2010, Daewoo G2X 2007-2009 |- |rowspan=8|GM L platform |rowspan=8|L |- |D||Chevrolet Corsica ''Base'' 1994-1996 |- |T||Chevrolet Corsica ''Base'' 1987-1989, Corsica ''LT'' 1990-1993 |- |V||Chevrolet Beretta ''Base'' 1987-1996 |- |W||Chevrolet Beretta "GT" 1989-1993 (RPO Z21) & Beretta ''Z26'' 1994-1996 (RPO Z04) |- |Z||Chevrolet Corsica ''LTZ'' 1989-1990 (RPO Z54) |- |Z||Chevrolet Beretta "GTZ" 1990-1993 (RPO Z04) |- |T||Pontiac Tempest (Canada only) |- |rowspan=5|GM M platform |rowspan=5|M||R||Chevrolet Sprint |- |R||Geo Metro LSi, Metro |- |R||Pontiac Firefly (Canada only) |- |S||Chevrolet Sprint ER |- |S||Geo Metro, Metro XFi |- |rowspan=32|GM N platform |rowspan=32|N |- |B||Oldsmobile Cutlass 1997, Cutlass ''GL'' 1998-1999 |- |C||Buick Skylark 4-door ''Custom'' 1987-1991 |- |D||Buick Skylark 4-door ''Limited'' 1987-1989, Skylark 4-door ''Luxury Edition'' 1990-1991 |- |D||Chevrolet Malibu 1997-2003, Chevrolet Classic 2004-2005 |- |E||Chevrolet Malibu ''LS'' 1997-2003 |- |E||Pontiac Grand Am 1985-1988, Grand Am ''LE'' 1989-1991 |- |E||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE'' 1992-2005 |- |F||Oldsmobile Calais 1985-1987, Cutlass Calais 1988, Cutlass Calais ''S'' 1989-1991 |- |F||Oldsmobile Achieva ''SL'' 1992-1994, Achieva ''SC'' 1994 |- |F||Oldsmobile Alero ''GLS'' 1999-2004 |- |F||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE1'' 2000-2004 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass ''GLS'' 1997-1999 |- |G||Pontiac Grand Am 1991 |- |G||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE2'' 2000, 2003-2004 |- |J||Buick Somerset Regal 1985, Somerset ''Custom'' 1986-1987, Skylark 2-door ''Custom'' 1988-91, Skylark 4-door ''Custom'' 1986 |- |J||Buick Skylark 1992, Skylark ''Limited'' 1993-1994, Skylark ''Custom'' 1996-1998,<br /> Skylark ''Limited'' & ''Gran Sport'' 1996-1997 |- |K||Buick Somerset ''T-Type'' 1986 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais ''International Series'' 1988-1991 |- |K||Oldsmobile Alero ''GX'' 1999-2004 |- |L||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais 1989-1991 |- |L||Oldsmobile Achieva ''S'' 1992-1995, Achieva ''SL'' 1996-1998, Achieva ''SC'' 1996-1997 |- |L||Oldsmobile Alero ''GL'' 1999-2004 |- |M||Buick Somerset Regal ''Limited'' 1985, Somerset ''Limited'' 1986-'87, Skylark 2-door ''Limited'' '88-'89, Skylark 2-door ''Gran Sport'' 1990-1991, Skylark 4-door ''Limited'' 1986 |- |M||Buick Skylark ''Gran Sport'' 1992-1994 |- |T||Oldsmobile Calais ''Supreme'' 1985-1987, Cutlass Calais ''SL'' 1988-1991 |- |V||Buick Skylark 1990-1991 |- |V||Buick Skylark ''Custom'' 1993-1995, ''Limited'' 1995, ''Gran Sport'' 1995 |- |V||Pontiac Grand Am ''LE'' 1985-1988 |- |V||Pontiac Grand Am ''GT1'' 2000-2005 |- |W||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE'' 1986-1991 |- |W||Pontiac Grand Am ''GT'' 1992-2005 |- |rowspan=5|GM P platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=5|P |- ||E||Pontiac Fiero ''Coupe'' 1985-1988 |- ||F||Pontiac Fiero ''SE'' 1985-1987 |- ||G||Pontiac Fiero ''GT'' 1985-1988 |- ||M||Pontiac Fiero ''Sport coupe'' 1985-1987 |- |rowspan=1|GM P platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=1|P||X||General Motors EV1 1997, 1999 |- |rowspan=6|GM R platform |rowspan=6|R |- ||F||1985-1986 Chevrolet Spectrum |- ||F||1987-1988 Chevrolet Spectrum 3-door hatchback, 1989 Geo Spectrum 3-door hatchback |- ||F||1990-1993 Geo Storm |- ||G||1987-1988 Chevrolet Spectrum 4-door sedan, 1989 Geo Spectrum 4-door sedan |- ||T||1990-1993 Geo Storm GSi |- |rowspan=8|GM S platform |rowspan=8|S||K||1985-1988 Chevrolet Nova |- |K||1989-1997 Geo Prizm, 1998-2002 Chevrolet Prizm |- |L||1988 Chevrolet Nova Twin Cam, 1990-1992 Geo Prizm GSi |- |L||2003-2008 Pontiac Vibe, 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe FWD w/manual transmission |- |M||2003-2006 Pontiac Vibe ''AWD'', 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe AWD w/automatic transmission |- |N||2003-2006 Pontiac Vibe ''GT'', 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe GT FWD w/manual transmission |- |P||2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe FWD w/automatic transmission |- |R||2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe GT FWD w/automatic transmission |- |rowspan=32|GM Sigma platform |rowspan=32|D||A||Cadillac CTS Base model RWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe Base model RWD 2014 |- |B||Cadillac CTS Wagon Luxury Collection RWD 2014 |- |C||Cadillac CTS Base model AWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Performance Collection RWD 2014 |- |D||Cadillac CTS Coupe/Wagon Premium Collection RWD 2014 |- |E||Cadillac CTS Luxury Collection RWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe Base model AWD 2014 |- |F||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013, CTS Wagon Luxury Collection AWD 2014 |- |G||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. AWD 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection AWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Performance Collection AWD 2014 |- |H||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Premium Collection AWD 2014 |- |J||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS Performance Collection RWD 2010-2013 |- |K||Cadillac CTS Performance Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |L||Cadillac CTS Performance Collection AWD 2010-2013 |- |M||Cadillac CTS V6 2003-2004, CTS 2.8L 2005-2007, CTS Man. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Performance Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |N||Cadillac CTS V-Series 2004-2007, 2009 |- |P||Cadillac CTS 3.6L 2005-2007, CTS Direct Inj. V6 Man. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Premium Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |R||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD 2008 |- |S||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. AWD 2008-2009, CTS Premium Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |T||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |U||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD 2009 |- |V||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS sedan V-Series 2010-2014, CTS Wagon V-Series 2011-2014, CTS Coupe V-Series 2011-2015 |- |0||Cadillac CTS Sport Appearance Pkg. 2010 |- |1||Cadillac CTS Eco Luxury Pkg. 2010 |- |2||Cadillac CTS Sport Appearance Pkg. 2011 |- |A||Cadillac STS V6 AWD 2008-2009 |- |B||Cadillac STS V8 AWD 2008-2009 |- |C||Cadillac STS V8 2005-2007, STS V8 RWD 2008-2009 |- |D||Cadillac STS V6 AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |K||Cadillac STS V6 RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |L||Cadillac STS V8 AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |U||Cadillac STS (all models) 2010, STS (Base model) 2011 |- |W||Cadillac STS V6 2005-2007, STS V6 RWD 2008-2009, STS Luxury 2011 |- |X||Cadillac STS V-Series 2006-2009, STS Luxury Performance 2011 |- |Z||Cadillac STS V8 RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |rowspan=4|GM T platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=4|T||B|| 1985-1987 Chevrolet Chevette CS |- |B||1985-1987 Pontiac Acadian (Canada only) |- |J||1985 Pontiac Acadian Scooter (Canada only) |- |L||1985-1987 Pontiac 1000 |- |rowspan=4|GM T platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=4|T||N|| Pontiac LeMans 1988, LeMans LE 1989-1991, LeMans SE 1992-1993 |- |R||1988-1989 Pontiac LeMans SE sedan |- |S||1988-1990 Pontiac LeMans GSE AeroCoupe |- |X||1988-1993 Pontiac LeMans VL AeroCoupe |- |rowspan=3|GM T platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=3|A |- |R||Saturn Astra XE (US: 2008, Canada: 2008-2009) |- |T||Saturn Astra XR (US: 2008, Canada: 2008-2009) |- |rowspan=4|Daewoo T200 platform |rowspan=4|T||D||Chevrolet Aveo Special Value 2004-2008, Base model 2004, LS 2005-2011, Aveo 1LT 2009-2011 |- |G||Chevrolet Aveo LT 2005-2008, Aveo 2LT 2009-2011 |- |J||Chevrolet Aveo LS 2004 |- |D||Pontiac G3 2009 |- |rowspan=2|GM V platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=2|V||R||1987-1992 Cadillac Allanté with standard removable hardtop |- |S||1990-1993 Cadillac Allanté |- |rowspan=2|GM V platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=2|V||R||1997-2001 Cadillac Catera |- |X||2004-2006 Pontiac GTO coupe |- |rowspan=49|GM W platform |rowspan=49|W |- |A||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LS'' 2014-2016 |- |B||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2006-2009, Impala ''LT'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LT'' 2014-2016 |- |C||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' 3.9L 2006-2009, Impala ''LTZ'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LTZ'' 2014-2016 |- |D||Chevrolet Impala ''SS'' 2006-2009, Impala ''Police'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''Police'' 2014-2016 |- |E||Chevrolet Impala ''Taxi'' 2010-2012 |- |F||Chevrolet Impala 2000-2005, Impala ''LS'' Fleet (1FL) 2011-2013 |- |G||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' Fleet (2FL) 2011-2013 |- |H||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2000-2005 |- |J||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LS'' 2006-2007 |- |K||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.9L 2006, Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.5L 2007 |- |L||Chevrolet Lumina 1990-2001, Lumina ''LS'' 1997-1999 |- |L||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''SS'' 2006-2007 |- |M||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.5L 2006 |- |N||Chevrolet Lumina ''Euro'' 1990-1994, Lumina ''LS'' 1995-1996, Lumina ''LTZ'' 1997-1999 |- |N||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LTZ'' 2006 |- |P||Chevrolet Lumina ''Z34'' 1991-1994, Impala ''SS'' 2004-2005 |- |S||Chevrolet Impala ''Police'' 2006-2009 |- |T||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' 3.5L 2006-2009 |- |U||Chevrolet Impala ''LTZ'' 2006-2009 |- |V||Chevrolet Impala ''50th Anniversary Edition'' 2008 |- |W||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LS'' 1995-2005 |- |X||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''Z34'' 1995-1999, Monte Carlo ''SS'' 2000-2004, Monte Carlo ''LT'' 2005 |- |Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''SS Supercharged'' 2004-2005 |- |C||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GXP'' 2005-2008 |- |H||Pontiac Grand Prix ''LE'' 1991-1993 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1988-1989, Grand Prix ''LE'' 1990, Grand Prix ''SE'' 1991-2000 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix ''LE'' 1988-1989, Grand Prix ''SE1'' 2000-2003 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix ''SE'' 1988-1990, Grand Prix ''GT'' 1991-1993, 1997-2003,<br /> Grand Prix ''GT1'' 2004, Grand Prix 2005-2008 |- |R||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GTP'' 1999-2005, Grand Prix ''GT'' 2006-2007 |- |S||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GT2'' 2004, Grand Prix ''GT'' 2005 |- |T||Pontiac Grand Prix ''STE'' 1990-1993 |- |H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 1988-1991, Cutlass Supreme ''S'' 1992-1994,<br /> Cutlass Supreme ''SL'' 1995-1997, Intrigue 1998, Intrigue ''GX'' 1999-2002 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''International Series'' 1988-1993 |- |S||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''SL'' 1988-1991, Intrigue ''GL'' 1998-2002 |- |T||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Convertible 1990-1995 |- |X||Oldsmobile Intrigue ''GLS'' 1998-2002 |- |B||Buick Regal ''Custom'' 1988-1996, Regal ''GS'' Coupe 1995-1996, Regal ''LS'' 1997-2004 |- |C||Buick Lacrosse ''CX'' 2005-2009 |- |D||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1988-1996, Lacrosse ''CXL'' 2005-2009 |- |E||Buick Lacrosse ''CXS'' 2005-2008 |- |F||Buick Regal ''GS'' Coupe 1992-1994, Regal ''GS'' Sedan 1992-2004 |- |F||Buick Allure ''CX'' 2005-2009 (Canada only) |- |H||Buick Allure ''CXS'' 2005-2008 (Canada only) |- |J||Buick Allure ''CXL'' 2005-2009 (Canada only) |- |N||Buick Lacrosse ''Super'' 2008-2009 |- |P||Buick Allure ''Super'' 2008-2009 (Canada only) |- |S||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1997-2005 |- |Y||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1997-2002 |- |rowspan=3|GM X platform |rowspan=3|X||B||1985 Buick Skylark Custom |- |C||1985 Buick Skylark Limited |- |X||1985 Chevrolet Citation II |- |rowspan=39|GM Y platform |rowspan=39|Y||V||2004-2009 Cadillac XLR |- |X||2006-2009 Cadillac XLR V-Series |- |Y||1985-2008 Chevrolet Corvette (all models except '90-'95 ZR-1) |- |Z||1990-1995 Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1 |- |G||2009 Chevrolet Corvette GT1 Championship Edition (Base & Z06) |- |R||2009 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 (after early production) |- |Y||2009 Chevrolet Corvette (Base model, Early production Z06, Early production ZR1) |- |Z||2009 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 (after early production) |- |A||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Standard 1LT Man. Trans. |- |B||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Preferred 2LT Man. Trans. |- |C||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Premium 3LT Man. Trans. |- |D||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |E||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Standard 1LT Auto. Trans. |- |F||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Preferred 2LT Auto. Trans. |- |G||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Premium 3LT Auto. Trans. |- |H||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |J||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Standard 1LZ Man. Trans. |- |K||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Premium 2LZ Man. Trans. |- |L||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Custom 3LZ Man. Trans. |- |M||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 Standard 1ZR Man. Trans. |- |N||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 Custom 3ZR Man. Trans. |- |P||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Standard 1LT Man. Trans. |- |R||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Preferred 2LT Man. Trans. |- |S||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Premium 3LT Man. Trans. |- |T||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |U||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Standard 1LT Auto. Trans. |- |V||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Preferred 2LT Auto. Trans. |- |W||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Premium 3LT Auto. Trans. |- |X||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |Y||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Premium 3LT Man. Trans. |- |Z||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |1||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |2||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |3||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |4||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |5||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 3LZ Man. Trans. |- |6||2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 3ZR Man. Trans. |- |7||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |8||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Preferred 2LT Man. Trans. |- |rowspan=13|GM Z platform |rowspan=13|Z |- |E||Saturn SC1 (manual transmission 2-Door) 1993-1999 |- |F||Saturn SC1 (automatic transmission 2-Door) 1993-1999, SL (manual transmission) 1991-02 |- |G||Saturn SC (manual transmission) 1991-1992, SC2 (manual transmission 2-Door) 1993-99,<br /> SL1 (manual transmission) 1991-2002, SW1 (manual transmission) 1993-1999 |- |H||Saturn SC (automatic transmission) 1991-92, SC2 (automatic transmission 2-Door) '93-'99,<br /> SL1 (automatic transmission) 1991-02, SW1 (automatic transmission LHD) '93-'99 |- |J||Saturn SL2 (manual transmission) 1991-2002, SW2 (manual transmission) 1993-2001 |- |K||Saturn SL2 (automatic transmission) 1991-2002, SW2 (automatic transmission 1993-1999) |- |M||Saturn SW1 "Postal" [SWP] (automatic transmission RHD) 1999-2001 <br>(Made for US Postal Service rural route mail carriers) |- |N||Saturn SC1 (manual transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002, SW2 (automatic transmission 2000-01) |- |P||Saturn SC1 (automatic transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002 |- |R||Saturn SC2 (manual transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002 |- |S||Saturn SL Spring Special 2002 |- |Y||Saturn SC2 (automatic transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002 |- |rowspan=3|GM Zeta platform (VE) |rowspan=3|E||C||Pontiac G8 GT |- |P||Pontiac G8 GXP |- |R||Pontiac G8 (Base model) |- |rowspan=2|GM Zeta platform (VF) |rowspan=2|F||1||2014-2017 Chevrolet SS w/automatic transmission |- |2||2015-2017 Chevrolet SS w/manual transmission |- |GM Zeta platform (WM) |M||K||2011-2013 Chevrolet Caprice PPV |- |GM Zeta platform (WN) |N||S||2014-2017 Chevrolet Caprice PPV |- |rowspan=19|GM Zeta platform (models formerly on F platform) |rowspan=19|F||A||Chevrolet Camaro ''LS'' automatic transmission 2010-2011, ''2LS'' automatic transmission 2012-2014, ''LS'' manual transmission 2015 |- |B||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' automatic transmission 2010-2014, ''2LS'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |C||Chevrolet Camaro ''2LT'' automatic transmission 2010-2014, ''LT'' manual transmission 2015 |- |D||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |E||Chevrolet Camaro ''LS'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''2LT'' manual transmission 2015 |- |F||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''2LT'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |G||Chevrolet Camaro ''2LT'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''SS'' manual transmission 2015 |- |H||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |J||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' automatic transmission 2010-2014. Note: Must have "J" in 8th position of VIN. |- |J||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2012. Note: Must have "P" in 8th position of VIN. |- |J||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' manual transmission 2015 |- |K||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' automatic transmission 2010-2015 |- |L||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2013-2014, ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2015 |- |M||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' manual transmission 2010-2014. Note: Must have "W" in 8th position of VIN. |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2012. Note: Must have "P" in 8th position of VIN. |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro ''Z/28'' manual transmission 2014. Note: Must have "E" in 8th position of VIN. |- |T||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' manual transmission 2010-2014 |- |Z||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2013-2014, ''Z/28'' manual transmission 2015 |- |} RHD= Right-Hand Drive ====Model Line 2010- Passenger Car (Using Vehicle Platforms introduced 2010 or later)==== The Model Line is specified as character four of the American GM VIN for Passenger Cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A||Cadillac ATS 2013-2019 |- |A||Cadillac CTS sedan 2014-2019, CTS V-Series sedan 2016-2019 |- |B||Chevrolet Cruze 2016-2019 |- |C||Chevrolet Spark 2013-2022, Spark EV 2014-2016 |- |D||Cadillac CT4 2020-2026 |- |D||Cadillac CT5 2020- |- |F||Chevrolet Camaro 2016-2024 |- |F||Chevrolet Bolt EV 2017-2023, Bolt EUV 2022-2023, Bolt 2027 |- |G||Buick LaCrosse 2010-2016 |- |G||Buick Regal 2011-2020, Buick Regal TourX 2018-2020 |- |J||Chevrolet Sonic 2016-2020 |- |K||Cadillac CT6 2016-2020 |- |M||Cadillac Celestiq EV 2025- |- |P||Buick Verano 2012-2017 |- |P||Chevrolet Cruze 2011-2015, Cruze Limited 2016 |- |R||Cadillac ELR 2014, 2016 |- |R||Chevrolet Volt 2011-2019 |- |W||Buick Cascada 2016-2019 |- |Y||Chevrolet Corvette 2014- |- |Z||Buick LaCrosse 2017-2019 |- |Z||Chevrolet Malibu 2016-2025 |- |1||Cadillac XTS 2013-2019 |- |1||Chevrolet Impala 2014-2020 |- |1||Chevrolet Malibu 2013-2015, Malibu Limited 2016 |- |} ===Body style codes 1987- Passenger Car=== The Body type is specified as character six of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |1||Two-Door Coupe/Sedan |- |2||Two-Door Hatchback |- |3||Two-Door Convertible |- |4||Two-Door Wagon ('91-'92 Geo Storm Hatchback) |- |5||Four-Door Sedan |- |6||Four-Door Hatchback |- |7||Four-Door Hatchback ('89-'90 Geo Prizm hatchback) |- |8||Four-Door Station Wagon |- |9||Four-Door Station Wagon - High Roof Monocab |} ===American restraint types 1987-=== The restraint type is specified as character seven of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {{center/top}} ====Restraint codes for passenger cars 1987-2009==== {{center/end}} {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |1||Active (Manual) belts 1987-1996 |- |2||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 1992-2005<br />(For '94-'96 Pontiac Grand Prix coupe: Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags) |- |3||Active (Manual) belts plus driver side front airbag 1988-1996 <br />(For '94 Geo Prizm: Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags) |- |4||Passive (Automatic) belts 1987-1996 |- |4||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 1997-2005 |- |4||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side curtain airbags 2006-2009 |- |5||Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver side front airbag 1992-1996 |- |5||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & driver-side side impact airbag 2000-2005 |- |5||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & occupant sensor 2006-2009 |- |6||Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 1994-1996 |- |6||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags & occupant sensor 2000-2009 |- |7||Active (Manual) belt driver & Passive (Automatic) belt passenger plus driver and passenger front airbags 1996 |- |7||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags & rear side airbags 2000-2005 |- |7||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain airbags & occupant sensor 2006-2009 |- |8||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side curtain airbags & occupant sensor 2006-2009 |- |9|| |} {{center/top}} ====Restraint codes for passenger cars 2010-==== {{center/end}} {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 2010- |- |E||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain airbags 2010-2017, 2027 |- |F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side curtain airbags 2010 |- |G||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & rear side & side curtain airbags 2010-2017 |- |N||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front knee airbags 2016-2019 |- |R||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2012- |- |S||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & rear side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2011- |- |T||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front row side curtain airbags 2011 |- |U||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front row side curtain & front knee airbags 2012-2017 |} {{center/top}} ====Restraint codes for light trucks 2010-==== {{center/end}} {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |A||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag 2010 |- |B||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag 2011- |- |B||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 2010 |- |C||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 2011- |- |C||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 2010 |- |D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 2011- |- |D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2010 |- |E||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain airbags 2010- |- |F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2011-2015 |- |F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags & side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2016- |- |H||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag & driver-side side-impact airbag & driver-side side curtain airbag 2023-2024 |- |K||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front center airbags 2013- |- |L||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front center & driver-side knee airbags 2017-2023 |- |M||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front center & front knee airbags 2025- |- |R||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2017- |- |S||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & rear side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2013- |- |T||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag & driver- and passenger-side side-impact airbags & side curtain airbags 2023- |- |U||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front row side curtain & front knee airbags 2013-2019 |} ===American engine codes 1981-=== GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there: ====Engine codes for passenger cars==== Warning: Issues with decoding are related to year/model combinations. Each year has a different breakdown for each code along with plants and some model/trim breakdowns over years. Entry: 1985-1988 Pontiac Fiero has a 9 engine code for the 2.8L L44 V6. Entry: 1986-1990 Cadillac Brougham, Oldsmobile 307 CUI vin code Y. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !RPO !Size !Type !Fuel !Valvetrain !Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- |A||LD5||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Buick V6. (231 cu. in.) '81 Chevy Camaro (CA), Pontiac Catalina, Firebird, LeMans, Buick Century,<br /> '81-'83 Chevy Malibu (CA), '81-'84 Monte Carlo, Caprice, Impala (CA), '81-'87 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal, '81-'85 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre,<br /> '81-'86 Pontiac Bonneville, '84 Parisienne |- |A||LG0||2.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 H.O. '89-'94 Pontiac Grand Am, '89-'91 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais, '92-'94 Achieva, '90 Cutlass Supreme, '90-'94 Chevy Beretta |- |A||LH2||4.6&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (For RWD) (Premium V). '04-'09 Cadillac XLR, '05-'10 Cadillac STS |- |A||LCV||2.5&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '13 Chevy Malibu, '16 Malibu Limited, '16-'19 Impala,<br /> '13-'16 Cadillac ATS |- |A||LV7||1.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. Made in Changwon, S. Korea. '16-'22 Chevy Spark. |- |B||LG2||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '86 Oldsmobile 98, Toronado, Buick Electra, Riviera. |- |B||L26||4.9&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8.<br /> '91-'93 Cadillac Eldorado, Seville, '91-'95 DeVille, '91-'92 Fleetwood, '91-'93 Sixty Special |- |B||LE5||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '06-'08 Chevy Cobalt, '06-'07 Saturn Ion, '06-'10 Pontiac G6, Solstice,<br /> '07-'08 Pontiac G5, '07-'10 Saturn Sky, '08-'09 Saturn Aura, '08-'10 Chevy Malibu |- |B||LUV||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. '12-'20 Chevy Sonic, '13-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited |- |C||L17||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu G161Z engine made by GM in US. '82-'87 Chevy Chevette, Pontiac T1000/1000 |- |C||LN3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800). '88-'90 Oldsmobile 98, Toronado, Buick Electra, Riviera, Reatta, <br /> '88-'91 Buick LeSabre, Oldsmobile Delta 88/Eighty Eight, Pontiac Bonneville |- |C||L47||4.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Oldsmobile Aurora V8 (Premium V). Oldsmobile Aurora '95-'99, Aurora 4.0 '01-'03 |- |C||LS4||5.3 L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management.<br /> Transversely mounted for FWD. '05-'08 Pontiac Grand Prix GXP, '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo SS,<br /> '06-'09 Chevy Impala SS, '08-'09 Buick LaCrosse Super. |- |C||LAF||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT. Buick LaCrosse '10-'11, Regal '11. |- |C||LUJ||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '12 Chevy Cruze |- |D||LJ5||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Indirect injection Diesel||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4FB1 diesel engine imported from Japan. '81-'86 Chevy Chevette |- |D||LD2||2.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4. '88-'95 Pontiac Grand Am, '88-'91 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais, '92-'95 Achieva,<br /> '88-'91 &'95 Buick Skylark, '90-'91 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme,<br /> '95 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire |- |D||LC3||4.4&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (Premium V). '06-'09 Cadillac XLR V-Series, Cadillac STS V-Series |- |E||LK9||3.0&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '82-'85 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '85 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Electra |- |E||LA1||3.4&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. '99-'05 Grand Am, '99-'04 Alero, '00-'05 Impala, Monte Carlo |- |E||L03||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (305 cu. in.). '88-'92 Camaro/Firebird, '89-'93 Chevy Caprice,<br /> '91 Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon, '91-'92 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, Cadillac Brougham. |- |E||LXV||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Family 1 Gen 3 engine. W/VVT. '09-'11 Chevy Aveo, '09 Pontiac G3 |- |E||LS7||7.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '06-'13 Corvette Z06, '13 Corvette 427, '14-'15 Camaro Z/28 |- |E||LH7||1.6&nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Direct injection <br /> Common-rail Diesel||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Medium Diesel engine ("Whisper Diesel"). Made by Opel in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.<br /> Aluminum Block & Heads. '17-'19 Chevy Cruze Diesel. |- |F||LV8||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (260 cu. in.) '81 Oldsmobile Cutlass, Delta 88. |- |F||L61||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I. '00-'04 Saturn L-Series, '02-'05 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire, Grand Am,<br /> '02-'04 Oldsmobile Alero, '03-'06 Saturn Ion, '04-'06 Chevy Malibu, '05-'06 Chevy Cobalt |- |F||L61||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. '07-'08 Chevy Cobalt, Malibu, Pontiac G5, '07 Saturn Ion. |- |F||LB9||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Tuned-port fuel injection|TPI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.). '85-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |G||L46||1.8&nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '82 J-cars. |- |G||L69||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (High Output 5.0L). (305 cu. in.)<br /> '84-'86 Camaro/Firebird, '84-'88 Chevy Monte Carlo SS |- |G||LM3||2.2&nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '90-'91 Chevy Cavalier & Corsica/Beretta. |- |G||LS1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Gen III Chevy Small-Block V8. (346 cu. in.) Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '97-'04 Corvette, '98-'02 Camaro/Firebird, '04 Pontiac GTO |- |G||LF1||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. 2010 Buick LaCrosse, Cadillac CTS |- |G||LWE||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. PZEV emissions.<br /> '13-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited, '13-'18 Sonic. |- |H||LG4||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '81-'87 F-bodies, '81-'83 Chevy Malibu, '81-'85 Impala,<br /> '81-'88 Caprice, Monte Carlo, '83-'86 Pontiac Bonneville, Parisienne, '83-'87 Grand Prix |- |H||LE4||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil. '92-'94 Pontiac Sunbird. |- |H||LX5||3.5&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Oldsmobile "Shortstar" V6 (Premium V). Oldsmobile Intrigue '99-'02, Aurora 3.5 '01-'02. |- |H||LAP||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '09 Chevy Cobalt, Pontiac G5. |- |H||LUW||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. '11-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited, '12-'18 Sonic. |- |J||L39||4.4&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (267 cu. in.) '81-'82 Chevy Caprice, Impala, Malibu, Monte Carlo,<br /> '81 Chevy Camaro |- |J||LA5||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil. '84-'86 Pontiac Sunbird, Buick Skyhawk. |- |J||LT5||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Based on Chevy Small-Block V8. Designed with Lotus Engineering.<br /> Made by Mercury Marine. Aluminum Block & Heads. '90-'95 Corvette ZR-1 |- |J||LG8||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Gen III. 3100. '99-'03 Chevy Malibu, '99 Oldsmobile Cutlass, '00-'01 Chevy Lumina,<br /> '00-'03 Pontiac Grand Prix SE, '00-'05 Buick Century |- |J||L99||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. VVT. With Active Fuel Management. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '10-'15 Camaro SS (auto. trans.) |- |J||LTA||4.2&nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Direct injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Blackwing V8. VVT. '19-'20 Cadillac CT6 Platinum & V-series |- |K||LC3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '81-'82 Malibu, Monte Carlo, Impala, Caprice, '81 Camaro. |- |K||LC5||1.5&nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1 engine. '85 Chevrolet Spectrum. |- |K||LT2||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.<br /> '87-'91 Pontiac Sunbird, '87-'88 Oldsmobile Firenza, Buick Skyhawk. |- |K||LT2||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Australia by Holden.<br /> '89-'90 Pontiac LeMans GSE Aerocoupe, '89 LeMans SE sedan |- |K||L36||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series II). '95-'05: Various W-, H-, C-, & G-body models. '95-'02 Camaro/Firebird. |- |K||LZE||3.5L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. VVT. Flex-Fuel E85 compatible.<br /> '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo, '06-'11 Chevy Impala, '09-'10 Chevy Malibu, Pontiac G6 |- |K||LEA||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E85 Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT. Buick Regal, Verano '12-'17 (except '13 Regal). |- |K||LSY||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Active Fuel Management. VVT. VVL.<br /> '19 Cadillac CT6, '20+ Cadillac CT4, CT5 |- |L||LM1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8.<br> '81 Camaro Z28 (only w/auto. trans. in US), '81-'82 Impala 9C1 Police, '81 Malibu 9C1 Police |- |L||LL1||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 H.O. (longitudinally mounted). '83-'84 Pontiac Firebird. |- |L||LN7||3.0&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6. '85-'87 Pontiac Grand Am, '85-'88 Oldsmobile & Buick N-bodies,<br /> '86 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre |- |L||L27||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Tuned port injection|TPI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series I). '90-'95 Buick Regal, '91-'94 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Park Avenue, '91 Reatta, '91-'93 Riviera, '91-'92 Oldsmobile Toronado, '92-'95 Buick LeSabre, '92-'94 Pontiac Bonneville, Oldsmobile 88 |- |L||LNK||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 2ZZ-GE engine. VVTL-i. '03-'06 Pontiac Vibe GT |- |L||LKW||2.5&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. VVL. '14-'15 Chevy Malibu, Impala |- |L||L3B||2.7L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management. '20+ Cadillac CT4, CT4-V |- |M||LY9||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '85 Chevrolet Sprint |- |M||LT3||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.<br /> '87-'90 Pontiac Sunbird, '87 Buick Skyhawk T-Type, '87-'89 Pontiac Grand Am SE. |- |M||L82||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). Gen III. 3100. '93-'97 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme,<br /> '94-'98 Pontiac Grand Am, Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark, '94-'99 Pontiac Grand Prix,<br /> '94-'96 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Regal, '94-'99 Century,<br /> '95-'99 Chevy Lumina, Monte Carlo, '97-'99 Chevy Malibu, Oldsmobile Cutlass |- |M||LY9||2.6&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). Euro-market Cadillac CTS '03-'04. |- |M||LGD||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||E85 Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. '09-'11 Chevy Impala, Buick Lucerne |- |M||LE2||1.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. '16-'19 Chevy Cruze. |- |N||LF9||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '81-'85 Chevy Caprice, Impala, '82-'83 Malibu, '82-'84 Monte Carlo,<br /> '81-'84 Pontiac Grand Prix, Bonneville, '81 Catalina, '83-'85 Parisienne,<br /> '81-'84 Oldsmobile 98, '81-'85 Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme, Delta 88, Custom Cruiser, Toronado,<br /> '81-'83 Buick Electra, '81-'85 LeSabre, Electra Estate wagon, Riviera, '82-'83 Regal,<br /> '81-'84 Cadillac DeVille, '81-'85 Fleetwood Brougham, Eldorado, Seville |- |N||LG7||3.3&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3300). '89-'93 Buick Century, Skylark, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, '89-'91 Cutlass Calais,<br /> '92-'93 Achieva, Pontiac Grand Am. |- |N||LA3||3.2&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '03-'04 Cadillac CTS |- |N||LZ4||3.5L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. VVT. '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo, '06-'10 Chevy Impala,<br /> '07-'10 Chevy Malibu, Pontiac G6, '07-'08 Saturn Aura |- |N||LFR||3.6L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||(Bi-Fuel Gas/CNG). GM High Feature V6. '15-'17 Chevy Impala Bi-Fuel |- |P||LQ5||2.0&nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '83-'86 J-cars ('83-'84 for Pontiac). |- |P||LT1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Heads: '92-'96 Corvette, '93-'97 Camaro/Firebird.<br /> Iron Heads: '94-'96 Chevy Caprice, Impala SS, Buick Roadmaster, Cadillac Fleetwood. |- |P||LSJ||2.0&nbsp;L||SC Straight-4|I4 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential central point injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I. Made by Opel in Kaiserslautern, Germany.<br /> '04-'07 Saturn Ion Red Line, '05-'07 Chevy Cobalt SS Supercharged. |- |P||LSA||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> Cadillac CTS V-Series '09-'15, Camaro ZL1 '12-'15 |- |P||LF4||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Cadillac CT4-V Blackwing '22+ |- |R||LR8||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Transversely mounted. '82-'85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,<br /> '82-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, '82-'90 Chevy Celebrity, '82-'91 Pontiac 6000,<br /> '82-'92 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '84-'88 Pontiac Fiero, '90-'92 Chevy Lumina |- |R||L81||3.0&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '97-'01 Cadillac Catera, '00-'05 Saturn L-Series |- |R||LZ8||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '07 Chevy Impala |- |R||LS9||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. '09 Corvette ZR1. |- |R||LUK||2.4L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '12-'16 Buick LaCrosse eAssist, Regal eAssist,<br /> '13-'14 Chevy Malibu Eco, '14 Chevy Impala Eco |- |S||LS5||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 265 cu. in.<br /> '81 Pontiac Bonneville, Catalina, Firebird, Grand Prix, LeMans, Buick Century, Regal. |- |S||LU5||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '83 Camaro, Firebird. Dual throttle-body fuel injection. |- |S||LB8||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '85-'89 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |S||L32||3.4&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '93-'95 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |S||LS6||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen III Chevy Small-Block V8. (346 cu. in.) Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '01-'04 Corvette Z06, '04-'05 Cadillac CTS V-Series |- |S||LGX||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'19 Cadillac ATS, CTS, '16-'20 CT6, '16-'24 Chevrolet Camaro, '17-'19 Buick LaCrosse, '18–'20 Buick Regal GS |- |T||LU8||4.9&nbsp;L||V8 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 301 cu. in. '81 Pontiac Firebird Formula & Trans Am. |- |T||LT7||4.3&nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. FWD version for '82-'85 GM A-bodies. |- |T||LS2||4.3&nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. FWD version for '85 GM C-bodies. |- |T||LH0||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '90-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |T||LH0||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). Gen II. '88-'91 Pontiac 6000,<br /> '89-'93 Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal, '90-'94 Chevy Cavalier, Lumina,<br /> '91-'94 Pontiac Sunbird, '90-'93 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, '90 Celebrity |- |T||LD9||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 ("2.4 Twin Cam"). '96-'01 Pontiac Grand Am, '96-'97 Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark, '99-'01 Oldsmobile Alero, '97-'99 Chevy Malibu, '96-'02 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire |- |T||LP1||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '05-'07 Cadillac CTS |- |T||LS9||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. '10-'13 Corvette ZR1. |- |T||LFV||1.5L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. '16-'25 Chevy Malibu. |- |U||L68||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Transversely mounted. '85-'91 N-bodies |- |U||LS2||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '05-'07 Corvette, '05-'06 Pontiac GTO, '06-'07 Cadillac CTS V-Series |- |U||LE9||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. E85 Flex-Fuel. 2011-12 Chevy Malibu. |- |U||LKN||1.8L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Full Hybrid. GM Medium Gasoline Engine. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.<br> '16-'19 Chevy Malibu Hybrid |- |V||LT6||4.3&nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. RWD version.<br /> '82-'83 Chevy Malibu, Monte Carlo, '82-'85 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal |- |V||LG5||3.1&nbsp;L||V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MPFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Gen II. Intercooled. (ASC/McLaren modified).<br /> '89-'90 Pontiac Grand Prix Turbo coupe, '90 Grand Prix STE Turbo sedan |- |V||LLT||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '08-'11 Cadillac CTS, STS, '10-'11 Chevrolet Camaro, Buick LaCrosse |- |V||LHU||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E85 Flex Fuel (N/A on Regal GS). GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT.<br /> Buick Regal '11-'13, Verano '13-'16. |- |W||L37||4.9&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 301 cu. in. '81 Pontiac Firebird, LeMans Safari wagon. |- |W||LB6||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Gen I/II Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). '85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,<br /> '85-'89 Chevy Cavalier, Celebrity, Pontiac 6000, '85-'88 Cadillac Cimarron,<br /> '85-'87 Oldsmobile Firenza, '86-'89 Cutlass Ciera, '87-'88 Buick Century, '87-'89 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, '88-'89 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal |- |W||L64||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Flex-fuel: Gas/M85 or Gas/E85 (2 versions). Gen II Chevrolet 60° V6. '93 Chevy Lumina VFV |- |W||L99||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. '94-'96 Chevy Caprice. |- |W||LS3||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '08-'13 Corvette, '10-'15 Camaro SS (man. trans.), '09 Pontiac G8 GXP, '14-'17 Chevy SS |- |W||LGY||3.0L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '20+ Cadillac CT5, CT5-V |- |X||LE2||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). '81-'85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,<br /> '81-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, '82-'86 Chevy Celebrity, Pontiac 6000,<br /> '86 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century |- |X||LQ1||3.4&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MPFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Chevrolet 60° V6 ("Twin Dual Cam V6"). '91-'97 Chevy Lumina, '95-'97 Chevy Monte Carlo,<br /> '91-'96 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme |- |X||LNF||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT.<br /> '07-'10 Pontiac Solstice GXP, Saturn Sky Red Line, '08-'10 Chevy Cobalt SS Turbo. |- |X||LTG||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '13-'22 Chevy Malibu, '13-'19 Cadillac ATS, '14-'20 Buick Regal,<br /> '14-'19 Cadillac CTS, '16-'23 Chevy Camaro, '16-'18 Cadillac CT6. |- |X||LTG||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Plug-in hybrid. GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '17-'18 Cadillac CT6 PHEV. (VIN starts with LRE) |- |Y||LV2||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (307 cu. in.) '86-'90 Chevy Caprice wagon, '87 Caprice sedan (Can.),<br /> '81 Pontiac Bonneville, Catalina, '86 Parisienne, '87-'89 Safari wagon, '81-'84 Oldsmobile 98,<br /> '81-'85 Delta 88, Toronado, '81-'90 Custom Cruiser, '81 Cutlass Cruiser, '82-'87 Cutlass Supreme,<br /> '88 Cutlass Supreme Classic, '81-'84 Buick Electra, '85-'89 Electra Estate wagon,<br /> '81-'85 LeSabre, Riviera, '86-'89 LeSabre Estate wagon, '90 Estate wagon, '86-'87 Regal,<br /> '86 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham, '87-'90 Brougham |- |Y||LD8||4.6&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (Torque tuned FWD) (Premium V). '93-'02 Cadillac Eldorado,<br /> '94-'04 Cadillac Seville SLS, '94-'05 Cadillac DeVille, '06-'11 Cadillac DTS,<br /> '04-'05 Pontiac Bonneville GXP, '06-'08 Buick Lucerne |- |Y||L76||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management.<br /> '08-'09 Pontiac G8 GT. |- |Y||LF1||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. 2011 Cadillac CTS |- |Y||LF4||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Cadillac ATS-V '16-'19 |- |Z||LH7||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). H.O. '81-'84 Chevy Citation, '82-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega ES, Buick Skylark, '83-'84 Pontiac 6000 STE, '84 Chevy Celebrity |- |Z||LB4||4.3L||V6||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '85 Chevy Impala, '85-'90 Caprice,<br /> '92-'93 Caprice 9C6 taxi, '85-'88 Monte Carlo, '85-'86 Pontiac Parisienne, '86-'87 Grand Prix,<br> '86 Bonneville. |- |Z||LAT||2.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Chevy Malibu Hybrid |- |Z||LUZ||2.0&nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Direct injection <br /> Common-rail Diesel||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family B Diesel (Based on Fiat JTD engine). Made by Opel in Kaiserslautern, Germany.<br /> Iron Block, Aluminum Heads. '14-'15 Chevy Cruze Diesel. |- |1||LC1||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '82-'84 Camaro/Firebird. |- |1||LL8||2.0&nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '87-'89 Chevy/Olds/Buick J-cars & Chevy L-cars. |- |1||L67||3.8&nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series I). '91-'95 Buick Park Avenue Ultra,<br /> '92-'95 Pontiac Bonneville, Oldsmobile 98, '95 Buick Riviera, Oldsmobile LSS |- |1||L67||3.8&nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series II). '96-'05 Buick Park Avenue Ultra,<br /> '96-'99 Buick Riviera, Oldsmobile LSS, '96-'03 Pontiac Bonneville, '97-'03 Grand Prix,<br /> '97-'04 Buick Regal, '04-'05 Chevy Impala SS, Monte Carlo SS Supercharged |- |1||LZ9||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. VVT.<br /> '06-'07 Chevy Malibu SS, '06-'09 Pontiac G6, '06 Chevy Monte Carlo, Impala, '09-'10 Buick Lucerne |- |1||2H0||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary. '08 (& '09 in Canada) Saturn Astra |- |1||LE5||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '11 & some '12 Chevy Malibu w/LE5 engine. |- |2||LQ9||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Longitudinally mounted. '82-'85 Camaro/Firebird. |- |2||LS3||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10T engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Sprint Turbo |- |2||LY8||1.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Suzuki G13BB engine. '98-'01 Chevrolet Metro |- |2||L26||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series III). '04-'08 Pontiac Grand Prix, '05-'09 Buick LaCrosse, '06-'08 Buick Lucerne |- |2||L77||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management.<br /> E85 Flex Fuel. '11-'17 Chevy Caprice PPV. |- |3||LC8||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. 231 cu. in. '81-'82 Buick Regal, Riviera, '81 Chevy Monte Carlo. |- |3||LG3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#(Sequential) Multi-port injection|MFI/SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '84-'88 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '85 & '87 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Electra,<br /> '86-'88 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre, '87 Oldsmobile Toronado, Buick Riviera,<br /> '87-'88 Pontiac Bonneville. |- |3||LW2||4.5&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '90 Cadillac DeVille/Fleetwood/Sixty Special/Eldorado/Seville. |- |3||L40||2.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 ("Quad OHC"). '92-'94 Pontiac Grand Am, Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark |- |3||LZG||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||E85 Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '08 Chevy Impala |- |3||LFX||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. E85 Flex Fuel.<br /> '12-'16 Buick LaCrosse, '12-'15 Chevrolet Camaro, Cadillac CTS, '12-'17 Chevrolet Caprice PPV,<br /> '12-'20 Chevrolet Impala, '14-'16 Chevrolet Impala Limited, '13-'15 Cadillac ATS, '13-'19 Cadillac XTS |- |3||LT6||5.5&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Z06 '23+. |- |4||LC4||4.1&nbsp;L||V6|V6||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '81-'84 Buick LeSabre, Electra, Riviera, Oldsmobile Toronado, '81-'82 Cadillac DeVille, Fleetwood Brougham, Eldorado, Seville, '81-'83 Oldsmobile 98, '82-'84 Buick Regal,<br /> '82 Pontiac Grand Prix, Bonneville G |- |4||LC9||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Toyota 4A-C engine. '85-'88 Chevy Nova |- |4||LN2||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#(Sequential) Multi-port injection|MPI/SFI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '92-'02 Cavalier, '95-'02 Sunfire, '92-'96 Corsica/Beretta, '93 Lumina,<br /> '93-'96 Cutlass Ciera, Century. |- |4||L32||3.8&nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series III). '04-'07 Pontiac Grand Prix |- |4||LUU||1.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. ([[w:EREV|Range extender]]). Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '11-'15 Chevy Volt, '14 & '16 Cadillac ELR. |- |4||LT2||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Stingray '20+. |- |4||LT2||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Full Hybrid. Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette E-Ray '24+. |- |5||LW9||2.5L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke engine. '81 Chevy Citation, Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, Buick Skylark. |- |5||LR6||4.5&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '88-'89 Cadillac DeVille/Fleetwood/Sixty Special/Eldorado/Seville. |- |5||LY9||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '86 Chevrolet Sprint |- |5||LM9||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Sprint |- |5||LW0||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 4A-GE engine. '88 Chevy Nova Twin Cam, '90-'92 Geo Prizm GSi |- |5||LW0||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4XE1-UW engine. '90-'91 Geo Storm GSi |- |5||LT4||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. '96 Corvette (man. trans.) |- |5||LAT||2.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '07-'09 Saturn Aura Green Line, '08-'09 Chevy Malibu Hybrid |- |5||LAP||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Chevy Cobalt. |- |5||LFW||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. '12-'13 Cadillac CTS, '14 CTS wagon |- |5||L3A||1.5L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. ([[w:EREV|Range extender]]). '16-'19 Chevy Volt. |- |5||LWC||1.6L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Medium Gasoline Engine, H.O. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary. '16-'19 Buick Cascada |- |5||LS6||6.7&nbsp;L||V8||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Gen VI Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Stingray, Grand Sport '27+. |- |5||LS6||6.7&nbsp;L||V8||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Full Hybrid. Gen VI Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Grand Sport X '27+. |- |6||L81||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '81 Corvette |- |6||LM1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '83-'85 Impala 9C1 Police, '86-'88 Caprice 9C1 Police |- |6||L73||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family 1 engine. Made in South Korea by Daewoo. '88-'93 Pontiac LeMans |- |6||LP2||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '89-'97 Geo Metro, '98-'00 Chevrolet Metro |- |6||L01||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 4A-FE engine. '89-'97 Geo Prizm base/LSi |- |6||L01||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Isuzu 4XE1-V engine. '90-'93 Geo Storm (base model) |- |6||L42||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I (Bi-Fuel Gas/CNG). '03-'04 Chevy Cavalier |- |6||L91||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E-TEC II. '04-'07 Chevy Aveo |- |6||LXT||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E-TEC II. '08 Chevy Aveo |- |6||LGW||3.0L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'19 Cadillac CT6 |- |6||LT4||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> '15-'19 Corvette Z06, '17-'24 Camaro ZL1, '16-'19 Cadillac CTS V-Series,<br /> '22+ Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing |- |7||LU5||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '82 Camaro, Firebird. Dual throttle-body fuel injection. |- |7||L69||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (High Output 5.0L). (305 cu. in.). '83 F-cars, '83 Chevy Monte Carlo SS |- |7||LC5||1.5&nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1 engine. '86-'88 Chevrolet Spectrum, '89 Geo Spectrum. |- |7||LC2||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Intercooled. Buick V6. '86-'87 Buick Regal. '89 Pontiac 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am |- |7||LC7||4.1&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '87-'88 Cadillac Allante. |- |7||L05||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '89-'93 Chevy Caprice (police only for '89-'91),<br /> '92-'93 Buick Roadmaster, '92 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, '90-'92 Cadillac Brougham, '93 Fleetwood. |- |7||LL0||1.9&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '91-'02 Saturn S-Series |- |7||LY7||3.6&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. '04-'09 Cadillac CTS, '05-'07 STS, '05-'08 Buick LaCrosse,<br /> '07-'09 Pontiac G6, Saturn Aura, '08-'09 Pontiac G8, '08-'12 Chevy Malibu |- |7||LT1||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> '14-'19 Corvette, '16-'24 Camaro SS |- |7||LT7||5.5&nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Port/Direct injection||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette ZR1 '25+. (1,064 hp) |- |7||LT7||5.5&nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Port/Direct injection||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Full Hybrid. Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette ZR1X '26+. (1,250 hp) |- |8||LV8||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (260 cu. in.) '82 Oldsmobile Cutlass, Delta 88. |- |8||LT8||4.1&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '82-'87 Cadillac DeVille, Eldorado, Seville, '82-'85 Fleetwood Brougham, '85-'87 Fleetwood, '87 Fleetwood Sixty Special. |- |8||LC8||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '83 Buick Regal, Riviera. |- |8||L83||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '82, '84 Corvette. Dual throttle-body fuel injection. 1st fuel injected Corvette since 1965. |- |8||L98||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Tuned-port fuel injection|TPI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '85-'91 Corvette, '87-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |8||LQ6||4.5&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '89-'92 Cadillac Allante. |- |8||L24||1.9&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '95-'02 Saturn S-Series |- |8||LX9||3.5&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3498cc. '04-'06 Chevy Malibu, '05-'06 Pontiac G6 |- |8||LF3||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '14-'19 Cadillac CTS V-Sport, XTS V-Sport |- |8||LV6||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4XF1 engine. '92-'93 Geo Storm GSi. |- |8||LV6||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 7A-FE engine. '93-'97 Geo Prizm |- |8||LV6||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 1ZZ-FE engine. VVT-i from '00. '98-'02 Chevrolet Prizm, '03-'08 Pontiac Vibe |- |8||LAY||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Dual VVT-i. '09-'10 Pontiac Vibe |- |9||L17||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu G161Z engine made by GM in US. '81 Chevy Chevette, Pontiac T1000 |- |9||L62||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac 472-series V8 engine family. V8-6-4 cylinder deactivation.<br /> '81 Cadillacs, '82-'84 Fleetwood Limousine. |- |9||LC3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '83 Malibu, '83-'84 Monte Carlo, Impala, Caprice, '83 Pontiac Parisienne. |- |9||LG8||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (307 cu. in.) H.O. '83-'84 Hurst/Olds, '85-'87 Oldsmobile Cutlass 442 |- |9||LM9||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '84-'85 Buick Regal, Riviera. |- |9||L44||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). H.O. '85-'88 Pontiac Fiero |- |9||LC0||1.5&nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1-T engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Spectrum Turbo |- |9||LK0||1.9&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '91-'94 Saturn S-Series |- |9||L37||4.6&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (H.O. FWD) (Premium V). '93 Cadillac Allanté,<br /> '93-'02 Cadillac Eldorado Touring Coupe, '93-'04 Cadillac Seville STS, '96-'05 Cadillac DeVille,<br /> '06-'11 Cadillac DTS, '08-'11 Buick Lucerne Super |- |9||L72||1.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve ||Suzuki G13BA engine. '95-'97 Geo Metro |- |9||LUJ||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '11 Chevy Cruze |- |9||LL0||1.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Daewoo S-TEC II engine (1249 cc). VVT. Made in Changwon, S. Korea. '13-'15 Chevy Spark. |- |9||LT5||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. '19 Corvette ZR1. |- |0||LH8||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.<br /> '82-'86 Pontiac J2000/2000/Sunbird, Oldsmobile Firenza, Buick Skyhawk. |- |0||LAX||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. VVT-i. '09-'10 Pontiac Vibe |- |0||LE9||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. E85 Flex-Fuel. 2010 Chevy Malibu. |- |0||LE5||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. Most '12 Chevy Malibu w/LE5 engine. |} H.O.=High Output, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, VVT=Variable Valve Timing, VVL=Variable Valve Lift ====Motor codes for electric passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- | 5 ||LN1|| Electricity || Front || '97, '99 General Motors EV1 |- | 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '14-'16 Chevrolet Spark EV |- | 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '17-'23 Chevrolet Bolt EV |- | 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '22-'23 Chevrolet Bolt EUV |- |} ====Motor codes for LFP-powered electric passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! Motor <br /> RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Pack <br /> RPO code !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- |- | V ||P9D (HPB)|| 1 || EJW || Electricity || Front || '27 Chevrolet Bolt |} LFP=Lithium Iron Phosphate ====Motor codes for Ultium-powered electric passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! Motor <br /> RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Module <br /> RPO code !! # of Modules !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- |- | 1 ||X0E|| 2 || EXN || 16 || Electricity || All || '25- Cadillac Celestiq |} ====Engine codes for light trucks==== GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A ||LD5|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Buick V6. (231 cu. in.) '81-'84 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (CA emissions). |- | A ||LR1|| 1.9L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||2-bbl carb. Isuzu G200 engine imported from Japan.<br /> '82-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'85 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | A ||L38|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. '91-'93 Chevy S-10/GMC Sonoma. |- | A ||LH2|| 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (For RWD) (Premium V). '04-'09 Cadillac SRX |- | A ||L20|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '10-'13 GMT900 pickups, '10-'14 Express/Savana |- | A ||LCV|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. VVT. '15-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon,<br /> '17-'20 Buick Envision, '17-'21 GMC Acadia, '19-'21 Chevy Blazer |- | B ||LR2|| 2.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 60° V6.<br /> '82-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'85 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | B ||LU2|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '90-'91 Astro/Safari higher output engine option. |- | B ||L81|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '02-'03 Saturn Vue |- | B ||L33|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5300 H.O. 310hp. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '05-'07 Silverado/Sierra 1500 4wd ext. cab short bed. |- | B ||LE8|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '09-'10 Chevy HHR |- | B ||LC8|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/CNG ||OHV||Bi-Fuel (Also Gas/LPG in Express/Savana). SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT. '11-'20 Express/Savana, '13-'19 Silverado HD/Sierra HD. |- | B ||LUV|| 1.4L ||I4 Turbo|| Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. SFI. VVT.<br /> '13-'21 Buick Encore, '15-'21 Chevy Trax (also '13-'14 Trax in Canada) |- | C ||LH6|| 6.2L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks '82-'93. '82-'86 C/K pickups, '87 R/V pickups,<br /> '88-'93 C/K, Sierra pickups, '82-'91 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, '83-'93 full-size vans |- | C ||L34|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Suzuki J20A engine. MFI. '99-'03 Chevrolet Tracker |- | C ||LY2|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads.<br /> '07-'09 GMT900 pickups, '07-'09 Tahoe/Yukon, '08-'09 Express/Savana |- | C ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '11. |- | C ||L83|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management<br /> '14-'19 K2XX pickups, '15-'20 K2XX SUVs. |- | C ||L2R|| 2.7L ||I4 Turbo||| Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine ("TurboMax") - Detuned version. Direct Injection. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management. '23-'24 Chevy Colorado. |- | D ||LE3|| 4.1L || I6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6.<br /> '81-'84 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, full-size vans, '81-'82 Blazer/Jimmy |- | D ||LG6|| 3.1L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Chevrolet 60° V6. '90-'95 U-body minivans. |- | D ||L61|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I. '02-'07 Saturn Vue, '06 Chevy HHR. |- | D ||L61|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. '07-'08 Chevy HHR. |- | D ||LLT|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. '09-'16 GMC Acadia, '17 GMC Acadia Limited,<br /> '09-'17 Chevrolet Traverse, Buick Enclave, '09-'10 Saturn Outlook |- | D ||LBZ|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine.<br /> Mid '06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD & '07 Silverado Classic HD/Sierra Classic HD |- | D ||L84|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. With Dynamic Fuel Management<br /> '19+ Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500, '21+ Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL. |- | E ||LN8|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine.<br /> '85-'90 Chevy/GMC S-10/S-15, Astro/Safari Cargo Van, '85-'88 S-10 Blazer/S-15 Jimmy. |- | E ||LLR|| 3.7L || I5 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 20 valve||Atlas I5. SFI. VVT.<br /> '07-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '07-'08 Isuzu i-370, '07-'10 Hummer H3, '09-'10 Hummer H3T |- | E ||LA1|| 3.4L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. '96 GMT199 (U-body) minivans, '97-'05 GMT200 (U-body) minivans,<br /> '01-'05 Pontiac Aztek, '02-'05 Buick Rendezvous |- | F ||LF3|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81-'86 C/K, full-size vans, '81-'82 Blazer/Jimmy.<br /> CA emissions version of LE9 5.0 V8. |- | F ||L65|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks '92-'02,<br /> Chevy/GMC Suburban 1500/2500 '94-'99, over-8,500 lb. GVWR Express/Savana '96-'02 |- | F ||LNJ|| 3.4L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Made in China by SAIC-GM. '05-'09 Chevy Equinox, '06-'09 Pontiac Torrent. |- | F ||L94|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. SFI. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '10-'14 GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | F ||L20|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '15-'17 Express/Savana |- | F ||L82|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. With Active Fuel Management<br /> '19-'21 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500 (T1XX). |- | G ||LG9|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 2-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, Blazer/Jimmy, full-size van |- | G ||L18|| 8.1L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MFI. Vortec 8100. Gen VII Chevrolet Big-Block V8. '01-'02 C3500HD, '01-'06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '07 Silverado Classic HD/Sierra Classic HD, '01-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL 2500, '02-'06 Avalanche 2500, '01-'02 Express/Savana |- | G ||L96|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '10-'19 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '10-'13 Suburban 2500/Yukon XL 2500, '16-'19 Suburban 3500,<br /> '10-'20 Express/Savana. |- | G ||LSD|| 1.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '23+ Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain |- | H ||LG4|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '81-'87 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero. |- | H ||LE9|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81-'86 C/K pickups, Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, full-size vans |- | H ||L03|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans, '87 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban. |- | H ||LN2|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Chevrolet "122" engine. '03 Chevy S-10/GMC Sonoma |- | H ||LS2|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Chevy SSR '05-'06, Trailblazer SS '06-'09, Saab 9-7X Aero '08-'09. |- | H ||LV3|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. Chevrolet 90° V6 - Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V6 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. '14-'21 Chevy Silverado 1500/GMC Sierra 1500. |- | J ||L39|| 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (267 cu. in.) '81-82 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero. |- | J ||LL4|| 6.2L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks '82-'93. '82-'86 C/K pickups, '87-'91 R/V pickups,<br /> '88-'93 C/K, Sierra pickups, '82-'91 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, '83-'93 full-size vans |- | J ||L29|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| MFI. Vortec 7400. Gen VI Chevrolet Big-Block V8.<br /> '96-'00 C/K, Sierra pickups, Express/Savana, '96-'99 Suburban 2500 |- | J ||LY5|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads.<br /> '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500, Avalanche |- | J ||LZ1|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||2-Mode Hybrid. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '10-'13 Tahoe Hybrid, Yukon Hybrid, Escalade Hybrid, Silverado Hybrid, Sierra Hybrid |- | J ||L86|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. <br /> '14-18 Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500,<br /> '18-20 Chevy Tahoe Premier, '19-'20 Chevy Suburban Premier, GMC Yukon/Yukon XL SLT,<br /> '15-'20 GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | K ||LC3|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '81-'82 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (49-state emissions) |- | K ||L05|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans, '96 G-Classic full-size vans, '87-'94 Blazer, '95 Tahoe, '87-'91 Jimmy, '92-'95 Yukon, '87-'95 Suburban. |- | K ||LY6|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '07-'09 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '07-'09 Suburban 2500/Yukon XL 2500, '08-'09 Express/Savana |- | K ||LEA|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '12-'17,<br /> Chevy Captiva Sport '12-'14, Chevy Orlando '14. |- | K ||L3B|| 2.7L ||I4 Turbo||| Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine ("TurboMax"). Direct Injection. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management.<br /> '19+ Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500, '23+ Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon. |- | L ||LS9|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks, vans, Suburban, Blazer/Jimmy (CA) '81-'86. |- | L ||L27|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series I). '92-'95 U-body minivans |- | L ||LX9|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3498cc. SFI. '05-'06 GMT201 minivans, '06-'07 Buick Rendezvous |- | L ||LH8|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '08-'09 Hummer H3 Alpha, '09 Colorado/Canyon, Hummer H3T Alpha |- | L ||LGH|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. Mid '10-'16 Express/Savana, '11-'12 Silverado HD/Sierra HD chassis cabs |- | L ||L87|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Dynamic Fuel Management.<br /> '19+ Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500, '21+ Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL,<br /> Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | L ||L3T|| 1.3L || I3 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '20+ Buick Encore GX, '21+ Chevy Trailblazer. |- | M ||LT9|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8.<br /> For over-8,500 lb. GVWR C/K trucks, full-size vans, Suburban '81-'86, full-size van cutaway '81-'88.<br /> '88 Chevy/GMC R30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7C (10,500 lb. GVWR),<br /> V30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7E (11,000 lb. GVWR) |- | M ||L30|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen 1+ Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5000. CPI.<br /> '96-'99 Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra, '96-'02 Express/Savana |- | M ||LNF|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. 2010 Chevy HHR SS. |- | M ||LH6|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '05-'06 GMT370 SUVs (Trailblazer EXT/Envoy XL/Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.), '05-'07 Buick Rainier,<br /> '05-'09 GMC Envoy Denali, Saab 9-7X, '06-'08 Chevy Trailblazer, '05 GMC Envoy XUV,<br /> '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra 1500 |- | M ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Orlando '12. |- | M ||LE2|| 1.4L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '16-'19 & '21-'22 Buick Encore, '21-'22 Chevy Trax. |- | N ||L10|| 1.8L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||2-bbl carb. Isuzu G180Z engine imported from Japan. '81-'82 Chevy LUV |- | N ||LF9|| 5.7L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '83-'84 Chevy El Camino/GMC Caballero. |- | N ||LB1|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).<br /> '85 Astro/Safari, '85-'86 C/K pickups & full-size vans |- | N ||L19|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Mark IV Chevrolet Big-Block V8. TBI.<br /> '87-'90 R/V pickups, Suburban 2500, '88-'90 C/K, Sierra pickups, full-size vans |- | N ||L19|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Big-Block V8. TBI.<br /> '91 R/V pickups, '91-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, Suburban 2500, full-size vans. '96 G-Classic full-size vans |- | N ||LZ4|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. SFI. VVT. '08-'09 Saturn Vue |- | N ||LQ9|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 6000 H.O. or VortecMAX. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. 345 hp.<br /> '02-'06 Cadillac Escalade, '03-'06 Cadillac Escalade ESV, '03-'06 Chevy Silverado SS, '05-'06 GMC Sierra Denali. |- | N ||LGZ|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. Direct Injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management.<br /> '17-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon. |- | P ||L49|| 6.5L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks & full-size vans '94-'95 |- | P ||LM4|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5300. 290hp. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '03-'04 Chevy SSR, '03-'04 GMT370 SUVs (Trailblazer EXT/Envoy XL/Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.),<br /> '04 Buick Rainier, GMC Envoy XUV |- | P ||LE5|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '06-'08 Chevy HHR, '08-'09 Saturn Vue |- | P ||LH9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT.<br /> '10-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '10 Hummer H3 Alpha, H3T Alpha |- | P ||LV1|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 - Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V6 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT.<br /> '18+ Chevy Express/GMC Savana. |- | P ||LBP|| 1.2L || I3 Turbo || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Flex Fuel. GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '25+ Buick Encore GX, Chevy Trailblazer, '25- Chevy Trax, Buick Envista. |- | R ||LL2|| 2.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Chevrolet 60° V6. '86-'93 Chevy S-10, GMC S-15/Sonoma,<br /> '86-'89 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | R ||L31|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen 1+ Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5700. CPI.<br /> '96-'99 Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra, '96-'99 Chevy Tahoe/GMC Yukon, Chevy/GMC Suburban, '99-'00 GMC Yukon Denali, Cadillac Escalade, '00 Chevy Tahoe Limited/Z71, '96-'02 Chevy Express/GMC Savana. |- | R ||L8B|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Mild Hybrid. Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'18 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500. |- | S ||LQ7|| 2.2L || I4 || Diesel ||OHV||Isuzu C220 engine imported from Japan. '81-'82 Chevy LUV, '84-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15 |- | S ||L56|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks '94-'99,<br /> Chevy Blazer '94, Chevy Tahoe 2-d '95-'99, GMC Yukon 2-d '94-'97 |- | S ||LL8|| 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Atlas I6. SFI. VVT. '02-'09 GMT360/370 SUVs (Chevy Trailblazer, GMC Envoy, Oldsmobile Bravada, Buick Rainier, Isuzu Ascender, Saab 9-7X) |- | S ||LGX|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. Direct Injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management.<br /> '17+ Cadillac XT5, '17-'23 GMC Acadia, '19+ Chevrolet Blazer, '20-'25 Cadillac XT6. |- | S ||LK0|| 2.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||L3B engine family. Direct Injection. VVT. '24- Chevy Traverse, GMC Acadia, '25- Buick Enclave |- | T ||L25|| 4.8L || I6 || Gas ||OHV||1-bbl carb. Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6. '81-'86 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, '88 R/V pickups |- | T ||LM7|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. Vortec 5300. 270/285/295hp.<br /> '99-'07 GMT800 pickups & SUVs including '02-'05 Escalade 2wd, '03-'07 Express/Savana |- | T ||LEA|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Orlando '13. |- | T ||LM2|| 3.0L || I6 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve|| Duramax Diesel I6. Aluminum Block & Heads. '20-'22 Silverado/Sierra 1500, '21-'24 Tahoe/Suburban, Yukon/Yukon XL, Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | U ||LS5|| 1.6L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Suzuki G16A engine. TBI. '89-'95 Geo Tracker |- | U ||LQ4|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads (Iron Heads in '99-'00).<br /> '99-'06 GMT800 pickups, '00-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL 2500, '01-'06 Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali,<br> '06 Suburban LTZ, '03-'07 Express/Savana, '03-'07 Hummer H2. |- | U ||LE9|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. 2011 Chevy HHR |- | U ||LH7|| 1.6L ||I4 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Medium Diesel engine ("Whisper Diesel"). Made by Opel in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.<br /> Aluminum Block & Heads. '18-'19 Chevy Equinox & GMC Terrain Diesel. |- | V ||LR4|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. '99-'06 GMT800 pickups,<br /> '00-'06 Tahoe/Yukon, '03-'07 Express/Savana |- | V ||LE9|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. 2009-2010 Chevy HHR |- | V ||LYX|| 1.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '18-'22 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain |- | W ||LE8|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Mark IV Chevrolet Big-Block V8. 4bbl carb. '81-'86 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, Suburban.<br /> '88-'89 Chevy/GMC R30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7C (10,500 lb. GVWR),<br /> V30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7E (11,000 lb. GVWR) |- | W ||L35|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| CPI. Vortec 4300 H.O. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).<br /> '92-'95 Sonoma, S-10 Blazer/Jimmy, Astro/Safari, '94-'95 S-10, '92-'94 Oldsmobile Bravada |- | W ||L35|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| SFI. Vortec 4300 H.O. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '96-'02 S-10/Sonoma, Blazer/Jimmy, Express/Savana, C/K, Silverado, Sierra, '96-'01 Bravada, Astro/Safari, '00 Isuzu Hombre |- | W ||LGD|| 3.9L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. SFI. VVT. '07-'09 GMT201 minivans |- | W ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '10. |- | W ||LE8|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. 2011 Chevy HHR. |- | W ||LFY|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection.<br> '18-'23 Chevrolet Traverse, '24 Chevrolet Traverse Limited, '18-'24 Buick Enclave. |- | X ||LF6|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Vortec 4300. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).<br /> '96-'99 S-10/Sonoma, '97-'99 Isuzu Hombre. |- | X ||LU3|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Vortec 4300. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '03-'04 S-10/Sonoma,<br /> '03-'05 Blazer/Jimmy, '02-'05 Astro/Safari, '03-'14 Express/Savana, '03-'13 Silverado/Sierra |- | X ||LNF|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. '08-'09 Chevy HHR SS. |- | X ||LTG|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '16-'20 Buick Envision, '18-'20 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '18-'19 Chevy Traverse RS |- | Y ||LQ2|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet "122" engine.<br /> '83-'84 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'84 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | Y ||L57|| 6.5L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR full-size vans '94-'95 & '96 G-Classic full-size vans |- | Y ||L76|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. With Active Fuel Management.<br /> '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra, Suburban/Yukon XL, Chevy Avalanche |- | Y ||LF1|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '10-'11 Cadillac SRX, '11 Saab 9-4X, '10 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain |- | Y ||L5P|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '17+ Silverado HD/Sierra HD. Engine updated in '24. |- | Z ||LF9|| 5.7L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '81 Chevy C10/GMC C1500 full-size pickups. |- | Z ||LB4|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '85-'87 Chevy El Camino/GMC Caballero,<br /> '86-'94 Astro/Safari, '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K & Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans & <br /> '96 G-Classic full-size vans, '88-'95 S-10, S-15/Sonoma, '88-'94 S-10 Blazer, S-15 Jimmy,<br /> '91-'92 Oldsmobile Bravada |- | Z ||LB4|| 4.3L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||OHV|| MPI. For GMC Syclone & Typhoon. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived) |- | Z ||L59|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. Vortec 5300. 285/295hp.<br /> '02-'07 GMT800 pickups, '02-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL, Avalanche. |- | Z ||LAT|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '07-'09 Saturn Vue Green Line |- | 1 ||LZ9|| 3.9L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. SFI. VVT. '06-'09 GMT201 minivans |- | 1 ||LE5|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Saturn Vue. |- | 1 ||LB7|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. First version of the Duramax V8. '01-Mid '04 Silverado HD/Sierra HD |- | 1 ||LWN|| 2.8L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Based on VM Motori A428 engine. Made by GM Powertrain Thailand 2016-2020. Made in Brazil for '22. '16-'22 Colorado/Canyon, '17-'22 Express/Savana. |- | 2 ||LLY|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. Mid '04-Mid '06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '06-Mid '07 Express/Savana |- | 2 ||L9H|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. SFI. VVT.<br /> '09-'13 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500, Sierra Denali 1500,<br /> '09 Chevy Tahoe LTZ, GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV,<br> Hummer H2 |- | 2 ||LIH|| 1.2L || I3 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '20-'24 Buick Encore GX, '21-'24 Chevy Trailblazer, '24 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista,<br> '25 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista (Canada only). |- | 3 ||LC9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT added for '10. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '07-'11 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500, '07-'09 & '11 Avalanche |- | 3 ||LFX|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT. E85 Flex Fuel.<br /> '12-'16 Cadillac SRX, '13-'17 Chevrolet Equinox, GMC Terrain, '15-'16 Colorado/Canyon |- | 4 ||LN2|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||MFI (94-95). SFI (96-00). Chevrolet "122" engine. '94-'00 S-10/Sonoma, '96-'00 Isuzu Hombre |- | 4 ||LE8|| 2.5L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Suzuki H25A engine. MFI. '01-'04 Chevrolet Tracker |- | 4 ||L66|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Honda J35S1 V6. VTEC. '04-'07 Saturn Vue |- | 4 ||LMF|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '08-'14 Express/Savana 1500 |- | 4 ||LAU|| 2.8L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. SFI. '10 Cadillac SRX |- | 4 ||LSY|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. Active Fuel Management. VVT. VVL.<br /> '19-'25 Cadillac XT4, '20+ Chevy Blazer, Cadillac XT5, '20-'23 GMC Acadia,<br /> '21+ Buick Envision, '21-'25 Cadillac XT6 |- | 5 ||L43|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. SFI. Chevrolet "122" engine. '00-'02 S-10/Sonoma, '00 Isuzu Hombre |- | 5 ||LFA|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||2-Mode Hybrid. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '08-'09 Tahoe Hybrid/Yukon Hybrid, '09 Escalade Hybrid, Silverado Hybrid/Sierra Hybrid |- | 5 ||LFW|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT. '11-'12 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain,<br /> '12 Chevy Captiva Sport |- | 6 ||L01|| 1.6L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Suzuki G16B engine. MFI. '94-'97 Geo Tracker, '98-'00 Chevrolet Tracker |- | 6 ||L52|| 3.5L || I5 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 20 valve||Atlas I5. SFI. VVT. '04-'06 Colorado/Canyon, '06 Isuzu i-350, '06 Hummer H3 |- | 6 ||LAU|| 2.8L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. SFI. '11 Cadillac SRX, Saab 9-4X |- | 6 ||LMM|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '07-'10 Silverado HD/Sierra HD (GMT900), Mid '07-Mid '10 Express/Savana |- | 7 ||LY7|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '04-'06 Buick Rendezvous, '04-'09 Cadillac SRX,<br /> '07-'08 GMC Acadia, Saturn Outlook, '08 Buick Enclave, '08-'10 Saturn Vue |- | 7 ||LC9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '12-'13 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Avalanche, '12-'14 Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500 |- | 7 ||L8T|| 6.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. Direct injection, VVT.<br /> '20+ Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '21+ Express/Savana |- | 8 ||LK5|| 2.8L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Atlas I4. SFI. VVT. '04-'06 Colorado/Canyon, '06 Isuzu i-280. |- | 8 ||L92|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. SFI. VVT.<br /> '07-'08 GMC Sierra Denali, Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV,<br> '08 Chevy Tahoe LTZ, Hummer H2. |- | 8 ||LML|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine.<br /> '11-'16 Silverado HD/Sierra HD pickups, '13-'16 Silverado HD/Sierra HD chassis cabs. |- | 8 ||LZ0|| 3.0L || I6 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve|| Duramax Diesel I6. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br> '23+ Silverado/Sierra 1500, '24+ Suburban HD, '25+ Tahoe/Suburban, Yukon/Yukon XL. |- | 9 ||LC3|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '83-'84 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (49-state emissions). |- | 9 ||LLV|| 2.9L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Atlas I4. SFI. VVT. '07-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '07-'08 Isuzu i-290. |- | 9 ||LT4|| 6.2L ||V8 Supercharged|| Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Direct injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '23+ Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV V-Series. |- | 0 ||LMG|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT added for '10.<br /> Iron Block & Aluminum Heads.<br /> '07-'13 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Avalanche, '07-'14 Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500. |} H.O.=High Output, VVT=Variable Valve Timing, VVL=Variable Valve Lift, GVWR=Gross Vehicle Weight Rating, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane Autogas) ====Motor codes for electric light trucks==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- | H ||LN1|| Electricity || Front || '97-'98 Chevrolet S-10 Electric. |- |} ====Motor codes for Ultium-powered electric light trucks==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! Motor <br /> RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Module <br /> RPO code !! # of Modules !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- | A ||XRL|| 3 || ETN || 24 || Electricity || All || '22- GMC Hummer EV pickup 3X |- | B ||XRL|| 3 || ETI || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV pickup 3X |- | C ||XRL|| 3 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV SUV 3X |- | D ||XRJ|| 2 || ETI || 20 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevrolet Silverado EV 3WT, '25- Silverado EV 5WT, 3LT,<br> '25 Silverado EV RST (2SP), '26- Silverado EV Trail Boss (2TR),<br> '24- GMC Hummer EV pickup 2X, '25- GMC Sierra EV Denali 5SC,<br> '26- Sierra EV Elevation 3SC, AT4 4SC |- | E ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV SUV 2X |- | G ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '23 BrightDrop Zevo 600 |- | H ||XRJ|| 2 || EWX || 14 || Electricity || All ||'26- Chevrolet Silverado EV 4WT, 2LT,<br> '26- GMC Sierra EV Elevation 3SB, Denali 5SB |- | J ||X0C|| 2 || EC5 || 10 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevy Blazer EV 2LT, 1RS AWD,<br> '25- Chevy Blazer EV 4LT, 3RS AWD, '24- Honda Prologue AWD |- | K ||X0D|| 1 || EC6 || 12 || Electricity || Rear || '23- Cadillac Lyriq RWD, '24-'25 Chevrolet Blazer EV 2RS RWD,<br> '24 Acura ZDX A-Spec RWD |- | L ||X0E|| 2 || EC6 || 12 || Electricity || All || '23- Cadillac Lyriq AWD, '24- Chevrolet Blazer EV PPV AWD,<br> '25- Chevrolet Blazer EV SS AWD, '26- Cadillac Vistiq AWD,<br> '24 Acura ZDX A-Spec, Type S AWD |- | L ||XRJ|| 2 || ETN || 24 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevrolet Silverado EV 4WT, RST (3SP), '25- Silverado EV 8WT,<br> '25 Silverado EV RST (3SP), '26- Silverado EV 4LT, Trail Boss (3TR),<br> '24- GMC Sierra EV Denali 5SD, '26- Sierra EV AT4 4SD,<br> '25- Cadillac Escalade IQ, '26- Cadillac Escalade IQL |- | M ||X0B|| 1 || EC5 || 10 || Electricity || Front || '24- Honda Prologue FWD, '25- Chevy Blazer EV 2LT, 1RS FWD |- | P ||X0B|| 1 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || Front || '24- Chevrolet Equinox EV FWD |- | R ||X0C|| 2 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || All || '24- Chevrolet Equinox EV AWD, '25 Cadillac Optiq AWD |- | Y ||XRJ|| 2 || ETC || 12 || Electricity || All || '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, Zevo 600,<br> '25 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 AWD |- | Z ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, Zevo 600,<br> '25 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 AWD |- | 4 ||X0E|| 2 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || All || '26- Cadillac Optiq AWD |- | 5 ||X0D|| 1 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || Rear|| '26- Cadillac Optiq RWD |- | 6 ||XRM|| 1 || ETC || 12 || Electricity || Front || '25 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 FWD |} SB=Standard Range, SC=Extended Range, SD=Max Range ====Engine codes for medium duty trucks 2016-==== GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | B ||L96|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '16-'20 Chevy LCF 3500/4500. |- | C ||LC8|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/CNG or<br>Gas/LPG ||OHV||Bi-Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '16-'20 Chevy LCF 3500/4500. |- | D ||L8T|| 6.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. Direct injection, VVT.<br /> '21-'23 Chevy LCF 3500/4500, '24- Chevy LCF 3500HG/4500HG/5500HG/5500XG. |- | F ||LCB|| 6.7L || I6 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Cummins B Series ISB engine. '22- Chevy LCF 6500XD, '23- Chevy LCF 7500XD. |- | 6 ||I1B|| 5.2L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4HK1-TC engine. '17- Chevy LCF 4500HD/XD, 5500XD, '17-'24 Chevy LCF 5500HD,<br /> '18-'21 Chevy LCF 6500XD. |- | 7 ||IZ3|| 3.0L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4JJ1-TC engine. '16-'18 Chevy LCF 3500HD. |- |} ====Engine codes for AM General-built Hummer H1 2000-2006==== AM General encodes the engine type in character 4 of the VIN. {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes |- | F || || 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8 built by GEP (General Engine Products), a subsidiary of AM General.<br> '01-'04 Hummer H1 & '06 H1 Fleet models. |- | P ||LLY|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '06 Hummer H1 Alpha. |- | Z ||L65|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8 built by GM. '00-'01 Hummer H1. |- |} ====Engine codes for Nissan-built vans==== Nissan encodes the engine type in character 4 of the VIN. {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes |- | 3 ||L0A|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Nissan MR20DE engine. SFI. VVT. For the '15-'18 Chevrolet City Express. |- |} ====Engine codes for Navistar-built medium-duty trucks==== Navistar encodes the engine type in character 6 & 7 of the VIN. {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes |- | PV ||L5D|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. For the Chevy Silverado Medium Duty '19+. |- |} ==GM factories supplying North America== ===North American GM factories=== [[w:List_of_General_Motors_factories | List of GM Factories]] {| class="wikitable" !VIN code !Location !Notes |- |A |Lakewood Assembly (Lakewood Heights, Atlanta, Georgia) |through 1990 model year |- |B |Baltimore Assembly (Baltimore, Maryland) |through 2005 model year |- |B |Reatta Craft Centre/Lansing Craft Centre (Lansing Township, Michigan) |1988-2006 model year (except GM EV1) |- |B |GM Defense-Manufacturing Customer Innovation Center (MCIC) (Concord, North Carolina) |From 2024 model year. Chevrolet Suburban HD (a.k.a. HD SUV) (for US govt. only). |- |C |South Gate Assembly (South Gate, California) |through 1982 model year |- |C |Lansing Car Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |South assembly line 1985-2004 model year |- |D |Doraville Assembly (Doraville, Georgia) |through 2009 model year |- |E |Linden Assembly (Linden, New Jersey) |through 1991 model year |- |E |Pontiac East Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |1988-2009 model year |- |E |AM General Military plant (Mishawaka, Indiana) |1992-2006 Hummer H1 |- |F |Flint Truck Assembly (Flint, Michigan) |since 1953 |- |F |Fairfax II Assembly (Kansas City, Kansas) |since 1988 model year |- |G |Framingham Assembly (Framingham, Massachusetts) |through 1989 model year |- |G |Silao Assembly (Silao, Guanajuato, Mexico) |since 1995 model year |- |H |Buick City Assembly (Flint, Michigan) |through 1999 model year |- |H |AM General Commercial plant (Mishawaka, Indiana) |2003-2009 Hummer H2 |- |H |Navistar Springfield plant (Main Line) (Springfield, Ohio) |2019- Chevrolet Silverado Medium Duty (4500HD/5500HD/6500HD) |- |J |Janesville Assembly (Janesville, Wisconsin) |through 2009 model year |- |J |Lansing Delta Township Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |since 2007 model year |- |K |Leeds Assembly (Leeds, Kansas City, Missouri) |through 1988 model year |- |K |Linden Assembly (Linden, New Jersey) |from 1994-2005 model year |- |K |Nissan plant (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico) |2015-2018 Chevrolet City Express |- |L |Van Nuys Assembly (Van Nuys, California) |through 1992 model year |- |L |San Luis Potosí Assembly (San Luis Potosí, Mexico) |since 2009 model year |- |M |Lansing Car Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |through 1984 model year, North assembly line 1985-2005 model year |- |M |Toluca Assembly (Toluca, Mexico state, Mexico) |through 2008 model year |- |N |Norwood Assembly (Norwood, Ohio) |through 1987 model year |- |N |Navistar Springfield plant (Secondary Line) (Springfield, Ohio) |2017- Chevrolet Express cutaway, GMC Savana cutaway |- |P |Pontiac Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1988 model year |- |R |Arlington Assembly (Arlington, Texas) |since 1965 [all GM brands]. (R plant code used only by Chevrolet in 1963-64) |- |S |St. Louis Assembly (St. Louis, Missouri) |through 1987 model year |- |S |Spring Hill Manufacturing (Spring Hill, Tennessee) |2002-2007 Saturn Vue & 2009-2010 Chevrolet Traverse only |- |S |Spartan Motors/Shyft Group plant (Charlotte, Michigan) |2016- Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500/3500HG/4500/4500HG/5500HG/5500XG/6500XD/7500XD |- |S |Ramos Arizpe Assembly (Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico) |since 1982 |- |T |Tarrytown Assembly (North Tarrytown, New York) |through 1996 model year |- |U |Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly (Factory Zero) <br /> (Detroit & Hamtramck, Michigan) |since 1986 model year |- |U |Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan) |From 2025 model year. Cadillac Celestiq only. |- |V |Pontiac Central Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1991 model year |- |V |Pontiac East Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1985 model year |- |W |Willow Run Assembly (Ypsilanti Township, Michigan) |through 1993 model year |- |X |Fairfax Assembly (Fairfax I) (Kansas City, Kansas) |through 1987 model year |- |Y |Wilmington Assembly (Wilmington, Delaware) |through 2010 model year |- |Z |Fremont Assembly (Fremont, California) |through 1982 model year |- |Z |NUMMI (Fremont, California) |1985-2010 model year |- |Z |Spring Hill Manufacturing (Spring Hill, Tennessee) |since 1991 model year (except Vue & Traverse) |- |Z |Fort Wayne Assembly (Roanoke, Indiana) |since 1988 model year |- |0 |Pontiac West Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1994 model year |- |0 |Lansing Craft Centre (Lansing Township, Michigan) |GM EV1 only |- |0 |Lansing Grand River Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |since 2003 model year |- |0 |Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan) |2024 Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing 20th Anniversary Edition where the final eight digits of the VIN are R0912004 through R0912024 or R0962004 through R0962024 |- |1 |Wentzville Assembly (Wentzville, Missouri) |since 1985 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |from 1967-1983 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Line 2 a.k.a. Consolidated Line) (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |from 1984-2019 model year; switched to pickup trucks for 2019 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |Silverado pickup trucks since 2022 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Truck Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |through 2009 model year |- |2 |Moraine Assembly (Moraine, Ohio) |through 2009 model year |- |2 |Sainte-Thérèse Assembly (Boisbriand, Quebec, Canada) |through 2002 model year |- |3 |Detroit Truck & Bus plant (Piquette Ave., Detroit, Michigan) |through 1999 model year |- |3 |Saint-Eustache Bus Plant (Saint-Eustache, Quebec, Canada) |through 1987 model year |- |4 |Orion Assembly (Orion Township, Michigan) |since 1985 model year |- |4 |Scarborough Van Assembly (Scarborough, Ontario, Canada) |through 1993 model year |- |5 |Bowling Green Assembly (Bowling Green, Kentucky) |since 1981 model year |- |6 |Oklahoma City Assembly (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) |through 2006 model year |- |6 |CAMI plant (Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada) |1990-2022 model year |- |7 |Lordstown Assembly (Warren, Ohio) |from 1979-2019 model year |- |8 |Shreveport Assembly (Shreveport, Louisiana) |through 2012 model year |- |9 |Detroit Assembly (Clark Street, Detroit, Michigan)<br> (Cadillac plant) |from 1979-1988 model year |- |9 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Line 1 a.k.a. Flex Line)<br> (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |from 1984-2020 model year |- |9 |KUKA plant (Livonia, Michigan) |2022 model year only (BrightDrop Zevo 600) |- |9 |CAMI plant (Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada) |since 2023 model year (BrightDrop Zevo) |} ===Non-North American GM factories supplying North America=== {| class="wikitable" !VIN code !Location !Models Sourced |- |A |SAIC-GM plant: Jinqiao, Pudong district, Shanghai, China |2017-2018 Cadillac CT6 Plug-in Hybrid |- |B |Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Bupyeong, South Korea |1988-1993 Pontiac LeMans, 2004-2011 Chevrolet Aveo, 2005-2010 Pontiac Wave/G3, 2004-2006 Chevrolet <br /> Epica (Canada), 2013-2022 Chevrolet Trax, Buick Encore, 2021- Chevrolet Trailblazer, 2020- Buick Encore GX, 2024- Buick Envista |- |C |GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Changwon, South Korea |2003-2010 Pontiac Matiz/Matiz G2 (Mexico), 2013-2022 Chevrolet Spark, 2024- Chevrolet Trax |- |D |SAIC-GM Dongyue Motors plant: Yantai, Shandong province, China |2016- Buick Envision, 2019-2023 Chevrolet Aveo (Mexico), 2023- Chevrolet Onix (Mexico) |- |G |Opel plant: Gliwice, Poland |2016-2019 Buick Cascada |- |K |Suzuki plant: Kosai, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |1985-1988 Chevrolet Sprint, 1989-1990 Geo Metro hatchback, 1990-1993 Geo Metro convertible, 1985-1990 Pontiac Firefly (Canada), 1991 & 1994 Pontiac Firefly convertible & sedan (Canada) |- |K |GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Kunsan, South Korea |2004-2007 Chevrolet Optra (Canada), 2012-2014 Chevrolet Orlando (Canada) |- |L |Holden plant: Elizabeth, South Australia, Australia |2004-2006 Pontiac GTO, 2008-2009 Pontiac G8, 2011-2017 Chevrolet Caprice PPV, 2014-2017 Chevrolet SS |- |R |Opel plant: Rüsselsheim, Germany |1997-2001 Cadillac Catera |- |T |GM India plant: Talegaon, Maharashtra, India |2017-2021 Chevrolet Spark Classic/Beat (Mexico) |- |V |SAIC-GM Wuhan plant: Wuhan, Hubei province, China |2018-2021 Chevrolet Cavalier (Mexico), 2022- Chevrolet Cavalier Turbo (Mexico) |- |W |Suzuki plant: Iwata, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |1989-1990 Geo Tracker |- |1 |Opel plant: Rüsselsheim, Germany |2011, 2018-2020 Buick Regal |- |3 |Isuzu plant: Kawasaki, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |1987-1998 Chevrolet/GMC W5, 1989-1996 Chevrolet/GMC W6, 1984-1996 Chevrolet/GMC W7 |- |5 |Opel plant: Antwerp, Belgium |2008-2009 Saturn Astra |- |7 |Isuzu plant: Fujisawa, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |1988 Chevrolet Spectrum, 1988 Pontiac Sunburst (Canada), 1989 Geo Spectrum, 1990-1993 Geo Storm,<br /> 1999-2008 Chevrolet/GMC W3500, 1988-2009 Chevrolet/GMC W4, 1999-2009 Chevrolet/GMC W5,<br /> 2000-2004 Chevrolet/GMC WT5500,<br /> 2016- Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500HD/4500HD/4500XD/5500HD/5500XD |- |8 |Isuzu plant: Fujisawa, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |1981-1982 Chevrolet LUV, 1985-1987 Chevrolet Spectrum, 1985-1987 Pontiac Sunburst (Canada),<br /> 1986-1987 Chevrolet/GMC W4 |} ==GM WMIs== {| class=wikitable !WMI !Marque !Country |- |1G1||rowspan=57|Chevrolet||United States |- |1G8||United States (MPV 1981-1986) |- |1GA||United States (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats]) |- |1GB||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |1GC||United States (truck) |- |1GN||United States (MPV 1987-) |- |1HA||United States (Express incomplete vehicle made by Navistar) |- |1HT||United States ([[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Medium duty version_(4500HD,_5500HD,_6500HD,_and_International_CV)|Silverado Medium Duty]] incomplete vehicle made by Navistar) |- |1Y1||United States (made by NUMMI) |- |2C1||Canada (car made by CAMI) |- |2CN||Canada (SUV made by CAMI - 1998-2011) |- |2G1||Canada |- |2G5||Canada (truck - Chevrolet BrightDrop '25) |- |2G8||Canada (MPV 1981-1986) |- |2GA||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats]) |- |2GB||Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- |2GC||Canada (truck) |- |2GN||Canada (MPV 1987-) |- |3G1||Mexico |- |3GC||Mexico (truck) |- |3GN||Mexico (MPV) |- |3N6||Mexico (Truck - City Express made by Nissan) |- |4G1||United States (made by Genasys L.C.) |- |4KB||United States (W-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |4W1||United States (MPV - Chevrolet Suburban HD made for US govt. in Concord, NC) |- |54D||United States (incomplete vehicle made by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group) |- |6G1||Australia (2011-2013 Caprice PPV) |- |6G3||Australia (2014-2017 Caprice PPV & SS performance sedan) |- |ADM||South Africa |- |J81||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |J8B||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - through 2009) |- |J8Z||Japan (LUV pickup made by Isuzu) |- |JAL||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - 2016+) |- |JG1||Japan (car made by Suzuki) |- |KL1||South Korea (car) |- |KL7||South Korea (MPV - 2012+) |- |KL8||South Korea (Spark) |- |LSF||China (S-10 Max made by SAIC-Maxus - Mexico only) |- |LSG||China (SAIC-GM) |- |LSH||China (Express Max made by SAIC-Maxus - Mexico only) |- |LZW||China (SAIC-GM-Wuling) |- |MA6||India |- |MJB||Indonesia (GM Indonesia) |- |MK3||Indonesia (SGMW Motor Indonesia) |- |MMM||Thailand |- |XUF||Russia (GM Russia - St. Petersburg plant) |- |XUU||Russia (Chevrolet Korea models made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |XWB||Uzbekistan (GM Uzbekistan, UzAuto Motors) |- |XWF||Russia (Chevrolet Tahoe & Trailblazer [GMT360] made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |X9L||Russia (GM-AvtoVAZ) |- |8AG||Argentina |- |8GG||Chile |- |8LD||Ecuador |- |8Z1||Venezuela |- |9BG||Brazil |- |93C||Brazil |- |9GC||Colombia |- |J81||rowspan=6|Geo||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |JG1||Japan (car made by Suzuki) |- |JGC||Japan (SUV made by Suzuki) |- |1Y1||United States (car made by NUMMI) |- |2C1||Canada (car made by CAMI) |- |2CN||Canada (SUV made by CAMI - 1990-1997) |- |KLA||rowspan=3|GM Daewoo/<br />GM Korea||South Korea (Bupyeong & Kunsan plants) |- |KLY||South Korea (Changwon plant) |- |5GD||United States (G2X) |- |1G2||rowspan=12|Pontiac||United States |- |1G5||United States (incomplete vehicle - for '89-'90 Turbo Grand Prix by ASC/McLaren) |- |1GM||United States (MPV) |- |2CK||Canada (2006-2009 Torrent made by CAMI) |- |2G2||Canada |- |2G7||Canada (US market 1983 Pontiac Parisienne) |- |3G2||Mexico |- |3G7||Mexico (MPV: 2001-2005 Aztek) |- |4G2||United States (made by Genasys L.C.) |- |5Y2||United States (made by NUMMI) |- |6G2||Australia |- |KL2||South Korea (made by Daewoo/GM Daewoo) |- |1G7||rowspan=6|Pontiac<br />(Canada only)||United States |- |2C7||Canada (car made by CAMI) |- |2CG||Canada (SUV made by CAMI) |- |2G7||Canada |- |J87||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |JG7||Japan (car made by Suzuki) |- |KL7||Passport<br />(Canada only)||South Korea (car made by Daewoo) |- |J87||rowspan=3|Asüna<br />(Canada only)||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |KL7||South Korea (car made by Daewoo) |- |2CG||Canada (SUV made by CAMI) |- |1G3||rowspan=3|Oldsmobile||United States |- |1GH||United States (MPV/SUV) |- |2G3||Canada |- |1G4||rowspan=9|Buick||United States |- |2G4||Canada |- |3G4||Mexico |- |3G5||Mexico (MPV) |- |4GL||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |5GA||United States (MPV) |- |KL4||South Korea (MPV) |- |LRB||China (SAIC-GM) |- |W04||Germany & Poland |- |KLA||Alpheon||South Korea (2011-2015) |- |1G6||rowspan=10|Cadillac||United States |- |1GE||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |1GY||United States (SUV) |- |2G6||Canada |- |2GE||Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- |3GY||Mexico (SUV) |- |LRE||China (SAIC-GM) |- |W06||Germany |- |XWF||Russia (made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |YSC||Sweden |- |1G8||rowspan=4|Saturn||United States |- |3GS||Mexico (SUV) |- |5GZ||United States (MPV/SUV) |- |W08||Belgium |- |1G0||rowspan=22|GMC||United States (bus 1981-1986) |- |1G5||United States (MPV 1981-1986) |- |1GD||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |1GJ||United States (bus 1987-) |- |1GK||United States (MPV 1987-) |- |1GT||United States (truck) |- |2CK||Canada (1990-1991 Tracker made by CAMI - Canada only) |- |2CT||Canada (2010-2011 Terrain made by CAMI) |- |2G0||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats] 1981-1986) |- |2G5||Canada (MPV 1981-1986) |- |2GD||Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- |2GH||Canada (transit bus) |- |2GJ||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats] 1987-) |- |2GK||Canada (MPV 1987-) |- |2GT||Canada (truck) |- |3GK||Mexico (SUV) |- |3GT||Mexico (truck) |- |4KD||United States (W-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |7GZ||United States (incomplete vehicle made by Navistar) |- |J8D||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - through 2009) |- |JGT||Japan (SUV made by Suzuki - Canada only) |- |KL6||South Korea (Middle East market Terrain '08-'10) |- |4GD||WhiteGMC||United States (1988-1989 Brigadier made by GM) |- |137||rowspan=6|Hummer||United States (H1 made by AM General) |- |5GN||United States (H3T) |- |5GR||United States (H2 made by AM General) |- |5GT||United States (H3) |- |ADM||South Africa (H3) |- |XWF||Russia (H2 & H3 made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |4G5||General Motors||United States (EV1) |- |2G5||rowspan=2|BrightDrop||Canada (Truck 2023-2024) |- |5G5||United States (Truck made by Kuka AG - 2022 only) |- |5G2||rowspan=2|Cruise||United States (car) (Cruise AV) |- |5G3||United States (MPV) (Cruise Origin AV) |- |YS3||rowspan=4|Saab||Sweden |- |JF4||Japan (9-2X made by Subaru) |- |3G0||Mexico (9-4X) |- |5S3||United States (9-7X) |- |W0L||rowspan=19|Opel/Vauxhall||Germany & the rest of Europe (2017 and earlier) |- |W0V||Germany & the rest of Europe (2018 and later) & Opel Ampera-e Mid-2017 - 2019 |- |W0L||when plant code is H: Thailand (Zafira A) |- |W0L||when plant code is 0: South Korea (Antara) or B: South Korea (Antara, Mokka A, Mokka X [A]) |- |W0L||when plant code is C: South Korea (Opel Karl/Vauxhall Viva) |- |W0V||when plant code is B: South Korea (Mokka X [A]) or C: South Korea (Opel Karl/Vauxhall Viva) |- |SCC||UK (Opel Lotus Omega made by Lotus) |- |SED||UK (made by IBC Vehicles) |- |TW8||Portugal |- |VF1||France (Arena made by Renault) |- |VN1||France (Movano A made by Renault at SOVAB plant in Batilly, France) |- |VSX||Spain |- |XUF||Russia (Opel made by GM Russia - St. Petersburg plant) |- |XWF||Russia (Opel made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |1G0||United States (Opel GT, Opel/Vauxhall Ampera, Opel Ampera-e Early - Mid-2017) |- |4GD||United States (Sintra) |- |ADM||South Africa |- |JAA||Japan (Opel Campo made by Isuzu) |- |JAC||Japan (Monterey made by Isuzu) |- |SKA||rowspan=4|Vauxhall Motors||UK |- |SCC||UK (Vauxhall Lotus Carlton made by Lotus) |- |6G1||Australia (Vauxhall Monaro & VXR8 made by Holden) |- |JAA||Japan (Vauxhall Brava made by Isuzu) |- |SKF||rowspan=2|Bedford Vehicles||UK |- |JAA||Japan (Bedford Brava made by Isuzu) |- |6G1||rowspan=18|Holden||Australia (2003-2017) |- |6H8||Australia (1989-2002) |- |JAA||Japan (Rodeo pickup [TF] made by Isuzu) |- |JAC||Japan (Jackaroo/Monterey made by Isuzu) |- |JSA||Japan (YG Cruze made by Suzuki) |- |KL3||South Korea |- |MMM||Thailand ('09-'11 Colorado pickup [RC] made by GM Thailand) |- |MMU||Thailand ('13-'20 Colorado pickup [RG], '13-'16 Colorado 7, '17-'20 Trailblazer made by GM Thailand) |- |MPA||Thailand ('04-'08 Rodeo pickup [RA] made by Isuzu Thailand) |- |SED||UK (1st gen. Frontera made by IBC Vehicles) |- |W0L||Germany & the rest of Europe (2017 and earlier) |- |W0L||when plant code is H: Thailand (Zafira A) |- |W0V||Germany & the rest of Europe (2018-2020) |- |1GH||United States (Acadia) |- |3G0||Mexico (Equinox) |- |3GM||Mexico (Suburban) |- |4S2||United States (2nd gen. Frontera made by [[w:Subaru Isuzu Automotive|SIA]]) |- |5G8||United States (Volt) |- |1GG||rowspan=4|Isuzu||United States (Truck - Hombre & i-Series made by GM) |- |4GT||United States (H-Series & T-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |4KL||United States (N-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |4NU||United States (MPV/SUV - Ascender made by GM) |- |W0L||Subaru||Thailand [plant code H] (Traviq made by GM Thailand for export to Japan) |- |4G3||Toyota||United States (Cavalier made by GM for export to Japan) |- |3GP||Honda||Mexico (MPV/SUV: 2024- Prologue made by GM) |- |4W5||Acura||United States (MPV/SUV: 2024 ZDX EV made by GM) |} {{BookCat}} qg2v9cl8pkznpowro96zcqo2z68fexn 4635645 4635621 2026-05-13T21:50:48Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Motor codes for Ultium-powered electric passenger cars */ 4635645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} It is the tenth digit that gives you the model year for GM. I've been working at a Chevy dealer for years running codes/vins. For example (my examples only apply to 2001-2015 gm vehicles) Remember 10th digit from the beginning, (left to right). 2001... 1, 2002...2, 2003...3, etc., 2009...9. After 2009, the tenth digit was given a letter 2010... A, 2011...B, 2012...C, 2013...D, 2014...E, 2015...F, Etc... We have another 20 years worth of letters. Thanks for reading. You can always check your model year by looking in your drivers side door jamb and it will give you model year. If it was assembled in July or later, the model year is probably a year later than the calendar year of the manufacturing date listed. ==American GM== ===American VIN format 1981-1984 Passenger Car=== GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>A</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American restraint types 1981-1984|Restraint type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>M</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Car Line & Series Code 1981-1984|Car Line & Series Code]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=2>[[#Body style codes 1981-1986|Body style]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td> </td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>E</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====American restraint types 1981-1984==== The restraint type is specified as character four of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |A||Manual Seatbelts only - No Passive Restraint |} ====Car Line & Series Code 1981-1984==== The Car Line & Series Code is specified as character five of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !List of GM platforms !Car Line & <br> Series Code !:Category:General Motors vehicles|Model |- |rowspan=19|GM A platform - rear-wheel drive |T||Chevrolet Malibu 1981 |- |W||Chevrolet Malibu Classic 1981 |- |Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1981 |- |D||Pontiac LeMans 1981 |- |F||Pontiac Grand LeMans 1981 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1981 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix LJ 1981 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1981 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass sedan, Cutlass Cruiser wagon 1981 |- |H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser ''Brougham'' wagon 1981 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais coupe 1981 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1981 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme coupe, Cutlass LS sedan 1981 |- |E||Buick Century wagon 1981 |- |H||Buick Century sedan, Estate wagon 1981 |- |J||Buick Regal 1981 |- |K||Buick Regal ''Sport'' 1981 |- |L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1981 |- |M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1981 |- |rowspan=10|GM A platform - front-wheel drive |W||Chevrolet Celebrity 1982-1984 |- |F||Pontiac 6000 1982-1984 |- |G||Pontiac 6000 ''LE'' 1982-1984 |- |H||Pontiac 6000 ''STE'' 1983-1984 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera 1982 |- |J||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''LS'' 1982-1984, Cutlass Cruiser ''LS'' 1984 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''Brougham'' 1982-1984 |- |G||Buick Century ''T-Type'' 1983-1984 |- |H||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1982-1984 |- |L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=19|GM B platform |D||Chevrolet Bel Air 1981 (Canada only) |- |L||Chevrolet Impala 1981-1984 |- |N||Chevrolet Caprice Classic 1981-1984 |- |F||Pontiac Laurentian 1981 (Canada only) |- |L||Pontiac Catalina 1981, Parisienne 1984 |- |L||Pontiac Parisienne 1982-1983 (Canada only) |- |N||Pontiac Bonneville 1981 |- |N||Pontiac Parisienne 1981, Parisienne Brougham 1982-1983 (Canada only) |- |R||Pontiac Bonneville Brougham 1981 |- |T||Pontiac Parisienne Brougham 1984 |- |L||Oldsmobile Delta 88 1981-1983 |- |N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1981-1984 |- |P||Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser 1981-1984 |- |V||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham LS 1984 |- |Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1981-1984 |- |N||Buick Le Sabre 1981, Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1982-1984 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1981-1984 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre Estate Wagon 1981-1983 |- |V||Buick Electra Estate Wagon 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=13|GM C platform - rear-wheel drive |G||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1984 |- |H||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1984 |- |V||Oldsmobile 98 Luxury 1981 |- |W||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1982-1983 |- |X||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1981-1983 |- |R||Buick Electra Limited 1984 |- |U||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1984 |- |W||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1981-1983 |- |X||Buick Electra Limited 1981-1983 |- |B||Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham 1981-1983 |- |D||Cadillac DeVille 1981-1983 |- |M||Cadillac DeVille 1984 |- |W||Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham 1984 |- |rowspan=1|GM D platform - rear-wheel drive |F||Cadillac Fleetwood Limousine 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=4|GM E platform |Z||Oldsmobile Toronado Brougham 1981-1984 |- |Y||Buick Riviera T-Type 1981-1984 |- |Z||Buick Riviera 1981-1984 |- |L||Cadillac Eldorado 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=7|GM F platform |P||Chevrolet Camaro Sport Coupe 1981-1984 |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro Berlinetta 1981-1984 |- |S||Pontiac Firebird 1981-1984 |- |T||Pontiac Firebird ''Esprit'' 1981 |- |V||Pontiac Firebird ''Formula'' 1981 |- |W||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' 1981-1984 |- |X||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' Turbo Special Edition 1981, Firebird ''S/E'' 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=15|GM G platform - rear-wheel drive |W||Chevrolet Malibu Classic 1982, Malibu 1983 |- |Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1982-1984 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1982-1984 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix LJ 1982-1983, Grand Prix LE 1984 |- |N||Pontiac Bonneville G 1982-1984 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1982-1984 |- |R||Pontiac Bonneville G Brougham 1982-1984 |- |S||Pontiac Bonneville G ''LE'' 1984 |- |H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser wagon 1982-1983 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais coupe 1982-1984 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1982-1984 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme coupe & sedan 1982-1984 |- |J||Buick Regal 1982-1984 |- |K||Buick Regal ''Sport'' 1982, Regal ''T-Type'' 1983-1984 |- |M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=13|GM J platform |C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1983-1984 |- |D||Chevrolet Cavalier 2-d/4-d/wagon 1982, Cavalier CS 1983-1984 |- |E||Chevrolet Cavalier 3-door hatchback 1982, Cavalier CS 3-door hatchback 1983, Cavalier Type 10 2-d/3-d/Convertible 1984 |- |B||Pontiac J2000 1982, 2000 1983, 2000 Sunbird 1984 |- |C||Pontiac J2000 LE 1982, 2000 LE 1983, 2000 Sunbird LE Convertible 1983, 2000 Sunbird LE 1984 |- |D||Pontiac J2000 SE 1982, 2000 SE 1983, 2000 Sunbird SE 1984 |- |E||Pontiac J2000 S 1982 |- |C||Oldsmobile Firenza Base model 1982-1984, Firenza S 1982-1984 |- |D||Oldsmobile Firenza LX 1982-1984, Firenza SX 1982-1984 |- |E||Buick Skyhawk T-Type 1983-1984 |- |S||Buick Skyhawk Custom 1982-1984 |- |T||Buick Skyhawk Limited 1982-1984 |- |G||Cadillac Cimarron 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=1|GM K platform |S||Cadillac Seville 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=3|GM P platform ||E||Pontiac Fiero ''Coupe'' 1984 |- ||F||Pontiac Fiero ''SE'' 1984 |- ||M||Pontiac Fiero ''Sport coupe'' 1984 |- |rowspan=6|GM T platform - rear-wheel drive |B||Chevrolet Chevette 1981-1983, Chevette CS 1984 |- |J||Chevrolet Chevette Scooter 1981-1983, Chevette 1984 |- |B||Pontiac Acadian 1981-1984 (Canada only) |- |J||Pontiac Acadian S 1981-1982, Pontiac Acadian Scooter 1983-1984 (Canada only) |- |L||Pontiac T1000 1982, 1000 1983-1984 |- |M||Pontiac T1000 1981 |- |rowspan=10|GM X platform |H||Chevrolet Citation 2-door coupe 1982-1983, Citation II 2-door coupe 1984 |- |X||Chevrolet Citation hatchback 1981-1983, Citation II hatchback 1984 |- |T||Pontiac Phoenix SJ 1982-1983, Phoenix SE 1984 |- |Y||Pontiac Phoenix 1981-1984 |- |Z||Pontiac Phoenix LJ 1981-1983, Phoenix LE 1984 |- |B||Oldsmobile Omega 1981-1984 |- |E||Oldsmobile Omega Brougham 1981-1984 |- |B||Buick Skylark 1981-1982, Skylark Custom 1983-1984 |- |C||Buick Skylark Limited 1981-1984 |- |D||Buick Skylark Sport 1981-1982, Skylark T-Type 1983-1984 |- |rowspan=1|GM Y platform |Y||Chevrolet Corvette 1981-1982, 1984 |} ===American VIN format 1985-1986 Passenger Car=== GM has traditionally encoded the platform as the fourth character of the VIN. Other content includes an engine code and manufacturing plant. GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>D</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Platform]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>W</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Series Code]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=2>[[#Body style codes 1981-1986|Body style]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td> </td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>Y</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====Body style codes 1981-1986==== The Body type is specified as characters six and seven of the American GM VIN for passenger cars from 1981-1986. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |11,27,37,47,57,97||Two-Door Coupe/Sedan |- |07,08,77,87||Two-Door Hatchback |- |67||Two-Door Convertible |- |19,69||Four-Door Sedan |- |68||Four-Door Hatchback |- |23||Four-Door Limousine, 8-passenger ("Limousine") |- |33||Four-Door Limousine w/Center Partition, 7-passenger ("Formal Limousine") |- |35||Four-Door Station Wagon |} ===American VIN format 1987- Passenger Car=== GM has traditionally encoded the platform as the fourth character of the VIN. Other content includes an engine code and manufacturing plant. GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>D</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Platform]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>M</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Series Code]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Body style codes 1987- Passenger Car|Body style]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American restraint types 1987-|Restraint type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>N</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ===American VIN format 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle=== GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>E</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GVWR/Brake System 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|GVWR/Brake System]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Line & Chassis Type 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line & Chassis Type for 1981-1999]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Line & Chassis Type 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line & Chassis Type for 2000-2009]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Series 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Series]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Body style codes 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Body type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Engine codes for light trucks|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>N</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>J</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====GVWR/Brake System 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The GVWR/Brake System is specified as character four of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !GVWR Range in lbs. & Weight Class !Brake System |- |A||Class A: 0-3,000||Hydraulic |- |B||Class B: 3,001-4,000||Hydraulic |- |C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic |- |D||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic |- |E||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic |- |F||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic |- |G||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic |- |H||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic |- |J||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic |- |K||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic |- |L||Class 5: 16,001-19,500||Hydraulic |} ====Line & Chassis Type 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Line & Chassis Type is specified as character five of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |B||Special Body Buick, Chevrolet |- |C||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '81-'86, '88-'99,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '81-'86, Sierra 2wd (C-series) '88-'99 |- |C||Chevy C10 Blazer 2wd ('81-'82), Tahoe 4-door 2wd ('95-'99), Suburban 2wd ('81-'86, '92-'99),<br /> GMC C1500 Jimmy 2wd ('81-'82), Yukon 4-door 2wd ('95-'99), Suburban 2wd ('81-'86, '92-'99) |- |D||Military Truck 4wd |- |E||'91-'97 Geo Tracker 2wd, '98-'99 Chevrolet Tracker 2wd |- |E||'97-'98 Chevy S-10 EV |- |G||Chevy/GMC full-size vans (Chevy Van, Sportvan, Express, GMC Vandura, Rally Van, Savana) |- |H||'93-'96 Chevy G30HD/GMC G3500HD cutaway van |- |H||Cadillac chassis cutaway/special body (Based on Rwd Fleetwood '93-'96, Fwd DeVille '97-'99) |- |J||'89-'97 Geo Tracker 4wd, '98-'99 Chevrolet Tracker 4wd |- |K||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '81-'86, '88-'99,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '81-'86, Sierra 4wd (K-series) '88-'99 |- |K||Chevy K10/K5 Blazer 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'94), Tahoe 4wd ('95-'99), Suburban 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'99),<br /> GMC K1500 Jimmy 4wd ('81-'86), Yukon 4wd ('92-'99), Suburban 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'99), '99 Cadillac Escalade 4wd |- |L||Chevy Luv 2wd '81-'82 |- |L||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 4wd '90-'99 |- |M||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 2wd '85-'99 |- |P||Forward Control (includes Chevrolet Step-Van/GMC Value-Van, Chevy/GMC P-Series) |- |R||Chevy Luv 4wd '81-'82 |- |R||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (R-series), Suburban 2wd '87-'91,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (R-series), Suburban 2wd '87-'91 |- |S||Chevy S-10 2wd ('82-'99), S-10 Blazer 2wd ('83-'94), Blazer 2wd ('95-'99), GMC S-15 2wd ('82-'90), Sonoma 2wd ('91-'99),<br> S-15 Jimmy 2wd ('83-'91), Jimmy 2wd ('92-'99), Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('96-'99) |- |T||Chevy S-10 4wd ('83-'99), S-10 Blazer 4wd ('83-'94), Blazer 4wd ('95-'99), GMC S-15 4wd ('83-'90), Sonoma 4wd ('91-'99), Syclone 4wd ('91),<br> S-15 Jimmy 4wd ('83-'91), Jimmy 4wd ('92-'99), Typhoon 4wd ('92-93), Envoy 4wd ('98-'99), Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('91-'94, '96-'99),<br> Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('98-'99) |- |U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle ('90-'99 U-body fwd minivans) |- |V||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (V-series), V10/V1500 Blazer 4wd, Suburban 4wd '87-'91,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (V-series), V1500 Jimmy 4wd, Suburban 4wd '87-'91 |- |W||'81-'87 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero |- |X||Extended length All-Purpose Vehicle ('97-'99 U-body fwd extended length minivans) |- |Z||Cadillac chassis cutaway/special body (Based on Rwd Fleetwood '81-'84, Fwd Fleetwood '85-'92) |} ====Line & Chassis Type 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Line & Chassis Type is specified as character five of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A||Pontiac Aztek 2wd '01-'05, Buick Rendezvous 2wd '02-'07 |- |A||Chevrolet HHR '06-'09, HHR Panel '07-'09 |- |B||Pontiac Aztek Awd '01-'05, Buick Rendezvous Awd '02-'06 |- |C||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '00, full-size chassis cabs 2wd (C3500HD) '01-'02, Silverado 2wd '00-'09, Silverado Classic 2wd '07,<br /> GMC Sierra 2wd (C-series) '00-'09, Sierra Classic 2wd '00, '07 |- |C||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('00-'09), Suburban 2wd ('00-'09), Avalanche 2wd ('02-'09),<br /> GMC Yukon 2wd ('00-'09), Yukon XL 2wd ('00-'09), Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('02-'09), Escalade ESV 2wd ('08-'09) |- |E||Chevrolet Tracker 2wd '00-'04 |- |E||Cadillac SRX 2wd & Awd '04-'09 |- |G||Chevy/GMC full-size vans 2wd (Chevy Express, GMC Savana) '00-09 |- |H||Chevy/GMC full-size vans 4wd (Chevy Express, GMC Savana) '03-09 |- |H||Cadillac Commercial Chassis for Hearse (Based on Fwd DeVille '02-'05, DTS '06-'09) |- |H||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on Fwd DeVille '00-'05, DTS '06-'07) |- |J||Chevrolet Tracker 4wd '00-'04 |- |K||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '00, Silverado 4wd '00-'09, Silverado Classic 4wd '07,<br /> GMC Sierra 4wd (K-series) '00-'09, Sierra Classic 4wd '00, '07 |- |K||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('00-'09), Suburban 4wd ('00-'09), Avalanche 4wd ('02-'09), GMC Yukon 4wd ('00-'09), Yukon XL 4wd ('00-'09),<br> Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('00, '02-'09), Escalade ESV 4wd ('03-'09), Escalade EXT 4wd ('02-'09) |- |K||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on Fwd DTS '08-'09) |- |L||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 4wd '00-'05 |- |L||Chevy Equinox 2wd & Awd '05-'09, Pontiac Torrent 2wd & Awd '06-'09, Saturn Vue 2wd & Awd '08-'09 |- |M||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 2wd '00-'05 |- |N||Hummer H2 '03-'09, H2 SUT '05-'09 |- |N||Hummer H3 '06-'09, H3T '09 |- |R||GMC Acadia 2wd, Saturn Outlook 2wd '07-'09, Buick Enclave 2wd '08-'09, Chevy Traverse 2wd '09 |- |S||Chevy S-10 2wd ('00-'03), Blazer 2wd ('00-'05), GMC Sonoma 2wd ('00-'03), Jimmy 2wd ('00-'01), Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('00) |- |S||Chevy Trailblazer 2wd ('02-'09), SSR ('03-'06), GMC Envoy 2wd ('02-'09), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05), Oldsmobile Bravada 2wd ('02-'04),<br> Buick Rainier 2wd ('04-'07), Isuzu Ascender 2wd ('03-'08) |- |S||Chevy Colorado 2wd ('04-'09), GMC Canyon 2wd ('04-'09), Isuzu i-series 2wd ('06-'08) |- |T||Chevy S-10 4wd ('00-'04), Blazer 4wd ('00-'05), GMC Sonoma 4wd ('00-'04), Jimmy 4wd ('00-'01, Canada only: '02-'05), Envoy 4wd ('00),<br> Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('00-'01), Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('00) |- |T||Chevy Trailblazer 4wd ('02-'09), GMC Envoy 4wd ('02-'09), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05), Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('02-'04), Buick Rainier 4wd ('04-'07),<br> Isuzu Ascender 4wd ('03-'08), Saab 9-7X 4wd ('05-'09) |- |T||Chevy Colorado 4wd ('04-'09), GMC Canyon 4wd ('04-'09), Isuzu i-series 4wd ('06-'08) |- |U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('00-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana) |- |U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] (Chevy Uplander [US: '06-'08, Canada only: '05-'09], Pontiac Montana SV6 [Canada only: '05-'09]) |- |V||Extended length AWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('02-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana, Oldsmobile Silhouette Extended length AWD) |- |V||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('05 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana Extended length FWD) |- |V||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] (Chevy Uplander ['05-'08, Canada only: '09], Pontiac Montana SV6 ['05-'06, Canada only: '07-'09],<br> Buick Terraza ['05-'07], Saturn Relay ['05-'07]) |- |V||GMC Acadia Awd, Saturn Outlook Awd '07-'09, Buick Enclave Awd '08-'09, Chevy Traverse Awd '09 |- |X||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('00-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana, Oldsmobile Silhouette Extended length FWD) |- |X||Extended length AWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('05-'06 Chevy Uplander AWD, Pontiac Montana SV6 AWD, Buick Terraza AWD, Saturn Relay AWD) |- |Z||Saturn Vue 2wd & Awd '02-'07 |} ====Series 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Series is specified as character six of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |1||1/2 Ton |- |2||3/4 Ton |- |3||1 Ton |- |8||1/2 Ton ('81-'87 El Camino, Caballero) |- |9||Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet Commercial Body/Chassis |- |0||All-Purpose Vehicle ('90-'99 U-body fwd minivans) |} ====Body style codes 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Body type is specified as character seven of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |0||Sedan Pickup/Pickup Delivery ('81-'87 El Camino, Caballero) |- |0||Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet Commercial Body/Chassis |- |0||Chassis Only |- |1||Cutaway Van |- |2||Forward Control ('81-'03) (includes '93-'95 Chevy G30HD/GMC G3500HD) |- |2||Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('04-'09 Avalanche & Escalade EXT, '04-'05 Envoy XUV, '05-'09 Hummer H2 SUT) |- |3||Four-Door Cab pickup (Crew Cab) |- |3||4-door Passenger Minivan ('97-'09 U-bodies) |- |3||4-door SUV or MPV ('06-'09 HHR) (also includes '02-'03 Avalanche & Escalade EXT) |- |4||Two-Door Cab pickup (includes '83-'87 S-10/S-15 extended cab pickups & '03-'06 Chevy SSR) |- |5||Van (Astro/Safari & full-size vans & '07-'09 HHR Panel) |- |6||Extended length 4-door SUV (Suburban, Yukon XL, Escalade ESV, Trailblazer EXT, Envoy XL, Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.) |- |6||3-door Passenger Minivan ('90-'99 U-bodies) |- |7||Motor Home Chassis ('81-'09) |- |8||Two-Door SUV (Utility) (2-d Tracker, S-10 Blazer, S-15 Jimmy, Blazer, Jimmy, Tahoe, Yukon) |- |9||Stake (81-87) |- |9||Extended Cab pickup ('88-) |- |9||Extended length van ('90-) (Astro/Safari & full-size vans) |} ===American VIN format 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle=== GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>L</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010-]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>R</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Line & Chassis Type 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line & Chassis Type for 2010-]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>L</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Series]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>E</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Restraint codes for light trucks 2010-|Restraint type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>D</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Engine codes for light trucks|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>A</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>J</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The GVWR/Brake System is specified as character four of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !GVWR Range in lbs. & Weight Class !Brake System !Body Style |- | ||Class A: 0-3,000||Hydraulic|| |- | ||Class B: 3,001-4,000||Hydraulic|| |- |A||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV or MPV ('10-'11 Chevy HHR Panel, '10-'26 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '10 Saturn Vue,<br> '12-'15 Chevy Captiva Sport, '19-'24 Cadillac XT4, '24-'26 Buick Encore GX) |- |B||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||46: 4-door MPV ('10-'11 Chevy HHR) |- |J||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||48: 4-door, 4 window Hatchback ('18-'23 Chevy Bolt EV w/Rear Seat Delete pkg. - incomplete vehicle) |- |C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |D||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |E||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |7||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||75: Four-Door Wagon - High Roof Monocab (Canada only: '12-'14 Chevy Orlando) |- |M||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('20-'23 Buick Encore GX) |- |9||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('21-'26 Chevy Trailblazer) |- |7||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||58: 4-door Utility Extended ('24-'26 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista) |- |C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||76: 4-door SUV ('13-'22 Buick Encore, Canada only: '13-'14 Chevy Trax, US & Canada: '15-'22 Chevy Trax) |- |F||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('10-'17 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '10 Saturn Vue, '10-'16 Cadillac SRX, '11 Saab 9-4X,<br> '12-'13 Chevy Captiva Sport, '16-'26 Buick Envision, '17 Cadillac XT5, '19-'25 Cadillac XT4) |- |H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |G||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |J||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |G||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('15-'24 Chevy Colorado, '15-'22 GMC Canyon) |- |K||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |J||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('15-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |T||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |7||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Traverse, GMC Acadia, Buick Enclave, Saturn Outlook) |- |K||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('11-'17 Chevy Traverse, Buick Enclave, '11-'23 GMC Acadia, '17 Acadia Limited,<br> '17-'26 Cadillac XT5, '19-'26 Chevy Blazer, '20-'25 Cadillac XT6, '23-'26 Cadillac Lyriq EV,<br> '24-'26 Chevy Blazer EV, '25-'26 Cadillac Optiq EV, '24-'26 Honda Prologue EV, '24 Acura ZDX EV A-Spec) |- |7||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||48: 4-door SUV ('24-'25 Chevy Equinox EV) |- |E||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('18-'26 Chevy Traverse, Buick Enclave, '24 Chevy Traverse Limited,<br> '24-'26 GMC Acadia |- |M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Tahoe, GMC Yukon, Hummer H3) |- |L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'20 Chevy Tahoe Police Pursuit Vehicle 2wd) |- |N||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('10 Chevy Avalanche 2wd) |- |M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('11-13 Chevy Avalanche 2wd) |- |P||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |N||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited) |- |R||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra, Hummer H3T) |- |P||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited, '16-'26 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |S||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |R||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '19 Chevy Silverado LD, GMC Sierra Limited, '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited,<br> '16-'22 Chevy Colorado) |- |G||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |8||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |X||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('13-'19 Cadillac XTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Tahoe, Suburban 1500, GMC Yukon, Yukon XL 1500, Cadillac Escalade, Escalade ESV) |- |S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'26 Chevy Tahoe, Suburban 1500, GMC Yukon, Yukon XL 1500, Cadillac Escalade, Escalade ESV) |- |V||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('10 Chevy Avalanche 4wd, Cadillac Escalade EXT 4wd) |- |T||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('11-'13 Chevy Avalanche 4wd, Cadillac Escalade EXT 4wd) |- |X||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('24 Acura ZDX EV Type S) |- |C||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('26- Cadillac Vistiq EV) |- |W||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |X||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited) |- |Y||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |V||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '19 Chevy Silverado LD, GMC Sierra Limited, '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |9||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Suburban 2500, GMC Yukon XL 2500) |- |W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'13 Chevy Suburban 2500, GMC Yukon XL 2500) |- |2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana,<br> '23-'24 BrightDrop Zevo 600, '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, '25 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600) |- |2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |3||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |0||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |3||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |0||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |4||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |1||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '24-'25 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/20 module battery pack,<br> '24-'26 Chevy Silverado EV, '25-'26 GMC Sierra EV) |- |5||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'13, '15-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |B||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('24-'25 GMC Hummer EV SUV) |- |6||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |3||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |6||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |3||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |7||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |4||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22-'24 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/24 module battery pack, '25 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/20 or 24 module battery pack, '26 GMC Hummer EV pickup, '24-'25 Chevy Silverado EV, GMC Sierra EV) |- |8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |5||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'13, '15-'18, '20-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('16-'19, '24-'26 Chevy Suburban 3500HD) |- |8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('22 BrightDrop EV600, '23-'24 BrightDrop Zevo 600, '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400,<br> '25 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600) |- |T||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('25-'26 GMC Hummer EV SUV, '25-'26 Cadillac Escalade IQ [EV]) |- |L||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('26- Cadillac Escalade IQL [EV]) |- |9||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |6||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- | ||Class 5: 16,001-19,500||Hydraulic|| |} ====Line & Chassis Type 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Line & Chassis Type is specified as character five of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A||Chevrolet HHR ('10-'11), HHR Panel ('10-'11) |- |A||Chevy Silverado 1500 2wd ('22-'26), Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd ('25-'26) |- |B||Chevy Blazer 2wd & Awd '19-'26 |- |C||Chevy Silverado 2wd ('10-'18), Silverado LD 1500 2wd '19, Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd '19, GMC Sierra 2wd ('10) |- |C||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('10-'24), Suburban 2wd ('10-'24), Avalanche 2wd ('10-'13),<br /> GMC Yukon 2wd ('10), Yukon XL 2wd ('10), Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('10), Escalade ESV 2wd ('10) |- |D||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('22-'24) |- |D||Chevy Blazer EV ('24-'26), Chevy Equinox EV ('24-'26) |- |E||Cadillac Escalade IQ [EV] ('25-'26), Escalade IQL [EV] ('26-), GMC Hummer EV pickup ('26-), GMC Hummer EV SUV ('26-), GMC Sierra EV ('26-) |- |F||Chevy Bolt EV w/Rear Seat Delete pkg. - incomplete vehicle ('18-'23) |- |G||Cadillac Chassis for Limousine & for Armored Vehicle (Based on XTS '13-'19) |- |G||Cadillac Chassis for Hearse (Based on XTS '13-'19) |- |G||Chevy Express 2wd ('10-'26), GMC Savana 2wd ('10) |- |H||Chevy Express 4wd ('10-'14), GMC Savana 4wd ('10) |- |H||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('22-'26), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('25-'26) |- |H||Honda Prologue EV ('24-'26), Acura ZDX EV ('24) |- |J||Buick Encore 2wd & Awd ('13-'22), Chevy Trax 2wd & Awd (Canada: '13-'22, US: '15-'22) |- |J||BrightDrop EV600 ('22), BrightDrop Zevo 600 ('23-'24), BrightDrop Zevo 400 ('24), Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 ('25) |- |K||Chevy Silverado 4wd ('10-'18), Silverado LD 1500 4wd ('19), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('19), GMC Sierra 4wd ('10) |- |K||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('25-'26), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('25-'26) |- |K||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('10-'24), Suburban 4wd ('10-'24), Suburban HD 4wd ('24-'26), Avalanche 4wd ('10-'13), GMC Yukon 4wd ('10), Yukon XL 4wd ('10),<br> Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('10), Escalade ESV 4wd ('10), Escalade EXT 4wd ('10) |- |K||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on DTS '10-'11) |- |K||Cadillac Commercial Chassis for Hearse (Based on DTS '10-'11) |- |L||Chevy Equinox 2wd & Awd '10-'17, Captiva Sport 2wd '12-'15, Captiva Sport Awd '12, GMC Terrain 2wd & Awd '10-'17, Saturn Vue 2wd & Awd '10 |- |L||GMC Terrain 2wd & Awd '18-'26 |- |L||Buick Envista '24-'26, Chevy Trax '24-'26 |- |M||Buick Encore GX 2wd & Awd ('20-'26), Chevy Trailblazer 2wd & Awd ('21-'26) |- |N||Cadillac SRX 2wd & Awd '10-'16, Saab 9-4X 2011 |- |N||GMC Acadia 2wd & Awd '17-'26, Cadillac XT5 2wd & Awd '17-'26 |- |N||Hummer H3, H3T 2010 |- |P||Chevy Orlando (Canada only: '12-'14) |- |P||Cadillac XT6 2wd & Awd '20-'25 |- |P||Cadillac Lyriq EV 2wd & Awd '23-'25 |- |R||GMC Acadia 2wd '10-'16, Acadia Limited 2wd '17, Saturn Outlook 2wd '10, Buick Enclave 2wd '10-'17, Chevy Traverse 2wd '10-'17 |- |R||Buick Enclave 2wd '18-'24, Chevy Traverse 2wd '18-'23 |- |R||Buick Enclave 2wd '25-'26, Chevy Traverse 2wd '24-'26 |- |S||Chevy Traverse Limited 2wd '24 |- |S||Chevy Colorado 2wd ('10-'12, '15-'26), GMC Canyon 2wd ('10) |- |T||Chevy Colorado 4wd ('10-'12, '15-'26), GMC Canyon 4wd ('10) |- |T||Chevy Traverse Limited Awd '24 |- |U||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('22-'26), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('25-'26) |- |V||GMC Acadia Awd '10-'16, Acadia Limited Awd '17, Saturn Outlook Awd '10, Buick Enclave Awd '10-'17, Chevy Traverse Awd '10-'17 |- |V||Buick Enclave Awd '18-'24, Chevy Traverse Awd '18-'23 |- |V||Buick Enclave Awd '25-'26, Chevy Traverse Awd '24-'26 |- |W||Chevy Silverado 1500 2wd ('19-'21), Silverado LTD 1500 2wd ('22), Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd ('20-'24) |- |X||Buick Envision 2wd & Awd '16-'20, Chevy Equinox 2wd & Awd '18-'26 |- |Y||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('19-'21), Silverado LTD 1500 4wd ('22), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('20-'24) |- |Z||Cadillac XT4 2wd & Awd '19-'25, Buick Envision 2wd '21-'23, Buick Envision Awd '21-'26 |- |1||GMC Sierra 2wd ('11-'18), Sierra Limited 1500 2wd ('19), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('19), Yukon 2wd ('11-'26), Yukon XL 2wd ('11-'26) |- |1||GMC Canyon 2wd ('25-'26) |- |2||GMC Sierra 4wd ('11-'18), Sierra Limited 1500 4wd ('19), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('19), Yukon 4wd ('11-'26), Yukon XL 4wd ('11-'26) |- |2||GMC Canyon 4wd ('25-'26) |- |3||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('11-'24), Escalade ESV 2wd ('11-'24) |- |3||Cadillac Optiq EV ('25-), Cadillac Vistiq EV ('26-) |- |4||Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('11-'24), Escalade ESV 4wd ('11-'24), Escalade EXT 4wd ('11-'13) |- |5||GMC Canyon 2wd ('11-'12, '15-'24) |- |5||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('25-'26), Suburban 2wd ('25-'26) |- |6||GMC Canyon 4wd ('11-'12, '15-'24) |- |6||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('25-'26), Suburban 4wd ('25-'26) |- |7||GMC Savana 2wd ('11-'26) |- |8||GMC Savana 4wd ('11-'14) |- |8||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('19-'21), Sierra Limited 1500 2wd ('22), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('20-'24) |- |8||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('25-'26), Escalade ESV 2wd ('25-'26) |- |9||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('19-'21), Sierra Limited 1500 4wd ('22), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('20-'24) |- |9||Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('25-'26), Escalade ESV 4wd ('25-'26) |- |0||GMC Hummer EV pickup ('22-'25), GMC Hummer EV SUV ('24-'25), Chevy Silverado EV ('24-'26), GMC Sierra EV ('24-'25) |} ===Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car=== GM used a lettered system of automobile platform codes for three decades. These letters were used as the fourth position of the VIN. Though today's GM platforms use Greek characters, they are still encoded with Latin characters in the fourth position. Position five encodes the specific model and trim level of the vehicle. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !List of GM platforms !Platform<br>Code !Series<br>Code !:Category:General Motors vehicles|Model |- |rowspan=14|GM A platform |rowspan=14|A||W||Chevrolet Celebrity 1985-1990 |- |E||Pontiac 6000 ''SE'' 1986-1988 |- |F||Pontiac 6000 1985-1988, 6000 ''LE'' 1989-1991 |- |G||Pontiac 6000 ''LE'' 1985-1988 |- |H||Pontiac 6000 ''STE'' 1985-1989 |- |J||Pontiac 6000 ''SE'' 1989-1991 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Sedan 1993-1994 |- |J||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''LS'' 1985, Cutlass Ciera 1986-1989 & Cutlass Cruiser 1985-1989,<br /> Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Coupe 1986-1987, Cutlass Ciera ''S'' 1990-1991 & Cutlass Cruiser ''S'' 1990-1994, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' & Cutlass Cruiser ''SL'' 1995, Ciera ''SL'' sedan & wagon 1996 |- |L||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera 1990-1991, Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Sedan 1992 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''Brougham'' 1985-1988, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' Coupe 1986-1989, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' Sedan 1989-1993, Cutlass Cruiser ''Brougham'' 1987-1988, Cutlass Cruiser ''SL'' 1989-1993 |- |S||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''International Series'' 1988-1990 |- |G||Buick Century ''T-Type'' 1985-1986, Century ''Special'' 1991-1996 |- |H||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1985-1995 |- |L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1985-1993, Century Estate Wagon 1986-1989 |- |rowspan=14|GM B platform |rowspan=14|B||L||Chevrolet Impala 1985, Caprice 1986-1992, Caprice Classic 1993-1996, Impala SS 1995-96 |- |N||Chevrolet Caprice Classic 1985-1992, Caprice Classic LS 1993-1994,<br /> Caprice Classic LTZ 1991-1993, Impala SS 1994 |- |U||Chevrolet Caprice Classic Brougham/Brougham LS 1987-1990 |- |L||Pontiac Parisienne 1985-1986, Safari Wagon 1987-1989 |- |T||Pontiac Parisienne Brougham 1985-1986 |- |N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1985 |- |P||Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser 1985-1992 |- |V||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham LS 1985 |- |Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1985 |- |N||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1985, Roadmaster sedan 1992-1996 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1985 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre Estate Wagon 1985-1989, Estate Wagon 1990,<br /> Roadmaster Estate Wagon 1991-1996 |- |T||Buick Roadmaster ''Limited'' sedan 1992-1996 |- |V||Buick Electra Estate Wagon 1985-1989 |- |rowspan=13|GM C platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=13|C |V||Oldsmobile Touring Sedan 1988-1990, 98 Touring Sedan 1991-1993 |- |W||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1985-1990, 98 Regency Elite 1991-1996 |- |X||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1985-1990, 1992-1994 |- |F||Buick Electra T-Type 1985-1990 |- |U||Buick Electra Park Avenue Ultra 1989-1990, Park Avenue Ultra 1991-1996 |- |W||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1985-1990, Park Avenue 1991-1996 |- |X||Buick Electra 1985-1986, Electra Limited 1987-1990 |- |B||1985-1992 Cadillac Fleetwood, Fleetwood D'Elegance, 1993 Cadillac Sixty Special |- |D||1985-1993 Cadillac DeVille |- |G||1991-1992 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special |- |H||1985-1987 Cadillac Fleetwood Limousine |- |S||1987-1990 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special |- |T||1991-1993 Cadillac DeVille Touring Sedan |- |rowspan=3|GM G platform (models formerly on C platform) |rowspan=3|C |- |U||Buick Park Avenue Ultra 1997-2005 |- |W||Buick Park Avenue 1997-2005 |- |rowspan=2|GM D platform |rowspan=2|D||W||1985-1986 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham, 1987-1992 Cadillac Brougham |- |W||1993-1996 Cadillac Fleetwood |- |rowspan=31|GM Delta I platform |rowspan=31|A |- |A||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/manual trans. 2010 |- |B||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/automatic trans. 2010 |- |C||Chevrolet Cobalt 1LT w/manual trans. 2010 |- |D||Chevrolet Cobalt 1LT w/automatic trans. 2010 |- |E||Chevrolet Cobalt 2LT w/manual trans. 2010 |- |F||Chevrolet Cobalt 2LT w/automatic trans. 2010 |- |G||Chevrolet Cobalt SS Turbo 2010 |- |H||Chevrolet Cobalt (base model w/XFE) 2010 |- |K||Chevrolet Cobalt (base model) 2005, Cobalt LS 2006-2008, Cobalt LS w/man. trans. 2009 |- |L||Chevrolet Cobalt LS 2005, Cobalt LT 2006-2008, Cobalt LT w/manual trans. 2009 |- |M||Chevrolet Cobalt SS 2006-2007, Cobalt Sport 2008 |- |P||Chevrolet Cobalt SS Supercharged 2005-2007, SS Turbo 2008-2009 |- |S||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |T||Chevrolet Cobalt LT w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |Z||Chevrolet Cobalt LT 2005, Cobalt LTZ 2006-2007 |- |L||Pontiac G5 2007-2008, G5 w/manual trans. 2009 |- |N||Pontiac G5 GT 2007-2008, G5 GT w/manual trans. 2009 |- |S||Pontiac G5 w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |T||Pontiac G5 GT w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |F||Saturn Ion sedan Level 1 w/manual trans. 2003-2005 |- |G||Saturn Ion sedan Level 1 w/automatic trans. 2003-2005 |- |J||Saturn Ion sedan Level 2 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |K||Saturn Ion sedan Level 3 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |L||Saturn Ion sedan Level 3 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |M||Saturn Ion coupe Level 2 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |N||Saturn Ion coupe Level 2 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |V||Saturn Ion coupe Level 3 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |W||Saturn Ion coupe Level 3 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |Y||Saturn Ion coupe Red Line 2004-2007 |- |Z||Saturn Ion sedan Level 2 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |rowspan=9|GM E platform |rowspan=9|E |- |V||Oldsmobile Toronado Trofeo 1988-1992 |- |Z||Oldsmobile Toronado Brougham 1985-1986, Toronado 1987-1992 |- |C||Buick Reatta 1988-1991 |- |Y||Buick Riviera T-Type 1985-1986 |- |Z||Buick Riviera 1985-1993 |- |C||Cadillac Eldorado Collector Series 2002 |- |L||Cadillac Eldorado 1985-2002 |- |T||Cadillac Eldorado Touring Coupe 1994-2002 |- |rowspan=26|GM Epsilon I platform |rowspan=26|Z||A||Chevrolet Malibu Fleet 2010-2012 |- |B||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2010-2012 |- |C||Chevrolet Malibu 1LT 2010-2012 |- |D||Chevrolet Malibu 2LT 2010-2012 |- |E||Chevrolet Malibu LTZ 2010-2011, Malibu 1LZ 2012 |- |F||Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid 2008-2010, Malibu 3LT 2012 |- |G||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2008-2009, Malibu 2LZ 2012 |- |H||Chevrolet Malibu 1LT 2008-2009 |- |J||Chevrolet Malibu 2LT 2008-2009 |- |K||Chevrolet Malibu LTZ 2008-2009 |- |S||Chevrolet Malibu 2004-2005, Malibu LS 2006-2007, Malibu Classic LS 2008 |- |T||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2004-2005, Malibu LT 2006-2007, Malibu Classic LT 2008 |- |U||Chevrolet Malibu LT 2004-2005, Malibu LTZ 2006-2007 |- |W||Chevrolet Malibu SS 2006-2007 |- |A||Pontiac G6 Sedan 2010 |- |F||Pontiac G6 2.4L Sedan (Base model) 2006, G6 Value Leader (Base model w/1SV) 2007-2008 |- |G||Pontiac G6 3.5L Sedan (Base model) 2005-2006, G6 (Base model) 2007-2009 |- |H||Pontiac G6 GT 2005-2009 |- |J||Pontiac G6 (Base model) 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision) |- |K||Pontiac G6 GT 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision) |- |L||Pontiac G6 GXP 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision) |- |M||Pontiac G6 GTP 2006-2007, G6 GXP 2008-2009 |- |R||Saturn Aura Green Line 2007-2009 |- |S||Saturn Aura XE 2007-2009 |- |V||Saturn Aura XR 2007-2008, Aura XR 2.4L 2009 |- |X||Saturn Aura XR V6 2009 |- |rowspan=6|GM F platform |rowspan=6|F||P||Chevrolet Camaro Sport Coupe 1985-2002, Convertible 1987-1992, 1994-2002 |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro Berlinetta 1985-1986 |- |S||Pontiac Firebird 1985-2002, Firebird ''Formula'' 1987-1992 |- |V||Pontiac Firebird ''Formula / Trans Am'' 1993-2002, Firebird ''Trans Am GT'' 1994 |- |W||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' 1985-1992, Firebird ''Trans Am GTA'' 1987-1992 |- |X||Pontiac Firebird ''S/E'' 1985-1986 |- |rowspan=13|GM G platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=13|G||Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1985-1988 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1985-1987 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix LE 1985-1987 |- |N||Pontiac Bonneville 1985-1986 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1985-1987 |- |R||Pontiac Bonneville Brougham 1985-1986 |- |S||Pontiac Bonneville LE 1985-1986 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Salon coupe 1985-1987 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1985-1987,<br /> Cutlass Supreme Classic ''Brougham'' 1988 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 1985-1987, Cutlass Supreme Classic 1988 |- |J||Buick Regal 1985-1987 |- |K||Buick Regal T-Type 1985-1987 |- |M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1985-1987 |- |rowspan=4|GM G platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=4|G||D||1995-1999 Buick Riviera |- |R||1995-1999 Oldsmobile Aurora |- |R||2001-2002 Oldsmobile Aurora 3.5 |- |S||2001-2003 Oldsmobile Aurora 4.0 |- |rowspan=9|GM H platform |rowspan=9|H||H||Buick Le Sabre 1987 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1986-1999 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1986-1999 |- |C||Oldsmobile Regency 1997-1998, Eighty Eight 50th Anniversary Edition 1999 |- |N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1986-1988, 88 Royale 1989-1995, Eighty Eight & Eighty Eight LS 1996-99 |- |Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1986-1988, 88 Royale Brougham 1989-91, Eighty Eight Royale LS 1992-1995, LSS 1996-1999 |- |X||Pontiac Bonneville 1987, Bonneville LE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SE'' 1992-1999 |- |Y||Pontiac Bonneville SSE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SSEi'' 1992-1993 |- |Z||Pontiac Bonneville LE 1987, Bonneville SE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SSE'' 1992-1999, Bonneville ''SSEi'' 1994-1999 |- |rowspan=17|GM G platform (models formerly on H platform or their successors) |rowspan=17|H||A||Buick Lucerne ''CX'' 2010-2011 |- |B||Buick Lucerne ''CX-2'' 2010 |- |C||Buick Lucerne ''CXL'' 2010-2011 |- |D||Buick Lucerne ''CXL V6'' 2006-2009, Lucerne ''CXL Special Edition'' 2010 |- |E||Buick Lucerne ''CXS'' 2006-2008, Lucerne ''CXL-3'' 2010 |- |F||Buick Lucerne ''Super'' 2008-2009, Lucerne ''CXL-4'' 2010 |- |G||Buick Lucerne ''CXL-5'' 2010 |- |H||Buick Lucerne ''Super 1SP'' 2010 |- |J||Buick Lucerne ''CXL Premium'' 2010-2011 |- |K||Buick Lucerne ''Super 1XS'' 2010, Lucerne ''Super'' 2011 |- |P||Buick Lucerne ''CX'' 2006-2009 |- |R||Buick Lucerne ''CXL V8'' 2006-2007, Lucerne ''CXL Special Edition V8'' 2008 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 2000-2005 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 2000-2005 |- |X||Pontiac Bonneville ''SE'' 2000-2005 |- |Y||Pontiac Bonneville ''SLE'' 2000-2005 |- |Z||Pontiac Bonneville ''SSEi'' 2000-2003, Bonneville GXP 2004-2005 |- |rowspan=23|GM J platform |rowspan=23|J |- |C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1985-1994, RS Convertible 1991-1994 |- |D||Chevrolet Cavalier CS 1985-1987 |- |E||Chevrolet Cavalier Type 10 1985, RS 1986-1988,<br /> Type 10 Convertible 1985, RS Convertible 1986-1987 |- |F||Chevrolet Cavalier Z24 1986-1994, Z24 Convertible 1988-1989, 1992-1994 |- |C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1995-2005, Cavalier RS 1997-1999 |- |F||Chevrolet Cavalier LS Sedan 1995-2005, LS Coupe 2003-2005, Z24 Coupe 1995-2001,<br /> LS Convertible 1995-1997, Z24 Convertible 1998-2000 |- |H||Chevrolet Cavalier Z24 Coupe/Sedan 2002, LS Sport 2002-2005 |- |S||Chevrolet Cavalier LS Coupe 2002 |- |B||Pontiac Sunbird 1985-1989, Sunbird LE 1990-1991, Sunbird SE 1992-1993,<br /> Sunbird LE 1994 |- |C||Pontiac Sunbird LE 1985, Sunbird 1991, Sunbird LE 1992-1993 |- |D||Pontiac Sunbird SE 1985-1991, Sunbird GT 1992-1993 |- |L||Pontiac Sunbird SE 1994 |- |U||Pontiac Sunbird GT 1986-1991 |- |B||Pontiac Sunfire SE 1995-2002, Convertible 1995-2000, Sunfire 2003-2005 |- |D||Pontiac Sunfire GT 1995-2002 |- |C||Oldsmobile Firenza Base model 1985-1987, Firenza S 1985-1987, Firenza 1988 |- |D||Oldsmobile Firenza LX 1985-1987, Firenza SX 1985, Firenza LC, GT 1986-1987 |- |E||Buick Skyhawk T-Type 1985-1986 |- |S||Buick Skyhawk Custom 1985-1987, Skyhawk Sport 1986-1987, Skyhawk 1988-1989 |- |T||Buick Skyhawk Limited 1985-1987 |- |G||Cadillac Cimarron 1985-1988 |- |G, H||Toyota Cavalier (Japan only) |- |rowspan=8|GM2900 platform |rowspan=8|J||C||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.1 |- |D||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.2, 2005 Saturn L300 |- |L||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.3 |- |R||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS w/manual transmission '00/L100 w/manual transmission '01 |- |S||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS w/automatic transmission '00/L100 w/automatic transmission '01-'02 |- |T||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS1 w/manual transmission '00/L200 w/manual transmission '01-'03, LW200 w/manual trans. '02 |- |U||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS1 w/automatic transmission '00/L200 w/automatic transmission '01-'03,<br> Saturn LW1 w/automatic transmission '00/LW200 w/automatic transmission '01-'03 |- |W||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS2 '00, LW2 '00, L300 '01-'03, LW300 '01-'03 |- |rowspan=5|GM K platform |rowspan=5|K||D||Cadillac Deville 1994-1999 |- |E||Cadillac Deville D'Elegance 1997-1999 |- |F||Cadillac Deville Concours 1994-1999 |- |S||Cadillac Seville 1985-1993 / Cadillac Seville SLS 1994-1997 |- |Y||Cadillac Seville Touring Sedan / Cadillac Seville STS 1990-1997 |- |rowspan=9|GM G platform (models formerly on K platform) |rowspan=9|K||A||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS |- |D||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville, 2006-2009 Cadillac DTS, 2010-2011 DTS Luxury |- |E||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville DHS |- |F||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville DTS |- |H||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Premium |- |P||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Platinum |- |R||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Livery |- |S|| 1998-2004 Cadillac Seville SLS |- |Y|| 1998-2003 Cadillac Seville STS |- |rowspan=33|GM Kappa platform |rowspan=33|M||A||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |B||Pontiac Solstice 2006-2007, Solstice w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |B||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |C||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |D||Pontiac Solstice w/manual transmission 2010 |- |E||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/manual transmission 2010 |- |F||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |G||Pontiac Solstice GXP 2007, Solstice GXP w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |K||Pontiac Solstice Street Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |N||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |S||Pontiac Solstice SCCA SSB Championship Edition (2.4L) 2008 |- |T||Pontiac Solstice SCCA T2 Championship Edition (2.0L Turbo) 2008 |- |T||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |Z||Pontiac Solstice Street Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |B||Saturn Sky 2007, Sky w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |B||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |C||Saturn Sky w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |C||Saturn Sky Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |C||Saturn Sky Preferred w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |D||Saturn Sky Hydro Blue Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |E||Saturn Sky Redline w/manual transmission 2010 |- |F||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |F||Saturn Sky Preferred w/manual transmission 2010 |- |G||Saturn Sky Redline 2007, Sky Redline w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |H||Saturn Sky Redline Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |L||Saturn Sky Redline Hydro Blue Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |N||Saturn Sky w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |P||Saturn Sky Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |R||Saturn Sky Hydro Blue Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |T||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |V||Saturn Sky Redline Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |X||Saturn Sky Redline Hydro Blue Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |G||Opel GT 2007-2010, Daewoo G2X 2007-2009 |- |rowspan=8|GM L platform |rowspan=8|L |- |D||Chevrolet Corsica ''Base'' 1994-1996 |- |T||Chevrolet Corsica ''Base'' 1987-1989, Corsica ''LT'' 1990-1993 |- |V||Chevrolet Beretta ''Base'' 1987-1996 |- |W||Chevrolet Beretta "GT" 1989-1993 (RPO Z21) & Beretta ''Z26'' 1994-1996 (RPO Z04) |- |Z||Chevrolet Corsica ''LTZ'' 1989-1990 (RPO Z54) |- |Z||Chevrolet Beretta "GTZ" 1990-1993 (RPO Z04) |- |T||Pontiac Tempest (Canada only) |- |rowspan=5|GM M platform |rowspan=5|M||R||Chevrolet Sprint |- |R||Geo Metro LSi, Metro |- |R||Pontiac Firefly (Canada only) |- |S||Chevrolet Sprint ER |- |S||Geo Metro, Metro XFi |- |rowspan=32|GM N platform |rowspan=32|N |- |B||Oldsmobile Cutlass 1997, Cutlass ''GL'' 1998-1999 |- |C||Buick Skylark 4-door ''Custom'' 1987-1991 |- |D||Buick Skylark 4-door ''Limited'' 1987-1989, Skylark 4-door ''Luxury Edition'' 1990-1991 |- |D||Chevrolet Malibu 1997-2003, Chevrolet Classic 2004-2005 |- |E||Chevrolet Malibu ''LS'' 1997-2003 |- |E||Pontiac Grand Am 1985-1988, Grand Am ''LE'' 1989-1991 |- |E||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE'' 1992-2005 |- |F||Oldsmobile Calais 1985-1987, Cutlass Calais 1988, Cutlass Calais ''S'' 1989-1991 |- |F||Oldsmobile Achieva ''SL'' 1992-1994, Achieva ''SC'' 1994 |- |F||Oldsmobile Alero ''GLS'' 1999-2004 |- |F||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE1'' 2000-2004 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass ''GLS'' 1997-1999 |- |G||Pontiac Grand Am 1991 |- |G||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE2'' 2000, 2003-2004 |- |J||Buick Somerset Regal 1985, Somerset ''Custom'' 1986-1987, Skylark 2-door ''Custom'' 1988-91, Skylark 4-door ''Custom'' 1986 |- |J||Buick Skylark 1992, Skylark ''Limited'' 1993-1994, Skylark ''Custom'' 1996-1998,<br /> Skylark ''Limited'' & ''Gran Sport'' 1996-1997 |- |K||Buick Somerset ''T-Type'' 1986 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais ''International Series'' 1988-1991 |- |K||Oldsmobile Alero ''GX'' 1999-2004 |- |L||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais 1989-1991 |- |L||Oldsmobile Achieva ''S'' 1992-1995, Achieva ''SL'' 1996-1998, Achieva ''SC'' 1996-1997 |- |L||Oldsmobile Alero ''GL'' 1999-2004 |- |M||Buick Somerset Regal ''Limited'' 1985, Somerset ''Limited'' 1986-'87, Skylark 2-door ''Limited'' '88-'89, Skylark 2-door ''Gran Sport'' 1990-1991, Skylark 4-door ''Limited'' 1986 |- |M||Buick Skylark ''Gran Sport'' 1992-1994 |- |T||Oldsmobile Calais ''Supreme'' 1985-1987, Cutlass Calais ''SL'' 1988-1991 |- |V||Buick Skylark 1990-1991 |- |V||Buick Skylark ''Custom'' 1993-1995, ''Limited'' 1995, ''Gran Sport'' 1995 |- |V||Pontiac Grand Am ''LE'' 1985-1988 |- |V||Pontiac Grand Am ''GT1'' 2000-2005 |- |W||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE'' 1986-1991 |- |W||Pontiac Grand Am ''GT'' 1992-2005 |- |rowspan=5|GM P platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=5|P |- ||E||Pontiac Fiero ''Coupe'' 1985-1988 |- ||F||Pontiac Fiero ''SE'' 1985-1987 |- ||G||Pontiac Fiero ''GT'' 1985-1988 |- ||M||Pontiac Fiero ''Sport coupe'' 1985-1987 |- |rowspan=1|GM P platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=1|P||X||General Motors EV1 1997, 1999 |- |rowspan=6|GM R platform |rowspan=6|R |- ||F||1985-1986 Chevrolet Spectrum |- ||F||1987-1988 Chevrolet Spectrum 3-door hatchback, 1989 Geo Spectrum 3-door hatchback |- ||F||1990-1993 Geo Storm |- ||G||1987-1988 Chevrolet Spectrum 4-door sedan, 1989 Geo Spectrum 4-door sedan |- ||T||1990-1993 Geo Storm GSi |- |rowspan=8|GM S platform |rowspan=8|S||K||1985-1988 Chevrolet Nova |- |K||1989-1997 Geo Prizm, 1998-2002 Chevrolet Prizm |- |L||1988 Chevrolet Nova Twin Cam, 1990-1992 Geo Prizm GSi |- |L||2003-2008 Pontiac Vibe, 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe FWD w/manual transmission |- |M||2003-2006 Pontiac Vibe ''AWD'', 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe AWD w/automatic transmission |- |N||2003-2006 Pontiac Vibe ''GT'', 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe GT FWD w/manual transmission |- |P||2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe FWD w/automatic transmission |- |R||2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe GT FWD w/automatic transmission |- |rowspan=32|GM Sigma platform |rowspan=32|D||A||Cadillac CTS Base model RWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe Base model RWD 2014 |- |B||Cadillac CTS Wagon Luxury Collection RWD 2014 |- |C||Cadillac CTS Base model AWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Performance Collection RWD 2014 |- |D||Cadillac CTS Coupe/Wagon Premium Collection RWD 2014 |- |E||Cadillac CTS Luxury Collection RWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe Base model AWD 2014 |- |F||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013, CTS Wagon Luxury Collection AWD 2014 |- |G||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. AWD 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection AWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Performance Collection AWD 2014 |- |H||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Premium Collection AWD 2014 |- |J||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS Performance Collection RWD 2010-2013 |- |K||Cadillac CTS Performance Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |L||Cadillac CTS Performance Collection AWD 2010-2013 |- |M||Cadillac CTS V6 2003-2004, CTS 2.8L 2005-2007, CTS Man. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Performance Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |N||Cadillac CTS V-Series 2004-2007, 2009 |- |P||Cadillac CTS 3.6L 2005-2007, CTS Direct Inj. V6 Man. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Premium Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |R||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD 2008 |- |S||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. AWD 2008-2009, CTS Premium Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |T||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |U||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD 2009 |- |V||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS sedan V-Series 2010-2014, CTS Wagon V-Series 2011-2014, CTS Coupe V-Series 2011-2015 |- |0||Cadillac CTS Sport Appearance Pkg. 2010 |- |1||Cadillac CTS Eco Luxury Pkg. 2010 |- |2||Cadillac CTS Sport Appearance Pkg. 2011 |- |A||Cadillac STS V6 AWD 2008-2009 |- |B||Cadillac STS V8 AWD 2008-2009 |- |C||Cadillac STS V8 2005-2007, STS V8 RWD 2008-2009 |- |D||Cadillac STS V6 AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |K||Cadillac STS V6 RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |L||Cadillac STS V8 AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |U||Cadillac STS (all models) 2010, STS (Base model) 2011 |- |W||Cadillac STS V6 2005-2007, STS V6 RWD 2008-2009, STS Luxury 2011 |- |X||Cadillac STS V-Series 2006-2009, STS Luxury Performance 2011 |- |Z||Cadillac STS V8 RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |rowspan=4|GM T platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=4|T||B|| 1985-1987 Chevrolet Chevette CS |- |B||1985-1987 Pontiac Acadian (Canada only) |- |J||1985 Pontiac Acadian Scooter (Canada only) |- |L||1985-1987 Pontiac 1000 |- |rowspan=4|GM T platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=4|T||N|| Pontiac LeMans 1988, LeMans LE 1989-1991, LeMans SE 1992-1993 |- |R||1988-1989 Pontiac LeMans SE sedan |- |S||1988-1990 Pontiac LeMans GSE AeroCoupe |- |X||1988-1993 Pontiac LeMans VL AeroCoupe |- |rowspan=3|GM T platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=3|A |- |R||Saturn Astra XE (US: 2008, Canada: 2008-2009) |- |T||Saturn Astra XR (US: 2008, Canada: 2008-2009) |- |rowspan=4|Daewoo T200 platform |rowspan=4|T||D||Chevrolet Aveo Special Value 2004-2008, Base model 2004, LS 2005-2011, Aveo 1LT 2009-2011 |- |G||Chevrolet Aveo LT 2005-2008, Aveo 2LT 2009-2011 |- |J||Chevrolet Aveo LS 2004 |- |D||Pontiac G3 2009 |- |rowspan=2|GM V platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=2|V||R||1987-1992 Cadillac Allanté with standard removable hardtop |- |S||1990-1993 Cadillac Allanté |- |rowspan=2|GM V platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=2|V||R||1997-2001 Cadillac Catera |- |X||2004-2006 Pontiac GTO coupe |- |rowspan=49|GM W platform |rowspan=49|W |- |A||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LS'' 2014-2016 |- |B||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2006-2009, Impala ''LT'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LT'' 2014-2016 |- |C||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' 3.9L 2006-2009, Impala ''LTZ'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LTZ'' 2014-2016 |- |D||Chevrolet Impala ''SS'' 2006-2009, Impala ''Police'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''Police'' 2014-2016 |- |E||Chevrolet Impala ''Taxi'' 2010-2012 |- |F||Chevrolet Impala 2000-2005, Impala ''LS'' Fleet (1FL) 2011-2013 |- |G||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' Fleet (2FL) 2011-2013 |- |H||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2000-2005 |- |J||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LS'' 2006-2007 |- |K||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.9L 2006, Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.5L 2007 |- |L||Chevrolet Lumina 1990-2001, Lumina ''LS'' 1997-1999 |- |L||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''SS'' 2006-2007 |- |M||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.5L 2006 |- |N||Chevrolet Lumina ''Euro'' 1990-1994, Lumina ''LS'' 1995-1996, Lumina ''LTZ'' 1997-1999 |- |N||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LTZ'' 2006 |- |P||Chevrolet Lumina ''Z34'' 1991-1994, Impala ''SS'' 2004-2005 |- |S||Chevrolet Impala ''Police'' 2006-2009 |- |T||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' 3.5L 2006-2009 |- |U||Chevrolet Impala ''LTZ'' 2006-2009 |- |V||Chevrolet Impala ''50th Anniversary Edition'' 2008 |- |W||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LS'' 1995-2005 |- |X||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''Z34'' 1995-1999, Monte Carlo ''SS'' 2000-2004, Monte Carlo ''LT'' 2005 |- |Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''SS Supercharged'' 2004-2005 |- |C||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GXP'' 2005-2008 |- |H||Pontiac Grand Prix ''LE'' 1991-1993 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1988-1989, Grand Prix ''LE'' 1990, Grand Prix ''SE'' 1991-2000 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix ''LE'' 1988-1989, Grand Prix ''SE1'' 2000-2003 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix ''SE'' 1988-1990, Grand Prix ''GT'' 1991-1993, 1997-2003,<br /> Grand Prix ''GT1'' 2004, Grand Prix 2005-2008 |- |R||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GTP'' 1999-2005, Grand Prix ''GT'' 2006-2007 |- |S||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GT2'' 2004, Grand Prix ''GT'' 2005 |- |T||Pontiac Grand Prix ''STE'' 1990-1993 |- |H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 1988-1991, Cutlass Supreme ''S'' 1992-1994,<br /> Cutlass Supreme ''SL'' 1995-1997, Intrigue 1998, Intrigue ''GX'' 1999-2002 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''International Series'' 1988-1993 |- |S||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''SL'' 1988-1991, Intrigue ''GL'' 1998-2002 |- |T||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Convertible 1990-1995 |- |X||Oldsmobile Intrigue ''GLS'' 1998-2002 |- |B||Buick Regal ''Custom'' 1988-1996, Regal ''GS'' Coupe 1995-1996, Regal ''LS'' 1997-2004 |- |C||Buick Lacrosse ''CX'' 2005-2009 |- |D||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1988-1996, Lacrosse ''CXL'' 2005-2009 |- |E||Buick Lacrosse ''CXS'' 2005-2008 |- |F||Buick Regal ''GS'' Coupe 1992-1994, Regal ''GS'' Sedan 1992-2004 |- |F||Buick Allure ''CX'' 2005-2009 (Canada only) |- |H||Buick Allure ''CXS'' 2005-2008 (Canada only) |- |J||Buick Allure ''CXL'' 2005-2009 (Canada only) |- |N||Buick Lacrosse ''Super'' 2008-2009 |- |P||Buick Allure ''Super'' 2008-2009 (Canada only) |- |S||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1997-2005 |- |Y||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1997-2002 |- |rowspan=3|GM X platform |rowspan=3|X||B||1985 Buick Skylark Custom |- |C||1985 Buick Skylark Limited |- |X||1985 Chevrolet Citation II |- |rowspan=39|GM Y platform |rowspan=39|Y||V||2004-2009 Cadillac XLR |- |X||2006-2009 Cadillac XLR V-Series |- |Y||1985-2008 Chevrolet Corvette (all models except '90-'95 ZR-1) |- |Z||1990-1995 Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1 |- |G||2009 Chevrolet Corvette GT1 Championship Edition (Base & Z06) |- |R||2009 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 (after early production) |- |Y||2009 Chevrolet Corvette (Base model, Early production Z06, Early production ZR1) |- |Z||2009 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 (after early production) |- |A||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Standard 1LT Man. Trans. |- |B||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Preferred 2LT Man. Trans. |- |C||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Premium 3LT Man. Trans. |- |D||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |E||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Standard 1LT Auto. Trans. |- |F||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Preferred 2LT Auto. Trans. |- |G||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Premium 3LT Auto. Trans. |- |H||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |J||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Standard 1LZ Man. Trans. |- |K||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Premium 2LZ Man. Trans. |- |L||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Custom 3LZ Man. Trans. |- |M||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 Standard 1ZR Man. Trans. |- |N||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 Custom 3ZR Man. Trans. |- |P||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Standard 1LT Man. Trans. |- |R||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Preferred 2LT Man. Trans. |- |S||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Premium 3LT Man. Trans. |- |T||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |U||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Standard 1LT Auto. Trans. |- |V||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Preferred 2LT Auto. Trans. |- |W||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Premium 3LT Auto. Trans. |- |X||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |Y||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Premium 3LT Man. Trans. |- |Z||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |1||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |2||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |3||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |4||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |5||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 3LZ Man. Trans. |- |6||2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 3ZR Man. Trans. |- |7||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |8||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Preferred 2LT Man. Trans. |- |rowspan=13|GM Z platform |rowspan=13|Z |- |E||Saturn SC1 (manual transmission 2-Door) 1993-1999 |- |F||Saturn SC1 (automatic transmission 2-Door) 1993-1999, SL (manual transmission) 1991-02 |- |G||Saturn SC (manual transmission) 1991-1992, SC2 (manual transmission 2-Door) 1993-99,<br /> SL1 (manual transmission) 1991-2002, SW1 (manual transmission) 1993-1999 |- |H||Saturn SC (automatic transmission) 1991-92, SC2 (automatic transmission 2-Door) '93-'99,<br /> SL1 (automatic transmission) 1991-02, SW1 (automatic transmission LHD) '93-'99 |- |J||Saturn SL2 (manual transmission) 1991-2002, SW2 (manual transmission) 1993-2001 |- |K||Saturn SL2 (automatic transmission) 1991-2002, SW2 (automatic transmission 1993-1999) |- |M||Saturn SW1 "Postal" [SWP] (automatic transmission RHD) 1999-2001 <br>(Made for US Postal Service rural route mail carriers) |- |N||Saturn SC1 (manual transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002, SW2 (automatic transmission 2000-01) |- |P||Saturn SC1 (automatic transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002 |- |R||Saturn SC2 (manual transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002 |- |S||Saturn SL Spring Special 2002 |- |Y||Saturn SC2 (automatic transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002 |- |rowspan=3|GM Zeta platform (VE) |rowspan=3|E||C||Pontiac G8 GT |- |P||Pontiac G8 GXP |- |R||Pontiac G8 (Base model) |- |rowspan=2|GM Zeta platform (VF) |rowspan=2|F||1||2014-2017 Chevrolet SS w/automatic transmission |- |2||2015-2017 Chevrolet SS w/manual transmission |- |GM Zeta platform (WM) |M||K||2011-2013 Chevrolet Caprice PPV |- |GM Zeta platform (WN) |N||S||2014-2017 Chevrolet Caprice PPV |- |rowspan=19|GM Zeta platform (models formerly on F platform) |rowspan=19|F||A||Chevrolet Camaro ''LS'' automatic transmission 2010-2011, ''2LS'' automatic transmission 2012-2014, ''LS'' manual transmission 2015 |- |B||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' automatic transmission 2010-2014, ''2LS'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |C||Chevrolet Camaro ''2LT'' automatic transmission 2010-2014, ''LT'' manual transmission 2015 |- |D||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |E||Chevrolet Camaro ''LS'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''2LT'' manual transmission 2015 |- |F||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''2LT'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |G||Chevrolet Camaro ''2LT'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''SS'' manual transmission 2015 |- |H||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |J||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' automatic transmission 2010-2014. Note: Must have "J" in 8th position of VIN. |- |J||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2012. Note: Must have "P" in 8th position of VIN. |- |J||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' manual transmission 2015 |- |K||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' automatic transmission 2010-2015 |- |L||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2013-2014, ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2015 |- |M||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' manual transmission 2010-2014. Note: Must have "W" in 8th position of VIN. |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2012. Note: Must have "P" in 8th position of VIN. |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro ''Z/28'' manual transmission 2014. Note: Must have "E" in 8th position of VIN. |- |T||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' manual transmission 2010-2014 |- |Z||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2013-2014, ''Z/28'' manual transmission 2015 |- |} RHD= Right-Hand Drive ====Model Line 2010- Passenger Car (Using Vehicle Platforms introduced 2010 or later)==== The Model Line is specified as character four of the American GM VIN for Passenger Cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A||Cadillac ATS 2013-2019 |- |A||Cadillac CTS sedan 2014-2019, CTS V-Series sedan 2016-2019 |- |B||Chevrolet Cruze 2016-2019 |- |C||Chevrolet Spark 2013-2022, Spark EV 2014-2016 |- |D||Cadillac CT4 2020-2026 |- |D||Cadillac CT5 2020- |- |F||Chevrolet Camaro 2016-2024 |- |F||Chevrolet Bolt EV 2017-2023, Bolt EUV 2022-2023, Bolt 2027 |- |G||Buick LaCrosse 2010-2016 |- |G||Buick Regal 2011-2020, Buick Regal TourX 2018-2020 |- |J||Chevrolet Sonic 2016-2020 |- |K||Cadillac CT6 2016-2020 |- |M||Cadillac Celestiq EV 2025- |- |P||Buick Verano 2012-2017 |- |P||Chevrolet Cruze 2011-2015, Cruze Limited 2016 |- |R||Cadillac ELR 2014, 2016 |- |R||Chevrolet Volt 2011-2019 |- |W||Buick Cascada 2016-2019 |- |Y||Chevrolet Corvette 2014- |- |Z||Buick LaCrosse 2017-2019 |- |Z||Chevrolet Malibu 2016-2025 |- |1||Cadillac XTS 2013-2019 |- |1||Chevrolet Impala 2014-2020 |- |1||Chevrolet Malibu 2013-2015, Malibu Limited 2016 |- |} ===Body style codes 1987- Passenger Car=== The Body type is specified as character six of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |1||Two-Door Coupe/Sedan |- |2||Two-Door Hatchback |- |3||Two-Door Convertible |- |4||Two-Door Wagon ('91-'92 Geo Storm Hatchback) |- |5||Four-Door Sedan |- |6||Four-Door Hatchback |- |7||Four-Door Hatchback ('89-'90 Geo Prizm hatchback) |- |8||Four-Door Station Wagon |- |9||Four-Door Station Wagon - High Roof Monocab |} ===American restraint types 1987-=== The restraint type is specified as character seven of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {{center/top}} ====Restraint codes for passenger cars 1987-2009==== {{center/end}} {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |1||Active (Manual) belts 1987-1996 |- |2||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 1992-2005<br />(For '94-'96 Pontiac Grand Prix coupe: Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags) |- |3||Active (Manual) belts plus driver side front airbag 1988-1996 <br />(For '94 Geo Prizm: Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags) |- |4||Passive (Automatic) belts 1987-1996 |- |4||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 1997-2005 |- |4||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side curtain airbags 2006-2009 |- |5||Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver side front airbag 1992-1996 |- |5||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & driver-side side impact airbag 2000-2005 |- |5||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & occupant sensor 2006-2009 |- |6||Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 1994-1996 |- |6||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags & occupant sensor 2000-2009 |- |7||Active (Manual) belt driver & Passive (Automatic) belt passenger plus driver and passenger front airbags 1996 |- |7||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags & rear side airbags 2000-2005 |- |7||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain airbags & occupant sensor 2006-2009 |- |8||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side curtain airbags & occupant sensor 2006-2009 |- |9|| |} {{center/top}} ====Restraint codes for passenger cars 2010-==== {{center/end}} {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 2010- |- |E||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain airbags 2010-2017, 2027 |- |F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side curtain airbags 2010 |- |G||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & rear side & side curtain airbags 2010-2017 |- |N||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front knee airbags 2016-2019 |- |R||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2012- |- |S||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & rear side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2011- |- |T||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front row side curtain airbags 2011 |- |U||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front row side curtain & front knee airbags 2012-2017 |} {{center/top}} ====Restraint codes for light trucks 2010-==== {{center/end}} {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |A||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag 2010 |- |B||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag 2011- |- |B||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 2010 |- |C||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 2011- |- |C||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 2010 |- |D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 2011- |- |D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2010 |- |E||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain airbags 2010- |- |F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2011-2015 |- |F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags & side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2016- |- |H||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag & driver-side side-impact airbag & driver-side side curtain airbag 2023-2024 |- |K||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front center airbags 2013- |- |L||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front center & driver-side knee airbags 2017-2023 |- |M||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front center & front knee airbags 2025- |- |R||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2017- |- |S||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & rear side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2013- |- |T||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag & driver- and passenger-side side-impact airbags & side curtain airbags 2023- |- |U||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front row side curtain & front knee airbags 2013-2019 |} ===American engine codes 1981-=== GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there: ====Engine codes for passenger cars==== Warning: Issues with decoding are related to year/model combinations. Each year has a different breakdown for each code along with plants and some model/trim breakdowns over years. Entry: 1985-1988 Pontiac Fiero has a 9 engine code for the 2.8L L44 V6. Entry: 1986-1990 Cadillac Brougham, Oldsmobile 307 CUI vin code Y. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !RPO !Size !Type !Fuel !Valvetrain !Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- |A||LD5||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Buick V6. (231 cu. in.) '81 Chevy Camaro (CA), Pontiac Catalina, Firebird, LeMans, Buick Century,<br /> '81-'83 Chevy Malibu (CA), '81-'84 Monte Carlo, Caprice, Impala (CA), '81-'87 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal, '81-'85 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre,<br /> '81-'86 Pontiac Bonneville, '84 Parisienne |- |A||LG0||2.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 H.O. '89-'94 Pontiac Grand Am, '89-'91 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais, '92-'94 Achieva, '90 Cutlass Supreme, '90-'94 Chevy Beretta |- |A||LH2||4.6&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (For RWD) (Premium V). '04-'09 Cadillac XLR, '05-'10 Cadillac STS |- |A||LCV||2.5&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '13 Chevy Malibu, '16 Malibu Limited, '16-'19 Impala,<br /> '13-'16 Cadillac ATS |- |A||LV7||1.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. Made in Changwon, S. Korea. '16-'22 Chevy Spark. |- |B||LG2||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '86 Oldsmobile 98, Toronado, Buick Electra, Riviera. |- |B||L26||4.9&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8.<br /> '91-'93 Cadillac Eldorado, Seville, '91-'95 DeVille, '91-'92 Fleetwood, '91-'93 Sixty Special |- |B||LE5||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '06-'08 Chevy Cobalt, '06-'07 Saturn Ion, '06-'10 Pontiac G6, Solstice,<br /> '07-'08 Pontiac G5, '07-'10 Saturn Sky, '08-'09 Saturn Aura, '08-'10 Chevy Malibu |- |B||LUV||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. '12-'20 Chevy Sonic, '13-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited |- |C||L17||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu G161Z engine made by GM in US. '82-'87 Chevy Chevette, Pontiac T1000/1000 |- |C||LN3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800). '88-'90 Oldsmobile 98, Toronado, Buick Electra, Riviera, Reatta, <br /> '88-'91 Buick LeSabre, Oldsmobile Delta 88/Eighty Eight, Pontiac Bonneville |- |C||L47||4.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Oldsmobile Aurora V8 (Premium V). Oldsmobile Aurora '95-'99, Aurora 4.0 '01-'03 |- |C||LS4||5.3 L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management.<br /> Transversely mounted for FWD. '05-'08 Pontiac Grand Prix GXP, '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo SS,<br /> '06-'09 Chevy Impala SS, '08-'09 Buick LaCrosse Super. |- |C||LAF||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT. Buick LaCrosse '10-'11, Regal '11. |- |C||LUJ||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '12 Chevy Cruze |- |D||LJ5||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Indirect injection Diesel||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4FB1 diesel engine imported from Japan. '81-'86 Chevy Chevette |- |D||LD2||2.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4. '88-'95 Pontiac Grand Am, '88-'91 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais, '92-'95 Achieva,<br /> '88-'91 &'95 Buick Skylark, '90-'91 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme,<br /> '95 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire |- |D||LC3||4.4&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (Premium V). '06-'09 Cadillac XLR V-Series, Cadillac STS V-Series |- |E||LK9||3.0&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '82-'85 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '85 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Electra |- |E||LA1||3.4&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. '99-'05 Grand Am, '99-'04 Alero, '00-'05 Impala, Monte Carlo |- |E||L03||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (305 cu. in.). '88-'92 Camaro/Firebird, '89-'93 Chevy Caprice,<br /> '91 Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon, '91-'92 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, Cadillac Brougham. |- |E||LXV||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Family 1 Gen 3 engine. W/VVT. '09-'11 Chevy Aveo, '09 Pontiac G3 |- |E||LS7||7.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '06-'13 Corvette Z06, '13 Corvette 427, '14-'15 Camaro Z/28 |- |E||LH7||1.6&nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Direct injection <br /> Common-rail Diesel||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Medium Diesel engine ("Whisper Diesel"). Made by Opel in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.<br /> Aluminum Block & Heads. '17-'19 Chevy Cruze Diesel. |- |F||LV8||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (260 cu. in.) '81 Oldsmobile Cutlass, Delta 88. |- |F||L61||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I. '00-'04 Saturn L-Series, '02-'05 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire, Grand Am,<br /> '02-'04 Oldsmobile Alero, '03-'06 Saturn Ion, '04-'06 Chevy Malibu, '05-'06 Chevy Cobalt |- |F||L61||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. '07-'08 Chevy Cobalt, Malibu, Pontiac G5, '07 Saturn Ion. |- |F||LB9||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Tuned-port fuel injection|TPI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.). '85-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |G||L46||1.8&nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '82 J-cars. |- |G||L69||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (High Output 5.0L). (305 cu. in.)<br /> '84-'86 Camaro/Firebird, '84-'88 Chevy Monte Carlo SS |- |G||LM3||2.2&nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '90-'91 Chevy Cavalier & Corsica/Beretta. |- |G||LS1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Gen III Chevy Small-Block V8. (346 cu. in.) Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '97-'04 Corvette, '98-'02 Camaro/Firebird, '04 Pontiac GTO |- |G||LF1||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. 2010 Buick LaCrosse, Cadillac CTS |- |G||LWE||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. PZEV emissions.<br /> '13-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited, '13-'18 Sonic. |- |H||LG4||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '81-'87 F-bodies, '81-'83 Chevy Malibu, '81-'85 Impala,<br /> '81-'88 Caprice, Monte Carlo, '83-'86 Pontiac Bonneville, Parisienne, '83-'87 Grand Prix |- |H||LE4||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil. '92-'94 Pontiac Sunbird. |- |H||LX5||3.5&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Oldsmobile "Shortstar" V6 (Premium V). Oldsmobile Intrigue '99-'02, Aurora 3.5 '01-'02. |- |H||LAP||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '09 Chevy Cobalt, Pontiac G5. |- |H||LUW||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. '11-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited, '12-'18 Sonic. |- |J||L39||4.4&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (267 cu. in.) '81-'82 Chevy Caprice, Impala, Malibu, Monte Carlo,<br /> '81 Chevy Camaro |- |J||LA5||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil. '84-'86 Pontiac Sunbird, Buick Skyhawk. |- |J||LT5||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Based on Chevy Small-Block V8. Designed with Lotus Engineering.<br /> Made by Mercury Marine. Aluminum Block & Heads. '90-'95 Corvette ZR-1 |- |J||LG8||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Gen III. 3100. '99-'03 Chevy Malibu, '99 Oldsmobile Cutlass, '00-'01 Chevy Lumina,<br /> '00-'03 Pontiac Grand Prix SE, '00-'05 Buick Century |- |J||L99||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. VVT. With Active Fuel Management. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '10-'15 Camaro SS (auto. trans.) |- |J||LTA||4.2&nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Direct injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Blackwing V8. VVT. '19-'20 Cadillac CT6 Platinum & V-series |- |K||LC3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '81-'82 Malibu, Monte Carlo, Impala, Caprice, '81 Camaro. |- |K||LC5||1.5&nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1 engine. '85 Chevrolet Spectrum. |- |K||LT2||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.<br /> '87-'91 Pontiac Sunbird, '87-'88 Oldsmobile Firenza, Buick Skyhawk. |- |K||LT2||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Australia by Holden.<br /> '89-'90 Pontiac LeMans GSE Aerocoupe, '89 LeMans SE sedan |- |K||L36||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series II). '95-'05: Various W-, H-, C-, & G-body models. '95-'02 Camaro/Firebird. |- |K||LZE||3.5L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. VVT. Flex-Fuel E85 compatible.<br /> '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo, '06-'11 Chevy Impala, '09-'10 Chevy Malibu, Pontiac G6 |- |K||LEA||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E85 Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT. Buick Regal, Verano '12-'17 (except '13 Regal). |- |K||LSY||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Active Fuel Management. VVT. VVL.<br /> '19 Cadillac CT6, '20+ Cadillac CT4, CT5 |- |L||LM1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8.<br> '81 Camaro Z28 (only w/auto. trans. in US), '81-'82 Impala 9C1 Police, '81 Malibu 9C1 Police |- |L||LL1||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 H.O. (longitudinally mounted). '83-'84 Pontiac Firebird. |- |L||LN7||3.0&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6. '85-'87 Pontiac Grand Am, '85-'88 Oldsmobile & Buick N-bodies,<br /> '86 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre |- |L||L27||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Tuned port injection|TPI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series I). '90-'95 Buick Regal, '91-'94 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Park Avenue, '91 Reatta, '91-'93 Riviera, '91-'92 Oldsmobile Toronado, '92-'95 Buick LeSabre, '92-'94 Pontiac Bonneville, Oldsmobile 88 |- |L||LNK||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 2ZZ-GE engine. VVTL-i. '03-'06 Pontiac Vibe GT |- |L||LKW||2.5&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. VVL. '14-'15 Chevy Malibu, Impala |- |L||L3B||2.7L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management. '20+ Cadillac CT4, CT4-V |- |M||LY9||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '85 Chevrolet Sprint |- |M||LT3||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.<br /> '87-'90 Pontiac Sunbird, '87 Buick Skyhawk T-Type, '87-'89 Pontiac Grand Am SE. |- |M||L82||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). Gen III. 3100. '93-'97 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme,<br /> '94-'98 Pontiac Grand Am, Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark, '94-'99 Pontiac Grand Prix,<br /> '94-'96 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Regal, '94-'99 Century,<br /> '95-'99 Chevy Lumina, Monte Carlo, '97-'99 Chevy Malibu, Oldsmobile Cutlass |- |M||LY9||2.6&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). Euro-market Cadillac CTS '03-'04. |- |M||LGD||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||E85 Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. '09-'11 Chevy Impala, Buick Lucerne |- |M||LE2||1.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. '16-'19 Chevy Cruze. |- |N||LF9||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '81-'85 Chevy Caprice, Impala, '82-'83 Malibu, '82-'84 Monte Carlo,<br /> '81-'84 Pontiac Grand Prix, Bonneville, '81 Catalina, '83-'85 Parisienne,<br /> '81-'84 Oldsmobile 98, '81-'85 Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme, Delta 88, Custom Cruiser, Toronado,<br /> '81-'83 Buick Electra, '81-'85 LeSabre, Electra Estate wagon, Riviera, '82-'83 Regal,<br /> '81-'84 Cadillac DeVille, '81-'85 Fleetwood Brougham, Eldorado, Seville |- |N||LG7||3.3&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3300). '89-'93 Buick Century, Skylark, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, '89-'91 Cutlass Calais,<br /> '92-'93 Achieva, Pontiac Grand Am. |- |N||LA3||3.2&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '03-'04 Cadillac CTS |- |N||LZ4||3.5L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. VVT. '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo, '06-'10 Chevy Impala,<br /> '07-'10 Chevy Malibu, Pontiac G6, '07-'08 Saturn Aura |- |N||LFR||3.6L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||(Bi-Fuel Gas/CNG). GM High Feature V6. '15-'17 Chevy Impala Bi-Fuel |- |P||LQ5||2.0&nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '83-'86 J-cars ('83-'84 for Pontiac). |- |P||LT1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Heads: '92-'96 Corvette, '93-'97 Camaro/Firebird.<br /> Iron Heads: '94-'96 Chevy Caprice, Impala SS, Buick Roadmaster, Cadillac Fleetwood. |- |P||LSJ||2.0&nbsp;L||SC Straight-4|I4 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential central point injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I. Made by Opel in Kaiserslautern, Germany.<br /> '04-'07 Saturn Ion Red Line, '05-'07 Chevy Cobalt SS Supercharged. |- |P||LSA||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> Cadillac CTS V-Series '09-'15, Camaro ZL1 '12-'15 |- |P||LF4||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Cadillac CT4-V Blackwing '22+ |- |R||LR8||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Transversely mounted. '82-'85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,<br /> '82-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, '82-'90 Chevy Celebrity, '82-'91 Pontiac 6000,<br /> '82-'92 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '84-'88 Pontiac Fiero, '90-'92 Chevy Lumina |- |R||L81||3.0&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '97-'01 Cadillac Catera, '00-'05 Saturn L-Series |- |R||LZ8||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '07 Chevy Impala |- |R||LS9||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. '09 Corvette ZR1. |- |R||LUK||2.4L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '12-'16 Buick LaCrosse eAssist, Regal eAssist,<br /> '13-'14 Chevy Malibu Eco, '14 Chevy Impala Eco |- |S||LS5||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 265 cu. in.<br /> '81 Pontiac Bonneville, Catalina, Firebird, Grand Prix, LeMans, Buick Century, Regal. |- |S||LU5||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '83 Camaro, Firebird. Dual throttle-body fuel injection. |- |S||LB8||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '85-'89 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |S||L32||3.4&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '93-'95 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |S||LS6||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen III Chevy Small-Block V8. (346 cu. in.) Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '01-'04 Corvette Z06, '04-'05 Cadillac CTS V-Series |- |S||LGX||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'19 Cadillac ATS, CTS, '16-'20 CT6, '16-'24 Chevrolet Camaro, '17-'19 Buick LaCrosse, '18–'20 Buick Regal GS |- |T||LU8||4.9&nbsp;L||V8 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 301 cu. in. '81 Pontiac Firebird Formula & Trans Am. |- |T||LT7||4.3&nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. FWD version for '82-'85 GM A-bodies. |- |T||LS2||4.3&nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. FWD version for '85 GM C-bodies. |- |T||LH0||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '90-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |T||LH0||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). Gen II. '88-'91 Pontiac 6000,<br /> '89-'93 Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal, '90-'94 Chevy Cavalier, Lumina,<br /> '91-'94 Pontiac Sunbird, '90-'93 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, '90 Celebrity |- |T||LD9||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 ("2.4 Twin Cam"). '96-'01 Pontiac Grand Am, '96-'97 Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark, '99-'01 Oldsmobile Alero, '97-'99 Chevy Malibu, '96-'02 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire |- |T||LP1||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '05-'07 Cadillac CTS |- |T||LS9||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. '10-'13 Corvette ZR1. |- |T||LFV||1.5L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. '16-'25 Chevy Malibu. |- |U||L68||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Transversely mounted. '85-'91 N-bodies |- |U||LS2||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '05-'07 Corvette, '05-'06 Pontiac GTO, '06-'07 Cadillac CTS V-Series |- |U||LE9||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. E85 Flex-Fuel. 2011-12 Chevy Malibu. |- |U||LKN||1.8L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Full Hybrid. GM Medium Gasoline Engine. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.<br> '16-'19 Chevy Malibu Hybrid |- |V||LT6||4.3&nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. RWD version.<br /> '82-'83 Chevy Malibu, Monte Carlo, '82-'85 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal |- |V||LG5||3.1&nbsp;L||V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MPFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Gen II. Intercooled. (ASC/McLaren modified).<br /> '89-'90 Pontiac Grand Prix Turbo coupe, '90 Grand Prix STE Turbo sedan |- |V||LLT||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '08-'11 Cadillac CTS, STS, '10-'11 Chevrolet Camaro, Buick LaCrosse |- |V||LHU||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E85 Flex Fuel (N/A on Regal GS). GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT.<br /> Buick Regal '11-'13, Verano '13-'16. |- |W||L37||4.9&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 301 cu. in. '81 Pontiac Firebird, LeMans Safari wagon. |- |W||LB6||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Gen I/II Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). '85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,<br /> '85-'89 Chevy Cavalier, Celebrity, Pontiac 6000, '85-'88 Cadillac Cimarron,<br /> '85-'87 Oldsmobile Firenza, '86-'89 Cutlass Ciera, '87-'88 Buick Century, '87-'89 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, '88-'89 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal |- |W||L64||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Flex-fuel: Gas/M85 or Gas/E85 (2 versions). Gen II Chevrolet 60° V6. '93 Chevy Lumina VFV |- |W||L99||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. '94-'96 Chevy Caprice. |- |W||LS3||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '08-'13 Corvette, '10-'15 Camaro SS (man. trans.), '09 Pontiac G8 GXP, '14-'17 Chevy SS |- |W||LGY||3.0L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '20+ Cadillac CT5, CT5-V |- |X||LE2||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). '81-'85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,<br /> '81-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, '82-'86 Chevy Celebrity, Pontiac 6000,<br /> '86 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century |- |X||LQ1||3.4&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MPFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Chevrolet 60° V6 ("Twin Dual Cam V6"). '91-'97 Chevy Lumina, '95-'97 Chevy Monte Carlo,<br /> '91-'96 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme |- |X||LNF||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT.<br /> '07-'10 Pontiac Solstice GXP, Saturn Sky Red Line, '08-'10 Chevy Cobalt SS Turbo. |- |X||LTG||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '13-'22 Chevy Malibu, '13-'19 Cadillac ATS, '14-'20 Buick Regal,<br /> '14-'19 Cadillac CTS, '16-'23 Chevy Camaro, '16-'18 Cadillac CT6. |- |X||LTG||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Plug-in hybrid. GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '17-'18 Cadillac CT6 PHEV. (VIN starts with LRE) |- |Y||LV2||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (307 cu. in.) '86-'90 Chevy Caprice wagon, '87 Caprice sedan (Can.),<br /> '81 Pontiac Bonneville, Catalina, '86 Parisienne, '87-'89 Safari wagon, '81-'84 Oldsmobile 98,<br /> '81-'85 Delta 88, Toronado, '81-'90 Custom Cruiser, '81 Cutlass Cruiser, '82-'87 Cutlass Supreme,<br /> '88 Cutlass Supreme Classic, '81-'84 Buick Electra, '85-'89 Electra Estate wagon,<br /> '81-'85 LeSabre, Riviera, '86-'89 LeSabre Estate wagon, '90 Estate wagon, '86-'87 Regal,<br /> '86 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham, '87-'90 Brougham |- |Y||LD8||4.6&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (Torque tuned FWD) (Premium V). '93-'02 Cadillac Eldorado,<br /> '94-'04 Cadillac Seville SLS, '94-'05 Cadillac DeVille, '06-'11 Cadillac DTS,<br /> '04-'05 Pontiac Bonneville GXP, '06-'08 Buick Lucerne |- |Y||L76||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management.<br /> '08-'09 Pontiac G8 GT. |- |Y||LF1||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. 2011 Cadillac CTS |- |Y||LF4||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Cadillac ATS-V '16-'19 |- |Z||LH7||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). H.O. '81-'84 Chevy Citation, '82-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega ES, Buick Skylark, '83-'84 Pontiac 6000 STE, '84 Chevy Celebrity |- |Z||LB4||4.3L||V6||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '85 Chevy Impala, '85-'90 Caprice,<br /> '92-'93 Caprice 9C6 taxi, '85-'88 Monte Carlo, '85-'86 Pontiac Parisienne, '86-'87 Grand Prix,<br> '86 Bonneville. |- |Z||LAT||2.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Chevy Malibu Hybrid |- |Z||LUZ||2.0&nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Direct injection <br /> Common-rail Diesel||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family B Diesel (Based on Fiat JTD engine). Made by Opel in Kaiserslautern, Germany.<br /> Iron Block, Aluminum Heads. '14-'15 Chevy Cruze Diesel. |- |1||LC1||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '82-'84 Camaro/Firebird. |- |1||LL8||2.0&nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '87-'89 Chevy/Olds/Buick J-cars & Chevy L-cars. |- |1||L67||3.8&nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series I). '91-'95 Buick Park Avenue Ultra,<br /> '92-'95 Pontiac Bonneville, Oldsmobile 98, '95 Buick Riviera, Oldsmobile LSS |- |1||L67||3.8&nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series II). '96-'05 Buick Park Avenue Ultra,<br /> '96-'99 Buick Riviera, Oldsmobile LSS, '96-'03 Pontiac Bonneville, '97-'03 Grand Prix,<br /> '97-'04 Buick Regal, '04-'05 Chevy Impala SS, Monte Carlo SS Supercharged |- |1||LZ9||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. VVT.<br /> '06-'07 Chevy Malibu SS, '06-'09 Pontiac G6, '06 Chevy Monte Carlo, Impala, '09-'10 Buick Lucerne |- |1||2H0||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary. '08 (& '09 in Canada) Saturn Astra |- |1||LE5||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '11 & some '12 Chevy Malibu w/LE5 engine. |- |2||LQ9||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Longitudinally mounted. '82-'85 Camaro/Firebird. |- |2||LS3||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10T engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Sprint Turbo |- |2||LY8||1.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Suzuki G13BB engine. '98-'01 Chevrolet Metro |- |2||L26||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series III). '04-'08 Pontiac Grand Prix, '05-'09 Buick LaCrosse, '06-'08 Buick Lucerne |- |2||L77||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management.<br /> E85 Flex Fuel. '11-'17 Chevy Caprice PPV. |- |3||LC8||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. 231 cu. in. '81-'82 Buick Regal, Riviera, '81 Chevy Monte Carlo. |- |3||LG3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#(Sequential) Multi-port injection|MFI/SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '84-'88 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '85 & '87 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Electra,<br /> '86-'88 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre, '87 Oldsmobile Toronado, Buick Riviera,<br /> '87-'88 Pontiac Bonneville. |- |3||LW2||4.5&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '90 Cadillac DeVille/Fleetwood/Sixty Special/Eldorado/Seville. |- |3||L40||2.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 ("Quad OHC"). '92-'94 Pontiac Grand Am, Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark |- |3||LZG||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||E85 Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '08 Chevy Impala |- |3||LFX||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. E85 Flex Fuel.<br /> '12-'16 Buick LaCrosse, '12-'15 Chevrolet Camaro, Cadillac CTS, '12-'17 Chevrolet Caprice PPV,<br /> '12-'20 Chevrolet Impala, '14-'16 Chevrolet Impala Limited, '13-'15 Cadillac ATS, '13-'19 Cadillac XTS |- |3||LT6||5.5&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Z06 '23+. |- |4||LC4||4.1&nbsp;L||V6|V6||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '81-'84 Buick LeSabre, Electra, Riviera, Oldsmobile Toronado, '81-'82 Cadillac DeVille, Fleetwood Brougham, Eldorado, Seville, '81-'83 Oldsmobile 98, '82-'84 Buick Regal,<br /> '82 Pontiac Grand Prix, Bonneville G |- |4||LC9||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Toyota 4A-C engine. '85-'88 Chevy Nova |- |4||LN2||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#(Sequential) Multi-port injection|MPI/SFI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '92-'02 Cavalier, '95-'02 Sunfire, '92-'96 Corsica/Beretta, '93 Lumina,<br /> '93-'96 Cutlass Ciera, Century. |- |4||L32||3.8&nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series III). '04-'07 Pontiac Grand Prix |- |4||LUU||1.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. ([[w:EREV|Range extender]]). Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '11-'15 Chevy Volt, '14 & '16 Cadillac ELR. |- |4||LT2||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Stingray '20+. |- |4||LT2||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Full Hybrid. Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette E-Ray '24+. |- |5||LW9||2.5L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke engine. '81 Chevy Citation, Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, Buick Skylark. |- |5||LR6||4.5&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '88-'89 Cadillac DeVille/Fleetwood/Sixty Special/Eldorado/Seville. |- |5||LY9||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '86 Chevrolet Sprint |- |5||LM9||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Sprint |- |5||LW0||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 4A-GE engine. '88 Chevy Nova Twin Cam, '90-'92 Geo Prizm GSi |- |5||LW0||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4XE1-UW engine. '90-'91 Geo Storm GSi |- |5||LT4||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. '96 Corvette (man. trans.) |- |5||LAT||2.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '07-'09 Saturn Aura Green Line, '08-'09 Chevy Malibu Hybrid |- |5||LAP||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Chevy Cobalt. |- |5||LFW||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. '12-'13 Cadillac CTS, '14 CTS wagon |- |5||L3A||1.5L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. ([[w:EREV|Range extender]]). '16-'19 Chevy Volt. |- |5||LWC||1.6L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Medium Gasoline Engine, H.O. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary. '16-'19 Buick Cascada |- |5||LS6||6.7&nbsp;L||V8||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Gen VI Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Stingray, Grand Sport '27+. |- |5||LS6||6.7&nbsp;L||V8||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Full Hybrid. Gen VI Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Grand Sport X '27+. |- |6||L81||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '81 Corvette |- |6||LM1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '83-'85 Impala 9C1 Police, '86-'88 Caprice 9C1 Police |- |6||L73||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family 1 engine. Made in South Korea by Daewoo. '88-'93 Pontiac LeMans |- |6||LP2||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '89-'97 Geo Metro, '98-'00 Chevrolet Metro |- |6||L01||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 4A-FE engine. '89-'97 Geo Prizm base/LSi |- |6||L01||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Isuzu 4XE1-V engine. '90-'93 Geo Storm (base model) |- |6||L42||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I (Bi-Fuel Gas/CNG). '03-'04 Chevy Cavalier |- |6||L91||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E-TEC II. '04-'07 Chevy Aveo |- |6||LXT||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E-TEC II. '08 Chevy Aveo |- |6||LGW||3.0L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'19 Cadillac CT6 |- |6||LT4||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> '15-'19 Corvette Z06, '17-'24 Camaro ZL1, '16-'19 Cadillac CTS V-Series,<br /> '22+ Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing |- |7||LU5||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '82 Camaro, Firebird. Dual throttle-body fuel injection. |- |7||L69||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (High Output 5.0L). (305 cu. in.). '83 F-cars, '83 Chevy Monte Carlo SS |- |7||LC5||1.5&nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1 engine. '86-'88 Chevrolet Spectrum, '89 Geo Spectrum. |- |7||LC2||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Intercooled. Buick V6. '86-'87 Buick Regal. '89 Pontiac 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am |- |7||LC7||4.1&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '87-'88 Cadillac Allante. |- |7||L05||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '89-'93 Chevy Caprice (police only for '89-'91),<br /> '92-'93 Buick Roadmaster, '92 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, '90-'92 Cadillac Brougham, '93 Fleetwood. |- |7||LL0||1.9&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '91-'02 Saturn S-Series |- |7||LY7||3.6&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. '04-'09 Cadillac CTS, '05-'07 STS, '05-'08 Buick LaCrosse,<br /> '07-'09 Pontiac G6, Saturn Aura, '08-'09 Pontiac G8, '08-'12 Chevy Malibu |- |7||LT1||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> '14-'19 Corvette, '16-'24 Camaro SS |- |7||LT7||5.5&nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Port/Direct injection||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette ZR1 '25+. (1,064 hp) |- |7||LT7||5.5&nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Port/Direct injection||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Full Hybrid. Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette ZR1X '26+. (1,250 hp) |- |8||LV8||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (260 cu. in.) '82 Oldsmobile Cutlass, Delta 88. |- |8||LT8||4.1&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '82-'87 Cadillac DeVille, Eldorado, Seville, '82-'85 Fleetwood Brougham, '85-'87 Fleetwood, '87 Fleetwood Sixty Special. |- |8||LC8||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '83 Buick Regal, Riviera. |- |8||L83||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '82, '84 Corvette. Dual throttle-body fuel injection. 1st fuel injected Corvette since 1965. |- |8||L98||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Tuned-port fuel injection|TPI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '85-'91 Corvette, '87-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |8||LQ6||4.5&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '89-'92 Cadillac Allante. |- |8||L24||1.9&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '95-'02 Saturn S-Series |- |8||LX9||3.5&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3498cc. '04-'06 Chevy Malibu, '05-'06 Pontiac G6 |- |8||LF3||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '14-'19 Cadillac CTS V-Sport, XTS V-Sport |- |8||LV6||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4XF1 engine. '92-'93 Geo Storm GSi. |- |8||LV6||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 7A-FE engine. '93-'97 Geo Prizm |- |8||LV6||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 1ZZ-FE engine. VVT-i from '00. '98-'02 Chevrolet Prizm, '03-'08 Pontiac Vibe |- |8||LAY||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Dual VVT-i. '09-'10 Pontiac Vibe |- |9||L17||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu G161Z engine made by GM in US. '81 Chevy Chevette, Pontiac T1000 |- |9||L62||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac 472-series V8 engine family. V8-6-4 cylinder deactivation.<br /> '81 Cadillacs, '82-'84 Fleetwood Limousine. |- |9||LC3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '83 Malibu, '83-'84 Monte Carlo, Impala, Caprice, '83 Pontiac Parisienne. |- |9||LG8||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (307 cu. in.) H.O. '83-'84 Hurst/Olds, '85-'87 Oldsmobile Cutlass 442 |- |9||LM9||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '84-'85 Buick Regal, Riviera. |- |9||L44||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). H.O. '85-'88 Pontiac Fiero |- |9||LC0||1.5&nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1-T engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Spectrum Turbo |- |9||LK0||1.9&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '91-'94 Saturn S-Series |- |9||L37||4.6&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (H.O. FWD) (Premium V). '93 Cadillac Allanté,<br /> '93-'02 Cadillac Eldorado Touring Coupe, '93-'04 Cadillac Seville STS, '96-'05 Cadillac DeVille,<br /> '06-'11 Cadillac DTS, '08-'11 Buick Lucerne Super |- |9||L72||1.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve ||Suzuki G13BA engine. '95-'97 Geo Metro |- |9||LUJ||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '11 Chevy Cruze |- |9||LL0||1.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Daewoo S-TEC II engine (1249 cc). VVT. Made in Changwon, S. Korea. '13-'15 Chevy Spark. |- |9||LT5||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. '19 Corvette ZR1. |- |0||LH8||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.<br /> '82-'86 Pontiac J2000/2000/Sunbird, Oldsmobile Firenza, Buick Skyhawk. |- |0||LAX||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. VVT-i. '09-'10 Pontiac Vibe |- |0||LE9||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. E85 Flex-Fuel. 2010 Chevy Malibu. |- |0||LE5||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. Most '12 Chevy Malibu w/LE5 engine. |} H.O.=High Output, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, VVT=Variable Valve Timing, VVL=Variable Valve Lift ====Motor codes for electric passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- | 5 ||LN1|| Electricity || Front || '97, '99 General Motors EV1 |- | 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '14-'16 Chevrolet Spark EV |- | 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '17-'23 Chevrolet Bolt EV |- | 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '22-'23 Chevrolet Bolt EUV |- |} ====Motor codes for LFP-powered electric passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! Motor <br /> RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Pack <br /> RPO code !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- |- | V ||P9D (HPB)|| 1 || EJW || Electricity || Front || '27 Chevrolet Bolt |} LFP=Lithium Iron Phosphate ====Motor codes for Ultium-powered electric passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! Motor <br /> RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Module <br /> RPO code !! # of Modules !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- |- | 1 ||X0E|| 2 || EXN || 16 || Electricity || All || '25- Cadillac Celestiq |- | 2 ||X0E|| 2 || EHT || 16 || Electricity || All || '25- Cadillac Celestiq <br> (Battery Module RPO code EHT is Configuration B) |} ====Engine codes for light trucks==== GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A ||LD5|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Buick V6. (231 cu. in.) '81-'84 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (CA emissions). |- | A ||LR1|| 1.9L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||2-bbl carb. Isuzu G200 engine imported from Japan.<br /> '82-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'85 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | A ||L38|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. '91-'93 Chevy S-10/GMC Sonoma. |- | A ||LH2|| 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (For RWD) (Premium V). '04-'09 Cadillac SRX |- | A ||L20|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '10-'13 GMT900 pickups, '10-'14 Express/Savana |- | A ||LCV|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. VVT. '15-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon,<br /> '17-'20 Buick Envision, '17-'21 GMC Acadia, '19-'21 Chevy Blazer |- | B ||LR2|| 2.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 60° V6.<br /> '82-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'85 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | B ||LU2|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '90-'91 Astro/Safari higher output engine option. |- | B ||L81|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '02-'03 Saturn Vue |- | B ||L33|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5300 H.O. 310hp. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '05-'07 Silverado/Sierra 1500 4wd ext. cab short bed. |- | B ||LE8|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '09-'10 Chevy HHR |- | B ||LC8|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/CNG ||OHV||Bi-Fuel (Also Gas/LPG in Express/Savana). SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT. '11-'20 Express/Savana, '13-'19 Silverado HD/Sierra HD. |- | B ||LUV|| 1.4L ||I4 Turbo|| Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. SFI. VVT.<br /> '13-'21 Buick Encore, '15-'21 Chevy Trax (also '13-'14 Trax in Canada) |- | C ||LH6|| 6.2L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks '82-'93. '82-'86 C/K pickups, '87 R/V pickups,<br /> '88-'93 C/K, Sierra pickups, '82-'91 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, '83-'93 full-size vans |- | C ||L34|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Suzuki J20A engine. MFI. '99-'03 Chevrolet Tracker |- | C ||LY2|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads.<br /> '07-'09 GMT900 pickups, '07-'09 Tahoe/Yukon, '08-'09 Express/Savana |- | C ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '11. |- | C ||L83|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management<br /> '14-'19 K2XX pickups, '15-'20 K2XX SUVs. |- | C ||L2R|| 2.7L ||I4 Turbo||| Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine ("TurboMax") - Detuned version. Direct Injection. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management. '23-'24 Chevy Colorado. |- | D ||LE3|| 4.1L || I6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6.<br /> '81-'84 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, full-size vans, '81-'82 Blazer/Jimmy |- | D ||LG6|| 3.1L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Chevrolet 60° V6. '90-'95 U-body minivans. |- | D ||L61|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I. '02-'07 Saturn Vue, '06 Chevy HHR. |- | D ||L61|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. '07-'08 Chevy HHR. |- | D ||LLT|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. '09-'16 GMC Acadia, '17 GMC Acadia Limited,<br /> '09-'17 Chevrolet Traverse, Buick Enclave, '09-'10 Saturn Outlook |- | D ||LBZ|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine.<br /> Mid '06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD & '07 Silverado Classic HD/Sierra Classic HD |- | D ||L84|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. With Dynamic Fuel Management<br /> '19+ Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500, '21+ Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL. |- | E ||LN8|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine.<br /> '85-'90 Chevy/GMC S-10/S-15, Astro/Safari Cargo Van, '85-'88 S-10 Blazer/S-15 Jimmy. |- | E ||LLR|| 3.7L || I5 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 20 valve||Atlas I5. SFI. VVT.<br /> '07-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '07-'08 Isuzu i-370, '07-'10 Hummer H3, '09-'10 Hummer H3T |- | E ||LA1|| 3.4L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. '96 GMT199 (U-body) minivans, '97-'05 GMT200 (U-body) minivans,<br /> '01-'05 Pontiac Aztek, '02-'05 Buick Rendezvous |- | F ||LF3|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81-'86 C/K, full-size vans, '81-'82 Blazer/Jimmy.<br /> CA emissions version of LE9 5.0 V8. |- | F ||L65|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks '92-'02,<br /> Chevy/GMC Suburban 1500/2500 '94-'99, over-8,500 lb. GVWR Express/Savana '96-'02 |- | F ||LNJ|| 3.4L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Made in China by SAIC-GM. '05-'09 Chevy Equinox, '06-'09 Pontiac Torrent. |- | F ||L94|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. SFI. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '10-'14 GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | F ||L20|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '15-'17 Express/Savana |- | F ||L82|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. With Active Fuel Management<br /> '19-'21 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500 (T1XX). |- | G ||LG9|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 2-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, Blazer/Jimmy, full-size van |- | G ||L18|| 8.1L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MFI. Vortec 8100. Gen VII Chevrolet Big-Block V8. '01-'02 C3500HD, '01-'06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '07 Silverado Classic HD/Sierra Classic HD, '01-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL 2500, '02-'06 Avalanche 2500, '01-'02 Express/Savana |- | G ||L96|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '10-'19 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '10-'13 Suburban 2500/Yukon XL 2500, '16-'19 Suburban 3500,<br /> '10-'20 Express/Savana. |- | G ||LSD|| 1.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '23+ Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain |- | H ||LG4|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '81-'87 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero. |- | H ||LE9|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81-'86 C/K pickups, Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, full-size vans |- | H ||L03|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans, '87 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban. |- | H ||LN2|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Chevrolet "122" engine. '03 Chevy S-10/GMC Sonoma |- | H ||LS2|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Chevy SSR '05-'06, Trailblazer SS '06-'09, Saab 9-7X Aero '08-'09. |- | H ||LV3|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. Chevrolet 90° V6 - Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V6 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. '14-'21 Chevy Silverado 1500/GMC Sierra 1500. |- | J ||L39|| 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (267 cu. in.) '81-82 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero. |- | J ||LL4|| 6.2L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks '82-'93. '82-'86 C/K pickups, '87-'91 R/V pickups,<br /> '88-'93 C/K, Sierra pickups, '82-'91 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, '83-'93 full-size vans |- | J ||L29|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| MFI. Vortec 7400. Gen VI Chevrolet Big-Block V8.<br /> '96-'00 C/K, Sierra pickups, Express/Savana, '96-'99 Suburban 2500 |- | J ||LY5|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads.<br /> '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500, Avalanche |- | J ||LZ1|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||2-Mode Hybrid. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '10-'13 Tahoe Hybrid, Yukon Hybrid, Escalade Hybrid, Silverado Hybrid, Sierra Hybrid |- | J ||L86|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. <br /> '14-18 Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500,<br /> '18-20 Chevy Tahoe Premier, '19-'20 Chevy Suburban Premier, GMC Yukon/Yukon XL SLT,<br /> '15-'20 GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | K ||LC3|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '81-'82 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (49-state emissions) |- | K ||L05|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans, '96 G-Classic full-size vans, '87-'94 Blazer, '95 Tahoe, '87-'91 Jimmy, '92-'95 Yukon, '87-'95 Suburban. |- | K ||LY6|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '07-'09 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '07-'09 Suburban 2500/Yukon XL 2500, '08-'09 Express/Savana |- | K ||LEA|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '12-'17,<br /> Chevy Captiva Sport '12-'14, Chevy Orlando '14. |- | K ||L3B|| 2.7L ||I4 Turbo||| Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine ("TurboMax"). Direct Injection. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management.<br /> '19+ Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500, '23+ Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon. |- | L ||LS9|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks, vans, Suburban, Blazer/Jimmy (CA) '81-'86. |- | L ||L27|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series I). '92-'95 U-body minivans |- | L ||LX9|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3498cc. SFI. '05-'06 GMT201 minivans, '06-'07 Buick Rendezvous |- | L ||LH8|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '08-'09 Hummer H3 Alpha, '09 Colorado/Canyon, Hummer H3T Alpha |- | L ||LGH|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. Mid '10-'16 Express/Savana, '11-'12 Silverado HD/Sierra HD chassis cabs |- | L ||L87|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Dynamic Fuel Management.<br /> '19+ Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500, '21+ Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL,<br /> Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | L ||L3T|| 1.3L || I3 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '20+ Buick Encore GX, '21+ Chevy Trailblazer. |- | M ||LT9|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8.<br /> For over-8,500 lb. GVWR C/K trucks, full-size vans, Suburban '81-'86, full-size van cutaway '81-'88.<br /> '88 Chevy/GMC R30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7C (10,500 lb. GVWR),<br /> V30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7E (11,000 lb. GVWR) |- | M ||L30|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen 1+ Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5000. CPI.<br /> '96-'99 Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra, '96-'02 Express/Savana |- | M ||LNF|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. 2010 Chevy HHR SS. |- | M ||LH6|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '05-'06 GMT370 SUVs (Trailblazer EXT/Envoy XL/Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.), '05-'07 Buick Rainier,<br /> '05-'09 GMC Envoy Denali, Saab 9-7X, '06-'08 Chevy Trailblazer, '05 GMC Envoy XUV,<br /> '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra 1500 |- | M ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Orlando '12. |- | M ||LE2|| 1.4L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '16-'19 & '21-'22 Buick Encore, '21-'22 Chevy Trax. |- | N ||L10|| 1.8L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||2-bbl carb. Isuzu G180Z engine imported from Japan. '81-'82 Chevy LUV |- | N ||LF9|| 5.7L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '83-'84 Chevy El Camino/GMC Caballero. |- | N ||LB1|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).<br /> '85 Astro/Safari, '85-'86 C/K pickups & full-size vans |- | N ||L19|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Mark IV Chevrolet Big-Block V8. TBI.<br /> '87-'90 R/V pickups, Suburban 2500, '88-'90 C/K, Sierra pickups, full-size vans |- | N ||L19|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Big-Block V8. TBI.<br /> '91 R/V pickups, '91-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, Suburban 2500, full-size vans. '96 G-Classic full-size vans |- | N ||LZ4|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. SFI. VVT. '08-'09 Saturn Vue |- | N ||LQ9|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 6000 H.O. or VortecMAX. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. 345 hp.<br /> '02-'06 Cadillac Escalade, '03-'06 Cadillac Escalade ESV, '03-'06 Chevy Silverado SS, '05-'06 GMC Sierra Denali. |- | N ||LGZ|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. Direct Injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management.<br /> '17-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon. |- | P ||L49|| 6.5L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks & full-size vans '94-'95 |- | P ||LM4|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5300. 290hp. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '03-'04 Chevy SSR, '03-'04 GMT370 SUVs (Trailblazer EXT/Envoy XL/Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.),<br /> '04 Buick Rainier, GMC Envoy XUV |- | P ||LE5|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '06-'08 Chevy HHR, '08-'09 Saturn Vue |- | P ||LH9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT.<br /> '10-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '10 Hummer H3 Alpha, H3T Alpha |- | P ||LV1|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 - Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V6 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT.<br /> '18+ Chevy Express/GMC Savana. |- | P ||LBP|| 1.2L || I3 Turbo || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Flex Fuel. GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '25+ Buick Encore GX, Chevy Trailblazer, '25- Chevy Trax, Buick Envista. |- | R ||LL2|| 2.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Chevrolet 60° V6. '86-'93 Chevy S-10, GMC S-15/Sonoma,<br /> '86-'89 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | R ||L31|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen 1+ Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5700. CPI.<br /> '96-'99 Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra, '96-'99 Chevy Tahoe/GMC Yukon, Chevy/GMC Suburban, '99-'00 GMC Yukon Denali, Cadillac Escalade, '00 Chevy Tahoe Limited/Z71, '96-'02 Chevy Express/GMC Savana. |- | R ||L8B|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Mild Hybrid. Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'18 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500. |- | S ||LQ7|| 2.2L || I4 || Diesel ||OHV||Isuzu C220 engine imported from Japan. '81-'82 Chevy LUV, '84-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15 |- | S ||L56|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks '94-'99,<br /> Chevy Blazer '94, Chevy Tahoe 2-d '95-'99, GMC Yukon 2-d '94-'97 |- | S ||LL8|| 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Atlas I6. SFI. VVT. '02-'09 GMT360/370 SUVs (Chevy Trailblazer, GMC Envoy, Oldsmobile Bravada, Buick Rainier, Isuzu Ascender, Saab 9-7X) |- | S ||LGX|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. Direct Injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management.<br /> '17+ Cadillac XT5, '17-'23 GMC Acadia, '19+ Chevrolet Blazer, '20-'25 Cadillac XT6. |- | S ||LK0|| 2.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||L3B engine family. Direct Injection. VVT. '24- Chevy Traverse, GMC Acadia, '25- Buick Enclave |- | T ||L25|| 4.8L || I6 || Gas ||OHV||1-bbl carb. Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6. '81-'86 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, '88 R/V pickups |- | T ||LM7|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. Vortec 5300. 270/285/295hp.<br /> '99-'07 GMT800 pickups & SUVs including '02-'05 Escalade 2wd, '03-'07 Express/Savana |- | T ||LEA|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Orlando '13. |- | T ||LM2|| 3.0L || I6 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve|| Duramax Diesel I6. Aluminum Block & Heads. '20-'22 Silverado/Sierra 1500, '21-'24 Tahoe/Suburban, Yukon/Yukon XL, Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | U ||LS5|| 1.6L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Suzuki G16A engine. TBI. '89-'95 Geo Tracker |- | U ||LQ4|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads (Iron Heads in '99-'00).<br /> '99-'06 GMT800 pickups, '00-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL 2500, '01-'06 Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali,<br> '06 Suburban LTZ, '03-'07 Express/Savana, '03-'07 Hummer H2. |- | U ||LE9|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. 2011 Chevy HHR |- | U ||LH7|| 1.6L ||I4 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Medium Diesel engine ("Whisper Diesel"). Made by Opel in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.<br /> Aluminum Block & Heads. '18-'19 Chevy Equinox & GMC Terrain Diesel. |- | V ||LR4|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. '99-'06 GMT800 pickups,<br /> '00-'06 Tahoe/Yukon, '03-'07 Express/Savana |- | V ||LE9|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. 2009-2010 Chevy HHR |- | V ||LYX|| 1.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '18-'22 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain |- | W ||LE8|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Mark IV Chevrolet Big-Block V8. 4bbl carb. '81-'86 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, Suburban.<br /> '88-'89 Chevy/GMC R30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7C (10,500 lb. GVWR),<br /> V30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7E (11,000 lb. GVWR) |- | W ||L35|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| CPI. Vortec 4300 H.O. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).<br /> '92-'95 Sonoma, S-10 Blazer/Jimmy, Astro/Safari, '94-'95 S-10, '92-'94 Oldsmobile Bravada |- | W ||L35|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| SFI. Vortec 4300 H.O. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '96-'02 S-10/Sonoma, Blazer/Jimmy, Express/Savana, C/K, Silverado, Sierra, '96-'01 Bravada, Astro/Safari, '00 Isuzu Hombre |- | W ||LGD|| 3.9L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. SFI. VVT. '07-'09 GMT201 minivans |- | W ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '10. |- | W ||LE8|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. 2011 Chevy HHR. |- | W ||LFY|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection.<br> '18-'23 Chevrolet Traverse, '24 Chevrolet Traverse Limited, '18-'24 Buick Enclave. |- | X ||LF6|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Vortec 4300. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).<br /> '96-'99 S-10/Sonoma, '97-'99 Isuzu Hombre. |- | X ||LU3|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Vortec 4300. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '03-'04 S-10/Sonoma,<br /> '03-'05 Blazer/Jimmy, '02-'05 Astro/Safari, '03-'14 Express/Savana, '03-'13 Silverado/Sierra |- | X ||LNF|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. '08-'09 Chevy HHR SS. |- | X ||LTG|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '16-'20 Buick Envision, '18-'20 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '18-'19 Chevy Traverse RS |- | Y ||LQ2|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet "122" engine.<br /> '83-'84 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'84 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | Y ||L57|| 6.5L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR full-size vans '94-'95 & '96 G-Classic full-size vans |- | Y ||L76|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. With Active Fuel Management.<br /> '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra, Suburban/Yukon XL, Chevy Avalanche |- | Y ||LF1|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '10-'11 Cadillac SRX, '11 Saab 9-4X, '10 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain |- | Y ||L5P|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '17+ Silverado HD/Sierra HD. Engine updated in '24. |- | Z ||LF9|| 5.7L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '81 Chevy C10/GMC C1500 full-size pickups. |- | Z ||LB4|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '85-'87 Chevy El Camino/GMC Caballero,<br /> '86-'94 Astro/Safari, '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K & Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans & <br /> '96 G-Classic full-size vans, '88-'95 S-10, S-15/Sonoma, '88-'94 S-10 Blazer, S-15 Jimmy,<br /> '91-'92 Oldsmobile Bravada |- | Z ||LB4|| 4.3L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||OHV|| MPI. For GMC Syclone & Typhoon. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived) |- | Z ||L59|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. Vortec 5300. 285/295hp.<br /> '02-'07 GMT800 pickups, '02-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL, Avalanche. |- | Z ||LAT|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '07-'09 Saturn Vue Green Line |- | 1 ||LZ9|| 3.9L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. SFI. VVT. '06-'09 GMT201 minivans |- | 1 ||LE5|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Saturn Vue. |- | 1 ||LB7|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. First version of the Duramax V8. '01-Mid '04 Silverado HD/Sierra HD |- | 1 ||LWN|| 2.8L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Based on VM Motori A428 engine. Made by GM Powertrain Thailand 2016-2020. Made in Brazil for '22. '16-'22 Colorado/Canyon, '17-'22 Express/Savana. |- | 2 ||LLY|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. Mid '04-Mid '06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '06-Mid '07 Express/Savana |- | 2 ||L9H|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. SFI. VVT.<br /> '09-'13 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500, Sierra Denali 1500,<br /> '09 Chevy Tahoe LTZ, GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV,<br> Hummer H2 |- | 2 ||LIH|| 1.2L || I3 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '20-'24 Buick Encore GX, '21-'24 Chevy Trailblazer, '24 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista,<br> '25 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista (Canada only). |- | 3 ||LC9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT added for '10. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '07-'11 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500, '07-'09 & '11 Avalanche |- | 3 ||LFX|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT. E85 Flex Fuel.<br /> '12-'16 Cadillac SRX, '13-'17 Chevrolet Equinox, GMC Terrain, '15-'16 Colorado/Canyon |- | 4 ||LN2|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||MFI (94-95). SFI (96-00). Chevrolet "122" engine. '94-'00 S-10/Sonoma, '96-'00 Isuzu Hombre |- | 4 ||LE8|| 2.5L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Suzuki H25A engine. MFI. '01-'04 Chevrolet Tracker |- | 4 ||L66|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Honda J35S1 V6. VTEC. '04-'07 Saturn Vue |- | 4 ||LMF|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '08-'14 Express/Savana 1500 |- | 4 ||LAU|| 2.8L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. SFI. '10 Cadillac SRX |- | 4 ||LSY|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. Active Fuel Management. VVT. VVL.<br /> '19-'25 Cadillac XT4, '20+ Chevy Blazer, Cadillac XT5, '20-'23 GMC Acadia,<br /> '21+ Buick Envision, '21-'25 Cadillac XT6 |- | 5 ||L43|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. SFI. Chevrolet "122" engine. '00-'02 S-10/Sonoma, '00 Isuzu Hombre |- | 5 ||LFA|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||2-Mode Hybrid. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '08-'09 Tahoe Hybrid/Yukon Hybrid, '09 Escalade Hybrid, Silverado Hybrid/Sierra Hybrid |- | 5 ||LFW|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT. '11-'12 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain,<br /> '12 Chevy Captiva Sport |- | 6 ||L01|| 1.6L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Suzuki G16B engine. MFI. '94-'97 Geo Tracker, '98-'00 Chevrolet Tracker |- | 6 ||L52|| 3.5L || I5 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 20 valve||Atlas I5. SFI. VVT. '04-'06 Colorado/Canyon, '06 Isuzu i-350, '06 Hummer H3 |- | 6 ||LAU|| 2.8L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. SFI. '11 Cadillac SRX, Saab 9-4X |- | 6 ||LMM|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '07-'10 Silverado HD/Sierra HD (GMT900), Mid '07-Mid '10 Express/Savana |- | 7 ||LY7|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '04-'06 Buick Rendezvous, '04-'09 Cadillac SRX,<br /> '07-'08 GMC Acadia, Saturn Outlook, '08 Buick Enclave, '08-'10 Saturn Vue |- | 7 ||LC9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '12-'13 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Avalanche, '12-'14 Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500 |- | 7 ||L8T|| 6.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. Direct injection, VVT.<br /> '20+ Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '21+ Express/Savana |- | 8 ||LK5|| 2.8L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Atlas I4. SFI. VVT. '04-'06 Colorado/Canyon, '06 Isuzu i-280. |- | 8 ||L92|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. SFI. VVT.<br /> '07-'08 GMC Sierra Denali, Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV,<br> '08 Chevy Tahoe LTZ, Hummer H2. |- | 8 ||LML|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine.<br /> '11-'16 Silverado HD/Sierra HD pickups, '13-'16 Silverado HD/Sierra HD chassis cabs. |- | 8 ||LZ0|| 3.0L || I6 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve|| Duramax Diesel I6. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br> '23+ Silverado/Sierra 1500, '24+ Suburban HD, '25+ Tahoe/Suburban, Yukon/Yukon XL. |- | 9 ||LC3|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '83-'84 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (49-state emissions). |- | 9 ||LLV|| 2.9L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Atlas I4. SFI. VVT. '07-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '07-'08 Isuzu i-290. |- | 9 ||LT4|| 6.2L ||V8 Supercharged|| Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Direct injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '23+ Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV V-Series. |- | 0 ||LMG|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT added for '10.<br /> Iron Block & Aluminum Heads.<br /> '07-'13 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Avalanche, '07-'14 Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500. |} H.O.=High Output, VVT=Variable Valve Timing, VVL=Variable Valve Lift, GVWR=Gross Vehicle Weight Rating, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane Autogas) ====Motor codes for electric light trucks==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- | H ||LN1|| Electricity || Front || '97-'98 Chevrolet S-10 Electric. |- |} ====Motor codes for Ultium-powered electric light trucks==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! Motor <br /> RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Module <br /> RPO code !! # of Modules !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- | A ||XRL|| 3 || ETN || 24 || Electricity || All || '22- GMC Hummer EV pickup 3X |- | B ||XRL|| 3 || ETI || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV pickup 3X |- | C ||XRL|| 3 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV SUV 3X |- | D ||XRJ|| 2 || ETI || 20 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevrolet Silverado EV 3WT, '25- Silverado EV 5WT, 3LT,<br> '25 Silverado EV RST (2SP), '26- Silverado EV Trail Boss (2TR),<br> '24- GMC Hummer EV pickup 2X, '25- GMC Sierra EV Denali 5SC,<br> '26- Sierra EV Elevation 3SC, AT4 4SC |- | E ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV SUV 2X |- | G ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '23 BrightDrop Zevo 600 |- | H ||XRJ|| 2 || EWX || 14 || Electricity || All ||'26- Chevrolet Silverado EV 4WT, 2LT,<br> '26- GMC Sierra EV Elevation 3SB, Denali 5SB |- | J ||X0C|| 2 || EC5 || 10 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevy Blazer EV 2LT, 1RS AWD,<br> '25- Chevy Blazer EV 4LT, 3RS AWD, '24- Honda Prologue AWD |- | K ||X0D|| 1 || EC6 || 12 || Electricity || Rear || '23- Cadillac Lyriq RWD, '24-'25 Chevrolet Blazer EV 2RS RWD,<br> '24 Acura ZDX A-Spec RWD |- | L ||X0E|| 2 || EC6 || 12 || Electricity || All || '23- Cadillac Lyriq AWD, '24- Chevrolet Blazer EV PPV AWD,<br> '25- Chevrolet Blazer EV SS AWD, '26- Cadillac Vistiq AWD,<br> '24 Acura ZDX A-Spec, Type S AWD |- | L ||XRJ|| 2 || ETN || 24 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevrolet Silverado EV 4WT, RST (3SP), '25- Silverado EV 8WT,<br> '25 Silverado EV RST (3SP), '26- Silverado EV 4LT, Trail Boss (3TR),<br> '24- GMC Sierra EV Denali 5SD, '26- Sierra EV AT4 4SD,<br> '25- Cadillac Escalade IQ, '26- Cadillac Escalade IQL |- | M ||X0B|| 1 || EC5 || 10 || Electricity || Front || '24- Honda Prologue FWD, '25- Chevy Blazer EV 2LT, 1RS FWD |- | P ||X0B|| 1 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || Front || '24- Chevrolet Equinox EV FWD |- | R ||X0C|| 2 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || All || '24- Chevrolet Equinox EV AWD, '25 Cadillac Optiq AWD |- | Y ||XRJ|| 2 || ETC || 12 || Electricity || All || '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, Zevo 600,<br> '25 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 AWD |- | Z ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, Zevo 600,<br> '25 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 AWD |- | 4 ||X0E|| 2 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || All || '26- Cadillac Optiq AWD |- | 5 ||X0D|| 1 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || Rear|| '26- Cadillac Optiq RWD |- | 6 ||XRM|| 1 || ETC || 12 || Electricity || Front || '25 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 FWD |} SB=Standard Range, SC=Extended Range, SD=Max Range ====Engine codes for medium duty trucks 2016-==== GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | B ||L96|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '16-'20 Chevy LCF 3500/4500. |- | C ||LC8|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/CNG or<br>Gas/LPG ||OHV||Bi-Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '16-'20 Chevy LCF 3500/4500. |- | D ||L8T|| 6.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. Direct injection, VVT.<br /> '21-'23 Chevy LCF 3500/4500, '24- Chevy LCF 3500HG/4500HG/5500HG/5500XG. |- | F ||LCB|| 6.7L || I6 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Cummins B Series ISB engine. '22- Chevy LCF 6500XD, '23- Chevy LCF 7500XD. |- | 6 ||I1B|| 5.2L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4HK1-TC engine. '17- Chevy LCF 4500HD/XD, 5500XD, '17-'24 Chevy LCF 5500HD,<br /> '18-'21 Chevy LCF 6500XD. |- | 7 ||IZ3|| 3.0L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4JJ1-TC engine. '16-'18 Chevy LCF 3500HD. |- |} ====Engine codes for AM General-built Hummer H1 2000-2006==== AM General encodes the engine type in character 4 of the VIN. {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes |- | F || || 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8 built by GEP (General Engine Products), a subsidiary of AM General.<br> '01-'04 Hummer H1 & '06 H1 Fleet models. |- | P ||LLY|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '06 Hummer H1 Alpha. |- | Z ||L65|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8 built by GM. '00-'01 Hummer H1. |- |} ====Engine codes for Nissan-built vans==== Nissan encodes the engine type in character 4 of the VIN. {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes |- | 3 ||L0A|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Nissan MR20DE engine. SFI. VVT. For the '15-'18 Chevrolet City Express. |- |} ====Engine codes for Navistar-built medium-duty trucks==== Navistar encodes the engine type in character 6 & 7 of the VIN. {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes |- | PV ||L5D|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. For the Chevy Silverado Medium Duty '19+. |- |} ==GM factories supplying North America== ===North American GM factories=== [[w:List_of_General_Motors_factories | List of GM Factories]] {| class="wikitable" !VIN code !Location !Notes |- |A |Lakewood Assembly (Lakewood Heights, Atlanta, Georgia) |through 1990 model year |- |B |Baltimore Assembly (Baltimore, Maryland) |through 2005 model year |- |B |Reatta Craft Centre/Lansing Craft Centre (Lansing Township, Michigan) |1988-2006 model year (except GM EV1) |- |B |GM Defense-Manufacturing Customer Innovation Center (MCIC) (Concord, North Carolina) |From 2024 model year. Chevrolet Suburban HD (a.k.a. HD SUV) (for US govt. only). |- |C |South Gate Assembly (South Gate, California) |through 1982 model year |- |C |Lansing Car Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |South assembly line 1985-2004 model year |- |D |Doraville Assembly (Doraville, Georgia) |through 2009 model year |- |E |Linden Assembly (Linden, New Jersey) |through 1991 model year |- |E |Pontiac East Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |1988-2009 model year |- |E |AM General Military plant (Mishawaka, Indiana) |1992-2006 Hummer H1 |- |F |Flint Truck Assembly (Flint, Michigan) |since 1953 |- |F |Fairfax II Assembly (Kansas City, Kansas) |since 1988 model year |- |G |Framingham Assembly (Framingham, Massachusetts) |through 1989 model year |- |G |Silao Assembly (Silao, Guanajuato, Mexico) |since 1995 model year |- |H |Buick City Assembly (Flint, Michigan) |through 1999 model year |- |H |AM General Commercial plant (Mishawaka, Indiana) |2003-2009 Hummer H2 |- |H |Navistar Springfield plant (Main Line) (Springfield, Ohio) |2019- Chevrolet Silverado Medium Duty (4500HD/5500HD/6500HD) |- |J |Janesville Assembly (Janesville, Wisconsin) |through 2009 model year |- |J |Lansing Delta Township Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |since 2007 model year |- |K |Leeds Assembly (Leeds, Kansas City, Missouri) |through 1988 model year |- |K |Linden Assembly (Linden, New Jersey) |from 1994-2005 model year |- |K |Nissan plant (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico) |2015-2018 Chevrolet City Express |- |L |Van Nuys Assembly (Van Nuys, California) |through 1992 model year |- |L |San Luis Potosí Assembly (San Luis Potosí, Mexico) |since 2009 model year |- |M |Lansing Car Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |through 1984 model year, North assembly line 1985-2005 model year |- |M |Toluca Assembly (Toluca, Mexico state, Mexico) |through 2008 model year |- |N |Norwood Assembly (Norwood, Ohio) |through 1987 model year |- |N |Navistar Springfield plant (Secondary Line) (Springfield, Ohio) |2017- Chevrolet Express cutaway, GMC Savana cutaway |- |P |Pontiac Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1988 model year |- |R |Arlington Assembly (Arlington, Texas) |since 1965 [all GM brands]. (R plant code used only by Chevrolet in 1963-64) |- |S |St. Louis Assembly (St. Louis, Missouri) |through 1987 model year |- |S |Spring Hill Manufacturing (Spring Hill, Tennessee) |2002-2007 Saturn Vue & 2009-2010 Chevrolet Traverse only |- |S |Spartan Motors/Shyft Group plant (Charlotte, Michigan) |2016- Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500/3500HG/4500/4500HG/5500HG/5500XG/6500XD/7500XD |- |S |Ramos Arizpe Assembly (Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico) |since 1982 |- |T |Tarrytown Assembly (North Tarrytown, New York) |through 1996 model year |- |U |Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly (Factory Zero) <br /> (Detroit & Hamtramck, Michigan) |since 1986 model year |- |U |Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan) |From 2025 model year. Cadillac Celestiq only. |- |V |Pontiac Central Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1991 model year |- |V |Pontiac East Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1985 model year |- |W |Willow Run Assembly (Ypsilanti Township, Michigan) |through 1993 model year |- |X |Fairfax Assembly (Fairfax I) (Kansas City, Kansas) |through 1987 model year |- |Y |Wilmington Assembly (Wilmington, Delaware) |through 2010 model year |- |Z |Fremont Assembly (Fremont, California) |through 1982 model year |- |Z |NUMMI (Fremont, California) |1985-2010 model year |- |Z |Spring Hill Manufacturing (Spring Hill, Tennessee) |since 1991 model year (except Vue & Traverse) |- |Z |Fort Wayne Assembly (Roanoke, Indiana) |since 1988 model year |- |0 |Pontiac West Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1994 model year |- |0 |Lansing Craft Centre (Lansing Township, Michigan) |GM EV1 only |- |0 |Lansing Grand River Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |since 2003 model year |- |0 |Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan) |2024 Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing 20th Anniversary Edition where the final eight digits of the VIN are R0912004 through R0912024 or R0962004 through R0962024 |- |1 |Wentzville Assembly (Wentzville, Missouri) |since 1985 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |from 1967-1983 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Line 2 a.k.a. Consolidated Line) (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |from 1984-2019 model year; switched to pickup trucks for 2019 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |Silverado pickup trucks since 2022 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Truck Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |through 2009 model year |- |2 |Moraine Assembly (Moraine, Ohio) |through 2009 model year |- |2 |Sainte-Thérèse Assembly (Boisbriand, Quebec, Canada) |through 2002 model year |- |3 |Detroit Truck & Bus plant (Piquette Ave., Detroit, Michigan) |through 1999 model year |- |3 |Saint-Eustache Bus Plant (Saint-Eustache, Quebec, Canada) |through 1987 model year |- |4 |Orion Assembly (Orion Township, Michigan) |since 1985 model year |- |4 |Scarborough Van Assembly (Scarborough, Ontario, Canada) |through 1993 model year |- |5 |Bowling Green Assembly (Bowling Green, Kentucky) |since 1981 model year |- |6 |Oklahoma City Assembly (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) |through 2006 model year |- |6 |CAMI plant (Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada) |1990-2022 model year |- |7 |Lordstown Assembly (Warren, Ohio) |from 1979-2019 model year |- |8 |Shreveport Assembly (Shreveport, Louisiana) |through 2012 model year |- |9 |Detroit Assembly (Clark Street, Detroit, Michigan)<br> (Cadillac plant) |from 1979-1988 model year |- |9 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Line 1 a.k.a. Flex Line)<br> (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |from 1984-2020 model year |- |9 |KUKA plant (Livonia, Michigan) |2022 model year only (BrightDrop Zevo 600) |- |9 |CAMI plant (Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada) |since 2023 model year (BrightDrop Zevo) |} ===Non-North American GM factories supplying North America=== {| class="wikitable" !VIN code !Location !Models Sourced |- |A |SAIC-GM plant: Jinqiao, Pudong district, Shanghai, China |2017-2018 Cadillac CT6 Plug-in Hybrid |- |B |Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Bupyeong, South Korea |1988-1993 Pontiac LeMans, 2004-2011 Chevrolet Aveo, 2005-2010 Pontiac Wave/G3, 2004-2006 Chevrolet <br /> Epica (Canada), 2013-2022 Chevrolet Trax, Buick Encore, 2021- Chevrolet Trailblazer, 2020- Buick Encore GX, 2024- Buick Envista |- |C |GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Changwon, South Korea |2003-2010 Pontiac Matiz/Matiz G2 (Mexico), 2013-2022 Chevrolet Spark, 2024- Chevrolet Trax |- |D |SAIC-GM Dongyue Motors plant: Yantai, Shandong province, China |2016- Buick Envision, 2019-2023 Chevrolet Aveo (Mexico), 2023- Chevrolet Onix (Mexico) |- |G |Opel plant: Gliwice, Poland |2016-2019 Buick Cascada |- |K |Suzuki plant: Kosai, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |1985-1988 Chevrolet Sprint, 1989-1990 Geo Metro hatchback, 1990-1993 Geo Metro convertible, 1985-1990 Pontiac Firefly (Canada), 1991 & 1994 Pontiac Firefly convertible & sedan (Canada) |- |K |GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Kunsan, South Korea |2004-2007 Chevrolet Optra (Canada), 2012-2014 Chevrolet Orlando (Canada) |- |L |Holden plant: Elizabeth, South Australia, Australia |2004-2006 Pontiac GTO, 2008-2009 Pontiac G8, 2011-2017 Chevrolet Caprice PPV, 2014-2017 Chevrolet SS |- |R |Opel plant: Rüsselsheim, Germany |1997-2001 Cadillac Catera |- |T |GM India plant: Talegaon, Maharashtra, India |2017-2021 Chevrolet Spark Classic/Beat (Mexico) |- |V |SAIC-GM Wuhan plant: Wuhan, Hubei province, China |2018-2021 Chevrolet Cavalier (Mexico), 2022- Chevrolet Cavalier Turbo (Mexico) |- |W |Suzuki plant: Iwata, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |1989-1990 Geo Tracker |- |1 |Opel plant: Rüsselsheim, Germany |2011, 2018-2020 Buick Regal |- |3 |Isuzu plant: Kawasaki, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |1987-1998 Chevrolet/GMC W5, 1989-1996 Chevrolet/GMC W6, 1984-1996 Chevrolet/GMC W7 |- |5 |Opel plant: Antwerp, Belgium |2008-2009 Saturn Astra |- |7 |Isuzu plant: Fujisawa, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |1988 Chevrolet Spectrum, 1988 Pontiac Sunburst (Canada), 1989 Geo Spectrum, 1990-1993 Geo Storm,<br /> 1999-2008 Chevrolet/GMC W3500, 1988-2009 Chevrolet/GMC W4, 1999-2009 Chevrolet/GMC W5,<br /> 2000-2004 Chevrolet/GMC WT5500,<br /> 2016- Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500HD/4500HD/4500XD/5500HD/5500XD |- |8 |Isuzu plant: Fujisawa, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |1981-1982 Chevrolet LUV, 1985-1987 Chevrolet Spectrum, 1985-1987 Pontiac Sunburst (Canada),<br /> 1986-1987 Chevrolet/GMC W4 |} ==GM WMIs== {| class=wikitable !WMI !Marque !Country |- |1G1||rowspan=57|Chevrolet||United States |- |1G8||United States (MPV 1981-1986) |- |1GA||United States (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats]) |- |1GB||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |1GC||United States (truck) |- |1GN||United States (MPV 1987-) |- |1HA||United States (Express incomplete vehicle made by Navistar) |- |1HT||United States ([[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Medium duty version_(4500HD,_5500HD,_6500HD,_and_International_CV)|Silverado Medium Duty]] incomplete vehicle made by Navistar) |- |1Y1||United States (made by NUMMI) |- |2C1||Canada (car made by CAMI) |- |2CN||Canada (SUV made by CAMI - 1998-2011) |- |2G1||Canada |- |2G5||Canada (truck - Chevrolet BrightDrop '25) |- |2G8||Canada (MPV 1981-1986) |- |2GA||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats]) |- |2GB||Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- |2GC||Canada (truck) |- |2GN||Canada (MPV 1987-) |- |3G1||Mexico |- |3GC||Mexico (truck) |- |3GN||Mexico (MPV) |- |3N6||Mexico (Truck - City Express made by Nissan) |- |4G1||United States (made by Genasys L.C.) |- |4KB||United States (W-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |4W1||United States (MPV - Chevrolet Suburban HD made for US govt. in Concord, NC) |- |54D||United States (incomplete vehicle made by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group) |- |6G1||Australia (2011-2013 Caprice PPV) |- |6G3||Australia (2014-2017 Caprice PPV & SS performance sedan) |- |ADM||South Africa |- |J81||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |J8B||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - through 2009) |- |J8Z||Japan (LUV pickup made by Isuzu) |- |JAL||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - 2016+) |- |JG1||Japan (car made by Suzuki) |- |KL1||South Korea (car) |- |KL7||South Korea (MPV - 2012+) |- |KL8||South Korea (Spark) |- |LSF||China (S-10 Max made by SAIC-Maxus - Mexico only) |- |LSG||China (SAIC-GM) |- |LSH||China (Express Max made by SAIC-Maxus - Mexico only) |- |LZW||China (SAIC-GM-Wuling) |- |MA6||India |- |MJB||Indonesia (GM Indonesia) |- |MK3||Indonesia (SGMW Motor Indonesia) |- |MMM||Thailand |- |XUF||Russia (GM Russia - St. Petersburg plant) |- |XUU||Russia (Chevrolet Korea models made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |XWB||Uzbekistan (GM Uzbekistan, UzAuto Motors) |- |XWF||Russia (Chevrolet Tahoe & Trailblazer [GMT360] made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |X9L||Russia (GM-AvtoVAZ) |- |8AG||Argentina |- |8GG||Chile |- |8LD||Ecuador |- |8Z1||Venezuela |- |9BG||Brazil |- |93C||Brazil |- |9GC||Colombia |- |J81||rowspan=6|Geo||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |JG1||Japan (car made by Suzuki) |- |JGC||Japan (SUV made by Suzuki) |- |1Y1||United States (car made by NUMMI) |- |2C1||Canada (car made by CAMI) |- |2CN||Canada (SUV made by CAMI - 1990-1997) |- |KLA||rowspan=3|GM Daewoo/<br />GM Korea||South Korea (Bupyeong & Kunsan plants) |- |KLY||South Korea (Changwon plant) |- |5GD||United States (G2X) |- |1G2||rowspan=12|Pontiac||United States |- |1G5||United States (incomplete vehicle - for '89-'90 Turbo Grand Prix by ASC/McLaren) |- |1GM||United States (MPV) |- |2CK||Canada (2006-2009 Torrent made by CAMI) |- |2G2||Canada |- |2G7||Canada (US market 1983 Pontiac Parisienne) |- |3G2||Mexico |- |3G7||Mexico (MPV: 2001-2005 Aztek) |- |4G2||United States (made by Genasys L.C.) |- |5Y2||United States (made by NUMMI) |- |6G2||Australia |- |KL2||South Korea (made by Daewoo/GM Daewoo) |- |1G7||rowspan=6|Pontiac<br />(Canada only)||United States |- |2C7||Canada (car made by CAMI) |- |2CG||Canada (SUV made by CAMI) |- |2G7||Canada |- |J87||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |JG7||Japan (car made by Suzuki) |- |KL7||Passport<br />(Canada only)||South Korea (car made by Daewoo) |- |J87||rowspan=3|Asüna<br />(Canada only)||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |KL7||South Korea (car made by Daewoo) |- |2CG||Canada (SUV made by CAMI) |- |1G3||rowspan=3|Oldsmobile||United States |- |1GH||United States (MPV/SUV) |- |2G3||Canada |- |1G4||rowspan=9|Buick||United States |- |2G4||Canada |- |3G4||Mexico |- |3G5||Mexico (MPV) |- |4GL||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |5GA||United States (MPV) |- |KL4||South Korea (MPV) |- |LRB||China (SAIC-GM) |- |W04||Germany & Poland |- |KLA||Alpheon||South Korea (2011-2015) |- |1G6||rowspan=10|Cadillac||United States |- |1GE||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |1GY||United States (SUV) |- |2G6||Canada |- |2GE||Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- |3GY||Mexico (SUV) |- |LRE||China (SAIC-GM) |- |W06||Germany |- |XWF||Russia (made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |YSC||Sweden |- |1G8||rowspan=4|Saturn||United States |- |3GS||Mexico (SUV) |- |5GZ||United States (MPV/SUV) |- |W08||Belgium |- |1G0||rowspan=22|GMC||United States (bus 1981-1986) |- |1G5||United States (MPV 1981-1986) |- |1GD||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |1GJ||United States (bus 1987-) |- |1GK||United States (MPV 1987-) |- |1GT||United States (truck) |- |2CK||Canada (1990-1991 Tracker made by CAMI - Canada only) |- |2CT||Canada (2010-2011 Terrain made by CAMI) |- |2G0||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats] 1981-1986) |- |2G5||Canada (MPV 1981-1986) |- |2GD||Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- |2GH||Canada (transit bus) |- |2GJ||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats] 1987-) |- |2GK||Canada (MPV 1987-) |- |2GT||Canada (truck) |- |3GK||Mexico (SUV) |- |3GT||Mexico (truck) |- |4KD||United States (W-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |7GZ||United States (incomplete vehicle made by Navistar) |- |J8D||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - through 2009) |- |JGT||Japan (SUV made by Suzuki - Canada only) |- |KL6||South Korea (Middle East market Terrain '08-'10) |- |4GD||WhiteGMC||United States (1988-1989 Brigadier made by GM) |- |137||rowspan=6|Hummer||United States (H1 made by AM General) |- |5GN||United States (H3T) |- |5GR||United States (H2 made by AM General) |- |5GT||United States (H3) |- |ADM||South Africa (H3) |- |XWF||Russia (H2 & H3 made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |4G5||General Motors||United States (EV1) |- |2G5||rowspan=2|BrightDrop||Canada (Truck 2023-2024) |- |5G5||United States (Truck made by Kuka AG - 2022 only) |- |5G2||rowspan=2|Cruise||United States (car) (Cruise AV) |- |5G3||United States (MPV) (Cruise Origin AV) |- |YS3||rowspan=4|Saab||Sweden |- |JF4||Japan (9-2X made by Subaru) |- |3G0||Mexico (9-4X) |- |5S3||United States (9-7X) |- |W0L||rowspan=19|Opel/Vauxhall||Germany & the rest of Europe (2017 and earlier) |- |W0V||Germany & the rest of Europe (2018 and later) & Opel Ampera-e Mid-2017 - 2019 |- |W0L||when plant code is H: Thailand (Zafira A) |- |W0L||when plant code is 0: South Korea (Antara) or B: South Korea (Antara, Mokka A, Mokka X [A]) |- |W0L||when plant code is C: South Korea (Opel Karl/Vauxhall Viva) |- |W0V||when plant code is B: South Korea (Mokka X [A]) or C: South Korea (Opel Karl/Vauxhall Viva) |- |SCC||UK (Opel Lotus Omega made by Lotus) |- |SED||UK (made by IBC Vehicles) |- |TW8||Portugal |- |VF1||France (Arena made by Renault) |- |VN1||France (Movano A made by Renault at SOVAB plant in Batilly, France) |- |VSX||Spain |- |XUF||Russia (Opel made by GM Russia - St. Petersburg plant) |- |XWF||Russia (Opel made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |1G0||United States (Opel GT, Opel/Vauxhall Ampera, Opel Ampera-e Early - Mid-2017) |- |4GD||United States (Sintra) |- |ADM||South Africa |- |JAA||Japan (Opel Campo made by Isuzu) |- |JAC||Japan (Monterey made by Isuzu) |- |SKA||rowspan=4|Vauxhall Motors||UK |- |SCC||UK (Vauxhall Lotus Carlton made by Lotus) |- |6G1||Australia (Vauxhall Monaro & VXR8 made by Holden) |- |JAA||Japan (Vauxhall Brava made by Isuzu) |- |SKF||rowspan=2|Bedford Vehicles||UK |- |JAA||Japan (Bedford Brava made by Isuzu) |- |6G1||rowspan=18|Holden||Australia (2003-2017) |- |6H8||Australia (1989-2002) |- |JAA||Japan (Rodeo pickup [TF] made by Isuzu) |- |JAC||Japan (Jackaroo/Monterey made by Isuzu) |- |JSA||Japan (YG Cruze made by Suzuki) |- |KL3||South Korea |- |MMM||Thailand ('09-'11 Colorado pickup [RC] made by GM Thailand) |- |MMU||Thailand ('13-'20 Colorado pickup [RG], '13-'16 Colorado 7, '17-'20 Trailblazer made by GM Thailand) |- |MPA||Thailand ('04-'08 Rodeo pickup [RA] made by Isuzu Thailand) |- |SED||UK (1st gen. Frontera made by IBC Vehicles) |- |W0L||Germany & the rest of Europe (2017 and earlier) |- |W0L||when plant code is H: Thailand (Zafira A) |- |W0V||Germany & the rest of Europe (2018-2020) |- |1GH||United States (Acadia) |- |3G0||Mexico (Equinox) |- |3GM||Mexico (Suburban) |- |4S2||United States (2nd gen. Frontera made by [[w:Subaru Isuzu Automotive|SIA]]) |- |5G8||United States (Volt) |- |1GG||rowspan=4|Isuzu||United States (Truck - Hombre & i-Series made by GM) |- |4GT||United States (H-Series & T-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |4KL||United States (N-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |4NU||United States (MPV/SUV - Ascender made by GM) |- |W0L||Subaru||Thailand [plant code H] (Traviq made by GM Thailand for export to Japan) |- |4G3||Toyota||United States (Cavalier made by GM for export to Japan) |- |3GP||Honda||Mexico (MPV/SUV: 2024- Prologue made by GM) |- |4W5||Acura||United States (MPV/SUV: 2024 ZDX EV made by GM) |} {{BookCat}} 7otqlzzxs1n32ot99jmjvqxykg2tc59 0 142017 4635581 4635484 2026-05-13T14:21:35Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 8 */ 4635581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} Mercedes-Benz uses the following VIN formats: (Note) This chart is not applicable to Mercedes-Benz products made for markets other than North America. European/World market cars use a different system for encoding VIN numbers. ==1960-1980== Position 1-3 - chassis code (e.g. 107, 116, 123, etc.) Position 4-6 - model type (e.g. 024, 032, 033, 036, 044, 045, etc.) Position 7 - 1=LH Drive (made in Germany), 2=RH Drive (made in Germany), 5=LH Drive CKD, 6=RH Drive CKD (Complete Knocked Down, assembled outside Germany)1 Position 8 - 0=Manual transmission, 1=Hydraulic clutch, 2= Automatic transmission 2 (Alphabetics indicate Plant of Manufacture i.e.: A = Sindelfingen) Position 9-14 - Construction serial number 10704312006193 ==Passenger Vehicles 1981-== ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * W1K Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car) * W1N Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz SUV) * WDB Daimler-Benz AG (DaimlerChrysler after 1998) (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz or Maybach passenger car) * WDC DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz SUV) * WDD DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car) * WMX Mercedes-AMG (not used in North America) * 4JG Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz SUV) * 55S Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz passenger car) * 9BM Mercedes-Benz Brazil car & SUV ===Position 4, Model or Series:=== * A W123 300-Class * B R107 SL-Class * B C107 SLC-Class * C W126/C126 S-Class * D W201 190-Class * E W124 300-Class/E-Class * F R129 SL-Class * G W140/C140 S-Class, C140 CL-Class * H W202 C-Class * J W210 E-Class * K R170 SLK-Class * L C208/A208 CLK-Class * N W220 S-Class * P C215 CL-Class * R W203 C-Class * S R230 SL-Class * T C209/A209 CLK-Class * U W211 E-Class * W R171 SLK-Class *---------------------------------- * A C199/R199/Z199 SLR McLaren * D C219 CLS-Class * E C216 CL-Class * F W245 B-Class (Canada only) * G W204 C-Class * H W212/S212 E-Class sedan/wagon * J R231 SL-Class * K C207/A207 E-Class coupe/convertible * L C218 CLS-Class * M W246 B-Class (Canada only) * N W221 S-Class * P R172 SLK-Class/SLC-Class * R C197/R197 SLS AMG * S C117 CLA-Class * U W222 S-Class sedan * V W240 Maybach 57/62 * V N242 B-Class Electric * W W205 C-Class * X C217/A217 S-Class coupe/convertible * Y C190/R190 AMG GT coupe/roadster * Z W213/S213/X213 E-Class sedan/wagon/All-Terrain wagon * 1 C238/A238 E-Class coupe/convertible * 2 C257 CLS-Class * 3 V177 A-Class sedan * 3 W177 A-Class hatchback (Canada only) * 5 C118 CLA-Class * 6 W223 S-Class sedan * 7 X290 AMG GT 4-door coupe *---------------------------------- * A W206 C-Class * C V297 EQS-Class sedan * E V295 EQE-Class sedan * F C174 CLA-Class sedan EV * L W214/X214 E-Class sedan/All-Terrain wagon * M C236/A236 CLE-Class coupe/convertible * R C192 AMG GT coupe * V R232 SL-Class *---------------------------------- * A W163 M-Class * B W164 M-Class * B X164 GL-Class * C W251 R-Class * D W166 M-Class/GLE-Class * D X166 GL-Class/GLS-Class * D X296 EQS-Class SUV * E C292 GLE-Class Coupe * F W167/C167 GLE-Class * F X167 GLS-Class * G X204 GLK-Class * 0 X253/C253 GLC-Class * G X294 EQE-Class SUV * K X254/C254 GLC-Class * T X156 GLA-Class * Y W463 G-Class * W W465 G-Class * 4 H247 GLA-Class * 4 X247 GLB-Class * 9 X243 EQB-Class ===Position 5, Body Style:=== Passenger Cars: * B = Long Body * F = Sedan ('96+ E-Class, '01+ C-Class, '06 S-Class [S350], Maybach 57) * F = 5-door hatchback (Canada only: '19-'22 A-Class) * G = Sedan Long Wheelbase ('00+ S-Class, Maybach 62) * G = Sedan ('19-'22 A-Class sedan) * G = Electric Sedan ('23+ EQE sedan) * G = Electric hatchback Sedan ('22+ EQS sedan) * H = Wagon ('98-'09, '11- E-Class wagon, '02-'05 C-Class wagon, Canada only: '19-'21 C-Class wagon) * H = "Sedan" [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] ('06-'11, '13-'19 B-Class [gas engine] - Canada only) * J = 2-door Coupe ('98-'09 CLK-Class Coupe, '12-'15, '17-'23 C-Class coupe, '10-'23 E-Class coupe, '24- CLE-Class coupe, '00-'14 CL-Class, '15-'21 S-Class coupe, '05-'07 SLR McLaren coupe, '11-'15 SLS AMG coupe, '16-'21, '24- AMG GT coupe) * J = 4-door Coupe ('06-'23 CLS-Class, '14- CLA-Class) * K = Cabriolet/Roadster ('99-'09 CLK-Class Cabriolet, '17-'23 C-Class Cabriolet, '11-'23 E-Class Cabriolet, '24- CLE-Class Cabriolet, '17-'21 S-Class Cabriolet, '98-'16 SLK-Class, '17-'20 SLC-Class, '03+ SL-Class, '08-'09 SLR McLaren roadster, '12-'15 SLS AMG roadster, '18-'21 AMG GT roadster) * N = "Coupe" [3-door hatchback] ('02-'05 C-Class Sport Coupe) * P = "Sedan" [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] (B-Class Electric) * X = 4-door Sedan Extra-Long Wheelbase ('16+ Maybach S-Class) * X = 4-door Coupe [5-door hatchback] ('19- AMG GT 4-door Coupe) * X = Cabriolet/Roadster ('26+ Maybach SL680) SUVs: * A = 4-door MPV ('12-'15 M-Class, '16-'19 GLE-Class wagon) * B = 4-door MPV ('98-'11 M-Class) * B = 4-door MPV ('20-' GLE-Class wagon) * B = 4-door MPV ('06-'12 & '13 in Canada R-Class) * C = 4-door MPV ('10-'24 G-Class) * D = 4-door MPV ('16-'19, '21- GLE-Class Coupe) * F = 4-door MPV ('07-'16 GL-Class, '17- GLS-Class) * G = 4-door MPV ('10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'22 GLC-Class wagon) * G = 4-door MPV ('15-'20 GLA-Class) * H = 4-door MPV ('25- G550, G63 AMG) * J = 4-door MPV ('17- GLC-Class Coupe) * M = 4-door MPV ('20- GLB-Class, '22- EQB-Class) * M = 4-door MPV ('23- GLC-Class wagon) * M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQE-Class SUV) * M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQS-Class SUV) * M = 4-door MPV ('25- G580 EQ [EV]) * N = 4-door MPV ('21- GLA-Class) * R = 4-door MPV ('02-'09 G-Class) * X = 4-door MPV ('24- Maybach EQS680 SUV) On older models, this indicated the engine type, through much of the 1990s and into the 2000's for some models: * A = Gasoline (190 Class '84-'93, C-Class '94-'00, 300 Class '81, '86-'93, E-Class '94-'95, S-Class '81-'99, CL-Class '98-'99, SL-Class '81-'02, SLC '81) * B = Diesel (190 Class '84-'89, 300 Class '81-'85, '87, '90-'93, E-Class '95, S-Class '81-'87, '90-'95) * D = 4Matic Gasoline ('90-'93 300E 4Matic, 300TE 4Matic) * M = AMG Gasoline ('95-'97 C36 AMG only) ===Positions 6–7, Model within the series:=== '''V177:'''<br> following 3G in pos. 4-5: *4E = A220 sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4F = A220 4Matic sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG A35 4Matic sedan ['20-'21 & in Canada: '22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) '''W177:'''<br> following 3F in pos. 4-5: *4G = A250 hatchback [Canada only: '19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = A250 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG A35 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) '''W245:'''<br> following FH in pos. 4-5: *33 = B200 [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4 *3D = B200 [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4 *34 = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4 *3E = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4 *8G = B-Class F-Cell (hydrogen fuel cell) '''W246:'''<br> following MH in pos. 4-5: *4E = B250 [Canada only: '13-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4 *4G = B250 4Matic [Canada only: '15-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4 '''N242:'''<br> following VP in pos. 4-5: *9A = B-Class Electric Drive ['14-'15], B250e ['16-'17] (Tesla front electric motor, Lithium-ion battery pack, fwd, 177 hp) '''C117:'''<br> following SJ in pos. 4-5: *4E = CLA250 sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *4G = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *5C = CLA45 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4) '''C118:'''<br> following 5J in pos. 4-5: *4G = CLA250 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4G = CLA250 sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5D = AMG CLA45 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4) *5E = AMG CLA45 S 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4) '''C174:'''<br> following FJ in pos. 4-5: *1D = CLA250+ EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 268 hp) *4E = CLA350 4Matic EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 349 hp) '''W201:'''<br> following DA in pos. 4-5: *24 = 190E 2.3 ['84-'86] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4) *28 = 190E 2.3 ['87-'88, '91-'93] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4) *29 = 190E 2.6 ['87-'93] (2.6-liter M103 I6) *34 = 190E 2.3-16 ['86-'87] (2.3-liter DOHC, 16 valve M102 I4) following DB in pos. 4-5: *22 = 190D 2.2 ['84-'85] (2.2-liter OM601 diesel I4) *26 = 190D 2.5 ['86-'89] (2.5-liter OM602 diesel I5) *28 = 190D 2.5 Turbo ['87] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5) '''W202:'''<br> following HA in pos. 4-5: *22 = C220 ['94-'96] (2.2-liter M111 I4) *23 = C230 ['97-'98] (2.3-liter M111 I4) *24 = C230 Kompressor ['99-'00] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4) *28 = C280 ['94-'97] (2.8-liter M104 I6) *29 = C280 ['98-'00] (2.8-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *33 = C43 AMG ['98-'00] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113.944 V8) following HM in pos. 4-5: *36 = C36 AMG ['95-'97] (3.6-liter M104 AMG I6) '''W203/S203/CL203:'''<br> following RF in pos. 4-5: *40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Sedan ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4) *52 = C230 Sport Sedan ['06-'07] (2.5-liter M272 90° V6) *54 = C280 sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *56 = C350 sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *61 = C240 sedan ['01-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *64 = C320 sedan ['01-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *65 = C32 AMG sedan ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve supercharged M112 90° V6) *76 = C55 AMG ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *81 = C240 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *84 = C320 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *87 = C350 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *92 = C280 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) following RH in pos. 4-5: *61 = C240 wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *64 = C320 wagon ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *81 = C240 4Matic wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *84 = C320 4Matic wagon ['03-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) following RN in pos. 4-5: *47 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['02] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4) *40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4) *64 = C320 Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) '''W204/C204:'''<br> following GF in pos. 4-5: *4H = C250 sedan ['12-'14] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4) *54 = C300 sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *5E = C300 sedan ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *56 = C350 sedan ['08-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5G = C350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5H = C350 sedan ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *77 = C63 AMG sedan ['08-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7H = C63 AMG sedan ['10-'14], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *81 = C300 4Matic sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *8B = C300 4Matic sedan ['10-'12] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *8A = C300 4Matic sedan ['13-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version) following GJ in pos. 4-5: *4H = C250 coupe ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4) *5H = C350 coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *7H = C63 AMG coupe ['12-'15], C63 AMG Black Series coupe ['12-'13], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14-'15] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *8J = C350 4Matic coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) '''W205/S205/C205/A205:'''<br> following WF in pos. 4-5: *4J = C300 sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = C300 4Matic sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4H = C350e sedan ['16-'18] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8D = C300 sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6G = C400 4Matic sedan ['15] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6E = C450 AMG Sport 4Matic sedan ['16], AMG C43 4Matic sedan ['17-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8G = AMG C63 sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8H = AMG C63 S sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) following WH in pos. 4-5: *4K = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG C43 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) following WJ in pos. 4-5: *4J = C300 coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = C300 4Matic coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = C300 coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG C43 4Matic coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8G = AMG C63 coupe ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8H = AMG C63 S coupe ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) following WK in pos. 4-5: *4J = C300 convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = C300 4Matic convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = C300 convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG C43 4Matic convertible ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8G = AMG C63 convertible ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8H = AMG C63 S convertible ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''W206:'''<br> following AF in pos. 4-5: *4G = C300 sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = C300 4Matic sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = AMG C43 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG C63 S E Performance 4Matic sedan ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) '''W123/S123/C123:'''<br> following AA in pos. 4-5: *33 = 280E ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6) *53 = 280CE ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6) following AB in pos. 4-5: *23 = 240D ['81-'83] (2.4-liter OM616 diesel I4) *30 = 300D ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5) *33 = 300D Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) *50 = 300CD ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5) *53 = 300CD Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) *93 = 300TD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) '''W124/S124/C124/A124:'''<br> following EA in pos. 4-5: *26 = 260E ['87-'89], 300E 2.6 ['90-'92] (2.6-liter M103 I6) *28 = 300E 2.8 ['93] (2.8-liter M104 I6) *30 = 300E ['86-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *32 = 300E ['93], E320 sedan ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *34 = 400E ['92-'93], E420 sedan ['94-'95] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *36 = 500E ['92-'93], E500 sedan ['94] (5.0-liter M119 V8) *50 = 300CE ['88-'89] (3.0-liter SOHC, 12 valve M103 I6) *51 = 300CE ['90-'92] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6) *52 = 300CE coupe ['93], E320 coupe ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *66 = 300CE convertible ['93], E320 convertible ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *90 = 300TE ['88-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *92 = 300TE ['93], E320 wagon ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) following EB in pos. 4-5: *28 = 300D 2.5 Turbo ['90-'93] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5) *31 = E300 Diesel ['95] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6) *33 = 300D Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) *93 = 300TD Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) following ED in pos. 4-5: *30 = 300E 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *90 = 300TE 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6) '''W210/S210:'''<br> following JF in pos. 4-5: *20 = E300 Diesel ['96-'97] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6) *25 = E300 Turbodiesel ['98-'99] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 turbodiesel I6) *55 = E320 ['96-'97] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *65 = E320 sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *72 = E420 ['97] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *70 = E430 ['98-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = E55 AMG ['99-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *83 = E430 4Matic ['00-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) following JH in pos. 4-5: *65 = E320 wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) '''W211/S211:'''<br> following UF in pos. 4-5: *26 = E320 CDI sedan ['05-'06] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM648 turbodiesel I6) *22 = E320 Bluetec sedan ['07-'09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *65 = E320 sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = E350 sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *70 = E500 sedan ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = E550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = E55 AMG sedan ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *77 = E63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *83 = E500 4Matic sedan ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *87 = E350 4Matic sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *90 = E550 4Matic sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) following UH in pos. 4-5: *65 = E320 wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = E350 wagon ['06] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *76 = E55 AMG wagon ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *77 = E63 AMG wagon ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *83 = E500 4Matic wagon ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *87 = E350 4Matic wagon ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) '''W212/S212:'''<br> following HF in pos. 4-5: *2E = E350 Bluetec sedan ['11-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *0E = E250 Bluetec sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4) *5G = E350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5K = E350 sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6F = E400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7C = E550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7H = E63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7E = E63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8B = E300 4Matic sedan [Canada only: '12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version) *8H = E350 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8J = E350 4Matic sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *9A = E550 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *9B = E550 4Matic sedan ['12-'14, Canada only: '15-'16] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *9C = E63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'15] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *9F = E400 Hybrid sedan ['13-'15] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *9H = E250 Bluetec 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve turbodiesel I4) following HH in pos. 4-5: *8H = E350 4Matic wagon ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8J = E350 4Matic wagon ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E400 4Matic wagon [Canada only: '15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7E = E63 AMG wagon ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic wagon ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''W213/S213:'''<br> following ZF in pos. 4-5: *4J = E300 sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = E300 4Matic sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = E350 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = E350 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6G = E400 4Matic sedan ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic sedan ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *5K = E450 4Matic sedan ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6E = AMG E43 4Matic sedan ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6B = AMG E53 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic sedan ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) following ZH in pos. 4-5: *6G = E400 4Matic wagon ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic wagon ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6A = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic wagon ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''W214/S214:'''<br> following LF in pos. 4-5: *4G = E350 sedan ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = E350 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = E450 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ sedan ['25-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following LH in pos. 4-5: *6F = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ wagon ['26-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C219:'''<br> following DJ in pos. 4-5: *75 = CLS500 sedan ['06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = CLS550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7C = CLS550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = CLS55 AMG sedan ['06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *77 = CLS63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7H = CLS63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8) '''C218:'''<br> following LJ in pos. 4-5: *6F = CLS400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = CLS400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = CLS550 sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = CLS63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7G = CLS63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *9B = CLS550 4Matic sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *9C = CLS63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''C257:'''<br> following 2J in pos. 4-5: *5J = CLS450 sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = CLS450 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG CLS53 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X290:'''<br> following 7X in pos. 4-5: *5K = AMG GT43 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG GT53 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8K = AMG GT63 S 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''V295:'''<br> following EG in pos. 4-5: *2B = EQE350+ sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp) *2B = EQE320+ sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp) *1C = EQE350 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp) *1C = EQE320 4Matic sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp) *2C = EQE500 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp) *5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp) '''W126/V126//C126:'''<br> following CA in pos. 4-5: *24 = 300SE ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *25 = 300SEL ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *32 = 380SE ['84-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *33 = 380SEL ['81-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *35 = 420SEL ['86-'91] (4.2-liter M116 V8) *37 = 500SEL ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8) *39 = 560SEL ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8) *43 = 380SEC ['82-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *44 = 500SEC ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8) *45 = 560SEC ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8) following CB in pos. 4-5: *20 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) *25 = 300SDL Turbodiesel ['86-'87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) *34 = 350SD Turbodiesel ['91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) *35 = 350SDL Turbodiesel ['90-'91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) '''W140/V140/C140:'''<br> following GA in pos. 4-5: *32 = 300SE ['92-'93], S320 sedan SWB ['94-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *33 = S320 sedan LWB ['95-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *42 = 400SE ['92] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *43 = 400SEL ['93], S420 ['94-'99] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *51 = 500SEL ['92-'93], S500 sedan ['94-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8) *57 = 600SEL ['92-'93], S600 sedan ['94-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12) *70 = 500SEC ['93], S500 coupe ['94-'97], CL500 ['98-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8) *76 = 600SEC ['93], S600 coupe ['94-'97], CL600 ['98-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12) following GB in pos. 4-5: *34 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['92-'93], S350 Turbodiesel ['94-'95] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) '''V220:'''<br> following NG in pos. 4-5: *70 = S430 ['00-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *73 = S55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = S55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *75 = S500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *78 = S600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12) *76 = S600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *79 = S65 AMG ['06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *83 = S430 4Matic ['03-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *84 = S500 4Matic ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''W220:'''<br> following NF in pos. 4-5: *67 = S350 ['06] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) '''C215:'''<br> following PJ in pos. 4-5: *73 = CL55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = CL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *75 = CL500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *78 = CL600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12) *76 = CL600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *79 = CL65 AMG ['05-'06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) '''V221:'''<br> following NG in pos. 4-5: *71 = S550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *7B = S550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *7D = S550 ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *76 = S600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *7G = S600 ['10-'13] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *77 = S63 AMG ['08-09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7H = S63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7E = S63 AMG ['11-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *79 = S65 AMG ['07-09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *7K = S65 AMG ['10-'13] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *8D = S350 Bluetec 4Matic ['12-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *86 = S550 4Matic ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *8G = S550 4Matic ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *9E = S550 4Matic ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *9F = S400 Hybrid ['10-'13] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M272 90° Atkinson-cycle V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C216:'''<br> following EJ in pos. 4-5: *71 = CL550 ['07-'08] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *76 = CL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *7G = CL600 ['10-'14] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *77 = CL63 AMG ['08-'09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7H = CL63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7E = CL63 AMG ['11-'14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *79 = CL65 AMG ['08-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *7K = CL65 AMG ['10-'14] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *86 = CL550 4Matic ['09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *8G = CL550 4Matic ['10] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *9E = CL550 4Matic ['11-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) '''V222:'''<br> following UG in pos. 4-5: *6D = S550 Plug-in Hybrid ['15], S550e ['16-'17] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *7D = S560e ['19-'20] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6G = S450 sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6E = S450 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8C = S550 sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8D = S560 sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *8F = S550 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8G = S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7G = S600 sedan ['15-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12) *7K = S65 AMG sedan ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) '''X222:'''<br> following UX in pos. 4-5: *8F = Mercedes-Maybach S550 4Matic sedan ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8G = Mercedes-Maybach S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7G = Mercedes-Maybach S600 sedan ['16-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12) *8A = Mercedes-Maybach S650 sedan ['18-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) '''C217:'''<br> following XJ in pos. 4-5: *8F = S550 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8G = S560 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7K = S65 AMG coupe ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) '''A217:'''<br> following XK in pos. 4-5: *8C = S550 convertible ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8D = S560 convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7K = S65 AMG convertible ['17-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) *7K = Mercedes-Maybach S650 convertible ['17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) '''V223:'''<br> following 6G in pos. 4-5: *6D = S500 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6K = S580e 4Matic sedan ['23-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *7G = S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8C = AMG S63 E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''Z223:'''<br> following 6X in pos. 4-5: *7G = Mercedes-Maybach S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *7K = Mercedes-Maybach S680 4Matic sedan ['22-] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) '''V297:'''<br> following CG in pos. 4-5: *2D = EQS450+ sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 329 hp) *2D = EQS450+ sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp) *2E = EQS450 4Matic sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp) *4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 516 hp) *4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp) *5F = AMG EQS 4Matic+ sedan ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp) '''W240:'''<br> following VF in pos. 4-5: *78 = Maybach 57 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *7J = Maybach 57 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *79 = Maybach 57S ['06-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7K = Maybach 57S ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 57S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 57S ['11-'12] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) '''V240:'''<br> following VG in pos. 4-5: *78 = Maybach 62 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *7J = Maybach 62 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *79 = Maybach 62S ['07-'09], 62S Landaulet ('09) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7K = Maybach 62S ['10], 62S Landaulet ('10) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 62S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 62S ['11-'12], 62S Landaulet ('11-'12) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) '''C208/A208:'''<br> following LJ in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['98-'02 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *70 = CLK430 ['99-'02 coupe] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = CLK55 AMG ['01-'02 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) following LK in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['99-'03 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *70 = CLK430 ['00-'03 convertible] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = CLK55 AMG ['02 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''C209/A209:'''<br> following TJ in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['03-'05 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 coupe] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *75 = CLK500 ['03-'06 coupe] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 coupe] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = CLK55 AMG ['03-'05 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *77 = CLK63 AMG Black Series ['08 coupe] (6.2-liter M156 V8) following TK in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['04-'05 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 convertible] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *75 = CLK500 ['04-'06 convertible] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 convertible] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = CLK55 AMG ['04-'06 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *77 = CLK63 AMG ['07-'08 convertible] (6.2-liter M156 V8) '''C207/A207:'''<br> following KJ in pos. 4-5: *5G = E350 coupe ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5K = E350 coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6F = E400 coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E400 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7C = E550 coupe ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7D = E550 coupe ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8J = E350 4Matic coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) following KK in pos. 4-5: *5G = E350 convertible ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5K = E350 convertible ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6F = E400 convertible ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7C = E550 convertible ['11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7D = E550 convertible ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) '''C238/A238:'''<br> following 1J in pos. 4-5: *6F = E400 coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = E400 4Matic coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E450 coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *5J = E450 coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = E450 4Matic coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG E53 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following 1K in pos. 4-5: *6F = E400 convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = E400 4Matic convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E450 convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *5J = E450 convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = E450 4Matic convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG E53 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C236/A236:'''<br> following MJ in pos. 4-5: *4H = CLE300 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = CLE450 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following MK in pos. 4-5: *4H = CLE300 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = CLE450 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic convertible ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''R170:'''<br> following KK in pos. 4-5: *47 = SLK230 Kompressor ['98-'00] (2.3-liter M111.973 supercharged I4) *49 = SLK230 Kompressor ['01-'04] (2.3-liter M111.983 supercharged I4) *65 = SLK320 ['01-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *66 = SLK32 AMG ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 supercharged 90° V6) '''R171:'''<br> following WK in pos. 4-5: *54 = SLK280 ['06-'08], SLK300 ['09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *5E = SLK300 ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *56 = SLK350 ['05-'08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *58 = SLK350 ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5J = SLK350 ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *73 = SLK55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *7D = SLK55 AMG ['10] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''R172:'''<br> following PK in pos. 4-5: *4H = SLK250 ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4) *3J = SLK300 ['16], SLC300 ['17-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *5H = SLK350 ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = SLC43 AMG ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin-turbocharged M276 60° GDI V6) *7F = SLK55 AMG ['12-'16] (5.5-liter M152 GDI V8) '''R107:'''<br> following BA in pos. 4-5: *45 = 380SL ['81-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *48 = 560SL ['86-'89] (5.5-liter M117 V8) '''C107:'''<br> following BA in pos. 4-5: *25 = 380SLC ['81] (3.8-liter M116 V8) '''R129:'''<br> following FA in pos. 4-5: *61 = 300SL ['90-'93] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6) *63 = SL320 ['94-'97] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6) *66 = 500SL ['90-'92] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8) *67 = 500SL ['93], SL500 ['94-'98] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8) *68 = SL500 ['99-'02] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *76 = 600SL ['93], SL600 ['94-'02] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12) '''R230:'''<br> following SK in pos. 4-5: *75 = SL500 ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *71 = SL550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *7B = SL550 ['11-'12] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *74 = SL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *72 = SL55 AMG ['07-'08] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *70 = SL63 AMG ['09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7A = SL63 AMG ['11-'12] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *76 = SL600 ['04-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *77 = SL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *79 = SL65 AMG ['05-'09], SL65 AMG Black Series ['09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *7K = SL65 AMG ['11] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) '''R231:'''<br> following JK in pos. 4-5: *6F = SL400 ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = SL450 ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = SL550 ['13-'20] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = SL63 AMG ['13-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7K = SL65 AMG ['13-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) '''R232:'''<br> following VK in pos. 4-5: *5A = AMG SL43 ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG SL55 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8B = AMG SL63 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8C = AMG SL63 S E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following VX in pos. 4-5: *8B = Maybach SL680 4Matic ['26-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''C199/R199:'''<br> following AJ in pos. 4-5: *76 = SLR McLaren coupe ['05-'07] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8) following AK in pos. 4-5: *76 = SLR McLaren roadster ['08-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8) '''C197/R197:'''<br> following RJ in pos. 4-5: *7H = SLS AMG coupe ['11-'12] (6.2-liter M159 V8) *7J = SLS AMG GT coupe ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8) *7H = SLS AMG Black Series coupe ['14] (6.2-liter M159 V8) following RK in pos. 4-5: *7H = SLS AMG roadster ['12] (6.2-liter M159 V8) *7J = SLS AMG GT roadster ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8) '''C190:'''<br> following YJ in pos. 4-5: *7H = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8C = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *AJ = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7J = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16-'19] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8A = AMG GT 2-d coupe C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R Pro ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8B = AMG GT 2-d coupe Black Series ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 LS2 GDI flat-plane crank V8) '''R190:'''<br> following YK in pos. 4-5: *7H = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8C = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8A = AMG GT roadster C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT 2-d roadster R ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) '''C192:'''<br> following RJ in pos. 4-5: *4C = AMG GT43 coupe ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG GT55 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8C = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8J = AMG GT63 Pro 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''X156:'''<br> following TG in pos. 4-5: *4E = GLA250 ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *4G = GLA250 4Matic ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *5C = GLA45 AMG 4Matic ['15-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4) '''H247:'''<br> following 4N in pos. 4-5: *4G = GLA250 ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4G = GLA250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = GLA250 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = GLA250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5D = AMG GLA45 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4) '''X247:'''<br> following 4M in pos. 4-5: *4G = GLB250 ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4G = GLB250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = GLB250 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = GLB250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X243:'''<br> following 9M in pos. 4-5: *0C = EQB250+ ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 front motor, Fwd, 188 hp) *0K = EQB300 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 225 hp) *1D = EQB350 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp) '''X204:'''<br> following GG in pos. 4-5: *0E = GLK250 Bluetec 4Matic ['13-'15] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4) *5G = GLK350 2wd ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5H = GLK350 2wd ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *8H = GLK350 4Matic ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8J = GLK350 4Matic ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) '''X253:'''<br> following 0G in pos. 4-5: *4J = GLC300 2wd ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = GLC300 4Matic ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = GLC300 2wd ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = GLC300 4Matic ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *5E = GLC350e 4Matic ['18-'19] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 114 hp electric motor, 8.7 kWh lithium-ion battery) *5D = GLC350e 4Matic ['20] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 121 hp electric motor, 13.5 kWh lithium-ion battery) *6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['17-'22] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''C253:'''<br> following 0J in pos. 4-5: *4K = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8E = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8K = AMG GLC63 S 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''X254:'''<br> following KM in pos. 4-5: *4G = GLC300 2wd ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = GLC300 4Matic ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5G = GLC350e 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) '''C254:'''<br> following KJ in pos. 4-5: *4H = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic Coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) '''W163:'''<br> following AB in pos. 4-5: *54 = ML320 ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *57 = ML350 ['03-'05] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *72 = ML430 ['99-'01] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = ML55 AMG ['00-'03] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *75 = ML500 ['02-'05] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''W164:'''<br> following BB in pos. 4-5: *22 = ML320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *25 = ML320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *2F = ML350 Bluetec ['10-'11] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *56 = ML350 2wd ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5G = ML350 2wd ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *86 = ML350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8G = ML350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *75 = ML500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = ML550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7C = ML550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *77 = ML63 AMG ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7H = ML63 AMG ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *9F = ML450 Hybrid 4Matic ['10-'11] (2-Mode Hybrid: 3.5-liter Atkinson-cycle M272 90° V6 + 2 electric motors, Nickel–metal hydride battery) '''W166:'''<br> following DA in pos. 4-5: *2E = ML350 Bluetec ['12-'14 & '15 in Canada], GLE350d [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *0E = ML250 Bluetec ['15], GLE300d ['16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4) *5J = ML350 2wd ['13-'15], GLE350 2wd ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *5H = ML350 4Matic ['12-'15], GLE350 4Matic ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *5G = ML400 4Matic ['15], GLE400 4Matic ['16-'17 & '19, Canada only: '18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6D = GLE550e 4Matic ['16-'18] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic [Canada only: '16], AMG GLE43 4Matic ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = ML550 ['12-'14 & '15 in Canada], GLE550 [Canada only: '16-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = ML63 AMG ['12-'15], AMG GLE63 ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7F = AMG GLE63 S ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''C292:'''<br> following ED in pos. 4-5: *2E = GLE350d Coupe [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic Coupe ['16], AMG GLE43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7F = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''W167:'''<br> following FB in pos. 4-5: *4J = GLE350 2wd ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *4K = GLE350 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *4E = GLE350 2wd ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4F = GLE350 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4G = GLE450e 4Matic ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = GLE450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG GLE53 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8G = GLE580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8F = GLE580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG GLE63 S ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C167:'''<br> following FD in pos. 4-5: *5K = GLE450 Coupe [Canada only: '22-'24, US & Canada: '25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG GLE53 Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X294:'''<br> following GM in pos. 4-5: *2B = EQE350+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp) *2B = EQE320+ SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp) *1C = EQE350 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp) *1C = EQE320 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp) *2C = EQE500 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp) *5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp) '''V251:'''<br> following CB in pos. 4-5: *22 = R320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *25 = R320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *2F = R350 Bluetec ['10-'12 & '13 in Canada] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *56 = R350 2wd ['08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *65 = R350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *6F = R350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5H = R350 4Matic ['12 & '13 in Canada] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *75 = R500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *77 = R63 AMG ['07] (6.2-liter M156 V8) '''X164:'''<br> following BF in pos. 4-5: *22 = GL320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *25 = GL320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *2F = GL350 Bluetec ['10-'12] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *71 = GL450 ['07-'09] (4.7-liter M273 V8) *7B = GL450 ['10-'12] (4.7-liter M273 V8) *86 = GL550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *8G = GL550 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter M273 V8) '''X166:'''<br> following DF in pos. 4-5: *2E = GL350 Bluetec ['13-'16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *7C = GL450 ['13-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8 - detuned version) *6E = GL450 ['15-'16], GLS450 ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = GL550 ['13-'16], GLS550 ['17-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = GL63 AMG ['13-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7F = AMG GLS63 ['17-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''X167:'''<br> following FF in pos. 4-5: *5K = GLS450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8G = GLS580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8F = GLS580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = Mercedes-Maybach GLS600 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG GLS63 4MATIC+ ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X296:'''<br> following DM in pos. 4-5: *2D = EQS450+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp) *2E = EQS450 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp) *2E = EQS400 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp) *4E = EQS580 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp) *4E = EQS550 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp) '''Z296:'''<br> following DX in pos. 4-5: *5F = Mercedes-Maybach EQS680 4Matic SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp) '''W463 (1st gen.):'''<br> following YR in pos. 4-5 ('02-'09) or following YC in pos. 4-5 ('10-'18): *49 = G500 ['02-'08] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *37 = G550 ['09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *3H = G550 ['10-'15] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *3K = G550 ['16-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *5F = G550 4x4² ['17-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *46 = G55 AMG ['03-'04] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *71 = G55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *7B = G55 AMG ['10-'11] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *7D = G63 AMG ['13-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7F = G65 AMG ['16-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) *7E = Mercedes-Maybach G650 Landaulet ['17-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) [Middle East market, Not sold in US/Canada] '''W463 (2nd gen.):'''<br> following YC in pos. 4-5: *6B = G550 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7H = AMG G63 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8A = AMG G63 4x4² ['22-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''W465:'''<br> following WH in pos. 4-5: *1A = G550 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5A = AMG G63 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''N465:'''<br> following WM in pos. 4-5: *0A = G580 with EQ Technology ['25-] (battery-electric, 4 motors, 4wd, 579 hp) ===Position 8=== Passenger cars - Restraint system: * A 3-point seat belts for outboard passengers, center rear lap belt * B seat belt + emergency pretensioners for front passenger seat & driver-side front airbag * C seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats * D seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats, driver-side front air bag and knee bolster * E seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (SL-Class does not have rear seats) * F seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt (SL-Class & SLK-Class do not have rear seats) ['96-'98 210-series E-class sedan, '98-'99 210-series E-class wagon, '96- R129 SL-Class, '98- R170 SLK-Class] * G seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (CL-Class & CLK-Class do not have center rear seat position) ['97-'99 140-series S-class, '98-'00 202-series C-Class, '98-'02 208-series CLK-Class coupe, '99-'03 208-series CLK-Class convertible] * H seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['99 210-series E-Class sedan] * J seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['00- 210-series E-Class, '00- 220-series S-Class, '00- 215-series CL-Class, '01- 203-series C-Class, '03- 209-series CLK-Class coupe] * A seat belts + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for both front seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st row <br> ('10-'16 SLK-Class, '17-'20 SLC-Class, '10-'20 SL-Class, '11-'15 SLS AMG, '16-'21 AMG GT 2-d) * B seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows ('19-'22 A-Class sedan, '14-'25 CLA-Class, '14-'17 B-Class Electric, '15-'19 GLA45 AMG, '10-'25 C-Class, '10-'25 E-Class sedan, '11-'25 E-Class wagon,<br> '10-'23 E-Class coupe, '18-'23 E-Class cabriolet, '24-'25 CLE-Class, '10-'23 CLS-Class, '19-'25 AMG GT 4-d coupe, '23-'25 EQE sedan, '10-'25 S-Class,<br> '10-'14 CL-Class, '22-'25 EQS sedan, '22-'25 SL-Class, '24-'25 AMG GT 2-d, '10-'12 Maybach 57/62) * F seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st row ('11-'17 E-Class cabriolet) SUVs - GVWR ('98-'09): * E = Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('98-'09 M-Class, '02-'09 G-Class, '06-'09 R-Class, '07-'09 GL-Class) SUVs ('10-) Restraint system: * B seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows ('15-'20 GLA250, '21-'25 GLA-Class, '20-'25 GLB-Class, '22-'25 EQB, '10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'25 GLC-Class, '10-'15 M-Class, '16-'25 GLE-Class w/2 rows, '23-'25 EQE SUV, '10-'12 R-Class w/2 rows, '10-'15 GL-Class w/2 rows, '21-'25 Mercedes-Maybach GLS600, '23-'25 EQS SUV, '25- G-Class) * E seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st, 2nd, & 3rd rows ('20-'25 GLE-Class w/3 rows, '10-'12 & '13 in Canada R-Class w/3 rows, '10-'16 GL-Class w/3 rows, '17-'25 GLS-Class [excluding Maybach GLS600]) * F seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows (front to rear side curtain airbags only) ('10-'11 G-Class) * F seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows (front side airbags and front to rear side curtain airbags) ('12-'17 G-Class) * H seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows (front side airbags and front to rear side curtain airbags) ('18 G-Class) * J seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows ('19-'24 G-Class) GVWR: * Class C: 4001-5000 lbs. ('15-'20 GLA250, '21-'25 GLA-Class [excluding '22-'23 AMG GLA45], '20-'22 GLB250) * Class D: 5001-6000 lbs. ('22-'23 AMG GLA45, '23-'25 GLB250, '21-'25 AMG GLB35, '10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'24 GLC-Class, '25- GLC300/AMG GLC43) * Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('22-'25 EQB, '25- GLC350e/AMG GLC63 S E Performance, '10-'15 M-Class, '16-'23 GLE-Class, '24-'25 GLE350/450/AMG 53/AMG 63S, '23-'25 EQE SUV [excluding AMG], '10-'12 & '13 in Canada R-Class, '10-'12 GL-Class, '10-'12 G-Class, '19-'22, '24 G550) * Class F: 7001-8000 lbs. ('24-'25 GLE450e, '24-'25 GLE580, '24-'25 AMG EQE SUV, '13-'16 GL-Class, '17-'25 GLS-Class, '23-'25 EQS SUV, '13-'18 G-Class, '23, '25 G550, '19-'25 AMG G63, '22-'24 AMG G63 4x4², '25- G580 with EQ Technology) * Class H: 9001-10,000 lbs. ('10-'16 G-Class w/optional armoring) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * A-D: Sindelfingen, Germany * E: Sindelfingen, Germany (through 2000) * E: Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil (from 2001-2011) * E: Mishawaka, Indiana, US (AM General plant) ('16-'17 R-Class for China) * F-H: Bremen, Germany * J, K: Rastatt, Germany * L: Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia (HICOM Automotive Manufacturers plant) * M: Woking, England, UK (SLR McLaren) (McLaren Automotive plant) * N, P: Kecskemet, Hungary * R, S: East London, South Africa * T: Osnabrück, Germany (Karmann plant) * U: Sindelfingen, Germany * V: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet Automotive plant) * W: Aguascalientes, Mexico (COMPAS plant) * X: Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) * 1: Pune, Maharashtra, India For 4JG and 55S: * A, B, U: Vance, Alabama, US ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ==Commercial Vehicles== Position 1-3 * VSA - Mercedes-Benz Espana SA (1st gen. Vito/V-Class - W638) * WDB - Daimler-Benz AG, DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG * WDF - DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Citan, Vito/V-Class & X-Class) * W1H - Freightliner Truck made in Germany by Daimler Truck (Freightliner Econic) * W1T - Daimler AG (Daimler Truck Holding AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz truck) * W1V - Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz van) * W1W - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * W1X - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * W1Y - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * W1Z - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter) * WD4 - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * WDA - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * WD3 - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * WDZ - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter) * WD0 - Dodge Sprinter Truck 2005-2009 (T1N & NCV3) * WD1 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle (T1N) * WD2 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Truck (T1N) * WD5 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter MPV (T1N) * WD6 - Freightliner Unimog Truck * WD7 - Freightliner Unimog Incomplete Vehicle * WD8 - Dodge Sprinter MPV 2005-2009 (T1N & NCV3) * WDW - Dodge Sprinter Bus 2008-2009 (NCV3) * WDX - Dodge Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle 2005-2009 (T1N & NCV3) * WDR - Freightliner MPV * WDP - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle * WDY - Freightliner Truck * WCD - Freightliner Bus * W2W - Freightliner MPV * W2X - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle * W2Y - Freightliner Truck * W2Z - Freightliner Bus * 1MB - Mercedes-Benz Truck Co., Inc. (M-B Truck made in USA) (1981-1990) * 8AB - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Truck & Bus (for South America) * 8AC - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Van (for South America) * 8BT - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 8BN - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 8BU - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 8BR - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 9BM - Mercedes-Benz Brazil Truck & Bus (for South America) Position 4–6, Model *414 - Vaneo *415 - Mark 1 Citan *420 - Mark 2 Citan *447 - Mark 3 Vito *470 - X-Class *638 - Mark 1 Vito *639 - Mark 2 Vito *670 - Vario *901 - Sprinter T1N *902 - Sprinter T1N *903 - Sprinter T1N *904 - Sprinter T1N *905 - Sprinter T1N *906 - Sprinter NCV3 *907 - Sprinter VS30 (RWD) *910 - Sprinter VS30 (FWD) *930 - Actros Rigids *933 - Actros MP2 concrete mixer *934 - Actros MP2 tractor *944 - Axor Tractor *950 - Axor Rigids / Actros Mk1 Rigids *952 - Axor *954 - Actros Mk1 Tractor *956 - Econic *963 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Antos *964 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Arocs *967 - Atego *970 - Atego *972 - Atego *976 - Atego Fire Position 7–9, Weight and Length code Position 10, Drive indicator *1 Left hand drive *2 Right hand drive Position 11, Plant code * A: Buenos Aires, Argentina * E: Buenos Aires, Argentina * G: Barcelona, Spain (Nissan plant) (X-Class pickup) * N: Hampton, VA, US (For WMI 1MB) * N: Ludwigsfelde, Germany * P, R, S: Düsseldorf, Germany * T: Ladson, South Carolina, US * U: Maubeuge, France (Renault plant) (Citan, T-Class, EQT) * V: Wörth, Germany * 3: Vitoria, Spain * 4: Vitoria, Spain (When Position 1-3 is W1V) * 4: Wörth, Germany (Freightliner Unimog) * 5: Düsseldorf, Germany * 9: Ludwigsfelde, Germany Position 12–17, Serial Number Position 18, Check Digit ==External links== Online [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz Vito decoder] WDB1260251A336981 {{BookCat}} r0sjq0okzxy5v2lane3fgul1gmvr0su 4635587 4635581 2026-05-13T15:44:51Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 8 */ 4635587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} Mercedes-Benz uses the following VIN formats: (Note) This chart is not applicable to Mercedes-Benz products made for markets other than North America. European/World market cars use a different system for encoding VIN numbers. ==1960-1980== Position 1-3 - chassis code (e.g. 107, 116, 123, etc.) Position 4-6 - model type (e.g. 024, 032, 033, 036, 044, 045, etc.) Position 7 - 1=LH Drive (made in Germany), 2=RH Drive (made in Germany), 5=LH Drive CKD, 6=RH Drive CKD (Complete Knocked Down, assembled outside Germany)1 Position 8 - 0=Manual transmission, 1=Hydraulic clutch, 2= Automatic transmission 2 (Alphabetics indicate Plant of Manufacture i.e.: A = Sindelfingen) Position 9-14 - Construction serial number 10704312006193 ==Passenger Vehicles 1981-== ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * W1K Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car) * W1N Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz SUV) * WDB Daimler-Benz AG (DaimlerChrysler after 1998) (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz or Maybach passenger car) * WDC DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz SUV) * WDD DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car) * WMX Mercedes-AMG (not used in North America) * 4JG Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz SUV) * 55S Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz passenger car) * 9BM Mercedes-Benz Brazil car & SUV ===Position 4, Model or Series:=== * A W123 300-Class * B R107 SL-Class * B C107 SLC-Class * C W126/C126 S-Class * D W201 190-Class * E W124 300-Class/E-Class * F R129 SL-Class * G W140/C140 S-Class, C140 CL-Class * H W202 C-Class * J W210 E-Class * K R170 SLK-Class * L C208/A208 CLK-Class * N W220 S-Class * P C215 CL-Class * R W203 C-Class * S R230 SL-Class * T C209/A209 CLK-Class * U W211 E-Class * W R171 SLK-Class *---------------------------------- * A C199/R199/Z199 SLR McLaren * D C219 CLS-Class * E C216 CL-Class * F W245 B-Class (Canada only) * G W204 C-Class * H W212/S212 E-Class sedan/wagon * J R231 SL-Class * K C207/A207 E-Class coupe/convertible * L C218 CLS-Class * M W246 B-Class (Canada only) * N W221 S-Class * P R172 SLK-Class/SLC-Class * R C197/R197 SLS AMG * S C117 CLA-Class * U W222 S-Class sedan * V W240 Maybach 57/62 * V N242 B-Class Electric * W W205 C-Class * X C217/A217 S-Class coupe/convertible * Y C190/R190 AMG GT coupe/roadster * Z W213/S213/X213 E-Class sedan/wagon/All-Terrain wagon * 1 C238/A238 E-Class coupe/convertible * 2 C257 CLS-Class * 3 V177 A-Class sedan * 3 W177 A-Class hatchback (Canada only) * 5 C118 CLA-Class * 6 W223 S-Class sedan * 7 X290 AMG GT 4-door coupe *---------------------------------- * A W206 C-Class * C V297 EQS-Class sedan * E V295 EQE-Class sedan * F C174 CLA-Class sedan EV * L W214/X214 E-Class sedan/All-Terrain wagon * M C236/A236 CLE-Class coupe/convertible * R C192 AMG GT coupe * V R232 SL-Class *---------------------------------- * A W163 M-Class * B W164 M-Class * B X164 GL-Class * C W251 R-Class * D W166 M-Class/GLE-Class * D X166 GL-Class/GLS-Class * D X296 EQS-Class SUV * E C292 GLE-Class Coupe * F W167/C167 GLE-Class * F X167 GLS-Class * G X204 GLK-Class * 0 X253/C253 GLC-Class * G X294 EQE-Class SUV * K X254/C254 GLC-Class * T X156 GLA-Class * Y W463 G-Class * W W465 G-Class * 4 H247 GLA-Class * 4 X247 GLB-Class * 9 X243 EQB-Class ===Position 5, Body Style:=== Passenger Cars: * B = Long Body * F = Sedan ('96+ E-Class, '01+ C-Class, '06 S-Class [S350], Maybach 57) * F = 5-door hatchback (Canada only: '19-'22 A-Class) * G = Sedan Long Wheelbase ('00+ S-Class, Maybach 62) * G = Sedan ('19-'22 A-Class sedan) * G = Electric Sedan ('23+ EQE sedan) * G = Electric hatchback Sedan ('22+ EQS sedan) * H = Wagon ('98-'09, '11- E-Class wagon, '02-'05 C-Class wagon, Canada only: '19-'21 C-Class wagon) * H = "Sedan" [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] ('06-'11, '13-'19 B-Class [gas engine] - Canada only) * J = 2-door Coupe ('98-'09 CLK-Class Coupe, '12-'15, '17-'23 C-Class coupe, '10-'23 E-Class coupe, '24- CLE-Class coupe, '00-'14 CL-Class, '15-'21 S-Class coupe, '05-'07 SLR McLaren coupe, '11-'15 SLS AMG coupe, '16-'21, '24- AMG GT coupe) * J = 4-door Coupe ('06-'23 CLS-Class, '14- CLA-Class) * K = Cabriolet/Roadster ('99-'09 CLK-Class Cabriolet, '17-'23 C-Class Cabriolet, '11-'23 E-Class Cabriolet, '24- CLE-Class Cabriolet, '17-'21 S-Class Cabriolet, '98-'16 SLK-Class, '17-'20 SLC-Class, '03+ SL-Class, '08-'09 SLR McLaren roadster, '12-'15 SLS AMG roadster, '18-'21 AMG GT roadster) * N = "Coupe" [3-door hatchback] ('02-'05 C-Class Sport Coupe) * P = "Sedan" [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] (B-Class Electric) * X = 4-door Sedan Extra-Long Wheelbase ('16+ Maybach S-Class) * X = 4-door Coupe [5-door hatchback] ('19- AMG GT 4-door Coupe) * X = Cabriolet/Roadster ('26+ Maybach SL680) SUVs: * A = 4-door MPV ('12-'15 M-Class, '16-'19 GLE-Class wagon) * B = 4-door MPV ('98-'11 M-Class) * B = 4-door MPV ('20-' GLE-Class wagon) * B = 4-door MPV ('06-'12 & '13 in Canada R-Class) * C = 4-door MPV ('10-'24 G-Class) * D = 4-door MPV ('16-'19, '21- GLE-Class Coupe) * F = 4-door MPV ('07-'16 GL-Class, '17- GLS-Class) * G = 4-door MPV ('10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'22 GLC-Class wagon) * G = 4-door MPV ('15-'20 GLA-Class) * H = 4-door MPV ('25- G550, G63 AMG) * J = 4-door MPV ('17- GLC-Class Coupe) * M = 4-door MPV ('20- GLB-Class, '22- EQB-Class) * M = 4-door MPV ('23- GLC-Class wagon) * M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQE-Class SUV) * M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQS-Class SUV) * M = 4-door MPV ('25- G580 EQ [EV]) * N = 4-door MPV ('21- GLA-Class) * R = 4-door MPV ('02-'09 G-Class) * X = 4-door MPV ('24- Maybach EQS680 SUV) On older models, this indicated the engine type, through much of the 1990s and into the 2000's for some models: * A = Gasoline (190 Class '84-'93, C-Class '94-'00, 300 Class '81, '86-'93, E-Class '94-'95, S-Class '81-'99, CL-Class '98-'99, SL-Class '81-'02, SLC '81) * B = Diesel (190 Class '84-'89, 300 Class '81-'85, '87, '90-'93, E-Class '95, S-Class '81-'87, '90-'95) * D = 4Matic Gasoline ('90-'93 300E 4Matic, 300TE 4Matic) * M = AMG Gasoline ('95-'97 C36 AMG only) ===Positions 6–7, Model within the series:=== '''V177:'''<br> following 3G in pos. 4-5: *4E = A220 sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4F = A220 4Matic sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG A35 4Matic sedan ['20-'21 & in Canada: '22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) '''W177:'''<br> following 3F in pos. 4-5: *4G = A250 hatchback [Canada only: '19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = A250 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG A35 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) '''W245:'''<br> following FH in pos. 4-5: *33 = B200 [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4 *3D = B200 [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4 *34 = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4 *3E = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4 *8G = B-Class F-Cell (hydrogen fuel cell) '''W246:'''<br> following MH in pos. 4-5: *4E = B250 [Canada only: '13-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4 *4G = B250 4Matic [Canada only: '15-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4 '''N242:'''<br> following VP in pos. 4-5: *9A = B-Class Electric Drive ['14-'15], B250e ['16-'17] (Tesla front electric motor, Lithium-ion battery pack, fwd, 177 hp) '''C117:'''<br> following SJ in pos. 4-5: *4E = CLA250 sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *4G = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *5C = CLA45 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4) '''C118:'''<br> following 5J in pos. 4-5: *4G = CLA250 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4G = CLA250 sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5D = AMG CLA45 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4) *5E = AMG CLA45 S 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4) '''C174:'''<br> following FJ in pos. 4-5: *1D = CLA250+ EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 268 hp) *4E = CLA350 4Matic EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 349 hp) '''W201:'''<br> following DA in pos. 4-5: *24 = 190E 2.3 ['84-'86] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4) *28 = 190E 2.3 ['87-'88, '91-'93] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4) *29 = 190E 2.6 ['87-'93] (2.6-liter M103 I6) *34 = 190E 2.3-16 ['86-'87] (2.3-liter DOHC, 16 valve M102 I4) following DB in pos. 4-5: *22 = 190D 2.2 ['84-'85] (2.2-liter OM601 diesel I4) *26 = 190D 2.5 ['86-'89] (2.5-liter OM602 diesel I5) *28 = 190D 2.5 Turbo ['87] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5) '''W202:'''<br> following HA in pos. 4-5: *22 = C220 ['94-'96] (2.2-liter M111 I4) *23 = C230 ['97-'98] (2.3-liter M111 I4) *24 = C230 Kompressor ['99-'00] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4) *28 = C280 ['94-'97] (2.8-liter M104 I6) *29 = C280 ['98-'00] (2.8-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *33 = C43 AMG ['98-'00] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113.944 V8) following HM in pos. 4-5: *36 = C36 AMG ['95-'97] (3.6-liter M104 AMG I6) '''W203/S203/CL203:'''<br> following RF in pos. 4-5: *40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Sedan ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4) *52 = C230 Sport Sedan ['06-'07] (2.5-liter M272 90° V6) *54 = C280 sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *56 = C350 sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *61 = C240 sedan ['01-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *64 = C320 sedan ['01-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *65 = C32 AMG sedan ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve supercharged M112 90° V6) *76 = C55 AMG ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *81 = C240 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *84 = C320 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *87 = C350 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *92 = C280 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) following RH in pos. 4-5: *61 = C240 wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *64 = C320 wagon ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *81 = C240 4Matic wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *84 = C320 4Matic wagon ['03-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) following RN in pos. 4-5: *47 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['02] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4) *40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4) *64 = C320 Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) '''W204/C204:'''<br> following GF in pos. 4-5: *4H = C250 sedan ['12-'14] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4) *54 = C300 sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *5E = C300 sedan ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *56 = C350 sedan ['08-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5G = C350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5H = C350 sedan ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *77 = C63 AMG sedan ['08-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7H = C63 AMG sedan ['10-'14], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *81 = C300 4Matic sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *8B = C300 4Matic sedan ['10-'12] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *8A = C300 4Matic sedan ['13-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version) following GJ in pos. 4-5: *4H = C250 coupe ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4) *5H = C350 coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *7H = C63 AMG coupe ['12-'15], C63 AMG Black Series coupe ['12-'13], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14-'15] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *8J = C350 4Matic coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) '''W205/S205/C205/A205:'''<br> following WF in pos. 4-5: *4J = C300 sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = C300 4Matic sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4H = C350e sedan ['16-'18] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8D = C300 sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6G = C400 4Matic sedan ['15] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6E = C450 AMG Sport 4Matic sedan ['16], AMG C43 4Matic sedan ['17-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8G = AMG C63 sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8H = AMG C63 S sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) following WH in pos. 4-5: *4K = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG C43 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) following WJ in pos. 4-5: *4J = C300 coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = C300 4Matic coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = C300 coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG C43 4Matic coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8G = AMG C63 coupe ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8H = AMG C63 S coupe ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) following WK in pos. 4-5: *4J = C300 convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = C300 4Matic convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = C300 convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG C43 4Matic convertible ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8G = AMG C63 convertible ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8H = AMG C63 S convertible ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''W206:'''<br> following AF in pos. 4-5: *4G = C300 sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = C300 4Matic sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = AMG C43 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG C63 S E Performance 4Matic sedan ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) '''W123/S123/C123:'''<br> following AA in pos. 4-5: *33 = 280E ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6) *53 = 280CE ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6) following AB in pos. 4-5: *23 = 240D ['81-'83] (2.4-liter OM616 diesel I4) *30 = 300D ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5) *33 = 300D Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) *50 = 300CD ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5) *53 = 300CD Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) *93 = 300TD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) '''W124/S124/C124/A124:'''<br> following EA in pos. 4-5: *26 = 260E ['87-'89], 300E 2.6 ['90-'92] (2.6-liter M103 I6) *28 = 300E 2.8 ['93] (2.8-liter M104 I6) *30 = 300E ['86-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *32 = 300E ['93], E320 sedan ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *34 = 400E ['92-'93], E420 sedan ['94-'95] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *36 = 500E ['92-'93], E500 sedan ['94] (5.0-liter M119 V8) *50 = 300CE ['88-'89] (3.0-liter SOHC, 12 valve M103 I6) *51 = 300CE ['90-'92] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6) *52 = 300CE coupe ['93], E320 coupe ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *66 = 300CE convertible ['93], E320 convertible ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *90 = 300TE ['88-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *92 = 300TE ['93], E320 wagon ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) following EB in pos. 4-5: *28 = 300D 2.5 Turbo ['90-'93] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5) *31 = E300 Diesel ['95] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6) *33 = 300D Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) *93 = 300TD Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) following ED in pos. 4-5: *30 = 300E 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *90 = 300TE 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6) '''W210/S210:'''<br> following JF in pos. 4-5: *20 = E300 Diesel ['96-'97] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6) *25 = E300 Turbodiesel ['98-'99] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 turbodiesel I6) *55 = E320 ['96-'97] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *65 = E320 sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *72 = E420 ['97] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *70 = E430 ['98-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = E55 AMG ['99-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *83 = E430 4Matic ['00-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) following JH in pos. 4-5: *65 = E320 wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) '''W211/S211:'''<br> following UF in pos. 4-5: *26 = E320 CDI sedan ['05-'06] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM648 turbodiesel I6) *22 = E320 Bluetec sedan ['07-'09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *65 = E320 sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = E350 sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *70 = E500 sedan ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = E550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = E55 AMG sedan ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *77 = E63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *83 = E500 4Matic sedan ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *87 = E350 4Matic sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *90 = E550 4Matic sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) following UH in pos. 4-5: *65 = E320 wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = E350 wagon ['06] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *76 = E55 AMG wagon ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *77 = E63 AMG wagon ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *83 = E500 4Matic wagon ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *87 = E350 4Matic wagon ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) '''W212/S212:'''<br> following HF in pos. 4-5: *2E = E350 Bluetec sedan ['11-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *0E = E250 Bluetec sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4) *5G = E350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5K = E350 sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6F = E400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7C = E550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7H = E63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7E = E63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8B = E300 4Matic sedan [Canada only: '12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version) *8H = E350 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8J = E350 4Matic sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *9A = E550 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *9B = E550 4Matic sedan ['12-'14, Canada only: '15-'16] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *9C = E63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'15] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *9F = E400 Hybrid sedan ['13-'15] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *9H = E250 Bluetec 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve turbodiesel I4) following HH in pos. 4-5: *8H = E350 4Matic wagon ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8J = E350 4Matic wagon ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E400 4Matic wagon [Canada only: '15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7E = E63 AMG wagon ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic wagon ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''W213/S213:'''<br> following ZF in pos. 4-5: *4J = E300 sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = E300 4Matic sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = E350 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = E350 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6G = E400 4Matic sedan ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic sedan ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *5K = E450 4Matic sedan ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6E = AMG E43 4Matic sedan ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6B = AMG E53 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic sedan ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) following ZH in pos. 4-5: *6G = E400 4Matic wagon ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic wagon ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6A = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic wagon ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''W214/S214:'''<br> following LF in pos. 4-5: *4G = E350 sedan ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = E350 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = E450 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ sedan ['25-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following LH in pos. 4-5: *6F = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ wagon ['26-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C219:'''<br> following DJ in pos. 4-5: *75 = CLS500 sedan ['06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = CLS550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7C = CLS550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = CLS55 AMG sedan ['06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *77 = CLS63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7H = CLS63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8) '''C218:'''<br> following LJ in pos. 4-5: *6F = CLS400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = CLS400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = CLS550 sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = CLS63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7G = CLS63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *9B = CLS550 4Matic sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *9C = CLS63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''C257:'''<br> following 2J in pos. 4-5: *5J = CLS450 sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = CLS450 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG CLS53 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X290:'''<br> following 7X in pos. 4-5: *5K = AMG GT43 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG GT53 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8K = AMG GT63 S 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''V295:'''<br> following EG in pos. 4-5: *2B = EQE350+ sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp) *2B = EQE320+ sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp) *1C = EQE350 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp) *1C = EQE320 4Matic sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp) *2C = EQE500 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp) *5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp) '''W126/V126//C126:'''<br> following CA in pos. 4-5: *24 = 300SE ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *25 = 300SEL ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *32 = 380SE ['84-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *33 = 380SEL ['81-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *35 = 420SEL ['86-'91] (4.2-liter M116 V8) *37 = 500SEL ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8) *39 = 560SEL ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8) *43 = 380SEC ['82-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *44 = 500SEC ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8) *45 = 560SEC ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8) following CB in pos. 4-5: *20 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) *25 = 300SDL Turbodiesel ['86-'87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) *34 = 350SD Turbodiesel ['91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) *35 = 350SDL Turbodiesel ['90-'91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) '''W140/V140/C140:'''<br> following GA in pos. 4-5: *32 = 300SE ['92-'93], S320 sedan SWB ['94-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *33 = S320 sedan LWB ['95-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *42 = 400SE ['92] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *43 = 400SEL ['93], S420 ['94-'99] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *51 = 500SEL ['92-'93], S500 sedan ['94-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8) *57 = 600SEL ['92-'93], S600 sedan ['94-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12) *70 = 500SEC ['93], S500 coupe ['94-'97], CL500 ['98-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8) *76 = 600SEC ['93], S600 coupe ['94-'97], CL600 ['98-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12) following GB in pos. 4-5: *34 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['92-'93], S350 Turbodiesel ['94-'95] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) '''V220:'''<br> following NG in pos. 4-5: *70 = S430 ['00-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *73 = S55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = S55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *75 = S500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *78 = S600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12) *76 = S600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *79 = S65 AMG ['06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *83 = S430 4Matic ['03-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *84 = S500 4Matic ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''W220:'''<br> following NF in pos. 4-5: *67 = S350 ['06] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) '''C215:'''<br> following PJ in pos. 4-5: *73 = CL55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = CL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *75 = CL500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *78 = CL600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12) *76 = CL600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *79 = CL65 AMG ['05-'06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) '''V221:'''<br> following NG in pos. 4-5: *71 = S550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *7B = S550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *7D = S550 ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *76 = S600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *7G = S600 ['10-'13] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *77 = S63 AMG ['08-09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7H = S63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7E = S63 AMG ['11-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *79 = S65 AMG ['07-09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *7K = S65 AMG ['10-'13] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *8D = S350 Bluetec 4Matic ['12-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *86 = S550 4Matic ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *8G = S550 4Matic ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *9E = S550 4Matic ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *9F = S400 Hybrid ['10-'13] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M272 90° Atkinson-cycle V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C216:'''<br> following EJ in pos. 4-5: *71 = CL550 ['07-'08] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *76 = CL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *7G = CL600 ['10-'14] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *77 = CL63 AMG ['08-'09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7H = CL63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7E = CL63 AMG ['11-'14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *79 = CL65 AMG ['08-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *7K = CL65 AMG ['10-'14] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *86 = CL550 4Matic ['09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *8G = CL550 4Matic ['10] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *9E = CL550 4Matic ['11-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) '''V222:'''<br> following UG in pos. 4-5: *6D = S550 Plug-in Hybrid ['15], S550e ['16-'17] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *7D = S560e ['19-'20] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6G = S450 sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6E = S450 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8C = S550 sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8D = S560 sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *8F = S550 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8G = S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7G = S600 sedan ['15-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12) *7K = S65 AMG sedan ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) '''X222:'''<br> following UX in pos. 4-5: *8F = Mercedes-Maybach S550 4Matic sedan ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8G = Mercedes-Maybach S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7G = Mercedes-Maybach S600 sedan ['16-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12) *8A = Mercedes-Maybach S650 sedan ['18-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) '''C217:'''<br> following XJ in pos. 4-5: *8F = S550 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8G = S560 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7K = S65 AMG coupe ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) '''A217:'''<br> following XK in pos. 4-5: *8C = S550 convertible ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8D = S560 convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7K = S65 AMG convertible ['17-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) *7K = Mercedes-Maybach S650 convertible ['17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) '''V223:'''<br> following 6G in pos. 4-5: *6D = S500 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6K = S580e 4Matic sedan ['23-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *7G = S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8C = AMG S63 E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''Z223:'''<br> following 6X in pos. 4-5: *7G = Mercedes-Maybach S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *7K = Mercedes-Maybach S680 4Matic sedan ['22-] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) '''V297:'''<br> following CG in pos. 4-5: *2D = EQS450+ sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 329 hp) *2D = EQS450+ sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp) *2E = EQS450 4Matic sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp) *4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 516 hp) *4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp) *5F = AMG EQS 4Matic+ sedan ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp) '''W240:'''<br> following VF in pos. 4-5: *78 = Maybach 57 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *7J = Maybach 57 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *79 = Maybach 57S ['06-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7K = Maybach 57S ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 57S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 57S ['11-'12] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) '''V240:'''<br> following VG in pos. 4-5: *78 = Maybach 62 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *7J = Maybach 62 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *79 = Maybach 62S ['07-'09], 62S Landaulet ('09) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7K = Maybach 62S ['10], 62S Landaulet ('10) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 62S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 62S ['11-'12], 62S Landaulet ('11-'12) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) '''C208/A208:'''<br> following LJ in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['98-'02 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *70 = CLK430 ['99-'02 coupe] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = CLK55 AMG ['01-'02 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) following LK in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['99-'03 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *70 = CLK430 ['00-'03 convertible] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = CLK55 AMG ['02 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''C209/A209:'''<br> following TJ in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['03-'05 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 coupe] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *75 = CLK500 ['03-'06 coupe] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 coupe] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = CLK55 AMG ['03-'05 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *77 = CLK63 AMG Black Series ['08 coupe] (6.2-liter M156 V8) following TK in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['04-'05 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 convertible] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *75 = CLK500 ['04-'06 convertible] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 convertible] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = CLK55 AMG ['04-'06 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *77 = CLK63 AMG ['07-'08 convertible] (6.2-liter M156 V8) '''C207/A207:'''<br> following KJ in pos. 4-5: *5G = E350 coupe ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5K = E350 coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6F = E400 coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E400 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7C = E550 coupe ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7D = E550 coupe ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8J = E350 4Matic coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) following KK in pos. 4-5: *5G = E350 convertible ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5K = E350 convertible ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6F = E400 convertible ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7C = E550 convertible ['11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7D = E550 convertible ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) '''C238/A238:'''<br> following 1J in pos. 4-5: *6F = E400 coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = E400 4Matic coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E450 coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *5J = E450 coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = E450 4Matic coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG E53 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following 1K in pos. 4-5: *6F = E400 convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = E400 4Matic convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E450 convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *5J = E450 convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = E450 4Matic convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG E53 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C236/A236:'''<br> following MJ in pos. 4-5: *4H = CLE300 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = CLE450 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following MK in pos. 4-5: *4H = CLE300 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = CLE450 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic convertible ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''R170:'''<br> following KK in pos. 4-5: *47 = SLK230 Kompressor ['98-'00] (2.3-liter M111.973 supercharged I4) *49 = SLK230 Kompressor ['01-'04] (2.3-liter M111.983 supercharged I4) *65 = SLK320 ['01-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *66 = SLK32 AMG ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 supercharged 90° V6) '''R171:'''<br> following WK in pos. 4-5: *54 = SLK280 ['06-'08], SLK300 ['09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *5E = SLK300 ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *56 = SLK350 ['05-'08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *58 = SLK350 ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5J = SLK350 ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *73 = SLK55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *7D = SLK55 AMG ['10] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''R172:'''<br> following PK in pos. 4-5: *4H = SLK250 ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4) *3J = SLK300 ['16], SLC300 ['17-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *5H = SLK350 ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = SLC43 AMG ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin-turbocharged M276 60° GDI V6) *7F = SLK55 AMG ['12-'16] (5.5-liter M152 GDI V8) '''R107:'''<br> following BA in pos. 4-5: *45 = 380SL ['81-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *48 = 560SL ['86-'89] (5.5-liter M117 V8) '''C107:'''<br> following BA in pos. 4-5: *25 = 380SLC ['81] (3.8-liter M116 V8) '''R129:'''<br> following FA in pos. 4-5: *61 = 300SL ['90-'93] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6) *63 = SL320 ['94-'97] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6) *66 = 500SL ['90-'92] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8) *67 = 500SL ['93], SL500 ['94-'98] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8) *68 = SL500 ['99-'02] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *76 = 600SL ['93], SL600 ['94-'02] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12) '''R230:'''<br> following SK in pos. 4-5: *75 = SL500 ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *71 = SL550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *7B = SL550 ['11-'12] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *74 = SL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *72 = SL55 AMG ['07-'08] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *70 = SL63 AMG ['09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7A = SL63 AMG ['11-'12] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *76 = SL600 ['04-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *77 = SL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *79 = SL65 AMG ['05-'09], SL65 AMG Black Series ['09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *7K = SL65 AMG ['11] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) '''R231:'''<br> following JK in pos. 4-5: *6F = SL400 ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = SL450 ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = SL550 ['13-'20] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = SL63 AMG ['13-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7K = SL65 AMG ['13-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) '''R232:'''<br> following VK in pos. 4-5: *5A = AMG SL43 ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG SL55 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8B = AMG SL63 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8C = AMG SL63 S E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following VX in pos. 4-5: *8B = Maybach SL680 4Matic ['26-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''C199/R199:'''<br> following AJ in pos. 4-5: *76 = SLR McLaren coupe ['05-'07] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8) following AK in pos. 4-5: *76 = SLR McLaren roadster ['08-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8) '''C197/R197:'''<br> following RJ in pos. 4-5: *7H = SLS AMG coupe ['11-'12] (6.2-liter M159 V8) *7J = SLS AMG GT coupe ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8) *7H = SLS AMG Black Series coupe ['14] (6.2-liter M159 V8) following RK in pos. 4-5: *7H = SLS AMG roadster ['12] (6.2-liter M159 V8) *7J = SLS AMG GT roadster ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8) '''C190:'''<br> following YJ in pos. 4-5: *7H = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8C = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *AJ = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7J = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16-'19] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8A = AMG GT 2-d coupe C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R Pro ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8B = AMG GT 2-d coupe Black Series ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 LS2 GDI flat-plane crank V8) '''R190:'''<br> following YK in pos. 4-5: *7H = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8C = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8A = AMG GT roadster C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT 2-d roadster R ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) '''C192:'''<br> following RJ in pos. 4-5: *4C = AMG GT43 coupe ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG GT55 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8C = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8J = AMG GT63 Pro 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''X156:'''<br> following TG in pos. 4-5: *4E = GLA250 ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *4G = GLA250 4Matic ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *5C = GLA45 AMG 4Matic ['15-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4) '''H247:'''<br> following 4N in pos. 4-5: *4G = GLA250 ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4G = GLA250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = GLA250 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = GLA250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5D = AMG GLA45 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4) '''X247:'''<br> following 4M in pos. 4-5: *4G = GLB250 ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4G = GLB250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = GLB250 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = GLB250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X243:'''<br> following 9M in pos. 4-5: *0C = EQB250+ ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 front motor, Fwd, 188 hp) *0K = EQB300 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 225 hp) *1D = EQB350 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp) '''X204:'''<br> following GG in pos. 4-5: *0E = GLK250 Bluetec 4Matic ['13-'15] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4) *5G = GLK350 2wd ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5H = GLK350 2wd ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *8H = GLK350 4Matic ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8J = GLK350 4Matic ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) '''X253:'''<br> following 0G in pos. 4-5: *4J = GLC300 2wd ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = GLC300 4Matic ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = GLC300 2wd ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = GLC300 4Matic ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *5E = GLC350e 4Matic ['18-'19] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 114 hp electric motor, 8.7 kWh lithium-ion battery) *5D = GLC350e 4Matic ['20] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 121 hp electric motor, 13.5 kWh lithium-ion battery) *6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['17-'22] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''C253:'''<br> following 0J in pos. 4-5: *4K = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8E = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8K = AMG GLC63 S 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''X254:'''<br> following KM in pos. 4-5: *4G = GLC300 2wd ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = GLC300 4Matic ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5G = GLC350e 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) '''C254:'''<br> following KJ in pos. 4-5: *4H = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic Coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) '''W163:'''<br> following AB in pos. 4-5: *54 = ML320 ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *57 = ML350 ['03-'05] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *72 = ML430 ['99-'01] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = ML55 AMG ['00-'03] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *75 = ML500 ['02-'05] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''W164:'''<br> following BB in pos. 4-5: *22 = ML320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *25 = ML320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *2F = ML350 Bluetec ['10-'11] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *56 = ML350 2wd ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5G = ML350 2wd ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *86 = ML350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8G = ML350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *75 = ML500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = ML550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7C = ML550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *77 = ML63 AMG ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7H = ML63 AMG ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *9F = ML450 Hybrid 4Matic ['10-'11] (2-Mode Hybrid: 3.5-liter Atkinson-cycle M272 90° V6 + 2 electric motors, Nickel–metal hydride battery) '''W166:'''<br> following DA in pos. 4-5: *2E = ML350 Bluetec ['12-'14 & '15 in Canada], GLE350d [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *0E = ML250 Bluetec ['15], GLE300d ['16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4) *5J = ML350 2wd ['13-'15], GLE350 2wd ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *5H = ML350 4Matic ['12-'15], GLE350 4Matic ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *5G = ML400 4Matic ['15], GLE400 4Matic ['16-'17 & '19, Canada only: '18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6D = GLE550e 4Matic ['16-'18] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic [Canada only: '16], AMG GLE43 4Matic ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = ML550 ['12-'14 & '15 in Canada], GLE550 [Canada only: '16-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = ML63 AMG ['12-'15], AMG GLE63 ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7F = AMG GLE63 S ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''C292:'''<br> following ED in pos. 4-5: *2E = GLE350d Coupe [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic Coupe ['16], AMG GLE43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7F = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''W167:'''<br> following FB in pos. 4-5: *4J = GLE350 2wd ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *4K = GLE350 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *4E = GLE350 2wd ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4F = GLE350 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4G = GLE450e 4Matic ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = GLE450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG GLE53 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8G = GLE580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8F = GLE580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG GLE63 S ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C167:'''<br> following FD in pos. 4-5: *5K = GLE450 Coupe [Canada only: '22-'24, US & Canada: '25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG GLE53 Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X294:'''<br> following GM in pos. 4-5: *2B = EQE350+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp) *2B = EQE320+ SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp) *1C = EQE350 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp) *1C = EQE320 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp) *2C = EQE500 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp) *5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp) '''V251:'''<br> following CB in pos. 4-5: *22 = R320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *25 = R320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *2F = R350 Bluetec ['10-'12 & '13 in Canada] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *56 = R350 2wd ['08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *65 = R350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *6F = R350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5H = R350 4Matic ['12 & '13 in Canada] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *75 = R500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *77 = R63 AMG ['07] (6.2-liter M156 V8) '''X164:'''<br> following BF in pos. 4-5: *22 = GL320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *25 = GL320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *2F = GL350 Bluetec ['10-'12] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *71 = GL450 ['07-'09] (4.7-liter M273 V8) *7B = GL450 ['10-'12] (4.7-liter M273 V8) *86 = GL550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *8G = GL550 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter M273 V8) '''X166:'''<br> following DF in pos. 4-5: *2E = GL350 Bluetec ['13-'16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *7C = GL450 ['13-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8 - detuned version) *6E = GL450 ['15-'16], GLS450 ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = GL550 ['13-'16], GLS550 ['17-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = GL63 AMG ['13-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7F = AMG GLS63 ['17-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''X167:'''<br> following FF in pos. 4-5: *5K = GLS450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8G = GLS580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8F = GLS580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = Mercedes-Maybach GLS600 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG GLS63 4MATIC+ ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X296:'''<br> following DM in pos. 4-5: *2D = EQS450+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp) *2E = EQS450 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp) *2E = EQS400 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp) *4E = EQS580 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp) *4E = EQS550 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp) '''Z296:'''<br> following DX in pos. 4-5: *5F = Mercedes-Maybach EQS680 4Matic SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp) '''W463 (1st gen.):'''<br> following YR in pos. 4-5 ('02-'09) or following YC in pos. 4-5 ('10-'18): *49 = G500 ['02-'08] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *37 = G550 ['09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *3H = G550 ['10-'15] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *3K = G550 ['16-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *5F = G550 4x4² ['17-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *46 = G55 AMG ['03-'04] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *71 = G55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *7B = G55 AMG ['10-'11] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *7D = G63 AMG ['13-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7F = G65 AMG ['16-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) *7E = Mercedes-Maybach G650 Landaulet ['17-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) [Middle East market, Not sold in US/Canada] '''W463 (2nd gen.):'''<br> following YC in pos. 4-5: *6B = G550 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7H = AMG G63 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8A = AMG G63 4x4² ['22-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''W465:'''<br> following WH in pos. 4-5: *1A = G550 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5A = AMG G63 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''N465:'''<br> following WM in pos. 4-5: *0A = G580 with EQ Technology ['25-] (battery-electric, 4 motors, 4wd, 579 hp) ===Position 8=== Passenger cars - Restraint system: * A 3-point seat belts for outboard passengers, center rear lap belt * B seat belt + emergency pretensioners for front passenger seat & driver-side front airbag * C seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats * D seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats, driver-side front air bag and knee bolster * E seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (SL-Class does not have rear seats) * F seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt (SL-Class & SLK-Class do not have rear seats) ['96-'98 210-series E-class sedan, '98-'99 210-series E-class wagon, '96- R129 SL-Class, '98- R170 SLK-Class] * G seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (CL-Class & CLK-Class do not have center rear seat position) ['97-'99 140-series S-class, '98-'00 202-series C-Class, '98-'02 208-series CLK-Class coupe, '99-'03 208-series CLK-Class convertible] * H seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['99 210-series E-Class sedan] * J seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['00- 210-series E-Class, '00- 220-series S-Class, '00- 215-series CL-Class, '01- 203-series C-Class, '03- 209-series CLK-Class coupe] * A seat belts + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for both front seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st row <br> ('10-'16 SLK-Class, '17-'20 SLC-Class, '10-'20 SL-Class, '11-'15 SLS AMG, '16-'21 AMG GT 2-d) * B seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows ('19-'22 A-Class sedan, '14-'26 CLA-Class, '26- CLA-Class EV, '14-'17 B-Class Electric, '15-'19 GLA45 AMG, '10-'26 C-Class, '10-'26 E-Class sedan, '11-'26 E-Class wagon,<br> '10-'23 E-Class coupe, '18-'23 E-Class cabriolet, '24-'26 CLE-Class, '10-'23 CLS-Class, '19-'26 AMG GT 4-d coupe, '23-'26 EQE sedan, '10-'26 S-Class,<br> '10-'14 CL-Class, '22-'26 EQS sedan, '22-'26 SL-Class, '24-'26 AMG GT 2-d, '10-'12 Maybach 57/62) * F seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st row ('11-'17 E-Class cabriolet) SUVs - GVWR ('98-'09): * E = Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('98-'09 M-Class, '02-'09 G-Class, '06-'09 R-Class, '07-'09 GL-Class) SUVs ('10-) Restraint system: * B seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows ('15-'20 GLA250, '21-'26 GLA-Class, '20-'26 GLB-Class, '22-'25 EQB, '10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'26 GLC-Class, '10-'15 M-Class, '16-'26 GLE-Class w/2 rows, '23-'26 EQE SUV, '10-'12 R-Class w/2 rows, '10-'15 GL-Class w/2 rows, '21-'26 Mercedes-Maybach GLS600, '23-'26 EQS SUV, '25-'26 G-Class) * E seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st, 2nd, & 3rd rows ('20-'26 GLE-Class w/3 rows, '10-'12 & '13 in Canada R-Class w/3 rows, '10-'16 GL-Class w/3 rows, '17-'26 GLS-Class [excluding Maybach GLS600]) * F seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows (front to rear side curtain airbags only) ('10-'11 G-Class) * F seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows (front side airbags and front to rear side curtain airbags) ('12-'17 G-Class) * H seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows (front side airbags and front to rear side curtain airbags) ('18 G-Class) * J seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows ('19-'24 G-Class) GVWR: * Class C: 4001-5000 lbs. ('15-'20 GLA250, '21-'26 GLA-Class [excluding '22-'23 AMG GLA45], '20-'22 GLB250) * Class D: 5001-6000 lbs. ('22-'23 AMG GLA45, '23-'26 GLB250, '21-'26 AMG GLB35, '10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'24 GLC-Class, '25-'26 GLC300/AMG GLC43) * Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('22-'25 EQB, '25-'26 GLC350e/AMG GLC63 S E Performance, '10-'15 M-Class, '16-'23 GLE-Class, '24-'26 GLE350/450/AMG 53/AMG 63S, '23-'26 EQE SUV [excluding AMG], '10-'12 & '13 in Canada R-Class, '10-'12 GL-Class, '10-'12 G-Class, '19-'22, '24 G550) * Class F: 7001-8000 lbs. ('24-'26 GLE450e, '24-'26 GLE580, '24-'26 AMG EQE SUV, '13-'16 GL-Class, '17-'26 GLS-Class, '23-'26 EQS SUV, '13-'18 G-Class, '23, '25-'26 G550, '19-'26 AMG G63, '22-'24 AMG G63 4x4², '25-'26 G580 with EQ Technology) * Class H: 9001-10,000 lbs. ('10-'16 G-Class w/optional armoring) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * A-D: Sindelfingen, Germany * E: Sindelfingen, Germany (through 2000) * E: Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil (from 2001-2011) * E: Mishawaka, Indiana, US (AM General plant) ('16-'17 R-Class for China) * F-H: Bremen, Germany * J, K: Rastatt, Germany * L: Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia (HICOM Automotive Manufacturers plant) * M: Woking, England, UK (SLR McLaren) (McLaren Automotive plant) * N, P: Kecskemet, Hungary * R, S: East London, South Africa * T: Osnabrück, Germany (Karmann plant) * U: Sindelfingen, Germany * V: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet Automotive plant) * W: Aguascalientes, Mexico (COMPAS plant) * X: Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) * 1: Pune, Maharashtra, India For 4JG and 55S: * A, B, U: Vance, Alabama, US ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ==Commercial Vehicles== Position 1-3 * VSA - Mercedes-Benz Espana SA (1st gen. Vito/V-Class - W638) * WDB - Daimler-Benz AG, DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG * WDF - DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Citan, Vito/V-Class & X-Class) * W1H - Freightliner Truck made in Germany by Daimler Truck (Freightliner Econic) * W1T - Daimler AG (Daimler Truck Holding AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz truck) * W1V - Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz van) * W1W - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * W1X - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * W1Y - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * W1Z - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter) * WD4 - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * WDA - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * WD3 - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * WDZ - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter) * WD0 - Dodge Sprinter Truck 2005-2009 (T1N & NCV3) * WD1 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle (T1N) * WD2 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Truck (T1N) * WD5 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter MPV (T1N) * WD6 - Freightliner Unimog Truck * WD7 - Freightliner Unimog Incomplete Vehicle * WD8 - Dodge Sprinter MPV 2005-2009 (T1N & NCV3) * WDW - Dodge Sprinter Bus 2008-2009 (NCV3) * WDX - Dodge Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle 2005-2009 (T1N & NCV3) * WDR - Freightliner MPV * WDP - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle * WDY - Freightliner Truck * WCD - Freightliner Bus * W2W - Freightliner MPV * W2X - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle * W2Y - Freightliner Truck * W2Z - Freightliner Bus * 1MB - Mercedes-Benz Truck Co., Inc. (M-B Truck made in USA) (1981-1990) * 8AB - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Truck & Bus (for South America) * 8AC - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Van (for South America) * 8BT - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 8BN - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 8BU - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 8BR - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 9BM - Mercedes-Benz Brazil Truck & Bus (for South America) Position 4–6, Model *414 - Vaneo *415 - Mark 1 Citan *420 - Mark 2 Citan *447 - Mark 3 Vito *470 - X-Class *638 - Mark 1 Vito *639 - Mark 2 Vito *670 - Vario *901 - Sprinter T1N *902 - Sprinter T1N *903 - Sprinter T1N *904 - Sprinter T1N *905 - Sprinter T1N *906 - Sprinter NCV3 *907 - Sprinter VS30 (RWD) *910 - Sprinter VS30 (FWD) *930 - Actros Rigids *933 - Actros MP2 concrete mixer *934 - Actros MP2 tractor *944 - Axor Tractor *950 - Axor Rigids / Actros Mk1 Rigids *952 - Axor *954 - Actros Mk1 Tractor *956 - Econic *963 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Antos *964 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Arocs *967 - Atego *970 - Atego *972 - Atego *976 - Atego Fire Position 7–9, Weight and Length code Position 10, Drive indicator *1 Left hand drive *2 Right hand drive Position 11, Plant code * A: Buenos Aires, Argentina * E: Buenos Aires, Argentina * G: Barcelona, Spain (Nissan plant) (X-Class pickup) * N: Hampton, VA, US (For WMI 1MB) * N: Ludwigsfelde, Germany * P, R, S: Düsseldorf, Germany * T: Ladson, South Carolina, US * U: Maubeuge, France (Renault plant) (Citan, T-Class, EQT) * V: Wörth, Germany * 3: Vitoria, Spain * 4: Vitoria, Spain (When Position 1-3 is W1V) * 4: Wörth, Germany (Freightliner Unimog) * 5: Düsseldorf, Germany * 9: Ludwigsfelde, Germany Position 12–17, Serial Number Position 18, Check Digit ==External links== Online [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz Vito decoder] WDB1260251A336981 {{BookCat}} arlfgi4az843ircghzbml37n7jgl0e3 4635589 4635587 2026-05-13T15:50:00Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 8 */ 4635589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} Mercedes-Benz uses the following VIN formats: (Note) This chart is not applicable to Mercedes-Benz products made for markets other than North America. European/World market cars use a different system for encoding VIN numbers. ==1960-1980== Position 1-3 - chassis code (e.g. 107, 116, 123, etc.) Position 4-6 - model type (e.g. 024, 032, 033, 036, 044, 045, etc.) Position 7 - 1=LH Drive (made in Germany), 2=RH Drive (made in Germany), 5=LH Drive CKD, 6=RH Drive CKD (Complete Knocked Down, assembled outside Germany)1 Position 8 - 0=Manual transmission, 1=Hydraulic clutch, 2= Automatic transmission 2 (Alphabetics indicate Plant of Manufacture i.e.: A = Sindelfingen) Position 9-14 - Construction serial number 10704312006193 ==Passenger Vehicles 1981-== ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * W1K Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car) * W1N Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz SUV) * WDB Daimler-Benz AG (DaimlerChrysler after 1998) (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz or Maybach passenger car) * WDC DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz SUV) * WDD DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car) * WMX Mercedes-AMG (not used in North America) * 4JG Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz SUV) * 55S Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz passenger car) * 9BM Mercedes-Benz Brazil car & SUV ===Position 4, Model or Series:=== * A W123 300-Class * B R107 SL-Class * B C107 SLC-Class * C W126/C126 S-Class * D W201 190-Class * E W124 300-Class/E-Class * F R129 SL-Class * G W140/C140 S-Class, C140 CL-Class * H W202 C-Class * J W210 E-Class * K R170 SLK-Class * L C208/A208 CLK-Class * N W220 S-Class * P C215 CL-Class * R W203 C-Class * S R230 SL-Class * T C209/A209 CLK-Class * U W211 E-Class * W R171 SLK-Class *---------------------------------- * A C199/R199/Z199 SLR McLaren * D C219 CLS-Class * E C216 CL-Class * F W245 B-Class (Canada only) * G W204 C-Class * H W212/S212 E-Class sedan/wagon * J R231 SL-Class * K C207/A207 E-Class coupe/convertible * L C218 CLS-Class * M W246 B-Class (Canada only) * N W221 S-Class * P R172 SLK-Class/SLC-Class * R C197/R197 SLS AMG * S C117 CLA-Class * U W222 S-Class sedan * V W240 Maybach 57/62 * V N242 B-Class Electric * W W205 C-Class * X C217/A217 S-Class coupe/convertible * Y C190/R190 AMG GT coupe/roadster * Z W213/S213/X213 E-Class sedan/wagon/All-Terrain wagon * 1 C238/A238 E-Class coupe/convertible * 2 C257 CLS-Class * 3 V177 A-Class sedan * 3 W177 A-Class hatchback (Canada only) * 5 C118 CLA-Class * 6 W223 S-Class sedan * 7 X290 AMG GT 4-door coupe *---------------------------------- * A W206 C-Class * C V297 EQS-Class sedan * E V295 EQE-Class sedan * F C174 CLA-Class sedan EV * L W214/X214 E-Class sedan/All-Terrain wagon * M C236/A236 CLE-Class coupe/convertible * R C192 AMG GT coupe * V R232 SL-Class *---------------------------------- * A W163 M-Class * B W164 M-Class * B X164 GL-Class * C W251 R-Class * D W166 M-Class/GLE-Class * D X166 GL-Class/GLS-Class * D X296 EQS-Class SUV * E C292 GLE-Class Coupe * F W167/C167 GLE-Class * F X167 GLS-Class * G X204 GLK-Class * 0 X253/C253 GLC-Class * G X294 EQE-Class SUV * K X254/C254 GLC-Class * T X156 GLA-Class * Y W463 G-Class * W W465 G-Class * 4 H247 GLA-Class * 4 X247 GLB-Class * 9 X243 EQB-Class ===Position 5, Body Style:=== Passenger Cars: * B = Long Body * F = Sedan ('96+ E-Class, '01+ C-Class, '06 S-Class [S350], Maybach 57) * F = 5-door hatchback (Canada only: '19-'22 A-Class) * G = Sedan Long Wheelbase ('00+ S-Class, Maybach 62) * G = Sedan ('19-'22 A-Class sedan) * G = Electric Sedan ('23+ EQE sedan) * G = Electric hatchback Sedan ('22+ EQS sedan) * H = Wagon ('98-'09, '11- E-Class wagon, '02-'05 C-Class wagon, Canada only: '19-'21 C-Class wagon) * H = "Sedan" [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] ('06-'11, '13-'19 B-Class [gas engine] - Canada only) * J = 2-door Coupe ('98-'09 CLK-Class Coupe, '12-'15, '17-'23 C-Class coupe, '10-'23 E-Class coupe, '24- CLE-Class coupe, '00-'14 CL-Class, '15-'21 S-Class coupe, '05-'07 SLR McLaren coupe, '11-'15 SLS AMG coupe, '16-'21, '24- AMG GT coupe) * J = 4-door Coupe ('06-'23 CLS-Class, '14- CLA-Class) * K = Cabriolet/Roadster ('99-'09 CLK-Class Cabriolet, '17-'23 C-Class Cabriolet, '11-'23 E-Class Cabriolet, '24- CLE-Class Cabriolet, '17-'21 S-Class Cabriolet, '98-'16 SLK-Class, '17-'20 SLC-Class, '03+ SL-Class, '08-'09 SLR McLaren roadster, '12-'15 SLS AMG roadster, '18-'21 AMG GT roadster) * N = "Coupe" [3-door hatchback] ('02-'05 C-Class Sport Coupe) * P = "Sedan" [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] (B-Class Electric) * X = 4-door Sedan Extra-Long Wheelbase ('16+ Maybach S-Class) * X = 4-door Coupe [5-door hatchback] ('19- AMG GT 4-door Coupe) * X = Cabriolet/Roadster ('26+ Maybach SL680) SUVs: * A = 4-door MPV ('12-'15 M-Class, '16-'19 GLE-Class wagon) * B = 4-door MPV ('98-'11 M-Class) * B = 4-door MPV ('20-' GLE-Class wagon) * B = 4-door MPV ('06-'12 & '13 in Canada R-Class) * C = 4-door MPV ('10-'24 G-Class) * D = 4-door MPV ('16-'19, '21- GLE-Class Coupe) * F = 4-door MPV ('07-'16 GL-Class, '17- GLS-Class) * G = 4-door MPV ('10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'22 GLC-Class wagon) * G = 4-door MPV ('15-'20 GLA-Class) * H = 4-door MPV ('25- G550, G63 AMG) * J = 4-door MPV ('17- GLC-Class Coupe) * M = 4-door MPV ('20- GLB-Class, '22- EQB-Class) * M = 4-door MPV ('23- GLC-Class wagon) * M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQE-Class SUV) * M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQS-Class SUV) * M = 4-door MPV ('25- G580 EQ [EV]) * N = 4-door MPV ('21- GLA-Class) * R = 4-door MPV ('02-'09 G-Class) * X = 4-door MPV ('24- Maybach EQS680 SUV) On older models, this indicated the engine type, through much of the 1990s and into the 2000's for some models: * A = Gasoline (190 Class '84-'93, C-Class '94-'00, 300 Class '81, '86-'93, E-Class '94-'95, S-Class '81-'99, CL-Class '98-'99, SL-Class '81-'02, SLC '81) * B = Diesel (190 Class '84-'89, 300 Class '81-'85, '87, '90-'93, E-Class '95, S-Class '81-'87, '90-'95) * D = 4Matic Gasoline ('90-'93 300E 4Matic, 300TE 4Matic) * M = AMG Gasoline ('95-'97 C36 AMG only) ===Positions 6–7, Model within the series:=== '''V177:'''<br> following 3G in pos. 4-5: *4E = A220 sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4F = A220 4Matic sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG A35 4Matic sedan ['20-'21 & in Canada: '22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) '''W177:'''<br> following 3F in pos. 4-5: *4G = A250 hatchback [Canada only: '19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = A250 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG A35 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) '''W245:'''<br> following FH in pos. 4-5: *33 = B200 [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4 *3D = B200 [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4 *34 = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4 *3E = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4 *8G = B-Class F-Cell (hydrogen fuel cell) '''W246:'''<br> following MH in pos. 4-5: *4E = B250 [Canada only: '13-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4 *4G = B250 4Matic [Canada only: '15-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4 '''N242:'''<br> following VP in pos. 4-5: *9A = B-Class Electric Drive ['14-'15], B250e ['16-'17] (Tesla front electric motor, Lithium-ion battery pack, fwd, 177 hp) '''C117:'''<br> following SJ in pos. 4-5: *4E = CLA250 sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *4G = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *5C = CLA45 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4) '''C118:'''<br> following 5J in pos. 4-5: *4G = CLA250 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4G = CLA250 sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5D = AMG CLA45 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4) *5E = AMG CLA45 S 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4) '''C174:'''<br> following FJ in pos. 4-5: *1D = CLA250+ EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 268 hp) *4E = CLA350 4Matic EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 349 hp) '''W201:'''<br> following DA in pos. 4-5: *24 = 190E 2.3 ['84-'86] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4) *28 = 190E 2.3 ['87-'88, '91-'93] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4) *29 = 190E 2.6 ['87-'93] (2.6-liter M103 I6) *34 = 190E 2.3-16 ['86-'87] (2.3-liter DOHC, 16 valve M102 I4) following DB in pos. 4-5: *22 = 190D 2.2 ['84-'85] (2.2-liter OM601 diesel I4) *26 = 190D 2.5 ['86-'89] (2.5-liter OM602 diesel I5) *28 = 190D 2.5 Turbo ['87] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5) '''W202:'''<br> following HA in pos. 4-5: *22 = C220 ['94-'96] (2.2-liter M111 I4) *23 = C230 ['97-'98] (2.3-liter M111 I4) *24 = C230 Kompressor ['99-'00] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4) *28 = C280 ['94-'97] (2.8-liter M104 I6) *29 = C280 ['98-'00] (2.8-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *33 = C43 AMG ['98-'00] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113.944 V8) following HM in pos. 4-5: *36 = C36 AMG ['95-'97] (3.6-liter M104 AMG I6) '''W203/S203/CL203:'''<br> following RF in pos. 4-5: *40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Sedan ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4) *52 = C230 Sport Sedan ['06-'07] (2.5-liter M272 90° V6) *54 = C280 sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *56 = C350 sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *61 = C240 sedan ['01-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *64 = C320 sedan ['01-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *65 = C32 AMG sedan ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve supercharged M112 90° V6) *76 = C55 AMG ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *81 = C240 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *84 = C320 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *87 = C350 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *92 = C280 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) following RH in pos. 4-5: *61 = C240 wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *64 = C320 wagon ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *81 = C240 4Matic wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *84 = C320 4Matic wagon ['03-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) following RN in pos. 4-5: *47 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['02] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4) *40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4) *64 = C320 Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) '''W204/C204:'''<br> following GF in pos. 4-5: *4H = C250 sedan ['12-'14] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4) *54 = C300 sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *5E = C300 sedan ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *56 = C350 sedan ['08-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5G = C350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5H = C350 sedan ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *77 = C63 AMG sedan ['08-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7H = C63 AMG sedan ['10-'14], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *81 = C300 4Matic sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *8B = C300 4Matic sedan ['10-'12] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *8A = C300 4Matic sedan ['13-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version) following GJ in pos. 4-5: *4H = C250 coupe ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4) *5H = C350 coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *7H = C63 AMG coupe ['12-'15], C63 AMG Black Series coupe ['12-'13], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14-'15] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *8J = C350 4Matic coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) '''W205/S205/C205/A205:'''<br> following WF in pos. 4-5: *4J = C300 sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = C300 4Matic sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4H = C350e sedan ['16-'18] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8D = C300 sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6G = C400 4Matic sedan ['15] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6E = C450 AMG Sport 4Matic sedan ['16], AMG C43 4Matic sedan ['17-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8G = AMG C63 sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8H = AMG C63 S sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) following WH in pos. 4-5: *4K = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG C43 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) following WJ in pos. 4-5: *4J = C300 coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = C300 4Matic coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = C300 coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG C43 4Matic coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8G = AMG C63 coupe ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8H = AMG C63 S coupe ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) following WK in pos. 4-5: *4J = C300 convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = C300 4Matic convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = C300 convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG C43 4Matic convertible ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8G = AMG C63 convertible ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8H = AMG C63 S convertible ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''W206:'''<br> following AF in pos. 4-5: *4G = C300 sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = C300 4Matic sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = AMG C43 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG C63 S E Performance 4Matic sedan ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) '''W123/S123/C123:'''<br> following AA in pos. 4-5: *33 = 280E ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6) *53 = 280CE ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6) following AB in pos. 4-5: *23 = 240D ['81-'83] (2.4-liter OM616 diesel I4) *30 = 300D ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5) *33 = 300D Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) *50 = 300CD ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5) *53 = 300CD Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) *93 = 300TD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) '''W124/S124/C124/A124:'''<br> following EA in pos. 4-5: *26 = 260E ['87-'89], 300E 2.6 ['90-'92] (2.6-liter M103 I6) *28 = 300E 2.8 ['93] (2.8-liter M104 I6) *30 = 300E ['86-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *32 = 300E ['93], E320 sedan ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *34 = 400E ['92-'93], E420 sedan ['94-'95] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *36 = 500E ['92-'93], E500 sedan ['94] (5.0-liter M119 V8) *50 = 300CE ['88-'89] (3.0-liter SOHC, 12 valve M103 I6) *51 = 300CE ['90-'92] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6) *52 = 300CE coupe ['93], E320 coupe ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *66 = 300CE convertible ['93], E320 convertible ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *90 = 300TE ['88-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *92 = 300TE ['93], E320 wagon ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) following EB in pos. 4-5: *28 = 300D 2.5 Turbo ['90-'93] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5) *31 = E300 Diesel ['95] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6) *33 = 300D Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) *93 = 300TD Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) following ED in pos. 4-5: *30 = 300E 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *90 = 300TE 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6) '''W210/S210:'''<br> following JF in pos. 4-5: *20 = E300 Diesel ['96-'97] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6) *25 = E300 Turbodiesel ['98-'99] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 turbodiesel I6) *55 = E320 ['96-'97] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *65 = E320 sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *72 = E420 ['97] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *70 = E430 ['98-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = E55 AMG ['99-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *83 = E430 4Matic ['00-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) following JH in pos. 4-5: *65 = E320 wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) '''W211/S211:'''<br> following UF in pos. 4-5: *26 = E320 CDI sedan ['05-'06] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM648 turbodiesel I6) *22 = E320 Bluetec sedan ['07-'09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *65 = E320 sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = E350 sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *70 = E500 sedan ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = E550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = E55 AMG sedan ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *77 = E63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *83 = E500 4Matic sedan ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *87 = E350 4Matic sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *90 = E550 4Matic sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) following UH in pos. 4-5: *65 = E320 wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = E350 wagon ['06] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *76 = E55 AMG wagon ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *77 = E63 AMG wagon ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *83 = E500 4Matic wagon ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *87 = E350 4Matic wagon ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) '''W212/S212:'''<br> following HF in pos. 4-5: *2E = E350 Bluetec sedan ['11-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *0E = E250 Bluetec sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4) *5G = E350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5K = E350 sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6F = E400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7C = E550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7H = E63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7E = E63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8B = E300 4Matic sedan [Canada only: '12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version) *8H = E350 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8J = E350 4Matic sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *9A = E550 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *9B = E550 4Matic sedan ['12-'14, Canada only: '15-'16] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *9C = E63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'15] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *9F = E400 Hybrid sedan ['13-'15] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *9H = E250 Bluetec 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve turbodiesel I4) following HH in pos. 4-5: *8H = E350 4Matic wagon ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8J = E350 4Matic wagon ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E400 4Matic wagon [Canada only: '15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7E = E63 AMG wagon ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic wagon ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''W213/S213:'''<br> following ZF in pos. 4-5: *4J = E300 sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = E300 4Matic sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = E350 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = E350 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6G = E400 4Matic sedan ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic sedan ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *5K = E450 4Matic sedan ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6E = AMG E43 4Matic sedan ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6B = AMG E53 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic sedan ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) following ZH in pos. 4-5: *6G = E400 4Matic wagon ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic wagon ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6A = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic wagon ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''W214/S214:'''<br> following LF in pos. 4-5: *4G = E350 sedan ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = E350 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = E450 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ sedan ['25-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following LH in pos. 4-5: *6F = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ wagon ['26-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C219:'''<br> following DJ in pos. 4-5: *75 = CLS500 sedan ['06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = CLS550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7C = CLS550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = CLS55 AMG sedan ['06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *77 = CLS63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7H = CLS63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8) '''C218:'''<br> following LJ in pos. 4-5: *6F = CLS400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = CLS400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = CLS550 sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = CLS63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7G = CLS63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *9B = CLS550 4Matic sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *9C = CLS63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''C257:'''<br> following 2J in pos. 4-5: *5J = CLS450 sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = CLS450 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG CLS53 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X290:'''<br> following 7X in pos. 4-5: *5K = AMG GT43 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG GT53 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8K = AMG GT63 S 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''V295:'''<br> following EG in pos. 4-5: *2B = EQE350+ sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp) *2B = EQE320+ sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp) *1C = EQE350 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp) *1C = EQE320 4Matic sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp) *2C = EQE500 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp) *5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp) '''W126/V126//C126:'''<br> following CA in pos. 4-5: *24 = 300SE ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *25 = 300SEL ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *32 = 380SE ['84-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *33 = 380SEL ['81-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *35 = 420SEL ['86-'91] (4.2-liter M116 V8) *37 = 500SEL ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8) *39 = 560SEL ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8) *43 = 380SEC ['82-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *44 = 500SEC ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8) *45 = 560SEC ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8) following CB in pos. 4-5: *20 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) *25 = 300SDL Turbodiesel ['86-'87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) *34 = 350SD Turbodiesel ['91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) *35 = 350SDL Turbodiesel ['90-'91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) '''W140/V140/C140:'''<br> following GA in pos. 4-5: *32 = 300SE ['92-'93], S320 sedan SWB ['94-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *33 = S320 sedan LWB ['95-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *42 = 400SE ['92] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *43 = 400SEL ['93], S420 ['94-'99] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *51 = 500SEL ['92-'93], S500 sedan ['94-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8) *57 = 600SEL ['92-'93], S600 sedan ['94-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12) *70 = 500SEC ['93], S500 coupe ['94-'97], CL500 ['98-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8) *76 = 600SEC ['93], S600 coupe ['94-'97], CL600 ['98-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12) following GB in pos. 4-5: *34 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['92-'93], S350 Turbodiesel ['94-'95] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) '''V220:'''<br> following NG in pos. 4-5: *70 = S430 ['00-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *73 = S55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = S55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *75 = S500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *78 = S600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12) *76 = S600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *79 = S65 AMG ['06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *83 = S430 4Matic ['03-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *84 = S500 4Matic ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''W220:'''<br> following NF in pos. 4-5: *67 = S350 ['06] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) '''C215:'''<br> following PJ in pos. 4-5: *73 = CL55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = CL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *75 = CL500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *78 = CL600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12) *76 = CL600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *79 = CL65 AMG ['05-'06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) '''V221:'''<br> following NG in pos. 4-5: *71 = S550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *7B = S550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *7D = S550 ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *76 = S600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *7G = S600 ['10-'13] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *77 = S63 AMG ['08-09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7H = S63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7E = S63 AMG ['11-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *79 = S65 AMG ['07-09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *7K = S65 AMG ['10-'13] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *8D = S350 Bluetec 4Matic ['12-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *86 = S550 4Matic ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *8G = S550 4Matic ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *9E = S550 4Matic ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *9F = S400 Hybrid ['10-'13] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M272 90° Atkinson-cycle V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C216:'''<br> following EJ in pos. 4-5: *71 = CL550 ['07-'08] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *76 = CL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *7G = CL600 ['10-'14] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *77 = CL63 AMG ['08-'09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7H = CL63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7E = CL63 AMG ['11-'14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *79 = CL65 AMG ['08-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *7K = CL65 AMG ['10-'14] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *86 = CL550 4Matic ['09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *8G = CL550 4Matic ['10] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *9E = CL550 4Matic ['11-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) '''V222:'''<br> following UG in pos. 4-5: *6D = S550 Plug-in Hybrid ['15], S550e ['16-'17] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *7D = S560e ['19-'20] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6G = S450 sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6E = S450 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8C = S550 sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8D = S560 sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *8F = S550 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8G = S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7G = S600 sedan ['15-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12) *7K = S65 AMG sedan ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) '''X222:'''<br> following UX in pos. 4-5: *8F = Mercedes-Maybach S550 4Matic sedan ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8G = Mercedes-Maybach S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7G = Mercedes-Maybach S600 sedan ['16-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12) *8A = Mercedes-Maybach S650 sedan ['18-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) '''C217:'''<br> following XJ in pos. 4-5: *8F = S550 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8G = S560 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7K = S65 AMG coupe ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) '''A217:'''<br> following XK in pos. 4-5: *8C = S550 convertible ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8D = S560 convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7K = S65 AMG convertible ['17-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) *7K = Mercedes-Maybach S650 convertible ['17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) '''V223:'''<br> following 6G in pos. 4-5: *6D = S500 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6K = S580e 4Matic sedan ['23-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *7G = S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8C = AMG S63 E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''Z223:'''<br> following 6X in pos. 4-5: *7G = Mercedes-Maybach S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *7K = Mercedes-Maybach S680 4Matic sedan ['22-] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) '''V297:'''<br> following CG in pos. 4-5: *2D = EQS450+ sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 329 hp) *2D = EQS450+ sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp) *2E = EQS450 4Matic sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp) *4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 516 hp) *4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp) *5F = AMG EQS 4Matic+ sedan ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp) '''W240:'''<br> following VF in pos. 4-5: *78 = Maybach 57 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *7J = Maybach 57 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *79 = Maybach 57S ['06-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7K = Maybach 57S ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 57S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 57S ['11-'12] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) '''V240:'''<br> following VG in pos. 4-5: *78 = Maybach 62 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *7J = Maybach 62 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *79 = Maybach 62S ['07-'09], 62S Landaulet ('09) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7K = Maybach 62S ['10], 62S Landaulet ('10) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 62S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 62S ['11-'12], 62S Landaulet ('11-'12) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) '''C208/A208:'''<br> following LJ in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['98-'02 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *70 = CLK430 ['99-'02 coupe] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = CLK55 AMG ['01-'02 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) following LK in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['99-'03 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *70 = CLK430 ['00-'03 convertible] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = CLK55 AMG ['02 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''C209/A209:'''<br> following TJ in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['03-'05 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 coupe] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *75 = CLK500 ['03-'06 coupe] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 coupe] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = CLK55 AMG ['03-'05 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *77 = CLK63 AMG Black Series ['08 coupe] (6.2-liter M156 V8) following TK in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['04-'05 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 convertible] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *75 = CLK500 ['04-'06 convertible] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 convertible] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = CLK55 AMG ['04-'06 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *77 = CLK63 AMG ['07-'08 convertible] (6.2-liter M156 V8) '''C207/A207:'''<br> following KJ in pos. 4-5: *5G = E350 coupe ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5K = E350 coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6F = E400 coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E400 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7C = E550 coupe ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7D = E550 coupe ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8J = E350 4Matic coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) following KK in pos. 4-5: *5G = E350 convertible ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5K = E350 convertible ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6F = E400 convertible ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7C = E550 convertible ['11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7D = E550 convertible ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) '''C238/A238:'''<br> following 1J in pos. 4-5: *6F = E400 coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = E400 4Matic coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E450 coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *5J = E450 coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = E450 4Matic coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG E53 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following 1K in pos. 4-5: *6F = E400 convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = E400 4Matic convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E450 convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *5J = E450 convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = E450 4Matic convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG E53 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C236/A236:'''<br> following MJ in pos. 4-5: *4H = CLE300 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = CLE450 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following MK in pos. 4-5: *4H = CLE300 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = CLE450 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic convertible ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''R170:'''<br> following KK in pos. 4-5: *47 = SLK230 Kompressor ['98-'00] (2.3-liter M111.973 supercharged I4) *49 = SLK230 Kompressor ['01-'04] (2.3-liter M111.983 supercharged I4) *65 = SLK320 ['01-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *66 = SLK32 AMG ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 supercharged 90° V6) '''R171:'''<br> following WK in pos. 4-5: *54 = SLK280 ['06-'08], SLK300 ['09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *5E = SLK300 ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *56 = SLK350 ['05-'08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *58 = SLK350 ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5J = SLK350 ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *73 = SLK55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *7D = SLK55 AMG ['10] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''R172:'''<br> following PK in pos. 4-5: *4H = SLK250 ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4) *3J = SLK300 ['16], SLC300 ['17-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *5H = SLK350 ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = SLC43 AMG ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin-turbocharged M276 60° GDI V6) *7F = SLK55 AMG ['12-'16] (5.5-liter M152 GDI V8) '''R107:'''<br> following BA in pos. 4-5: *45 = 380SL ['81-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *48 = 560SL ['86-'89] (5.5-liter M117 V8) '''C107:'''<br> following BA in pos. 4-5: *25 = 380SLC ['81] (3.8-liter M116 V8) '''R129:'''<br> following FA in pos. 4-5: *61 = 300SL ['90-'93] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6) *63 = SL320 ['94-'97] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6) *66 = 500SL ['90-'92] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8) *67 = 500SL ['93], SL500 ['94-'98] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8) *68 = SL500 ['99-'02] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *76 = 600SL ['93], SL600 ['94-'02] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12) '''R230:'''<br> following SK in pos. 4-5: *75 = SL500 ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *71 = SL550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *7B = SL550 ['11-'12] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *74 = SL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *72 = SL55 AMG ['07-'08] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *70 = SL63 AMG ['09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7A = SL63 AMG ['11-'12] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *76 = SL600 ['04-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *77 = SL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *79 = SL65 AMG ['05-'09], SL65 AMG Black Series ['09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *7K = SL65 AMG ['11] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) '''R231:'''<br> following JK in pos. 4-5: *6F = SL400 ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = SL450 ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = SL550 ['13-'20] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = SL63 AMG ['13-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7K = SL65 AMG ['13-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) '''R232:'''<br> following VK in pos. 4-5: *5A = AMG SL43 ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG SL55 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8B = AMG SL63 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8C = AMG SL63 S E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following VX in pos. 4-5: *8B = Maybach SL680 4Matic ['26-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''C199/R199:'''<br> following AJ in pos. 4-5: *76 = SLR McLaren coupe ['05-'07] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8) following AK in pos. 4-5: *76 = SLR McLaren roadster ['08-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8) '''C197/R197:'''<br> following RJ in pos. 4-5: *7H = SLS AMG coupe ['11-'12] (6.2-liter M159 V8) *7J = SLS AMG GT coupe ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8) *7H = SLS AMG Black Series coupe ['14] (6.2-liter M159 V8) following RK in pos. 4-5: *7H = SLS AMG roadster ['12] (6.2-liter M159 V8) *7J = SLS AMG GT roadster ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8) '''C190:'''<br> following YJ in pos. 4-5: *7H = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8C = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *AJ = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7J = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16-'19] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8A = AMG GT 2-d coupe C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R Pro ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8B = AMG GT 2-d coupe Black Series ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 LS2 GDI flat-plane crank V8) '''R190:'''<br> following YK in pos. 4-5: *7H = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8C = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8A = AMG GT roadster C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT 2-d roadster R ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) '''C192:'''<br> following RJ in pos. 4-5: *4C = AMG GT43 coupe ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG GT55 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8C = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8J = AMG GT63 Pro 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''X156:'''<br> following TG in pos. 4-5: *4E = GLA250 ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *4G = GLA250 4Matic ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *5C = GLA45 AMG 4Matic ['15-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4) '''H247:'''<br> following 4N in pos. 4-5: *4G = GLA250 ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4G = GLA250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = GLA250 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = GLA250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5D = AMG GLA45 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4) '''X247:'''<br> following 4M in pos. 4-5: *4G = GLB250 ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4G = GLB250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = GLB250 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = GLB250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X243:'''<br> following 9M in pos. 4-5: *0C = EQB250+ ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 front motor, Fwd, 188 hp) *0K = EQB300 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 225 hp) *1D = EQB350 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp) '''X204:'''<br> following GG in pos. 4-5: *0E = GLK250 Bluetec 4Matic ['13-'15] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4) *5G = GLK350 2wd ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5H = GLK350 2wd ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *8H = GLK350 4Matic ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8J = GLK350 4Matic ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) '''X253:'''<br> following 0G in pos. 4-5: *4J = GLC300 2wd ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = GLC300 4Matic ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = GLC300 2wd ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = GLC300 4Matic ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *5E = GLC350e 4Matic ['18-'19] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 114 hp electric motor, 8.7 kWh lithium-ion battery) *5D = GLC350e 4Matic ['20] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 121 hp electric motor, 13.5 kWh lithium-ion battery) *6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['17-'22] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''C253:'''<br> following 0J in pos. 4-5: *4K = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8E = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8K = AMG GLC63 S 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''X254:'''<br> following KM in pos. 4-5: *4G = GLC300 2wd ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = GLC300 4Matic ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5G = GLC350e 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) '''C254:'''<br> following KJ in pos. 4-5: *4H = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic Coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) '''W163:'''<br> following AB in pos. 4-5: *54 = ML320 ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *57 = ML350 ['03-'05] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *72 = ML430 ['99-'01] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = ML55 AMG ['00-'03] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *75 = ML500 ['02-'05] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''W164:'''<br> following BB in pos. 4-5: *22 = ML320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *25 = ML320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *2F = ML350 Bluetec ['10-'11] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *56 = ML350 2wd ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5G = ML350 2wd ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *86 = ML350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8G = ML350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *75 = ML500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = ML550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7C = ML550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *77 = ML63 AMG ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7H = ML63 AMG ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *9F = ML450 Hybrid 4Matic ['10-'11] (2-Mode Hybrid: 3.5-liter Atkinson-cycle M272 90° V6 + 2 electric motors, Nickel–metal hydride battery) '''W166:'''<br> following DA in pos. 4-5: *2E = ML350 Bluetec ['12-'14 & '15 in Canada], GLE350d [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *0E = ML250 Bluetec ['15], GLE300d ['16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4) *5J = ML350 2wd ['13-'15], GLE350 2wd ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *5H = ML350 4Matic ['12-'15], GLE350 4Matic ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *5G = ML400 4Matic ['15], GLE400 4Matic ['16-'17 & '19, Canada only: '18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6D = GLE550e 4Matic ['16-'18] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic [Canada only: '16], AMG GLE43 4Matic ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = ML550 ['12-'14 & '15 in Canada], GLE550 [Canada only: '16-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = ML63 AMG ['12-'15], AMG GLE63 ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7F = AMG GLE63 S ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''C292:'''<br> following ED in pos. 4-5: *2E = GLE350d Coupe [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic Coupe ['16], AMG GLE43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7F = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''W167:'''<br> following FB in pos. 4-5: *4J = GLE350 2wd ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *4K = GLE350 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *4E = GLE350 2wd ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4F = GLE350 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4G = GLE450e 4Matic ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = GLE450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG GLE53 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8G = GLE580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8F = GLE580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG GLE63 S ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C167:'''<br> following FD in pos. 4-5: *5K = GLE450 Coupe [Canada only: '22-'24, US & Canada: '25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG GLE53 Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X294:'''<br> following GM in pos. 4-5: *2B = EQE350+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp) *2B = EQE320+ SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp) *1C = EQE350 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp) *1C = EQE320 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp) *2C = EQE500 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp) *5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp) '''V251:'''<br> following CB in pos. 4-5: *22 = R320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *25 = R320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *2F = R350 Bluetec ['10-'12 & '13 in Canada] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *56 = R350 2wd ['08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *65 = R350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *6F = R350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5H = R350 4Matic ['12 & '13 in Canada] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *75 = R500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *77 = R63 AMG ['07] (6.2-liter M156 V8) '''X164:'''<br> following BF in pos. 4-5: *22 = GL320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *25 = GL320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *2F = GL350 Bluetec ['10-'12] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *71 = GL450 ['07-'09] (4.7-liter M273 V8) *7B = GL450 ['10-'12] (4.7-liter M273 V8) *86 = GL550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *8G = GL550 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter M273 V8) '''X166:'''<br> following DF in pos. 4-5: *2E = GL350 Bluetec ['13-'16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *7C = GL450 ['13-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8 - detuned version) *6E = GL450 ['15-'16], GLS450 ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = GL550 ['13-'16], GLS550 ['17-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = GL63 AMG ['13-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7F = AMG GLS63 ['17-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''X167:'''<br> following FF in pos. 4-5: *5K = GLS450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8G = GLS580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8F = GLS580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = Mercedes-Maybach GLS600 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG GLS63 4MATIC+ ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X296:'''<br> following DM in pos. 4-5: *2D = EQS450+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp) *2E = EQS450 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp) *2E = EQS400 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp) *4E = EQS580 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp) *4E = EQS550 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp) '''Z296:'''<br> following DX in pos. 4-5: *5F = Mercedes-Maybach EQS680 4Matic SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp) '''W463 (1st gen.):'''<br> following YR in pos. 4-5 ('02-'09) or following YC in pos. 4-5 ('10-'18): *49 = G500 ['02-'08] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *37 = G550 ['09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *3H = G550 ['10-'15] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *3K = G550 ['16-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *5F = G550 4x4² ['17-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *46 = G55 AMG ['03-'04] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *71 = G55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *7B = G55 AMG ['10-'11] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *7D = G63 AMG ['13-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7F = G65 AMG ['16-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) *7E = Mercedes-Maybach G650 Landaulet ['17-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) [Middle East market, Not sold in US/Canada] '''W463 (2nd gen.):'''<br> following YC in pos. 4-5: *6B = G550 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7H = AMG G63 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8A = AMG G63 4x4² ['22-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''W465:'''<br> following WH in pos. 4-5: *1A = G550 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5A = AMG G63 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''N465:'''<br> following WM in pos. 4-5: *0A = G580 with EQ Technology ['25-] (battery-electric, 4 motors, 4wd, 579 hp) ===Position 8=== Passenger cars - Restraint system: * A 3-point seat belts for outboard passengers, center rear lap belt * B seat belt + emergency pretensioners for front passenger seat & driver-side front airbag * C seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats * D seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats, driver-side front air bag and knee bolster * E seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (SL-Class does not have rear seats) * F seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt (SL-Class & SLK-Class do not have rear seats) ['96-'98 210-series E-class sedan, '98-'99 210-series E-class wagon, '96- R129 SL-Class, '98- R170 SLK-Class] * G seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (CL-Class & CLK-Class do not have center rear seat position) ['97-'99 140-series S-class, '98-'00 202-series C-Class, '98-'02 208-series CLK-Class coupe, '99-'03 208-series CLK-Class convertible] * H seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['99 210-series E-Class sedan] * J seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['00- 210-series E-Class, '00- 220-series S-Class, '00- 215-series CL-Class, '01- 203-series C-Class, '03- 209-series CLK-Class coupe] * A seat belts + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for both front seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st row <br> ('10-'16 SLK-Class, '17-'20 SLC-Class, '10-'20 SL-Class, '11-'15 SLS AMG, '16-'21 AMG GT 2-d) * B seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows ('19-'22 A-Class sedan, '14-'26 CLA-Class, '26- CLA-Class EV, '14-'17 B-Class Electric, '15-'19 GLA45 AMG, '10-'26 C-Class, '10-'26 E-Class sedan,<br> '11-'26 E-Class wagon, '10-'23 E-Class coupe, '18-'23 E-Class cabriolet, '24-'26 CLE-Class, '10-'23 CLS-Class, '19-'26 AMG GT 4-d coupe, '23-'26 EQE sedan,<br> '10-'26 S-Class, '10-'14 CL-Class, '22-'26 EQS sedan, '22-'26 SL-Class, '24-'26 AMG GT 2-d, '10-'12 Maybach 57/62) * F seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st row ('11-'17 E-Class cabriolet) SUVs - GVWR ('98-'09): * E = Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('98-'09 M-Class, '02-'09 G-Class, '06-'09 R-Class, '07-'09 GL-Class) SUVs ('10-) Restraint system: * B seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows ('15-'20 GLA250, '21-'26 GLA-Class, '20-'26 GLB-Class, '22-'25 EQB, '10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'26 GLC-Class, '10-'15 M-Class, '16-'26 GLE-Class w/2 rows, '23-'26 EQE SUV, '10-'12 R-Class w/2 rows, '10-'15 GL-Class w/2 rows, '21-'26 Mercedes-Maybach GLS600, '23-'26 EQS SUV, '25-'26 G-Class) * E seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st, 2nd, & 3rd rows ('20-'26 GLE-Class w/3 rows, '10-'12 & '13 in Canada R-Class w/3 rows, '10-'16 GL-Class w/3 rows, '17-'26 GLS-Class [excluding Maybach GLS600]) * F seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows (front to rear side curtain airbags only) ('10-'11 G-Class) * F seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows (front side airbags and front to rear side curtain airbags) ('12-'17 G-Class) * H seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows (front side airbags and front to rear side curtain airbags) ('18 G-Class) * J seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows ('19-'24 G-Class) GVWR: * Class C: 4001-5000 lbs. ('15-'20 GLA250, '21-'26 GLA-Class [excluding '22-'23 AMG GLA45], '20-'22 GLB250) * Class D: 5001-6000 lbs. ('22-'23 AMG GLA45, '23-'26 GLB250, '21-'26 AMG GLB35, '10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'24 GLC-Class, '25-'26 GLC300/AMG GLC43) * Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('22-'25 EQB, '25-'26 GLC350e/AMG GLC63 S E Performance, '10-'15 M-Class, '16-'23 GLE-Class,<br> '24-'26 GLE350/450/AMG 53/AMG 63S, '23-'26 EQE SUV [excluding AMG], '10-'12 & '13 in Canada R-Class, '10-'12 GL-Class, '10-'12 G-Class, '19-'22, '24 G550) * Class F: 7001-8000 lbs. ('24-'26 GLE450e, '24-'26 GLE580, '24-'26 AMG EQE SUV, '13-'16 GL-Class, '17-'26 GLS-Class, '23-'26 EQS SUV,<br> '13-'18 G-Class, '23, '25-'26 G550, '19-'26 AMG G63, '22-'24 AMG G63 4x4², '25-'26 G580 with EQ Technology) * Class H: 9001-10,000 lbs. ('10-'16 G-Class w/optional armoring) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * A-D: Sindelfingen, Germany * E: Sindelfingen, Germany (through 2000) * E: Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil (from 2001-2011) * E: Mishawaka, Indiana, US (AM General plant) ('16-'17 R-Class for China) * F-H: Bremen, Germany * J, K: Rastatt, Germany * L: Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia (HICOM Automotive Manufacturers plant) * M: Woking, England, UK (SLR McLaren) (McLaren Automotive plant) * N, P: Kecskemet, Hungary * R, S: East London, South Africa * T: Osnabrück, Germany (Karmann plant) * U: Sindelfingen, Germany * V: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet Automotive plant) * W: Aguascalientes, Mexico (COMPAS plant) * X: Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) * 1: Pune, Maharashtra, India For 4JG and 55S: * A, B, U: Vance, Alabama, US ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ==Commercial Vehicles== Position 1-3 * VSA - Mercedes-Benz Espana SA (1st gen. Vito/V-Class - W638) * WDB - Daimler-Benz AG, DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG * WDF - DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Citan, Vito/V-Class & X-Class) * W1H - Freightliner Truck made in Germany by Daimler Truck (Freightliner Econic) * W1T - Daimler AG (Daimler Truck Holding AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz truck) * W1V - Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz van) * W1W - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * W1X - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * W1Y - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * W1Z - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter) * WD4 - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * WDA - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * WD3 - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * WDZ - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter) * WD0 - Dodge Sprinter Truck 2005-2009 (T1N & NCV3) * WD1 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle (T1N) * WD2 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Truck (T1N) * WD5 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter MPV (T1N) * WD6 - Freightliner Unimog Truck * WD7 - Freightliner Unimog Incomplete Vehicle * WD8 - Dodge Sprinter MPV 2005-2009 (T1N & NCV3) * WDW - Dodge Sprinter Bus 2008-2009 (NCV3) * WDX - Dodge Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle 2005-2009 (T1N & NCV3) * WDR - Freightliner MPV * WDP - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle * WDY - Freightliner Truck * WCD - Freightliner Bus * W2W - Freightliner MPV * W2X - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle * W2Y - Freightliner Truck * W2Z - Freightliner Bus * 1MB - Mercedes-Benz Truck Co., Inc. (M-B Truck made in USA) (1981-1990) * 8AB - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Truck & Bus (for South America) * 8AC - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Van (for South America) * 8BT - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 8BN - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 8BU - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 8BR - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 9BM - Mercedes-Benz Brazil Truck & Bus (for South America) Position 4–6, Model *414 - Vaneo *415 - Mark 1 Citan *420 - Mark 2 Citan *447 - Mark 3 Vito *470 - X-Class *638 - Mark 1 Vito *639 - Mark 2 Vito *670 - Vario *901 - Sprinter T1N *902 - Sprinter T1N *903 - Sprinter T1N *904 - Sprinter T1N *905 - Sprinter T1N *906 - Sprinter NCV3 *907 - Sprinter VS30 (RWD) *910 - Sprinter VS30 (FWD) *930 - Actros Rigids *933 - Actros MP2 concrete mixer *934 - Actros MP2 tractor *944 - Axor Tractor *950 - Axor Rigids / Actros Mk1 Rigids *952 - Axor *954 - Actros Mk1 Tractor *956 - Econic *963 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Antos *964 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Arocs *967 - Atego *970 - Atego *972 - Atego *976 - Atego Fire Position 7–9, Weight and Length code Position 10, Drive indicator *1 Left hand drive *2 Right hand drive Position 11, Plant code * A: Buenos Aires, Argentina * E: Buenos Aires, Argentina * G: Barcelona, Spain (Nissan plant) (X-Class pickup) * N: Hampton, VA, US (For WMI 1MB) * N: Ludwigsfelde, Germany * P, R, S: Düsseldorf, Germany * T: Ladson, South Carolina, US * U: Maubeuge, France (Renault plant) (Citan, T-Class, EQT) * V: Wörth, Germany * 3: Vitoria, Spain * 4: Vitoria, Spain (When Position 1-3 is W1V) * 4: Wörth, Germany (Freightliner Unimog) * 5: Düsseldorf, Germany * 9: Ludwigsfelde, Germany Position 12–17, Serial Number Position 18, Check Digit ==External links== Online [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz Vito decoder] WDB1260251A336981 {{BookCat}} lslkf60l4cmulrzl7ymz0p9k0m5kqd0 0 169858 4635677 4603153 2026-05-14T10:06:57Z JCrue 2226064 4635677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Smith-Morra gambit accepted |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B21]] |parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5|Sicilian defence]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. d4/2...cxd4/3. c3|Smith-Morra gambit]] → [[../|3...dxc3]] }} == 4. Nxc3 == White is now ready to develop all their minor pieces to natural squares. Their next few moves are straight-forward developing moves: Nf3, Bc4, O-O. Meanwhile, Black will still have to make some pawns moves before they can catch up. Black has a few different moves that are mainly just changes in move order, but [[/4...Nc6|'''4...Nc6''']] seems to be the most flexible starting point, as it is a good developing move that controls d4 and e5: (if 4...Nf6?! instead then 5. e5 is a free tempo move to embarrass Black). White captured the pawn on c3 and got ahead in the development, since their pieces can already move along the open lines. They will develop their pieces like this: Nf3, Bc4, Qe2, 0-0, Rd1, Bf4 (g5), Rc1 - depending on black's moves, of course. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} :'''1. e4 c5 2. d4 cxd4 3. c3 dxc3 4. Nxc3''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">4</th> <th align="left">5</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"><span style="font-size:small;">Smith-Morra Gambit Accepted</span></th> <td><br>[[/4...Nc6|Nc6]]</td> <td>Nf3<br>d6</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"><span style="font-size:small;"></span></th> <td><br>[[/4...e6|e6]]</td> <td>Nf3<br>d6</td> <td></td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|Smith-Morra Gambit}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} bfmfbbgbfynl1i9w723c6b6b1y3360q 0 174829 4635654 4476760 2026-05-14T03:45:02Z Д.Ильин 688474 4635654 wikitext text/x-wiki == Overview == [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)]] stores information for the synthesis of specific proteins. DNA has [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Sugars/Deoxyribose Sugar|deoxyribose]] as its sugar. [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] consists of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases|nitrogenous base]]. The structure of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] is a helical, double-stranded macromolecule with bases projecting into the interior of the molecule. These two strands are always complementary in sequence. One strand serves as a template for the formation of the other during [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Replication Process|DNA replication]], a major source of inheritance. This unique feature of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] provides a mechanism for the continuity of life. The structure of DNA was found by Rosalind Franklin when she used x-ray crystallography to study the genetic material. The x-ray photo she obtained revealed the physical structure of DNA as a helix. [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] has a double helix structure. The outer edges are formed by alternating deoxyribose sugar molecules and [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Phosphate|phosphate groups]], which make up the sugar-phosphate backbone. The two strands run in opposite directions, one going in a 3' to 5' direction and the other going in a 5' to 3' direction. The [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases|nitrogenous bases]] are positioned inside the helix structure like "rungs on a ladder," due to the hydrophobic effect, and stabilized by hydrogen bonding. {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em" class="skin-invert-image" |- align="center" valign="bottom" ! Nitrogenous base ! Nucleoside ! Deoxynucleoside |- align="center" valign="" | [[File:Adenine.svg|58px|Chemical structure of adenine]]<br />[[Adenine]]<br /> | [[File:Adenosin.svg|95px|Chemical structure of adenosine]]<br />[[Adenosine]]<br />A | [[File:dA chemical structure.png|95px|Chemical structure of deoxyadenosine]]<br />[[Deoxyadenosine]]<br />dA |- align="center" valign="" | [[File:Guanine chemical structure.png|86px|Chemical structure of guanine]]<br />[[Guanine]]<br /> | [[File:G chemical structure.png|123px|Chemical structure of guanosine]]<br />[[Guanosine]]<br />G | [[File:dG chemical structure.png|123px|Chemical structure of deoxyguanosine]]<br />[[Deoxyguanosine]]<br />dG |- align="center" valign="" | [[File:Thymine chemical structure.png|63px|Chemical structure of thymine]]<br />[[Thymine]]<br /> | [[File:T chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of 5-methyluridine]]<br />[[5-Methyluridine]]<br />m⁵U | [[File:dT chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of thymidine]]<br />[[Deoxythymidine]]<br />dT |- align="center" valign="" | [[File:Uracil.svg|51px|Chemical structure of uracil]]<br />[[Uracil]]<br /> | [[File:U chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of uridine]]<br />[[Uridine]]<br />U | [[File:dU chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of deoxyuridine]]<br />[[Deoxyuridine]]<br />dU |- align="center" valign="" | [[File:Cytosine chemical structure.png|51px|Chemical structure of cytosine]]<br />[[Cytosine]]<br /> | [[File:C chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of cytidine]]<br />[[Cytidine]]<br />C | [[File:dC chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of deoxycytidine]]<br />[[Deoxycytidine]]<br />dC |- |} [[ca:Nucleòsid]] [[cs:Nukleosid]] [[da:Nukleosid]] [[el:Νουκλεοζίτης]] [[es:Nucleósido]] [[fr:Nucléoside]] [[gl:Nucleósido]] [[id:Nukleosida]] [[it:Nucleoside]] [[ka:ნუკლეოზიდი]] [[lt:Nukleozidas]] [[hu:Nukleozid]] [[nl:Nucleoside]] [[ja:ヌクレオシド]] [[oc:Nucleosid]] [[pl:Nukleozydy]] [[ru:Нуклеозиды]] [[sq:Nukleozidi]] [[sk:Nukleozid]] [[fi:Nukleosidi]] [[sv:Nukleosid]] [[zh:核苷]] The two strands run in opposite directions to form the double helix. The strands are held together by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The H-bonds are formed between the base pairs of the anti-parallel strands. The base in the first strand forms a H-bond only with a specific base in the second strand. Those two bases form a base-pair (H-bond interaction that keeps strands together and form double helical structure). The base–pairs in [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] are [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Adenine|adenine]]-[[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Thymine|thymine]] (A-T) and [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Cytosine|cytosine]]-[[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Guanine|guanine]] (C-G). Such interactions provide us an understanding that nitrogen-containing bases are located inside of the [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] double helical structure, while sugars and phosphates are located outside of the double helical structure. The component consisting of the base and the sugar is known as the nucleoside. [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] contains deoxyadenosine (deoxyribose sugar bonded to [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Adenine|adenine]]), deoxyguanosine (deoxyribose sugar bonded to [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Guanine|guanine]]), deoxycytidine (deoxyribose sugar bonded to [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Cytosine|cytosine]]), and deoxythymidine (deoxyribose sugar bonded to [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Thymine|thymine]]). The linkage of the bonds between the base to the sugar is known as the beta-N-Glycosidic linkage. In [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines|purines]], this occurs between the N-9 and C-1' and in [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Pyrimidines|pyrimidines]] this occurs between the N-1 and C-1'. A nucleoside and a phosphate group make up a nucleotide. The bond between the deoxyribose sugar of the nucleoside and the phosphate group is a 3'-5' phosphodiester linkage. The bases, located inside the double helix, are stacked. Stacking bases interact with each other through the Van der Waals forces. Although the energy associated with a Van der Waals interaction is relatively small, in a helical structure, a large number of atoms are intertwined in such interactions and the net sum of the energy is quite substantial. The distance between two neighboring bases that are perpendicular to the main axis is 3.4 Å. The [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] structure is repetitive. There are ten bases per turn, that is the structure repeats after 34 Å, so every base has a 36° angle of rotation. The radius of the double helix is approximately 10 Å. An easy way to differentiate between Nucleosides and Deoxynucleosides is the atoms bonded to C-2 on the sugar unit. If the structure is a deoxynucleoside, then C-2 bears two hydrogens. If it is a nucleoside, then C-2 bears one hydrogen and one hydroxide group, in which the hydroxide group faces south. Structural variations in DNA can occur if:<br /> 1. There are different deoxyribose conformations<br /> 2. If there are rotations around the contiguous bonds in the phosphodeoxyribose backbone<br /> 3. Free rotation about the C-1'N=glycosyl bond (syn/anti)<ref>Viadiu, Hector. "DNA Structure" UCSD Lecture. November 2011.</ref> == Terms and Naming == There are two types of nucleic acids, [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/RNA|ribonucleic acids (RNA)]] and [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)]]. Recall that a '''nucleoside''' is a base + sugar. A '''Nucleotide''' is composed of a base + sugar + phosphate. The deoxy- prefix in '''Deoxyribonucleotides''' is the nomenclature used for [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]]. The term '''ribonucleotides''' is employed when it is nomenclature for RNA, or in other words, C-2 on the sugar unit has an -OH group (versus deoxy which C-2 has 2 hydrogens). Symbols are used to simplify the names. For example, ATP (precursor of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/RNA|RNA]]). The "A" in the front signifies that the base is [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Adenine|Adenine]] and the "T" in the middle signifies tri-phosphates. AMP on the other hand, also has an [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Adenine|adenine]], but the M signifies that the sugar is bound to a single phosphate group. Finally, in dAMP, the "d" signifies that it is a 2'-deoxyribo-, versus simply AMP means it is a ribonucleotide.In short, four nucleotide units of DNA are called deoxyadenylate, deoxyguanylate, deoxycitidylate, and thymidylate. == Early foundation for [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] structures == The primary structure of a nucleic acid is its covalent structure and nucleotide sequences. One of most important parts of determining the structure of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] comes from the work of Erwin Chargaff and his colleagues in the late 1940s. They found that the four nucleotide bases of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] of different organisms and that the amounts of certain bases are closely related. They concluded the following about the structure of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]]: [[File:DNA-structure-and-bases.png|thumb|DNA general structure and its bases]] ''1. The base composition of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] generally varies from one species to another.'' ''2. [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] specimens isolated from different tissues of the same species have the same base composition.'' ''3. The base composition of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] in a given species does not change over time, nutritional states, or environment.'' ''4. In all cellular [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]], regardless of the species, the number of adenine residues is equal to the number of thymine residue (A=T) and the number of guanine residues is equal to the number of cytosine residues (G=C).'' Later in 1953, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins used a powerful X-ray diffraction technique called [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Franklin's DNA X-ray Crystallography|X-ray crystallography]] to deduce the [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] structure. Photographs produced by the [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Franklin's DNA X-ray Crystallography|X-ray crystallography]] method are not actually pictures of molecules, however the spots and smudges produced by X-rays that were diffracted (deflected) as they passed through crystallized [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]]. Crystallographers use mathematical equations to translate such patterns of spots into information about the three-dimensional shape of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]]. Franklin and Wilkins found that [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] molecules are helical with two periodicities along their long axis, a primary one of 3.4 A and a secondary one of 34 A. [[File:Dna-split.png|thumb|A [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] molecule separated and created of new daughter [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]]]] Watson and Crick later based their model of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] upon the data they were able to extract from Wilkins and Franklin's X-ray diffraction photo. http://37days.typepad.com/37days/images/2008/03/02/franklin20dna20photo.jpg They interpreted the pattern of spots on the X-ray photo to mean that [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] consisted of two chains and was helical in shape. Eventually, Watson and Crick formulated a [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] structure from the diffraction pattern of the x-ray photo and gave to incredible insight that is still accepted today. In this structure, they proposed that two helical DNA chains of opposite direction wound around the same axis to form a right handed double helix. The hydrophilic backbones form by phosphodiester bonds of alternating deoxyribose sugar and [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Phosphate|phosphate]] group that are faced outside of the helix, surrounded by aqueous environment. The furanose ring of each deoxyribose sugar is in the C-2’ endo conformation. The [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines|purine]] and [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Pyrimidines|pyrimidine]] bases of both strands are stacked inside the double helix and stabilized by Van Der Waals interactions. The double-helix has a diameter of 10 Å. Each adjacent base on one strand of the double-helix is 3.4 Å apart. Every 10 base-pairs constitutes a 360° turn in the helix, and the length of the helix is determined by 34 Å per 10 base-pairs. [[File:Adenosin.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Nucleoside (adenosin) with beta glycosidic bond]] [[File:DNA-Nucleobases.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|DNA strand]] == Orientation == [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] molecules are asymmetrical, such property is essential in the processes of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Replication Process|DNA replication]] and transcription. A double-stranded [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] molecule consists of two complementary but disjoint strands that are intertwined into a helix formation through a network of H bonds. Although both the right-handed and left-handed helices are among the allowed conformations, right-handed helices are energetically more favorable due to less steric hindrance between the side chains and the backbone. The direction of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] is determined by the arrangement of the phosphate and deoxyribose sugar groups along the [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] backbone. One of the [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] ends terminates with the 3'-OH group, whereas the other one terminates with the 5'-phosphate group. All sequences of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] are usually written from 5' to 3' termini. In a double-helix formation, the complementary [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] strands are oriented in opposite directions. [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] is a rather rigid molecule: at physiological conditions, [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] curves at the length scale of about 50 nm, which is 20 times the diameter of the double helix. More so, the alignment of the bases can indicate the global orientation of a [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] strand. For [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines|purine]] nucleotides (A and G) the most probable angle is approximately 88°, whereas for [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Pyrimidines|pyrimidine]] (C and T) that angle is approximately 105°. [[File:Base Scheme.jpg|class=skin-invert-image|figure|300px]] == Forces involved in [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] helices == The [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] double helix is held together by two main forces: hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs inside the helix and the Van der Waals base-stacking interaction. [[File:Base pair GC.svg|class=skin-invert-image| 500px| G-C pair showed three hydrogen bonds]] [[File:Base pair AT.svg|class=skin-invert-image|500px|A-T pair showed two hydrogen bonds]] [[File:DNA chemical structure.svg|class=skin-invert-image|400px| A typical nucleoside ]] == Hydrogen bonds == Watson and Crick found that the hydrogen bonded base pairs, G with C, A with T, are those that best fit within the [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] structure. It is important to note that three hydrogen bonds can form between G and C, but only two bonds can be found in A and T pairs. On the other hand, A-T pairs seem to destabilize the double helical structures. This conclusion was made possible by a known fact that in each species the G content is equal to that of C content and the T content is equal to that of A content. Below is the link to the demo of the Hydrogen bondings between base pairs: http://chemmac1.usc.edu/java/bases/basepairs.html The three hydrogen bonds that constitute the linkage of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Guanine|Guanine(G)]] and [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Cytosine|Cytosine(C)]] consequently alters the thermal melting of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]], which is dependent upon base compositions. With varying base composition the melting point of such molecule will either increase or decrease. <b>Denaturing and Annealing</b> Ultraviolet (UV) light can detect whether bases are stacked or unstacked. Stacked bases within the [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA/DNA structure|DNA structure]] facilitate shielding from light, therefore the absorbance of UV light of double helical [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] is much less than single stranded [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]]. This characteristic is known as the hypochromic effect, in which less color is emitted from the double helix of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] molecules. The melting temperature (T_m) is the temperature in which [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] is half way of the DNA is double stranded and half is single stranded. The T_m depends greatly on base composition. Since G-C base pairs are stronger due to more Hydrogen bonds, [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] with high G-C content will have a higher T_m than that of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] with greater A-T content. When heat is applied to a double-stranded [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]], each individual strand will eventually separate (denature) because hydrogen bonds are disrupted between base pairs. Upon separation, the separated strands spontaneously reassociate to form the double helix again. This process is known as annealing. In biological systems, both denaturing and annealing can occur. Helicases use chemical energy (from ATP) to disrupt the structure of double-stranded nucleic acid molecules. The study of the ability of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] to reanneal within the laboratory is important in discovering gene structure and expression. <b>Complex Structures</b> Complex structures can also be formed from single-stranded [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]]. A stem-loop is formed when complementary sequences, within the same strand, pair to form a double helix. Hydrogen bonds between base pairs within the same strand occur. Often, these structures include mismatched bases, resulting in destabilization of the local structure. Such action can be important in higher-order folding, like in tertiary structures. == Hypochromic Effect == [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] absorbs very strongly at wavelengths close to UV light (~260 nm). A single stranded DNA will absorb more UV light than that of double-stranded [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]]. [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] UV absorption decreases when it forms a double strand, this characteristic is an indication of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] stability. With the increase in light energy, its structure and therefore its function will still remain intact since there is low disturbance to its structure. The decreased absorbance observed with the [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] double helix with respect to the native and denatured forms is explained by the fact that the stacking of the [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases|nitrogenous bases]] that takes place with the double helix does not leave them as exposed to radiation and thus they are able to absorb less. The aromaticity of the [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases|nitrogenous bases]] (specifically in the [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines|purine]] and [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Pyrimidines|pyrimidine]] like ring structures) accounts for the absorption peak being at 260nm. == Weak forces == Various Weak Forces come together to stabilize the [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] structure. * '''Hydrogen bonds''', linkage between bases, although weak energy-wise, is able to stabilize the helix because of the large number present in [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] molecule. * '''Stacking interactions''', or also known as Van der Waals interactions between bases are weak, but the large amounts of these interactions help to stabilize the overall structure of the helix. ** Double helix is stabilized by '''hydrophobic effects''' by burying the bases in the interior of the helix increases its stability; having the hydrophobic bases clustered in the interior of the helix keeps it away from the surrounding water, whereas the more polar surfaces, hence hydrophilic heads are exposed and interaction with the exterior water **Stacked base pairs also attract to one another through '''Van der Waals forces''' the energy associated with a single van der Waals interaction has small significant to the overall [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases|DNA structure]] however, the net effect summed over the numerous atom pairs, results in substantial stability. ** Stacking also favors the conformations of rigid five-membered rings of the sugars of backbone. * '''Charge-Charge Interactions'''- refers to the electrostatic (ion-ion) repulsion of the negatively charged phosphate is potentially unstable, however the presence of Mg²⁺ and cationic proteins with abundant Arginine and Lysine residues that stabilizes the double helix. == Nitrogenous Bases == [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases|Nitrogenous Bases]] are the foundational structure of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] polymers, the structure of DNA polymers vary with the different attached nitrogenous bases. Nitrogenous Bases can tautomerize between keto and enol forms. The aromaticity of the pyrimidine (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (RNA)) and purine (Adenine, [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Guanine|Guanine]]) ring systems and their electron-rich nature of -OH and -NH2 substituents enable them to undergo keto-enol tautomeric shifts. The keto tautomer is called a '''lactam''' and the enol tautomer is called '''lactim'''. The lactam predominates at pH 7. Keto-enol tautomerization is the interconversion of a keto and enol involving the movement of a proton and the shifting of bonding electrons, hence the isomerism qualifies as tautomerism. [[File:Keto-enol tatutomerization.svg|class=skin-invert-image|500px|Keto-enol tautomerization]] Keto-enol tautomerism is important in DNA structure because high phosphate-transfer potential of phosphenolpyruvate results in the phosphorylated compound to be trapped in the less stable enol form, whereas dephosphorylation results in the keto form. Rare enol tautomers of bases guanine and thymine can lead to mutation because of the altered base-pairing properties. == Base-stacking interactions == The two strands of double-stranded [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] are held together by a number of weak interactions such as hydrogen bonds, stacking interactions, and hydrophobic effects. Of these, the stacking interactions between base pairs are the most significant. The strength of base stacking interactions depends on the bases. It is strongest for stacks of G-C base pairs and weakest for stacks of A-T base pairs. The hydrophobic effect stacks the bases on top of one another. The stacked base pairs attract one another through Van der Waals forces, typically from 2 to 4 kJ/mol^-1. In addition, base stacking in [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] is favored by the conformations of the somewhat rigid five membered rings of the backbone phosphate-sugars. The base-stacking interactions, which are largely nonspecific with respect to the identity of the stacked base, make the major contribution to the stability of the double helix. == Phosphodiester Bond == [[File:PhosphodiesterBondDiagram.png|class=skin-invert-image|left|frame|Phosphodiester Bond between nucleotides]] Phosphodiester linkages form the covalent backbone of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]]. A phosphodiester bond is the linkage formed between the 3' carbon atom and the 5' carbon of the [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Sugars/Deoxyribose Sugar|sugar deoxyribose]] in [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]]. The [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Phosphate|phosphate]] groups in a phosphodiester bond are negatively-charged. The pKa of phosphate groups are near 0, therefore they are negatively-charged at neutral pH (pH=7). This charge-charge repulsion forces the phosphates groups to take opposite positions of the [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] strands and is neutralized by proteins (histones), metal ions such as magnesium, and polyamines. The tri-phosphate or di-phosphate forms of the nucleotide building are blocks, first have to be broken apart to release the energy require to drive an enzyme-catalyzed reaction for a phosphodiester bond to form and for the nucleotide to join. Once a single phosphate or two phosphates (pyrophosphates) break apart and participate in a catalytic reaction, the phosphodiester bond is formed. An important role in repairing [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] sequences is due to the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds being catalyzed by phoshodiesterases, an enzyme that facilitates the repairs. One reason that made DNA more stable than RNA is absence of the 2'-OH group in DNA. The presence of OH group on 2'C makes RNA more susceptible for reactions. A nucleophile (base) can pull out the H (when everything is in the correct trajectory) and the phosphate part of the backbone will rearrange and eventually a P-O bond is broken to break the connection site between two sugars. == Secondary Structures of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] == <h4>Major and Minor Grooves</h4> Base pairing of complementary nucleotides make up the secondary structure of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]]. A single-stranded [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] may participate in intramolecular base pairing between complementary base pairs and therefore make up secondary structure as well. Base pairing between [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Adenine|Adenine]] (A)-[[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Thymine|Thymine]] (T) and [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Guanine|Guanine]] (G)-Cytosine(C)are possible because these base pairs are similar in size. This means there are no "bulges" or "gaps" within the double helix. Irregular placement of base pairs in a double helix will result in consequences that will render the macromolecule nonfunctional. Therefore if there is something wrong with the structure, signals will be sent and DNA repair will work to fix damage. As a result of the double helical nature of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]], the molecule has two asymmetric grooves. One groove is smaller than the other. This asymmetry is a result of the geometrical configuration of the bonds between the phosphate, sugar, and base groups that forces the base groups to attach at 120 degree angles instead of 180 degree. The larger groove is called the '''major groove''', occurs when the backbones are far apart; while the smaller one is called the '''minor groove''', occurs when they are close together. Since the major and minor grooves expose the edges of the bases, the grooves can be used to tell the base sequence of a specific [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] molecule. The possibility for such recognition is critical, since proteins must be able to recognize specific [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] sequences on which to bind in order for the proper functions of the body and cell to be carried out. As you might expect, the major groove is more information rich than the minor groove, allowing the [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] proteins to interact with the bases. This fact makes the minor groove less ideal for protein binding. [[File:Ch3B3.png|class=skin-invert-image|frame|Visual Representation of Major and Minor Grooves in DNA Structure|center]] ==== A form ==== These following features represented different characteristics of A-form DNA structure: '''1.''' Most RNA and RNA-[[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] duplex in this form '''2.''' Shorter, wider helix than B. ''' 3·''' Deep, narrow major groove not easily accessible to proteins '''4·''' Wide, shallow minor groove accessible to proteins, but lower information content than major groove. '''5·''' Favored conformation at low water concentrations '''6·''' Base pairs tilted to helix axis and displaced from axis '''7·''' Sugar pucker C3'-endo (in RNA 2'-OH inhibits C2'-endo conformation) '''8·''' Right handed '''9·''' Size is about 26 angstroms '''10·''' Needs 11 base pairs per helical turn '''11·''' Glycosyl bond conformation is Anti ==== B form ==== The double helical structure of normal [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] takes a right-handed form called the B-helix. It is about 20 angstroms with a C-2' endo sugar pucker conformation. The helix makes one complete turn approximately every 10 base pairs (= 34 A per repeat/3.4 A per base). B-DNA has two principal grooves, a wide major groove and a narrow minor groove. Many proteins interact in the space of the major groove, where they make sequence-specific contacts with the bases. In addition, a few proteins are known to make contacts via the minor groove. [[File:Ch3B4.png|class=skin-invert-image|frame|300px| B and Z form DNA|left]] ==== Z form ==== [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] sequences can flip from a B form to a Z form and vice versa. Z form of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] is a more radical departure from the B structure; the most obvious distinction is the left-handed helical rotation. The Z form is about 18 angstroms and there are 12 base pairs per helical turn, and the structure appears more slender and elongated. The [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] backbone takes on a zigzag appearance. Certain nucleotide sequences fold into left-handed Z helices much more readily than others. Prominent examples are sequences in which[[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Pyrimidines|pyrimidines]] alternate with [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines|purines]], especially alternating C and G or 5-methyl-C and G residues. To form the left-handed helix in Z-DNA, the purine residues flip to the syn conformation alternating with pyrimidines in the anti conformation. The major groove is barely apparent in Z-DNA, and the minor groove is narrow and deep. For pyrimidines, the sugar pucker conformation is C-2' endo and for purines, it is a C-3' endo. Z-[[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] formation occurs during transcription of genes, at transcription start sites near promoters of actively transcribed genes. During transcription, the movement of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/RNA/RNA Polymerase|RNA polymerase]] induces negative supercoiling upstream and positive supercoiling downstream the site of transcription. The negative supercoiling upstream favors Z-DNA formation; a Z-[[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] function would be to absorb negative supercoiling. At the end of transcription, topoisomerase relaxes DNA back to B conformation. == Tertiary structure (3 dimensional) == The tertiary structure of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] molecule is made up of the two strands of DNA wind around each other. DNA double helix can be arranged in space, in a tertiary arrangement of strands. * <b>Linking Number( Lk)</b> in a covalently closed circular [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]], where the two strands cannot be separated will result in a constant number of turns in a given molecule. Lk of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] is an integral composed of two components: ::1)<b>Twist (Tw)</b>: number of helical turns of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] strand ::2)<b> Writhe (Wr)</b>: number of supercoiled turns in [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] Normally, [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] has Lk of about 25, meaning it is underwound. However, [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] can also be supercoiled with two "underwindings" which is made up of negative supercoils. This is much like the two "turns- worth" of a single stranded [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] and no supercoils. This kinds of interconversion of helical and superhelical turns in important in gene transcription and regulation. == Quaternary structure and other unusual structure == [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] is connected with histones and non-histone proteins to form the chromatin. The negative charge due to the phosphate group in [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] makes it relatively acidic. This negative charge binds to the basic histone groups. == Histone Modification == Recent studies provide that actively transcribed regions are characterized by specific modification pattern of histone. The experiments carried on by the dynamics of histone modification shows that there is a significant kinetic distinction between methylation, phosphorylation, and acetylation. This suggest that the roles of these modifications has different roles in gene expression patterns. Histones are proteins which DNA wraps around and forms a chromatin. The basic unit of a chromatin is a nucleosome which are formed by histone octomer of 2 molecules of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 along with 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped in a superhelix. The accessibility of DNA is regulated by higher-order chromatin structures that of which can be obtained by the packing of nucleosomes. It is believed that the N-Termini tail of the histone molecules contributes to the chromatin function in that it mediates inter-nucleosomal interactions and are involved in the recruitment of non-histone proteins to the chromatin. The N-termini tail directs interactions to the chromatin binders which is thought to be the driving force of modulate chromatin structure. However, there are other ways modifications can occur such as that observed by the unfolding or assembly of nucleosome and how it is involved in gene regulation. It is hoped that this can provided an explanation of epigenetic inheritance (Box 1) the there phenotypic differences in individual cannot be due to differences in DNA, such as that of monozygotic twins. Epigenetic inheritance are changes in the gene activity that are not encoded by the DNA sequence. These changes include phosphorylation, methylation, ADP-ribosylation, SUMOylation, and ubiquitylation. These modifications can be considered active or repressive depending on their occurrence in active or silent genes. It is show that methylation can have different outcomes depending on the binders of the histone modifications. Nucleosome positioning are found to have an influence on the DNA sequence and may contribute to epigenetic inheritance.<ref name=Histone /> == Structural Variation in [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] == The Structural Variation in [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] is most due to: ::1) '''Varying deoxyribose conformations''' (4 total conformations) ::2) '''Rotations about the contiguous bonds in the phosphodeoxyribose backbone''' (between the C₁-C₃ and C₅-C₆) ::3) '''Free rotation about C1'- N-glycosyl bond''' (resulting in syn or anti conformation) Because of steric hindrance, [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines|purines]] bases in nucleotides are restricted to two stable conformations with respect to deoxyribose, called syn and anti. On the other hand, pyrimidines are generally restricted to the anti conformation because of steric interference between the sugar and the carbonyl oxygen at C-2 of the pyrimidine. === Comparison of A, B, and Z form of [[Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]] === {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"| ! || A form || B form || Z form || |- |-style="background:blue; color:yellow" | rowspan=3| Helical sense |- | Right handed || Right handed || Left handed || |- | |-style="background:yellow; color:blue" | rowspan=3| Diameter |- | 26 A || 20 A || 18 A|| |- | |-style="background:red; color:white" | rowspan=3| Base pairs per helical turn |- | 11|| 10.5 || 12 || |- | |-style="background:black; color:white" | rowspan=3| Helix rise per base pair |- | 2.6 A|| 3.4 A || 3.7A || |- | |-style="background:orange; color:blue" | rowspan=3| Base tilt normal to the helix axis |- | 20⁰ || 6⁰ || 7⁰ || |- | |-style="background:purple; color:white" | rowspan=3| Sugar pucker conformation |- | C-3’ endo|| C-2’ endo || C-2’ endo for pyrimidines and C-3’endo for purines|| |- | |-style="background:indigo; color:white" | rowspan=3| Glycosyl bond conformation |- | Anti|| Anti || Anti for pyrimidine and syn for purines || |- |} == References == {{reflist|refs= <ref name=Histone>Teresa Barth and Axel Imhof. "Fast signals and slow marks: the dynamics of histone modifications." Trends in Biochemical Sciences vol.31:11. Nov. 2010 (618-626).</ref> }} Campbell and Reese's Biology, 7th Edition Nelson and Cox's Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th Edition {{BookCat}} nrntgtihijsxqzd3kjyfzvlfymcy7f6 8 229732 4635646 1844185 2026-05-13T22:33:00Z Codename Noreste 3441010 To match the original interface message (without the link) but retaining the word unreviewed. 4635646 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Unreviewed''' bs17qovliigcroka1jfx4w52bpkynap 0 238533 4635672 3317284 2026-05-14T07:38:21Z Yiotro1 3586578 4635672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{World Tea Bag Catalogue/AZheader}}{{Help other}} === Index of Brands / W === {{columns-list|3|style=width: 400px; | * <Big>'''[[Image:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg‎|30px]] USA''' '''[[World_Tea_Bag_Catalogue/Walters Bay & Co.|Walters Bay & Co.]]'''</Big> * <Big>'''[[Image:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg‎|30px]] GBR''' '''[[World_Tea_Bag_Catalogue/Warren Ford|Warren Ford]]'''</Big> * <Big>'''[[Image:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg‎|30px]] GBR''' '''[[World_Tea_Bag_Catalogue/Wedgwood|Wedgwood]]'''</Big> * <Big>'''[[Image:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg‎|30px]] LKR''' '''[[World_Tea_Bag_Catalogue/Watawala|Watawala]]'''</Big> * <Big>'''[[Image:Flag_of_Peru.svg‎|30px]] PER''' '''[[World_Tea_Bag_Catalogue/Wawasana|Wawasana]]'''</Big> * <Big>'''[[Image:Flag_of_Netherlands.svg‎|border|30px]] NED''' '''[[World_Tea_Bag_Catalogue/Westminster|Westminster]]'''</Big> * <Big>'''[[Image:Flag_of_Netherlands.svg‎|border|30px]] NED''' '''[[World_Tea_Bag_Catalogue/Wijs & Zonen|Wijs & Zonen]]'''</Big> * <Big>'''[[Image:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg‎|30px]] GBR''' '''[[World_Tea_Bag_Catalogue/Whittard of Chelsea|Whittard of Chelsea ]]'''</Big> * <Big>'''[[Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg‎|30px]] ITA''' '''[[World_Tea_Bag_Catalogue/WhittingtoN|WhittingtoN]]'''</Big> * <Big>'''[[Image:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg‎|30px]] GBR''' '''[[World_Tea_Bag_Catalogue/Williamson & Magor|Williamson & Magor]]'''</Big> * <Big>'''[[Image:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg‎|30px]] GBR''' '''[[World_Tea_Bag_Catalogue/Wilson's|Wilson's]]'''</Big> * <Big>'''[[Image:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg‎|30px]] BOL''' '''[[World_Tea_Bag_Catalogue/Windsor|Windsor]]'''</Big> * <Big>'''[[Image:Flag_of_Israel.svg‎|30px]] ISR''' '''[[World_Tea_Bag_Catalogue/Wissotzky Tea|Wissotzky Tea]]'''</Big> }} ---- '''Total : 13''' {{BookCat}} {{BookCat}} ax3wt9n5k9zyyx6u339akennwnbhi36 0 247365 4635655 4632206 2026-05-14T03:45:40Z Д.Ильин 688474 img 4635655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nav}}Genes are made from a long molecule called DNA, which is copied and inherited across generations. DNA is made of simple units that line up in a particular order within this large molecule. The order of these units carries genetic information, similar to how the order of letters on a page carry information. The language used by DNA is called the genetic code, which lets organisms read the information in the genes. This information is the instructions for constructing and operating a living organism. '''Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA):''' Deoxyribonucleic acid (/diˌɒksiˌraɪbɵ.njuːˌkleɪ.ɨk ˈæsɪd/ , or DNA, is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms (with the exception of RNA viruses). The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of blueprints, like a recipe or a code, since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information. DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. These two strands run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called bases. It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA, in a process called transcription. The structure of DNA was first discovered by '''James D. Watson and Francis Crick'''. It is the same for all species, comprising two helical chains each coiled round the same axis, each with a pitch of 34 Ångströms (3.4 nanometres) and a radius of 10 Ångströms (1.0 nanometres). Within cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. These chromosomes are duplicated before cells divide, in a process called DNA replication. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts.In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. The DNA double helix is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the bases attached to the two strands. The four bases found in DNA are adenine (abbreviated A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). These four bases are attached to the sugar/phosphate to form the complete nucleotide, as shown for adenosine monophosphate.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA DNA]</ref> [[File:DNA replication split.svg|thumb|250px|right|[[DNA replication]]. DNA is unwound and [[nucleotide]]s are matched to make two new strands.]] == DNA is a genetic material == [[File:Griffith experiment.svg|thumb|250px|right|Griffith's experiment discovering the "transforming principle" in pneumococcus bacteria.]] {{quotation|Griffith's experiment was conducted in 1928 by Frederick Griffith, one of the first experiments suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation. Griffith used two strains of ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' bacteria which infect mice – a type III-S (smooth) and type II-R (rough) strain. The III-S strain covers itself with a polysaccharide capsule that protects it from the host's immune system, resulting in the death of the host, while the II-R strain doesn't have that protective capsule and is defeated by the host's immune system. A German bacteriologist, Fred Neufeld, had discovered the three pneumococcal types (Types I, II, and III) and discovered the Quellung reaction to identify them in vitro. Until Griffith's experiment, bacteriologists believed that the types were fixed and unchangeable, from one generation to another. In this experiment, bacteria from the III-S strain were killed by heat, and their remains were added to II-R strain bacteria. While neither alone harmed the mice, the combination was able to kill its host. Griffith was also able to isolate both live II-R and live III-S strains of pneumococcus from the blood of these dead mice. Griffith concluded that the type II-R had been "transformed" into the lethal III-S strain by a "transforming principle" that was somehow part of the dead III-S strain bacteria. Today, we know that the "transforming principle" Griffith observed was the DNA of the III-S strain bacteria. While the bacteria had been killed, the DNA had survived the heating process and was taken up by the II-R strain bacteria. The III-S strain DNA contains the genes that form the protective polysaccharide capsule. Equipped with this gene, the former II-R strain bacteria were now protected from the host's immune system and could kill the host. The exact nature of the transforming principle (DNA) was verified in the experiments done by Avery, McLeod and McCarty and by Hershey and Chase.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith's_experiment Griffith experiment]</ref>}} '''First confirmation:''' Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase conducted series of experiments in 1952 by , confirming that DNA was the genetic material, which had first been demonstrated in the 1944 Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment. These experiments are known as '''Hershey Chase experiments'''. The existence of DNA was known to biologists since 1869, most of them assumed that proteins carried the information for inheritance that time. Hershey and Chase conducted their experiments on the T2 phage. The phage consists of a protein shell containing its genetic material. The phage infects a bacterium by attaching to its outer membrane and injecting its genetic material and leaving its empty shell attached to the bacterium. In their first set of experiments, Hershey and Chase labeled the DNA of phages with radioactive Phosphorus-32 (p32) (the element phosphorus is present in DNA but not present in any of the 20 amino acids which are component of proteins). They allowed the phages to infect E. coli, and through several elegant experiments were able to observe the transfer of P32 labeled phage DNA into the cytoplasm of the bacterium. In their second set of experiments, they labeled the phages with radioactive Sulfur-35 (Sulfur is present in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, but not in DNA). Following infection of E. coli they then sheared the viral protein shells off of infected cells using a high-speed blender and separated the cells and viral coats by using a centrifuge. After separation, the radioactive S35 tracer was observed in the protein shells, but not in the infected bacteria, supporting the hypothesis that the genetic material which infects the bacteria was DNA and not protein.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hershey%E2%80%93Chase_experiment Hershey–Chase experiment]</ref><ref>Hershey, A.D. and Chase, M. (1952) Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage. J Gen Physiol. 36:39–56.</ref> '''Hershey shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his “discoveries concerning the genetic structure of viruses.”''' [[File:Oswald T. Avery portrait 1937.jpg|140px|Oswald Avery]] [[File:ColinMacCleod.jpg|155px|Colin MacLeod]][[File:Maclyn McCarty with Francis Crick and James D Watson - 10.1371 journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg|210px|Maclyn McCarty (with Watson and Crick)]] Oswald T. Avery, Colin MacCleod, Maclyn McCarty with Francis Crick and James D Watson <ref>A [[w:Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment|very–MacLeod–McCarty experiment]]</ref> == Structure of DNA == <div>[[Image:GC base pair jypx3.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|200px|A '''GC''' base pair demonstrating three intermolecular hydrogen bonds. ]]</div> <div>[[File:AT base pair jypx3.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|200px|An '''AT''' base pair demonstrating two intermolecular hydrogen bonds.]]</div> Two helical strands form the DNA backbone. Another double helix may be found by tracing the spaces, or grooves, between the strands. These voids are adjacent to the base pairs and may provide a binding site. As the strands are not directly opposite each other, the grooves are unequally sized. One groove, '''the major groove, is 22 Å''' wide and the other, the '''minor groove, is 12 Å wide'''. The narrowness of the minor groove means that the edges of the bases are more accessible in the major groove. As a result, proteins like transcription factors that can bind to specific sequences in double-stranded DNA usually make contacts to the sides of the bases exposed in the major groove. This situation varies in unusual conformations of DNA within the cell, but the major and minor grooves are always named to reflect the differences in size that would be seen if the DNA is twisted back into the ordinary B form. === Base pairing Of DNA === [[File:DNA Overview.png|thumb|200px|Structure of DNA.]] '''Chargaff's rules was given by Erwin Chargaff which state that DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases and, more specifically, that the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine.''' This pattern is found in both strands of the DNA. They were discovered by Austrian chemist Erwin Chargaff. In molecular biology, two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds are called a base pair (often abbreviated '''bp'''). In the canonical Watson-Crick DNA base pairing, Adenine (A) forms a base pair with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) forms a base pair with Cytosine (C). '''In RNA, thymine is replaced by Uracil (U).''' Alternate hydrogen bonding patterns, such as the wobble base pair and Hoogsteen base pair, also occur—particularly in RNA—giving rise to complex and functional tertiary structures.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair Base pair]</ref> '''Example''' 5'CTCGTTTGCGCTCTATCG3' 3'GAGCAAACGCGAGATAGC5' ==== Purine base ==== The German chemist Emil Fischer in 1884 gave the name 'purine' (purum uricum). He synthesized it for the first time in 1899 by uric acid which had been isolated from kidney stones by Scheele in 1776. Beside from DNA and RNA, purines are also components in a number of other important biomolecules, such as ATP, GTP, cyclic AMP, NADH, and coenzyme A. Purine itself, has not been found in nature, but it can be produced by organic synthesis.'''A purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring.''' '''Example:''' <div>[[File:Purines.svg|class=skin-invert-image]]</div> ==== Adenine ==== Adenine is one of the two purine nucleobases (the other being guanine) used in forming nucleotides of the nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). In DNA, adenine binds to thymine via two hydrogen bonds to assist in stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose. It forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. ==== Guanine ==== Guanine, along with adenine and cytosine, is present in both DNA and RNA, whereas thymine is usually seen only in DNA, and uracil only in RNA. In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. With the formula C5H5N5O, guanine is a derivative of purine, consisting of a fused pyrimidine-imidazole ring system with conjugated double bonds. Guanine has two tautomeric forms, the major keto form and rare enol form. It binds to cytosine through three hydrogen bonds. In cytosine, the amino group acts as the hydrogen donor and the C-2 carbonyl and the N-3 amine as the hydrogen-bond acceptors. Guanine has a group at C-6 that acts as the hydrogen acceptor, while the group at N-1 and the amino group at C-2 act as the hydrogen donors. === Pyrimidine base === <div>[[File:Thymine chemical structure.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|right|107px|Chemical structure of thymine]]</div> <div>[[File:Cytosine chemical structure.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|left|100px|Cytosine with numbered components. Methylation occurs on carbon number 5.]]</div> <div>[[File:Uracil.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|right|102px|Chemical structure of uracil]]</div> Pyrimidine is a ''heterocyclic'' aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring. It is isomeric with two other forms of diazine.Three nucleobases found in nucleic acids, '''cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)''', are pyrimidine derivatives. A pyrimidine has many properties in common with pyridine, as the number of nitrogen atoms in the ring increases the ring pi electrons become less energetic and electrophilic aromatic substitution gets more difficult while nucleophilic aromatic substitution gets easier. An example of the last reaction type is the displacement of the amino group in 2-aminopyrimidine by chlorine and its reverse. Reduction in resonance stabilization of pyrimidines may lead to addition and ring cleavage reactions rather than substitutions. One such manifestation is observed in the Dimroth rearrangement. Compared to pyridine, N-alkylation and N-oxidation is more difficult, and pyrimidines are also less basic: The pKa value for protonated pyrimidine is '''1.23''' compared to '''5.30''' for pyridine.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine Pyrimidine]</ref> '''Pyrimidine also is found in meteorites, although scientists still do not know its origin.''' Pyrimidine also photolytically decomposes into Uracil under UV light. [[File:Cytosine chemical structure.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|left|101px|Chemical structure of cytosine]] ==== Cytosine ==== Cytosine can be found as part of DNA, as part of RNA, or as a part of a nucleotide. As ''cytidine triphosphate (CTP)'', it can act as a co-factor to enzymes, and can transfer a phosphate to convert adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP).The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In DNA and RNA, '''cytosine is paired with guanine'''. However, it is inherently unstable, and can change into uracil (spontaneous deamination). This can lead to a point mutation if not repaired by the DNA repair enzymes such as uracil glycosylase, which cleaves a uracil in DNA. Cytosine can also be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Active enzymatic deamination of cytosine or 5-methylcytosine by the APOBEC family of cytosine deaminases could have both beneficial and detrimental implications on various cellular processes as well as on organismal evolution. The implications of deamination on 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, on the other hand, remains less understood.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Cytosine]</ref> ==== Thymine ==== Thymine (T, Thy) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T. The others are adenine, guanine, and cytosine. Thymine is also known as 5-methyluracil, a pyrimidine nucleobase. As the name suggests, thymine may be derived by methylation of uracil at the 5th carbon. In RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil in most cases. In DNA, thymine(T) binds to adenine (A) via two hydrogen bonds, thus stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. ==== Uracil ==== Uracil found in RNA, it base-pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription. Methylation of uracil produces thymine. It turns into thymine to protect the DNA and to improve the efficiency of DNA replication. Uracil can base-pair with any of the bases, depending on how the molecule arranges itself on the helix, but readily pairs with adenine because the methyl group is repelled into a fixed position. Uracil pairs with adenine through hydrogen bonding. Uracil is the hydrogen bond acceptor and can form two hydrogen bonds. Uracil can also bind with a ribose sugar to form the ribonucleoside uridine. When a phosphate attaches to uridine, uridine 5'-monophosphate is produced. === Nucleosides === {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em" class="skin-invert-image" |- align="center" valign="bottom" ! Nitrogenous base ! Nucleoside ! Deoxynucleoside |- align="center" valign="" | [[File:Adenine.svg|58px|Chemical structure of adenine]]<br />[[Adenine]]<br /> | [[File:Adenosin.svg|95px|Chemical structure of adenosine]]<br />[[Adenosine]]<br />A | [[File:dA chemical structure.png|95px|Chemical structure of deoxyadenosine]]<br />[[Deoxyadenosine]]<br />dA |- align="center" valign="" | [[File:Guanine chemical structure.png|86px|Chemical structure of guanine]]<br />[[Guanine]]<br /> | [[File:G chemical structure.png|123px|Chemical structure of guanosine]]<br />[[Guanosine]]<br />G | [[File:dG chemical structure.png|123px|Chemical structure of deoxyguanosine]]<br />[[Deoxyguanosine]]<br />dG |- align="center" valign="" | [[File:Thymine chemical structure.png|63px|Chemical structure of thymine]]<br />[[Thymine]]<br /> | [[File:T chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of 5-methyluridine]]<br />[[5-Methyluridine]]<br />m⁵U | [[File:dT chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of thymidine]]<br />[[Thymidine]]<br />dT |- align="center" valign="" | [[File:Uracil chemical structure.png|51px|Chemical structure of uracil]]<br />[[Uracil]]<br /> | [[File:U chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of uridine]]<br />[[Uridine]]<br />U | [[File:dU chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of deoxyuridine]]<br />[[Deoxyuridine]]<br />dU |- align="center" valign="" | [[File:Cytosine chemical structure.png|51px|Chemical structure of cytosine]]<br />[[Cytosine]]<br /> | [[File:C chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of cytidine]]<br />[[Cytidine]]<br />C | [[File:dC chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of deoxycytidine]]<br />[[Deoxycytidine]]<br />dC |- |} Nucleosides are glycosylamines consisting of a nucleobase (often referred to as simply base) bound to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar via a beta-glycosidic linkage. Examples of nucleosides include cytidine, uridine, adenosine, guanosine, thymidine and inosine. Nucleosides can be phosphorylated by specific kinases in the cell on the sugar's primary alcohol group (-CH2-OH), producing nucleotides, which are the molecular building-blocks of DNA and RNA. Nucleosides can be produced by de novo synthesis pathways, in particular in the liver, but they are more abundantly supplied via ingestion and digestion of nucleic acids in the diet, whereby nucleotidases break down nucleotides (such as the thymine nucleotide) into nucleosides (such as thymidine) and phosphate. 1. Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule (ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. 2. Cytidine is a nucleoside molecule that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. Cytidine is a component of RNA. 3. Guanosine is a purine nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. Guanosine can be phosphorylated to become guanosine monophosphate (GMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and guanosine triphosphate (GTP). 4. Thymidine (more precisely called deoxythymidine; can also be labelled deoxyribosylthymine, and thymine deoxyriboside) is a chemical compound, more precisely a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. Deoxythymidine is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. If cytosine is attached to a deoxyribose ring, it is known as a deoxycytidine<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside Nucleoside]</ref> === Nucleotide === A nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase (nitrogenous base), a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or 2'-deoxyribose), and one to three phosphate groups. Together, the nucleobase and sugar comprise a nucleoside. The phosphate groups form bonds with either the 2, 3, or 5-carbon of the sugar, with the 5-carbon site most common. Cyclic nucleotides form when the phosphate group is bound to two of the sugar's hydroxyl groups. Ribonucleotides are nucleotides where the sugar is ribose, and deoxyribonucleotides contain the sugar deoxyribose. Nucleotides can contain either a purine or a pyrimidine base. Nucleic acids are polymeric macromolecules made from nucleotide monomers. In DNA, the purine bases are adenine and guanine, while the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. RNA uses uracil in place of thymine. Adenine always pairs with thymine by 2 hydrogen bonds, while guanine pairs with cytosine through 3 hydrogen bonds, each due to their unique structures. A deoxyribonucleotide is the monomer, or single unit, of DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid. Each deoxyribonucleotide comprises three parts: a nitrogenous base, a deoxyribose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. The nitrogenous base is always bonded to the 1' carbon of the deoxyribose, which is distinguished from ribose by the presence of a proton on the 2' carbon rather than an -OH group. The phosphate groups bind to the 5' carbon of the sugar. When deoxyribonucleotides polymerize to form DNA, the phosphate group from one nucleotide will bond to the 3' carbon on another nucleotide, forming a phosphodiester bond via dehydration synthesis. New nucleotides are always added to the 3' carbon of the last nucleotide, so synthesis always proceeds from 5' to 3'.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide Nucleotide]</ref> '''Phosphodiester bond''' A phosphodiester bond is a group of strong covalent bonds between a phosphate group and two 5-carbon ring carbohydrates (pentoses) over two ester bonds. Phosphodiester bonds are central to most life on Earth, as they make up the backbone of the strands of DNA. In DNA and RNA, the phosphodiester bond is the linkage between the 3' carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5' carbon of another, deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA. The phosphate groups in the phosphodiester bond are negatively-charged. Because the phosphate groups have a pKa near 0, they are negatively-charged at pH 7. This repulsion forces the phosphates to take opposite sides of the DNA strands and is neutralized by proteins (histones), metal ions such as magnesium, and polyamines. In order for the phosphodiester bond to be formed and the nucleotides to be joined, the tri-phosphate or di-phosphate forms of the nucleotide building blocks are broken apart to give off energy required to drive the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. When a single phosphate or two phosphates known as pyrophosphates break away and catalyze the reaction, the phosphodiester bond is formed. Hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds can be catalyzed by the action of phosphodiesterases which play an important role in repairing DNA sequences. In biological systems, the phosphodiester bond between two ribonucleotides can be broken by alkaline hydrolysis because of the free 2' hydroxyl group.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiester_bond Phosphodiester bond]</ref> [[File:Phosphodiester Bond Diagram.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|400px|Diagram of phosphodiester bonds (PO₄^3-) between nucleotides. Which presents Thymine (''U'') and two molecules of Adenine (''A'').]] {| class="skin-invert-image" |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[File:AMP structure.svg|126px]]<br />[[Adenosine monophosphate]]<br />AMP | [[File:Adenosindiphosphat protoniert.svg|156px]]<br />[[Adenosine diphosphate]]<br />ADP | [[File:ATP structure.svg|186px|adenosine triphosphate]]<br />[[Adenosine triphosphate]]<br />ATP |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[File:GMP chemical structure.png|154px|guanosine monophosphate]]<br />[[Guanosine monophosphate]]<br />GMP | [[File:GDP chemical structure.png|184px|guanosine diphosphate]]<br />[[Guanosine diphosphate]]<br />GDP | [[File:GTP chemical structure.png|214px|guanosine triphosphate]]<br />[[Guanosine triphosphate]]<br />GTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[File:TMP chemical structure.png|117px|ribothymidine monophosphate]]<br />[[Ribothymidine monophosphate]]<br />rTMP | [[File:TDP chemical structure.png|148px|ribothymidine diphosphate]]<br />[[Ribothymidine diphosphate]]<br />rTDP | [[File:TTP chemical structure.png|178px|ribothymidine triphosphate]]<br />[[Ribothymidine triphosphate]]<br />rTTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[File:UMP chemical structure.png|117px]]<br />[[Uridine monophosphate]]<br />UMP | [[File:UDP chemical structure.png|148px|diphosphate]]<br />[[Uridine diphosphate]]<br />UDP | [[File:UTP chemical structure.png|178px|triphosphate]]<br />[[Uridine triphosphate]]<br />UTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[File:CMP chemical structure.png|117px|cytidine monophosphate]]<br />[[Cytidine monophosphate]]<br />CMP | [[File:CDP chemical structure.png|148px|cytidine diphosphate]]<br />[[Cytidine diphosphate]]<br />CDP | [[File:CTP chemical structure.png|178px|cytidine triphosphate]]<br />[[Cytidine triphosphate]]<br />CTP |- |} == Forms of DNA == '''A-DNA:''' A-DNA is one of the many possible double helical structures of DNA. A-DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structures along with B- and Z-DNA. It is a right-handed double helix fairly similar to the more common and well-known B-DNA form, but with a shorter more compact helical structure. It appears likely that it occurs only in dehydrated samples of DNA, such as those used in crystallographic experiments, and possibly is also assumed by DNA-RNA hybrid helices and by regions of double-stranded RNA.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-DNA A-DNA]</ref> '''B-DNA'''The most common form of DNA is ''B'' DNA. The DNA double helix is a spiral polymer of nucleic acids, held together by nucleotides which base pair together. In B-DNA, the most common double helical structure, the double helix is right-handed with about 10–10.5 nucleotides per turn. The double helix structure of DNA contains a major groove and minor groove, the major groove being wider than the minor groove. Given the difference in widths of the major groove and minor groove, many proteins which bind to DNA do so through the wider major groove. '''Z-DNA:''' Z-DNA is one of the many possible double helical structures of DNA. It is a left-handed double helical structure in which the double helix winds to the left in a zig-zag pattern (instead of to the right, like the more common B-DNA form). Z-DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structures along with A- and B-DNA. Z-DNA is quite different from the right-handed forms. In fact, Z-DNA is often compared against B-DNA in order to illustrate the major differences. The Z-DNA helix is left-handed and has a structure that repeats every 2 base pairs. The major and minor grooves, unlike A- and B-DNA, show little difference in width. Formation of this structure is generally unfavourable, although certain conditions can promote it; such as alternating purine-pyrimidine sequence (especially poly(dGC)2), negative DNA supercoiling or high salt and some cations (all at physiological temperature, 37&nbsp;°C, and pH 7.3-7.4). Z-DNA can form a junction with B-DNA (called a "B-to-Z junction box") in a structure which involves the extrusion of a base pair. The Z-DNA conformation has been difficult to study because it does not exist as a stable feature of the double helix. Instead, it is a transient structure that is occasionally induced by biological activity and then quickly disappears.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-DNA</ref> [[File:A-DNA, B-DNA and Z-DNA.png|thumb|450px|right|From left to right, the structures of A, B and Z DNA]] {| class="wikitable" |+ Difference between three major forms of DNA ! !A-DNA !B-DNA !Z-DNA |- |Helix sense ||align="center"| Right-handed ||align="center"| Right-handed ||align="center"| Left-handed |- |Diameter ||align="right"| 23 Å (2.3&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 20 Å (2.0&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 18 Å (1.8&nbsp;nm) |- |Repeating unit ||align="right"| 1 bp ||align="right"| 1 bp ||align="right"| 2 bp |- |Rotation/bp ||align="right"| 32.7° ||align="right"| 35.9° ||align="right"| 60°/2 |- |bp/turn ||align="right"| 11 ||align="right"| 10.5 ||align="right"| 12 |- |Inclination of bp to axis ||align="right"| +19° ||align="right"| −1.2° ||align="right"| −9° |- |Rise/bp along axis ||align="right"| 2.3 Å (0.23&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 3.32 Å (0.332&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 3.8 Å (0.38&nbsp;nm) |- |Pitch/turn of helix ||align="right"| 28.2 Å (2.82&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 33.2 Å (3.32&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 45.6 Å (4.56&nbsp;nm) |- |Mean propeller twist ||align="right"| +18° ||align="right"| +16° ||align="right"| 0° |- |Glycosyl angle ||align="center"| anti ||align="center"| anti ||align="center"| C: anti,<br /> G: syn |- |Sugar pucker ||align="center"| C3'-endo ||align="center"| C2'-endo ||align="center"| C: C2'-endo,<br />G: C2'-exo |- |} bp-Base pair, nm-nano meter == Noncoding genomic DNA == In molecular biology, noncoding DNA describes components of an organism's DNA sequences that do not encode for protein sequences. '''Pseudogenes''' Pseudogenes are DNA sequences, related to known genes, that have lost their protein-coding ability or are otherwise no longer expressed in the cell. Pseudogenes arise from retrotransposition or genomic duplication of functional genes, and become "genomic fossils" that are nonfuctional due to mutations that prevent the transcription of the gene, such as within the gene promoter region, or fatally alter the translation of the gene, such as premature stop codons or frameshifts. Pseudogenes resulting from the retrotransposition of an RNA intermediate are known as processed pseudogenes; pseudogenes that arise from the genomic remains of duplicated genes or residues of inactivated genes are nonprocessed pseudogenes. While Dollo's Law suggests that the loss of function in pseudogenes is likely permanent, silenced genes may actually retain function for several million years and can be "reactivated" into protein-coding sequences and a substantial number of pseudogenes are actively transcribed. Because pseudogenes are presumed to evolve without evolutionary constraint, they can serve as a useful model of the type and frequencies of various spontaneous genetic mutations.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncoding_DNA Noncoding DNA]</ref> == Coiling of DNA == [[File:Circular DNA Supercoiling.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|400px|right|Supercoiled structure of circular DNA molecules with low writhe. Note that the helical nature of the DNA duplex is omitted for clarity.]] [[File:Linear DNA Supercoiling.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|400px|right|Supercoiled structure of linear DNA molecules with constrained ends. Note that the helical nature of the DNA duplex is omitted for clarity.]] DNA supercoiling is important for DNA packaging within all cells. Because the length of DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for a lot more DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to form a 10&nbsp;nm fiber. This fiber is further coiled into a 30&nbsp;nm fiber, and further coiled upon itself numerous times more. DNA packaging is greatly increased during nuclear division events such as mitosis or meiosis, where DNA must be compacted and segregated to daughter cells. Condensins and cohesins are Structural Maintenance of Chromosome proteins that aid in the condensation of sister chromatids and the linkage of the centromere in sister chromatids. These SMC proteins induce positive supercoils. Supercoiling is also required for DNA/RNA synthesis. Because DNA must be unwound for DNA/RNA polymerase action, supercoils will result. The region ahead of the polymerase complex will be unwound; this stress is compensated with positive supercoils ahead of the complex. Behind the complex, DNA is rewound and there will be compensatory negative supercoils. It is important to note that topoisomerases such as DNA gyrase (Type II Topoisomerase) play a role in relieving some of the stress during DNA/RNA synthesis.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_supercoil DNA supercoil]</ref> NA supercoiling can be described numerically by changes in the '[[linking number]]' Lk. The linking number is the most descriptive property of supercoiled DNA. Lk_o, the number of turns in the relaxed (B type) DNA plasmid/molecule, is determined by dividing the total base pairs of the molecule by the relaxed bp/turn which, depending on reference is 10.4-10.5. : <math>Lk_o=bp/10.4</math> Lk is merely the number of crosses a single strand makes across the other in a planar projection. The topology of the DNA is described by the equation below in which the linking number is equivalent to the sum of TW, which is the number of twists or turns of the double helix, and Wr which is the number of coils or 'writhes'. If there is a closed DNA molecule, the sum of TW and Wr, or the linking number, does not change. However, there may be complementary changes in TW and Wr without changing their sum. :<math>Lk=Tw+Wr</math> The change in the linking number, ΔLk, is the actual number of turns in the plasmid/molecule, Lk, minus the number of turns in the relaxed plasmid/molecule Lk_o. :<math>\Delta{Lk=Lk-Lk_o}</math> If the DNA is negatively supercoiled ΔLk < 0. The negative supercoiling implies that the DNA is underwound. A standard expression independent of the molecule size is the "specific linking difference" or "superhelical density" denoted σ. σ represents the number of turns added or removed relative to the total number of turns in the relaxed molecule/plasmid, indicating the level of supercoiling. :<math>\sigma=\Delta{Lk/Lk_o}</math> The [[Gibbs free energy]] associated with the coiling is given by the equation below<ref name="Vologodskii1979">{{cite journal|author=Vologodskii AV, Lukashin AV, Anshelevich VV, ''et al.'' |title=Fluctuations in superhelical DNA |journal=Nucleic Acids Res |volume=6 |pages=967–682 |year=1979 |doi=10.1093/nar/6.3.967}}</ref> :<math>{\Delta G/N=10RT \sigma^2}</math> The linking number is a numerical invariant that describes the linking of two closed curves in three-dimensional space. Intuitively, the linking number represents the number of times that each curve winds around the other. The linking number is always an integer, but may be positive or negative depending on the orientation of the two curves. Since the linking number ''L'' of supercoiled DNA is the number of times the two strands are intertwined (and both strands remain covalently intact), ''L'' cannot change. The reference state (or parameter) ''L₀'' of a circular DNA duplex is its relaxed state. In this state, its writhe ''W'' = 0. Since ''L = T + W'', in a relaxed state ''T = L''. Thus, if we have a 400 bp relaxed circular DNA duplex, ''L ~ 40'' (assuming ~10 bp per turn in B-DNA). Then ''T ~ 40''. *Positively supercoiling: *:T = 0, W = 0, then L = 0 *:T = +3, W = 0, then L = +3 *:T = +2, W = +1, then L = +3 *Negatively supercoiling: *:T = 0, W = 0, then L = 0 *:T = -3, W = 0, then L = -3 *:T = -2, W = -1, then L = -3 Negative supercoils favor local unwinding of the DNA, allowing processes such as [[DNA transcription|transcription]], [[DNA replication]], and [[DNA recombination|recombination]]. Negative supercoiling is also thought to favour the transition between B-DNA and [[Z-DNA]], and moderate the interactions of DNA binding proteins involved in [[gene regulation]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Introduction to Plant Biotechnology |author=H. S. Chawla |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=1578082285}}</ref> == Histones: The DNA binding protein == Histones were discovered in 1884 by [[Albrecht Kossel]]. The word "histone" dates from the late 19th century and is from the German "Histon", of uncertain origin: perhaps from Greek ''histanai'' or from ''histos''. Until the early 1990s, histones were dismissed by most as inert packing material for eukaryotic nuclear DNA, based in part on the "ball and stick" models of [[Mark Ptashne]] and others who believed transcription was activated by protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions on largely naked DNA templates, as is the case in bacteria. During the 1980s, work by [[Michael Grunstein]] <ref>Kayne PS, Kim UJ, Han M, Mullen JR, Yoshizaki F, Grunstein M. Extremely conserved histone H4 N terminus is dispensable for growth but essential for repressing the silent mating loci in yeast. Cell. 1988 Oct 7;55(1):27-39. {{PMID|3048701}}</ref> demonstrated that eukaryotic histones repress gene transcription, and that the function of transcriptional activators is to overcome this repression. We now know that histones play both positive and negative roles in gene expression, forming the basis of the histone code. The discovery of the H5 histone appears to date back to 1970's,<ref name="pmid964248">{{cite journal | author = Crane-Robinson C, Dancy SE, Bradbury EM, Garel A, Kovacs AM, Champagne M, Daune M | title = Structural studies of chicken erythrocyte histone H5 | journal = Eur. J. Biochem. | volume = 67 | issue = 2 | pages = 379–88 | year = 1976 | month = August | pmid = 964248 | doi = 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10702.x| url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid689022">{{cite journal | author = Aviles FJ, Chapman GE, Kneale GG, Crane-Robinson C, Bradbury EM | title = The conformation of histone H5. Isolation and characterisation of the globular segment | journal = Eur. J. Biochem. | volume = 88 | issue = 2 | pages = 363–71 | year = 1978 | month = August | pmid = 689022 | doi = 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12457.x| url = | issn = }}</ref> and in classification it has been grouped with The nucleosome core is formed of two H2A-H2B dimers and a H3-H4 tetramer, forming two nearly symmetrical halves by tertiary structure (C2 symmetry; one macromolecule is the mirror image of the other).The H2A-H2B dimers and H3-H4 tetramer also show pseudodyad symmetry. The 4 'core' histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) are relatively similar in structure and are highly conserved through evolution, all featuring a 'helix turn helix turn helix' motif (which allows the easy dimerisation). They also share the feature of long 'tails' on one end of the amino acid structure – this being the location of post-translational modification (see below). [[File:Nucleosome 1KX5 colour coded.png|right|thumb|300px|The crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle consisting of <span style="color:#AAAA00;"> H2A </span>, <span style="color:red;"> H2B </span>, <span style="color:blue;"> H3 </span> and <span style="color:green;"> H4 </span> and DNA. The view is from the top through the superhelical axis.]] It has been proposed that histone proteins are evolutionarily related to the helical part of the extended AAA+ ATPase domain, the C-domain, and to the N-terminal substrate recognition domain of Clp/Hsp100 proteins. Despite the differences in their topology, these three folds share a homologous helix-strand-helix (HSH) motif. Using an electron paramagnetic resonance spin-labeling technique, British researchers measured the distances between the spools around which eukaryotic cells wind their DNA. They determined the spacings range from 59 to 70 Å. In all, histones make five types of interactions with DNA: Helix-dipoles from alpha-helices in H2B, H3, and H4 cause a net positive charge to accumulate at the point of interaction with negatively charged phosphate groups on DNA Hydrogen bonds between the DNA backbone and the amide group on the main chain of histone proteins Nonpolar interactions between the histone and deoxyribose sugars on DNA Salt bridges and hydrogen bonds between side chains of basic amino acids (especially lysine and arginine) and phosphate oxygens on DNA Non-specific minor groove insertions of the H3 and H2B N-terminal tails into two minor grooves each on the DNA molecule The highly basic nature of histones, aside from facilitating DNA-histone interactions, contributes to the water solubility of histones. Histones are subject to post translational modification by enzymes primarily on their N-terminal tails, but also in their globular domains. Such modifications include methylation, citrullination, acetylation, phosphorylation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination, and ADP-ribosylation. This affects their function of gene regulation. In general, genes that are active have less bound histone, while inactive genes are highly associated with histones during interphase. It also appears that the structure of histones has been evolutionarily conserved, as any deleterious mutations would be severely maladaptive. === Histone DNA interaction === The core histone proteins contain a characteristic structural motif termed the "histone fold" which consists of three alpha-helices (α1-3) separated by two loops (L1-2). In solution the histones form H2A-H2B heterodimers and H3-H4 heterotetramers. Histones dimerise about their long α2 helices in an anti-parallel orientation, and in the case of H3 and H4, two such dimers form a 4-helix bundle stabilised by extensive H3-H3’ interaction. The H2A/H2B dimer binds onto the H3/H4 tetramer due to interactions between H4 and H2B which include the formation of a hydrophobic cluster. The histone octamer is formed by a central H3/H4 tetramer sandwiched between two H2A/H2B dimers. Due to the highly basic charge of all four core histones, the histone octamer is only stable in the presence of DNA or very high salt concentrations. Nucleosomes form the fundamental repeating units of eukaryotic chromatin, which is used to pack the large eukaryotic genomes into the nucleus while still ensuring appropriate access to it (in mammalian cells approximately 2 m of linear DNA have to be packed into a nucleus of roughly 10&nbsp;µm diameter). Nucleosomes are folded through a series of successively higher order structures to eventually form a chromosome; this both compacts DNA and creates an added layer of regulatory control which ensures correct gene expression. Nucleosomes are thought to carry epigenetically inherited information in the form of covalent modifications of their core histones. The nucleosome hypothesis was proposed by Don and Ada Olins in 1974 and Roger Kornberg. The nucleosome core particle ) consists of about 146 bp of DNA wrapped in 1.67 left-handed superhelical turns around the histone octamer, consisting of 2 copies each of the core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Adjacent nucleosomes are joined by a stretch of free DNA termed "linker DNA" (which varies from 10 - 80 bp in length depending on species and tissue type. == DNA-binding domains == [[File:Lambda repressor 1LMB.png|100px|thumb|The λ repressor of [[bacteriophage lambda]] employs a helix-turn-helix (left; green) to bind [[DNA]] (right; blue and red).]] One or more DNA-binding domains are often part of a larger protein consisting of additional domains with differing function. The additional domains often regulate the activity of the DNA-binding domain. The function of DNA binding is either structural or involving transcription regulation, with the two roles sometimes overlapping. DNA-binding domains with functions involving DNA structure have biological roles in the replication, repair, storage, and modification of DNA, such as methylation. Many proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression contain DNA-binding domains. For example, proteins that regulate transcription by binding DNA are called transcription factors. The final output of most cellular signaling cascades is gene regulation. The DBD interacts with the nucleotides of DNA in a DNA sequence-specific or non-sequence-specific manner, but even non-sequence-specific recognition involves some sort of molecular complementarity between protein and DNA. DNA recognition by the DBD can occur at the major or minor groove of DNA, or at the sugar-phosphate DNA backbone (see the structure of DNA). Each specific type of DNA recognition is tailored to the protein's function. For example, the DNA-cutting enzyme DNAse I cuts DNA almost randomly and so must bind to DNA in a non-sequence-specific manner. But, even so, DNAse I recognizes a certain 3-D DNA structure, yielding a somewhat specific DNA cleavage pattern that can be useful for studying DNA recognition by a technique called DNA footprinting. Many DNA-binding domains must recognize specific DNA sequences, such as DBDs of transcription factors that activate specific genes, or those of enzymes that modify DNA at specific sites, like restriction enzymes and telomerase. The hydrogen bonding pattern in the DNA major groove is less degenerate than that of the DNA minor groove, providing a more attractive site for sequence-specific DNA recognition. The specificity of DNA-binding proteins can be studied using many biochemical and biophysical techniques, such as gel electrophoresis, analytical ultracentrifugation, calorimetry, DNA mutation, protein structure mutation or modification, nuclear magnetic resonance, x-ray crystallography, surface plasmon resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance, cross-linking and Microscale Thermophoresis (MST).<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-binding_domain</ref> '''Types of DNA-binding domains''' ''Helix-turn-helix'' Originally discovered in bacteria, the helix-turn-helix motif is commonly found in repressor proteins and is about 20 amino acids long. In eukaryotes, the homeodomain comprises 2 helices, one of which recognizes the DNA (aka recognition helix). They are common in proteins that regulate developmental processes (PROSITE HTH).<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-binding_domain</ref> ''Zinc finger'' [[File:Leucine zipper.png|thumb|Leucine Zipper (blue) bound to DNA. The leucine residues that represent the 'teeth' of the zipper are colored red]] Crystallographic structure (PDB 1R4O) of a dimer of the zinc finger containing DBD of the glucocorticoid receptor (top) bound to DNA (bottom). Zinc atoms are represented by grey spheres and the coordinating cysteine sidechains are depicted as sticks. The zinc finger This domain is generally between 23 and 28 amino acids long and is stabilized by coordinating Zinc ions with regularly spaced zinc-coordinating residues (either histidines or cysteines). The most common class of zinc finger (Cys2His2) coordinates a single zinc ion and consists of a recognition helix and a 2-strand beta-sheet. In transcription factors these domains are often found in arrays (usually separated by short linker sequences) and adjacent fingers are spaced at 3 basepair intervals when bound to DNA. [[File:DNA Model Crick-Watson.jpg|thumb|right|Crick and Watson DNA model built in 1953, was largely from its original pieces in 1973 and donated to the [[Science Museum (London)|National Science Museum]] in London.]] {| class = "wikitable" style = "font-size:85%; margin-left:15px; width:60%" ! Fold Group !! Representative structure !! Ligand placement |- | Cys₂His₂ || [[File:PDB 1zaa EBI.jpg|150px]]|| Two ligands from a knuckle and two more from the c terminus of a helix. |- | Gag knuckle || [[File:PDB 1ncp EBI.jpg|150px]] || Two ligands from a knuckle and two more from a short helix or loop. |- | Treble clef || || Two ligands from a knuckle and two more from the N terminus of a helix. |- | Zinc ribbon || [[File:PDB 1pft EBI.jpg|150px]] || Two ligands each from two knuckles. |- | Zn₂/Cys₆ || [[File:PDB 1d66 EBI.jpg|150px]] || Two ligands from the N terminus of a helix and two more from a loop. |- | TAZ2 domain like || || Two ligands from the termini of two helices. |} {{-}} ''Leucine zipper'' The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain contains an alpha helix with a leucine at every 7th amino acid. If two such helices find one another, the leucines can interact as the teeth in a zipper, allowing dimerization of two proteins. When binding to the DNA, basic amino acid residues bind to the sugar-phosphate backbone while the helices sit in the major grooves. It regulates gene expression.The bZip family of transcription factors consist of a basic region that interacts with the major groove of a DNA molecule through hydrogen bonding, and a hydrophobic leucine zipper region that is responsible for dimerization. ''Winged helix'' Consisting of about 110 amino acids, the winged helix (WH) domain has four helices and a two-strand beta-sheet. ''Winged helix turn helix'' The winged helix turn helix domain (wHTH) SCOP 46785 is typically 85-90 amino acids long. It is formed by a 3-helical bundle and a 4-strand beta-sheet (wing). ''Helix-loop-helix'' The Helix-loop-helix domain is found in some transcription factors and is characterized by two α helices connected by a loop. One helix is typically smaller and due to the flexibility of the loop, allows dimerization by folding and packing against another helix. The larger helix typically contains the DNA-binding regions. ''HMG-box'' HMG-box domains are found in high mobility group proteins which are involved in a variety of DNA-dependent processes like replication and transcription. The domain consists of three alpha helices separated by loops. == DNA sequencing == RNA sequencing was one of the earliest forms of nucleotide sequencing. The major landmark of RNA sequencing is the sequence of the first complete gene and the complete genome of Bacteriophage MS2, identified and published by Walter Fiers and his coworkers at the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium), between 1972 and 1976. Prior to the development of rapid DNA sequencing methods in the early 1970s by Frederick Sanger at the University of Cambridge, in England and Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam at Harvard, a number of laborious methods were used. For instance, in 1973, Gilbert and Maxam reported the sequence of 24 basepairs using a method known as wandering-spot analysis. The chain-termination method developed by Sanger and coworkers in 1975 soon became the method of choice, owing to its relative ease and reliability.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing</ref> == Maxam and Gilbert method == In 1976–1977, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed a DNA sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases. Although Maxam and Gilbert published their chemical sequencing method two years after the ground-breaking paper of Sanger and Coulson on plus-minus sequencing,Maxam–Gilbert sequencing rapidly became more popular, since purified DNA could be used directly, while the initial Sanger method required that each read start be cloned for production of single-stranded DNA. However, with the improvement of the chain-termination method (see below), Maxam-Gilbert sequencing has fallen out of favour due to its technical complexity prohibiting its use in standard molecular biology kits, extensive use of hazardous chemicals, and difficulties with scale-up. The method requires radioactive labeling at one 5' end of the DNA (typically by a kinase reaction using gamma-32P ATP) and purification of the DNA fragment to be sequenced. Chemical treatment generates breaks at a small proportion of one or two of the four nucleotide bases in each of four reactions (G, A+G, C, C+T). For example, the purines (A+G) are depurinated using formic acid, the guanines (and to some extent the adenines) are methylated by dimethyl sulfate, and the pyrimidines (C+T) are methylated using hydrazine. The addition of salt (sodium chloride) to the hydrazine reaction inhibits the methylation of thymine for the C-only reaction. The modified DNAs are then cleaved by hot piperidine at the position of the modified base. The concentration of the modifying chemicals is controlled to introduce on average one modification per DNA molecule. Thus a series of labeled fragments is generated, from the radiolabeled end to the first "cut" site in each molecule. The fragments in the four reactions are electrophoresed side by side in denaturing acrylamide gels for size separation. To visualize the fragments, the gel is exposed to X-ray film for autoradiography, yielding a series of dark bands each corresponding to a radiolabeled DNA fragment, from which the sequence may be inferred. Also sometimes known as "chemical sequencing", this method led to the Methylation Interference Assay used to map DNA-binding sites for DNA-binding proteins.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing</ref> == Dideoxynucleotide Chain-termination methods == [[File:Sequencing.jpg|thumb|right|Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel]] Because the chain-terminator method (or Sanger method after its developer [[Frederick Sanger]]) is more efficient and uses fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity than the method of Maxam and Gilbert, it rapidly became the method of choice. The key principle of the Sanger method was the use of dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs) as DNA chain terminators. The classical chain-termination method requires a single-stranded DNA template, a DNA primer, a DNA polymerase, normal deoxynucleotidephosphates (dNTPs), and modified nucleotides (dideoxyNTPs) that terminate DNA strand elongation. These ddNTPs will also be radioactively or fluorescently labelled for detection in automated sequencing machines. The DNA sample is divided into four separate sequencing reactions, containing all four of the standard deoxynucleotides (dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP) and the DNA polymerase. To each reaction is added only one of the four dideoxynucleotides (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP) which are the chain-terminating nucleotides, lacking a 3'-hydroxyl (OH) group required for the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides, thus terminating DNA strand extension and resulting in DNA fragments of varying length. The newly synthesized and labelled DNA fragments are heat denatured, and separated by size (with a resolution of just one nucleotide) by gel electrophoresis on a denaturing polyacrylamide-urea gel with each of the four reactions run in one of four individual lanes (lanes A, T, G, C); the DNA bands are then visualized by autoradiography or UV light, and the DNA sequence can be directly read off the X-ray film or gel image. In the image on the right, X-ray film was exposed to the gel, and the dark bands correspond to DNA fragments of different lengths. A dark band in a lane indicates a DNA fragment that is the result of chain termination after incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP). The relative positions of the different bands among the four lanes are then used to read (from bottom to top) the DNA sequence.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing DNA sequencing]</ref> [[File:DNA Sequencin 3 labeling methods.jpg|thumb|left|DNA fragments are labelled with a radioactive or fluorescent tag on the primer (1), in the new DNA strand with a labeled dNTP, or with a labeled ddNTP. (click to expand)]] Technical variations of chain-termination sequencing include tagging with nucleotides containing radioactive phosphorus for radiolabelling, or using a primer labeled at the 5’ end with a fluorescent dye. Dye-primer sequencing facilitates reading in an optical system for faster and more economical analysis and automation. The later development by [[Leroy Hood]] and coworkers <ref>{{cite journal |author=Smith LM, Sanders JZ, Kaiser RJ, ''et al'' |title=Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis |journal=Nature |volume=321 |issue=6071 |pages=674–9 |year=1986 |pmid=3713851 |doi=10.1038/321674a0 |quote=We have developed a method for the partial automation of DNA sequence analysis. Fluorescence detection of the DNA fragments is accomplished by means of a fluorophore covalently attached to the oligonucleotide primer used in enzymatic DNA sequence analysis. A different coloured fluorophore is used for each of the reactions specific for the bases A, C, G and T. The reaction mixtures are combined and co-electrophoresed down a single polyacrylamide gel tube, the separated fluorescent bands of DNA are detected near the bottom of the tube, and the sequence information is acquired directly by computer.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Smith LM, Fung S, Hunkapiller MW, Hunkapiller TJ, Hood LE |title=The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing an aliphatic amino group at the 5' terminus: synthesis of fluorescent DNA primers for use in DNA sequence analysis |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=2399–412 |year=1985 |month=April |pmid=4000959 |pmc=341163 |url=http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4000959 |doi=10.1093/nar/13.7.2399}}</ref> of fluorescently labeled ddNTPs and primers set the stage for automated, high-throughput DNA sequencing.[[File:Radioactive Fluorescent Seq.jpg|thumb|right|Sequence ladder by radioactive sequencing compared to fluorescent peaks]] Chain-termination methods have greatly simplified DNA sequencing. For example, chain-termination-based kits are commercially available that contain the reagents needed for sequencing, pre-aliquoted and ready to use. Limitations include non-specific binding of the primer to the DNA, affecting accurate read-out of the DNA sequence, and DNA secondary structures affecting the fidelity of the sequence. === Dye-terminator sequencing === [[File:CE Basic.jpg|thumb|left|Capillary electrophoresis (click to expand)]] ''Dye-terminator sequencing'' utilizes labelling of the chain terminator ddNTPs, which permits sequencing in a single reaction, rather than four reactions as in the labelled-primer method. In dye-terminator sequencing, each of the four dideoxynucleotide chain terminators is labelled with fluorescent dyes, each of which emit light at different wavelengths. Owing to its greater expediency and speed, dye-terminator sequencing is now the mainstay in automated sequencing. Its limitations include dye effects due to differences in the incorporation of the dye-labelled chain terminators into the DNA fragment, resulting in unequal peak heights and shapes in the electronic DNA sequence trace [[chromatogram]] after [[capillary electrophoresis]] (see figure to the left). This problem has been addressed with the use of modified DNA polymerase enzyme systems and dyes that minimize incorporation variability, as well as methods for eliminating "dye blobs". The dye-terminator sequencing method, along with automated high-throughput DNA sequence analyzers, is now being used for the vast majority of sequencing projects. === Challenges === Common challenges of DNA sequencing include poor quality in the first 15–40 bases of the sequence and deteriorating quality of sequencing traces after 700–900 bases. [[Base calling]] software typically gives an estimate of quality to aid in quality trimming.<ref name="urlPhred - Quality Base Calling">{{cite web |url=http://www.phrap.com/phred/ |title=Phred - Quality Base Calling |format= |work= |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref><ref name="urlBase-calling for next-generation sequencing platforms — Brief Bioinform">{{cite web |url=http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/01/18/bib.bbq077.full |title=Base-calling for next-generation sequencing platforms — Brief Bioinform |format= |work= |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref> In cases where DNA fragments are cloned before sequencing, the resulting sequence may contain parts of the cloning vector. In contrast, PCR-based cloning and emerging sequencing technologies based on pyrosequencing often avoid using cloning vectors. Recently, one-step Sanger sequencing (combined amplification and sequencing) methods such as Ampliseq and SeqSharp have been developed that allow rapid sequencing of target genes without cloning or prior amplification.<ref>Murphy, K.; Berg, K.; Eshleman, J. (2005). "Sequencing of genomic DNA by combined amplification and cycle sequencing reaction". Clinical chemistry 51 (1): 35–39.</ref><ref>Sengupta, D.; Cookson, B. (2010). "SeqSharp: A general approach for improving cycle-sequencing that facilitates a robust one-step combined amplification and sequencing method". The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD 12 (3): 272–277.</ref> Current methods can directly sequence only relatively short (300–1000 [[nucleotides]] long) DNA fragments in a single reaction. The main obstacle to sequencing DNA fragments above this size limit is insufficient power of separation for resolving large DNA fragments that differ in length by only one nucleotide. In all cases the use of a primer with a free 5' end is essential. === Automation and sample preparation === [[File:Sanger sequencing read display.png|thumb|500px|right|View of the start of an example dye-terminator read]] Automated DNA-sequencing instruments (DNA sequencers) can sequence up to 384 DNA samples in a single batch (run) in up to 24 runs a day. DNA sequencers carry out capillary electrophoresis for size separation, detection and recording of dye fluorescence, and data output as fluorescent peak trace chromatograms. Sequencing reactions by thermocycling, cleanup and re-suspension in a buffer solution before loading onto the sequencer are performed separately. A number of commercial and non-commercial software packages can trim low-quality DNA traces automatically. These programs score the quality of each peak and remove low-quality base peaks (generally located at the ends of the sequence). The accuracy of such algorithms is below visual examination by a human operator, but sufficient for automated processing of large sequence data sets. == Polymerase chain reaction == [[File:PCR.svg|thumb|right|300px|'''Figure 1''': Schematic drawing of the PCR cycle. '''(1) Denaturing at 94–96&nbsp;°C. (2) Annealing at ~65&nbsp;°C (3) Elongation at 72&nbsp;°C'''. Four cycles are shown here. The blue lines represent the DNA template to which primers (red arrows) anneal that are extended by the DNA polymerase (light green circles), to give shorter DNA products (green lines), which themselves are used as templates as PCR progresses.]] '''PCR''' PCR is used to amplify a specific region of a DNA strand (the DNA target). Most PCR methods typically amplify DNA fragments of up to ~10 kilo base pairs (kb), although some techniques allow for amplification of fragments up to 40 kb in size. A basic PCR set up requires several components and reagents.These components include: DNA template that contains the DNA region (target) to be amplified. Two primers that are complementary to the 3' (three prime) ends of each of the sense and anti-sense strand of the DNA target. Taq polymerase or another DNA polymerase with a temperature optimum at around 70&nbsp;°C. Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), the building-blocks from which the DNA polymerase synthesizes a new DNA strand. Buffer solution, providing a suitable chemical environment for optimum activity and stability of the DNA polymerase. Divalent cations, magnesium or manganese ions; generally Mg2+ is used, but Mn2+ can be utilized for PCR-mediated DNA mutagenesis, as higher Mn2+ concentration increases the error rate during DNA synthesis Monovalent cation potassium ions. The PCR is commonly carried out in a reaction volume of 10–200 μl in small reaction tubes (0.2–0.5 ml volumes) in a thermal cycler. The thermal cycler heats and cools the reaction tubes to achieve the temperatures required at each step of the reaction (see below). Many modern thermal cyclers make use of the Peltier effect, which permits both heating and cooling of the block holding the PCR tubes simply by reversing the electric current. Thin-walled reaction tubes permit favorable thermal conductivity to allow for rapid thermal equilibration. Most thermal cyclers have heated lids to prevent condensation at the top of the reaction tube. Older thermocyclers lacking a heated lid require a layer of oil on top of the reaction mixture or a ball of wax inside the tube.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction Polymerase chain reaction]</ref> '''Procedure''' Figure 1: Schematic drawing of the PCR cycle. (1) Denaturing at 94–96&nbsp;°C. (2) Annealing at ~65&nbsp;°C (3) Elongation at 72&nbsp;°C. Four cycles are shown here. The blue lines represent the DNA template to which primers (red arrows) anneal that are extended by the DNA polymerase (light green circles), to give shorter DNA products (green lines), which themselves are used as templates as PCR progresses. Typically, PCR consists of a series of 20-40 repeated temperature changes, called cycles, with each cycle commonly consisting of 2-3 discrete temperature steps, usually three . The cycling is often preceded by a single temperature step (called hold) at a high temperature (>90&nbsp;°C), and followed by one hold at the end for final product extension or brief storage. The temperatures used and the length of time they are applied in each cycle depend on a variety of parameters. These include the enzyme used for DNA synthesis, the concentration of divalent ions and dNTPs in the reaction, and the melting temperature (Tm) of the primers.Initialization step: This step consists of heating the reaction to a temperature of 94–96&nbsp;°C (or 98&nbsp;°C if extremely thermostable polymerases are used), which is held for 1–9 minutes. It is only required for DNA polymerases that require heat activation by hot-start PCR. Denaturation step: This step is the first regular cycling event and consists of heating the reaction to 94–98&nbsp;°C for 20–30 seconds. It causes DNA melting of the DNA template by disrupting the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases, yielding single-stranded DNA molecules. Annealing step: The reaction temperature is lowered to 50–65&nbsp;°C for 20–40 seconds allowing annealing of the primers to the single-stranded DNA template. Typically the annealing temperature is about 3-5 degrees Celsius below the Tm of the primers used. Stable DNA-DNA hydrogen bonds are only formed when the primer sequence very closely matches the template sequence. The polymerase binds to the primer-template hybrid and begins DNA synthesis. Extension/elongation step: The temperature at this step depends on the DNA polymerase used; Taq polymerase has its optimum activity temperature at 75–80&nbsp;°C, and commonly a temperature of 72&nbsp;°C is used with this enzyme. At this step the DNA polymerase synthesizes a new DNA strand complementary to the DNA template strand by adding dNTPs that are complementary to the template in 5' to 3' direction, condensing the 5'-phosphate group of the dNTPs with the 3'-hydroxyl group at the end of the nascent (extending) DNA strand. The extension time depends both on the DNA polymerase used and on the length of the DNA fragment to be amplified. As a rule-of-thumb, at its optimum temperature, the DNA polymerase will polymerize a thousand bases per minute. Under optimum conditions, i.e., if there are no limitations due to limiting substrates or reagents, at each extension step, the amount of DNA target is doubled, leading to exponential (geometric) amplification of the specific DNA fragment. Final elongation: This single step is occasionally performed at a temperature of 70–74&nbsp;°C for 5–15 minutes after the last PCR cycle to ensure that any remaining single-stranded DNA is fully extended. Final hold: This step at 4–15&nbsp;°C for an indefinite time may be employed for short-term storage of the reaction. To check whether the PCR generated the anticipated DNA fragment (also sometimes referred to as the amplimer or amplicon), agarose gel electrophoresis is employed for size separation of the PCR products. The size(s) of PCR products is determined by comparison with a DNA ladder (a molecular weight marker), which contains DNA fragments of known size, run on the gel alongside the PCR products. == Facts to be remembered == DNA Polymerases are enzymes that synthesize polynucleotide chains from nucleoside triphosphates and make the DNA. In 1865 Gregor Mendel's paper, Experiments on Plant Hybridization In 1869, DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician '''Friedrich Miescher''' who discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages. From 1880 to 1890 Walther Flemming, Eduard Strasburger, and Edouard van Beneden elucidate chromosome distribution during cell division In 1889 Hugo de Vries postulates that "inheritance of specific traits in organisms comes in particles", naming such particles "(pan)genes" In 1903 Walter Sutton hypothesizes that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units In 1905 William Bateson coins the term "genetics" in a letter to Adam Sedgwick and at a meeting in 1906 In 1908 Hardy-Weinberg law derived. In 1910 Thomas Hunt Morgan shows that genes reside on chromosomes In 1913 Alfred Sturtevant makes the first genetic map of a chromosome In 1913 Gene maps show chromosomes containing linear arranged genes In 1918 Ronald Fisher publishes "The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance" the modern synthesis of genetics and evolutionary biology starts. See population genetics. In 1928 Frederick Griffith discovers that hereditary material from dead bacteria can be incorporated into live bacteria (see Griffith's experiment) in 1931 Crossing over is identified as the cause of recombination In 1933 Jean Brachet is able to show that DNA is found in chromosomes and that RNA is present in the cytoplasm of all cells. In 1937 William Astbury produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns that showed that DNA had a regular structure. In 1928, Frederick Griffith discovered that traits of the "smooth" form of the ''Pneumococcus'' could be transferred to the "rough" form of the same bacteria by mixing killed "smooth" bacteria with the live "rough" form. In 1952, '''Alfred Hershey''' and '''Martha Chase''' in the Hershey–Chase experiment showed that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage. In 1953, '''James D. Watson''' and '''Francis Crick''' suggested double-helix model of DNA structure. Purines are found in high concentration in meat and meat products, especially internal organs such as liver and kidney. Examples of high-purine sources include: sweetbreads, anchovies, sardines, liver, beef kidneys, brains, meat extracts (e.g., Oxo, Bovril), herring, mackerel, scallops, game meats, beer (from the yeast) and gravy. bp = base pair(s) One bp corresponds to circa 3.4 Å of length along the strand kb (= kbp) = kilo base pairs = 1,000 bp Mb = mega base pairs = 1,000,000 bp '''Analysis of DNA topology uses three values:''' L = linking number - the number of times one DNA strand wraps around the other. It is an integer for a closed loop and constant for a closed topological domain. T = twist - total number of turns in the double stranded DNA helix. This will normally tend to approach the number of turns that a topologically open double stranded DNA helix makes free in solution: number of bases/10.5, assuming there are no intercalating agents (e.g., chloroquine) or other elements modifying the stiffness of the DNA. W = writhe - number of turns of the double stranded DNA helix around the superhelical axis L = T + W and ΔL = ΔT + ΔW Any change of T in a closed topological domain must be balanced by a change in W, and vice versa. This results in higher order structure of DNA. A circular DNA molecule with a writhe of 0 will be circular. If the twist of this molecule is subsequently increased or decreased by supercoiling then the writhe will be appropriately altered, making the molecule undergo plectonemic or toroidal superhelical coiling. When the ends of a piece of double stranded helical DNA are joined so that it forms a circle the strands are topologically knotted. This means the single strands cannot be separated any process that does not involve breaking a strand (such as heating). The task of un-knotting topologically linked strands of DNA falls to enzymes known as topoisomerases. These enzymes are dedicated to un-knotting circular DNA by cleaving one or both strands so that another double or single stranded segment can pass through. This un-knotting is required for the replication of circular DNA and various types of recombination in linear DNA which have similar topological constraints. Gb = giga base pairs = 1,000,000,000 bp. 1972 Development of recombinant DNA technology, which permits isolation of defined fragments of DNA; prior to this, the only accessible samples for sequencing were from bacteriophage or virus DNA. 1977 The first complete DNA genome to be sequenced is that of bacteriophage φX174. 1977 Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert publish "DNA sequencing by chemical degradation". Frederick Sanger, independently, publishes "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors". 1984 Medical Research Council scientists decipher the complete DNA sequence of the Epstein-Barr virus, 170 kb. 1986 Leroy E. Hood's laboratory at the California Institute of Technology and Smith announce the first semi-automated DNA sequencing machine. 1987 Applied Biosystems markets first automated sequencing machine, the model ABI 370. 1990 The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) begins large-scale sequencing trials on Mycoplasma capricolum, Escherichia coli, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (at US$0.75/base). 1991 Sequencing of human expressed sequence tags begins in Craig Venter's lab, an attempt to capture the coding fraction of the human genome. 1995 Craig Venter, Hamilton Smith, and colleagues at The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) publish the first complete genome of a free-living organism, the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. The circular chromosome contains 1,830,137 bases and its publication in the journal Science marks the first use of whole-genome shotgun sequencing, eliminating the need for initial mapping efforts. 1996 Pål Nyrén and his student Mostafa Ronaghi at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm publish their method of pyrosequencing. 1998 Phil Green and Brent Ewing of the University of Washington publish “phred” for sequencer data analysis. 2001 A draft sequence of the human genome is published. 2004 454 Life Sciences markets a parallelized version of pyrosequencing.The first version of their machine reduced sequencing costs 6-fold compared to automated Sanger sequencing, and was the second of a new generation of sequencing technologies, after MPSS '''List of bases found in DNA and RNA''' {|class="wikitable" |- ! Name !! 3-D structure !!Abbreviation !! Structural formula !! Classification !! Found in |- | style="text-align:center"|Cytosine | [[File: Cytosine-3D-balls.png|thumb|180px]] | style="text-align:center"|C | style="text-align:center"|[[File:Cytosine chemical structure.png|class=skin-invert-image|150px]] | Pyrimidine||DNA, RNA |- | style="text-align:center"|Thymine ||[[File:Thymine-3D-balls.png|thumb|180px]] | style="text-align:center"|T | style="text-align:center"|[[File:Thymine chemical structure.png|class=skin-invert-image|150px]] |Pyrimidine|| DNA |- | style="text-align:center"|Uracil || [[File:Uracil-3D-balls.png|thumb|180px]] | style="text-align:center"|U | style="text-align:center"|[[File:Uracil.svg|class=skin-invert-image|150px]] || Pyrimidine||RNA |- | style="text-align:center"|Adenine |[[File:Adenine-3D-balls.png|thumb|180px]] | style="text-align:center"|A | style="text-align:center"|[[File:Adenine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|150px]] | Purine||DNA, RNA |- | style="text-align:center"|Guanine |[[File: Guanine-3D-balls.png|thumb|180px]] | style="text-align:center"|C |style="text-align:center"|[[File:Guanin.svg|class=skin-invert-image|150px]] | Purine||DNA, RNA |} == References == {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} 8g0kw3z7k9n4tzugpejkrde5ruhypa7 4635657 4635655 2026-05-14T03:51:46Z Д.Ильин 688474 4635657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nav}}Genes are made from a long molecule called DNA, which is copied and inherited across generations. DNA is made of simple units that line up in a particular order within this large molecule. The order of these units carries genetic information, similar to how the order of letters on a page carry information. The language used by DNA is called the genetic code, which lets organisms read the information in the genes. This information is the instructions for constructing and operating a living organism. '''Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA):''' Deoxyribonucleic acid (/diˌɒksiˌraɪbɵ.njuːˌkleɪ.ɨk ˈæsɪd/ , or DNA, is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms (with the exception of RNA viruses). The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of blueprints, like a recipe or a code, since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information. DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. These two strands run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called bases. It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA, in a process called transcription. The structure of DNA was first discovered by '''James D. Watson and Francis Crick'''. It is the same for all species, comprising two helical chains each coiled round the same axis, each with a pitch of 34 Ångströms (3.4 nanometres) and a radius of 10 Ångströms (1.0 nanometres). Within cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. These chromosomes are duplicated before cells divide, in a process called DNA replication. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts.In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. The DNA double helix is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the bases attached to the two strands. The four bases found in DNA are adenine (abbreviated A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). These four bases are attached to the sugar/phosphate to form the complete nucleotide, as shown for adenosine monophosphate.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA DNA]</ref> [[File:DNA replication split.svg|thumb|250px|right|[[DNA replication]]. DNA is unwound and [[nucleotide]]s are matched to make two new strands.]] == DNA is a genetic material == [[File:Griffith experiment.svg|thumb|250px|right|Griffith's experiment discovering the "transforming principle" in pneumococcus bacteria.]] {{quotation|Griffith's experiment was conducted in 1928 by Frederick Griffith, one of the first experiments suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation. Griffith used two strains of ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' bacteria which infect mice – a type III-S (smooth) and type II-R (rough) strain. The III-S strain covers itself with a polysaccharide capsule that protects it from the host's immune system, resulting in the death of the host, while the II-R strain doesn't have that protective capsule and is defeated by the host's immune system. A German bacteriologist, Fred Neufeld, had discovered the three pneumococcal types (Types I, II, and III) and discovered the Quellung reaction to identify them in vitro. Until Griffith's experiment, bacteriologists believed that the types were fixed and unchangeable, from one generation to another. In this experiment, bacteria from the III-S strain were killed by heat, and their remains were added to II-R strain bacteria. While neither alone harmed the mice, the combination was able to kill its host. Griffith was also able to isolate both live II-R and live III-S strains of pneumococcus from the blood of these dead mice. Griffith concluded that the type II-R had been "transformed" into the lethal III-S strain by a "transforming principle" that was somehow part of the dead III-S strain bacteria. Today, we know that the "transforming principle" Griffith observed was the DNA of the III-S strain bacteria. While the bacteria had been killed, the DNA had survived the heating process and was taken up by the II-R strain bacteria. The III-S strain DNA contains the genes that form the protective polysaccharide capsule. Equipped with this gene, the former II-R strain bacteria were now protected from the host's immune system and could kill the host. The exact nature of the transforming principle (DNA) was verified in the experiments done by Avery, McLeod and McCarty and by Hershey and Chase.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith's_experiment Griffith experiment]</ref>}} '''First confirmation:''' Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase conducted series of experiments in 1952 by , confirming that DNA was the genetic material, which had first been demonstrated in the 1944 Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment. These experiments are known as '''Hershey Chase experiments'''. The existence of DNA was known to biologists since 1869, most of them assumed that proteins carried the information for inheritance that time. Hershey and Chase conducted their experiments on the T2 phage. The phage consists of a protein shell containing its genetic material. The phage infects a bacterium by attaching to its outer membrane and injecting its genetic material and leaving its empty shell attached to the bacterium. In their first set of experiments, Hershey and Chase labeled the DNA of phages with radioactive Phosphorus-32 (p32) (the element phosphorus is present in DNA but not present in any of the 20 amino acids which are component of proteins). They allowed the phages to infect E. coli, and through several elegant experiments were able to observe the transfer of P32 labeled phage DNA into the cytoplasm of the bacterium. In their second set of experiments, they labeled the phages with radioactive Sulfur-35 (Sulfur is present in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, but not in DNA). Following infection of E. coli they then sheared the viral protein shells off of infected cells using a high-speed blender and separated the cells and viral coats by using a centrifuge. After separation, the radioactive S35 tracer was observed in the protein shells, but not in the infected bacteria, supporting the hypothesis that the genetic material which infects the bacteria was DNA and not protein.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hershey%E2%80%93Chase_experiment Hershey–Chase experiment]</ref><ref>Hershey, A.D. and Chase, M. (1952) Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage. J Gen Physiol. 36:39–56.</ref> '''Hershey shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his “discoveries concerning the genetic structure of viruses.”''' [[File:Oswald T. Avery portrait 1937.jpg|140px|Oswald Avery]] [[File:ColinMacCleod.jpg|155px|Colin MacLeod]][[File:Maclyn McCarty with Francis Crick and James D Watson - 10.1371 journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg|210px|Maclyn McCarty (with Watson and Crick)]] Oswald T. Avery, Colin MacCleod, Maclyn McCarty with Francis Crick and James D Watson <ref>A [[w:Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment|very–MacLeod–McCarty experiment]]</ref> == Structure of DNA == <div>[[Image:GC base pair jypx3.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|200px|A '''GC''' base pair demonstrating three intermolecular hydrogen bonds. ]]</div> <div>[[File:AT base pair jypx3.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|200px|An '''AT''' base pair demonstrating two intermolecular hydrogen bonds.]]</div> Two helical strands form the DNA backbone. Another double helix may be found by tracing the spaces, or grooves, between the strands. These voids are adjacent to the base pairs and may provide a binding site. As the strands are not directly opposite each other, the grooves are unequally sized. One groove, '''the major groove, is 22 Å''' wide and the other, the '''minor groove, is 12 Å wide'''. The narrowness of the minor groove means that the edges of the bases are more accessible in the major groove. As a result, proteins like transcription factors that can bind to specific sequences in double-stranded DNA usually make contacts to the sides of the bases exposed in the major groove. This situation varies in unusual conformations of DNA within the cell, but the major and minor grooves are always named to reflect the differences in size that would be seen if the DNA is twisted back into the ordinary B form. === Base pairing Of DNA === [[File:DNA Overview.png|thumb|200px|Structure of DNA.]] '''Chargaff's rules was given by Erwin Chargaff which state that DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases and, more specifically, that the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine.''' This pattern is found in both strands of the DNA. They were discovered by Austrian chemist Erwin Chargaff. In molecular biology, two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds are called a base pair (often abbreviated '''bp'''). In the canonical Watson-Crick DNA base pairing, Adenine (A) forms a base pair with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) forms a base pair with Cytosine (C). '''In RNA, thymine is replaced by Uracil (U).''' Alternate hydrogen bonding patterns, such as the wobble base pair and Hoogsteen base pair, also occur—particularly in RNA—giving rise to complex and functional tertiary structures.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair Base pair]</ref> '''Example''' 5'CTCGTTTGCGCTCTATCG3' 3'GAGCAAACGCGAGATAGC5' ==== Purine base ==== The German chemist Emil Fischer in 1884 gave the name 'purine' (purum uricum). He synthesized it for the first time in 1899 by uric acid which had been isolated from kidney stones by Scheele in 1776. Beside from DNA and RNA, purines are also components in a number of other important biomolecules, such as ATP, GTP, cyclic AMP, NADH, and coenzyme A. Purine itself, has not been found in nature, but it can be produced by organic synthesis.'''A purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring.''' '''Example:''' <div>[[File:Purines.svg|class=skin-invert-image]]</div> ==== Adenine ==== Adenine is one of the two purine nucleobases (the other being guanine) used in forming nucleotides of the nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). In DNA, adenine binds to thymine via two hydrogen bonds to assist in stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose. It forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. ==== Guanine ==== Guanine, along with adenine and cytosine, is present in both DNA and RNA, whereas thymine is usually seen only in DNA, and uracil only in RNA. In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. With the formula C5H5N5O, guanine is a derivative of purine, consisting of a fused pyrimidine-imidazole ring system with conjugated double bonds. Guanine has two tautomeric forms, the major keto form and rare enol form. It binds to cytosine through three hydrogen bonds. In cytosine, the amino group acts as the hydrogen donor and the C-2 carbonyl and the N-3 amine as the hydrogen-bond acceptors. Guanine has a group at C-6 that acts as the hydrogen acceptor, while the group at N-1 and the amino group at C-2 act as the hydrogen donors. === Pyrimidine base === <div>[[File:Thymine chemical structure.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|right|107px|Chemical structure of thymine]]</div> <div>[[File:Cytosine chemical structure.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|left|100px|Cytosine with numbered components. Methylation occurs on carbon number 5.]]</div> <div>[[File:Uracil.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|right|102px|Chemical structure of uracil]]</div> Pyrimidine is a ''heterocyclic'' aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring. It is isomeric with two other forms of diazine.Three nucleobases found in nucleic acids, '''cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)''', are pyrimidine derivatives. A pyrimidine has many properties in common with pyridine, as the number of nitrogen atoms in the ring increases the ring pi electrons become less energetic and electrophilic aromatic substitution gets more difficult while nucleophilic aromatic substitution gets easier. An example of the last reaction type is the displacement of the amino group in 2-aminopyrimidine by chlorine and its reverse. Reduction in resonance stabilization of pyrimidines may lead to addition and ring cleavage reactions rather than substitutions. One such manifestation is observed in the Dimroth rearrangement. Compared to pyridine, N-alkylation and N-oxidation is more difficult, and pyrimidines are also less basic: The pKa value for protonated pyrimidine is '''1.23''' compared to '''5.30''' for pyridine.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine Pyrimidine]</ref> '''Pyrimidine also is found in meteorites, although scientists still do not know its origin.''' Pyrimidine also photolytically decomposes into Uracil under UV light. [[File:Cytosine chemical structure.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|left|101px|Chemical structure of cytosine]] ==== Cytosine ==== Cytosine can be found as part of DNA, as part of RNA, or as a part of a nucleotide. As ''cytidine triphosphate (CTP)'', it can act as a co-factor to enzymes, and can transfer a phosphate to convert adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP).The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In DNA and RNA, '''cytosine is paired with guanine'''. However, it is inherently unstable, and can change into uracil (spontaneous deamination). This can lead to a point mutation if not repaired by the DNA repair enzymes such as uracil glycosylase, which cleaves a uracil in DNA. Cytosine can also be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Active enzymatic deamination of cytosine or 5-methylcytosine by the APOBEC family of cytosine deaminases could have both beneficial and detrimental implications on various cellular processes as well as on organismal evolution. The implications of deamination on 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, on the other hand, remains less understood.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Cytosine]</ref> ==== Thymine ==== Thymine (T, Thy) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T. The others are adenine, guanine, and cytosine. Thymine is also known as 5-methyluracil, a pyrimidine nucleobase. As the name suggests, thymine may be derived by methylation of uracil at the 5th carbon. In RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil in most cases. In DNA, thymine(T) binds to adenine (A) via two hydrogen bonds, thus stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. ==== Uracil ==== Uracil found in RNA, it base-pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription. Methylation of uracil produces thymine. It turns into thymine to protect the DNA and to improve the efficiency of DNA replication. Uracil can base-pair with any of the bases, depending on how the molecule arranges itself on the helix, but readily pairs with adenine because the methyl group is repelled into a fixed position. Uracil pairs with adenine through hydrogen bonding. Uracil is the hydrogen bond acceptor and can form two hydrogen bonds. Uracil can also bind with a ribose sugar to form the ribonucleoside uridine. When a phosphate attaches to uridine, uridine 5'-monophosphate is produced. === Nucleosides === {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em" class="skin-invert-image" |- align="center" valign="bottom" ! Nitrogenous base ! Nucleoside ! Deoxynucleoside |- align="center" valign="" | [[File:Adenine.svg|58px|Chemical structure of adenine]]<br />[[Adenine]]<br /> | [[File:Adenosin.svg|95px|Chemical structure of adenosine]]<br />[[Adenosine]]<br />A | [[File:dA chemical structure.png|95px|Chemical structure of deoxyadenosine]]<br />[[Deoxyadenosine]]<br />dA |- align="center" valign="" | [[File:Guanine chemical structure.png|86px|Chemical structure of guanine]]<br />[[Guanine]]<br /> | [[File:G chemical structure.png|123px|Chemical structure of guanosine]]<br />[[Guanosine]]<br />G | [[File:dG chemical structure.png|123px|Chemical structure of deoxyguanosine]]<br />[[Deoxyguanosine]]<br />dG |- align="center" valign="" | [[File:Thymine chemical structure.png|63px|Chemical structure of thymine]]<br />[[Thymine]]<br /> | [[File:T chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of 5-methyluridine]]<br />[[5-Methyluridine]]<br />m⁵U | [[File:dT chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of thymidine]]<br />[[Thymidine]]<br />dT |- align="center" valign="" | [[File:Uracil.svg|51px|Chemical structure of uracil]]<br />[[Uracil]]<br /> | [[File:U chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of uridine]]<br />[[Uridine]]<br />U | [[File:dU chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of deoxyuridine]]<br />[[Deoxyuridine]]<br />dU |- align="center" valign="" | [[File:Cytosine chemical structure.png|51px|Chemical structure of cytosine]]<br />[[Cytosine]]<br /> | [[File:C chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of cytidine]]<br />[[Cytidine]]<br />C | [[File:dC chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of deoxycytidine]]<br />[[Deoxycytidine]]<br />dC |- |} Nucleosides are glycosylamines consisting of a nucleobase (often referred to as simply base) bound to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar via a beta-glycosidic linkage. Examples of nucleosides include cytidine, uridine, adenosine, guanosine, thymidine and inosine. Nucleosides can be phosphorylated by specific kinases in the cell on the sugar's primary alcohol group (-CH2-OH), producing nucleotides, which are the molecular building-blocks of DNA and RNA. Nucleosides can be produced by de novo synthesis pathways, in particular in the liver, but they are more abundantly supplied via ingestion and digestion of nucleic acids in the diet, whereby nucleotidases break down nucleotides (such as the thymine nucleotide) into nucleosides (such as thymidine) and phosphate. 1. Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule (ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. 2. Cytidine is a nucleoside molecule that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. Cytidine is a component of RNA. 3. Guanosine is a purine nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. Guanosine can be phosphorylated to become guanosine monophosphate (GMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and guanosine triphosphate (GTP). 4. Thymidine (more precisely called deoxythymidine; can also be labelled deoxyribosylthymine, and thymine deoxyriboside) is a chemical compound, more precisely a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. Deoxythymidine is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. If cytosine is attached to a deoxyribose ring, it is known as a deoxycytidine<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside Nucleoside]</ref> === Nucleotide === A nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase (nitrogenous base), a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or 2'-deoxyribose), and one to three phosphate groups. Together, the nucleobase and sugar comprise a nucleoside. The phosphate groups form bonds with either the 2, 3, or 5-carbon of the sugar, with the 5-carbon site most common. Cyclic nucleotides form when the phosphate group is bound to two of the sugar's hydroxyl groups. Ribonucleotides are nucleotides where the sugar is ribose, and deoxyribonucleotides contain the sugar deoxyribose. Nucleotides can contain either a purine or a pyrimidine base. Nucleic acids are polymeric macromolecules made from nucleotide monomers. In DNA, the purine bases are adenine and guanine, while the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. RNA uses uracil in place of thymine. Adenine always pairs with thymine by 2 hydrogen bonds, while guanine pairs with cytosine through 3 hydrogen bonds, each due to their unique structures. A deoxyribonucleotide is the monomer, or single unit, of DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid. Each deoxyribonucleotide comprises three parts: a nitrogenous base, a deoxyribose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. The nitrogenous base is always bonded to the 1' carbon of the deoxyribose, which is distinguished from ribose by the presence of a proton on the 2' carbon rather than an -OH group. The phosphate groups bind to the 5' carbon of the sugar. When deoxyribonucleotides polymerize to form DNA, the phosphate group from one nucleotide will bond to the 3' carbon on another nucleotide, forming a phosphodiester bond via dehydration synthesis. New nucleotides are always added to the 3' carbon of the last nucleotide, so synthesis always proceeds from 5' to 3'.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide Nucleotide]</ref> '''Phosphodiester bond''' A phosphodiester bond is a group of strong covalent bonds between a phosphate group and two 5-carbon ring carbohydrates (pentoses) over two ester bonds. Phosphodiester bonds are central to most life on Earth, as they make up the backbone of the strands of DNA. In DNA and RNA, the phosphodiester bond is the linkage between the 3' carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5' carbon of another, deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA. The phosphate groups in the phosphodiester bond are negatively-charged. Because the phosphate groups have a pKa near 0, they are negatively-charged at pH 7. This repulsion forces the phosphates to take opposite sides of the DNA strands and is neutralized by proteins (histones), metal ions such as magnesium, and polyamines. In order for the phosphodiester bond to be formed and the nucleotides to be joined, the tri-phosphate or di-phosphate forms of the nucleotide building blocks are broken apart to give off energy required to drive the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. When a single phosphate or two phosphates known as pyrophosphates break away and catalyze the reaction, the phosphodiester bond is formed. Hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds can be catalyzed by the action of phosphodiesterases which play an important role in repairing DNA sequences. In biological systems, the phosphodiester bond between two ribonucleotides can be broken by alkaline hydrolysis because of the free 2' hydroxyl group.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiester_bond Phosphodiester bond]</ref> [[File:Phosphodiester Bond Diagram.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|400px|Diagram of phosphodiester bonds (PO₄^3-) between nucleotides. Which presents Thymine (''U'') and two molecules of Adenine (''A'').]] {| class="skin-invert-image" |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[File:AMP structure.svg|126px]]<br />[[Adenosine monophosphate]]<br />AMP | [[File:Adenosindiphosphat protoniert.svg|156px]]<br />[[Adenosine diphosphate]]<br />ADP | [[File:ATP structure.svg|186px|adenosine triphosphate]]<br />[[Adenosine triphosphate]]<br />ATP |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[File:GMP chemical structure.png|154px|guanosine monophosphate]]<br />[[Guanosine monophosphate]]<br />GMP | [[File:GDP chemical structure.png|184px|guanosine diphosphate]]<br />[[Guanosine diphosphate]]<br />GDP | [[File:GTP chemical structure.png|214px|guanosine triphosphate]]<br />[[Guanosine triphosphate]]<br />GTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[File:TMP chemical structure.png|117px|ribothymidine monophosphate]]<br />[[Ribothymidine monophosphate]]<br />rTMP | [[File:TDP chemical structure.png|148px|ribothymidine diphosphate]]<br />[[Ribothymidine diphosphate]]<br />rTDP | [[File:TTP chemical structure.png|178px|ribothymidine triphosphate]]<br />[[Ribothymidine triphosphate]]<br />rTTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[File:UMP chemical structure.png|117px]]<br />[[Uridine monophosphate]]<br />UMP | [[File:UDP chemical structure.png|148px|diphosphate]]<br />[[Uridine diphosphate]]<br />UDP | [[File:UTP chemical structure.png|178px|triphosphate]]<br />[[Uridine triphosphate]]<br />UTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[File:CMP chemical structure.png|117px|cytidine monophosphate]]<br />[[Cytidine monophosphate]]<br />CMP | [[File:CDP chemical structure.png|148px|cytidine diphosphate]]<br />[[Cytidine diphosphate]]<br />CDP | [[File:CTP chemical structure.png|178px|cytidine triphosphate]]<br />[[Cytidine triphosphate]]<br />CTP |- |} == Forms of DNA == '''A-DNA:''' A-DNA is one of the many possible double helical structures of DNA. A-DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structures along with B- and Z-DNA. It is a right-handed double helix fairly similar to the more common and well-known B-DNA form, but with a shorter more compact helical structure. It appears likely that it occurs only in dehydrated samples of DNA, such as those used in crystallographic experiments, and possibly is also assumed by DNA-RNA hybrid helices and by regions of double-stranded RNA.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-DNA A-DNA]</ref> '''B-DNA'''The most common form of DNA is ''B'' DNA. The DNA double helix is a spiral polymer of nucleic acids, held together by nucleotides which base pair together. In B-DNA, the most common double helical structure, the double helix is right-handed with about 10–10.5 nucleotides per turn. The double helix structure of DNA contains a major groove and minor groove, the major groove being wider than the minor groove. Given the difference in widths of the major groove and minor groove, many proteins which bind to DNA do so through the wider major groove. '''Z-DNA:''' Z-DNA is one of the many possible double helical structures of DNA. It is a left-handed double helical structure in which the double helix winds to the left in a zig-zag pattern (instead of to the right, like the more common B-DNA form). Z-DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structures along with A- and B-DNA. Z-DNA is quite different from the right-handed forms. In fact, Z-DNA is often compared against B-DNA in order to illustrate the major differences. The Z-DNA helix is left-handed and has a structure that repeats every 2 base pairs. The major and minor grooves, unlike A- and B-DNA, show little difference in width. Formation of this structure is generally unfavourable, although certain conditions can promote it; such as alternating purine-pyrimidine sequence (especially poly(dGC)2), negative DNA supercoiling or high salt and some cations (all at physiological temperature, 37&nbsp;°C, and pH 7.3-7.4). Z-DNA can form a junction with B-DNA (called a "B-to-Z junction box") in a structure which involves the extrusion of a base pair. The Z-DNA conformation has been difficult to study because it does not exist as a stable feature of the double helix. Instead, it is a transient structure that is occasionally induced by biological activity and then quickly disappears.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-DNA</ref> [[File:A-DNA, B-DNA and Z-DNA.png|thumb|450px|right|From left to right, the structures of A, B and Z DNA]] {| class="wikitable" |+ Difference between three major forms of DNA ! !A-DNA !B-DNA !Z-DNA |- |Helix sense ||align="center"| Right-handed ||align="center"| Right-handed ||align="center"| Left-handed |- |Diameter ||align="right"| 23 Å (2.3&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 20 Å (2.0&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 18 Å (1.8&nbsp;nm) |- |Repeating unit ||align="right"| 1 bp ||align="right"| 1 bp ||align="right"| 2 bp |- |Rotation/bp ||align="right"| 32.7° ||align="right"| 35.9° ||align="right"| 60°/2 |- |bp/turn ||align="right"| 11 ||align="right"| 10.5 ||align="right"| 12 |- |Inclination of bp to axis ||align="right"| +19° ||align="right"| −1.2° ||align="right"| −9° |- |Rise/bp along axis ||align="right"| 2.3 Å (0.23&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 3.32 Å (0.332&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 3.8 Å (0.38&nbsp;nm) |- |Pitch/turn of helix ||align="right"| 28.2 Å (2.82&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 33.2 Å (3.32&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 45.6 Å (4.56&nbsp;nm) |- |Mean propeller twist ||align="right"| +18° ||align="right"| +16° ||align="right"| 0° |- |Glycosyl angle ||align="center"| anti ||align="center"| anti ||align="center"| C: anti,<br /> G: syn |- |Sugar pucker ||align="center"| C3'-endo ||align="center"| C2'-endo ||align="center"| C: C2'-endo,<br />G: C2'-exo |- |} bp-Base pair, nm-nano meter == Noncoding genomic DNA == In molecular biology, noncoding DNA describes components of an organism's DNA sequences that do not encode for protein sequences. '''Pseudogenes''' Pseudogenes are DNA sequences, related to known genes, that have lost their protein-coding ability or are otherwise no longer expressed in the cell. Pseudogenes arise from retrotransposition or genomic duplication of functional genes, and become "genomic fossils" that are nonfuctional due to mutations that prevent the transcription of the gene, such as within the gene promoter region, or fatally alter the translation of the gene, such as premature stop codons or frameshifts. Pseudogenes resulting from the retrotransposition of an RNA intermediate are known as processed pseudogenes; pseudogenes that arise from the genomic remains of duplicated genes or residues of inactivated genes are nonprocessed pseudogenes. While Dollo's Law suggests that the loss of function in pseudogenes is likely permanent, silenced genes may actually retain function for several million years and can be "reactivated" into protein-coding sequences and a substantial number of pseudogenes are actively transcribed. Because pseudogenes are presumed to evolve without evolutionary constraint, they can serve as a useful model of the type and frequencies of various spontaneous genetic mutations.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncoding_DNA Noncoding DNA]</ref> == Coiling of DNA == [[File:Circular DNA Supercoiling.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|400px|right|Supercoiled structure of circular DNA molecules with low writhe. Note that the helical nature of the DNA duplex is omitted for clarity.]] [[File:Linear DNA Supercoiling.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|400px|right|Supercoiled structure of linear DNA molecules with constrained ends. Note that the helical nature of the DNA duplex is omitted for clarity.]] DNA supercoiling is important for DNA packaging within all cells. Because the length of DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for a lot more DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to form a 10&nbsp;nm fiber. This fiber is further coiled into a 30&nbsp;nm fiber, and further coiled upon itself numerous times more. DNA packaging is greatly increased during nuclear division events such as mitosis or meiosis, where DNA must be compacted and segregated to daughter cells. Condensins and cohesins are Structural Maintenance of Chromosome proteins that aid in the condensation of sister chromatids and the linkage of the centromere in sister chromatids. These SMC proteins induce positive supercoils. Supercoiling is also required for DNA/RNA synthesis. Because DNA must be unwound for DNA/RNA polymerase action, supercoils will result. The region ahead of the polymerase complex will be unwound; this stress is compensated with positive supercoils ahead of the complex. Behind the complex, DNA is rewound and there will be compensatory negative supercoils. It is important to note that topoisomerases such as DNA gyrase (Type II Topoisomerase) play a role in relieving some of the stress during DNA/RNA synthesis.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_supercoil DNA supercoil]</ref> NA supercoiling can be described numerically by changes in the '[[linking number]]' Lk. The linking number is the most descriptive property of supercoiled DNA. Lk_o, the number of turns in the relaxed (B type) DNA plasmid/molecule, is determined by dividing the total base pairs of the molecule by the relaxed bp/turn which, depending on reference is 10.4-10.5. : <math>Lk_o=bp/10.4</math> Lk is merely the number of crosses a single strand makes across the other in a planar projection. The topology of the DNA is described by the equation below in which the linking number is equivalent to the sum of TW, which is the number of twists or turns of the double helix, and Wr which is the number of coils or 'writhes'. If there is a closed DNA molecule, the sum of TW and Wr, or the linking number, does not change. However, there may be complementary changes in TW and Wr without changing their sum. :<math>Lk=Tw+Wr</math> The change in the linking number, ΔLk, is the actual number of turns in the plasmid/molecule, Lk, minus the number of turns in the relaxed plasmid/molecule Lk_o. :<math>\Delta{Lk=Lk-Lk_o}</math> If the DNA is negatively supercoiled ΔLk < 0. The negative supercoiling implies that the DNA is underwound. A standard expression independent of the molecule size is the "specific linking difference" or "superhelical density" denoted σ. σ represents the number of turns added or removed relative to the total number of turns in the relaxed molecule/plasmid, indicating the level of supercoiling. :<math>\sigma=\Delta{Lk/Lk_o}</math> The [[Gibbs free energy]] associated with the coiling is given by the equation below<ref name="Vologodskii1979">{{cite journal|author=Vologodskii AV, Lukashin AV, Anshelevich VV, ''et al.'' |title=Fluctuations in superhelical DNA |journal=Nucleic Acids Res |volume=6 |pages=967–682 |year=1979 |doi=10.1093/nar/6.3.967}}</ref> :<math>{\Delta G/N=10RT \sigma^2}</math> The linking number is a numerical invariant that describes the linking of two closed curves in three-dimensional space. Intuitively, the linking number represents the number of times that each curve winds around the other. The linking number is always an integer, but may be positive or negative depending on the orientation of the two curves. Since the linking number ''L'' of supercoiled DNA is the number of times the two strands are intertwined (and both strands remain covalently intact), ''L'' cannot change. The reference state (or parameter) ''L₀'' of a circular DNA duplex is its relaxed state. In this state, its writhe ''W'' = 0. Since ''L = T + W'', in a relaxed state ''T = L''. Thus, if we have a 400 bp relaxed circular DNA duplex, ''L ~ 40'' (assuming ~10 bp per turn in B-DNA). Then ''T ~ 40''. *Positively supercoiling: *:T = 0, W = 0, then L = 0 *:T = +3, W = 0, then L = +3 *:T = +2, W = +1, then L = +3 *Negatively supercoiling: *:T = 0, W = 0, then L = 0 *:T = -3, W = 0, then L = -3 *:T = -2, W = -1, then L = -3 Negative supercoils favor local unwinding of the DNA, allowing processes such as [[DNA transcription|transcription]], [[DNA replication]], and [[DNA recombination|recombination]]. Negative supercoiling is also thought to favour the transition between B-DNA and [[Z-DNA]], and moderate the interactions of DNA binding proteins involved in [[gene regulation]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Introduction to Plant Biotechnology |author=H. S. Chawla |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=1578082285}}</ref> == Histones: The DNA binding protein == Histones were discovered in 1884 by [[Albrecht Kossel]]. The word "histone" dates from the late 19th century and is from the German "Histon", of uncertain origin: perhaps from Greek ''histanai'' or from ''histos''. Until the early 1990s, histones were dismissed by most as inert packing material for eukaryotic nuclear DNA, based in part on the "ball and stick" models of [[Mark Ptashne]] and others who believed transcription was activated by protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions on largely naked DNA templates, as is the case in bacteria. During the 1980s, work by [[Michael Grunstein]] <ref>Kayne PS, Kim UJ, Han M, Mullen JR, Yoshizaki F, Grunstein M. Extremely conserved histone H4 N terminus is dispensable for growth but essential for repressing the silent mating loci in yeast. Cell. 1988 Oct 7;55(1):27-39. {{PMID|3048701}}</ref> demonstrated that eukaryotic histones repress gene transcription, and that the function of transcriptional activators is to overcome this repression. We now know that histones play both positive and negative roles in gene expression, forming the basis of the histone code. The discovery of the H5 histone appears to date back to 1970's,<ref name="pmid964248">{{cite journal | author = Crane-Robinson C, Dancy SE, Bradbury EM, Garel A, Kovacs AM, Champagne M, Daune M | title = Structural studies of chicken erythrocyte histone H5 | journal = Eur. J. Biochem. | volume = 67 | issue = 2 | pages = 379–88 | year = 1976 | month = August | pmid = 964248 | doi = 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10702.x| url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid689022">{{cite journal | author = Aviles FJ, Chapman GE, Kneale GG, Crane-Robinson C, Bradbury EM | title = The conformation of histone H5. Isolation and characterisation of the globular segment | journal = Eur. J. Biochem. | volume = 88 | issue = 2 | pages = 363–71 | year = 1978 | month = August | pmid = 689022 | doi = 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12457.x| url = | issn = }}</ref> and in classification it has been grouped with The nucleosome core is formed of two H2A-H2B dimers and a H3-H4 tetramer, forming two nearly symmetrical halves by tertiary structure (C2 symmetry; one macromolecule is the mirror image of the other).The H2A-H2B dimers and H3-H4 tetramer also show pseudodyad symmetry. The 4 'core' histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) are relatively similar in structure and are highly conserved through evolution, all featuring a 'helix turn helix turn helix' motif (which allows the easy dimerisation). They also share the feature of long 'tails' on one end of the amino acid structure – this being the location of post-translational modification (see below). [[File:Nucleosome 1KX5 colour coded.png|right|thumb|300px|The crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle consisting of <span style="color:#AAAA00;"> H2A </span>, <span style="color:red;"> H2B </span>, <span style="color:blue;"> H3 </span> and <span style="color:green;"> H4 </span> and DNA. The view is from the top through the superhelical axis.]] It has been proposed that histone proteins are evolutionarily related to the helical part of the extended AAA+ ATPase domain, the C-domain, and to the N-terminal substrate recognition domain of Clp/Hsp100 proteins. Despite the differences in their topology, these three folds share a homologous helix-strand-helix (HSH) motif. Using an electron paramagnetic resonance spin-labeling technique, British researchers measured the distances between the spools around which eukaryotic cells wind their DNA. They determined the spacings range from 59 to 70 Å. In all, histones make five types of interactions with DNA: Helix-dipoles from alpha-helices in H2B, H3, and H4 cause a net positive charge to accumulate at the point of interaction with negatively charged phosphate groups on DNA Hydrogen bonds between the DNA backbone and the amide group on the main chain of histone proteins Nonpolar interactions between the histone and deoxyribose sugars on DNA Salt bridges and hydrogen bonds between side chains of basic amino acids (especially lysine and arginine) and phosphate oxygens on DNA Non-specific minor groove insertions of the H3 and H2B N-terminal tails into two minor grooves each on the DNA molecule The highly basic nature of histones, aside from facilitating DNA-histone interactions, contributes to the water solubility of histones. Histones are subject to post translational modification by enzymes primarily on their N-terminal tails, but also in their globular domains. Such modifications include methylation, citrullination, acetylation, phosphorylation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination, and ADP-ribosylation. This affects their function of gene regulation. In general, genes that are active have less bound histone, while inactive genes are highly associated with histones during interphase. It also appears that the structure of histones has been evolutionarily conserved, as any deleterious mutations would be severely maladaptive. === Histone DNA interaction === The core histone proteins contain a characteristic structural motif termed the "histone fold" which consists of three alpha-helices (α1-3) separated by two loops (L1-2). In solution the histones form H2A-H2B heterodimers and H3-H4 heterotetramers. Histones dimerise about their long α2 helices in an anti-parallel orientation, and in the case of H3 and H4, two such dimers form a 4-helix bundle stabilised by extensive H3-H3’ interaction. The H2A/H2B dimer binds onto the H3/H4 tetramer due to interactions between H4 and H2B which include the formation of a hydrophobic cluster. The histone octamer is formed by a central H3/H4 tetramer sandwiched between two H2A/H2B dimers. Due to the highly basic charge of all four core histones, the histone octamer is only stable in the presence of DNA or very high salt concentrations. Nucleosomes form the fundamental repeating units of eukaryotic chromatin, which is used to pack the large eukaryotic genomes into the nucleus while still ensuring appropriate access to it (in mammalian cells approximately 2 m of linear DNA have to be packed into a nucleus of roughly 10&nbsp;µm diameter). Nucleosomes are folded through a series of successively higher order structures to eventually form a chromosome; this both compacts DNA and creates an added layer of regulatory control which ensures correct gene expression. Nucleosomes are thought to carry epigenetically inherited information in the form of covalent modifications of their core histones. The nucleosome hypothesis was proposed by Don and Ada Olins in 1974 and Roger Kornberg. The nucleosome core particle ) consists of about 146 bp of DNA wrapped in 1.67 left-handed superhelical turns around the histone octamer, consisting of 2 copies each of the core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Adjacent nucleosomes are joined by a stretch of free DNA termed "linker DNA" (which varies from 10 - 80 bp in length depending on species and tissue type. == DNA-binding domains == [[File:Lambda repressor 1LMB.png|100px|thumb|The λ repressor of [[bacteriophage lambda]] employs a helix-turn-helix (left; green) to bind [[DNA]] (right; blue and red).]] One or more DNA-binding domains are often part of a larger protein consisting of additional domains with differing function. The additional domains often regulate the activity of the DNA-binding domain. The function of DNA binding is either structural or involving transcription regulation, with the two roles sometimes overlapping. DNA-binding domains with functions involving DNA structure have biological roles in the replication, repair, storage, and modification of DNA, such as methylation. Many proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression contain DNA-binding domains. For example, proteins that regulate transcription by binding DNA are called transcription factors. The final output of most cellular signaling cascades is gene regulation. The DBD interacts with the nucleotides of DNA in a DNA sequence-specific or non-sequence-specific manner, but even non-sequence-specific recognition involves some sort of molecular complementarity between protein and DNA. DNA recognition by the DBD can occur at the major or minor groove of DNA, or at the sugar-phosphate DNA backbone (see the structure of DNA). Each specific type of DNA recognition is tailored to the protein's function. For example, the DNA-cutting enzyme DNAse I cuts DNA almost randomly and so must bind to DNA in a non-sequence-specific manner. But, even so, DNAse I recognizes a certain 3-D DNA structure, yielding a somewhat specific DNA cleavage pattern that can be useful for studying DNA recognition by a technique called DNA footprinting. Many DNA-binding domains must recognize specific DNA sequences, such as DBDs of transcription factors that activate specific genes, or those of enzymes that modify DNA at specific sites, like restriction enzymes and telomerase. The hydrogen bonding pattern in the DNA major groove is less degenerate than that of the DNA minor groove, providing a more attractive site for sequence-specific DNA recognition. The specificity of DNA-binding proteins can be studied using many biochemical and biophysical techniques, such as gel electrophoresis, analytical ultracentrifugation, calorimetry, DNA mutation, protein structure mutation or modification, nuclear magnetic resonance, x-ray crystallography, surface plasmon resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance, cross-linking and Microscale Thermophoresis (MST).<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-binding_domain</ref> '''Types of DNA-binding domains''' ''Helix-turn-helix'' Originally discovered in bacteria, the helix-turn-helix motif is commonly found in repressor proteins and is about 20 amino acids long. In eukaryotes, the homeodomain comprises 2 helices, one of which recognizes the DNA (aka recognition helix). They are common in proteins that regulate developmental processes (PROSITE HTH).<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-binding_domain</ref> ''Zinc finger'' [[File:Leucine zipper.png|thumb|Leucine Zipper (blue) bound to DNA. The leucine residues that represent the 'teeth' of the zipper are colored red]] Crystallographic structure (PDB 1R4O) of a dimer of the zinc finger containing DBD of the glucocorticoid receptor (top) bound to DNA (bottom). Zinc atoms are represented by grey spheres and the coordinating cysteine sidechains are depicted as sticks. The zinc finger This domain is generally between 23 and 28 amino acids long and is stabilized by coordinating Zinc ions with regularly spaced zinc-coordinating residues (either histidines or cysteines). The most common class of zinc finger (Cys2His2) coordinates a single zinc ion and consists of a recognition helix and a 2-strand beta-sheet. In transcription factors these domains are often found in arrays (usually separated by short linker sequences) and adjacent fingers are spaced at 3 basepair intervals when bound to DNA. [[File:DNA Model Crick-Watson.jpg|thumb|right|Crick and Watson DNA model built in 1953, was largely from its original pieces in 1973 and donated to the [[Science Museum (London)|National Science Museum]] in London.]] {| class = "wikitable" style = "font-size:85%; margin-left:15px; width:60%" ! Fold Group !! Representative structure !! Ligand placement |- | Cys₂His₂ || [[File:PDB 1zaa EBI.jpg|150px]]|| Two ligands from a knuckle and two more from the c terminus of a helix. |- | Gag knuckle || [[File:PDB 1ncp EBI.jpg|150px]] || Two ligands from a knuckle and two more from a short helix or loop. |- | Treble clef || || Two ligands from a knuckle and two more from the N terminus of a helix. |- | Zinc ribbon || [[File:PDB 1pft EBI.jpg|150px]] || Two ligands each from two knuckles. |- | Zn₂/Cys₆ || [[File:PDB 1d66 EBI.jpg|150px]] || Two ligands from the N terminus of a helix and two more from a loop. |- | TAZ2 domain like || || Two ligands from the termini of two helices. |} {{-}} ''Leucine zipper'' The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain contains an alpha helix with a leucine at every 7th amino acid. If two such helices find one another, the leucines can interact as the teeth in a zipper, allowing dimerization of two proteins. When binding to the DNA, basic amino acid residues bind to the sugar-phosphate backbone while the helices sit in the major grooves. It regulates gene expression.The bZip family of transcription factors consist of a basic region that interacts with the major groove of a DNA molecule through hydrogen bonding, and a hydrophobic leucine zipper region that is responsible for dimerization. ''Winged helix'' Consisting of about 110 amino acids, the winged helix (WH) domain has four helices and a two-strand beta-sheet. ''Winged helix turn helix'' The winged helix turn helix domain (wHTH) SCOP 46785 is typically 85-90 amino acids long. It is formed by a 3-helical bundle and a 4-strand beta-sheet (wing). ''Helix-loop-helix'' The Helix-loop-helix domain is found in some transcription factors and is characterized by two α helices connected by a loop. One helix is typically smaller and due to the flexibility of the loop, allows dimerization by folding and packing against another helix. The larger helix typically contains the DNA-binding regions. ''HMG-box'' HMG-box domains are found in high mobility group proteins which are involved in a variety of DNA-dependent processes like replication and transcription. The domain consists of three alpha helices separated by loops. == DNA sequencing == RNA sequencing was one of the earliest forms of nucleotide sequencing. The major landmark of RNA sequencing is the sequence of the first complete gene and the complete genome of Bacteriophage MS2, identified and published by Walter Fiers and his coworkers at the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium), between 1972 and 1976. Prior to the development of rapid DNA sequencing methods in the early 1970s by Frederick Sanger at the University of Cambridge, in England and Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam at Harvard, a number of laborious methods were used. For instance, in 1973, Gilbert and Maxam reported the sequence of 24 basepairs using a method known as wandering-spot analysis. The chain-termination method developed by Sanger and coworkers in 1975 soon became the method of choice, owing to its relative ease and reliability.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing</ref> == Maxam and Gilbert method == In 1976–1977, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed a DNA sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases. Although Maxam and Gilbert published their chemical sequencing method two years after the ground-breaking paper of Sanger and Coulson on plus-minus sequencing,Maxam–Gilbert sequencing rapidly became more popular, since purified DNA could be used directly, while the initial Sanger method required that each read start be cloned for production of single-stranded DNA. However, with the improvement of the chain-termination method (see below), Maxam-Gilbert sequencing has fallen out of favour due to its technical complexity prohibiting its use in standard molecular biology kits, extensive use of hazardous chemicals, and difficulties with scale-up. The method requires radioactive labeling at one 5' end of the DNA (typically by a kinase reaction using gamma-32P ATP) and purification of the DNA fragment to be sequenced. Chemical treatment generates breaks at a small proportion of one or two of the four nucleotide bases in each of four reactions (G, A+G, C, C+T). For example, the purines (A+G) are depurinated using formic acid, the guanines (and to some extent the adenines) are methylated by dimethyl sulfate, and the pyrimidines (C+T) are methylated using hydrazine. The addition of salt (sodium chloride) to the hydrazine reaction inhibits the methylation of thymine for the C-only reaction. The modified DNAs are then cleaved by hot piperidine at the position of the modified base. The concentration of the modifying chemicals is controlled to introduce on average one modification per DNA molecule. Thus a series of labeled fragments is generated, from the radiolabeled end to the first "cut" site in each molecule. The fragments in the four reactions are electrophoresed side by side in denaturing acrylamide gels for size separation. To visualize the fragments, the gel is exposed to X-ray film for autoradiography, yielding a series of dark bands each corresponding to a radiolabeled DNA fragment, from which the sequence may be inferred. Also sometimes known as "chemical sequencing", this method led to the Methylation Interference Assay used to map DNA-binding sites for DNA-binding proteins.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing</ref> == Dideoxynucleotide Chain-termination methods == [[File:Sequencing.jpg|thumb|right|Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel]] Because the chain-terminator method (or Sanger method after its developer [[Frederick Sanger]]) is more efficient and uses fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity than the method of Maxam and Gilbert, it rapidly became the method of choice. The key principle of the Sanger method was the use of dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs) as DNA chain terminators. The classical chain-termination method requires a single-stranded DNA template, a DNA primer, a DNA polymerase, normal deoxynucleotidephosphates (dNTPs), and modified nucleotides (dideoxyNTPs) that terminate DNA strand elongation. These ddNTPs will also be radioactively or fluorescently labelled for detection in automated sequencing machines. The DNA sample is divided into four separate sequencing reactions, containing all four of the standard deoxynucleotides (dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP) and the DNA polymerase. To each reaction is added only one of the four dideoxynucleotides (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP) which are the chain-terminating nucleotides, lacking a 3'-hydroxyl (OH) group required for the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides, thus terminating DNA strand extension and resulting in DNA fragments of varying length. The newly synthesized and labelled DNA fragments are heat denatured, and separated by size (with a resolution of just one nucleotide) by gel electrophoresis on a denaturing polyacrylamide-urea gel with each of the four reactions run in one of four individual lanes (lanes A, T, G, C); the DNA bands are then visualized by autoradiography or UV light, and the DNA sequence can be directly read off the X-ray film or gel image. In the image on the right, X-ray film was exposed to the gel, and the dark bands correspond to DNA fragments of different lengths. A dark band in a lane indicates a DNA fragment that is the result of chain termination after incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP). The relative positions of the different bands among the four lanes are then used to read (from bottom to top) the DNA sequence.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing DNA sequencing]</ref> [[File:DNA Sequencin 3 labeling methods.jpg|thumb|left|DNA fragments are labelled with a radioactive or fluorescent tag on the primer (1), in the new DNA strand with a labeled dNTP, or with a labeled ddNTP. (click to expand)]] Technical variations of chain-termination sequencing include tagging with nucleotides containing radioactive phosphorus for radiolabelling, or using a primer labeled at the 5’ end with a fluorescent dye. Dye-primer sequencing facilitates reading in an optical system for faster and more economical analysis and automation. The later development by [[Leroy Hood]] and coworkers <ref>{{cite journal |author=Smith LM, Sanders JZ, Kaiser RJ, ''et al'' |title=Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis |journal=Nature |volume=321 |issue=6071 |pages=674–9 |year=1986 |pmid=3713851 |doi=10.1038/321674a0 |quote=We have developed a method for the partial automation of DNA sequence analysis. Fluorescence detection of the DNA fragments is accomplished by means of a fluorophore covalently attached to the oligonucleotide primer used in enzymatic DNA sequence analysis. A different coloured fluorophore is used for each of the reactions specific for the bases A, C, G and T. The reaction mixtures are combined and co-electrophoresed down a single polyacrylamide gel tube, the separated fluorescent bands of DNA are detected near the bottom of the tube, and the sequence information is acquired directly by computer.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Smith LM, Fung S, Hunkapiller MW, Hunkapiller TJ, Hood LE |title=The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing an aliphatic amino group at the 5' terminus: synthesis of fluorescent DNA primers for use in DNA sequence analysis |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=2399–412 |year=1985 |month=April |pmid=4000959 |pmc=341163 |url=http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4000959 |doi=10.1093/nar/13.7.2399}}</ref> of fluorescently labeled ddNTPs and primers set the stage for automated, high-throughput DNA sequencing.[[File:Radioactive Fluorescent Seq.jpg|thumb|right|Sequence ladder by radioactive sequencing compared to fluorescent peaks]] Chain-termination methods have greatly simplified DNA sequencing. For example, chain-termination-based kits are commercially available that contain the reagents needed for sequencing, pre-aliquoted and ready to use. Limitations include non-specific binding of the primer to the DNA, affecting accurate read-out of the DNA sequence, and DNA secondary structures affecting the fidelity of the sequence. === Dye-terminator sequencing === [[File:CE Basic.jpg|thumb|left|Capillary electrophoresis (click to expand)]] ''Dye-terminator sequencing'' utilizes labelling of the chain terminator ddNTPs, which permits sequencing in a single reaction, rather than four reactions as in the labelled-primer method. In dye-terminator sequencing, each of the four dideoxynucleotide chain terminators is labelled with fluorescent dyes, each of which emit light at different wavelengths. Owing to its greater expediency and speed, dye-terminator sequencing is now the mainstay in automated sequencing. Its limitations include dye effects due to differences in the incorporation of the dye-labelled chain terminators into the DNA fragment, resulting in unequal peak heights and shapes in the electronic DNA sequence trace [[chromatogram]] after [[capillary electrophoresis]] (see figure to the left). This problem has been addressed with the use of modified DNA polymerase enzyme systems and dyes that minimize incorporation variability, as well as methods for eliminating "dye blobs". The dye-terminator sequencing method, along with automated high-throughput DNA sequence analyzers, is now being used for the vast majority of sequencing projects. === Challenges === Common challenges of DNA sequencing include poor quality in the first 15–40 bases of the sequence and deteriorating quality of sequencing traces after 700–900 bases. [[Base calling]] software typically gives an estimate of quality to aid in quality trimming.<ref name="urlPhred - Quality Base Calling">{{cite web |url=http://www.phrap.com/phred/ |title=Phred - Quality Base Calling |format= |work= |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref><ref name="urlBase-calling for next-generation sequencing platforms — Brief Bioinform">{{cite web |url=http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/01/18/bib.bbq077.full |title=Base-calling for next-generation sequencing platforms — Brief Bioinform |format= |work= |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref> In cases where DNA fragments are cloned before sequencing, the resulting sequence may contain parts of the cloning vector. In contrast, PCR-based cloning and emerging sequencing technologies based on pyrosequencing often avoid using cloning vectors. Recently, one-step Sanger sequencing (combined amplification and sequencing) methods such as Ampliseq and SeqSharp have been developed that allow rapid sequencing of target genes without cloning or prior amplification.<ref>Murphy, K.; Berg, K.; Eshleman, J. (2005). "Sequencing of genomic DNA by combined amplification and cycle sequencing reaction". Clinical chemistry 51 (1): 35–39.</ref><ref>Sengupta, D.; Cookson, B. (2010). "SeqSharp: A general approach for improving cycle-sequencing that facilitates a robust one-step combined amplification and sequencing method". The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD 12 (3): 272–277.</ref> Current methods can directly sequence only relatively short (300–1000 [[nucleotides]] long) DNA fragments in a single reaction. The main obstacle to sequencing DNA fragments above this size limit is insufficient power of separation for resolving large DNA fragments that differ in length by only one nucleotide. In all cases the use of a primer with a free 5' end is essential. === Automation and sample preparation === [[File:Sanger sequencing read display.png|thumb|500px|right|View of the start of an example dye-terminator read]] Automated DNA-sequencing instruments (DNA sequencers) can sequence up to 384 DNA samples in a single batch (run) in up to 24 runs a day. DNA sequencers carry out capillary electrophoresis for size separation, detection and recording of dye fluorescence, and data output as fluorescent peak trace chromatograms. Sequencing reactions by thermocycling, cleanup and re-suspension in a buffer solution before loading onto the sequencer are performed separately. A number of commercial and non-commercial software packages can trim low-quality DNA traces automatically. These programs score the quality of each peak and remove low-quality base peaks (generally located at the ends of the sequence). The accuracy of such algorithms is below visual examination by a human operator, but sufficient for automated processing of large sequence data sets. == Polymerase chain reaction == [[File:PCR.svg|thumb|right|300px|'''Figure 1''': Schematic drawing of the PCR cycle. '''(1) Denaturing at 94–96&nbsp;°C. (2) Annealing at ~65&nbsp;°C (3) Elongation at 72&nbsp;°C'''. Four cycles are shown here. The blue lines represent the DNA template to which primers (red arrows) anneal that are extended by the DNA polymerase (light green circles), to give shorter DNA products (green lines), which themselves are used as templates as PCR progresses.]] '''PCR''' PCR is used to amplify a specific region of a DNA strand (the DNA target). Most PCR methods typically amplify DNA fragments of up to ~10 kilo base pairs (kb), although some techniques allow for amplification of fragments up to 40 kb in size. A basic PCR set up requires several components and reagents.These components include: DNA template that contains the DNA region (target) to be amplified. Two primers that are complementary to the 3' (three prime) ends of each of the sense and anti-sense strand of the DNA target. Taq polymerase or another DNA polymerase with a temperature optimum at around 70&nbsp;°C. Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), the building-blocks from which the DNA polymerase synthesizes a new DNA strand. Buffer solution, providing a suitable chemical environment for optimum activity and stability of the DNA polymerase. Divalent cations, magnesium or manganese ions; generally Mg2+ is used, but Mn2+ can be utilized for PCR-mediated DNA mutagenesis, as higher Mn2+ concentration increases the error rate during DNA synthesis Monovalent cation potassium ions. The PCR is commonly carried out in a reaction volume of 10–200 μl in small reaction tubes (0.2–0.5 ml volumes) in a thermal cycler. The thermal cycler heats and cools the reaction tubes to achieve the temperatures required at each step of the reaction (see below). Many modern thermal cyclers make use of the Peltier effect, which permits both heating and cooling of the block holding the PCR tubes simply by reversing the electric current. Thin-walled reaction tubes permit favorable thermal conductivity to allow for rapid thermal equilibration. Most thermal cyclers have heated lids to prevent condensation at the top of the reaction tube. Older thermocyclers lacking a heated lid require a layer of oil on top of the reaction mixture or a ball of wax inside the tube.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction Polymerase chain reaction]</ref> '''Procedure''' Figure 1: Schematic drawing of the PCR cycle. (1) Denaturing at 94–96&nbsp;°C. (2) Annealing at ~65&nbsp;°C (3) Elongation at 72&nbsp;°C. Four cycles are shown here. The blue lines represent the DNA template to which primers (red arrows) anneal that are extended by the DNA polymerase (light green circles), to give shorter DNA products (green lines), which themselves are used as templates as PCR progresses. Typically, PCR consists of a series of 20-40 repeated temperature changes, called cycles, with each cycle commonly consisting of 2-3 discrete temperature steps, usually three . The cycling is often preceded by a single temperature step (called hold) at a high temperature (>90&nbsp;°C), and followed by one hold at the end for final product extension or brief storage. The temperatures used and the length of time they are applied in each cycle depend on a variety of parameters. These include the enzyme used for DNA synthesis, the concentration of divalent ions and dNTPs in the reaction, and the melting temperature (Tm) of the primers.Initialization step: This step consists of heating the reaction to a temperature of 94–96&nbsp;°C (or 98&nbsp;°C if extremely thermostable polymerases are used), which is held for 1–9 minutes. It is only required for DNA polymerases that require heat activation by hot-start PCR. Denaturation step: This step is the first regular cycling event and consists of heating the reaction to 94–98&nbsp;°C for 20–30 seconds. It causes DNA melting of the DNA template by disrupting the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases, yielding single-stranded DNA molecules. Annealing step: The reaction temperature is lowered to 50–65&nbsp;°C for 20–40 seconds allowing annealing of the primers to the single-stranded DNA template. Typically the annealing temperature is about 3-5 degrees Celsius below the Tm of the primers used. Stable DNA-DNA hydrogen bonds are only formed when the primer sequence very closely matches the template sequence. The polymerase binds to the primer-template hybrid and begins DNA synthesis. Extension/elongation step: The temperature at this step depends on the DNA polymerase used; Taq polymerase has its optimum activity temperature at 75–80&nbsp;°C, and commonly a temperature of 72&nbsp;°C is used with this enzyme. At this step the DNA polymerase synthesizes a new DNA strand complementary to the DNA template strand by adding dNTPs that are complementary to the template in 5' to 3' direction, condensing the 5'-phosphate group of the dNTPs with the 3'-hydroxyl group at the end of the nascent (extending) DNA strand. The extension time depends both on the DNA polymerase used and on the length of the DNA fragment to be amplified. As a rule-of-thumb, at its optimum temperature, the DNA polymerase will polymerize a thousand bases per minute. Under optimum conditions, i.e., if there are no limitations due to limiting substrates or reagents, at each extension step, the amount of DNA target is doubled, leading to exponential (geometric) amplification of the specific DNA fragment. Final elongation: This single step is occasionally performed at a temperature of 70–74&nbsp;°C for 5–15 minutes after the last PCR cycle to ensure that any remaining single-stranded DNA is fully extended. Final hold: This step at 4–15&nbsp;°C for an indefinite time may be employed for short-term storage of the reaction. To check whether the PCR generated the anticipated DNA fragment (also sometimes referred to as the amplimer or amplicon), agarose gel electrophoresis is employed for size separation of the PCR products. The size(s) of PCR products is determined by comparison with a DNA ladder (a molecular weight marker), which contains DNA fragments of known size, run on the gel alongside the PCR products. == Facts to be remembered == DNA Polymerases are enzymes that synthesize polynucleotide chains from nucleoside triphosphates and make the DNA. In 1865 Gregor Mendel's paper, Experiments on Plant Hybridization In 1869, DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician '''Friedrich Miescher''' who discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages. From 1880 to 1890 Walther Flemming, Eduard Strasburger, and Edouard van Beneden elucidate chromosome distribution during cell division In 1889 Hugo de Vries postulates that "inheritance of specific traits in organisms comes in particles", naming such particles "(pan)genes" In 1903 Walter Sutton hypothesizes that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units In 1905 William Bateson coins the term "genetics" in a letter to Adam Sedgwick and at a meeting in 1906 In 1908 Hardy-Weinberg law derived. In 1910 Thomas Hunt Morgan shows that genes reside on chromosomes In 1913 Alfred Sturtevant makes the first genetic map of a chromosome In 1913 Gene maps show chromosomes containing linear arranged genes In 1918 Ronald Fisher publishes "The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance" the modern synthesis of genetics and evolutionary biology starts. See population genetics. In 1928 Frederick Griffith discovers that hereditary material from dead bacteria can be incorporated into live bacteria (see Griffith's experiment) in 1931 Crossing over is identified as the cause of recombination In 1933 Jean Brachet is able to show that DNA is found in chromosomes and that RNA is present in the cytoplasm of all cells. In 1937 William Astbury produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns that showed that DNA had a regular structure. In 1928, Frederick Griffith discovered that traits of the "smooth" form of the ''Pneumococcus'' could be transferred to the "rough" form of the same bacteria by mixing killed "smooth" bacteria with the live "rough" form. In 1952, '''Alfred Hershey''' and '''Martha Chase''' in the Hershey–Chase experiment showed that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage. In 1953, '''James D. Watson''' and '''Francis Crick''' suggested double-helix model of DNA structure. Purines are found in high concentration in meat and meat products, especially internal organs such as liver and kidney. Examples of high-purine sources include: sweetbreads, anchovies, sardines, liver, beef kidneys, brains, meat extracts (e.g., Oxo, Bovril), herring, mackerel, scallops, game meats, beer (from the yeast) and gravy. bp = base pair(s) One bp corresponds to circa 3.4 Å of length along the strand kb (= kbp) = kilo base pairs = 1,000 bp Mb = mega base pairs = 1,000,000 bp '''Analysis of DNA topology uses three values:''' L = linking number - the number of times one DNA strand wraps around the other. It is an integer for a closed loop and constant for a closed topological domain. T = twist - total number of turns in the double stranded DNA helix. This will normally tend to approach the number of turns that a topologically open double stranded DNA helix makes free in solution: number of bases/10.5, assuming there are no intercalating agents (e.g., chloroquine) or other elements modifying the stiffness of the DNA. W = writhe - number of turns of the double stranded DNA helix around the superhelical axis L = T + W and ΔL = ΔT + ΔW Any change of T in a closed topological domain must be balanced by a change in W, and vice versa. This results in higher order structure of DNA. A circular DNA molecule with a writhe of 0 will be circular. If the twist of this molecule is subsequently increased or decreased by supercoiling then the writhe will be appropriately altered, making the molecule undergo plectonemic or toroidal superhelical coiling. When the ends of a piece of double stranded helical DNA are joined so that it forms a circle the strands are topologically knotted. This means the single strands cannot be separated any process that does not involve breaking a strand (such as heating). The task of un-knotting topologically linked strands of DNA falls to enzymes known as topoisomerases. These enzymes are dedicated to un-knotting circular DNA by cleaving one or both strands so that another double or single stranded segment can pass through. This un-knotting is required for the replication of circular DNA and various types of recombination in linear DNA which have similar topological constraints. Gb = giga base pairs = 1,000,000,000 bp. 1972 Development of recombinant DNA technology, which permits isolation of defined fragments of DNA; prior to this, the only accessible samples for sequencing were from bacteriophage or virus DNA. 1977 The first complete DNA genome to be sequenced is that of bacteriophage φX174. 1977 Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert publish "DNA sequencing by chemical degradation". Frederick Sanger, independently, publishes "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors". 1984 Medical Research Council scientists decipher the complete DNA sequence of the Epstein-Barr virus, 170 kb. 1986 Leroy E. Hood's laboratory at the California Institute of Technology and Smith announce the first semi-automated DNA sequencing machine. 1987 Applied Biosystems markets first automated sequencing machine, the model ABI 370. 1990 The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) begins large-scale sequencing trials on Mycoplasma capricolum, Escherichia coli, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (at US$0.75/base). 1991 Sequencing of human expressed sequence tags begins in Craig Venter's lab, an attempt to capture the coding fraction of the human genome. 1995 Craig Venter, Hamilton Smith, and colleagues at The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) publish the first complete genome of a free-living organism, the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. The circular chromosome contains 1,830,137 bases and its publication in the journal Science marks the first use of whole-genome shotgun sequencing, eliminating the need for initial mapping efforts. 1996 Pål Nyrén and his student Mostafa Ronaghi at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm publish their method of pyrosequencing. 1998 Phil Green and Brent Ewing of the University of Washington publish “phred” for sequencer data analysis. 2001 A draft sequence of the human genome is published. 2004 454 Life Sciences markets a parallelized version of pyrosequencing.The first version of their machine reduced sequencing costs 6-fold compared to automated Sanger sequencing, and was the second of a new generation of sequencing technologies, after MPSS '''List of bases found in DNA and RNA''' {|class="wikitable" |- ! Name !! 3-D structure !!Abbreviation !! Structural formula !! Classification !! Found in |- | style="text-align:center"|Cytosine | [[File: Cytosine-3D-balls.png|thumb|180px]] | style="text-align:center"|C | style="text-align:center"|[[File:Cytosine chemical structure.png|class=skin-invert-image|150px]] | Pyrimidine||DNA, RNA |- | style="text-align:center"|Thymine ||[[File:Thymine-3D-balls.png|thumb|180px]] | style="text-align:center"|T | style="text-align:center"|[[File:Thymine chemical structure.png|class=skin-invert-image|150px]] |Pyrimidine|| DNA |- | style="text-align:center"|Uracil || [[File:Uracil-3D-balls.png|thumb|180px]] | style="text-align:center"|U | style="text-align:center"|[[File:Uracil.svg|class=skin-invert-image|150px]] || Pyrimidine||RNA |- | style="text-align:center"|Adenine |[[File:Adenine-3D-balls.png|thumb|180px]] | style="text-align:center"|A | style="text-align:center"|[[File:Adenine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|150px]] | Purine||DNA, RNA |- | style="text-align:center"|Guanine |[[File: Guanine-3D-balls.png|thumb|180px]] | style="text-align:center"|C |style="text-align:center"|[[File:Guanin.svg|class=skin-invert-image|150px]] | Purine||DNA, RNA |} == References == {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} ajkiryysyhscjj5yzjfiexnjyay3gt6 0 250154 4635656 3803275 2026-05-14T03:46:01Z Д.Ильин 688474 img 4635656 wikitext text/x-wiki DNA is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides. As first discovered by James D. Watson and Francis Crick, the structure of DNA of all species comprises two helical chains each coiled round the same axis, and each with a pitch of 34 Ångströms (3.4 nanometres) and a radius of 10 Ångströms (1.0 nanometres). According to another study, when measured in a particular solution, the DNA chain measured 22 to 26 Ångströms wide (2.2 to 2.6 nanometres), and one nucleotide unit measured 3.3 Å (0.33 nm) long. Although each individual repeating unit is very small, DNA polymers can be very large molecules containing millions of nucleotides. For instance, the largest human chromosome, chromosome number 1, is approximately 220 million base pairs long. In living organisms, DNA does not usually exist as a single molecule, but instead as a pair of molecules that are held tightly together. These two long strands entwine like vines, in the shape of a double helix. The nucleotide repeats contain both the segment of the backbone of the molecule, which holds the chain together, and a base, which interacts with the other DNA strand in the helix. A base linked to a sugar is called a nucleoside and a base linked to a sugar and one or more phosphate groups is called a nucleotide. If multiple nucleotides are linked together, as in DNA, this polymer is called a polynucleotide. The backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating phosphate and sugar residues. The sugar in DNA is 2-deoxyribose, which is a pentose (five-carbon) sugar. The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between the third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings. These asymmetric bonds mean a strand of DNA has a direction. In a double helix the direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their direction in the other strand: the strands are antiparallel. The asymmetric ends of DNA strands are called the 5′ (five prime) and 3′ (three prime) ends, with the 5' end having a terminal phosphate group and the 3' end a terminal hydroxyl group. One major difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar, with the 2-deoxyribose in DNA being replaced by the alternative pentose sugar ribose in RNA.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA&oldid=424928563</ref><ref>Berry, Andrew; Watson, James D. (2003). DNA: the secret of life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. {{ISBN|0-375-41546-7}}.</ref> The DNA double helix is stabilized primarily by two forces: hydrogen bonds between nucleotides and base-stacking interactions among the aromatic bases. In the aqueous environment of the cell, the conjugated π bonds of nucleotide bases align perpendicular to the axis of the DNA molecule, minimizing their interaction with the solvation shell and therefore, the Gibbs free energy. The four bases found in DNA are adenine (abbreviated A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). These four bases are attached to the sugar/phosphate to form the complete nucleotide, as shown for adenosine monophosphate. These bases are classified into two types; adenine and guanine are fused five- and six-membered heterocyclic compounds called purines, while cytosine and thymine are six-membered rings called pyrimidines. A fifth pyrimidine base, called uracil (U), usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a methyl group on its ring. Uracil is not usually found in DNA, occurring only as a breakdown product of cytosine. In addition to RNA and DNA, a large number of artificial nucleic acid analogues have also been created to study the proprieties of nucleic acids, or for use in biotechnology.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA&oldid=424928563</ref><ref>Berry, Andrew; Watson, James D. (2003). DNA: the secret of life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. {{ISBN|0-375-41546-7}}.</ref> [[File:DNA Structure+Key+Labelled.png|thumb|right|400px|The structure of the DNA [[double helix]]. The [[atoms]] in the structure are colour coded by [[element]], the spiralling backbone of the two strands is shown in orange and the detailed structure of two base pairs is shown in the bottom right.]] ==DNA is a genetic material== [[Image:Griffith experiment.svg|thumb|250px|right|Griffith's experiment discovering the "transforming principle" in pneumococcus bacteria.]] ===Griffith's experiment=== Griffith's experiment was conducted in 1928 by Frederick Griffith, one of the first experiments suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation. Griffith used two strains of ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' bacteria which infect mice – a type III-S (smooth) and type II-R (rough) strain. The III-S strain covers itself with a polysaccharide capsule that protects it from the host's immune system, resulting in the death of the host, while the II-R strain doesn't have that protective capsule and is defeated by the host's immune system. A German bacteriologist, Fred Neufeld, had discovered the three pneumococcal types (Types I, II, and III) and discovered the Quellung reaction to identify them in vitro. Until Griffith's experiment, bacteriologists believed that the types were fixed and unchangeable, from one generation to another. In this experiment, bacteria from the III-S strain were killed by heat, and their remains were added to II-R strain bacteria. While neither alone harmed the mice, the combination was able to kill its host. Griffith was also able to isolate both live II-R and live III-S strains of pneumococcus from the blood of these dead mice. Griffith concluded that the type II-R had been "transformed" into the lethal III-S strain by a "transforming principle" that was somehow part of the dead III-S strain bacteria. Today, we know that the "transforming principle" Griffith observed was the DNA of the III-S strain bacteria. While the bacteria had been killed, the DNA had survived the heating process and was taken up by the II-R strain bacteria. The III-S strain DNA contains the genes that form the protective polysaccharide capsule. Equipped with this gene, the former II-R strain bacteria were now protected from the host's immune system and could kill the host. The exact nature of the transforming principle (DNA) was verified in the experiments done by Avery, McLeod and McCarty and by Hershey and Chase.<ref> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith's_experiment Griffith experiment]</ref>}} ===Hershey Chase experiments=== Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase conducted series of experiments in 1952 by , confirming that DNA was the genetic material, which had first been demonstrated in the 1944 Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment. These experiments are known as '''Hershey Chase experiments'''. The existence of DNA was known to biologists since 1869, most of them assumed that proteins carried the information for inheritance that time. Hershey and Chase conducted their experiments on the T2 phage. The phage consists of a protein shell containing its genetic material. The phage infects a bacterium by attaching to its outer membrane and injecting its genetic material and leaving its empty shell attached to the bacterium. In their first set of experiments, Hershey and Chase labeled the DNA of phages with radioactive Phosphorus-32 (p32) (the element phosphorus is present in DNA but not present in any of the 20 amino acids which are component of proteins). They allowed the phages to infect E. coli, and through several elegant experiments were able to observe the transfer of P32 labeled phage DNA into the cytoplasm of the bacterium. In their second set of experiments, they labeled the phages with radioactive Sulfur-35 (Sulfur is present in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, but not in DNA). Following infection of E. coli they then sheared the viral protein shells off of infected cells using a high-speed blender and separated the cells and viral coats by using a centrifuge. After separation, the radioactive S35 tracer was observed in the protein shells, but not in the infected bacteria, supporting the hypothesis that the genetic material which infects the bacteria was DNA and not protein.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hershey%E2%80%93Chase_experiment Hershey–Chase experiment]</ref><ref>Hershey, A.D. and Chase, M. (1952) Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage. J Gen Physiol. 36:39–56.</ref> '''Hershey shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his “discoveries concerning the genetic structure of viruses.”''' [[File:Oswald T. Avery portrait 1937.jpg|140px|Oswald Avery]] [[File:ColinMacCleod.jpg|155px|Colin MacLeod]][[File:Maclyn McCarty with Francis Crick and James D Watson - 10.1371 journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg|210px|Maclyn McCarty (with Watson and Crick)]] Oswald T. Avery, Colin MacCleod, Maclyn McCarty with Francis Crick and James D Watson <ref>A [[w:Avery%E2%80%93MacLeod%E2%80%93McCarty_experiment|very–MacLeod–McCarty experiment]]</ref> ==Bases of Nucleic acid== [[Image:GC base pair jypx3.png|thumb|200px|A '''GC''' base pair demonstrating three intermolecular hydrogen bonds. ]] [[Image:AT base pair jypx3.png|thumb|200px|An '''AT''' base pair demonstrating two intermolecular hydrogen bonds.]] Two helical strands form the DNA backbone. Another double helix may be found by tracing the spaces, or grooves, between the strands. These voids are adjacent to the base pairs and may provide a binding site. As the strands are not directly opposite each other, the grooves are unequally sized. One groove, '''the major groove, is 22 Å''' wide and the other, the '''minor groove, is 12 Å wide'''. The narrowness of the minor groove means that the edges of the bases are more accessible in the major groove. As a result, proteins like transcription factors that can bind to specific sequences in double-stranded DNA usually make contacts to the sides of the bases exposed in the major groove. This situation varies in unusual conformations of DNA within the cell, but the major and minor grooves are always named to reflect the differences in size that would be seen if the DNA is twisted back into the ordinary B form<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA&oldid=427633053</ref>. ===Base pairing Of DNA=== [[Image:DNA Overview.png|thumb|200px|Structure of DNA.]] '''Chargaff's rules was given by Erwin Chargaff which state that DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases and, more specifically, that the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine.''' This pattern is found in both strands of the DNA. They were discovered by Austrian chemist Erwin Chargaff. In molecular biology, two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds are called a base pair (often abbreviated '''bp'''). In the canonical Watson-Crick DNA base pairing, Adenine (A) forms a base pair with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) forms a base pair with Cytosine (C). '''In RNA, thymine is replaced by Uracil (U).''' Alternate hydrogen bonding patterns, such as the wobble base pair and Hoogsteen base pair, also occur—particularly in RNA—giving rise to complex and functional tertiary structures. <ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair Base pair]</ref> '''Example''' 5'CTCGTTTGCGCTCTATCG3' 3'GAGCAAACGCGAGATAGC5' ====Purine base==== The German chemist Emil Fischer in 1884 gave the name 'purine' (purum uricum). He synthesized it for the first time in 1899 by uric acid which had been isolated from kidney stones by Scheele in 1776. Beside from DNA and RNA, purines are also components in a number of other important biomolecules, such as ATP, GTP, cyclic AMP, NADH, and coenzyme A. Purine itself, has not been found in nature, but it can be produced by organic synthesis.'''A purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring.''' '''Example:''' [[Image:Purines.svg]] ====Adenine==== Adenine is one of the two purine nucleobases (the other being guanine) used in forming nucleotides of the nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). In DNA, adenine binds to thymine via two hydrogen bonds to assist in stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose. It forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. ====Guanine==== Guanine, along with adenine and cytosine, is present in both DNA and RNA, whereas thymine is usually seen only in DNA, and uracil only in RNA. In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. With the formula C5H5N5O, guanine is a derivative of purine, consisting of a fused pyrimidine-imidazole ring system with conjugated double bonds. Guanine has two tautomeric forms, the major keto form and rare enol form. It binds to cytosine through three hydrogen bonds. In cytosine, the amino group acts as the hydrogen donor and the C-2 carbonyl and the N-3 amine as the hydrogen-bond acceptors. Guanine has a group at C-6 that acts as the hydrogen acceptor, while the group at N-1 and the amino group at C-2 act as the hydrogen donors. ===Pyrimidine base=== [[Image:Thymine chemical structure.png|thumb|right|107px|Chemical structure of thymine]] [[File:Cytosine chemical structure.svg|thumb|left|100px|Cytosine with numbered components. Methylation occurs on carbon number 5.]] [[Image:Uracil.svg|thumb|right|102px|Chemical structure of uracil]] Pyrimidine is a ''heterocyclic'' aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring. It is isomeric with two other forms of diazine.Three nucleobases found in nucleic acids, '''cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)''', are pyrimidine derivatives. A pyrimidine has many properties in common with pyridine, as the number of nitrogen atoms in the ring increases the ring pi electrons become less energetic and electrophilic aromatic substitution gets more difficult while nucleophilic aromatic substitution gets easier. An example of the last reaction type is the displacement of the amino group in 2-aminopyrimidine by chlorine and its reverse. Reduction in resonance stabilization of pyrimidines may lead to addition and ring cleavage reactions rather than substitutions. One such manifestation is observed in the Dimroth rearrangement. Compared to pyridine, N-alkylation and N-oxidation is more difficult, and pyrimidines are also less basic: The pKa value for protonated pyrimidine is '''1.23''' compared to '''5.30''' for pyridine.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine Pyrimidine]</ref> '''Pyrimidine also is found in meteorites, although scientists still do not know its origin.''' Pyrimidine also photolytically decomposes into Uracil under UV light. [[Image:Cytosine chemical structure.png|thumb|left|101px|Chemical structure of cytosine]] ====Cytosine==== Cytosine can be found as part of DNA, as part of RNA, or as a part of a nucleotide. As ''cytidine triphosphate (CTP)'', it can act as a co-factor to enzymes, and can transfer a phosphate to convert adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP).The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In DNA and RNA, '''cytosine is paired with guanine'''. However, it is inherently unstable, and can change into uracil (spontaneous deamination). This can lead to a point mutation if not repaired by the DNA repair enzymes such as uracil glycosylase, which cleaves a uracil in DNA. Cytosine can also be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Active enzymatic deamination of cytosine or 5-methylcytosine by the APOBEC family of cytosine deaminases could have both beneficial and detrimental implications on various cellular processes as well as on organismal evolution. The implications of deamination on 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, on the other hand, remains less understood.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Cytosine]</ref> ====Thymine==== Thymine (T, Thy) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T. The others are adenine, guanine, and cytosine. Thymine is also known as 5-methyluracil, a pyrimidine nucleobase. As the name suggests, thymine may be derived by methylation of uracil at the 5th carbon. In RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil in most cases. In DNA, thymine(T) binds to adenine (A) via two hydrogen bonds, thus stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. ====Uracil==== Uracil found in RNA, it base-pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription. Methylation of uracil produces thymine. It turns into thymine to protect the DNA and to improve the efficiency of DNA replication. Uracil can base-pair with any of the bases, depending on how the molecule arranges itself on the helix, but readily pairs with adenine because the methyl group is repelled into a fixed position. Uracil pairs with adenine through hydrogen bonding. Uracil is the hydrogen bond acceptor and can form two hydrogen bonds. Uracil can also bind with a ribose sugar to form the ribonucleoside uridine. When a phosphate attaches to uridine, uridine 5'-monophosphate is produced. ==Nucleosides and Nucleotides== ===Nucleotides === {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em" |- align="center" valign="bottom" ! Nitrogenous base ! Nucleoside ! Deoxynucleoside |- align="center" valign="" | [[Image:Adenine.svg|58px|Chemical structure of adenine]]<br/>[[w:Adenine]]<br/> | [[Image:Adenosin.svg|95px|Chemical structure of adenosine]]<br/>[[w:Adenosine]]<br/>A | [[Image:dA chemical structure.png|95px|Chemical structure of deoxyadenosine]]<br/>[[w:Deoxyadenosine]]<br/>dA |- align="center" valign="" | [[Image:Guanine chemical structure.png|86px|Chemical structure of guanine]]<br/>[[w:Guanine]]<br/> | [[Image:G chemical structure.png|123px|Chemical structure of guanosine]]<br/>[[w:Guanosine]]<br/>G | [[Image:dG chemical structure.png|123px|Chemical structure of deoxyguanosine]]<br/>[[w:Deoxyguanosine]]<br/>dG |- align="center" valign="" | [[Image:Thymine chemical structure.png|63px|Chemical structure of thymine]]<br/>[[w:Thymine]]<br/> | [[Image:T chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of 5-methyluridine]]<br/>[[w:5-Methyluridine]]<br/>m⁵U | [[Image:dT chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of thymidine]]<br/>[[w:Thymidine]]<br/>dT |- align="center" valign="" | [[Image:Uracil chemical structure.png|51px|Chemical structure of uracil]]<br/>[[w:Uracil]]<br/> | [[Image:U chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of uridine]]<br/>[[w:Uridine]]<br/>U | [[Image:dU chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of deoxyuridine]]<br/>[[w:Deoxyuridine]]<br/>dU |- align="center" valign="" | [[Image:Cytosine chemical structure.png|51px|Chemical structure of cytosine]]<br/>[[w:Cytosine]]<br/> | [[Image:C chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of cytidine]]<br/>[[w:Cytidine]]<br/>C | [[Image:dC chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of deoxycytidine]]<br/>[[w:Deoxycytidine]]<br/>dC |- |} Nucleosides are glycosylamines consisting of a nucleobase (often referred to as simply base) bound to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar via a beta-glycosidic linkage. Examples of nucleosides include cytidine, uridine, adenosine, guanosine, thymidine and inosine. Nucleosides can be phosphorylated by specific kinases in the cell on the sugar's primary alcohol group (-CH2-OH), producing nucleotides, which are the molecular building-blocks of DNA and RNA<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleoside&oldid=419856059</ref>. Nucleosides can be produced by de novo synthesis pathways, in particular in the liver, but they are more abundantly supplied via ingestion and digestion of nucleic acids in the diet, whereby nucleotidases break down nucleotides (such as the thymine nucleotide) into nucleosides (such as thymidine) and phosphate. 1. Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule (ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. 2. Cytidine is a nucleoside molecule that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. Cytidine is a component of RNA. 3. Guanosine is a purine nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. Guanosine can be phosphorylated to become guanosine monophosphate (GMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and guanosine triphosphate (GTP). 4. Thymidine (more precisely called deoxythymidine; can also be labelled deoxyribosylthymine, and thymine deoxyriboside) is a chemical compound, more precisely a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. Deoxythymidine is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. If cytosine is attached to a deoxyribose ring, it is known as a deoxycytidine.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleoside&oldid=419856059</ref> ===Nucleotide=== [[Image:Nucleotides 1.svg|thumb|left|600px|Structural elements of the most common nucleotides]] A nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase (nitrogenous base), a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or 2'-deoxyribose), and one to three phosphate groups. Together, the nucleobase and sugar comprise a nucleoside. The phosphate groups form bonds with either the 2, 3, or 5-carbon of the sugar, with the 5-carbon site most common. Cyclic nucleotides form when the phosphate group is bound to two of the sugar's hydroxyl groups. Ribonucleotides are nucleotides where the sugar is ribose, and deoxyribonucleotides contain the sugar deoxyribose. Nucleotides can contain either a purine or a pyrimidine base. Nucleic acids are polymeric macromolecules made from nucleotide monomers. In DNA, the purine bases are adenine and guanine, while the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. RNA uses uracil in place of thymine. Adenine always pairs with thymine by 2 hydrogen bonds, while guanine pairs with cytosine through 3 hydrogen bonds, each due to their unique structures.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&oldid=422383586</ref> A deoxyribonucleotide is the monomer, or single unit, of DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid. Each deoxyribonucleotide comprises three parts: a nitrogenous base, a deoxyribose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. The nitrogenous base is always bonded to the 1' carbon of the deoxyribose, which is distinguished from ribose by the presence of a proton on the 2' carbon rather than an -OH group. The phosphate groups bind to the 5' carbon of the sugar. When deoxyribonucleotides polymerize to form DNA, the phosphate group from one nucleotide will bond to the 3' carbon on another nucleotide, forming a phosphodiester bond via dehydration synthesis. New nucleotides are always added to the 3' carbon of the last nucleotide, so synthesis always proceeds from 5' to 3'<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&oldid=422383586</ref>. '''Phosphodiester bond''' A phosphodiester bond is a group of strong covalent bonds between a phosphate group and two 5-carbon ring carbohydrates (pentoses) over two ester bonds. Phosphodiester bonds are central to most life on Earth, as they make up the backbone of the strands of DNA. In DNA and RNA, the phosphodiester bond is the linkage between the 3' carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5' carbon of another, deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA. The phosphate groups in the phosphodiester bond are negatively-charged. Because the phosphate groups have a pKa near 0, they are negatively-charged at pH 7. This repulsion forces the phosphates to take opposite sides of the DNA strands and is neutralized by proteins (histones), metal ions such as magnesium, and polyamines. In order for the phosphodiester bond to be formed and the nucleotides to be joined, the tri-phosphate or di-phosphate forms of the nucleotide building blocks are broken apart to give off energy required to drive the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. When a single phosphate or two phosphates known as pyrophosphates break away and catalyze the reaction, the phosphodiester bond is formed. Hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds can be catalyzed by the action of phosphodiesterases which play an important role in repairing DNA sequences. In biological systems, the phosphodiester bond between two ribonucleotides can be broken by alkaline hydrolysis because of the free 2' hydroxyl group<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphodiester_bond&oldid=407638927</ref>. [[Image:Phosphodiester Bond Diagram.svg|thumb|350px|Diagram of phosphodiester bonds (PO₄^3-) between nucleotides. Which presents Thymine (''U'') and two molecules of Adenine (''A''). ]] {| |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[image:AMP structure.svg|126px]]<br/>[[w:Adenosine monophosphate]]<br/>AMP | [[image:ADP structure.svg|156px]]<br/>[[w:Adenosine diphosphate]]<br/>ADP | [[image:ATP structure.svg|186px| adenosine triphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Adenosine triphosphate]]<br/>ATP |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[Image:GMP chemical structure.png|154px| guanosine monophosphate]]<br/>[[w:Guanosine monophosphate]]<br/>GMP | [[image:GDP chemical structure.png|184px| guanosine diphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Guanosine diphosphate]]<br/>GDP | [[image:GTP chemical structure.png|214px| guanosine triphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Guanosine triphosphate]]<br/>GTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[image:TMP chemical structure.png|117px| ribothymidine monophosphate]]<br/>[[w:Ribothymidine monophosphate]]<br/>rTMP | [[image:TDP chemical structure.png|148px| ribothymidine diphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Ribothymidine diphosphate]]<br/>rTDP | [[image:TTP chemical structure.png|178px| ribothymidine triphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Ribothymidine triphosphate]]<br/>rTTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[image:UMP chemical structure.png|117px]]<br/>[[w:Uridine monophosphate]]<br/>UMP | [[image:UDP chemical structure.png|148px| diphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Uridine diphosphate]]<br/>UDP | [[image:UTP chemical structure.png|178px|triphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Uridine triphosphate]]<br/>UTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[image:CMP chemical structure.png|117px|cytidine monophosphate]]<br/>[[w:Cytidine monophosphate]]<br/>CMP | [[image:CDP chemical structure.png|148px|cytidine diphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Cytidine diphosphate]]<br/>CDP | [[image:CTP chemical structure.png|178px|cytidine triphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Cytidine triphosphate]]<br/>CTP |- |} ==DNA structure determination using molecular modeling and DNA X-ray patterns == {{multiple image | align = right | width = 200 | footer = Left, the major steps involved in DNA structure determination by X-ray crystallography showing the important role played by molecular models of DNA structure in this iterative process. Right, an image of actual A- and B- DNA X-ray patterns obtained from oriented and hydrated DNA fibers (courtesy of Dr. Herbert R. Wilson, FRS<ref>Herbert R. Wilson, FRS. Diffraction of X-rays by proteins, Nucleic Acids and Viruses., London: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. 1966.</ref>). | image1 = X ray diffraction.png | alt1 = major steps involved in X-ray crystallography of biomolecules | image2 = ABDNAxrgpj.jpg | alt2 = DNA X-ray patterns }} After DNA has been separated and purified by standard biochemical techniques one has a sample in a jar much like in the figure at the top of this article. Below are the main steps involved in generating structural information from X-ray diffraction studies of oriented DNA fibers that are drawn from the hydrated DNA sample with the help of molecular models of DNA that are combined with crystallographic and mathematical analysis of the X-ray patterns. ===Paracrystalline lattice models of B-DNA structures=== [[File:Silica.svg|thumb|left|150px|[[Silica]] glass is another example of a material which is organized into a paracrystalline lattice.]] A paracrystalline lattice, or paracrystal, is a molecular or atomic lattice with significant amounts (e.g., larger than a few percent) of partial disordering of molecular arrangements. Limiting cases of the paracrystal model are nanostructures, such as [[glass]]es, [[liquid]]s, etc., that may possess only local ordering and no global order. A simple example of a paracrystalline lattice is shown in the following figure for a silica glass: Liquid crystals also have paracrystalline rather than crystalline structures. Highly hydrated B-DNA occurs naturally in living cells in such a paracrystalline state, which is a dynamic one in spite of the relatively rigid DNA double-helix stabilized by parallel hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide base-pairs in the two complementary, helical DNA chains (see figures). For simplicity most DNA molecular models omit both water and ions dynamically bound to B-DNA, and are thus less useful for understanding the dynamic behaviors of B-DNA ''in vivo''. The physical and mathematical analysis of X-ray<ref>Hosemann R., Bagchi R.N., ''Direct analysis of diffraction by matter'', North-Holland Publs., Amsterdam – New York, 1962.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Baianu, I.C. |title=X-ray scattering by partially disordered membrane systems.|journal=Acta Cryst., |volume=A34 |issue=5 |pages=751–3|year=1978|doi=10.1107/S0567739478001540}}</ref> and spectroscopic data for paracrystalline B-DNA is therefore much more complicated than that of crystalline, A-DNA X-ray diffraction patterns. The paracrystal model is also important for DNA technological applications such as [[DNA nanotechnology]]. Novel techniques that combine X-ray diffraction of DNA with X-ray microscopy in hydrated living cells are now also being developed.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yamamoto Y, Shinohara K |title=Application of X-ray microscopy in analysis of living hydrated cells |journal=Anat. Rec. |volume=269 |issue=5 |pages=217–23 |year=2002 |month=October |pmid=12379938 |doi=10.1002/ar.10166 }}</ref> ==='''Forms of DNA'''=== '''A-DNA:''' A-DNA is one of the many possible double helical structures of DNA. A-DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structures along with B- and Z-DNA. It is a right-handed double helix fairly similar to the more common and well-known B-DNA form, but with a shorter more compact helical structure. It appears likely that it occurs only in dehydrated samples of DNA, such as those used in crystallographic experiments, and possibly is also assumed by DNA-RNA hybrid helices and by regions of double-stranded RNA<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A-DNA&oldid=379025458</ref>. '''B-DNA'''The most common form of DNA is B-DNA. The DNA double helix is a spiral polymer of nucleic acids, held together by nucleotides which base pair together. In B-DNA, the most common double helical structure, the double helix is right-handed with about 10–10.5 nucleotides per turn. The double helix structure of DNA contains a major groove and minor groove, the major groove being wider than the minor groove. Given the difference in widths of the major groove and minor groove, many proteins which bind to DNA do so through the wider major groove. The geometry of a base, or base pair step can be characterized by 6 coordinates: Shift, slide, rise, tilt, roll, and twist. These values precisely define the location and orientation in space of every base or base pair in a nucleic acid molecule relative to its predecessor along the axis of the helix. Together, they characterize the helical structure of the molecule. In regions of DNA or RNA where the "normal" structure is disrupted, the change in these values can be used to describe such disruption. For each base pair, considered relative to its predecessor, there are the following base pair geometries to consider: Shear: bases appear as though they have moved past one another on the xy-plane. Stretch: two bases are stretched apart in the horizontal direction. Stagger: bases have both moved past one another and stretched apart on the xy-plane. Buckle: the ends of the bases that do not touch are inclined upwards towards the z-axis. Propeller twist: rotation of one base with respect to the other in the same base pair. Opening: bases touch at one side, but lean apart at the other side. Shift: displacement along an axis in the base-pair plane perpendicular to the first, directed from the minor to the major groove. Slide: displacement along an axis in the plane of the base pair directed from one strand to the other. Rise: displacement along the helix axis. Tilt: rotation around this axis. vRoll: rotation around this axis. Twist: rotation around the helix axis. vx-displacement y-displacement inclination tip pitch: the number of base pairs per complete turn of the helix. [[File:CCF10292011_00000.jpg|thumb|450px|right|the different base parameters]] Rise and twist determine the handedness and pitch of the helix. The other coordinates, by contrast, can be zero. Slide and shift are typically small in B-DNA, but are substantial in A- and Z-DNA. Roll and tilt make successive base pairs less parallel, and are typically small. A diagram of these coordinates can be found in 3DNA website. Note that "tilt" has often been used differently in the scientific literature, referring to the deviation of the first, inter-strand base-pair axis from perpendicularity to the helix axis. This corresponds to slide between a succession of base pairs, and in helix-based coordinates is properly termed "inclination". '''TA-DNA:''' TA-DNA is a form of DNA that is most closely related to A-DNA in terms of structure. The TA-DNA helix is right handed like A-DNA, and it The most noticeable difference between the two forms is that TA-DNA has a greater inclination of its base pairs at an angle of approximately 50 degrees with respect to the helix axis. Because of this, TA-DNA is sometimes described as tilted A-DNA.<ref>Rohs, Remo, Xiangshu Jin, Sean M. West, Rohit Joshi, Barry Honig, and Richard S. Mann. "Origins of Specificity in Protein-DNA Recognition." Annual Reviews. N.p., 24 03 2010. Web. 29 Oct 2011. <http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-biochem-060408-091030?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub=pubmed>.</ref> '''Z-DNA:''' Z-DNA is one of the many possible double helical structures of DNA. It is a left-handed double helical structure in which the double helix winds to the left in a zig-zag pattern (instead of to the right, like the more common B-DNA form). Z-DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structures along with A- and B-DNA. Z-DNA is quite different from the right-handed forms. In fact, Z-DNA is often compared against B-DNA in order to illustrate the major differences. The Z-DNA helix is left-handed and has a structure that repeats every 2 base pairs. The major and minor grooves, unlike A- and B-DNA, show little difference in width. Formation of this structure is generally unfavourable, although certain conditions can promote it; such as alternating purine-pyrimidine sequence (especially poly(dGC)2), negative DNA supercoiling or high salt and some cations (all at physiological temperature, 37°C, and pH 7.3-7.4). Z-DNA can form a junction with B-DNA (called a "B-to-Z junction box") in a structure which involves the extrusion of a base pair. The Z-DNA conformation has been difficult to study because it does not exist as a stable feature of the double helix. Instead, it is a transient structure that is occasionally induced by biological activity and then quickly disappears.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Z-DNA&oldid=418927717</ref><ref>Zhang H, Yu H, Ren J, Qu X (2006). "Reversible B/Z-DNA transition under the low salt condition and non-B-form polydApolydT selectivity by a cubane-like europium-L-aspartic acid complex". Biophysical Journal 90 (9): 3203–3207.</ref> [[File:A-DNA, B-DNA and Z-DNA.png|thumb|450px|right|From left to right, the structures of A, B and Z DNA]] {| class="wikitable" |+ Difference between three major forms of DNA ! !A-DNA !B-DNA !Z-DNA |- |Helix sense ||align="center"| Right-handed ||align="center"| Right-handed ||align="center"| Left-handed |- |Diameter ||align="right"| 23 Å (2.3&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 20 Å (2.0&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 18 Å (1.8&nbsp;nm) |- |Repeating unit ||align="right"| 1 bp ||align="right"| 1 bp ||align="right"| 2 bp |- |Rotation/bp ||align="right"| 32.7° ||align="right"| 35.9° ||align="right"| 60°/2 |- |bp/turn ||align="right"| 11 ||align="right"| 10.5 ||align="right"| 12 |- |Inclination of bp to axis ||align="right"| +19° ||align="right"| −1.2° ||align="right"| −9° |- |Rise/bp along axis ||align="right"| 2.3 Å (0.23&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 3.32 Å (0.332&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 3.8 Å (0.38&nbsp;nm) |- |Pitch/turn of helix ||align="right"| 28.2 Å (2.82&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 33.2 Å (3.32&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 45.6 Å (4.56&nbsp;nm) |- |Mean propeller twist ||align="right"| +18° ||align="right"| +16° ||align="right"| 0° |- |Glycosyl angle ||align="center"| anti ||align="center"| anti ||align="center"| C: anti,<br> G: syn |- |Sugar pucker ||align="center"| C3'-endo ||align="center"| C2'-endo ||align="center"| C: C2'-endo,<br>G: C2'-exo |- |} bp-Base pair, nm-nano meter '''Minor and Major Grooves of DNA:''' The minor and major grooves of DNA are characteristic of the type of DNA in which they are a part of. They are very important because they not only make up the characteristic structure of A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA, but their differences determine the interaction of these DNA with various proteins. The wideness, narrowness, deepness, shallowness, and the electrostatic potential found within these grooves all play an important role in determining how the DNA will react with certain proteins, with which proteins it will react, and whether or not certain parts will be likely to react at all.<ref>Rohs, Remo, Xiangshu Jin, Sean M. West, Rohit Joshi, Barry Honig, and Richard S. Mann. "Origins of Specificity in Protein-DNA Recognition." Annual Reviews. N.p., 24 03 2010. Web. 29 Oct 2011. <http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-biochem-060408-091030?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub=pubmed>.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Difference between the minor and major grooves of the three major forms of DNA ! !! Minor Groove !! Major Groove |- | A-DNA || Wide and Shallow with relatively lower electrostatic potential || Narrow and Deep with relatively high electrostatic potential |- | B-DNA || Narrow and Deep with relatively high electrostatic potential || Wide and Shallow with relatively lower electrostatic potential |- | Z-DNA || Narrow and Deep the a zigzag curving of the backbone || Indistinct and the base edges create a convex surface |} [[File:Major_and_Minor_Groove_2.jpg|thumb|450px|right|From left to right, the global structures of A, B and Z DNA]] ‎ '''Differences in the Relative Charges of A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA:''' For all forms of DNA the global structure has an overall negative charge and the overall electrostatic potential is negative. This is largely due to the phosphate groups of DNA which bear an overall negative charge due to the negatively charged oxygen atoms they have. However, DNA has both positive and negative charges covering its outer structure. The charge dispersion over the global structure of DNA varies between A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA. A-DNA has mostly negative electrostatic potential throughout but concentrated mostly in the site of the major groove. It also has neutral electrostatic potential spread widely throughout the rest of its structure besides the major groove. Finally, A-DNA has sparse positive charges scattered along its surface. B-DNA has mostly negative electrostatic potential spread throughout its global exterior and concentrated mostly in major and minor grooves. It has some positively charged surface area scattered sparsely over its surface and mostly peppered within the wide major groove. Z-DNA has a negatively charged minor groove and the indistinct area where a major groove would normally be has slight positive charged places. Overall, the Z-DNA has a negative charge in all of its global structure. The structures of A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA have an overall negative charge. <ref>Rohs, Remo, Xiangshu Jin, Sean M. West, Rohit Joshi, Barry Honig, and Richard S. Mann. "Origins of Specificity in Protein-DNA Recognition." Annual Reviews. N.p., 24 03 2010. Web. 29 Oct 2011. <http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-biochem-060408-091030?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub=pubmed>.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Difference between the electrostatic potentials of the three major forms of DNA ! !! A-DNA !! B-DNA !! Z-DNA |- | Negative Potential || Massively present throughout the global structure but concentrated most highly in the major groove || Massively present throughout the global structure and evenly concentrated in the major and minor grooves || Massively present throughout the global structure and present most highly in the minor groove |- | Positive Potential || Very sparsely present scattered in the minor groove and hardly at all in the major groove || Very sparsely present scattered throughout the global structure, mostly in the major groove || Scattered sparsely in greater amounts than in A-DNA or B-DNA, but outside of the minor groove |- | Neutral Potential || Moderately present throughout the structure and mostly in the minor groove, but not in the major groove || Moderately scattered throughout the structure, but in a smaller amount than in A-DNA || Moderately scattered throughout the entire global structure apart from the minor groove |} [[File:DNA_Electrostatics.jpg|thumb|450px|right|From left to right, the global structures of A, B and Z DNA and their electrostatic potentials]] ‎ ==Coiling of DNA== [[Image:Circular DNA Supercoiling.png|thumb|400px|right|Supercoiled structure of circular DNA molecules with low writhe. Note that the helical nature of the DNA duplex is omitted for clarity.]] [[Image:Linear DNA Supercoiling.png|thumb|400px|right|Supercoiled structure of linear DNA molecules with constrained ends. Note that the helical nature of the DNA duplex is omitted for clarity.]] DNA supercoiling is important for DNA packaging within all cells. Because the length of DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for a lot more DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to form a 10nm fiber. This fiber is further coiled into a 30nm fiber, and further coiled upon itself numerous times more. DNA packaging is greatly increased during nuclear division events such as mitosis or meiosis, where DNA must be compacted and segregated to daughter cells. Condensins and cohesins are Structural Maintenance of Chromosome proteins that aid in the condensation of sister chromatids and the linkage of the centromere in sister chromatids. These SMC proteins induce positive supercoils. Supercoiling is also required for DNA/RNA synthesis. Because DNA must be unwound for DNA/RNA polymerase action, supercoils will result. The region ahead of the polymerase complex will be unwound; this stress is compensated with positive supercoils ahead of the complex. Behind the complex, DNA is rewound and there will be compensatory negative supercoils. It is important to note that topoisomerases such as DNA gyrase (Type II Topoisomerase) play a role in relieving some of the stress during DNA/RNA synthesis<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_supercoil&oldid=417575151</ref>. NA supercoiling can be described numerically by changes in the '[[linking number]]' Lk. The linking number is the most descriptive property of supercoiled DNA. Lk_o, the number of turns in the relaxed (B type) DNA plasmid/molecule, is determined by dividing the total base pairs of the molecule by the relaxed bp/turn which, depending on reference is 10.4-10.5. : <math>Lk_o=bp/10.4</math> Lk is merely the number of crosses a single strand makes across the other in a planar projection. The topology of the DNA is described by the equation below in which the linking number is equivalent to the sum of TW, which is the number of twists or turns of the double helix, and Wr which is the number of coils or 'writhes'. If there is a closed DNA molecule, the sum of TW and Wr, or the linking number, does not change. However, there may be complementary changes in TW and Wr without changing their sum. :<math>Lk=Tw+Wr</math> The change in the linking number, ΔLk, is the actual number of turns in the plasmid/molecule, Lk, minus the number of turns in the relaxed plasmid/molecule Lk_o. :<math>\Delta{Lk=Lk-Lk_o}</math> If the DNA is negatively supercoiled ΔLk < 0. The negative supercoiling implies that the DNA is underwound. A standard expression independent of the molecule size is the "specific linking difference" or "superhelical density" denoted σ. σ represents the number of turns added or removed relative to the total number of turns in the relaxed molecule/plasmid, indicating the level of supercoiling. :<math>\sigma=\Delta{Lk/Lk_o}</math><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_supercoil&oldid=417575151</ref> The [[Gibbs free energy]] associated with the coiling is given by the equation below<ref name="Vologodskii1979">{{cite journal|author=Vologodskii AV, Lukashin AV, Anshelevich VV, ''et al.'' |title=Fluctuations in superhelical DNA |journal=Nucleic Acids Res |volume=6 |pages=967–682 |year=1979 |doi=10.1093/nar/6.3.967}}</ref> :<math>{\Delta G/N=10RT \sigma^2}</math> The linking number is a numerical invariant that describes the linking of two closed curves in three-dimensional space. Intuitively, the linking number represents the number of times that each curve winds around the other. The linking number is always an integer, but may be positive or negative depending on the orientation of the two curves<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_supercoil&oldid=417575151</ref>. Since the linking number ''L'' of supercoiled DNA is the number of times the two strands are intertwined (and both strands remain covalently intact), ''L'' cannot change. The reference state (or parameter) ''L₀'' of a circular DNA duplex is its relaxed state. In this state, its writhe ''W'' = 0. Since ''L = T + W'', in a relaxed state ''T = L''. Thus, if we have a 400 bp relaxed circular DNA duplex, ''L ~ 40'' (assuming ~10 bp per turn in B-DNA). Then ''T ~ 40''. *Positively supercoiling: *:T = 0, W = 0, then L = 0 *:T = +3, W = 0, then L = +3 *:T = +2, W = +1, then L = +3 *Negatively supercoiling: *:T = 0, W = 0, then L = 0 *:T = -3, W = 0, then L = -3 *:T = -2, W = -1, then L = -3 Negative supercoils favor local unwinding of the DNA, allowing processes such as [[DNA transcription|transcription]], [[DNA replication]], and [[DNA recombination|recombination]]. Negative supercoiling is also thought to favour the transition between B-DNA and [[Z-DNA]], and moderate the interactions of DNA binding proteins involved in [[gene regulation]].<ref name="">{{cite book|title=Introduction to Plant Biotechnology |author=H. S. Chawla |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=1578082285}}</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_supercoil&oldid=417575151</ref> ==DNA sequencing== RNA sequencing was one of the earliest forms of nucleotide sequencing. The major landmark of RNA sequencing is the sequence of the first complete gene and the complete genome of Bacteriophage MS2, identified and published by Walter Fiers and his coworkers at the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium), between 1972 and 1976. Prior to the development of rapid DNA sequencing methods in the early 1970s by Frederick Sanger at the University of Cambridge, in England and Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam at Harvard, a number of laborious methods were used. For instance, in 1973, Gilbert and Maxam reported the sequence of 24 basepairs using a method known as wandering-spot analysis. The chain-termination method developed by Sanger and coworkers in 1975 soon became the method of choice, owing to its relative ease and reliability.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref> ===Maxam and Gilbert method=== In 1976–1977, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed a DNA sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases. Although Maxam and Gilbert published their chemical sequencing method two years after the ground-breaking paper of Sanger and Coulson on plus-minus sequencing,Maxam–Gilbert sequencing rapidly became more popular, since purified DNA could be used directly, while the initial Sanger method required that each read start be cloned for production of single-stranded DNA. However, with the improvement of the chain-termination method (see below), Maxam-Gilbert sequencing has fallen out of favour due to its technical complexity prohibiting its use in standard molecular biology kits, extensive use of hazardous chemicals, and difficulties with scale-up. The method requires radioactive labeling at one 5' end of the DNA (typically by a kinase reaction using gamma-32P ATP) and purification of the DNA fragment to be sequenced. Chemical treatment generates breaks at a small proportion of one or two of the four nucleotide bases in each of four reactions (G, A+G, C, C+T). For example, the purines (A+G) are depurinated using formic acid, the guanines (and to some extent the adenines) are methylated by dimethyl sulfate, and the pyrimidines (C+T) are methylated using hydrazine. The addition of salt (sodium chloride) to the hydrazine reaction inhibits the methylation of thymine for the C-only reaction. The modified DNAs are then cleaved by hot piperidine at the position of the modified base. The concentration of the modifying chemicals is controlled to introduce on average one modification per DNA molecule. Thus a series of labeled fragments is generated, from the radiolabeled end to the first "cut" site in each molecule. The fragments in the four reactions are electrophoresed side by side in denaturing acrylamide gels for size separation. To visualize the fragments, the gel is exposed to X-ray film for autoradiography, yielding a series of dark bands each corresponding to a radiolabeled DNA fragment, from which the sequence may be inferred. Also sometimes known as "chemical sequencing", this method led to the Methylation Interference Assay used to map DNA-binding sites for DNA-binding proteins.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref> === Dideoxynucleotide Chain-termination methods === [[Image:Sequencing.jpg|thumb|right|Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel]] Because the chain-terminator method (or Sanger method after its developer [[Frederick Sanger]]) is more efficient and uses fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity than the method of Maxam and Gilbert, it rapidly became the method of choice. The key principle of the Sanger method was the use of dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs) as DNA chain terminators. The classical chain-termination method requires a single-stranded DNA template, a DNA primer, a DNA polymerase, normal deoxynucleotidephosphates (dNTPs), and modified nucleotides (dideoxyNTPs) that terminate DNA strand elongation. These ddNTPs will also be radioactively or fluorescently labelled for detection in automated sequencing machines. The DNA sample is divided into four separate sequencing reactions, containing all four of the standard deoxynucleotides (dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP) and the DNA polymerase. To each reaction is added only one of the four dideoxynucleotides (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP) which are the chain-terminating nucleotides, lacking a 3'-hydroxyl (OH) group required for the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides, thus terminating DNA strand extension and resulting in DNA fragments of varying length<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref>. The newly synthesized and labelled DNA fragments are heat denatured, and separated by size (with a resolution of just one nucleotide) by gel electrophoresis on a denaturing polyacrylamide-urea gel with each of the four reactions run in one of four individual lanes (lanes A, T, G, C); the DNA bands are then visualized by autoradiography or UV light, and the DNA sequence can be directly read off the X-ray film or gel image. In the image on the right, X-ray film was exposed to the gel, and the dark bands correspond to DNA fragments of different lengths. A dark band in a lane indicates a DNA fragment that is the result of chain termination after incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP). The relative positions of the different bands among the four lanes are then used to read (from bottom to top) the DNA sequence<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref>. [[Image:DNA Sequencin 3 labeling methods.jpg|thumb|left|DNA fragments are labelled with a radioactive or fluorescent tag on the primer (1), in the new DNA strand with a labeled dNTP, or with a labeled ddNTP. (click to expand)]] Technical variations of chain-termination sequencing include tagging with nucleotides containing radioactive phosphorus for radiolabelling, or using a primer labeled at the 5’ end with a fluorescent dye. Dye-primer sequencing facilitates reading in an optical system for faster and more economical analysis and automation. The later development by [[Leroy Hood]] and coworkers <ref>{{cite journal |author=Smith LM, Sanders JZ, Kaiser RJ, ''et al'' |title=Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis |journal=Nature |volume=321 |issue=6071 |pages=674–9 |year=1986 |pmid=3713851 |doi=10.1038/321674a0 |quote=We have developed a method for the partial automation of DNA sequence analysis. Fluorescence detection of the DNA fragments is accomplished by means of a fluorophore covalently attached to the oligonucleotide primer used in enzymatic DNA sequence analysis. A different coloured fluorophore is used for each of the reactions specific for the bases A, C, G and T. The reaction mixtures are combined and co-electrophoresed down a single polyacrylamide gel tube, the separated fluorescent bands of DNA are detected near the bottom of the tube, and the sequence information is acquired directly by computer.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Smith LM, Fung S, Hunkapiller MW, Hunkapiller TJ, Hood LE |title=The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing an aliphatic amino group at the 5' terminus: synthesis of fluorescent DNA primers for use in DNA sequence analysis |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=2399–412 |year=1985 |month=April |pmid=4000959 |pmc=341163 |url=http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4000959 |doi=10.1093/nar/13.7.2399}}</ref> of fluorescently labeled ddNTPs and primers set the stage for automated, high-throughput DNA sequencing.[[Image:Radioactive Fluorescent Seq.jpg|thumb|right|Sequence ladder by radioactive sequencing compared to fluorescent peaks ]] Chain-termination methods have greatly simplified DNA sequencing. For example, chain-termination-based kits are commercially available that contain the reagents needed for sequencing, pre-aliquoted and ready to use. Limitations include non-specific binding of the primer to the DNA, affecting accurate read-out of the DNA sequence, and DNA secondary structures affecting the fidelity of the sequence<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref>. === Dye-terminator sequencing === [[Image:CE Basic.jpg|thumb|left|Capillary electrophoresis (click to expand)]] ''Dye-terminator sequencing'' utilizes labelling of the chain terminator ddNTPs, which permits sequencing in a single reaction, rather than four reactions as in the labelled-primer method. In dye-terminator sequencing, each of the four dideoxynucleotide chain terminators is labelled with fluorescent dyes, each of which emit light at different wavelengths. Owing to its greater expediency and speed, dye-terminator sequencing is now the mainstay in automated sequencing. Its limitations include dye effects due to differences in the incorporation of the dye-labelled chain terminators into the DNA fragment, resulting in unequal peak heights and shapes in the electronic DNA sequence trace [[chromatogram]] after [[capillary electrophoresis]] (see figure to the left). This problem has been addressed with the use of modified DNA polymerase enzyme systems and dyes that minimize incorporation variability, as well as methods for eliminating "dye blobs". The dye-terminator sequencing method, along with automated high-throughput DNA sequence analyzers, is now being used for the vast majority of sequencing projects<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref>. === Challenges === Common challenges of DNA sequencing include poor quality in the first 15–40 bases of the sequence and deteriorating quality of sequencing traces after 700–900 bases. [[Base calling]] software typically gives an estimate of quality to aid in quality trimming.<ref name="urlPhred - Quality Base Calling">{{cite web |url=http://www.phrap.com/phred/ |title=Phred - Quality Base Calling |format= |work= |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref><ref name="urlBase-calling for next-generation sequencing platforms — Brief Bioinform">{{cite web |url=http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/01/18/bib.bbq077.full |title=Base-calling for next-generation sequencing platforms — Brief Bioinform |format= |work= |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref> In cases where DNA fragments are cloned before sequencing, the resulting sequence may contain parts of the cloning vector. In contrast, PCR-based cloning and emerging sequencing technologies based on pyrosequencing often avoid using cloning vectors. Recently, one-step Sanger sequencing (combined amplification and sequencing) methods such as Ampliseq and SeqSharp have been developed that allow rapid sequencing of target genes without cloning or prior amplification.<ref>Murphy, K.; Berg, K.; Eshleman, J. (2005). "Sequencing of genomic DNA by combined amplification and cycle sequencing reaction". Clinical chemistry 51 (1): 35–39.</ref><ref>Sengupta, D.; Cookson, B. (2010). "SeqSharp: A general approach for improving cycle-sequencing that facilitates a robust one-step combined amplification and sequencing method". The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD 12 (3): 272–277. </ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref> Current methods can directly sequence only relatively short (300–1000 [[nucleotides]] long) DNA fragments in a single reaction. The main obstacle to sequencing DNA fragments above this size limit is insufficient power of separation for resolving large DNA fragments that differ in length by only one nucleotide. In all cases the use of a primer with a free 5' end is essential<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref>. === Automation and sample preparation === [[Image:Sanger sequencing read display.png|thumb|500px|right|View of the start of an example dye-terminator read ]] Automated DNA-sequencing instruments (DNA sequencers) can sequence up to 384 DNA samples in a single batch (run) in up to 24 runs a day. DNA sequencers carry out capillary electrophoresis for size separation, detection and recording of dye fluorescence, and data output as fluorescent peak trace chromatograms. Sequencing reactions by thermocycling, cleanup and re-suspension in a buffer solution before loading onto the sequencer are performed separately. A number of commercial and non-commercial software packages can trim low-quality DNA traces automatically. These programs score the quality of each peak and remove low-quality base peaks (generally located at the ends of the sequence). The accuracy of such algorithms is below visual examination by a human operator, but sufficient for automated processing of large sequence data sets<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref>. ==Facts to be remembered== # 1869 DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher who discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages. # 1937 William Astbury produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns that showed that DNA had a regular structure. # 1928 Frederick Griffith discovered that traits of the "smooth" form of the Pneumococcus could be transferred to the "rough" form of the same bacteria by mixing killed "smooth" bacteria with the live "rough" form. # 1952 Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in the Hershey–Chase experiment showed that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage. # 1953 James D. Watson and Francis Crick suggested double-helix model of DNA structure. #1972 Development of recombinant DNA technology, which permits isolation of defined fragments of DNA; prior to this, the only accessible samples for sequencing were from bacteriophage or virus DNA. #1977 The '''first complete DNA genome''' to be sequenced is that of '''bacteriophage φX174'''. #1977 Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert publish "DNA sequencing by chemical degradation".Frederick Sanger, independently, publishes "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors". #1984 Medical Research Council scientists decipher the complete DNA sequence of the Epstein-Barr virus, 170 kb. #1986 Leroy E. Hood's laboratory at the California Institute of Technology and Smith announce the first semi-automated DNA sequencing machine. #1987 Applied Biosystems markets first automated sequencing machine, the model ABI 370. #1990 The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) begins large-scale sequencing trials on Mycoplasma capricolum, Escherichia coli, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (at US$0.75/base). #1991 Sequencing of human expressed sequence tags begins in Craig Venter's lab, an attempt to capture the coding fraction of the human genome. #1995 Craig Venter, Hamilton Smith, and colleagues at The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) publish the first complete genome of a free-living organism, the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. The circular chromosome contains 1,830,137 bases and its publication in the journal Science marks the first use of whole-genome shotgun sequencing, eliminating the need for initial mapping efforts. #1996 Pål Nyrén and his student Mostafa Ronaghi at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm publish their method of pyrosequencing #1998 Phil Green and Brent Ewing of the University of Washington publish “phred” for sequencer data analysis. #2000 Lynx Therapeutics publishes and markets "MPSS" - a parallelized, adapter/ligation-mediated, bead-based sequencing technology, launching "next-generation" sequencing. #2001 A draft sequence of the human genome is published. #2004 454 Life Sciences markets a parallelized version of pyrosequencing. The first version of their machine reduced sequencing costs 6-fold compared to automated Sanger sequencing, and was the second of a new generation of sequencing technologies, after MPSS. ==Refrences== {{Reflist|2}} {{BookCat}} d5rdyikj5iukeywb3sssc1oka153gos 4635658 4635656 2026-05-14T04:36:08Z Д.Ильин 688474 4635658 wikitext text/x-wiki DNA is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides. As first discovered by James D. Watson and Francis Crick, the structure of DNA of all species comprises two helical chains each coiled round the same axis, and each with a pitch of 34 Ångströms (3.4 nanometres) and a radius of 10 Ångströms (1.0 nanometres). According to another study, when measured in a particular solution, the DNA chain measured 22 to 26 Ångströms wide (2.2 to 2.6 nanometres), and one nucleotide unit measured 3.3 Å (0.33 nm) long. Although each individual repeating unit is very small, DNA polymers can be very large molecules containing millions of nucleotides. For instance, the largest human chromosome, chromosome number 1, is approximately 220 million base pairs long. In living organisms, DNA does not usually exist as a single molecule, but instead as a pair of molecules that are held tightly together. These two long strands entwine like vines, in the shape of a double helix. The nucleotide repeats contain both the segment of the backbone of the molecule, which holds the chain together, and a base, which interacts with the other DNA strand in the helix. A base linked to a sugar is called a nucleoside and a base linked to a sugar and one or more phosphate groups is called a nucleotide. If multiple nucleotides are linked together, as in DNA, this polymer is called a polynucleotide. The backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating phosphate and sugar residues. The sugar in DNA is 2-deoxyribose, which is a pentose (five-carbon) sugar. The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between the third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings. These asymmetric bonds mean a strand of DNA has a direction. In a double helix the direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their direction in the other strand: the strands are antiparallel. The asymmetric ends of DNA strands are called the 5′ (five prime) and 3′ (three prime) ends, with the 5' end having a terminal phosphate group and the 3' end a terminal hydroxyl group. One major difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar, with the 2-deoxyribose in DNA being replaced by the alternative pentose sugar ribose in RNA.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA&oldid=424928563</ref><ref>Berry, Andrew; Watson, James D. (2003). DNA: the secret of life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. {{ISBN|0-375-41546-7}}.</ref> The DNA double helix is stabilized primarily by two forces: hydrogen bonds between nucleotides and base-stacking interactions among the aromatic bases. In the aqueous environment of the cell, the conjugated π bonds of nucleotide bases align perpendicular to the axis of the DNA molecule, minimizing their interaction with the solvation shell and therefore, the Gibbs free energy. The four bases found in DNA are adenine (abbreviated A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). These four bases are attached to the sugar/phosphate to form the complete nucleotide, as shown for adenosine monophosphate. These bases are classified into two types; adenine and guanine are fused five- and six-membered heterocyclic compounds called purines, while cytosine and thymine are six-membered rings called pyrimidines. A fifth pyrimidine base, called uracil (U), usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a methyl group on its ring. Uracil is not usually found in DNA, occurring only as a breakdown product of cytosine. In addition to RNA and DNA, a large number of artificial nucleic acid analogues have also been created to study the proprieties of nucleic acids, or for use in biotechnology.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA&oldid=424928563</ref><ref>Berry, Andrew; Watson, James D. (2003). DNA: the secret of life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. {{ISBN|0-375-41546-7}}.</ref> [[File:DNA Structure+Key+Labelled.png|thumb|right|400px|The structure of the DNA [[double helix]]. The [[atoms]] in the structure are colour coded by [[element]], the spiralling backbone of the two strands is shown in orange and the detailed structure of two base pairs is shown in the bottom right.]] ==DNA is a genetic material== [[Image:Griffith experiment.svg|thumb|250px|right|Griffith's experiment discovering the "transforming principle" in pneumococcus bacteria.]] ===Griffith's experiment=== Griffith's experiment was conducted in 1928 by Frederick Griffith, one of the first experiments suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation. Griffith used two strains of ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' bacteria which infect mice – a type III-S (smooth) and type II-R (rough) strain. The III-S strain covers itself with a polysaccharide capsule that protects it from the host's immune system, resulting in the death of the host, while the II-R strain doesn't have that protective capsule and is defeated by the host's immune system. A German bacteriologist, Fred Neufeld, had discovered the three pneumococcal types (Types I, II, and III) and discovered the Quellung reaction to identify them in vitro. Until Griffith's experiment, bacteriologists believed that the types were fixed and unchangeable, from one generation to another. In this experiment, bacteria from the III-S strain were killed by heat, and their remains were added to II-R strain bacteria. While neither alone harmed the mice, the combination was able to kill its host. Griffith was also able to isolate both live II-R and live III-S strains of pneumococcus from the blood of these dead mice. Griffith concluded that the type II-R had been "transformed" into the lethal III-S strain by a "transforming principle" that was somehow part of the dead III-S strain bacteria. Today, we know that the "transforming principle" Griffith observed was the DNA of the III-S strain bacteria. While the bacteria had been killed, the DNA had survived the heating process and was taken up by the II-R strain bacteria. The III-S strain DNA contains the genes that form the protective polysaccharide capsule. Equipped with this gene, the former II-R strain bacteria were now protected from the host's immune system and could kill the host. The exact nature of the transforming principle (DNA) was verified in the experiments done by Avery, McLeod and McCarty and by Hershey and Chase.<ref> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith's_experiment Griffith experiment]</ref>}} ===Hershey Chase experiments=== Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase conducted series of experiments in 1952 by , confirming that DNA was the genetic material, which had first been demonstrated in the 1944 Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment. These experiments are known as '''Hershey Chase experiments'''. The existence of DNA was known to biologists since 1869, most of them assumed that proteins carried the information for inheritance that time. Hershey and Chase conducted their experiments on the T2 phage. The phage consists of a protein shell containing its genetic material. The phage infects a bacterium by attaching to its outer membrane and injecting its genetic material and leaving its empty shell attached to the bacterium. In their first set of experiments, Hershey and Chase labeled the DNA of phages with radioactive Phosphorus-32 (p32) (the element phosphorus is present in DNA but not present in any of the 20 amino acids which are component of proteins). They allowed the phages to infect E. coli, and through several elegant experiments were able to observe the transfer of P32 labeled phage DNA into the cytoplasm of the bacterium. In their second set of experiments, they labeled the phages with radioactive Sulfur-35 (Sulfur is present in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, but not in DNA). Following infection of E. coli they then sheared the viral protein shells off of infected cells using a high-speed blender and separated the cells and viral coats by using a centrifuge. After separation, the radioactive S35 tracer was observed in the protein shells, but not in the infected bacteria, supporting the hypothesis that the genetic material which infects the bacteria was DNA and not protein.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hershey%E2%80%93Chase_experiment Hershey–Chase experiment]</ref><ref>Hershey, A.D. and Chase, M. (1952) Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage. J Gen Physiol. 36:39–56.</ref> '''Hershey shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his “discoveries concerning the genetic structure of viruses.”''' [[File:Oswald T. Avery portrait 1937.jpg|140px|Oswald Avery]] [[File:ColinMacCleod.jpg|155px|Colin MacLeod]][[File:Maclyn McCarty with Francis Crick and James D Watson - 10.1371 journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg|210px|Maclyn McCarty (with Watson and Crick)]] Oswald T. Avery, Colin MacCleod, Maclyn McCarty with Francis Crick and James D Watson <ref>A [[w:Avery%E2%80%93MacLeod%E2%80%93McCarty_experiment|very–MacLeod–McCarty experiment]]</ref> ==Bases of Nucleic acid== [[Image:GC base pair jypx3.png|thumb|200px|A '''GC''' base pair demonstrating three intermolecular hydrogen bonds. ]] [[Image:AT base pair jypx3.png|thumb|200px|An '''AT''' base pair demonstrating two intermolecular hydrogen bonds.]] Two helical strands form the DNA backbone. Another double helix may be found by tracing the spaces, or grooves, between the strands. These voids are adjacent to the base pairs and may provide a binding site. As the strands are not directly opposite each other, the grooves are unequally sized. One groove, '''the major groove, is 22 Å''' wide and the other, the '''minor groove, is 12 Å wide'''. The narrowness of the minor groove means that the edges of the bases are more accessible in the major groove. As a result, proteins like transcription factors that can bind to specific sequences in double-stranded DNA usually make contacts to the sides of the bases exposed in the major groove. This situation varies in unusual conformations of DNA within the cell, but the major and minor grooves are always named to reflect the differences in size that would be seen if the DNA is twisted back into the ordinary B form<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA&oldid=427633053</ref>. ===Base pairing Of DNA=== [[Image:DNA Overview.png|thumb|200px|Structure of DNA.]] '''Chargaff's rules was given by Erwin Chargaff which state that DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases and, more specifically, that the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine.''' This pattern is found in both strands of the DNA. They were discovered by Austrian chemist Erwin Chargaff. In molecular biology, two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds are called a base pair (often abbreviated '''bp'''). In the canonical Watson-Crick DNA base pairing, Adenine (A) forms a base pair with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) forms a base pair with Cytosine (C). '''In RNA, thymine is replaced by Uracil (U).''' Alternate hydrogen bonding patterns, such as the wobble base pair and Hoogsteen base pair, also occur—particularly in RNA—giving rise to complex and functional tertiary structures. <ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair Base pair]</ref> '''Example''' 5'CTCGTTTGCGCTCTATCG3' 3'GAGCAAACGCGAGATAGC5' ====Purine base==== The German chemist Emil Fischer in 1884 gave the name 'purine' (purum uricum). He synthesized it for the first time in 1899 by uric acid which had been isolated from kidney stones by Scheele in 1776. Beside from DNA and RNA, purines are also components in a number of other important biomolecules, such as ATP, GTP, cyclic AMP, NADH, and coenzyme A. Purine itself, has not been found in nature, but it can be produced by organic synthesis.'''A purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring.''' '''Example:''' [[Image:Purines.svg]] ====Adenine==== Adenine is one of the two purine nucleobases (the other being guanine) used in forming nucleotides of the nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). In DNA, adenine binds to thymine via two hydrogen bonds to assist in stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose. It forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. ====Guanine==== Guanine, along with adenine and cytosine, is present in both DNA and RNA, whereas thymine is usually seen only in DNA, and uracil only in RNA. In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. With the formula C5H5N5O, guanine is a derivative of purine, consisting of a fused pyrimidine-imidazole ring system with conjugated double bonds. Guanine has two tautomeric forms, the major keto form and rare enol form. It binds to cytosine through three hydrogen bonds. In cytosine, the amino group acts as the hydrogen donor and the C-2 carbonyl and the N-3 amine as the hydrogen-bond acceptors. Guanine has a group at C-6 that acts as the hydrogen acceptor, while the group at N-1 and the amino group at C-2 act as the hydrogen donors. ===Pyrimidine base=== [[Image:Thymine chemical structure.png|thumb|right|107px|Chemical structure of thymine]] [[File:Cytosine chemical structure.svg|thumb|left|100px|Cytosine with numbered components. Methylation occurs on carbon number 5.]] [[Image:Uracil.svg|thumb|right|102px|Chemical structure of uracil]] Pyrimidine is a ''heterocyclic'' aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring. It is isomeric with two other forms of diazine.Three nucleobases found in nucleic acids, '''cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)''', are pyrimidine derivatives. A pyrimidine has many properties in common with pyridine, as the number of nitrogen atoms in the ring increases the ring pi electrons become less energetic and electrophilic aromatic substitution gets more difficult while nucleophilic aromatic substitution gets easier. An example of the last reaction type is the displacement of the amino group in 2-aminopyrimidine by chlorine and its reverse. Reduction in resonance stabilization of pyrimidines may lead to addition and ring cleavage reactions rather than substitutions. One such manifestation is observed in the Dimroth rearrangement. Compared to pyridine, N-alkylation and N-oxidation is more difficult, and pyrimidines are also less basic: The pKa value for protonated pyrimidine is '''1.23''' compared to '''5.30''' for pyridine.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine Pyrimidine]</ref> '''Pyrimidine also is found in meteorites, although scientists still do not know its origin.''' Pyrimidine also photolytically decomposes into Uracil under UV light. [[Image:Cytosine chemical structure.png|thumb|left|101px|Chemical structure of cytosine]] ====Cytosine==== Cytosine can be found as part of DNA, as part of RNA, or as a part of a nucleotide. As ''cytidine triphosphate (CTP)'', it can act as a co-factor to enzymes, and can transfer a phosphate to convert adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP).The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In DNA and RNA, '''cytosine is paired with guanine'''. However, it is inherently unstable, and can change into uracil (spontaneous deamination). This can lead to a point mutation if not repaired by the DNA repair enzymes such as uracil glycosylase, which cleaves a uracil in DNA. Cytosine can also be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Active enzymatic deamination of cytosine or 5-methylcytosine by the APOBEC family of cytosine deaminases could have both beneficial and detrimental implications on various cellular processes as well as on organismal evolution. The implications of deamination on 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, on the other hand, remains less understood.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Cytosine]</ref> ====Thymine==== Thymine (T, Thy) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T. The others are adenine, guanine, and cytosine. Thymine is also known as 5-methyluracil, a pyrimidine nucleobase. As the name suggests, thymine may be derived by methylation of uracil at the 5th carbon. In RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil in most cases. In DNA, thymine(T) binds to adenine (A) via two hydrogen bonds, thus stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. ====Uracil==== Uracil found in RNA, it base-pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription. Methylation of uracil produces thymine. It turns into thymine to protect the DNA and to improve the efficiency of DNA replication. Uracil can base-pair with any of the bases, depending on how the molecule arranges itself on the helix, but readily pairs with adenine because the methyl group is repelled into a fixed position. Uracil pairs with adenine through hydrogen bonding. Uracil is the hydrogen bond acceptor and can form two hydrogen bonds. Uracil can also bind with a ribose sugar to form the ribonucleoside uridine. When a phosphate attaches to uridine, uridine 5'-monophosphate is produced. ==Nucleosides and Nucleotides== ===Nucleotides === {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em" |- align="center" valign="bottom" ! Nitrogenous base ! Nucleoside ! Deoxynucleoside |- align="center" valign="" | [[Image:Adenine.svg|58px|Chemical structure of adenine]]<br/>[[w:Adenine]]<br/> | [[Image:Adenosin.svg|95px|Chemical structure of adenosine]]<br/>[[w:Adenosine]]<br/>A | [[Image:dA chemical structure.png|95px|Chemical structure of deoxyadenosine]]<br/>[[w:Deoxyadenosine]]<br/>dA |- align="center" valign="" | [[Image:Guanine chemical structure.png|86px|Chemical structure of guanine]]<br/>[[w:Guanine]]<br/> | [[Image:G chemical structure.png|123px|Chemical structure of guanosine]]<br/>[[w:Guanosine]]<br/>G | [[Image:dG chemical structure.png|123px|Chemical structure of deoxyguanosine]]<br/>[[w:Deoxyguanosine]]<br/>dG |- align="center" valign="" | [[Image:Thymine chemical structure.png|63px|Chemical structure of thymine]]<br/>[[w:Thymine]]<br/> | [[Image:T chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of 5-methyluridine]]<br/>[[w:5-Methyluridine]]<br/>m⁵U | [[Image:dT chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of thymidine]]<br/>[[w:Thymidine]]<br/>dT |- align="center" valign="" | [[Image:Uracil.svg|51px|Chemical structure of uracil]]<br/>[[w:Uracil]]<br/> | [[Image:U chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of uridine]]<br/>[[w:Uridine]]<br/>U | [[Image:dU chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of deoxyuridine]]<br/>[[w:Deoxyuridine]]<br/>dU |- align="center" valign="" | [[Image:Cytosine chemical structure.png|51px|Chemical structure of cytosine]]<br/>[[w:Cytosine]]<br/> | [[Image:C chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of cytidine]]<br/>[[w:Cytidine]]<br/>C | [[Image:dC chemical structure.png|87px|Chemical structure of deoxycytidine]]<br/>[[w:Deoxycytidine]]<br/>dC |- |} Nucleosides are glycosylamines consisting of a nucleobase (often referred to as simply base) bound to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar via a beta-glycosidic linkage. Examples of nucleosides include cytidine, uridine, adenosine, guanosine, thymidine and inosine. Nucleosides can be phosphorylated by specific kinases in the cell on the sugar's primary alcohol group (-CH2-OH), producing nucleotides, which are the molecular building-blocks of DNA and RNA<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleoside&oldid=419856059</ref>. Nucleosides can be produced by de novo synthesis pathways, in particular in the liver, but they are more abundantly supplied via ingestion and digestion of nucleic acids in the diet, whereby nucleotidases break down nucleotides (such as the thymine nucleotide) into nucleosides (such as thymidine) and phosphate. 1. Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule (ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. 2. Cytidine is a nucleoside molecule that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. Cytidine is a component of RNA. 3. Guanosine is a purine nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. Guanosine can be phosphorylated to become guanosine monophosphate (GMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and guanosine triphosphate (GTP). 4. Thymidine (more precisely called deoxythymidine; can also be labelled deoxyribosylthymine, and thymine deoxyriboside) is a chemical compound, more precisely a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. Deoxythymidine is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. If cytosine is attached to a deoxyribose ring, it is known as a deoxycytidine.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleoside&oldid=419856059</ref> ===Nucleotide=== [[Image:Nucleotides 1.svg|thumb|left|600px|Structural elements of the most common nucleotides]] A nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase (nitrogenous base), a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or 2'-deoxyribose), and one to three phosphate groups. Together, the nucleobase and sugar comprise a nucleoside. The phosphate groups form bonds with either the 2, 3, or 5-carbon of the sugar, with the 5-carbon site most common. Cyclic nucleotides form when the phosphate group is bound to two of the sugar's hydroxyl groups. Ribonucleotides are nucleotides where the sugar is ribose, and deoxyribonucleotides contain the sugar deoxyribose. Nucleotides can contain either a purine or a pyrimidine base. Nucleic acids are polymeric macromolecules made from nucleotide monomers. In DNA, the purine bases are adenine and guanine, while the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. RNA uses uracil in place of thymine. Adenine always pairs with thymine by 2 hydrogen bonds, while guanine pairs with cytosine through 3 hydrogen bonds, each due to their unique structures.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&oldid=422383586</ref> A deoxyribonucleotide is the monomer, or single unit, of DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid. Each deoxyribonucleotide comprises three parts: a nitrogenous base, a deoxyribose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. The nitrogenous base is always bonded to the 1' carbon of the deoxyribose, which is distinguished from ribose by the presence of a proton on the 2' carbon rather than an -OH group. The phosphate groups bind to the 5' carbon of the sugar. When deoxyribonucleotides polymerize to form DNA, the phosphate group from one nucleotide will bond to the 3' carbon on another nucleotide, forming a phosphodiester bond via dehydration synthesis. New nucleotides are always added to the 3' carbon of the last nucleotide, so synthesis always proceeds from 5' to 3'<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&oldid=422383586</ref>. '''Phosphodiester bond''' A phosphodiester bond is a group of strong covalent bonds between a phosphate group and two 5-carbon ring carbohydrates (pentoses) over two ester bonds. Phosphodiester bonds are central to most life on Earth, as they make up the backbone of the strands of DNA. In DNA and RNA, the phosphodiester bond is the linkage between the 3' carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5' carbon of another, deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA. The phosphate groups in the phosphodiester bond are negatively-charged. Because the phosphate groups have a pKa near 0, they are negatively-charged at pH 7. This repulsion forces the phosphates to take opposite sides of the DNA strands and is neutralized by proteins (histones), metal ions such as magnesium, and polyamines. In order for the phosphodiester bond to be formed and the nucleotides to be joined, the tri-phosphate or di-phosphate forms of the nucleotide building blocks are broken apart to give off energy required to drive the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. When a single phosphate or two phosphates known as pyrophosphates break away and catalyze the reaction, the phosphodiester bond is formed. Hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds can be catalyzed by the action of phosphodiesterases which play an important role in repairing DNA sequences. In biological systems, the phosphodiester bond between two ribonucleotides can be broken by alkaline hydrolysis because of the free 2' hydroxyl group<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphodiester_bond&oldid=407638927</ref>. [[Image:Phosphodiester Bond Diagram.svg|thumb|350px|Diagram of phosphodiester bonds (PO₄^3-) between nucleotides. Which presents Thymine (''U'') and two molecules of Adenine (''A''). ]] {| |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[image:AMP structure.svg|126px]]<br/>[[w:Adenosine monophosphate]]<br/>AMP | [[image:ADP structure.svg|156px]]<br/>[[w:Adenosine diphosphate]]<br/>ADP | [[image:ATP structure.svg|186px| adenosine triphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Adenosine triphosphate]]<br/>ATP |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[Image:GMP chemical structure.png|154px| guanosine monophosphate]]<br/>[[w:Guanosine monophosphate]]<br/>GMP | [[image:GDP chemical structure.png|184px| guanosine diphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Guanosine diphosphate]]<br/>GDP | [[image:GTP chemical structure.png|214px| guanosine triphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Guanosine triphosphate]]<br/>GTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[image:TMP chemical structure.png|117px| ribothymidine monophosphate]]<br/>[[w:Ribothymidine monophosphate]]<br/>rTMP | [[image:TDP chemical structure.png|148px| ribothymidine diphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Ribothymidine diphosphate]]<br/>rTDP | [[image:TTP chemical structure.png|178px| ribothymidine triphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Ribothymidine triphosphate]]<br/>rTTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[image:UMP chemical structure.png|117px]]<br/>[[w:Uridine monophosphate]]<br/>UMP | [[image:UDP chemical structure.png|148px| diphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Uridine diphosphate]]<br/>UDP | [[image:UTP chemical structure.png|178px|triphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Uridine triphosphate]]<br/>UTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" | [[image:CMP chemical structure.png|117px|cytidine monophosphate]]<br/>[[w:Cytidine monophosphate]]<br/>CMP | [[image:CDP chemical structure.png|148px|cytidine diphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Cytidine diphosphate]]<br/>CDP | [[image:CTP chemical structure.png|178px|cytidine triphosphate]]<br/>[[w:Cytidine triphosphate]]<br/>CTP |- |} ==DNA structure determination using molecular modeling and DNA X-ray patterns == {{multiple image | align = right | width = 200 | footer = Left, the major steps involved in DNA structure determination by X-ray crystallography showing the important role played by molecular models of DNA structure in this iterative process. Right, an image of actual A- and B- DNA X-ray patterns obtained from oriented and hydrated DNA fibers (courtesy of Dr. Herbert R. Wilson, FRS<ref>Herbert R. Wilson, FRS. Diffraction of X-rays by proteins, Nucleic Acids and Viruses., London: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. 1966.</ref>). | image1 = X ray diffraction.png | alt1 = major steps involved in X-ray crystallography of biomolecules | image2 = ABDNAxrgpj.jpg | alt2 = DNA X-ray patterns }} After DNA has been separated and purified by standard biochemical techniques one has a sample in a jar much like in the figure at the top of this article. Below are the main steps involved in generating structural information from X-ray diffraction studies of oriented DNA fibers that are drawn from the hydrated DNA sample with the help of molecular models of DNA that are combined with crystallographic and mathematical analysis of the X-ray patterns. ===Paracrystalline lattice models of B-DNA structures=== [[File:Silica.svg|thumb|left|150px|[[Silica]] glass is another example of a material which is organized into a paracrystalline lattice.]] A paracrystalline lattice, or paracrystal, is a molecular or atomic lattice with significant amounts (e.g., larger than a few percent) of partial disordering of molecular arrangements. Limiting cases of the paracrystal model are nanostructures, such as [[glass]]es, [[liquid]]s, etc., that may possess only local ordering and no global order. A simple example of a paracrystalline lattice is shown in the following figure for a silica glass: Liquid crystals also have paracrystalline rather than crystalline structures. Highly hydrated B-DNA occurs naturally in living cells in such a paracrystalline state, which is a dynamic one in spite of the relatively rigid DNA double-helix stabilized by parallel hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide base-pairs in the two complementary, helical DNA chains (see figures). For simplicity most DNA molecular models omit both water and ions dynamically bound to B-DNA, and are thus less useful for understanding the dynamic behaviors of B-DNA ''in vivo''. The physical and mathematical analysis of X-ray<ref>Hosemann R., Bagchi R.N., ''Direct analysis of diffraction by matter'', North-Holland Publs., Amsterdam – New York, 1962.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Baianu, I.C. |title=X-ray scattering by partially disordered membrane systems.|journal=Acta Cryst., |volume=A34 |issue=5 |pages=751–3|year=1978|doi=10.1107/S0567739478001540}}</ref> and spectroscopic data for paracrystalline B-DNA is therefore much more complicated than that of crystalline, A-DNA X-ray diffraction patterns. The paracrystal model is also important for DNA technological applications such as [[DNA nanotechnology]]. Novel techniques that combine X-ray diffraction of DNA with X-ray microscopy in hydrated living cells are now also being developed.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yamamoto Y, Shinohara K |title=Application of X-ray microscopy in analysis of living hydrated cells |journal=Anat. Rec. |volume=269 |issue=5 |pages=217–23 |year=2002 |month=October |pmid=12379938 |doi=10.1002/ar.10166 }}</ref> ==='''Forms of DNA'''=== '''A-DNA:''' A-DNA is one of the many possible double helical structures of DNA. A-DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structures along with B- and Z-DNA. It is a right-handed double helix fairly similar to the more common and well-known B-DNA form, but with a shorter more compact helical structure. It appears likely that it occurs only in dehydrated samples of DNA, such as those used in crystallographic experiments, and possibly is also assumed by DNA-RNA hybrid helices and by regions of double-stranded RNA<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A-DNA&oldid=379025458</ref>. '''B-DNA'''The most common form of DNA is B-DNA. The DNA double helix is a spiral polymer of nucleic acids, held together by nucleotides which base pair together. In B-DNA, the most common double helical structure, the double helix is right-handed with about 10–10.5 nucleotides per turn. The double helix structure of DNA contains a major groove and minor groove, the major groove being wider than the minor groove. Given the difference in widths of the major groove and minor groove, many proteins which bind to DNA do so through the wider major groove. The geometry of a base, or base pair step can be characterized by 6 coordinates: Shift, slide, rise, tilt, roll, and twist. These values precisely define the location and orientation in space of every base or base pair in a nucleic acid molecule relative to its predecessor along the axis of the helix. Together, they characterize the helical structure of the molecule. In regions of DNA or RNA where the "normal" structure is disrupted, the change in these values can be used to describe such disruption. For each base pair, considered relative to its predecessor, there are the following base pair geometries to consider: Shear: bases appear as though they have moved past one another on the xy-plane. Stretch: two bases are stretched apart in the horizontal direction. Stagger: bases have both moved past one another and stretched apart on the xy-plane. Buckle: the ends of the bases that do not touch are inclined upwards towards the z-axis. Propeller twist: rotation of one base with respect to the other in the same base pair. Opening: bases touch at one side, but lean apart at the other side. Shift: displacement along an axis in the base-pair plane perpendicular to the first, directed from the minor to the major groove. Slide: displacement along an axis in the plane of the base pair directed from one strand to the other. Rise: displacement along the helix axis. Tilt: rotation around this axis. vRoll: rotation around this axis. Twist: rotation around the helix axis. vx-displacement y-displacement inclination tip pitch: the number of base pairs per complete turn of the helix. [[File:CCF10292011_00000.jpg|thumb|450px|right|the different base parameters]] Rise and twist determine the handedness and pitch of the helix. The other coordinates, by contrast, can be zero. Slide and shift are typically small in B-DNA, but are substantial in A- and Z-DNA. Roll and tilt make successive base pairs less parallel, and are typically small. A diagram of these coordinates can be found in 3DNA website. Note that "tilt" has often been used differently in the scientific literature, referring to the deviation of the first, inter-strand base-pair axis from perpendicularity to the helix axis. This corresponds to slide between a succession of base pairs, and in helix-based coordinates is properly termed "inclination". '''TA-DNA:''' TA-DNA is a form of DNA that is most closely related to A-DNA in terms of structure. The TA-DNA helix is right handed like A-DNA, and it The most noticeable difference between the two forms is that TA-DNA has a greater inclination of its base pairs at an angle of approximately 50 degrees with respect to the helix axis. Because of this, TA-DNA is sometimes described as tilted A-DNA.<ref>Rohs, Remo, Xiangshu Jin, Sean M. West, Rohit Joshi, Barry Honig, and Richard S. Mann. "Origins of Specificity in Protein-DNA Recognition." Annual Reviews. N.p., 24 03 2010. Web. 29 Oct 2011. <http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-biochem-060408-091030?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub=pubmed>.</ref> '''Z-DNA:''' Z-DNA is one of the many possible double helical structures of DNA. It is a left-handed double helical structure in which the double helix winds to the left in a zig-zag pattern (instead of to the right, like the more common B-DNA form). Z-DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structures along with A- and B-DNA. Z-DNA is quite different from the right-handed forms. In fact, Z-DNA is often compared against B-DNA in order to illustrate the major differences. The Z-DNA helix is left-handed and has a structure that repeats every 2 base pairs. The major and minor grooves, unlike A- and B-DNA, show little difference in width. Formation of this structure is generally unfavourable, although certain conditions can promote it; such as alternating purine-pyrimidine sequence (especially poly(dGC)2), negative DNA supercoiling or high salt and some cations (all at physiological temperature, 37°C, and pH 7.3-7.4). Z-DNA can form a junction with B-DNA (called a "B-to-Z junction box") in a structure which involves the extrusion of a base pair. The Z-DNA conformation has been difficult to study because it does not exist as a stable feature of the double helix. Instead, it is a transient structure that is occasionally induced by biological activity and then quickly disappears.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Z-DNA&oldid=418927717</ref><ref>Zhang H, Yu H, Ren J, Qu X (2006). "Reversible B/Z-DNA transition under the low salt condition and non-B-form polydApolydT selectivity by a cubane-like europium-L-aspartic acid complex". Biophysical Journal 90 (9): 3203–3207.</ref> [[File:A-DNA, B-DNA and Z-DNA.png|thumb|450px|right|From left to right, the structures of A, B and Z DNA]] {| class="wikitable" |+ Difference between three major forms of DNA ! !A-DNA !B-DNA !Z-DNA |- |Helix sense ||align="center"| Right-handed ||align="center"| Right-handed ||align="center"| Left-handed |- |Diameter ||align="right"| 23 Å (2.3&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 20 Å (2.0&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 18 Å (1.8&nbsp;nm) |- |Repeating unit ||align="right"| 1 bp ||align="right"| 1 bp ||align="right"| 2 bp |- |Rotation/bp ||align="right"| 32.7° ||align="right"| 35.9° ||align="right"| 60°/2 |- |bp/turn ||align="right"| 11 ||align="right"| 10.5 ||align="right"| 12 |- |Inclination of bp to axis ||align="right"| +19° ||align="right"| −1.2° ||align="right"| −9° |- |Rise/bp along axis ||align="right"| 2.3 Å (0.23&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 3.32 Å (0.332&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 3.8 Å (0.38&nbsp;nm) |- |Pitch/turn of helix ||align="right"| 28.2 Å (2.82&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 33.2 Å (3.32&nbsp;nm)||align="right"| 45.6 Å (4.56&nbsp;nm) |- |Mean propeller twist ||align="right"| +18° ||align="right"| +16° ||align="right"| 0° |- |Glycosyl angle ||align="center"| anti ||align="center"| anti ||align="center"| C: anti,<br> G: syn |- |Sugar pucker ||align="center"| C3'-endo ||align="center"| C2'-endo ||align="center"| C: C2'-endo,<br>G: C2'-exo |- |} bp-Base pair, nm-nano meter '''Minor and Major Grooves of DNA:''' The minor and major grooves of DNA are characteristic of the type of DNA in which they are a part of. They are very important because they not only make up the characteristic structure of A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA, but their differences determine the interaction of these DNA with various proteins. The wideness, narrowness, deepness, shallowness, and the electrostatic potential found within these grooves all play an important role in determining how the DNA will react with certain proteins, with which proteins it will react, and whether or not certain parts will be likely to react at all.<ref>Rohs, Remo, Xiangshu Jin, Sean M. West, Rohit Joshi, Barry Honig, and Richard S. Mann. "Origins of Specificity in Protein-DNA Recognition." Annual Reviews. N.p., 24 03 2010. Web. 29 Oct 2011. <http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-biochem-060408-091030?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub=pubmed>.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Difference between the minor and major grooves of the three major forms of DNA ! !! Minor Groove !! Major Groove |- | A-DNA || Wide and Shallow with relatively lower electrostatic potential || Narrow and Deep with relatively high electrostatic potential |- | B-DNA || Narrow and Deep with relatively high electrostatic potential || Wide and Shallow with relatively lower electrostatic potential |- | Z-DNA || Narrow and Deep the a zigzag curving of the backbone || Indistinct and the base edges create a convex surface |} [[File:Major_and_Minor_Groove_2.jpg|thumb|450px|right|From left to right, the global structures of A, B and Z DNA]] ‎ '''Differences in the Relative Charges of A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA:''' For all forms of DNA the global structure has an overall negative charge and the overall electrostatic potential is negative. This is largely due to the phosphate groups of DNA which bear an overall negative charge due to the negatively charged oxygen atoms they have. However, DNA has both positive and negative charges covering its outer structure. The charge dispersion over the global structure of DNA varies between A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA. A-DNA has mostly negative electrostatic potential throughout but concentrated mostly in the site of the major groove. It also has neutral electrostatic potential spread widely throughout the rest of its structure besides the major groove. Finally, A-DNA has sparse positive charges scattered along its surface. B-DNA has mostly negative electrostatic potential spread throughout its global exterior and concentrated mostly in major and minor grooves. It has some positively charged surface area scattered sparsely over its surface and mostly peppered within the wide major groove. Z-DNA has a negatively charged minor groove and the indistinct area where a major groove would normally be has slight positive charged places. Overall, the Z-DNA has a negative charge in all of its global structure. The structures of A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA have an overall negative charge. <ref>Rohs, Remo, Xiangshu Jin, Sean M. West, Rohit Joshi, Barry Honig, and Richard S. Mann. "Origins of Specificity in Protein-DNA Recognition." Annual Reviews. N.p., 24 03 2010. Web. 29 Oct 2011. <http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-biochem-060408-091030?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub=pubmed>.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Difference between the electrostatic potentials of the three major forms of DNA ! !! A-DNA !! B-DNA !! Z-DNA |- | Negative Potential || Massively present throughout the global structure but concentrated most highly in the major groove || Massively present throughout the global structure and evenly concentrated in the major and minor grooves || Massively present throughout the global structure and present most highly in the minor groove |- | Positive Potential || Very sparsely present scattered in the minor groove and hardly at all in the major groove || Very sparsely present scattered throughout the global structure, mostly in the major groove || Scattered sparsely in greater amounts than in A-DNA or B-DNA, but outside of the minor groove |- | Neutral Potential || Moderately present throughout the structure and mostly in the minor groove, but not in the major groove || Moderately scattered throughout the structure, but in a smaller amount than in A-DNA || Moderately scattered throughout the entire global structure apart from the minor groove |} [[File:DNA_Electrostatics.jpg|thumb|450px|right|From left to right, the global structures of A, B and Z DNA and their electrostatic potentials]] ‎ ==Coiling of DNA== [[Image:Circular DNA Supercoiling.png|thumb|400px|right|Supercoiled structure of circular DNA molecules with low writhe. Note that the helical nature of the DNA duplex is omitted for clarity.]] [[Image:Linear DNA Supercoiling.png|thumb|400px|right|Supercoiled structure of linear DNA molecules with constrained ends. Note that the helical nature of the DNA duplex is omitted for clarity.]] DNA supercoiling is important for DNA packaging within all cells. Because the length of DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for a lot more DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to form a 10nm fiber. This fiber is further coiled into a 30nm fiber, and further coiled upon itself numerous times more. DNA packaging is greatly increased during nuclear division events such as mitosis or meiosis, where DNA must be compacted and segregated to daughter cells. Condensins and cohesins are Structural Maintenance of Chromosome proteins that aid in the condensation of sister chromatids and the linkage of the centromere in sister chromatids. These SMC proteins induce positive supercoils. Supercoiling is also required for DNA/RNA synthesis. Because DNA must be unwound for DNA/RNA polymerase action, supercoils will result. The region ahead of the polymerase complex will be unwound; this stress is compensated with positive supercoils ahead of the complex. Behind the complex, DNA is rewound and there will be compensatory negative supercoils. It is important to note that topoisomerases such as DNA gyrase (Type II Topoisomerase) play a role in relieving some of the stress during DNA/RNA synthesis<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_supercoil&oldid=417575151</ref>. NA supercoiling can be described numerically by changes in the '[[linking number]]' Lk. The linking number is the most descriptive property of supercoiled DNA. Lk_o, the number of turns in the relaxed (B type) DNA plasmid/molecule, is determined by dividing the total base pairs of the molecule by the relaxed bp/turn which, depending on reference is 10.4-10.5. : <math>Lk_o=bp/10.4</math> Lk is merely the number of crosses a single strand makes across the other in a planar projection. The topology of the DNA is described by the equation below in which the linking number is equivalent to the sum of TW, which is the number of twists or turns of the double helix, and Wr which is the number of coils or 'writhes'. If there is a closed DNA molecule, the sum of TW and Wr, or the linking number, does not change. However, there may be complementary changes in TW and Wr without changing their sum. :<math>Lk=Tw+Wr</math> The change in the linking number, ΔLk, is the actual number of turns in the plasmid/molecule, Lk, minus the number of turns in the relaxed plasmid/molecule Lk_o. :<math>\Delta{Lk=Lk-Lk_o}</math> If the DNA is negatively supercoiled ΔLk < 0. The negative supercoiling implies that the DNA is underwound. A standard expression independent of the molecule size is the "specific linking difference" or "superhelical density" denoted σ. σ represents the number of turns added or removed relative to the total number of turns in the relaxed molecule/plasmid, indicating the level of supercoiling. :<math>\sigma=\Delta{Lk/Lk_o}</math><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_supercoil&oldid=417575151</ref> The [[Gibbs free energy]] associated with the coiling is given by the equation below<ref name="Vologodskii1979">{{cite journal|author=Vologodskii AV, Lukashin AV, Anshelevich VV, ''et al.'' |title=Fluctuations in superhelical DNA |journal=Nucleic Acids Res |volume=6 |pages=967–682 |year=1979 |doi=10.1093/nar/6.3.967}}</ref> :<math>{\Delta G/N=10RT \sigma^2}</math> The linking number is a numerical invariant that describes the linking of two closed curves in three-dimensional space. Intuitively, the linking number represents the number of times that each curve winds around the other. The linking number is always an integer, but may be positive or negative depending on the orientation of the two curves<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_supercoil&oldid=417575151</ref>. Since the linking number ''L'' of supercoiled DNA is the number of times the two strands are intertwined (and both strands remain covalently intact), ''L'' cannot change. The reference state (or parameter) ''L₀'' of a circular DNA duplex is its relaxed state. In this state, its writhe ''W'' = 0. Since ''L = T + W'', in a relaxed state ''T = L''. Thus, if we have a 400 bp relaxed circular DNA duplex, ''L ~ 40'' (assuming ~10 bp per turn in B-DNA). Then ''T ~ 40''. *Positively supercoiling: *:T = 0, W = 0, then L = 0 *:T = +3, W = 0, then L = +3 *:T = +2, W = +1, then L = +3 *Negatively supercoiling: *:T = 0, W = 0, then L = 0 *:T = -3, W = 0, then L = -3 *:T = -2, W = -1, then L = -3 Negative supercoils favor local unwinding of the DNA, allowing processes such as [[DNA transcription|transcription]], [[DNA replication]], and [[DNA recombination|recombination]]. Negative supercoiling is also thought to favour the transition between B-DNA and [[Z-DNA]], and moderate the interactions of DNA binding proteins involved in [[gene regulation]].<ref name="">{{cite book|title=Introduction to Plant Biotechnology |author=H. S. Chawla |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=1578082285}}</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_supercoil&oldid=417575151</ref> ==DNA sequencing== RNA sequencing was one of the earliest forms of nucleotide sequencing. The major landmark of RNA sequencing is the sequence of the first complete gene and the complete genome of Bacteriophage MS2, identified and published by Walter Fiers and his coworkers at the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium), between 1972 and 1976. Prior to the development of rapid DNA sequencing methods in the early 1970s by Frederick Sanger at the University of Cambridge, in England and Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam at Harvard, a number of laborious methods were used. For instance, in 1973, Gilbert and Maxam reported the sequence of 24 basepairs using a method known as wandering-spot analysis. The chain-termination method developed by Sanger and coworkers in 1975 soon became the method of choice, owing to its relative ease and reliability.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref> ===Maxam and Gilbert method=== In 1976–1977, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed a DNA sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases. Although Maxam and Gilbert published their chemical sequencing method two years after the ground-breaking paper of Sanger and Coulson on plus-minus sequencing,Maxam–Gilbert sequencing rapidly became more popular, since purified DNA could be used directly, while the initial Sanger method required that each read start be cloned for production of single-stranded DNA. However, with the improvement of the chain-termination method (see below), Maxam-Gilbert sequencing has fallen out of favour due to its technical complexity prohibiting its use in standard molecular biology kits, extensive use of hazardous chemicals, and difficulties with scale-up. The method requires radioactive labeling at one 5' end of the DNA (typically by a kinase reaction using gamma-32P ATP) and purification of the DNA fragment to be sequenced. Chemical treatment generates breaks at a small proportion of one or two of the four nucleotide bases in each of four reactions (G, A+G, C, C+T). For example, the purines (A+G) are depurinated using formic acid, the guanines (and to some extent the adenines) are methylated by dimethyl sulfate, and the pyrimidines (C+T) are methylated using hydrazine. The addition of salt (sodium chloride) to the hydrazine reaction inhibits the methylation of thymine for the C-only reaction. The modified DNAs are then cleaved by hot piperidine at the position of the modified base. The concentration of the modifying chemicals is controlled to introduce on average one modification per DNA molecule. Thus a series of labeled fragments is generated, from the radiolabeled end to the first "cut" site in each molecule. The fragments in the four reactions are electrophoresed side by side in denaturing acrylamide gels for size separation. To visualize the fragments, the gel is exposed to X-ray film for autoradiography, yielding a series of dark bands each corresponding to a radiolabeled DNA fragment, from which the sequence may be inferred. Also sometimes known as "chemical sequencing", this method led to the Methylation Interference Assay used to map DNA-binding sites for DNA-binding proteins.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref> === Dideoxynucleotide Chain-termination methods === [[Image:Sequencing.jpg|thumb|right|Part of a radioactively labelled sequencing gel]] Because the chain-terminator method (or Sanger method after its developer [[Frederick Sanger]]) is more efficient and uses fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity than the method of Maxam and Gilbert, it rapidly became the method of choice. The key principle of the Sanger method was the use of dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs) as DNA chain terminators. The classical chain-termination method requires a single-stranded DNA template, a DNA primer, a DNA polymerase, normal deoxynucleotidephosphates (dNTPs), and modified nucleotides (dideoxyNTPs) that terminate DNA strand elongation. These ddNTPs will also be radioactively or fluorescently labelled for detection in automated sequencing machines. The DNA sample is divided into four separate sequencing reactions, containing all four of the standard deoxynucleotides (dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP) and the DNA polymerase. To each reaction is added only one of the four dideoxynucleotides (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP) which are the chain-terminating nucleotides, lacking a 3'-hydroxyl (OH) group required for the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides, thus terminating DNA strand extension and resulting in DNA fragments of varying length<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref>. The newly synthesized and labelled DNA fragments are heat denatured, and separated by size (with a resolution of just one nucleotide) by gel electrophoresis on a denaturing polyacrylamide-urea gel with each of the four reactions run in one of four individual lanes (lanes A, T, G, C); the DNA bands are then visualized by autoradiography or UV light, and the DNA sequence can be directly read off the X-ray film or gel image. In the image on the right, X-ray film was exposed to the gel, and the dark bands correspond to DNA fragments of different lengths. A dark band in a lane indicates a DNA fragment that is the result of chain termination after incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide (ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, or ddTTP). The relative positions of the different bands among the four lanes are then used to read (from bottom to top) the DNA sequence<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref>. [[Image:DNA Sequencin 3 labeling methods.jpg|thumb|left|DNA fragments are labelled with a radioactive or fluorescent tag on the primer (1), in the new DNA strand with a labeled dNTP, or with a labeled ddNTP. (click to expand)]] Technical variations of chain-termination sequencing include tagging with nucleotides containing radioactive phosphorus for radiolabelling, or using a primer labeled at the 5’ end with a fluorescent dye. Dye-primer sequencing facilitates reading in an optical system for faster and more economical analysis and automation. The later development by [[Leroy Hood]] and coworkers <ref>{{cite journal |author=Smith LM, Sanders JZ, Kaiser RJ, ''et al'' |title=Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis |journal=Nature |volume=321 |issue=6071 |pages=674–9 |year=1986 |pmid=3713851 |doi=10.1038/321674a0 |quote=We have developed a method for the partial automation of DNA sequence analysis. Fluorescence detection of the DNA fragments is accomplished by means of a fluorophore covalently attached to the oligonucleotide primer used in enzymatic DNA sequence analysis. A different coloured fluorophore is used for each of the reactions specific for the bases A, C, G and T. The reaction mixtures are combined and co-electrophoresed down a single polyacrylamide gel tube, the separated fluorescent bands of DNA are detected near the bottom of the tube, and the sequence information is acquired directly by computer.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Smith LM, Fung S, Hunkapiller MW, Hunkapiller TJ, Hood LE |title=The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing an aliphatic amino group at the 5' terminus: synthesis of fluorescent DNA primers for use in DNA sequence analysis |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=2399–412 |year=1985 |month=April |pmid=4000959 |pmc=341163 |url=http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4000959 |doi=10.1093/nar/13.7.2399}}</ref> of fluorescently labeled ddNTPs and primers set the stage for automated, high-throughput DNA sequencing.[[Image:Radioactive Fluorescent Seq.jpg|thumb|right|Sequence ladder by radioactive sequencing compared to fluorescent peaks ]] Chain-termination methods have greatly simplified DNA sequencing. For example, chain-termination-based kits are commercially available that contain the reagents needed for sequencing, pre-aliquoted and ready to use. Limitations include non-specific binding of the primer to the DNA, affecting accurate read-out of the DNA sequence, and DNA secondary structures affecting the fidelity of the sequence<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref>. === Dye-terminator sequencing === [[Image:CE Basic.jpg|thumb|left|Capillary electrophoresis (click to expand)]] ''Dye-terminator sequencing'' utilizes labelling of the chain terminator ddNTPs, which permits sequencing in a single reaction, rather than four reactions as in the labelled-primer method. In dye-terminator sequencing, each of the four dideoxynucleotide chain terminators is labelled with fluorescent dyes, each of which emit light at different wavelengths. Owing to its greater expediency and speed, dye-terminator sequencing is now the mainstay in automated sequencing. Its limitations include dye effects due to differences in the incorporation of the dye-labelled chain terminators into the DNA fragment, resulting in unequal peak heights and shapes in the electronic DNA sequence trace [[chromatogram]] after [[capillary electrophoresis]] (see figure to the left). This problem has been addressed with the use of modified DNA polymerase enzyme systems and dyes that minimize incorporation variability, as well as methods for eliminating "dye blobs". The dye-terminator sequencing method, along with automated high-throughput DNA sequence analyzers, is now being used for the vast majority of sequencing projects<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref>. === Challenges === Common challenges of DNA sequencing include poor quality in the first 15–40 bases of the sequence and deteriorating quality of sequencing traces after 700–900 bases. [[Base calling]] software typically gives an estimate of quality to aid in quality trimming.<ref name="urlPhred - Quality Base Calling">{{cite web |url=http://www.phrap.com/phred/ |title=Phred - Quality Base Calling |format= |work= |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref><ref name="urlBase-calling for next-generation sequencing platforms — Brief Bioinform">{{cite web |url=http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/01/18/bib.bbq077.full |title=Base-calling for next-generation sequencing platforms — Brief Bioinform |format= |work= |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref> In cases where DNA fragments are cloned before sequencing, the resulting sequence may contain parts of the cloning vector. In contrast, PCR-based cloning and emerging sequencing technologies based on pyrosequencing often avoid using cloning vectors. Recently, one-step Sanger sequencing (combined amplification and sequencing) methods such as Ampliseq and SeqSharp have been developed that allow rapid sequencing of target genes without cloning or prior amplification.<ref>Murphy, K.; Berg, K.; Eshleman, J. (2005). "Sequencing of genomic DNA by combined amplification and cycle sequencing reaction". Clinical chemistry 51 (1): 35–39.</ref><ref>Sengupta, D.; Cookson, B. (2010). "SeqSharp: A general approach for improving cycle-sequencing that facilitates a robust one-step combined amplification and sequencing method". The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD 12 (3): 272–277. </ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref> Current methods can directly sequence only relatively short (300–1000 [[nucleotides]] long) DNA fragments in a single reaction. The main obstacle to sequencing DNA fragments above this size limit is insufficient power of separation for resolving large DNA fragments that differ in length by only one nucleotide. In all cases the use of a primer with a free 5' end is essential<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref>. === Automation and sample preparation === [[Image:Sanger sequencing read display.png|thumb|500px|right|View of the start of an example dye-terminator read ]] Automated DNA-sequencing instruments (DNA sequencers) can sequence up to 384 DNA samples in a single batch (run) in up to 24 runs a day. DNA sequencers carry out capillary electrophoresis for size separation, detection and recording of dye fluorescence, and data output as fluorescent peak trace chromatograms. Sequencing reactions by thermocycling, cleanup and re-suspension in a buffer solution before loading onto the sequencer are performed separately. A number of commercial and non-commercial software packages can trim low-quality DNA traces automatically. These programs score the quality of each peak and remove low-quality base peaks (generally located at the ends of the sequence). The accuracy of such algorithms is below visual examination by a human operator, but sufficient for automated processing of large sequence data sets<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequencing&oldid=422803407</ref>. ==Facts to be remembered== # 1869 DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher who discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages. # 1937 William Astbury produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns that showed that DNA had a regular structure. # 1928 Frederick Griffith discovered that traits of the "smooth" form of the Pneumococcus could be transferred to the "rough" form of the same bacteria by mixing killed "smooth" bacteria with the live "rough" form. # 1952 Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in the Hershey–Chase experiment showed that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage. # 1953 James D. Watson and Francis Crick suggested double-helix model of DNA structure. #1972 Development of recombinant DNA technology, which permits isolation of defined fragments of DNA; prior to this, the only accessible samples for sequencing were from bacteriophage or virus DNA. #1977 The '''first complete DNA genome''' to be sequenced is that of '''bacteriophage φX174'''. #1977 Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert publish "DNA sequencing by chemical degradation".Frederick Sanger, independently, publishes "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors". #1984 Medical Research Council scientists decipher the complete DNA sequence of the Epstein-Barr virus, 170 kb. #1986 Leroy E. Hood's laboratory at the California Institute of Technology and Smith announce the first semi-automated DNA sequencing machine. #1987 Applied Biosystems markets first automated sequencing machine, the model ABI 370. #1990 The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) begins large-scale sequencing trials on Mycoplasma capricolum, Escherichia coli, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (at US$0.75/base). #1991 Sequencing of human expressed sequence tags begins in Craig Venter's lab, an attempt to capture the coding fraction of the human genome. #1995 Craig Venter, Hamilton Smith, and colleagues at The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) publish the first complete genome of a free-living organism, the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. The circular chromosome contains 1,830,137 bases and its publication in the journal Science marks the first use of whole-genome shotgun sequencing, eliminating the need for initial mapping efforts. #1996 Pål Nyrén and his student Mostafa Ronaghi at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm publish their method of pyrosequencing #1998 Phil Green and Brent Ewing of the University of Washington publish “phred” for sequencer data analysis. #2000 Lynx Therapeutics publishes and markets "MPSS" - a parallelized, adapter/ligation-mediated, bead-based sequencing technology, launching "next-generation" sequencing. #2001 A draft sequence of the human genome is published. #2004 454 Life Sciences markets a parallelized version of pyrosequencing. The first version of their machine reduced sequencing costs 6-fold compared to automated Sanger sequencing, and was the second of a new generation of sequencing technologies, after MPSS. ==Refrences== {{Reflist|2}} {{BookCat}} kyl6zansxh1oqydw0o4hmdmlt9ozsu1 0 260834 4635678 3263561 2026-05-14T10:19:19Z Ostrea 2079154 /* Annotations */ 4635678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ulysses, 1922.djvu|thumb|600px|center|page=188]] <br> == Annotations == '''''Cordoglio'''''{{spaces|5}}(''Italian'') ''grief'', ''affliction'', ''deep sorrow''.<ref>Gifford (1988) 215.<br>Thornton (1968) 172.</ref> '''Christfox in leather trews''' : [[w:George Fox|George Fox]], founder of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), who was noted for wearing leather breeches during his preaching travels. Evoked here due to the presence of the quaker librarian. '''New place''' : [[w:New Place|New Place]], Shakespeare's final place of residence. == References == {{reflist}} {|style="width: 23%; margin: 0px auto;" class="noprint" |style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid SteelBlue; padding: 0.5em; font-size: small; text-align: center;"|'''[[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]]'''<br />[[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Scylla and Charybdis/184|Preceding Page]] | [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Page Index|Page Index]] | [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Scylla and Charybdis/186|Next Page]] |} {{BookCat}} pwrz1d478fpredrdnrh39yl1krmmksj 4635679 4635678 2026-05-14T10:22:42Z Ostrea 2079154 4635679 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ulysses, 1922.djvu|thumb|600px|center|page=188]] <br> == Annotations == '''''Cordoglio'''''{{spaces|5}}(''Italian'') ''grief'', ''affliction'', ''deep sorrow''.<ref>Gifford (1988) 215.<br>Thornton (1968) 172.</ref> '''Christfox in leather trews'''{{spaces|5}}[[w:George Fox|George Fox]], founder of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), who was noted for wearing leather breeches during his preaching travels. Evoked here due to the presence of the quaker librarian. '''New place'''{{spaces|5}}[[w:New Place|New Place]], Shakespeare's final place of residence. == References == {{reflist}} {|style="width: 23%; margin: 0px auto;" class="noprint" |style="background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid SteelBlue; padding: 0.5em; font-size: small; text-align: center;"|'''[[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]]'''<br />[[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Scylla and Charybdis/184|Preceding Page]] | [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Page Index|Page Index]] | [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Scylla and Charybdis/186|Next Page]] |} {{BookCat}} 9232wnbfay6jsr2pdjmo4vvrwz28ft6 2 367951 4635651 4631653 2026-05-14T02:46:41Z ~2026-21344-85 3574365 /* Movie Fights Reboot */ citations 4635651 wikitext text/x-wiki This page displays the box scores and summaries of Screen Junkies' "Movie Fights" and Screen Junkies Plus' "TV Fights". The page does not include impromptu fights as seen on the shows "After the Fight," "Honest Trailer Commentary," or "Screen Junkies Universe (SJU)". Newly added below are summaries of the episodes of "Fan Friction" (Episodes 1-8), hosted by Jack Shipley; "Gamer Fights", hosted by Matt Raub; and "Movie Games", hosted by Jeremy Jahns. ==Movie Fights description and Fighter Rankings== "Movie Fights", typically hosted by Andy Signore, typically featured debates between three other people outside of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Junkies Screen Junkies], such as other YouTube reviewers, on various movie-related questions. Some "Movie Fights" featured people from Screen Junkies, such as Rudnick, Dan Murrell (who typically acts as Fact Checker when not competing), and even Signore himself, in the debate. Each video's title highlights a specific debate about a recent event involving movies, such as the Oscars. Before the switch to the five pre-Speed Round format, the last question of each "Movie Fights" video before the Speed Round, save a rare few, contained a clue to the upcoming Tuesday's "Honest Trailer" video. As of October 4, 2017, there have been 156 "Movie Fights" that have been hosted on the Screen Junkies YouTube channel. In addition, there is a single "Movie Fight" that has been hosted on the Schmoes Knows YouTube channel between six members of the Schmoes Know Team (three at any given time) and The Screen Junkies team of Nick, Hal, and Dan. Screen Junkies won the fight. Further, there is a tournament fight that is exclusive to Screen Junkies Plus. '''FINAL Movie Fights Standings''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ranking !! Contestant !! Record !! Win Percentage !! Total Points !! Points Per Game |- | Current Champion || Spencer Gilbert || 6-15 || 0.286 || 80 || 3.81 |- | 1 || Ken Napzok ** || 3-0 || 1.000 || 17 || 5.67 |- | T2 || Rob Corddry ** || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T2 || Davis || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T2 || Kofi Outlaw || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T2 || Paul Scheer || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T2 || Sarah Sterling || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T7 || Scott Auckerman || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || William Bibbiani || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || James Clement || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Jacqueline Coley || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Alonso Duralde || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Dan Hernandez || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Matt Key || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Jon Negroni || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Seth Rogen || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Clarke Wolfe || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | 17 || Brannon Braga **|| 1-0 || 1.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | 18 || Leonard Maltin || 1-0 || 1.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | 19 || Max Landis || 3-1 || 0.750 || 20 || 5.00 |- | 20 || Kevin Smith **|| 3-1 || 0.750 || 17 || 4.25 |- | 21 || Dan Murrell || 18-9 || 0.667 || 128 || 4.74 |- | T22 || John Flickinger || 2-1 || 0.667 || 11 || 3.67 |- | T22 || Tony Revolori || 2-1 || 0.667 || 11 || 3.67 |- | 24 || JTE (Josh "The Engineer" Tapia) || 5-3 || 0.625 || 35 || 4.38 |- | 25 || Amy Nicholson **|| 3-2 || 0.600 || 21 || 4.20 |- | 26 || Alicia Malone || 7-5 || 0.583 || 53 || 4.42 |- | 27 || Mike Carlson ** || 11-8 || 0.579 || 87 || 4.58 |- | T28 || Grae Drake || 1-1 || 0.500 || 10 || 5.00 |- | T28 || Samm Levine || 1-1 || 0.500 || 10 || 5.00 |- | T30 || ComicBookGirl19 || 1-1 || 0.500 || 9 || 4.50 |- | T30 || Graham Elwood || 1-1 || 0.500 || 9 || 4.50 |- | T30 || Elijah Wood **|| 1-1 || 0.500 || 9 || 4.50 |- | 33 || Ben Begley || 2-2 || 0.500 || 16 || 4.00 |- | 34 || Jason Inman || 3-3 || 0.500 || 22 || 3.67 |- | T35 || Gina Ippolito || 1-1 || 0.500 || 7 || 3.50 |- | T35 || Germain Lussier || 1-1 || 0.500 || 7 || 3.50 |- | 37 || Matt Raub || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | 38 || Mark Ellis || 4-5 || 0.444 || 36 || 4.00 |- | 39 || Sasha Perl-Raver || 2-3 || 0.400 || 17 || 3.40 |- | 40 || Marc Andreyko || 5-8 || 0.385 || 41 || 3.15 |- | 41 || Kim Horcher || 1-2 || 0.333 || 13 || 4.33 |- | T42 || Doug Benson || 1-2 || 0.333 || 12 || 4.00 |- | T42 || Hector Navarro || 1-2 || 0.333 || 12 || 4.00 |- | 44 || Chris Stuckmann || 1-2 || 0.333 || 12 || 4.00 |- | 45 || Coy Jandreau ***|| 3-6 || 0.333 || 32 || 3.56 |- | 46 || DJ Wooldridge || 1-2 || 0.333 || 10 || 3.33 |- | 47 || Jon Schnepp † || 1-2 || 0.333 || 9 || 3.00 |- | 48 || Hal Rudnick ** || 8-17 *|| 0.320 || 82 || 3.28 |- | 49 || Kristian Harloff || 2-5 || 0.286 || 25 || 3.57 |- | 50 || Andre Meadows || 1-3 || 0.250 || 17 || 4.25 |- | 51 || Nick Mundy || 4-13 || 0.235 || 53 || 3.12 |- | 52 || Andy Signore || 2-7 || 0.222 || 34 || 3.78 |- | 53 || Scott Mantz || 2-8 || 0.200 || 22 || 2.20 |- | 54 || Joe Starr || 1-6 || 0.143 || 23 || 3.29 |- | 55 || Roth Cornet || 1-6 || 0.143 || 21 || 3.00 |- | 56 || John Rocha || 1-6 || 0.143 || 14 || 2.00 |- | 57 || Trisha Hershberger || 1-8 || 0.111 || 30 || 3.33 |- | 58 || Roger Barr || 1-11 || 0.083 || 44 || 3.67 |- | 59 || Kumail Nanjiani || 0-1 || 0.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T60 || Jeremy Jahns || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T60 || Jack Henry Robbins || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T60 || Adry Sotolongo || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T60 || Roxy Striar || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T60 || Baron Vaughn || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T60 || Kara Warner || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | 66 || Erin Robinson || 0-3 || 0.000 || 9 || 3.00 |- | T67 || Tiffany Smith || 0-2 || 0.000 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T67 || Steve Zaragoza || 0-2 || 0.000 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T69 || David Alpert || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Adam Johnston || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Dave Karger || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Kassem G || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Markeia McCarty || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Perri Nemiroff || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Van Robichaux || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | 76 || Brett Erlich || 0-7 || 0.000 || 19 || 2.71 |- | 77 || Alison Haislip || 0-3 || 0.000 || 8 || 2.67 |- | 78 || Chloe Dykstra || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T79 || Charley Feldman || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T79 || Miri Jedeikin || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | 81 || Michael Barryte || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | 82 || Lon Harris || 0-3 || 0.000 || 6 || 2.00 |- | 83 || Dan Casey || 0-2 || 0.000 || 4 || 2.00 |- | T84 || Jeff Cannata || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T84 || Matt Stagmer || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T84 || Billy A. Patterson || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | 87 || Cody Decker || 0-3 || 0.000 || 5 || 1.67 |- | 88 || Brett Weiner || 0-2 || 0.000 || 3 || 1.50 |- | 89 || Stephen Glickman || 0-3 || 0.000 || 4 || 1.33 |- | T90 || Jenny Nicholson || 0-2 || 0.000 || 2 || 1.00 |- | T90 || Jay Washington || 0-2 || 0.000 || 2 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Yancy Berns || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Brianne Chandler || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Erik Davis || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Amirose Eisenbach || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Rob Fee || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Emma Fyffe || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Maude Garrett || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Umberto Gonzalez || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Ed Greer || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Pat Healy || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Ian Hecox || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Adam Hlavac || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Matt Iseman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Doug Jones || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Jovenshire || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Jackie Kashian || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Robert Kirkman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Danielle Radford || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Ryan Right || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Ashley V. Robinson || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Adi Shankar || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Darien Sills-Evans || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Zack Stentz || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Evan Susser || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Josh Robert Thompson || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Doug Walker || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Jen Yamato || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Jonathan Youngblood || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | 120 || Mark Reilly || 0-2 || 0.000 || 1 || 0.50 |- | T121 || Mark A. Altman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |- | T121 || Jon Bailey || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |} Rankings have been determined first by Win Percentage. If a tie has resulted, then it is broken by Points Per Game (except in the case of an undefeated fighter, in which number of wins is the primary determinant, followed by Points Per Game). If a tie still remains, the two are separated by Total Points, and then by rankings within the fights (second vs third). If they still remain tied, they are given the same ranking and put into alphabetical order. For the purpose of rankings, team fights and elimination tournaments (San Diego Comic-Cons, Wizard World Chicago, Last Fighter Standing, and Debut Deathmatches) have been removed from consideration. Also, the participants in one fan episode are also not considered, and the New Year's Eve 1999 and 1994 episodes are not counted, nor are the one-on-one fights between Dan Murrell and Max Landis or Scott Mantz and John Rocha. Screen Junkies Plus Exclusive fights are also not counted. This leaves 123 fighters who have participated in a total of 136 fights as of October 4, 2017. .*Further, the chart uses Hal's record as 8-17 (the official record) rather than 7-18, which is what his record would be based on the points from episode 1. .**These fighters have defeated Dan Murrell in an official fight (Kevin Smith and Elijah Wood have done so twice). Further, Andy Signore defeated Dan during Dan’s first loss, but Andy only came in second place; Andy also beat Dan in the New Year's Eve 1999 episode (episode 64), which is not officially counted. .***After the 98th episode (aired 8-20-2016), Coy fell to 14th place, one spot below JTE due to his having only 11 points total versus 12 from JTE. Despite this, Coy had an overall better record at this point (two wins and a second-place finish versus two wins and a third-place finish). †Passed away from complications of a stroke on July 19, 2018. The series began with a non-competitive debate (Did Godzilla Suck?!, May 22, 2014)<ref>Did Godzilla Suck? (May 22, 2014) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVOzAXC891M</ref> featuring Andy Signore, Dan Murrell, and Nick Mundy, with Hal Rudnick moderating. It took place in the discussion room that Hal uses for discussions he moderates such as in The Screen Junkies Show. In the debate, Andy and Dan argued for why the movie was good, while Nick and Hal argued against it. ==Movie Fights Episodes 1-50== <big>'''<big>Question and statistical summary</big>'''</big> (x during a tie breaker or Speed Round question denotes the fighter was not competing in that portion, whereas 0 denotes the fighter won the tie breaker but did not receive a point for it (in the case of being pushed on to the Speed Round))'''<big>:</big>''' '''Episode 1: Should They Reboot Ghostbusters? (10-12-14)'''<ref name=":0">Episode 1: Should They Reboot Ghostbusters? (10-12-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofcGAAf_QDc</ref> Although he technically would lose this episode, Hal would later be determined to be the winner of this episode after winning episode 52 on 10-11-2015. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || New fighter || '''Tie for win''' (officially*) |- | Spencer Gilbert || New fighter || '''Tie for win''' |- | Nick Mundy || New fighter || '''Tie for win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%"|Hal !! Spencer !! Nick |- | 1: Should ''Ghostbusters'' be rebooted? || 1 || || |- | 2: Should Sony’s Spider-Man join Marvel’s ''The Avengers''? || || 1 || |- | 3: Sam Raimi’s ''Spider-Man'' vs. Marc Webb’s ''Spider-Man''? || 1 || || |- | 4: ''Gone Girl'' – great or overrated? || || 1 || |- | 5: What’s David Fincher’s Best Film? || || || 1** |- | 6: Should William Shatner be in ''Star Trek 3''? || || || 1 |- | 7: Should we be excited for ''Tomorrowland''? || || 1 || |- | 8: Could ''Rush Hour'' be a decent TV show? || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | 9: Does an ''Iron Man 4'' need Robert Downey Jr.? || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | 10: What is the best comic book TV show on the air right now? || || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4*''' || '''5''' || '''5''' |} .*Though the game was called as a three-way tie, Hal did not receive enough points to tie and should have finished in third. .**Despite tying for the win, Nick didn't score any points during the first four rounds. Not until episode 14 would a fighter again not score any points during the first four rounds. This would be repeated in episode 16. In episode 19, Hal Rudnick would not score any during the first five rounds. *Not counting this episode (as it was a tie, and also the tie was later vacated after episode 52), the record for latest first point for an episode winner is Round 4 (performed three times: episode 20 by Marc Andreyko, episode 28 by Dan Murrell, and episode 45 by Scott Mantz). '''Episode 2: Captain America vs Ironman (10-19-14)'''<ref>Episode 2: Captain America vs Ironman? (10-19-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXNiM2lDvSE</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Erin Robinson || New fighter || Second |- | Dan Murrell || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 0/0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question!! Erin !! Dan !! Nick |- | 1. Can DC's new movies be as popular as Marvel's? || || 1 || |- | 2: When will Marvel fail? || || || 1 |- | 3: Which standalone DC Movie should we be most excited for? || 1 || || |- | 4: Which DC character should have its own movie? * || || 1 || |- | 5: Which Marvel character should have its own movie? || 1 || || 1 |- | 6: Who should be Dr. Strange? **, *** || 1 || || |- | 7: Captain America vs. Iron Man **** || 1 || 1 || |- | 8: Who is our dream director for ''Justice League''? || || || 1***** |- | 9: Who is the best Batman? + || || 1 || |- | 10: Best ''X-Men'' cast: old vs. new. || || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Dan went first in this round instead of Erin. For the subsequent question, Nick went first. .**Dan went first in this round, again skipping over Erin. .***Andy named the possibilities Ewan McGregor, Ethan Hawke, Jared Leto, Ryan Gosling, and Joaquim Phoenix. None of these wound up being correct (it wound up being Benedict Cumberbatch). .****Erin started this round, skipping over Nick. However, this is how it should have been. .*****Nick won with Tony Scott, even though he died in 2012. +Included movie and TV (both animated and live action). '''Episode 3: Age of Ultron Trailer Debate (10-26-14)'''<ref>Episode 3: Age of Ultron Trailer Debate (10-26-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaoSYqjPY7s</ref> First episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/0/1 || Tie for second |- | Dan Murrell || 1/0/0 || '''Win''' |- | Spencer Gilbert || 0/0/1 || Tie for second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 91%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Hal !! style="width: 5%"|Dan !! Spencer |- | 1: Who do you think will dominate the 2015 box office - ''Star Wars'' or ''Avengers[:Age of Ultron]''? || || 1 || 1 |- | 2: Best Keanu Reeves movie: ''Point Break'', ''Speed'', or ''[The] Matrix''? || 1 || || 2 |- | 3: Can we take Johnny Depp seriously anymore? || 2 || || |- | 4: ''Terminator Genisys'':... Should Arnold [Schwarzenegger] be in it? || || 1 || |- | 5: Do we want a new ''Pee-Wee'' movie? || || 1 || |- | 6: ''[The] Nightmare Before Christmas'':... Is this a Christmas or a Halloween film? || || || 1 |- | 7: Can a movie based on a board game be any good? || || 1 || |- | 8: Best slasher franchise: ''Halloween'' vs. ''Nightmare on Elm Street'' vs. ''Friday the 13th'' vs. ''Scream'' vs. ''Child's Play'' ...[vs.] ''Saw''? || 1 || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 4 |} '''Episode 4: Best Marvel Phase 3 Movie (11-2-14)'''<ref>Episode 4: Best Marvel Phase 3 Movie (11-2-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFYYlksNdkk</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/1/1 || Second (officially***) |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Barryte Michael Barryte] || New fighter || Third (officially***) |- | Mike Carlson || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Hal !! Michael !! Mike |- | 1: Which (Phase 3 MCU movie) are we most excited about? || 1 || || 1 |- | 2: ''Avengers: Infinity War'' is gonna be split into two parts? Is this a good or a bad idea? || || || 1 |- | 3: Who should play Captain Marvel? || .5 || || 1 |- | 4: Which Avenger should retire first? || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | 5: Which Marvel villains should appear in Phase 3? || || 1 || |- | 6: Should ''[Captain America: The] Winter Soldier'' be nominated for a Best Picture [Oscar]? || 1 || || |- | 7: Who should play Joker in a potential Batman solo film? * || .5 || 1 || |- | 8: Can Seth Rogen pull off a dramatic role?** || || 1 || 1 |- | '''Scores going into tie breaker''' || 4 || 4 || 5 |- | TIE BREAKER: Most Overrated Movie Of The Last Decade? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4*** || 4 || '''6''' |} .*Though Andy initially said he'd start with Hal, he quickly changed to Michael B. Mike Carlson started on the subsequent question. .**Since everyone gave reasons for why Seth Rogen could pull off a dramatic role, Andy took it to the sub-fight of the question, "Who...is the best comedic actor in a dramatic role?" .***Hal and Michael each scored 4 points, but Hal was incorrectly determined to be tied with Mike Carlson at the end of question 8, so Hal and Mike went into a Tie Breaker. However, Mike should have won at the end of question 8, while Hal and Michael should have tied each other. '''Episode 5: Does Interstellar Suck? (11-9-14)'''<ref>Episode 5: Does Interstellar Suck? (11-9-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyHgAPTsBJY</ref> Dan Murrell starts as Fact Checker {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 0/1/1 || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Mockery Roger Barr] || New fighter || Tie for second |- | Nick Mundy || 0/1/1 || Tie for second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 77%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Roger !! Nick |- | 1: Do we like The ''Star Wars Episode 7'' title; what would you have wanted to call it? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Does ''Interstellar'' live up to the hype? || 1 || 1 || |- | 3: Best director in the world today? || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the best movie trilogy of all time? ** || || || 1 |- | 5: Should ''Fast & The Furious'' end with #7? || || || 1 |- | 6: Should Andy Serkis, or any other motion capture actor, be nominated for a Best Actor Oscar? || 1 || 1 || |- | 7: Do we actually need ''Toy Story 4''? || 1 || || |- | 8: What is the best Disney animated movie? || || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 3 || 3 |} .*Although jokingly, Andy said Nick got a negative point for the first question. However, he clarified that he was joking when Nick got his first point in question 4. .**A picture appeared showing scenes from famous movie franchises that had more than three films. In fact, some of the pictures were fourth movies in the series such as ''Breaking Dawn: part 1'', ''A Good Day to Die Hard'', and ''Rambo (2008)''. '''Episode 6: Best Quentin Tarantino Movie (11-16-14)'''<ref>Episode 6: Best Quentin Tarantino Movie (11-16-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddSrvv7dU-8</ref> Dan Murrell hosts in Signore's absence. Jason Inman takes Murrell's place as Fact Checker. Unless one counts the first episode, in which Hal was ruled to have tied, this episode marks the first example of a competitor taking an early lead and finishing in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/2/1 || Third |- | Mike Carlson || 1/0/0 || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 0/2/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 60%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Mike !! Nick |- | 1: What do you think of this rumored cast of (the) ''Suicide Squad''? || || || 1 |- | 2: Is there any hope for the new ''Fantastic Four''? || 1 || 1 || * |- | 3: What other** movie should live on as... a cable TV show? || 1 || || |- | 4: Can M. Night Shyamalan make a return? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who is the best Chris: Pine, Hemsworth, Evans or Pratt? || || || 1 |- | 6: What is the best Quentin Tarantino movie? || || 1 || |- | 7: Who is the best sidekick of all time? *** || || || 1 |- | 8: What movie has the best soundtrack of all time? || || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''4''' || 3 |} .*First attempt of using Devil's Advocate. It was not successful. Hal and Nick both stated that the movie would be bad. .**Besides ''Evil Dead''. .***Dan had Nick go first a second time in a row rather than have Hal start. Hal started on the subsequent question. '''Episode 7: Which Superhero Wins the Hunger Games? (11-23-14)'''<ref>Episode 7: Which Superhero Wins the Hunger Games? (11-23-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OP4Lhj2Y3xU</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 1/1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Roger Barr || 0/1/0 || Tie for second (officially*) |- | Mark Ellis || New fighter || Tie for second (officially*) |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 68%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Roger !! Mark |- | 1: Does the ''Hunger Games'' [franchise] suck? || 1 || 1** || 1 |- | 2: Which major superhero would win the Hunger Games? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the best third installment in a franchise? || 1 || || 1 |- | 4: Do we need a young Cyclops and Jean Grey in ''X-Men: Apocalypse''? || || || 1 |- | 5: What's the ultimate dream [Arnold] Schwarzenegger sequel? *** || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | 6: Can the CGI ''Peanuts Movie'' be good? || 1 || || |- | 7: Which Disney animated movie should be made into a live-action film? **** || || || |- *** | 8: What is the best movie with an ensemble cast? || 1 || || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 2* || 4 |} .*Andy called the score as 6-4-4, but Roger only got two points (the two that everyone got) and thus finished in third. .**Roger wasn't initially awarded a point for question 1, but after Spencer said that he should have mentioned that ''Mockingjay'' was being spread thin by being split into two movies, Andy pointed out that Roger had said that and then awarded Roger a point, giving each fighter a point. *None of the fighters felt that the movies were bad (based on the two movies that had been released by the time the episode was filmed). .***After the fifth round, Dan says that 11 points have been given out so far. In fact, only 10 have been given out. .****No points were awarded as Andy felt none of the responses were appropriate, but he took blame, indicating that he shouldn't have asked the question. *In the 79th episode, a question asked which Disney animated movie should ''never'' be given a live-action adaptation. On that episode's After the Fight, the fighters did discuss which one should be. '''Episode 8: Star Wars VS Star Trek (11-30-14)'''<ref>Episode 8: Star Wars VS Star Trek (11-30-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Sxk2MJANXQ</ref> The episode only ran 38:41 as various shows were filming in the studio that day. The final four questions ''collectively'' were given five and a half minutes. Jason and Mike were sitting in the wrong spots, so the order of asking questions appears incorrect throughout the episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/3/1 || Tie for second |- | Mike Carlson || 2/0/0 || Tie for second |- | Jason Inman || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 63%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Mike !! Jason |- | 1: What should a ''Star Wars'' spinoff film be based on? || 1 || || |- | 2: ''Star Wars'' or ''Star Trek''? || || || 1 |- | 3: If you had to pick one movie to represent humanity to aliens, which would it be? || || 1 || |- | 4: Which director could make a good ''Transformers'' movie? || || || 1 |- | 5: Best Christmas movie? || 1* || || |- | 6: Best movie trailer of all time? || || || 1 |- | 7: Which movie character would you want to be best friends with? || ** || || 1 |- | 8: Which movie would you reboot? *** || || 1 || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2**** || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Hal won with ''A Christmas Story'' after only opening arguments. All subsequent questions were also called after only opening arguments. .**Hal spent too much time saying his answer (Bill Murray from ''Lost in Translation''). Andy immediately went to Jason and never let Hal give any argument before Andy chose Jason's answer (Agent Phil Coulson). .***Short of Hal winning two points for question 8 (with Jason not winning any), it would not have been possible after question 7 to even tie Jason. .****Andy incorrectly said that Hal got a third point for question 8, but he was corrected by Dan. '''Episode 9: New Star Wars Lightsaber - Awesome or Useless? (12-7-14)'''<ref>Episode 9: New Star Wars Lightsaber - Awesome or Useless? (12-7-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FB3YjXV33D4</ref> Jason Inman is the Fact Checker. Not counting the first episode, second example of someone taking the lead early and finishing in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Haislip Alison Haislip] || New fighter || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 2/0/0 || '''Win''' |- | Kassem G || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Alison !! style="width: 5%"|Dan !! Kassem |- | 1: What was the best moment in the ''Star Wars: [The] Force Awakens''...trailer? || 1 || 1 || |- | 2: The new ''Star Wars: Episode VII'' lightsaber: like or dislike? || 1 || || |- | 3: Does the new ''Terminator: Genisys'' trailer excite us? || || || 1 |- | 4: What's the most unnecessary sequel of all time? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who is the best James Bond? * || || 1 || 1 |- | 6: What's our favorite movie death? || || 1 || |- | 7: Best actor to join a superhero franchise? || || || 1 |- | 8: Which property should Marvel Studios get back: ''Spider-Man'', ''Fantastic Four'', or ''X-Men''? || || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*During the asking of this question, Andy calls the upcoming movie ''Spectre'' "Spectra." Other discussions led to a delay of approximately two minutes before Andy finally got to ask the question. '''Episode 10: Should Marvel Fire Andrew Garfield as Spider-Man? (12-14-14)'''<ref>Episode 10: Should Marvel Fire Andrew Garfield as Spider-Man? (12-14-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kw1nKk2c2Z0</ref> In the introduction to this episode, Andy refers to ''Mad Max: Fury Road'' as ''Mad Max: Road Fury''. Second episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Third example of someone taking the lead and ultimately finishing in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Kristian Harloff || New fighter || Second |- | Mark Ellis || 0/1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/4/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 68%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kristian !! Mark !! style="width: 6%"|Hal |- | 0: Should Sony fire Andrew Garfield so we can get Spider-Man in the Marvel Universe? * || 1 || || 1 |- | 1: Best Ridley Scott movie? || || 1 || 1 |- | 2: Who should direct ''Star Trek 3 (2016)''? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who else** do we wanna see in [the upcoming Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles movie? || || 1 || |- | 4: Will ''Mad Max: Fury Road'' be better than the old ''Mad Max'' movies? || 1 || || 1 |- | 5: What would be the ultimate movie crossover? || || 1 || |- | 6: If he came in the Marvel Universe, who[m] would you want to see [Al Pacino] play? *** || || || |- | 7: Best Paul Thomas Anderson movie? || 1 || || |- | 8: Best film adaptation of a book? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into tie breaker''' || 4 || 4 || 3 |- | TIE BREAKER: Which action star do you want to be taken hostage with? || || 1**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Audible pulled. The fight does not appear in the title cards. .**Besides Bebop and Rocksteady. .***Andy did not award any points. .****Mark won by saying John McClane; Kristian immediately conceded. '''Schmoes Know Movies Show Episode #176 (12-18-14)'''<ref>Schmoes Know Movies Show Episode #176 (12-18-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae2XdJa6UL0</ref> Live from the Schmoes Know Movie Show, starting 34 minutes into the video. Judged by Andy Signore No Fact Checker Fight between the Screen Junkies crew (Nick, Hal, and Dan) vs seven different members of the Schmoes Know crew (Kristian Harloff, Tiffany Smith, Alicia Malone, Mark Reilly, Ken Napzok, J.T. (Josh the Engineer/JTE), and an unnamed member; three members of the Schmoes for any given question). Some questions were provided live over twitter. For some questions, there was pre-preparation, whereas for others, there wasn't. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Teams !! Finish |- | Schmoes Know || Lose |- | Movie Fights/Screen Junkies || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 81%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question (with Schmoes Know members chosen after reading the question; pre-prepared question?) !! style="width: 5%"|SK !! MF/SJ |- | 1: Who played the best Batman (Tiffany, Mark, Alicia; yes) || 1 || |- | 2: Should ''Back to the Future'' get a reboot? (unknown, Kristian, Alicia; yes) || 2* || |- | 3: Better reboot: Peter Jackson's ''King Kong'' or Gareth Edwards' ''Godzilla''? (unknown, Kristian, Alicia; yes) ** || || |- | 4: Who would win between Alien, Predator, or a Colon[i]al Marine? (unknown, Kristian, Alicia; yes) ** || || |- | 5: What's the most influential 90's movie? (J.T., Kristian, Alicia; no) *** || || 1 |- | 6: What is the best 80's film of all time? (J.T., Kristian, Alicia; no) ** || || |- | 7: Which new actor will have the biggest impact on the new films? (Mark, Kristian, Alicia; no) **** || || 1 |- | 8: Best movie villain of all time? (Mark, Ken, Alicia; no) || || 1 |- | 9: Movie that most deserves a sequel (Tiffany, Kristian, Alicia; no) ***** || 1 || |- | 10: Michael Bay vs. M Night Shyamalan: Who's the worst [director]? (Tiffany, Kristian, Alicia; no) || || 1 |- | 11: Best plot twist in any movie? (Tiffany, Kristian, Alicia; no)** || || |- | 12: Best Scorsese-directed movie? (Tiffany, J.T., Alicia; no)** || || |- | 13: Should they make more ''Lord of the Rings Hobbit'' movies? (Tiffany, J.T., Alicia; no)** || || |- | 14: Best Marvel Movie? (Tiffany, Kristian, Alicia; no) || || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Schmoes Know won after Kristian came back and played Devil's Advocate, arguing for why there should be a reboot. However, it was not until later (after question 10) that Andy (after being called out on twitter) credited them with the bonus point (it was not clear as Schmoes never specifically stated they were playing Devil's Advocate; rather, Kristian simply stepped in for Mark). .**Six questions were skipped (both teams chose ''Godzilla'' for question 3; neither team wished to answer questions 4 or 11; both teams chose Die Hard for question 6; both teams chose ''Goodfellas'' for question 12; even though Tiffany appeared to want to answer yes to question 13, she didn't, so neither team would say yes) .***Screen Junkies initially went with ''Pulp Fiction'', the choice of Schmoes Know. SJ switched to ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'' and won. .****Kristian heavily argued that Andy Serkis would be Darth Plagueis, even though that was never confirmed (which Andy pointed out) and it was already known at the time that Darth Plageuis died around the time of ''Episode I''. The character he plays is Supreme Leader Snoke. Kristian later stated that he read that his followers were telling him that he was saying incorrect information. .*****Tiffany started arguing for ''Dredd'' before Screen Junkies even gave their answer (''True Lies''). +To help decide this game-winning question, Andy looked for live responses on twitter. '''Episode 11: Magneto vs. Gandalf - Best Ian McKellen movie (12-21-14)'''<ref>Episode 11: Magneto vs. Gandalf - Best Ian McKellen movie (12-21-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qE38V0wXnk</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smosh Jovenshire] || New fighter || Third |- | Roger Barr || 0/2/0 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 0/3/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jovenshire !! Roger !! Nick |- | 1: Do you agree with Sony's decision to cancel ''The Interview''? || || || 1 |- | 2: Best movie that bombed at the box office? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best movie marathon? || || 1 || |- | 4: What video game should made into a movie? || 1 || || 1 |- | 5: Best movie musical? || || 1* || |- | 6: Best Ian McKellan movie? || || 1 || |- | 7: Who should play Spider-Man if the rights revert to Marvel? || || || 1 |- | 8: What franchise should Michael Bay produce? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into tie breaker speed round''' || 1 || 4 || 4 |- | TIE BREAKER A: Could two Batman take out a Wolverine? || x || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER B: Who is the best movie archer: Legolas, Katniss, Susan from ''Narnia'', or <br> Hawkeye, or the girl from ''Brave'' [Merida], I'll throw her in too? || x || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER C: Rick Moranis or Steve Guttenberg? || x || || 1** |- | TIE BREAKER D: ''White House Down'' or ''Olympus Has Fallen''? || x || || 1*** |- | TIE BREAKER E: Best Adam Sandler film? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1**** || 6***** || '''7''' |} .*Andy originally did not want to give any points, but he reluctantly gave a point to Roger. .**Nick said Rick Moranis first, and Roger agreed .***Nick and Roger both said ''White House Down'', then Nick switched to ''Olympus Has Fallen'' and immediately won the point. .****First episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point. .*****First of two episodes (the other being episode 15) in which a fighter scores 6 points and only comes in second place. *However, in episode 15, this was based on Trisha Hershberger's receiving a point for a pre-Speed Round tie breaker question, in which the winner of the episode (ComicBookGirl19) was not involved. Under the revised rules, Trisha would have finished with only 2 points. '''Episode 12: Best & Worst of 2014 (12-28-14)'''<ref>Episode 12: Best & Worst of 2014 (12-28-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JGGOEgKLig0</ref> Hosted by Dan Murrell Jason Inman as Fact Checker First regular episode of the show in which there are no questions for which more than one fighter gets any points. Nick becomes the second competitor to appear on and win two consecutive episodes (the first was Dan Murrell in episodes 2/3). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/5/1 || Second |- | Andy Signore || New fighter || Third |- | Nick Mundy || 1/3/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Andy !! Nick |- | 1: Best movie of 2014? || || || 1 |- | 2: Worst movie of 2014? || || || 1* |- | 3: Best performance of 2014? || || 1 || |- | 4: Which actor/actress are we tired of? || 1 || || |- | 5: Best movie weapon of all time? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best movie catch phrase? || || 1 || |- | 7: Best opening scene from a movie? || || || 1 |- | 8: Worst movie ending? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into tie breaker speed round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | TIE BREAKER A: Best Arnold Schwarzenegger movie || || x || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER B: Coolest female protagonist || 1** || x || |- | TIE BREAKER C: Most depressing movie ever || || x || *** |- | TIE BREAKER D: Better Spoof: ''Space Balls'' or ''Galaxy Quest'' || || x || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER E: If you could unsee what movie, what would it be? || || x || 1**** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 2 || '''6'''***** |} .*Nick stated that this was the first time he won two [questions] in a row, yet he did this in the first two questions of the previous episode. .**Hal got the second tie breaker question for naming a character (Ripley) rather than an actress (Linda Hamilton). .***Dan would not give anyone the point for either response (''Closer'' by Nick and ''The Fault in our Stars'' by Hal). .****Nick won on a technicality as Hal answered 1999's ''Godzilla'', when it was in fact from 1998. Oddly, Nick's answer was ''Zach Braff''. .*****After Nick won, Dan said Nick won his first Movie Fight. However, Nick's first victory was the previous week. '''Episode 13: What's the Best Year in Movies EVER? (1-11-15)'''<ref>Episode 13: What's the Best Year in Movies EVER? (1-11-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRUCuLUfl8E</ref> Jason Inman as Fact Checker Speed Round is added starting in this episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 2/1/1* || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 3/0/0 || '''Win''' |- | Mike Carlson || 2/1/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 66%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Dan !! Mike |- | 1: Are we excited by the ''Ant-Man'' trailer? || 1 || || |- | 2: Best Liam Neeson movie? || || 1 || |- | 3: Do we want a Gambit solo film with Channing Tatum? || || || 1 |- | 4: Best year in the history of cinema? || || 1 || |- | 5: What would be a great movie ride? || || 1 || |- | 6: What TV show would you want to see on an IMAX screen? || 1 || || |- | 7: Best Tim Burton Movie? || || || 1 |- | 8: Worst Ben Affleck Movie? || 1 || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 4 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''Dante's Peak'' or ''Volcano''? || 1** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Movie actors or directors: ...name me the best Christopher. || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best ''Die Hard'' Sequel || || 1*** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who wins in a fight: Judge Dredd or Robocop? || || 1**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''7''' || 2 |} .*Spencer is introduced as having a 2-2 record. If his tie for the win is counted as a win, he should have been 3-1 (or at least 2-1-1). *After episode 52, when Hal was declared the winner of episode 1, Spencer's 2-2 record coming into this fight actually is retroactively made accurate. However, the issue still remains that Hal only received four points in episode one, and he should not have been declared as having been part of the tie. .**Spencer said ''Dante's Peak'' first. .***Both answered with the third movie, but based on how Dan said it (''3'', rather than ''Vengeance''), Andy ruled in favor of him. .****When Spencer started his argument for Judge Dredd, he said he should have picked Robocop. Andy ruled for Dan. '''Episode 14: Oscar Snub's 2015: Who Got Screwed?! (1-18-15)'''<ref>Episode 14: Oscar Snub's 2015: Who Got Screwed?! (1-18-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AK85kH5s2zc</ref> The Fan Cam (rather than Dan Cam) is used in this episode, with Miss Movies as Fact Checker. Dan Murrell is given the Title Belt at the beginning of this episode. He agrees to make the episode a Title Bout, allowing the possibility for him to lose the Belt. Dan becomes the second fighter (after Nick) to appear on and win two consecutive episodes. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Jason Inman || 1/0/0 || Third |- | Mark Ellis || 1/1/0 || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 4/0/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jason !! Mark !! Dan |- | 1: Worst 2015 Oscar Snub? || || 1* || |- | 2: What film should win Best Picture? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best performance from a 2015 Oscar nominated actor or actress? || || 1 || |- | 4: Do we really need more Avatar sequels? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is our best biographical movie? || 1 || || |- | 6: Pitch Chris Hemsworth’s next movie || || || 1 |- | 7: Worst Johnny Depp performance? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: The worst film starring Adam Sandler? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who[m] would you save in a fire first? Ben Affleck or Matt Damon? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are both playing on cable....Which do you watch: ''Mean Girls'' or ''Clueless''? || x || || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two movies are also both on cable. Which do you choose: ''The Last Airbender'' or ''After Earth''? || x || 1*** || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Hollywood's best Kevin? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1**** || 5 || '''6''' |} .*According to Jason, he also chose the lack of nomination for ''The Lego Movie'', but he lost a coin loss and couldn't use the response that resulted in Mark's point. .**Dan said ''Clueless'' first. .***Mark said ''After Earth'' first. .****Second episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point. '''Episode 15: Should Star Wars Ditch George Lucas? (1-25-15)'''<ref>Episode 15: Should Star Wars Ditch George Lucas? (1-25-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68BILWRS8ac</ref> Third episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Fourth example of someone taking the lead and ultimately finishing in third (second time for Nick). Nick got points for the first two questions and pulled into an early lead but failed to earn any points beyond question 2, a repeat of something previously done by Alison Haislip in episode 9; Nick had six more opportunities (including a tie breaker against only one competitor), just as Alison did. First of two episodes in which a total of 15 points were awarded. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || New fighter|| Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Girl_19 ComicBookGirl19] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 2/3/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! CBG19 !! Nick |- | 1: Recast a comic book movie role || || || 1 |- | 2: Should George Lucas have any say in the new ''Star Wars''? || 1 || || 1 |- | 3: Which film would have been better if its original director had made it? || || 1 || |- | 4: Best performance by a musician-turned-actor? || || 1 || |- | 5: What’s the best movie of 1995? || || 1 || |- | 6: Best use of product placement in a film? || 1 || || |- | 7: What film do you wish had bombed? || || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: Best twist ending of all time (asked by Dan) || 1 || x || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3* || 4 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''Kick-Ass'' or ''Super''? || || 1** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with "American" in the title? || || 1*, *** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Hollywood Jennifer || 1**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best ''National Lampoon's Vacation'' sequel? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which should I watch: ''Speed 2: Cruise Control'' or ''Under Siege 2: Dark Territory''? || 1***** || || x |- | TIE BREAKER: What was the last good movie with Bruce Willis? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 6 || '''7'''* || 2 |} .*Trisha was given a point for the tie breaker between her and Nick to go to the Speed Round. This was removed in subsequent episodes involving just two fighters as CBG19 was at a disadvantage since she wasn't part of the tie break. Using the proper rules, CGB would win after the second Speed Round question with a score of 6-2. Dan even needed to clarify how many points Trisha had. .**Trisha didn't both fighting. .***Trisha ran out of time. .****ComicBookGirl19 had no argument. .*****ComicBookGirl19 gave up. '''Episode 16: Should Indiana Jones be Rebooted w/Chris Pratt? (2-1-15)'''<ref>Episode 16: Should Indiana Jones be Rebooted w/Chris Pratt? (2-1-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvT91FX7Hx4</ref> In this episode, it was determined that the winner and ComicBookGirl19 would be moving on in a tournament to win Dan Murrell's belt. Not counting the first episode, fifth episode in which a competitor takes a the lead and ultimately finishes in third. Not counting the first episode, this is the second of [as of January 16, 2017] two episodes (coincidentally consecutive as well) in which 15 total points are awarded. No episode has yet featured the awarding of more than 15 points. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 2/2/1 || Third |- | Alicia Malone || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Roger Barr || 0/3/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Alicia !! Roger |- | 1: Did the ''Fantastic Four'' trailer get us excited about the new movie? || || 1 || |- | 2: Should a ''Fantastic Four'' movie be so serious? || 1 || 1 || |- | 3: ''Ghostbusters'' cast – What do you think of the cast – exciting or expected? || 1 || || |- | 4: What's the best reboot of all time? || 1 || || |- | 5: Who should play the Beast? || || || 1 |- | 6: What's the best sports movie of all time? || || 1 || |- | 7: Do we want an ''Indiana Jones'' Reboot? || || || 2* |- | TIE BREAKER A: Best movie voice: Morgan Freeman or James Earl Jones? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER B: Best Michael Mann-directed film that isn't ''Heat''? || || 1** || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 4 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: A movie is playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''Beverly Hills Cop 2'' or ''Ghostbusters 2''? || x || || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Tom? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which movie star would it be more fun to share an Uber with: Meg Ryan or Reese Witherspoon? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What's the best Christmas movie that's okay to watch during the rest of the year? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''7''' || 5 |} .*Roger was able to tie by using the Devil's Advocate argument. His successful argument lead to double points. As of January 16, 2017, this is the last successful Devil's Advocate point. .**Spencer gave up after Alicia said ''Collateral''. .***Alicia didn't say ''Ghostbusters 2'' fast enough. '''Episode 17: Does The Hobbit Suck (2-8-15)'''<ref>Episode 17: Does The Hobbit Suck (2-8-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1sqp71MzqU</ref> The Screen Junkies team (Andy Signore, Hal Rudnick, Spencer Gilbert, and Nick Mundy) did a tag-team rotation. Only one was allowed to fight at a time, even though Jeremy and Kristian were allowed to fight as a pair. This team fight episode is not counted in overall statistics. Hosted by Dan Murrell Jason Inman as Fact Checker {| class="wikitable" |- ! Teams !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Jeremy Jahns and Kristian Harloff || N/A || Lose |- | Screen Junkies Team || N/A || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jeremy, Kristian !! SJ Team |- | 1: Do the ''Hobbit'' movies suck? (vs Hal) || 1 || |- | 2: Best action movie franchise (vs Nick) || || 1 |- | 3: Best Nic Cage movie since ''The Rock''? (vs Spencer) || 1 || |- | 4: Who is the best action star since the 1980s? (vs Andy) || || 1 |- | 5: What is the best Steven Spielberg film? (vs Hal) || 1 || |- | 6: Best movie with "movie" in the title? (vs Nick) || || 1 |- | 7: Should ''Back to the Future'' get a reboot? (vs Andy) * || || |- | 8: Worst movie to win the Oscar for Best Picture? (vs Spencer) || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round (Jeremy vs Andy)''' || 3 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the worst Marvel Cinematic Universe movie? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two movies are on cable at the same time... Which one do you pick? ''The Blair Witch Project'' or ''Cloverfield''? || 1** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is Hollywood's best Jon/John? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two movies are on cable at the same time... Which one do you watch? ''Die Hard 5'' or ''Pirates of the Caribbean 4''? || *** || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''7''' |} .*Fight was skipped due to argument over what the question was asking. On the 52nd episode of the show, Dan indicated that there was a deleted scene in which Andy and Dan argue. Audio of it was eventually shown in a PLUS-exclusive episode of the Screen Junkies Show aired on December 31, 2016. .**Jeremy said ''Cloverfield'' first. .***Jeremy answered ''Die Hard 5'' thinking he heard ''Die Hard 4''. He couldn't make an argument. '''Episode 18: Who Should Marvel's Spider-Man Fight Next? (2-15-15)'''<ref>Episode 18: Who Should Marvel's Spider-Man Fight Next? (2-15-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFnP4dLUxpk</ref> This is the second Title Belt Fight. Spencer Gilbert acts as Fact Checker {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | ComicBookGirl19 || 1/0/0 || Third |- | Alicia Malone || 1/0/0 || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 5/0/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! CBG19 !! Alicia !! Dan |- | 1: Pitch the next Spider-Man solo film || || || 1 |- | 2: Besides Wolverine, which X-Men character should join the MCU? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best SNL skit turned into a movie? || 1 || || |- | 4: Worst first date movie? || || 1 || |- | 5: Movie character for President? || 1 || || |- | 6: Should there be a ''Spaceballs 2''? || || 1 || |- | 7: Best comedy sequel? || || 1 || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which sequel would be better: ''Austin Powers 4'' or ''Rush Hour 4''? || x || || 1* |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who wins in a fight: Darth Vader or Batman? || x || || 1* |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are playing on cable. Which should we watch: ''Passenger 57'' or ''Money Train''? || x || ** || 1* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || 3 || '''6''' |} .*All three of Dan's Speed Round points essentially came from his being faster. .**Alicia didn't even bother trying to argue the third question. '''Episode 19: Zack Snyder's Aquaman: Awesome or Awful? (2-22-15)'''<ref>Episode 19: Zack Snyder's Aquaman: Awesome or Awful? (2-22-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgt1VN5VZos</ref> The first-, second-, and third-place finishers all sat in the same seats as the previous episode's respective finishers. It was announced that fighters would need to win 2 fights to take on Dan Murrell for the belt. The winner of this fight would go against Nick Mundy (2/4/1 record), who was given a first round bye, and one person yet to be determined (see episode 20) in a semi-final (episode 21). Spencer Gilbert (2/3/1 record) was also shown to be a fighter in the other semi-final match. As seen in episode 21, Spencer had to take Nick's place in the first semi-final. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/6/1 || Third |- | Tiffany Smith || New fighter* || Second |- | Mike Carlson || 2/2/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Tiffany !! Mike |- | 1: Best movie of 2014 that didn’t receive any Oscar nominations? || || || 1 |- | 2: Best film never nominated for Best Picture || || 1 || |- | 3: Thoughts on new Aquaman costume || || || 1 |- | 4: Ultimate DC/Marvel Crossover Movie || || 1 || |- | 5: Actor/Actress that should be in Neill Blomkamp’s ''Alien'' || || || 1 |- | 6: Best Time Travel Movie || 1** || || |- | 7: Best movie world to be trapped in for a month || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which of these two movie sequels do we want to see with its original cast: ''The Mask 2'' or ''Wayne's World 3''? || *** || 0 || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' **** || 2 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both of these movies are playing on cable. What should we watch: ''Demolition Man'' or ''Cliffhanger''? || x || 1 || ***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Many many years from now, which of these will be rebooted...first: ''Forrest Gump'' or ''The Shawshank Redemption''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with the word "three" in the title? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better Pixar Movie: ''Cars 2'' or ''Monsters University''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: These two movies are playing on cable. Pick one: ''Fifty Shades of Grey'' or ''Jupiter Ascending''? || x || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Who is the best Hollywood Michael? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || 5 || '''6''' |} .*Though Tiffany is listed as a new fighter, she previously competed in the team competition that aired on the Schmoes Know channel (Dec 18, 2014). .**Hal broke the record for latest first point in a match by not scoring until the sixth round. Previously, three people (Nick Mundy in episode 1 (tie for first), Jason Inman in episode 14 (third place), and Roger Barr in episode 16 (second place)) had held the record with the fifth round. Hal’s record would be tied by Michael Barryte in episode 34. .***Even with a few seconds to think, Hal gave the same response as Tiffany (''The Mask 2''), sealing his loss. From this point on, doing so is referred to as "pulling a Hal Rudnick." .****First episode to contain 4 binomial Speed Round questions even though episode 11 had three binomial questions and one multiple choice. .*****Mike used Sylvester Stallone as an arguing point for ''Cliffhanger'', but ''Demolition Man'' also has Stallone. Granted, Mike did not get the point. '''Episode 20: Which Kids' Franchise Needs a Gritty Reboot? (3-1-15)'''<ref>Episode 20: Which Kids' Franchise Needs a Gritty Reboot? (3-1-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SXYYDSAZZY</ref> First episode shot at Screen Junkies Studios. It also is the first episode where the fighters are given voice-over introductions by Jon Bailey with their pictures and records (even though all the fighters are new in this episode). New Speed Round music is introduced. The first-, second-, and third-place finishers all sat in the same respective seats for a third episode in a row. Sixth episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Fourth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. It is the first in which a fighter gets no points after question 1. Jason Inman and Dan Murrell gave a dedication to Leonard Nimoy who passed away on 2-27-2015. The winner of this fight would go against Nick Mundy (2/4/1 record) and Mike Carlson (winner of episode 20) in a semi-final to take Dan Murrell's title belt. However, as seen in episode 21, Nick was replaced by Spencer, with Nick being pushed back to episode 24. First episode since episode 1 to feature three new fighters. Excluding the fan episode (25), this did not happen again until December 26, 2015, 43 episodes later. Dan specifically references this episode by contestants and date in the post-Round 1 cleanup of episode 67. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Matt Raub || New fighter || Third |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Zaragoza Steve Zaragoza] || New fighter || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Andreyko Marc Andreyko] || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Steve !! Marc |- | 1: Should the Power Rangers movie be like the short film? || 1 || || |- | 2: Kids' property that needs a hard edged reboot? || || 1 || |- | 3: Best film starring Will Smith? || || 1 || |- | 4: Best movie tagline? || || || 1* |- | 5: Bring back one movie star from the dead? || || || 1 |- | 6: Best movie with the character's name in the title? || || 1 || |- | 7: Best movie heroine? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 4 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which of these do we watch: ''X-Men: The Last Stand'' or ''Spiderman 3''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best voice performance in a Disney movie || x || || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best spoof movie || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Excluding ''Die Hard'', best Bruce Willis movie || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Hollywood Jason *** || x || || 1**** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1***** || 5 || '''6''' |} .*No one attempted to argue against Marc's answer ("In space, no one can hear you scream," from ''Alien''). .**Mark was faster than Steve in saying Robin Williams as Genie. .***Upon questioning by Mark, specified as an actor, not a director etc. or character. .****Initially, Andy called Steve the winner, but quickly changed his mind. This also marks the first time that someone has been behind by three points in the Speed Round and ultimately won. .*****Third episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point. Also the first episode in which a fighter never received any points after the first round. '''Episode 21: Avengers: Age of Ultron End Credits Scenes! (3-8-15)'''<ref>Episode 21: Avengers: Age of Ultron End Credits Scenes! (3-815) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdWkmcVbG4o</ref> Tournament semi-final match #1. Nick Mundy was supposed to appear in this episode, but he could not due to illness. Instead of Mundy-mania, there was Spenny Slam. Fifth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 3/2/0 || Second |- | Marc Andreyko || 1/0/0 || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 2/3/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Marc !! Spencer |- | 1: Have we seen too much of ''Avengers Age of Ultron'' from the trailers? || 1 || || |- | 2: Pitch the perfect end credits scene for ''Avengers 2'' * || || || 1 |- | 3: Who would win in a fight: Spider-Man or Iron Man? || 1 || 1 || |- | 4: What is the best movie robot? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the best movie with Jeff Goldblum in it? || 1 || || |- | 6: Pitch a new action franchise with The Rock as the star. || || || 1 |- | 7: Best Disney villain? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who wins in a fight: Chuck Norris or Danny Trejo? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Both of these movies are playing on cable. What do we watch: ''Batman and Robin'' or ''Twilight: New Moon''? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Hollywood's best Steven/Stephen? *** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best John Williams score that's not ''Star Wars''? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 2 || '''6''' |} .*Dan gives his own idea of what should have happened in a post-credits scene. .**Spencer was faster at saying ''Batman and Robin''. .***Spencer conceded on this question. His losing answer was Stephen Colbert (while Mike said Spielberg). In episode 17, in a similar question for Jon/John, Jeremy Jahns answered Jon Stewart and also lost. '''Episode 22: Star Wars Spinoffs - Good Idea or Bad Idea? (3-15-15)'''<ref>Episode 22: Star Wars Spinoffs - Good Idea or Bad Idea? (3-15-2015) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wW6ncUY-8ZA</ref> The winner of this fight would move on in a tournament to fight against Nick Mundy and another fighter in the second semi-final. Erin Robinson returns after a 19 episode absence (a record at the time, which would be broken nine times (but not each time a new record) before she would take it back in her next appearance in episode 67). Andy announces in this episode that fans can send videos in a competition to come watch a taping of Movie Fights. He also announces that ''Leprechaun 4'' will be Screen Junkies' first live viewing video. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Jason Inman || 1/1/0 || Second |- | Roger Barr || 0/4/0 || '''Win''' |- | Erin Robinson || 0/1/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jason !! Roger !! Erin |- | 1: ''Star Wars'' Spinoffs: Good idea or Bad idea? || || 1 || |- | 2: Are we excited for ''Tomorrowland''? || 1 || || |- | 3: Pitch a Tim Burton dream project || 1 || || |- | 4: Which movie character should get a comeback? || || || 1 |- | 5: Best revenge film of all time? || || 1 || |- | 6: Best movie villain of the 1990s? || || 1 || |- | 7: Lamest movie monster of all time? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 4 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is Steven Spielberg's worst film? * || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: You have to listen to one movie song for the rest of your life on repeat. Which one do you pick: "My Heart Will Go On" from ''Titanic'' by Celine Dion or "Let it Go" from ''Frozen''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Whose next movie are you more excited for: Michael Bay or M. Night Shyamalan? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''6'''** || 1*** |} .*Jason answered ''1942''. Roger agreed and gave the point to Jason, but the film was called ''1941'', which Dan pointed out. .**Roger finally gets a win after four losses. .***Fourth episode in which a fighter scores only one point. '''Episode 23: Iron Man VS Darth Vader (3-22-15)'''<ref>Episode 23: Iron Man VS Darth Vader (3-22-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQkf3jHEpqY</ref> The winner of this fight would move on in a tournament to fight against Nick Mundy and Roger Barr (winner of episode 22) in the second semi-final. Sixth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Not counting the first episode, seventh episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 1/1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Kristian Harloff || 0/1/0 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Hollywood Scott Mantz] || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Kristian !! Scott |- | 1: Does the trailer for Adam Sandler's ''Pixels'' excite us? || 1 || 1 || |- | 2: What movie trailer revealed too much of the movie? || || || 1 |- | 3: What movie do we never want a sequel/remake to? || || || 1 |- | 4: What actor could take over an action franchise? || || 1 || |- | 5: Which actor should come out of retirement? || 1 || || |- | 6: ''Star Wars'' VS Marvel - best fight! || 1 || || |- | 7: What's the best final film of a film series? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is Hollywood's best Robert? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie starring Jaden Smith? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are playing on cable. Which should we watch: ''XXX: State of the Union'' or ''2 Fast 2 Furious''? || 1* || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''** || 3 || 2 |} .*Alicia was faster at saying ''2 Fast 2 Furious''. .**This is the second time a fighter has swept the Speed Round. Alicia was previously swept in episode 18. She thus is the first fighter to have both swept a Speed Round and be swept. This would subsequently happen to Spencer Gilbert (episodes 26 (loss) and 43 (win)), Dan Murrell (episodes 18, 26, and 58 (wins) and 93 (and 94) (loss)), and Coy Jandreau (episodes 91 (win) and 98 (loss)). '''Episode 24: Better Franchise: Mission: Impossible or Fast & Furious (3-29-15)'''<ref>Episode 24: Better Franchise: Mission: Impossible or Fast & Furious (3-29-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irlyF7MskC8</ref> Semi-final #2. The winner of this fight would move on in a tournament to fight against Spencer Gilbert (winner of episode 21) and Dan Murrell in the final (episode 26) to claim the belt. Not counting the team battle in episode 17, the first appearance of Nick Mundy since episode 15. Eighth episode in which a competitor takes an early lead (at end of Round 3) and ultimately finishes in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 2/1/0 || Second |- | Roger Barr || 1/4/0 || Third |- | Nick Mundy || 2/4/1 * || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Roger !! Nick |- | 1: Will Jesse Eisenberg be a good Lex Luthor? || || 1 || 1 |- | 2: Tom Cruise: Great actor or popular movie star? || 1 || || |- | 3: ''Mission Impossible'' vs ''Fast & Furious'' || || 1 || |- | 4: Which cast should reunite for a sequel? || || || 1 |- | 5: Could Arnold Schwarzenegger be a dramatic actor? || || || 1 |- | 6: Best American remake of a foreign film? || 1 || || |- | 7: Best movie cameo? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are both playing at the same time on cable. Which do you watch: The ''Robocop'' remake or the ''Psycho'' remake? || 1** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Worse villain; Arnold Schwarzenegger's Mr. Freeze or Jamie Foxx's Electro? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Discounting the movies, who would win in a fight: Alien or Predator? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with Jack Black in it? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Hollywood James || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || 2 || '''6''' |} .*Nick's record is incorrectly listed as 3 wins, 3 losses. He actually has 4 losses. This under-reporting by 1 loss carries over into future episodes (26, 30), but it is not reported in episode 36 as no voice-over introductions were used, and starting in episode 38 [in which Nick appears], losses are no longer reported in the introductions. .**Alicia was faster at saying ''Robocop''. '''Episode 25: Who Should Be the Next Wolverine? (4-5-15)'''<ref>Episode 25: Who Should Be the Next Wolverine? (4-5-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cg7vgiDcHcg</ref> Fan episode. Three winners of the video competition who thought they would be spectating actually compete and are coached by Screen Junkies employees, specifically, the three who will be competing in the finals for the belt. The winner was given a Fan Fights belt. Each coach is allowed to chime in three times during the episode. Also, each competitor is allowed to have the coach substitute in for one fight. Loot Crate is introduced as Movie Fights' new sponsor. Andy mispronounces the upcoming ''James Bond'' film ''Spectre'' as "Spectra" for a second time, having previously done so while introducing the fifth round of episode 9. This episode is not counted in the overall ranking/statistics. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters/Coach !! Finish |- | Mika Valleau/Spencer Gilbert || Second |- | Bryan Chambers/Dan Murrell || '''Win''' |- | Tony Tubes Zerr/Nick Mundy || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mika !! Bryan !! Tony |- | 1: Who do you cast as the new Wolverine? || || 1 || |- | 2: What property should have a movie universe? || || 1 || |- | 3: What actor should join the ''Fast and the Furious'' franchise? *|| || || 1 |- | 4: Best action sequel of all time? || 1 || || |- | 5: Best ''James Bond'' movie? || || || 1 |- | 6: If you could punch one actor in the face, who would it be? || 1 || || |- | 7: Worst casting in movie history? || || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which one [Michael Bay movie] should I watch: ''Transformers 1'' or the 2014 ''Ninja Turtle'' movie? || 0 || x || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would win in a fight: Chewbacca or Groot? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Hollywood Paul || 1** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the worst movie starring Vince Vaughn? || || 1*** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which remake would you rather see: ...''Speed'' or ''Under Siege''? || 1**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which movie is better: Bill Murray's ''Garfield'' or Dan Akroyd's ''Yogi Bear''? ***** || || || x |- | SPEED ROUND F: Best movie with "Revenge" in the title || 1 || + || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Both of these movies are also on cable. Which do we watch: ''Battlefield Earth'' or ''The Last Airbender''? || || 1+* || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || '''6''' || 2 |} .*Dan stepped in for Bryan, the only time this was done in the episode. .**Bryan didn't attempt to argue against Mika's response of Newman. .***Mika was trying to think of ''Delivery Man'', but she couldn't. .****Mika was faster at saying ''Speed''. .*****Skipped because it was too close to call who said ''Garfield'' first. +Bryan said ''Die Hard 2'', which doesn't contain "Revenge." +*Mika was about to say ''The Last Airbender'', but Bryan beat her. '''Episode 26: Ultimate Game of Thrones Spin-off Movie? (4-12-15)'''<ref>Episode 26: Ultimate Game of Thrones Spin-off Movie? (4-12-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rygbTpOokZU</ref> Third championship fight for the belt. Scott Mantz as Fact Checker Dan wore a ''The Raid'' 2 t-shirt in response to the call against him the previous week that ''The Raid 2'' was not the greatest action sequel of all time. Rule changes regarding tie breakers and Speed Round: If someone repeats the first responder's answer, the first response does not automatically win. Rather, the second person gets a chance to pick something else (or the ''other'' option if there are only two choices), and the two will argue. Further, the host does not choose the winners in Speed Rounds but rather acts as a tie-breaking vote if the Fact Checker and third-place fighter don't agree on who should win. None of the competitors fought in the first round of the tournament (Spencer and Nick had first round byes and Dan held the belt). All four winners from the first round were eliminated in the second round. Nick's reported record remains short by 1 loss and is still that way as of the writing of this (May 14, 2015). The record listed below going into this episode (4 wins (3 wins and a tie), 4 losses) is correct. Seventh episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place (though only during the time between the ends of questions 5 and 6), and the second time for Dan. As of November 8, 2015, this is the only episode (besides the Comic-Con episodes) in which only one fighter managed to get more than 2 points (Edit: In Episode 57 (11-15-15), this occurred again). However, as shown below in the second note, in episode 15, this should have also been the case using the appropriate rules for a pre-Speed Round tie breaker question. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 3/3/1 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 3/4/1 || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 6/0/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Nick !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: Pitch the ultimate ''Game of Thrones'' movie! || || || 1 |- | 2: What movie franchise should be R-rated? || 1 || || |- | 3: What should Joss Whedon's next project be? || || 1 || |- | 4: Best fictional world to have a first date in? || 1 || || |- | 5: Which movie character should have a prequel? || || 1 || |- | 6: Best movie of the 2000s (2000-2015)? || || || 1 |- | 7: Pitch the perfect remake movie? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Who is the worst Batman: George Clooney or Val Kilmer? || 0 || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both of these films are on cable. Which do I watch: ''Mortal Kombat'' or ''Street Fighter''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Worst movie starring Robert Downey Jr. || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Hollywood William || || x || 1* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2** || 2 || '''6''' |} .*Decided by Andy after additional argument as Nick sided with Spencer. .**Although Spencer's score was no higher than Nick's, he beats Nick. Excluding episode 4, in which Andy incorrectly indicated that Hal had five points (leading to Hal finishing in second rather than a tie for second), this is the first time that two fighters had the same scores but different finishes. Accordingly, Spencer's score of 2 is the lowest second-place score so far (as of November 8, 2015 (edit: tied by Chloe Dykstra in Episode 57 (11-15-15) and again by Spencer himself a week later). However, in episode 15, had Trisha not been given a point for her tie breaker against Nick (which didn't involve ComicBookGirl19) to go to the Speed Round, this ''would'' have been another example. '''Episode 27: Batman v. Superman Trailer - Awesome or Awful? (4-19-15)'''<ref>Episode 27: Batman v. Superman Trailer - Awesome or Awful? (4-19-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvPAqP6mBYk</ref> As of January 16, 2017, this episode remains the last in which more than 13 total points were awarded. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/7/1 || '''Win''' |- | Jason Inman || 1/2/0 || Third |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/1/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Hal !! Jason !! Trisha |- | 1: ''Batman V Superman'' trailer - Love it or hate it? || || || 1 |- | 2: Best moment from the ''Force Awakens'' trailer || 1 || || |- | 3: Best order to watch ''Star Wars'' in? || || || 1 |- | 4: New ''Ant-man'' trailer - Love it or hate it || || 1 || 1 |- | 5: Are you worried about ''Wonder Woman''? || || || 1 |- | 6: ''Terminator Genisys'' Trailer - Love it or hate? || 1 || 1 || |- | 7: Best second movie in a trilogy || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round * ''' || 3 || 2 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both of these movies are playing at the same time on cable. Which one do we watch: Ben Affleck's ''Daredevil'' or Ryan Reynolds' ''Green Lantern''? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Matthew/Matt || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie directed by Michael Bay? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Hollywood's best Kate/Cate? || 1*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Both of these movies are on cable at the same time. Which do we watch: ''Lady in the Water'' or ''The Happening''? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''7''' || 2 || 5 |} .*Trisha says that she does not do well in the Speed Round. However, she did just as well as ComicBookGirl19 did when they fought each other (though again it should be pointed out that had Trisha not received a point for the tie breaker, she would have lost after the second Speed Round question). Hal responds that he did something stupid in the Speed Round, but it was actually a tie breaker to go into the Speed Round. .**Split decision. Jason did not vote for Trisha, who was faster at picking ''Green Lantern''. .***Split decision. Jason did not vote for Hal, who was faster as picking Winslet. '''Episode 28: Will Jurassic World Suck? (4-26-15)'''<ref>Episode 28: Will Jurassic World Suck? (4-26-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQJhbD4kCHo</ref> Hosted by Nick Mundy as a birthday gift to him. However, the episode was introduced by Andy Signore. Jason Inman as Fact Checker with help from Nick's father, Dennis Mundy. Dollar Shave Club is the new sponsor. Eighth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place, and the third time for Dan. Ninth episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. The second episode in which a fighter gets no points after question 1. As of August 9, 2015, this is the last fight Dan has won (he has since lost twice) and the last one in which a fighter has scored 7 points. (Update: On August 16, 2015, Dan won again, retaining the Belt, with 6 points). There are only six questions prior to the Speed Round, which for this episode has been extended to nine potential questions, though there was later argument over how many there would be; in future episodes, the number would revert to five even though the number of questions prior to the Speed Round would remain at six. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 7/0/0 || '''Win'''* |- | Roger Barr || 1/5/0 || Third |- | Andy Signore || 0/1/0 || Second* |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Dan !! Roger !! Andy |- | 1: ''Fantastic Four'' trailer: Should we see the movie? || || 1 || |- | 2: Are we excited for ''Jurassic World''? || || || 1 |- | 3: Pitch the ultimate Batman/Superman movie || || || 1 |- | 4: Team up 2 actors for the best buddy cop movie || 1 || || |- | 5: What real life person needs a biopic made of them? || 1 || || |- | 6: Can a solo ''Hulk'' movie work? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Hollywood's best Richard || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What's the worst movie starring Arnold Schwarzenegger || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which of these two is the better disaster movie: ''Twister'' or ''The Day After Tomorrow''? || 1** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best ''Rocky'' sequel || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which do you watch: ''Max Payne'' or ''Major Payne''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND F: Who would win in a fight: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles or the Power Rangers? || || x || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND G: Better love story: Anakin and Padmé or Bella and Edward? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''7''' || 1**** || 5* |} .*If there were in fact to be nine Speed Round questions, Jason called the game too early as Andy could have gotten the next two questions to force a tie breaker (a tenth Speed Round question). It was Dan, not Andy, who would have needed five out of nine Speed Round questions to tie. .**Andy couldn't argue for his choice (''The Day After Tomorrow''). .***Split decision. Dennis chose Dan (Power Rangers) over Andy. .****Fifth episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point. '''Episode 29: Avengers: Age of Ultron - Overhyped? (5-3-15)'''<ref>Episode 29: Avengers: Age of Ultron - Overhyped? (5-3-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDaeZE0cBls</ref> Loot Crate once again becomes the Movie Fights sponsor. Not counting the first episode, tenth episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 3/3/0* || Second |- | Amy Nicholson || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Kristian Harloff || 0/2/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Amy !! Kristian |- | 1: ''Age of Ultron'' - Does it live up to the hype? || || 1 || |- | 2: Who gave the best performance in ''Age of Ultron''? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best Marvel Cinematic Universe Director so far? || || || 1 |- | 4: Do we like Jared Leto's Joker pic? || || 1 || |- | 5: What franchise deserves its own day like ''Star Wars''? || 1 || || |- | 6: What movie needs an all female spinoff movie? || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER **: Best movie directed by M. Night Shymalan || 0 || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which do you watch: ''Avatar'' or ''Titanic''? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Jai Courtney role || *** || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which movie do we watch on cable if they're both playing at the same time: ''The Mighty Ducks'' or ''The Sandlot''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who wins in a fight out of these three: Christopher Reeve's Superman, Brandon Routh's Superman, or Henry Cavill's Superman? || 1 || **** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which of these songs from a movie soundtrack should I listen to: Seal's "Kiss From a Rose" or Aerosmith's "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing"? || || 1***** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5'''+,+* || 2 |} .*Mike's record is under-reported during the voice-over introduction by one loss (similar to the case for Nick Mundy). This carries over to episode 35. .**Andy indicated that there had never been a three-way tie breaker before, but Dan corrected him (it was done in episode 16). It was done differently in this episode however, as only one question was used and Andy picked two fighters to advance. Amy was picked first, and then Mike and Kristian had to give further argument; Kristian eventually conceded to Mike. .***Mike could not think of a role to answer. .****Amy did not bother to argue this question. .*****Split decision. Kristian chose Mike ("Kiss from a Rose") over Amy. +Andy said that Amy took out two champs; however, Kristian has never won (he has only come in second twice). Kristian would later point this out to Andy in episode 31. +*Not counting fights with three new fighters, Amy becomes the first new fighter to win since episode 16 when Alicia Malone beat two returners. '''Episode 30: Who Should Play the Punisher? (5-10-15)'''<ref>Episode 30: Who Should Play the Punisher? (5-10-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCVtb1Cgud0</ref> No sponsor is advertised. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Pat Healy || New fighter || Third |- | Chris Stuckmann || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 3/5/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Pat !! Chris !! Nick |- | 1: Pitch a Boba Fett ''Star Wars'' spinoff movie || || 1 || |- | 2: Which ''Suicide Squad'' member looked the best in their pic? || || 1* || |- | 3: Erase a sequel from any franchise || 1 || || |- | 4: Who should direct the new ''Spider-Man'' movie? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who should play the Punisher in the MCU? || || || 1 |- | 6: Worst movie mom? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best Hollywood Ben || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Better franchise: ''Rocky'' or ''Rambo''? || x || || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which do you watch: ''Star Trek V: The Final Frontier'' or ''Star Wars Episode I[: The Phantom Menace]''? || x || || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Worse movie song to hear on repeat: Prince's Bat Dance or Vanilla Ice's Turtle Rap? || x || 1**** || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Worst movie starring Julia Roberts || x || || 1***** |- | TIE BREAKER: Which '80's remake would we rather see: ''Crocodile Dundee'' or ''Ferris Bueller['s Day Off]''? || x || 1+ || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1+* || '''6''' || 5 |} .*This is the fifth time a fighter has won the point for both of the first two questions without anyone else getting any points. This was previously done in episodes 11 (Nick Mundy), 12 (Nick again), 18 (Dan Murrell), and 25 (Bryan Chambers). In all five cases, the person to do this ultimately won the fight. .**Split decision. Pat chose Chris' argument for ''Rambo''. After the point is awarded, Andy says that how the franchises are different will be discussed someday on "After the Movie Fight." More than six months later, "After the Fight" premiered. .***Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, but Pat agreed. Nick won despite not saying ''Star Wars Episode I'' fast enough and getting stuck with ''Star Trek V''. .****Split decision. Pat chose Nick's argument. Nick wasn't fast enough and got stuck with Bat Dance. .*****Split decision. Pat chose Chris' argument for ''Full Frontal'' versus ''The Mexican''. Andy didn't want to give Chris the point as he considered both arguments weak and wanted someone to win the fight right in a tie breaker. +Split decision. Pat chose Nick's argument. Chris won despite not saying ''Crocodile Dundee'' fast enough. .+*Sixth episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point. '''Episode 31: Best Pixar Movie (CinemaSins vs. Honest Trailers) (5-17-15)'''<ref>Episode 31: Best Pixar Movie (CinemaSins vs. Honest Trailers) (5-17-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1bYCCTF6Zk</ref> In response to fan demand, the CinemaSins crew has been brought in to take on the Honest Trailers crew. This team fight is not counted in the overall statistics. Hosted by Kristian Harloff of Schmoes Know as Andy didn't want a Screen Junkies employee judging. Brit Fofana as Fact Checker {| class="wikitable" |- ! Teams !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Jeremy Scott, Chris Atkinson (CS) || N/A || Lose |- | Dan Murrell, Andy Signore (HT) || N/A * || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|CS !! style="width: 6%"|HT |- | 1: Pitch Spider-Man's introduction to the MCU || || 1 |- | 2: Worst cinema sin || 1 || |- | 3: Best movie chase scene || || 1 |- | 4: Best Pixar movie || 1 || |- | 5: Dream versus movie || || 1 |- | 6: Most sinful movie || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' ** || 2 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the worst Tom Hanks movie: ''Dragnet'' or ''Turner and Hooch''? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who wins in a fight: Chris Evans' Captain America or Chris Evans' Human Torch? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which do we watch: ''Paul Blart'' or ''Observe and Report''? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who wins in a fist fight: Ripley or Sarah Connor? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: ''Jurassic Park III'' or ''Lethal Weapon 4''? || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || '''6''' *** |} .*While it was mentioned that the CinemaSins fighters were both first-time fighters, the Honest Trailers team was introduced as having a combined record of 8-2 (all wins from Dan and both losses from Andy). The record does not include the team fight from episode 17. .**First Speed Round to contain five binomial questions. .***Screen Junkies/Honest Trailers is now 2-0 for its team fights (3-0 if the fight on the Schmoes Know Show is counted). '''Episode 32: McConaughey in the Marvel Universe?! (5-24-15)'''<ref>Episode 32: McConaughey in the Marvel Universe?! (5-24-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96DC11xve18</ref> Eleventh episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. The third episode in which a fighter gets no points after question 1 (previously happened in episodes 20 and 28). Starting this episode, Andy is sitting across the table from where he usually sits. As of August 9, 2015, last episode (besides Comic-Con) to not feature a Speed Round question asking for the best person in Hollywood of a specific first name. (Update: On August 16, 2015, no such question was asked. The same goes for the following week's episode). Also the first and only episode in which Dan can be seen without his cap; he removes it for approximately 10 seconds. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 2/2/0 || '''Win''' |- | Mark Ellis || 1/2/0 || Third |- | Miri Jedeikin || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 67%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Mark !! Miri |- | 1: Worst post-apocalyptic future to live in || || 1 || |- | 2: What superhero or villain should Matthew McConaughey play? || 1 || || |- | 3: Best fictional movie band || || || 1 |- | 4: What director should return to a franchise? || 1 || || |- | 5: What villain should get an origin movie? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best disaster movie || 1 || || 1* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 4 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: Better director: Roland Emmerich or Michael Bay? ** || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND A2: Best movie directed by Martin Scorsese || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which should we watch: ''The Lion King'' or ''Toy Story''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Worst movie starring Robert De Niro || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who would win in a fight between these two: Legolas or Hawkeye? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 1*** || 4 |} .*Miri got a secondary point after Alicia was already given a point and Miri and Mark further argued the same question. .**Skipped because it was too close to call who said Michael Bay first. .***Seventh episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point and the third time this happened in four three-fighter fights with only six pre-Speed Round questions. '''Episode 33: Which Disney Character Needs a Spin-Off? (5-31-15)'''<ref>Episode 33: Which Disney Character Needs a Spin-Off? (5-31-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjJf-CNUYVs</ref> Ninth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Speed Round rules are slightly modified so that the first person to argue gets a five-second rebuttal after the second person argues. Andy announces that Movie Fights t-shirts are available for order. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 3/4/1 || Second |- | Germain Lussier * || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Andre Meadows || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Germain !! Andre |- | 1: ''Point Break'' Trailer - Love or Hate it? || ** || 1 || 1 |- | 2: ''Tomorrowland'': See it, Rent it, or Skip it? || 1 || || |- | 3: Which Disney character deserves a spin-off? || 1 || || |- | 4: Which movie flop needs to be remade? || || || 1 |- | 5: Which movie needs a tie-in video game? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best High School Movie? || || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: Hollywood's best Sean/Shawn || x || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best Steven Spielberg movie made after 2000? || *** || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best DC Superhero movie not starring Batman || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with "American" in the title? **** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Hollywood's best Tom ***** || || 1+ || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Both of these movies are on cable....Which do you watch: ''Grown Ups 2'' or ''Blues Brothers 2000''? || || 1 || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Best ''Mission: Impossible'' sequel? || || 1+* || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || '''6''' || 2 |} .*In the introductory cards announcing the fights and their records, Germain's first name has an "e" added to the end. .**As all fighters didn't like the trailer, Spencer attempted Devil's Advocate for double points, but he was unsuccessful. Had he ultimately won, he would be the only person besides Dan Murrell to twice win after being in third place. Had Spencer gotten the first question, he would have gone into the Speed Round with a four-point lead (the first person to go in leading by even three points (later done by Alicia Malone in episode 42), let alone four), allowing him to win after the second Speed Round question. .***Spencer initially said ''Super 8'', which was not a Spielberg movie. He was given another chance but ultimately didn't submit an answer. .****Question previously used in episode 15's Speed Round. The same answer (''American Beauty'') received the point. However, unlike in this episode, in episode 15, Trisha did not give an answer. .*****Question previously used in episode 16's Speed Round. The answer that won in episode 16 (Hanks) was used again, but it did not win the point this time. +Split decision. Andre disagreed with Andy, who chose Germain (Cruise over Hanks). +*Spencer chose III, but was thinking of IV, which Germain picked. '''Episode 34: Dream Superhero Movie Director (6-7-15)'''<ref>Episode 34: Dream Superhero Movie Director (6-7-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evCymu92ZNs</ref> Loot Crate returns as the show's sponsor. Andy is wearing the very first Movie Fights t-shirt, which is available for order. Michael Barryte returns after a 29 episode absence, the longest absence (at the time) by a margin of 10 episodes. As of September 6, 2015, this is the last episode (excluding the Comic-Con episodes) to not feature a tie breaker or Speed Round question asking for the best movie with a specific word in the title. (Update: In episode 48 (air date 9/13/15), no such question was asked). The Screen Junkies Wikipedia page (the Movie Fights section in particular) is mentioned in the beginning of this episode, but the Movie Fights material is removed within four hours of the airing of the episode. Andy also asks for an Honest Trailers Wikipedia page to be created, and the page is created later that same day with a link to the Screen Junkies main page. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 1/7/1 || Second |- | Michael Barryte || 0/1/0 || Third |- | [Michael] Davis|| New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! style="width: 4%"|Hal !! Michael !! Davis |- | 1: Which director should make a superhero movie? || 1 || || |- | 2: What star should reboot an 80s movie?|| 1 || || |- | 3: Best spy movie not including James Bond?|| || || 1 |- | 4: Best singular film made from a TV Show?|| 1 || || |- | 5: Best inspirational speech made from a film?|| || || 1 |- | 6: Best first movie from any director?|| || 1* || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is Hollywood’s best Andy/Andie? ** || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which one do we watch:... ''Angels in the Outfield'' or ''Rookie of the Year''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie starring Robin Williams? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Worst movie starring Tom Cruise? *** || || x || 1****,***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1***** || '''6''' |} .*Michael becomes the second person to not score until Round 6. This was previously done by Hal in episode 19. Short of a Devil's Advocate situation (not really applicable to the situation), Michael could not avoid third place after the fifth question. .**Hal could not think of anyone and said “Signore”. Andy was not willing to listen to an argument for that. .***Andy requested help from Michael and Dan Murrell to judge this question. They both chose Davis (for ''Legend'' rather than ''Jack Reacher''), which was not what Andy was choosing. .****Split decision. Andy was the only one who chose Hal (who chose ''Jack Reacher'') over Davis (''Legend''). .*****Davis’ performance in the Speed Round marks: - The fourth time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, and 26), - the first time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering four questions (instead of only three as done in episodes 18, 23, and 26), and - the third time someone has gotten four consecutive points in the Speed Round (previously done in a five-question Speed Round in episode 27 and a seven-question Speed Round in episode 28) .*****Michael becomes the first person to come in third place on both his first and second appearances. However, his first appearance (episode 4) technically should have been a tie for second place as Hal was ruled to have received five points rather than four. The closest anyone else has come to this ''is'' Hal, who (using true scores) either came in third place or tied for second in each of his first six appearances. '''Episode 35: Jurassic World - Fun or Failure (6-14-15)'''<ref>Episode 35: Jurassic World - Fun or Failure (6-14-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4W5DUKMBIQ</ref> Squarespace sponsors this episode. Spencer Gilbert hosts. Jason Inman as Fact Checker Not counting the first episode, twelfth episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Until August 23, 2015, this was the last episode in which more than 11 points were awarded. As of January 16, 2017, it remains the last in which more than 12 were awarded and until November 21, 2015 was the last in which the third place finisher finished with more than one point. Dan drops his first f-bomb. Dan is no longer undefeated after this fight, but he retains the Belt. As of January 16, 2017, this is his only third place finish in a Movie Fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || 0/2/0 || Second |- | Mike Carlson || 3/4/0* || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 8/0/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 71%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Andy !! Mike !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: ''Jurassic World'' - Fun or Failure || 1 || 1** || |- | 2: Pitch the next ''Jurassic Park'' movie || || || 1 |- | 3: Best fourth film in a movie franchise *** || || || 1 |- | 4: Who should play Bullseye & Elektra on Daredevil? || || 1 || |- | 5: Best fake movie in a movie? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best movie poster of all time? || || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the best movie with "Man" in the title? || 0 || x || **** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Better spoof franchise: ''Naked Gun'' or ''Austin Powers''? || 1***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Hollywood Daniel || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best pre-Marvel Cinematic Universe Marvel movie? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best Tom Hanks movie after the year 2000? + || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the worst Colin Farrell movie? || || 1 || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Who would win in a fight: Dumbledore or Gandalf? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || '''6''' || 2 |} .*Mike's record again is under-reported by one loss (carried over from episode 29). .**Mike did not fight in Round 1. Rather, he was given the opportunity to predict the winner of the fight ahead of time to win a point. He correctly guessed that Andy would win. .***During this fight, there was discussion of remembering ''Mission: Impossible: Ghost Protocol'' from ''Mission: Impossible 3''. After the fight, Jason referenced the time Spencer lost an episode (episode 33) because he could not remember the difference. .****Andy and Spencer jokingly indicated that perhaps Dan's loss isn't canon since Andy wasn't judging, and Spencer said there should be an asterisk by his loss. .*****Spencer said Andy took the lead at this point, but Andy tied. This was corrected later. +Andy was allowed to answer ''Cast Away'' even though it came out ''in'' 2000, instead of ''after''. '''Episode 36: Most Traumatizing Kid's Movie? (6-21-15)'''<ref>Episode 36: Most Traumatizing Kid's Movie? (6-21-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bBHeRobiI8</ref> Squarespace again sponsors this episode. In honor of Fathers' Day, Andy's dad Steve sits with Dan and is allowed to overrule Andy on questions prior to the Speed Round. He also takes Dan's place in the Speed Round judging panel. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campea John Campea] and Tiffany Smith were initially both set to fight with Jon Schnepp, but they were ill. Due to short-notice replacements, no voice-over introductions were used. First appearance of Jon Schnepp, who would eventually become the first Movie Fights competitor to die, passing away on July 19, 2018. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Nick Mundy || 3/6/1 || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Schnepp Jon Schnepp] || New fighter || Third |- | John Rocha || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Nick !! style="width: 6%"|Jon !! style="width: 6%"|John |- | 1: Which actor should join ''Star Wars''? || 1 || || |- | 2: Most traumatizing kids movie? || || 1* || |- | 3: Which movie character would make the best dad? || 1 || || |- | 4: Most disappointing summer blockbuster || || || 1 |- | 5: Canceled movie you'd like to see? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best movie death ** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' *** || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: Best Hollywood Emma **** || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND A2: Best Hollywood Josh || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Please tell me the best movie with the word "good" in the title? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Worst movie starring Robert Downey Jr? ***** || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND D: Name the celebrity that gave us the best voice in an animated feature after the year 2000? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E1: Tell me the best film from the year 2013 +* || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E2: Better first franchise film: ''Alien'' or ''Predator''? +** || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 1+*** || 4 |} .*Steve overruled Andy, who had originally chosen Rocha's argument for ''The Transformers: The Movie'' (1986), and went with ''Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory'' (1971), which Andy had indicated was better but had declined to choose based on arguments. This would be the only point Schnepp would receive. Further, Schnepp and Steve both incorrectly indicated that Violet Beauregarde had turned into a ''grape'' rather than a blueberry. .**A repeat question from episode 9. The winning answer to the question from episode 9 (T-800 from ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'' (1991)) was not said in the episode (as it was a spoiler for the next Honest Trailer), but it was indicated that that answer was disqualified. .***As Andy said that they were into the Speed Round, Nick held up a sign saying "SLAYER RULES" .****Question disregarded. After Nick said "Stone", John kept thinking. Steve eventually shouted out "Watkins" (likely meant to be Watson), leading Andy to disregard the question even though Nick was okay with John taking Watson (It is possible that Nick figured John would talk heavily about the eight films that featured Hermione Granger and would have rebutted by saying ''Harry Potter'' films aren't Hollywood films, so technically, anything mentioned regarding Hermione Granger should be disregarded in considering the argument). .*****A repeat question from episode 26; new answers were given. +Split decision. Jon chose Nick (''Air America'') over John (''The Pick Up Artist''). +*was the only one who could give a movie from 2013 (''Iron Man 3''), but he didn't want to win on a technicality, so he allowed the question to be waived. +**Was originally set to be the tie-breaker question. +***Ninth episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point and the fifth time this happened in eight three-fighter fights with only six pre-Speed Round questions. '''Episode 37: Who Should Play Green Lantern? (6-28-15)'''<ref>Episode 37: Who Should Play Green Lantern? (6-28-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjWzPiz4i54</ref> NatureBox is a first-time sponsor in this episode. No voice-over introductions were used; no explanation is given. Dan once again is unsuccessful, but he improved his performance from his previous appearance and retains his belt. Later in the day on Periscope, he announces that the next tournament will be in the [Northern Hemisphere] fall. As a result of his loss to Amy, he owes her a drink. The Nostalgia Critic (Doug Walker) has been one of the most requested guests for the show. Although he previously announced it on twitter, Andy announces that Movie Fights will be at the upcoming San Diego Comic-Con (film date July 9, 2015). Spencer Gilbert as Fact Checker The scoreboard is introduced. Although Dan lost two weeks earlier, this is the first time he finishes in second. The final score distribution is the same as the previous episode, but in a different left-to-right order. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 8/1/0 || Second |- | Amy Nicholson || 1/0/0 || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgia_Critic Doug Walker] || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! style="width: 6%"|Amy !! style="width: 7%"|Doug |- | 1: Which MCU character would you want to see in a ''Spider-Man'' movie? || || 1 || |- | 2: Who should play Green Lantern? || || || 1* |- | 3: What's the best movie recasting ever? || 1 || || |- | 4: Best James Horner film score? || 1 || || |- | 5: Worst movie of the 1990s? || || 1 || |- | 6: Best R-rated comedy of all time? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Hollywood's best Peter? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with the word "dead" in the title? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which do you buy: ''Inception'' or ''The Departed''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Worst movie starring Christian Bale? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Tell me Disney's best animated human character. || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''6'''** || 1*** |} .*Spencer initially gave Dan the point, but he corrected the sign and later clarified that it was Doug who got the point. .**Amy, who previously won episode 29, becomes the third fighter to obtain a 2-0 record, after Dan Murrell (episodes 2 and 3) and Mike Carlson (episodes 4 and 6). So currently, she is the only undefeated fighter to win more than one fight. .***Tenth episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point and the sixth time this happened in nine three-fighter fights with only six pre-Speed Round questions. As of November 15, 2015 (eighteen regular fights later), no third-place finisher has received more than one point, and two of them have receive no points (Edit: In the episode aired 11-21-15, Chris Stuckmann finished in third place with two points). '''Episode 38: Worst Terminator Sequel? (7-5-15)'''<ref>Episode 38: Worst Terminator Sequel? (7-5-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNQz7azzSzk</ref> LootCrate again returns as a sponsor in this episode. Voice-over introductions now only mention wins (or number of previous appearances if there are no wins). The score remains the same for a third week in a row, but again in a different seating order. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Kristian Harloff || 0/3/0 || '''Win''' |- | Mark Ellis || 1/3/0 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 4/6/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 64%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kristian !! Mark !! Nick |- | 1: Worst ''Terminator'' Sequel? || 1 || || |- | 2: Pitch Arnold [Schwarzenegger]'s next movie. || 1 || || |- | 3: Best movie explosion? || || 1 || |- | 4: Best movie of 2015 so far? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the best movie sequel title? || || || 1 |- | 6: Best superhero costume/uniform used in a movie? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Tell me the best movie Captain. || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with the word "night" [not Knight] in the title? || * || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Worst movie starring Scarlett Johansson? || 1 || ** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which do we buy: ''American History X'' or ''American Beauty''? || 1*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Hollywood Gene? || 1**** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Kristian attempted to use a movie he made up on the spot, ''Night Falls'', starring Robert DeNiro, but he lost the point to Mark. He revealed what he did after Andy gave the point to Mark. .**Kristian won with ''Lucy'' without argument as Mark attempted to come up with ''He's Just Not That Into You'', but couldn't think of the title. .***Split decision. Kristian confused Menu Suvari with Mira Sorvino but still got the point. Though Nick and Dan were activated, Andy had to break the tie as Dan sided with Mark. .****Kristian won the point despite saying Gene Hackman was in ''The Client'', even though he was not. '''Episode 39: Justice League vs. Avengers (7-12-15)'''<ref>Episode 39: Justice League vs. Avengers (7-12-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YeLcsWB5K_I</ref> Episode was filmed on 7-10-15 at San Diego Comic-Con. Andy and Hal co-hosted, with Hal getting audience members to choose and read questions (except final question which was pre-determined, but still read by audience member Isabella). After each question was asked, the fighters would whisper their answer into Andy's ear to determine whether or not he would need to flip a coin to determine who could argue his or her original choice. Winners were decided by audience applause. Tournament-style fight, single elimination with eight fighters. Fight is not counted towards official statistics. There is no designated Fact Checker, but Hal does do one minor fact check. Jeremy Jahns becomes the first fighter to appear in two fights without being in a regular-style fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Winner |- | 1: Mark Ellis v. Nick Mundy: Best Movie Batman? *, ** || Mark (Christian Bale over Michael Keaton) |- | 2: Mike Carlson v. Jeremy Jahns: What's better: ''Star Trek'' or ''Star Wars''? *, ** || Mike (''Star Trek'') |- | 3: Chris Stuckmann v. Dan Murrell: What franchise should Michael Bay take over? || Chris (''GI: Joe'' over ''Terminator'') |- | 4: Alicia Malone v. Spencer Gilbert: Hollywood's best Chris: Pine, Hemsworth, Evans, or Pratt ** || Spencer (Evans over Pratt) |- | Semi-final 1: Mark Ellis v. Mike Carlson: Which one of the X-Men would win the Hunger Games? * || Mike (Wolverine over Jean Grey) |- | Semi-final 2: Chris Stuckmann v. Spencer Gilbert: Who wins in a fight: Hulk vs Darth Vader? * || Spencer (Hulk) |- | Final: Mike Carlson v. Spencer Gilbert: Who wins in a fight: DCU's Justice League vs MCU's The Avengers? || '''Spencer''' (Avengers) |} .*Coin flips were necessary as Michael Keaton, ''Star Wars'', Wolverine, and Darth Vader were each initially chosen by both fighters. In all cases except Wolverine, the person who lost the coin toss won the fight. .**Questions 1, 2, and 4 were previously used respectively in episodes 2, 8, and 6. '''Episode 40: Batman v Superman v Wonderwoman: Who Wins? (7-19-15)'''<ref>Episode 40: Batman v Superman v Wonderwoman: Who Wins? (7-19-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7jFY8SORPE</ref> The episode heavily focuses on DC-related movies and the recent Comic Con in San Diego. There is now a digital scoreboard, which is shown occasionally throughout the episode. Marc Andreyko returns after an 18 episode absence. Tenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Jason Inman || 1/3/0 || '''Win''' |- | Marc Andreyko || 1/1/0 || Second |- | Mark Reilly || New fighter* || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jason !! Marc A !! Mark R |- | 1: Which movie stole the show at Comic Con this year? || || 1 || |- | 2: Best moment in the ''Batman v Superman'' trailer? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best part of the Suicide Squad trailer? || 1 || || |- | 4: Pitch the Ben Affleck solo ''Batman'' movie || 1 || || |- | 5: Who wins in a fight: Batman, Superman, or Wonder Woman? **|| || 1 || |- | 6: Are we excited for a ''Deadpool'' movie? ***, **** || 1 || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' ***** || 3 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If these two movies are playing on cable, which do you watch: ''Goodfellas'' or ''The Godfather''? || || 1 + || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Ben? || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: All of these movies are in the bargain bin. Which ''Mission: Impossible'' movie do I buy? +** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with the word "rain" [or any other spelling] in the title? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''+*** || 4 || 1 |} .*Mark R. competed briefly during the team fight between the Schmoes Know crew and the Screen Junkies crew during a live fight on the Schmoes Know show on December 18, 2014. .**Andy and Dan indicated that the discussion for this question holds the record for nerdiest fight yet, beating out which X-Man would win the Hunger Games. .***Jason and Marc A were not excited. Andy gave them an option to team up against Mark. If they agreed and won, they would each get a point, but if they lost, Mark R would get two points and go into the Speed Round ahead by one point. While Andy was excited for a ''Deadpool'' movie, based on arguments, he ultimately chose Jason and Marc, eliminating Mark R. .****The question was not related to the upcoming Honest Trailer, which is for the 1993 film ''Super Mario Bros''. .*****Andy mentioned that there was a tie-breaker question available for the Speed Round in case of a tie, but a tie was not possible. +Andy ruled Marc's argument for ''The Godfather'' was better and did not use the help of Dan and Mark R. +*Split decision. Even though Andy and Dan already agreed with Jason, Mark R said Marc had the better argument. +**Andy did not get a chance to finish the question, when Jason said ''III'' and Marc said ''Ghost Protocol(IV)''. +***Fourth fight in a row in which the final score was 6-4-1. '''Episode 41: Who Should Play Young Han Solo? (7-26-15)'''<ref>Episode 41: Who Should Play Young Han Solo? (7-26-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CR2PAHnJ7QA</ref> Squarespace returns as sponsor First episode in which a fighter finishes with no points. Alison Haislip returns after an 31 episode absence, a new record at the time. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 1/8/1 || '''Win''' |- | Jon Bailey || New fighter || Third |- | Alison Haislip || 0/1/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Jon !! Alison |- | 1: Who gave the best performance in ''Ant-Man''? || || || 1 |- | 2: Do we want ''Ant-Man 2''? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who should play young Han Solo in the ''Star Wars'' spinoff? || || || 1 |- | 4: Which ''X-Men Apocalypse'' character looks promising? || 1 || || |- | 5: Worst Adam Sandler Movie? * || 1 || || |- | 6: Who should direct the next ''James Bond'' movie? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are both in the bargain bin. Which should I buy: ''Spider-Man 3'' or ''The Amazing Spider-Man 2''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Brian [or Bryan]? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best movie starring Shia LaBeouf? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with the word "space" in the title? ** || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 0*** || 4 |} .*Used as the first Speed Round question in episode 14. The same answer (''Jack and Jill'') won. Alison had tried fighting using the movie ''Click'', which she had not actually watched. .**Split decision: Dan voted for Alison, but Andy and Jon went with Hal. Alison did not provide an argument however, the way Hal did. .***Jon becomes the first fighter to finish with no points. '''Episode 42: What Should Wolverine's Last Movie Be About? (8-2-15)'''<ref>Episode 42: What Should Wolverine's Last Movie Be About? (8-2-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrIqNayLHSs</ref> No sponsor for this episode. The first all-female Fight panel. Brianne Chandler (Miss Movies) appears as Fact Checker, having previously performed the function in episode 14. First episode in which a fighter gets four consecutive points in the regular round. Fourth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being the previous episode (in which Jon got no points), episode 28, and episode 20). Eleventh episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Not counting the first episode, thirteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 3/2/0 || '''Win''' |- | Chloe Dykstra || New fighter || Second |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/2/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Chloe !! Trisha |- | 1: Cast the male ''Ghostbusters'' reboot movie || || || 1 |- | 2: Who should direct the next ''Mission: Impossible'' film? || || 1 || |- | 3: Best movie starring Tom Cruise? || 1 || || |- | 4: What star would you like to see remake an old TV show as a movie? || 1 || || |- | 5: Best road trip movie? || 1 || || |- | 6: Pitch the final Hugh Jackman ''Wolverine'' movie? || 1 || * || |- | TIE BREAKER: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which do you buy: ''Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls'' or ''Dumb and Dumber Too''? || x || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 4** || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Tell me Hollywood's best George? || 1*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two movies are playing on cable. Which should we watch: ''Super 8'' or ''8 Mile''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tell me the best movie with the word "time" in the title. || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie starring Kristen Stewart? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''**** || 3 || 1 |} .*Chloe started pitching ''Les Misérables'' with X-Men characters, claiming it was an original storyline, tricking Trisha into thinking she had in fact never seen the movie. .**Alicia becomes the first fighter to head into the Speed Round ahead by three points. .***At this point, Alicia was ahead 5-1-1. She would reach this again after the second Speed Round question of episode 98, at which point victory was declared over runner-up Coy Jandreau (who was previously victorious in all five of his Screen Junkies appearances) and Brett Erlich (who lost his fourth consecutive fight). .****Alicia becomes the fourth fighter to ''win'' (not win or tie) at least 4 episodes (the others being Dan Murrell, Mike Carlson, and Nick Mundy). She also becomes the only fighter besides Dan Murrell to fight at least six episodes without ever coming in third place. '''Episode 43: What Franchise Should Die Forever (8-9-15)'''<ref>Episode 43: What Franchise Should Die Forever (8-9-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpWA_hRECxc</ref> Loot Crate returns again as sponsor. A ''Night Falls'' poster has been hung up behind Spencer It is announced that Mike Carlson and Amy Nicholson will be battling Dan LIVE the following Sunday for the Belt. Twelfth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. In terms of seating placement, the points for the first four questions matched those of the previous episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 3/5/1 || '''Win''' |- | Tiffany Smith || 0/1/0 || Third |- | Brett Weiner || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Tiffany !! Brett |- | 1: Best moment in the [Red Band] ''Deadpool'' trailer || || || 1 |- | 2: Which character from a bad movie deserves a second chance? || || 1 || |- | 3: What would be a better ''Harry Potter'' spin-off than ''Fantasic Beasts''? || 1 || || |- | 4: What movie did critics get wrong? || 1 || || |- | 5: Who should be the third Bad Boy? || || || 1 |- | 6: What franchise or series of movies should go away forever? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are playing on cable. Which should I watch: ''Jackass: The Movie'' or ''Superman: The Movie''? * || 1** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Jack? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with "black" in the title? || 1 || x || *** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie starring Bruce Willis released after 2005? || 1**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''*****, + || 1 || 3 |} .*Both chose ''Jackass'', but Spencer got in more quickly. .**In episode 35, which Spencer hosted, Dan lost a pre-Speed Round tie-breaker to Andy for not choosing Superman as the best movie with the word "man" in the title, leading to his first loss. .**Also, in episode 17, the Screen Junkies team (which included both Spencer and Andy) beat the Schmoes Know team (with Dan as judge) by choosing ''Jackass: The Movie'' over ''Superman: The Movie'' as the best film to have "movie" in the title. In the current episode, Dan commented that he still gets negative comments about that decision. .***Brett said ''Back in Black'', incorrectly giving it as the title to an Amy Winehouse documentary. Dan indicated that there is an unrelated Greek movie with that title. .****Spencer’s performance in the Speed Round marks: - The fifth time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, 26, and 34), - the second time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering four questions (instead of only three as done in episodes 18, 23, and 26), and - the fourth time someone has gotten four consecutive points in the Speed Round (previously done in a five-question Speed Round in episode 27, a seven-question Speed Round in episode 28, and the four-question Speed Round in episode 34.) .*****For the second week in a row, the fighter on the left won with 6 points, with the others getting 3 and 1, after becoming the last one to score a first point. +Spencer becomes the fifth fighter to win at least four episodes, just one week after Alicia Malone became the fourth. '''Episode 44: Disney World’s Star Wars Land: Dream Ride!? - Movie Fights LIVE! (8-16-15)'''<ref>Episode 44: Disney World’s Star Wars Land: Dream Ride!? - Movie Fights LIVE! (8-16-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCvFUE6dNnA</ref> Fourth battle for the Title Belt, held live at 10:00 PDT, between Dan and the two winners of fights against him. The episode was preceded by live commentary by Spencer Gilbert, Alicia Malone, Ken Napzok (who is a new producer) and Jason Inman. The pre-show included the first appearances on Movie Fights of JT (the engineer) and Ken Napzok. Both previously appeared in the Schmoes Know Movie Fight as competitors. Fact checker Alicia Malone, with Spencer Gilbert reading live audience commentary. The ''Night Falls'' poster (which is shown to be Part Deux) has been moved to behind Andy. It is revealed that the studio is not air-conditioned on the weekends. Fifth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), and 42). Not counting the first episode, fourteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. After this episode, there are no undefeated fighters who have appeared in more than one episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 4/4/0 || Second |- | Amy Nicholson || 2/0/0 || Third* |- | Dan Murrell || 8/2/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Amy !! Dan |- | 1: What ''Captain America: Civil War'' character should we be we most excited for? || || 1 || ** |- | 2: Is Colin Trevorrow the right choice to direct ''Star Wars Episode IX''? *** || || || 1 |- | 3: Design your dream Disney ''Star Wars'' ride || 1 || || |- | 4: Best return of a character to a movie franchise? || || || 1 |- | 5: Best performance in a [Quentin] Tarantino film? || 1 || || |- | 6: What would make the best movie marathon? **** || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which director would be perfect for a reboot of the movie ''Goonies''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Please tell me the best movie with the word "love" in the title. || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two trilogies are in the bargain bin. Which one should we buy on Blu-Ray: ''Star Wars Episodes I-III'' or ''The Hobbit''? || ***** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which is the better movie location to visit: ''Robocop's'' Detroit or ''Mad Max's'' Fury Road? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: The two movies are both playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''Divergent'' or ''The Maze Runner''? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''6''' |} .*Amy becomes the first contestant besides Dan to not come in second place in her first three fights. Scott Mantz would follow five episodes later. .**The majority of the live audience who gave commentary supported Dan. .***All of the fighters had indicated that Trevorrow was not the right choice, so the fight was over whom they would rather see. .****A repeat question from episode 11, in which the winner answer was ''Friday the 13th'' (provided by Roger Barr). This response was not allowed for this episode and was not related to the upcoming Honest Trailer (''Kingsman: The Secret Service'') .*****Split decision. Amy liked Mike's argument for the ''Star Wars'' prequel trilogy better. '''Episode 45: How to Fix Fantastic Four (8-23-15)'''<ref>Episode 45: How to Fix Fantastic Four (8-23-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSkVUBvpQIQ</ref> Hosted by Nick Mundy and branded Mundy Fights. Posters were replaced with ones of Nick with Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson. Andy and Dan were away at Chicago Comic Con, where another Movie Fight was being filmed. Fact checker Jason Inman, with Nick's wife Dilara sitting beside him. Scott Mantz returns after a 21 episode absence from competing. Nick is sitting in the seat next to where Andy normally sits (between Scott Mantz and Hal Rudnick). Sixth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), 42, and 44). Not counting the first episode, fifteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Thirteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Kristian Harloff || 1/3/0 || Third |- | Scott Mantz || 0/1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Hal Rudnick || 2/8/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Kristian !! Scott !! Hal |- | 1: Pitch a good ''Fantastic Four'' movie || 1* || || |- | 2: What is the coolest movie future? ** || || || 1 |- | 3: Which future comic book movie would you kill? || || || 1 |- | 4: Best Disney princess || || 1 || |- | 5: Pitch a buddy movie starring Nick Mundy || || || 1 |- | 6: Bang-Marry-Kill: 1990s Arnold Schwarzenegger, Sylvester Stallone, and Bruce Willis || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If you had to replace Pauly Shore with Rutger Hauer in a Pauly Shore movie, what Pauly Shore movie would you remake || x || 1*** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best Burt Reynolds performance? || x || || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: All three of these are on cable. Which do you watch: ''Rookie of the Year'', ''Little Big League'', ''Angels in the Outfield''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What's the best movie with "show" in the title? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: In honor of "The Martian" trailer directed by Ridley Scott, what is the best ''Tony'' Scott movie? || x || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Who would win in a fight to the death: John Rambo or John Matrix [from ["The"] ''Commando'']? || x || 1***** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''6''' || 5+ |} .*After Nick gave Kristian the point, Nick said it would probably be the only point he would get, and he was right. .**The twitter user who suggested the question had wanted to the question to specify that the future had to be on earth, but Nick didn't include that. .***Dilara and Jason each provided their opinion for the winner of the question (Hal and Scott respectively); Kristian had no say, and Nick went with Scott. .****Dilara picked Scott, but Kristian and Nick each picked Hal. .*****Scott incorrectly stated that in ''Rambo III'', Rambo fought the Iraqi army. He in fact fought in Afghanistan against the Soviet army. +Hal's score of 5 is the best second-place finish since episode 35. '''Episode 46: Han Solo vs Indiana Jones (8-30-15)'''<ref>Episode 46: Han Solo vs Indiana Jones (8-30-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ic8nZlFISBg</ref> Episode was filmed on 8-21-15 at Wizard World Chicago Comic Con, the same day as the previous episode. Andy and Andre (The Black Nerd) co-hosted. Andy read all the questions. Responses were prepared ahead of time. There were no coin toss situations as in the previous Comic Con episode. In the first four rounds, fighters fought against fans. Debut of John Flickinger. Two of the other three professionals competed in the previous Comic-Con fight. Winners were decided by the audience holding up signs. Tournament-style fight, single elimination with eight fighters. Fight is not counted towards official statistics. There is no designated Fact Checker. Two fighters (Dan and Chris) fought against each other in the previous Comic-Con fight, with Dan losing in the first round. Dan loses to Chris again in this fight, but in the final. Doug Walker (The Nostalgia Critic) appears despite only receiving one point in the regular fights. During the fight, Andy made it a point to say "Wow!" several times. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Winner |- | 1: Dan Murrell v. Jared McMorrow: Best Marvel Movie || Dan (''Captain America: The Winter Soldier'' over ''Guardians of the Galaxy'') |- | 2: Doug Walker v. Joe Armenta: Which of DC's future movies should be cut? || Doug (''Shazam'' over ''Suicide Squad'') * |- | 3: John Flickinger v. April O'Donnell: Who is the best working director today? || John (Martin Scorsese over Christopher Nolan) |- | 4: Chris Stuckmann v. Joe Simpson: Who is the best franchise hero? Luke Skywalker or Harry Potter? || Chris (Harry Potter)** |- | Semi-final 1: Dan Murrell v Doug Walker - Who’s better? Indiana Jones or Han Solo? || Dan (Han Solo)*** |- | Semi-final 2: John Flickinger v. Chris Stuckmann: Who wins in a fight? Captain America or Iron Man? || Chris (Iron Man) |- | Final: Dan Murrell v. Chris Stuckmann: Tell me the best Pixar movie.**** || '''Chris'''***** (''The Incredibles'' over ''Wall-E'') |} .*Joe only got 3 or 4 votes out of the entire audience. After Joe said ''Suicide Squad'', Doug declared himself the winner. .**Audience response was too close to call using the signs, so Andy had the fans scream. .***The audience overwhelmingly showed orange "S" signs, signaling Dan's win. .****Repeat question from episode 31 (CinemaSins vs. Honest Trailers). The same response (''The Incredibles'') won. The previous time this question was used, Dan was also part of the losing side (with Andy), but the answer the first time was ''Toy Story 2''. .*****Doing so twice, Chris is the only fighter in the episode to win a fight while sitting on Andy's right. '''Episode 47: Man of Steel Pitches (9-6-15)'''<ref>Episode 47: Man of Steel Pitches (9-6-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ad4T7c7T1So</ref> Loot Crate returns as sponsor. April O'Donnell from the previous episode accompanies Dan on the Dan Cam, but she does not play a role in judging Speed Round questions. Andy tells the audience that the fans in the last episode were not given time to prepare, and comments should not be so mean. Andy has been sent a shirt from Europe that says "This is tough." Seventh episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), 42, 44, and 45). Not counting the first episode, sixteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. In her seventh appearance in a regular episode, Alicia Malone finally comes in third place. Her single point is the only instance in which she has scored fewer than three points and one of two in which she has scored fewer than five points. Alicia's birthdate is revealed as September 4, 1981. First episode to be won by new fighter since episode 34, which itself came immediately after another such episode. All delivered by Max Landis (son of director John Landis), more f-bombs are featured in this episode than in all other episodes combined. At the end of the episode, Andy reveals that Elijah Wood will be competing in the next episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Landis Max Landis] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/5/1 || Second |- | Alicia Malone || 4/2/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Max !! Spencer !! Alicia |- | 1: What would be the ultimate movie crossover? * || || || 1 |- | 2: Pitch the ultimate ''Man of Steel'' sequel || 1 || || |- | 3: Cast the ultimate biopic movie** || || 1 || |- | 4: What standalone action film most deserves a sequel? || || 1*** || |- | 5: What superhero besides Deadpool would you like to get an R-Rated movie? || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the best movie toy? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would be the best director for a remake of the movie ''Speed''? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''The Mummy III: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor'' or ''Jurassic Park III''? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Please name the best movie with "girl" or "girls" in the title. || 1 || **** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What's the better movie location to visit: ''Harry Potter'' 's Hogwarts or ''Star Wars'' ' Jedi Temple? ***** || 1+ || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''+* || 3+** || 1 |} .*As mentioned in the episode by Andy, this question was previously used in episode 10. .**Though not exactly the same, a similar question was posed in episode 28. The one in the current episode stems from a March 11, 2015 tweet, so it is possible that the question in episode 28 also stemmed from that, but no tweet is shown in that episode. .***Spencer's winning response of ''The Rock 2: Rock Harder'' is a reference to ''Die Hard 2: Die Harder''. .****Despite several options, Spencer could not think of a choice and made up a movie ''Girls' Night Out'', which like ''Night Falls'', is actually the title of a real movie (it was released in 1982). Max raised an objection during Spencer's argument, and Dan put an end to Spencer's speech, resulting in Max's receiving of the point. .*****It is further specified after Max's asking that the temple is on Yavin (IV). However, the only Jedi Temple interior shown in any movie is on Coruscant. +Split decision. Alicia and Dan disagreed with Andy, who chose Spencer. Max received the point due to his pointing out that Muggles (non-magical people) cannot enter Hogwarts, despite Spencer's objection that if that is the case, it should not have been offered as an option in the question. +*Max’s performance in the Speed Round marks: - The sixth time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, 26, 34, and 43), - the third time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering four questions (instead of only three as done in episodes 18, 23, and 26), and - the fifth time someone has gotten four consecutive points in the Speed Round (previously done in a five-question Speed Round in episode 27, a seven-question Speed Round in episode 28, and the four-question Speed Rounds in episodes 34 and 43.) +**Spencer got swept in a four-question Speed Round despite sweeping an opponent (Brett Weiner) in a four-question Speed Round on his last appearance (episode 43). He was previously swept in a three-question Speed Round in episode 26. *He is swept a third time in episode 58. *He remained the only person to be swept in the Speed Round twice until July 22, 2016 when Dan Murrell was swept for both his first ''and'' second time ''on the same day'' in separate Movie Fights (episodes 93 and 94). '''Episode 48: Best Lord of the Rings Movie (9-13-15)'''<ref>Episode 48: Best Lord of the Rings Movie (9-13-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIxCIN1LZdI</ref> No sponsor in this episode. Alicia Malone as Fact Checker. There is a smaller couch chair shown on the Dan Cam. Andy has been sent a shirt from Europe that says "This is tough." Second episode in which a fighter (this time Nick) finishes an episode with a score of 0, after Jon Bailey's finish seven episodes earlier. Eighth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), 42, 44, 45, and 47). The finishers for first, second, and third place all sat in the same spots as the respective finishers from the previous episode. First regular episode since episode 33 (air date 5/31/15) to not feature a question asking for the best movie with a specific word in the title. Episodes 47 and 48 mark the fifth time two consecutive episodes have been won by new fighters (after episodes 1 and 2, 15 and 16, 29 and 30, and 33 and 34). These five pairs represent 10 of the 13 (77% of the) episodes that have been won by new fighters at this point. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Wood Elijah Wood] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 9/2/0 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 4/7/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Elijah !! Dan !! Nick |- | 1: What is the funniest horror movie of all time? || || 1* || |- | 2: What is the best fantasy franchise of all time? ** || || 1 || |- | 3: What Hobbit would win in a battle royale for the One Ring? || 1*** || || |- | 4: What is the best film from the ''Lord of the Rings'' trilogy? || 1 || || |- | 5: What's the best performance by a kid in a movie?**** || || 1 || ***** |- | 6: If you had to watch one movie for eternity, which movie would you choose? || || 1 || + |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 4 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are playing on cable. Which one should I watch: ''Jurassic World'' or ''Wayne's World 2''? || 1+* || +** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie starring Elijah Wood? || 1+*** || +**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should I buy: ''Big'' or ''Big Hero 6''? || +***** || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Tell me Hollywood's best Elizabeth/Elisabeth. || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock. || 1++ || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 || 0 |} .*Dan won with ''Evil Dead 2'', despite losing a coin toss to Elijah, who picked ''Shaun of the Dead''. .**Fighters were restricted to the following choices: ''Lord of the Rings'' (excluding the ''Hobbit'' trilogy), ''Harry Potter'', ''Star Wars'' ('''including''' the prequel trilogy), and ''Game of Thrones''. Nobody picked ''Harry Potter'', and ''Lord of the Rings'' was the winning response. .***Elijah's winning response was Smeagol (original identity of Gollum), who is not generally thought of as a Hobbit. This was not the response that Elijah originally submitted. .****Andy clarified that the performer had to be under 16 when they shot. .*****Nick's non-winning response was Elijah Wood in ''Radio Flyer''. Dan won with Haley Joel Osment in ''The Sixth Sense''. +Nick's non-winning response was his favorite film, ''Die Hard'', which along with Elijah's choice, ''Groundhog Day'', lost to ''The Princess Bride''. +*Split decision. Alicia and Nick overrode Andy. +**As Dan was not fast enough, he was forced to argue for a movie he disliked, ''Jurassic World'', which Elijah had not yet seen. +***Split decision. Nick would have chosen Dan, but Alicia agreed with Andy for ''The Ice Storm''. +****Dan picked ''Fellowship of the Ring'' despite choosing ''Return of the King'' for the fourth question, implying that he had lost another coin toss to Elijah. +*****Elijah had to rely on arguing against ''Big'' as he'd never seen ''Big Hero 6''. He also primarily used ''Big'''s alternate ending. Andy did not activate the panel, giving Dan his only Speed Round point. ++Split decision. Andy had to decide on Elijah after Alicia voted for Dan. '''Episode 49: Who Should Play Robin in the Next Batman Movie? (9-20-15)'''<ref>Episode 49: Who Should Play Robin in the Next Batman Movie? (9-20-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pItZ51GCPj4</ref> The bigger couch is back, and Dan is accompanied by Chris Zimmerman, host of Magnificent 7 Podcast. Scott Mantz previously won episode 45, which was the last episode that was not won by the fighter on the left (across from Andy). Starting in this episode, the Score Board during the Speed Round only includes the two remaining fighters. As of this episode, besides Dan, Scott Mantz now has the best record of all contestants who have appeared more than once based on percentage wins followed by points per game average. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Scott Mantz || 1/1/0 || '''Win''' |- | John Rocha || 0/1/0 || Third |- | Kim Horcher || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Scott !! John !! Kim |- | 1: Who should play Robin in a future Batman movie? || || || 1 |- | 2: Pitch M. Night Shyamalan's next movie. || || 1 || |- | 3: What is Johnny Depp's best performance? || 1 || || * |- | 4: Pitch your dream cast for the ''Charlie's Angels'' reboot? || ** || ** || 1*** |- | 5: What is the best ''Rocky'' fight?**** || 1***** || || |- | 6: If The ''Jungle Book'' [2016] starts a new live-action Disney universe - what other classic animated movie should join it? || 1+ || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both of these movies are in the bargain bin. Which should I buy: ''Transformers 4'' or ''Indiana Jones 4''? +* || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would be the best director for the remake of the movie ''Waterworld''? || 1 || x || +*** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Both of these graphic novels are playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''Watchmen'' or ''Sin City''? || || x || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with the word "game" or "games" in the title. || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Kim chose Jack Sparrow, which Andy should have known ahead of time. However, before asking the question, he (while apparently not realizing that she picked it) said he was glad Depp wasn't playing a pirate. Kim jokingly claimed bias to start and said she wanted a new judge. .**Scott and John each included Jennifer Lawrence and Zoe Saldana in their trio, but not in the same roles as each other. Scott also picked Emily Blunt, while John picked Haylet Atwell. .***Chris was activated for help in deciding the round (activating had previously only been done in the Speed Round). Chris chose Scott, but Andy had already chosen and written down Kim (who chose Anna Kendrick, Brittany Snow, and Rebel Wilson (all from ''Pitch Perfect'')) as the winner, nullifying Chris' input. .****Submitted by JTE (JT, the engineer). His question on twitter asked for best fight in the series, which wouldn't necessarily require Rocky to be part of it (for example, Apollo Creed vs Ivan Drago, which no one chose). .*****Andy asked JTE who he thought gave the best argument, and he chose Scott, whom Andy also chose. +Scott won the point despite having the characters in his movie (''Bambi'') not being able to talk despite the fact that they could in the original movie and that animals can talk in both the classic and new versions of ''The Jungle Book''. While he didn't do anything to directly tie it to the same universe, neither did the other contestants (John and Kim respectively chose ''The Little Mermaid'' and ''Aladdin''). +*''Transformers 4'' (''Age of Extinction'') is the only Transformers movie without Shia Labeouf, while ''Indiana Jones 4'' (Kingdom of the Crystal Skull) is the only Indiana Jones movie ''with'' him. +**Split decision. John picked Kim, but Andy disagreed. +***Kim, in describing ''Waterworld'', started talking about lawyers as characters, which confused everyone. +****Kim won the point for ''Sin City'' despite picking ''Watchmen'' (she wasn't fast enough though). '''Episode 50: Pacific Rim 2: Pitch the Dream Sequel (9-27-15)'''<ref>Episode 50: Pacific Rim 2: Pitch the Dream Sequel (9-27-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8jlXlXAX4w</ref> Credit Karma is a new sponsor. The Score Board once again during the Speed Round includes all of the fighters, not just the remaining ones, which was the case in the previous episode. Roger Barr returns after a 21 episode absence. Roger Barr claims he wishes losses were announced in the introductions as he wears them like a badge of honor. He stated that he hoped to become the first fighter to reach ten losses. However, using the true results of the first episode, Hal Rudnick has already beat him to it. Using the official results however, Hal is still at nine losses to Roger's six (as of the beginning of the episode). Nick Mundy is also beating Roger with eight losses. If championship fights are not counted, this is the first regular fight since episode 34 in which the person in the seat on the right has won. First episode since episode 38 in which the fighter who won the first point won the episode. Episode 38 had been the fourth episode in a row in which that had happened (in episode 35, two fighters got a point for the first question) before this temporarily stopped. Episode 50 is the first of three in a row in which it has happened. Fourth episode in a row to feature a new fighter (fifth if episode 46 (a Comic Con episode) is counted). Each of the four fighters has dropped the f-bomb at least once. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr || 1/6/0 || Second |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/3/0 || Third |- | Kofi Outlaw || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Roger !! Trisha !! Kofi |- | 1: Who[m] would you go back and recast as Anakin Skywalker in ''[Star Wars] Episodes 2'' and ''3''? || || || 1 |- | 2: Pitch ''Pacific Rim 2''. || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the best Robert De Niro performance? || 1 || || |- | 4: Who should direct the ''Gambit'' movie starring Channing Tatum? || || || 1 |- | 5: What's the best animated film not made by Disney or Pixar? || ** || || 1 |- | 6: What movie in the Top 50 of IMDB's Top 250 * movies list shouldn't be in the list? || || 1*** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would be the best director for a remake of the movie ''Gremlins''? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which one should we watch: Doom or Resident Evil? || || x || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tell me the best movie with the word "lost" in the title. || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which movie game show would you rather participate in: ''Running Man'' or ''The Hunger Games''? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie starring Kevin Bacon? || 1 || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: Who would win in a fight: Peter Jackson's King Kong or Roland Emmerich's Godzilla? || || || 1+*,+** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || 1+*** || '''6'''+**** |} .*Andy said 25 but meant 250. .**Roger said that ''The Transformers: The Movie'' (1986) was the ''Citizen Kane'' of animated films. In the previous episode, Scott Mantz said that ''Watchmen'' was the ''Citizen Kane'' of comic book movies. In both instances, Dan took issue with this. .***Trisha got the last regular round question despite being unable to proceed (short of double points). Besides Jon Bailey and Nick Mundy, who have each had a scoreless fight, she is the third person to not score until Round 6 (previously done in episodes 19 and 34 by Hal Rudnick and Michael Barryte). .****Split decision. Dan did not agree with Andy, but Trisha did. .*****Despite Roger's rebuttal's addressing Kofi's argument for ''Doom'', Kofi was granted a rebuttal after Roger's. +Even though Roger got the point, the scoreboard showed Kofi getting the point. This was corrected after the following question however. +*Kofi stated that there is a reason that lizards and dinosaurs aren't around anymore and apes are. However, lizards do still exist, and Godzilla is not a dinosaur. Further, apes did not appear on earth until more than 10 million years after the dinosaurs went extinct, so apes had nothing to do with their extinction, and they were not around for the extinction event so it is unknown if they would have survived. +**Split decision. Despite Kofi's flawed argument, Andy and Dan agreed with Kofi. However, Trisha did not. +***If the first episode is counted as a loss for Hal, Trisha is the third fighter to reach 0 wins and 4 losses after Hal and Roger. Roger would win his fifth fight, but Hal would not win until his ninth. Trisha, Roger, and Hal are also the only three fighters to lose in four consecutive appearances. +****Andy said that it was rare that a new fighter would win the episode. However, in the last four episodes, there has been one new fighter in each, and in three of those four, the new fighter won. Out of 21 regular fights that have featured exactly one new fighter, seven of them (episodes 8, 16, 29, 34, 47, 48, and 50) have been won by the newcomer. ==Movie Fights Episodes 51-100== '''Episode 51: Dream Avengers Phase 4 Lineup (10-4-15)'''<ref>Episode 51: Dream Avengers Phase 4 Lineup (10-4-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7nYbTWs4BU</ref> Fifth episode in a row to feature one new fighter (sixth if episode 46 (a Comic Con episode) is counted). The f-bomb tradition continues. Andre returns after a 17 episode absence (although he did co-host the last Comic Con episode). The collective previous experience of the panel is only two episodes (and five points collectively), the least since the fan episode (episode 25). If the fan episode is not counted, then it is the least since episode 20, which - like episode 25 - featured all new fighters. Third episode in which a fighter finishes an episode with a score of 0, just three episodes after Nick Mundy did the same. Second consecutive episode in which a fighter went into the sixth question with no points. The question style in the Speed Round very closely mirrored that of the previous episode. Although the new format seemed to appear in the previous episode, officially starting in this episode, Andy indicates that in the Speed Round, each fighter will have 15 seconds and then 5 second rebuttals (as opposed to 10 seconds for the first fighter, 15 seconds for the second, and a 5 second rebuttal for the first fighter [which had to specifically address what the second fighter said]). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Brett Weiner || 0/1/0 || Third |- | Andre Meadows || 0/1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Roxy Striar || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Brett !! Andre !! Roxy |- | 1: What's the best standalone movie set in space? || || 1 || |- | 2: What is the best movie directed by Robert Zemeckis? || || || 1 |- | 3: What is your dream line-up for the New Avengers? || || || 1 |- | 4: What is the ''Citizen Kane'' of comic book movies? * || || 1 || |- | 5: What iconic role do you wish had been played by Nicolas Cage? || || || 1** |- | 6: What TV show would have worked better as a movie? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 0 || 3 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would be the best director for a movie adaptation of He-Man? || x || 1*** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''Men in Black 2'' or ''Mission: Impossible 2''? || x || 1****|| |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with the word "day" in the title. || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Where would you rather spend a long weekend: Evil Biff's Hill Valley from ''Back to the Future II'' or Frank Miller's Sin City? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || '''6''' || 4 |} .*Asked by Brad Smoley in honor of Scott Mantz, who referred to ''Watchmen'' as the ''Citizen Kane'' of comic book movies, much to Dan's chagrin. .**An argument ensued for almost three minutes after Andy awarded the point to Roxy. Also Dan thought Brett should have gotten the point for picking Qui-Gon Jinn. .***Andy gave the point to Andre (who picked Steven Spielberg) just because he said more. However, Brett and Dan agreed. .****Split decision. Andy chose Roxy, but Brett and Dan then chose Andre. '''Episode 52: Best Movie Fight! (10-11-15)'''<ref>Episode 52: Best Movie Fight (10-11-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSQckEErMwE</ref> First anniversary episode. A montage of moments from the first year is shown before the fight begins. The panel used is the same from the first episode of Movie Fights. As no winner was declared in the first episode (and as Hal was officially declared to have tied Nick and Spencer), it was decided that the winner of this episode would also be declared the winner of the first episode. Also the first Movie Fights to air after the debut the previous day of The Review Crew, and the last episode to air before the Screen Junkies channel reached one billion views. First episode since episode 45 to not feature any new fighters. First episode since episode 45 (and second since episode 35) in which 12 (or more broadly, more than 11) points are awarded. Filming is now done in a new studio. Andy has returned to sitting on the left side of the table. Andy forgot to bring his gavel and bell with him. Andy wears a shirt depicting a scene from ''Jurassic World'', with the dinosaurs replaced with green Yoshis. While this is shown at the beginning of the sixth question to be a teaser for the next Honest Trailer, the question itself is unrelated. The scoreboard in this episode lists Spencer's name as Spence. It also lists the three names in reverse seating order. Dan is briefly shown with his belt. He wears a Pikachu hat from Loot Crate at two points in the episode. The regular questions are asked by different fighters from other episodes, as determined by twitter to be the fan favorites. These fighters would assist Andy in judging and agreed with him on all regular round questions except question 5. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 2/9/1 * || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 4/8/1 * || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/6/1 * || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Nick !! Spencer |- | 1: (Asked by Alicia Malone from the Dan cam couch) Which real-life person would you love to see Aaron Sorkin tackle next? || 1** || || |- | 2: (Asked by Jeremy Jahns by pre-recorded video) Can you name a situation where the sequel was better than the original? || || || 1 |- | 3: (Asked by Mike Carlson via Skype) Form a band using multiple movie musicians *** || || || 1 |- | 4: (Asked by Kristian Harloff **** and Mark Ellis by pre-recorded video) Pitch us your "Night Falls" movie ***** || || 1+ || +* |- | 5: (Asked by Chris Stuckmann via Skype) What director do you want to quit making films? || 1 || +** || |- | 6: (Asked by Dan Murrell +*** from the couch) What is the best movie fight? +**** || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What sequel would you rather see: ''Die Hard 6'' or ''Transformers 5''? +*****, ++ || 1++* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie directed by Stanley Kubrick. || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''The Land Before Time'' or ''An American Tail''? ++** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with the word "gun" in the title. || ++*** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best action movie made after the year 2001. || || x || 1 ++**** |- | TIE BREAKER: Whose powers would you rather have: Jim Carrey's The Mask or Robin Williams' The Genie? ++***** || 1+++ || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 1+++* || 5 |} .*Retroactively, after this episode, Hal's record going into this match is 3/9/0, while Nick's becomes 4/9/0 and Spencer's becomes 4/7/0. By percentage of games won, Spencer, Hal, and Nick and now respectively the #14 (two-way tie), 16, and 17 ranked fighters after Dan Murrell. .**Andy indicated he would have chosen Spencer, but Alicia swayed him. Dan agreed with Alicia. .***Mike required a vocalist, guitarist, and drummer; fighters could add more. Each band member had to be from a different movie. .****Kristian also joined in person on the couch. .*****Kristian required the movie to star Robert De Niro and feature a cameo with Al Pacino. He also said that there had to be a crime ring even though that requirement had not been given to the fighters previously for their preparation. +While Kristian chose Nick, Andy had wanted Hal to get the point. +*Spencer pitched a twist-ending movie in which De Niro played Bruce Wayne, and he said it was called Knight Falls. However, this apparently went against what was asked, and it also went against the Speed Round question from episode 38. Dan confirmed this during the arguments, disqualifying Spencer. +**Nick chose Christopher Nolan. Spencer indicated he did not want to be in the shot for this argument, so he got up and left the table, and Hal followed him. Andy said that Nick gave them the first moment of the next year's montage. *No montage of the second year was made. Rather, a Screen Junkies Plus-exclusive episode of the Screen Junkies show (titled Best Movie Fights Moments (2014 - 2016) (air date December 31, 2016)) was made, and this moment was #32 of 50. +***During Dan's introduction of the question, it is mentioned that there is a deleted scene of a vicious fight between him and Andy from episode 17, question 7, which Andy was assigned to answer. Andy said it was so bad that it would never be shown even though Dan still has a copy. *Audio of the fight was eventually aired on December 31, 2016 the aforementioned Best Movie Fights Moments (2014 - 2016), as moment #30 of 50. +****Clarified as a fight in a movie, not a question from the show. +*****Right after the answers were given and again after the arguments were made and Andy asked for Nick's opinion, Andy was confusing who said which movie (Hal said ''Die Hard 6''). ++By the time this episode aired, Hasbro had already announced that there would be four more ''Transformers'' movies, putting the total at eight. And three days after the airing, a ''Die Hard'' prequel, ''Die Hard: Year One'' was announced. ++*Split decision. Nick disagreed with Andy, but Dan agreed with Andy. ++**Initially, Andy again was confused about who said which (Spencer said ''The Land Before Time''). ++***Hal could not think of an answer after Spencer said ''Top Gun''. He said ''The Way of the Gun'', but he had not seen it and could not provide any real argument, and Andy gave the point to Spencer without asking Nick or Dan. ++****Spencer said ''The Raid 2'' right before Hal did, so Hal unsuccessfully argued ''The Raid''. These answers were given right after Andy told Dan that he might need his help (Dan argued in episode 25 for question 4 that ''The Raid 2'' was the best action sequel of all time), even though the help to which Andy was referring was likely fact-checking the years. ++*****Spencer said The Genie right before Hal did. Shortly after, Spencer said he would switch his answer and let Hal take The Genie. Andy said he'd allow this if Hal agreed, but Hal refused and went with The Mask, likely because The Genie spent most of his life trapped in a lamp. +++Split decision. Nick and Dan disagreed with Andy. +++*Officially, Nick is the first fighter to reach ten losses. He is also the first person to finish in third place three consecutive times (a record later tied by Scott Mantz in episode 73, but not before Nick beats it himself). '''Episode 53: Dream Back to the Future Sequel (10-18-15)'''<ref>Episode 53: Dream Back to the Future Sequel (10-18-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3n0dgyjeFQ</ref> First regular fight episode since episode 43 to feature a new fighter who didn't drop the f-bomb. Judged by Dan (as Andy was on a special unnamed assignment) with Spencer as remote Fact Checker. Miri Jedeikin returns after a 20 episode absence. The record for most consecutive points is set at five. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Miri Jedeikin || 0/1 || Third |- | Mike Carlson || 4/5 || '''Win''' |- | Adam Johnston || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Miri !! Mike !! Adam |- | 1: Pitch a ''Back to the Future'' sequel, prequel, or reboot worthy of the original. || || || 1* |- | 2: What is the best movie of 1985? || || 1 || |- | 3: Who should play the young John McClane? || || || 1** |- | 4: King Kong vs. Godzilla vs. ______? (Dan: If you could add a third contestant, a third combatant, into that King Kong/Godzilla heavyweight title bout, who would it be?) || || || 1 |- | 5: Who should be the first female ''Star Wars'' director? || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the best Coen Brothers comedy? ***, **** || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best movie directed by Christopher Guest? || x || 1***** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the worst movie starring Will Farrell? + || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who[m] would you pick to direct a remake of ''Top Gun''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two movies are on cable. Which one do I watch: ''Animal House'' or ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off''? || x || 1+* || +** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''6'''+*** || 3 |} .*Adam won by pitching a crossover with the cartoon ''Rick and Morty''. .**Adam won by choosing a black female, Quvenzhané Wallis, who is only 12 years old, and saying that she had an operation the day before ''Die Hard'', despite the fact that McClane already had children. .***Miri's and Adam's choices, respectively ''Fargo'' and ''Burn After Reading'', were not deemed comedic enough by Dan. .****Question did not relate to the following Honest Trailer (the ''Back to the Future'' trilogy), but the first two questions had already done so more explicitly. The Honest Trailer aired on the following Wednesday (rather than Tuesday), October 21, 2015 (''Back to the Future'' Day, the day to which Marty and Doc traveled in the beginning of the 1989 film ''Back to the Future II''). .*****Mike won as Adam could not name a Christopher Guest movie. He jokingly said Christopher Nolan's ''The Dark Knight''. +Adam's answer (the 2008 film ''Step Brothers'') upset Spencer. +*Mike and Adam both said ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off'', but Mike was faster, even though Adam claimed he said the whole title first. +**Adam was not able to argue for ''Animal House'' as he had never seen it. +***Mike’s performance in the Speed Round marks: - The seventh time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, 26, 34, 43, and 47, four of which Spencer had also been present for as either a winner (43), a second-place finisher (26, 47), or Fact Checker (18)), - the fourth time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering four questions (instead of only three as done in episodes 18, 23, and 26), and - the sixth time someone has gotten four consecutive points in the Speed Round (previously done in a five-question Speed Round in episode 27, a seven-question Speed Round in episode 28, and the four-question Speed Rounds in episodes 34, 43, and 47.) '''Episode 54: Luke Skywalker: Good or Evil? (10-25-15)'''<ref>Episode 54: Luke Skywalker: Good or Evil? (10-25-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sATnivgGifI</ref> Not counting the anniversary episode which brought back the original panel, this is the eighth fight in a row to feature a new fighter. Judged by Alicia (as Andy was still on a special unnamed assignment) with Spencer again as remote Fact Checker. Alicia is the sixth person and first female to judge Movie Fights. Spencer was accompanied by Stacey Howard, co-host (with past Fact Checker Miss Movies) of Six Degrees of Feature Film, who remained silent during fact checks. Scott's twitter was incorrectly shown as MoiveMantz throughout the episode. Also, Stacey's tag had Film spelled as Fiilm. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Scott Mantz || 2/1 || Third* |- | Grae Drake || New fighter || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 9/3 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Scott !! Grae !! Dan |- | 1: What was the best moment in the new ''Star Wars [Episode VII: The Force Awakens]'' trailer? || ** || || 1 |- | 2: What role in ''[The] Force Awakens'' should Luke Skywalker's role be? || 1*** || || |- | 3: What is the best Bill Murray performance? || || 1 || |- | 4: Who is the best horror movie villain of all time? || || || 1 |- | 5: Which director would you bring back from the dead to make one more film? || || 1 || |- | 6: Who is the best Australian actor? || **** || ***** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are in the bargain bin, and you have to buy one. Which do you choose: ''The Pacifier'' or ''The Tooth Fairy''? || x || 1 + || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with "Witch" in the title? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which is better: ''Back to the Future II'' or ''III''? || x || || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best movie featuring Chris Rock? || x || 1 || +** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is the best Mark in Hollywood? || x || 1 || +*** |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the most inspiring film? || x || +**** || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 5 || '''6''' |} .*Besides Dan, Scott becomes the first fighter to not come in second place in any of his first four fights. .**During arguments, Scott called ''The Empire Strikes Back'' the ''Citizen Kane'' of ''Star Wars'' movies. Alicia told him that doing so was against the rules. .***Alicia asked for affirmation from Spencer of her opinion before ruling for Scott. .****Scott chose Cate Blanchett, but, as Alicia pointed out, he didn't mention her musical capabilities when fighting against Dan, who chose Hugh Jackman and used his musical capabilities in his argument. .*****Though he lived in Australia for much of his life and had an Australian accent early on, Grae's choice, Mel Gibson, was born in the United States to non-Australian parents. +Split decision. Spencer disagreed with Alicia while Scott agreed with her. +*Spencer recused himself from judging due to personal dislike of both movies, but Scott agreed with Alicia, who was able to choose Dan's argument for ''III'' despite preferring ''II''. +**Dan argued for ''Pootie Tang'' and against ''Top Five''. After the ruling for Grae, Dan admitted he had never seen either movie. +***Despite being given a significant amount of time to choose Wahlberg before Grae did, Dan did not say his name in time and started to think of another Mark. Alicia offered him a chance to use a lifeline, but Spencer would not allow it ("Them's the rules"). Ultimately, Dan could not think of another Mark, including Hamill (whom Alicia suggested after Dan ran out of time), despite an earlier question about Luke Skywalker. +****As part of Grae's argument, she activated the race card and stated that if you don't vote for her choice (''Selma''), you hate black people. '''Episode 55: Wes Anderson: Horror Director?! (11-1-15)'''<ref>Episode 55: Wes Anderson: Horror Director?! (11-1-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVkwxjXb7CA</ref> Not counting the anniversary episode which brought back the original panel, this is the ninth fight in a row to feature a new fighter. *The new fighter drops the f-bomb once. Andy stated that the following week, there would be a big announcement for Screen Junkies. During this, he pointed to his shirt, which showed part of what looked like the S.H.I.E.L.D emblem. Dan stated that he would not be present for the following Movie Fight. Dan was accompanied by fan Meredith Loftus, who lives in Los Angeles. Mark Ellis appears in a big bright blonde wig. Not counting the first episode, seventeenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Ninth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), 42, 44, 45, 47, and 48). Scoring is the same as the previous week relative to the seating positions. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 1/2 || Third |- | Ben Begley || New fighter || Second |- | Mark Ellis || 1/4 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Marc A !! Ben !! Mark E |- | 1: Who should be the next James Bond? || 1 || || |- | 2: Pitch us a Wes Anderson horror movie * || || || 1 |- | 3: What is the strangest on-screen movie pairing? || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the best heist movie? || || 1** || |- | 5: What actor should be in a ''Transformers'' movie? *** || || 1 || |- | 6: What is the best ensemble comedy cast? || **** || ***** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie starring Bradley Cooper? || x || 1 + || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with the word "lost" in the title? +* || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should we buy: ''Gremlins 2'' or ''Alien 3''? || x || +** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which city would you rather visit: the Emerald City of ''The Wizard of Oz'' or Cloud City of ''[The] Empire Strikes Back''? || x || || 1 +*** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which director would you pick to remake ''Jaws''? || x || 1 +**** || +***** |- | TIE BREAKER: Hollywood's best Smith? || x || ++ || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 5 || '''6''' |} .*Question emailed by Nick Mundy .**The winning choice, ''Fast Five'', was the only one heavily listed on the internet as a heist movie. ''Die Hard'' (Marc's choice) and ''Inception'' (Mark's choice) were not. .***Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson was disallowed from the fight as an option .****Marc A's choice, ''Back to the Future'', was not considered by Andy to really be a comedy even though Marc showed him that on imdb, it was listed as an action/adventure comedy. During the argument, he briefly walked off after it became clear his choice would not win. .*****Meredith was asked during the arguments which movie she thought was better: ''Wet Hot American Summer'' (Ben's choice) or ''Caddyshack'' (Mark E's choice). She said ''Wet Hot American Summer'', but Ben did not win. Also, she was asked a different question than the question at hand. Near the end of arguments, even though it was not a Speed Round question, Andy asked Dan and Meredith for their opinions on a winner, but neither could give one. +Marc A recused himself from voting as he hated both choices: ''American Sniper'' (Ben's choice) and ''Silver Linings Playbook'' (Mark's choice). However, Andy voted for Ben, and Dan agreed with him. +*Repeat question from episode 50. Marc Andreyko stated that he should get a point, claiming that the answer should have been ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'', versus ''Lost World'' (Ben's choice) and ''Lost in Space'' (Mark's choice). +**Ben did not say ''Gremlins 2'' as fast as Mark did and got stuck with ''Alien 3'', which he stated was the only ''Alien'' film he never watched. However, he was still able to talk about it. +***Split decision. Marc voted for Ben, but Andy voted for Mark E. Dan agreed with Andy as Ben's argument points pertained to Oz as a whole and not to the Emerald City. +****Split decision. Only Andy voted for Mark, who chose Colin Trevorrow. Dan stated that he could not be impartial (likely because he didn't like ''Jurassic World'') and deferred to Meredith, who voted for Ben. Dan then stated that he too would have voted for Ben, just as Marc did (Marc also stated that he disliked ''Jurassic World''). +*****Even though Mark E did not win a point, the scoreboard did give him a point, showing him as beating Ben 6-4. However, it was corrected to 5-4, and then to 5-5. ++Ben stated that he could not think of anyone besides Will Smith, whom Mark E already chose. He wound up picking Will's wife Jada Pinkett Smith, but no one voted for him. '''Episode 56: Casting Shazam! opposite The Rock plus HUGE SJ NEWS!! (11-8-15)'''<ref>Episode 56: Casting Shazam! opposite The Rock plus HUGE SJ NEWS!! (11-8-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XEGNO6AMu8</ref> Andy announces in the beginning of the episode that the Screen Junkies channel is expanding, offering a $4.99/month subscription service called Screen Junkies Plus, featuring shows from several different fighters, plus a scripted internet series Interns of F.I.E.L.D. *In celebration, everyone in the video has a Coors Light beer. No new fighters appear. Excluding the anniversary episode (52) and the last Comic Con episode (46), this is the first episode since episode 45 to not feature any. Hal Rudnick hosts for the first time. Roxy Striar appears as the Fact Checker as Dan is attending his friend's wedding. Third consecutive episode to require a tie-breaker. Nick Mundy, already the only person to finish in third place in three consecutive fights, extends the record to four consecutive fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/8 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 4/10 || Third |- | Andy Signore || 0/3 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Nick !! Andy |- | 1: Who should play Shazam and go head to head with the Rock? || 1 || || * |- | 2: What video game franchise could legitimize video game movies? ** || || || 1 |- | 3: Pitch an all-female version of an existing movie or franchise *** || 1 || **** || |- | 4: Who should play Eric Draven, The Crow ***** || || || 1 |- | 5: Pitch the ultimate ''Hunger Games'' ride for the upcoming theme park || + || || 1 +* |- | 6: What is the worst action sequel of all-time? +** || || 1+*** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' +**** || 2 || 1+***** || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one do you buy: ''Speed 2 Cruise Control'' or ''XXX: State of the Union''? || || x || 1++ |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Jeff || ++* || x || 1++ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with the word "road" in it || 1 ++**, ++*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is the best actor or actress who is a sir or a dame? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Tell me the best movie starring Seth Rogan || 1++*** || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: ''Naked Gun'' or ''Hot Shots'' || || x || 1++ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5++**** || 1 || '''6'''++***** |} .*In his arguments, Andy stated that in ''GI Joe [Retaliation]'', The Rock's character (Roadblock) killed Channing Tatum's (Spencer's answer) character (Duke). However, this is not true. Their characters were allies. .**While normally, the first fighter to talk would rotate to the person next to the one who started the previous question, Hal skipped over Nick and started with Andy. .***Throughout this round, the bottom of the screen spelled the word "version" as "verison". .****Nick's cast for an all-female ''Lord of the Rings'', which included The Rock as Arwen, was created by Nick's wife Dilara. .*****Emailed by one-time fact checker Miss Movies +Spencer discussed a hijacking. In episode 13, he had proposed ''Speed'' the Ride, which involved a similar scenario. +*Andy discussed the show ''Wipeout'' as part of his proposal. He had once appeared on the show. +**Hal stated that the next Honest Trailer will be for ''Terminator: Genisys''. +***Nick stated that he walked out his choice ''A Good Day to Die Hard'' 45 minutes in. He won the point even though he was guaranteed to lose the episode. *Andy and Spencer claimed that they had more to their argument before Hal immediately decided to end the round and award the point. +****Hal specifically explains that in the Speed Round, each fighter gets 15 seconds with a 5 second rebuttal. Andy states that this is the way it has been, which is true, but it only officially began five episodes earlier. +*****Nick becomes the fourth fighter to lose in four consecutive appearances. He narrowly avoided becoming the first person to finish two fights with no points. He also becomes the first fighter to reach 11 losses, something not reached again until 15 episodes later by Spencer, who has the same number of wins (four (both at this point in time and also in episode 71)). ++For the first and second Speed Round questions and the tie-breaker, Hal gave Andy the point without asking for opinions from Nick or Roxy. *After the tie-breaker, Nick indicated that he disagreed with Hal's decision. ++*Spencer was unable to clearly demonstrate he could tell the difference between Daniels (his choice) and Bridges (Andy's choice). ++**Spencer said ''[Mad Max: The] Road Warrior'', but he then said its sequel ''Fury Road'' was better. However, no one pointed this out, and Spencer still got the point. *Had Hal ruled against Spencer for this, he would have finished with two points. Spencer is already the only fighter to finish in second place with only two points (see episode 26), so he would also have become the first person to ''twice'' finish in second place with only two points. ++***Split decision. Roxy voted for Andy for the third and fifth Speed Round questions. Roxy did not overrule either split decision. ++****Although Spencer's win percentage falls from 0.333 to 0.308, his points per game average slightly increases from 4.42 to 4.46. ++*****Andy narrowly avoided becoming the fifth fighter to lose in four consecutive appearances (right after Nick became the fourth) and the fourth to have a 0-4 record at any point (Trisha's current record, Roger's former record, and Hal's initial official record before he was retroactively awarded a win for episode 1. *Not counting Dan, Andy is now in 18th place, right below Nick, Hal, and Spencer, who are respectively 17th, 16th, and 15th. '''Episode 57: Best Stoner movie? with Doug Benson (11-15-15)'''<ref>Episode 57: Best Stoner movie? with Doug Benson (11-15-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_z1ems5fAkM</ref> The numbers in the scoreboard now have the same color-style as the names, with the grey shading in the middle. A fan-made belt is revealed and will be on the line the following week in a fight between Dan and the two contestants who have beaten him in Con fights, Spencer and Chris Stuckmann. Doug Benson, age 51, is the oldest contestant in the show's history, beating the previous record held by Scott Mantz. Scott wears a ''Jaws 19'' shirt from ''Back to the Future II''. Only nine points were awarded in this fight, the lowest since Episode 8. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Scott Mantz || 2/2 || Third* |- | Chloe Dykstra || 0/1 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Benson Doug Benson] || New Fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Scott !! Chloe !! Doug |- | 1: Best Stoner movie? ** || || || 1 |- | 2: Will the ''Warcraft'' movie be any good? || || || 1 |- | 3: What director would you like to see return to a franchise? || 1 || || |- | 4: What romantic comedy should get a sequel? || || 1 || |- | 5: What screenwriter would you like to see write a comic book and for which superhero should they write [for]? || || 1 || |- | 6: What movie would make the best Broadway musical? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie starring Amy Adams? || x || || 1 *** |- | SPEED ROUND B: The two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should I buy: ''Boogie Nights'' or ''Magnolia''? || x || **** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Excluding sequels, tell me the best movie with a number in the title. || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2***** || '''6''' + |} .*Besides Dan, Scott is the first fighter to fight five times without coming in second place. He also remains the only (besides Dan) to do it in his first four fights and one of only two (the other being Amy) to do it in his first three fights. .**Question submitted by JT the Engineer (JTE). .***Split decision. Scott agreed with Chloe for ''Junebug'', but Dan already agreed with Andy that Doug provided the better response (''The Fighter''). .****Chloe was stuck with ''Magnolia'', but she stated that she hadn't been able to see it yet but was going to the following weekend (despite its being released in 2000). .*****Chloe becomes the second person (after Spencer) to finish in second place with only two points. +Doug’s performance in the Speed Round marks: - The eighth time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, 26, 34, 43, 47, and 53) and - the first time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering only three questions (instead of four) since episode 26. '''Episode 58: Which Star Wars Character Would Win The Hunger Games? (11-21-15)'''<ref>Episode 58: Which Star Wars character Would Win The Hunger Games? (11-21-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tnk5VOwEZxc</ref> Fifth Title Belt fight. A new Belt is introduced. First episode aired after the introduction of Screen Junkies Plus. It aired live on Thursday 11-19-15 and was followed by the first episode of "After The Fight". Andy announces that Screen Junkies Plus will be free on 11-26-15 through 11-29-15. During the fight, Andy wore an Inspectre Gadget shirt. Andy correctly predicted that Chris Stuckmann would lose. First episode to be uploaded to youtube on a Saturday. Ken Napzok as Fact Checker, accompanied by Chris Stuckmann's wife Samantha The scoreboard has Spencer's name written as Spence. This may or may not be intentional. Only nine points were awarded this episode (fourth episode in which this has happened). This just happened the previous episode, after not having happened since 49 episodes before that. Dan's argument for "seaQuest DSV" in the second question of this episode was determined by Screen Junkies in late 2016 to be the greatest moment of the first 100 episodes. The table arrangement of first, second, and third place was the same as the previous episode. Fourteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Chris Stuckmann || 1/0 || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/9 || Second * |- | Dan Murrell || 10/3 || '''Win''' ** |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Chris !! Spencer !! Dan |- | 1: What movie made in the last 15 years should get a remake? || || 1 || |- | 2: What [other]*** 90s TV show should get a movie? **** || || || 1 |- | 3: Which ''Star Wars'' character would win a Hunger Games? || || 1***** || |- | 4: Pitch a ''Fast and Furious'' spin-off movie? || 1+ || || |- | 5: What movie in the last 5 years won't 'Hold Up'? || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the worst James Bond movie? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER +*: Best movie with the word "game" in it? +** || || 0 || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If you had to, which classic film would make a better remake: ''Casablanca'' or ''Gone With the Wind''? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which was the better performance: Richard Dreyfuss in ''What About Bob?'' or Joe Pesci in ''My Cousin Vinnie''? || x || || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should we buy: ''Hot Tub Time Machine 2'' or ''The Hangover 2''? || x || || 1+*** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2+***** || 2++ || '''5''' ++*, ++** |} .*Spencer becomes the second player to reach 10 losses, after Nick Mundy. He also becomes the fifth fighter to reach four consecutive losses, two weeks after Nick became the fourth. .**Dan has now won more Title Belt fights than any other contestant has won fights in general (not counting Spencer's victory at San Diego Comic-Con). .***Besides "Baywatch" .****Throughout the round, the bottom of the screen had the word "Whast" instead of "What". .*****In episode 7, Spencer also won the question of which major superhero would win the Hunger Games. His arguments for Wolverine and Yoda both revolved around survival versus combat as shown in the Plus-exclusive Screen Junkies Show episode titled Best Movie Fights Moments (2014 - 2016) as moment #38 of 50. +Chris won as his response was deemed to be the only true spin-off (versus a sequel). +*This is the first time since episode 29 that there has been a three-way tie at the end of the regular round. However, it happened just two days earlier on the first episode of TV Fights. Like episode 29, but unlike the TV Fights episode, no points were awarded for the tie-breaker. *Further, the first episode of TV Fights has since been determined by Billy A. Patterson and Ken Napzok to not be an actual episode of the show. +**Repeat question from episode 49. Spencer re-used Scott Mantz's winning answer ''The Game'' and was able to proceed. Chris was dropped after he could not defend ''The Game Plan'', which he knew was not a good movie and which he had never seen. +***Split decision. Chris voted for Spencer. +****Spencer twice accused Dan of never having watched Dan's choice (''Hot Tub Time Machine 2''). After the point was awarded, Dan admitted he had not seen either film. +*****Chris' two points represent the first time someone finished in third place with more than one point since episode 35 (more than 5 months earlier). ++Third episode in which the second-place finisher finishes with only two points. This just happened in the previous episode, after not having happened since 31 episodes earlier. *Spencer becomes the first person to do this twice and is one of only two people to do this even once. *Already the only person to be swept in the Speed Round twice (until Dan Murrell shares this with him after episode 94), Spencer becomes the first to do this three times, two of which happened against Dan in Belt Fights. ++*Dan's performance in the Speed Round marks: - The ninth time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, 26, 34, 43, 47, 53, and 57) and - the second time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering only three questions (instead of four) since episode 26 (which itself was the third time), with the first time having just happened in the previous episode. ++**Despite Dan's victory and increase in win percentage (to 78.6%), his points per game average falls slightly to 5.36 since his win only required five points. ++***Dan's five points represent the lowest winning score since episode 29 (the last episode in which the regular round ended with a three-way tie). '''Episode 59: Jessica Jones and MCU Team Up? (11-28-15)'''<ref>Episode 59: Jessica Jones and MCU Team Up? (11-28-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THEVg_U7XB8</ref> Blind fight. None of the fighters have been given any of the questions to prepare ahead of time. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 1/3 || Third* |- | Mike Carlson || 5/5 || '''Win''' |- | Roger Barr || 1/7 || Second* |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Marc A !! Mike !! Roger |- | 1: What is the best ''Star Wars'' movie? || || 1 || |- | 2: What character's origin story do we never ever need to see in a movie again? || || || 1 |- | 3: What MCU franchise should Jessica Jones team up with? || 1 || || |- | 4: If you could live inside any Disney movie, which one would you pick? ** || || 1 || |- | 5: I want you to pitch us a title and logline for the fourth new*** ''Planet of the Apes'' movie? || || 1 || |- | 6: What's the best Stallone movie ****? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: There are two movies in the bargain bin: 2014's ''Robocop'' or 2012's ''Total Recall''. Which do we buy? || x || || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Tell me the most over-the-top performance by Nicolas Cage. || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is the best superhero that does not wear a cape? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Name me an actor who[m] Quentin Tarantino should revitalize next. || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Excluding sequels, tell me the best movie with a number in the title. + || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''6''' || 4 |} .*Of all fighters who have won any fights, Marc A and Roger are now the two lowest ranked with win percentages of 0.200 and 0.111 respectively. .**Clarified to mean animated, but expanded to allow Pixar movies. .***The "new" series began with ''Rise of the Planet of the Apes'' (2011). .****Rocky and Rambo movies were not allowed, but the fighters were allowed to search online for movies. Roger didn't need to do this though, and he won. .*****Split decision. Marc disagreed with Andy, who chose Roger (''Total Recall''). +As mentioned by Andy, this is a repeat question (episode 57). '''Episode 60: Best Moment in the Batman v Superman Trailer? (12-5-15)'''<ref>Episode 60: Best Moment in the Batman v Superman Trailer? (12-5-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImLoGdczLU0</ref> Hosted by Dan Murrell Mark Reilley as Fact Checker {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Umberto Gonzalez || New fighter || Third |- | Andy Signore || 1/3 || Second |- | Kim Horcher || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Umberto !! Andy !! Kim |- | 1: Does the ''Batman [v] Superman'' trailer (released December 2, the night before filming) make you more or less excited for the movie? || || || 1 |- | 2: What was the best moment in the ''Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice'' trailer? || || 1 || |- | 3: Based on the trailers that we've seen, which movie do you think will be better: ''[Captain America:] Civil War'' or ''Batman v Superman''? || 1 || * || 1 |- | 4: What normally good character would you like to see turn evil in a movie? || || || 1 |- | 5: What is the best comedy franchise of all time? || || ** || 1 |- | 6: What is the most overrated superhero movie? *** || **** || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best movie starring a professional athlete? ***** || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who's the better first officer: Spock or Chewbacca? || x || || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: What director would you choose to do a live-action remake of ''The Iron Giant''? +* || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two movies are on cable at the same time. Which one of them do you watch: ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut'' or Team America [:World Police] || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''6''' |} .*Andy initially decided to attempt Devil's Advocate (last attempted in episode 33 and last argued successfully in episode 16) by choosing ''Batman v Superman'', but he then said he didn't need it (he could argue it straight) and would even let Umberto and Kim tag-team against him for one point a piece. He argued that he wanted more from the ''Civil War'' trailer (specifically why Captain American and Bucky Barnes were fighting against Tony Stark), but Umberto stated that in the previous two rounds, Andy was complaining that the ''Batman v Superman'' trailer showed too much. Dan agreed and ruled against Andy since he said he didn't even need Devil's Advocate. .**Andy attempted to only use the first three ''Vacation'' films for his franchise, but Dan would not ignore the subsequent films. .***The sixth question was a clue to the next Honest Trailer, ''Ant-Man''. This was also Kim's answer, but she did not win the point. .****Umberto answered ''X-Men: The Last Stand'', which was easily argued against as it was not widely liked, which he acknowledged immediately in his response. .*****Andy chose ''Fast Five'', and Kim chose ''Furious 7''. Umberto did not want to agree that Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson's sport, professional wrestling, was a professional sport. +Split decision. Umberto chose Andy (who chose Chewbacca). Mark agreed with Dan on Kim's answer, Spock, despite the fact that he was wearing a ''Star Wars'' shirt. +*Andy chose Brad Bird, who directed the 1999 original. '''Episode 61: Pitch a Solo Batman Movie with Kevin Smith (12-12-15)'''<ref>Episode 61: Pitch a Solo Batman Movie with Kevin Smith (12-12-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5u1mAMMIms</ref> Alicia Malone as Fact Checker, accompanied by Ben Goddard. Taped on a Tuesday (12-8-15). The fifth episode of TV Fights taped the following Thursday. Though Kevin Smith is sitting in the middle, he is treated as the third player in terms of asking questions. Fifteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 6/5 || Third |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Smith Kevin Smith] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 11/3 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Kevin !! Dan |- | 1: Best Harrison Ford movie? || || || 1 |- | 2: Pitch the ultimate Marvel vs DC movie (one-on-one character) || 1 || || |- | 3: Pitch the next Batman solo movie || * || 1** || |- | 4: Who is the greatest director who is also an actor? *** || || 1 || |- | 5: Pitch us the next ultimate Marvel movie villain. || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the best, as in least worst, ''Star Wars'' prequel? **** || || ***** || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Best Kevin Smith movie? + || || 0+* || 0+* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should I buy: ''Cop Out'' or ''Jersey Girl''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best movie with Shane Black attached as a writer? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Excluding any of our guests (Kevin Smith), if one was forced, which director would you hire to reboot ''Clerks''? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best black and white movie of all time? || x || 1+*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Mike wanted to pitch ''Batman Through the Looking Glass'', but found out that it already exists as a comic book. However, he continued to pitch an ''Alice in Wonderland''-type story. .**Kevin indicated that he could not give his original pitch (''Batman: Hush'') due to losing a coin toss to Dan, and Dan ultimately departed from the bulk of the idea anyway. He suggested allowing George Clooney to return as Batman. .***Rather than starting with Mike, Andy started with Dan for the fourth fight even though Dan had started the second fight. .****Each fighter had to draw a card with the name of a prequel and argue for it. The question also was a clue to the next Honest Trailer, ''Revenge of the Sith''. Dan chose ''Revenge of the Sith'', and then Mike chose ''Attack of the Clones'', leaving Kevin with ''The Phantom Menace''. It was during this time that Andy realized an error in the order (stemming from question 4). Dan later revealed that he had been hoping for ''The Phantom Menace'' but knew he’d be okay as long as he didn’t get ''Attack of the Clones''. .*****Kevin wanted to argue that ''The Empire Strikes Back'' was the best prequel. He stated that due to the upcoming sequel trilogy that all of the movies were prequels. However, the definition of prequel is that it must be released ''after'' a movie that takes place after it, and the film was not released subsequent to any other ''Star Wars'' film except the original. *During his argument for ''The Phantom Menace'', Kevin incorrectly stated that Qui-Gon Jinn was cut in half. While he was stabbed, he was not cut in half. Darth Maul, who stabbed him, was cut in half shortly afterwards. +Though Mike said ''Chasing Amy'' before Dan said ''Red State'', Andy had Dan argue before Mike. Andy chose Kevin to move on despite the fact that Kevin said he agreed with Mike and Dan. He conferred with Alicia and Ben, who agreed. +*The scoreboard inappropriately gave Kevin and Dan each a point for the tie-breaker. However, Andy did not, and the points on the leaderboard and for this fight do not reflect the points. +**Split decision. Ben chose Dan. +***Split decision. Mike chose Dan. '''Episode 62: Star Trek Beyond Trailer: Good or Bad? (12-19-15)'''<ref>Episode 62: Star Trek Beyond Trailer: Good or Bad? (12-19-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z68sNckphnk</ref> John Rocha appears, just two days after winning TV Fights. Despite winning that episode, he is shut out in this episode. JTE is replaced as engineer by Cody. Tenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), 42, 44, 45, 47, 48 (in which Nick got no points, and 55). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | John Rocha || 0/2 || Third |- | Doug Benson || 1/0 || Second |- | JTE || New fighter * || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! John !! Doug !! JTE |- | 1: Who[m] would you want to cast as Star-Lord's father for ''Guardians of the Galaxy [Vol.] 2''? || || 1 || |- | 2: Which of these trailers got us most excited? ** || || || 1 |- | 3: Based on the [new ''Star Trek Beyond''] trailer, should we be worried? || || 1 || |- | 4: What movie has most lived up to the hype? *** || || || 1 |- | 5: Pitch us the ultimate ''Barbie'' movie. || || || 1**** |- | 6: What other***** 90's movie would you like to see a sequel to, that doesn't already have one? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 0 || 2 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best movie with the word "spy" in the title? || x || || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which do we buy [: ''Transformers: Dark of the Moon'' or ''Star Trek Into Darkness''] +*? || x || 1 || +** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Andy Serkis motion capture performance? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || 3 || '''6''' |} .*Though JTE is listed as a new fighter, he participated briefly in the Schmoes Know fight, just like Tiffany Smith before him (and Ken Napzok in the subsequent episode). .**Options were trailers released in the previous week: ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows'', ''Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them'', ''X-Men: Apocalypse'', ''Star Trek Beyond'', and ''Independence Day: Resurgence.'' .***Andy started this round with Doug rather than John. Subsequently, he started the fifth round with John [rather than Doug]. This led to his starting with Doug again for the sixth round. .****Twitter followers were able to vote on a winner. While Doug slightly won the vote, Andy gave the point to JTE. John did not receive any votes. .*****Besides ''Independence Day: Resurgence'' (even though the originator of the question was referring to ''The Fugitive''). +Split decision. John picked Doug, who answered ''Spy''. +*The names of the movies were not spoken initially. A graphic was shown, and JTE picked ''Star Trek Into Darkness''. +**JTE took a second 5-second rebuttal, so Doug was given an extra one to make it even. '''Episode 63: Is The Force Awakens The Best Star Wars Movie? (12-26-15)'''<ref>Episode 63: Is The Force Awakens The Best Star Wars Movie? (12-26-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnsE3fkMLok</ref> Pre-recorded, ''Star Wars''-themed episode. The episode was not followed by an "After the Fight". Roxy Striar returns as Fact Checker. First regular episode to feature three new fighters (although Hector previously appeared on an episode of TV Fights and Ken appeared in the Schmoes Know Movie fight) since episode 20 (and the first in general since episode 25). Hector is the first fighter to first appear on TV Fights and then appear on Movie Fights (John Rocha appeared the previous week on TV Fights and then Movies Fights, but he had previously appeared on Movie Fights twice). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hector Navarro || New fighter || Second |- | Yancy Berns || New fighter || Third |- | Ken Napzok || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Hector !! Yancy !! Ken |- | 1: Where does ''[The] Force Awakens'' rank among the other ''Star Wars'' movies? || || || 1* |- | 2: What's the worst part of ''The Force Awakens''? ** || 1 || || |- | 3: Best new*** character in ''[The] Force Awakens''? || || 1 || |- | 4: Pitch us ''[Star Wars] Episode VIII''. || || || 1 |- | 5: What is the best Christmas movie?**** || 1 || || |- | 6: What's the worst movie to watch with your family? || 1 || || ***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie ever set in the snow? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie of all time based on a toy? || 1+* || x || +** |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are in the bargain bin: ''After Earth'' or ''A Million Ways to Die [in the West]''? +*** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best character from the ''Rocky'' series other than Rocky? +**** || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: These two movies are playing on cable. Which one do we watch: ''The Green Lantern'' or ''The Green Hornet''? || || x || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Best movie directed by Ron Howard? || || x || 1+***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || 1 || '''6''' |} .*The first point of the game is awarded at the 21:42 mark. .**Andy said this question came from Taylor Swift, but he was corrected. It came from someone named Taylor Smith (@TaylorSmith1986). Andy stated that he liked the album ''1989''. .***Although the originator of the question specified "new", and Andy also said "new," the screen did not say this in the question. Further, Ken's answer (Han Solo) would not have been consistent with this requirement. .****Repeat question from episode 8. .*****Ken picked ''Love Actually''; he acknowledged that he stated on the last episode of Screen Junkies Universe that it was one of his favorite movies. +Split decision. Yancy chose Hector (who picked ''Elf''). +*Split decision, reversed from previous fight. Yancy chose Ken (''Transformers'' (2007)) over ''Clue'' (1985). +**Ken originally picked ''Toy Story'', but Andy would not allow this as it was not based on an original toy, even though he acknowledged that Mr. Potato Head is in it. +***A visual aid was used. Andy never specified the question (which should we buy). Hector (who was left with ''After Earth'') initially appeared to think the question was which was worse and then appeared okay with being stuck with his answer. +****Both Ken and Hector picked Creeds (Apollo and his son Adonis respectively). Hector initially chose Apollo at the same time as Ken, but he said he meant to pick Adonis. +*****Split decision. Yancy chose Hector. Ken won despite doubting his answer (''Splash''). Hector incorrectly stated that Tom Hanks won an Oscar for ''Apollo 13,'' which Andy pointed out (he was only nominated). '''Episode 64: Pitch a Matrix Sequel - New Year's Eve 1999 (1-2-16)'''<ref>Episode 64: Pitch a Matrix Sequel - New Year's Eve 1999 (1-2-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RssOaO71px8</ref> Second consecutive pre-recorded episode. The episode was not followed by an "After the Fight". Judged by Alicia Malone. Ken Napzok returns as Fact Checker. Played and judged from the perspective of December 31, 1999. Spencer, Dan, Alicia, and Andy respectively give their ages as 14, 16, 18, and 20. However, Ken states he is from 2018. There are temporal errors made throughout the episode, mostly by Spencer. Very little preparation time was given for the fight. And correspondence given to fighters included Speed Round questions. This fight is not counted in the overall ranking/statistics. If the episode were counted, it would be the sixteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || Second |- | Spencer Gilbert || Third |- | Andy Signore || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Dan !! Spencer !! Andy |- | 1: Pitch a sequel to ''The Matrix''. * || 1 || || |- | 2: Which project should he [Will Smith] tackle in the new millennium to restore his box office supremacy? * || 1 || || |- | 3: Who[m] you would cast as Highland High's two worst students ** || || 1 || |- | 4: Who had the biggest breakout year in 1999? *** || || || 1 |- | 5: Who should direct ''Star Wars: Episode II''? *** || || || 1 |- | 6: Pitch a movie about the impending Y2K disaster. || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are playing at a theater. Which do you watch: ''Being John Malkovich'' or ''Fight Club''? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which performance was the best in ''Magnolia''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What would be the dream property in 1999 to give to Guy Ritchie? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best animated movie of the year: ''South Park: Bigger, Longer, & Uncut''; ''The Iron Giant''; or ''Toy Story 2''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the best movie featuring....?***** || 1 || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: You have to buy one of these Rob Schneider movies from the bargain bin[. Which do you buy]: ''Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo'', ''Big Daddy'', or ''Muppets from Space''? || || x || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || 1+* || '''6'''+** |} .*Spencer and Dan were the respective starters on questions 1 and 2, despite their seating arrangements. .**Who should be cast in a live-action movie of ''Beavis and Butthead''? .***Spencer started on question 4 (again skipping Dan). However, Spencer also started for question 5. .****Split decision. Both Spencer and Ken disagreed with Alicia, who overturned their votes and went with Dan's answer of ''James Bond'' (first overturn in Movie or TV Fights). .*****Drew Barrymore. Andy guessed who it was beforehand, as Alicia said the question was inspired by ''Never Been Kissed'', and said ''E.T.'', which lead to Dan stating that Andy cheated. +Split decision. Ken disagreed with Alicia and chose Dan (''Muppets from Space''). +*If this episode were to officially count, this would be Spencer's first episode in which he only received one point. While he has come in third place before, he received three points in that episode. +**If this episode were to officially count, Andy would be the first person to defeat Dan twice. In Dan's first loss (episode 35), while Andy didn't win, he still beat Dan, who finished in third. '''Episode 65: Best Movie of 2015? (1-9-16)'''<ref>Episode 65: Best Movie of 2015? (1-9-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3D_7HBPwt0</ref> Sixteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Throughout the fight and in the subsequent "After the Fight", Alison alluded to her loss to Hal (episode 41), but in "After the Fight", she stated that it ended with a tie breaker, while it actually ended with a fourth Speed Round question, with Hal already leading by one point. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alison Haislip || 0/2 || Third |- | Ben Begley || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_Decker Cody Decker] || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Alison !! Ben !! Cody |- | 1: What is the best movie of 2015? || || || 1 |- | 2: Best performce of 2015? || 1 || || |- | 3: What movie franchise would you like to see Leonardo [DiCaprio] join? || || 1 || |- | 4: Pitch us the story * for ''Creed''. || || 1 || ** |- | 5: What's the best movie quote of 2015? || || || 1 |- | 6: What's the greatest billion-dollar grosser of all time? || 1*** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Best live-action movie based on a cartoon? **** || || 0 ***** || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What character would you rather be: Leonardo DiCaprio in ''The Revenant'' + or Matt Damon in ''The Martian''? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would you rather team up with: Rey or Furiosa? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with the word "street" in the title? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which would you rather marathon: Fifteen Steven Segal movies or fifteen Chuck Norris movies? +*** || x || 1+*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Andy meant to say "sequel," not "story." .**Andy asked J.T. whether he liked Cody's or Ben's argument. J.T. chose Cody, but Andy still went with Ben. .***Alison stated that ''Jurassic Park'' made over a billion dollars after adjusting for inflation. While this is true, it made slightly about $1.03 billion without adjusting. At the time of the fight, it was 20th on a list of 24 films that had gross over a billion dollars worldwide. .****Points were given for the pre-Speed Round tie breaker. However, they are not shown here or counted in the rankings. In fact, Andy initially said that neither were given points, but he agreed right after to do so. .*****Ben originally said ''Batman'' (1989), but as this based more so on a comic, he was forced to pick something else. He eventually chose ''G.I. Joe: Retaliation'' after he and Alison both struggled to come up with answers and Dan started suggesting that Cody be allowed to automatically go forth to the Speed Round if Ben and Alison couldn't come up with answers. He was sent through without requiring a rebuttal, and Andy then had Cody and Alison each give rebuttals. +Although ''The Revenant'' had been given a limited release (four theaters in Los Angeles and New York City) in the United States on December 25, 2015 (before the fight was recorded on January 7, 2016), it did not receive a wide release until the day after the fight was recorded. Neither Alison nor Ben had seen it yet. +*Ben accidentally interrupted Cody in Cody's initial arguments for Leonardo DiCaprio, prompting Andy to allow Cody to start over. +**Split decision. Alison disagreed with Andy, who chose Ben (''Mean Streets'' over ''Street Fighter''). +***A graphic was shown with collections of fifteen films for each actor. However, the fighters were not given this graphic as it served no purpose in the question. +****Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy because he felt Cody had more passion for Chuck Norris while the arguments were similar. '''Episode 66: Biggest Oscar Snub? (1-16-16)'''<ref>Episode 66: Biggest Oscar Snub? (1-16-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcNdCAZbiic </ref> Loot Crate returns as sponsor. Ken Napsok as Fact Checker. Between TV Fights and Movie Fights during this week, Dan is the only male fighter out of six. Not counting the first episode, eighteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Eleventh episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the last one being episode 62). Normally, questions are given to fighters at least a day ahead of time for them to prepare. However, this wasn't fully possible for four of the six questions (1-3 and 6). Though it was known that the Oscars nominations would be announced that morning, it wasn't certain who the nominations would be, so answers couldn't be fully prepared ahead of time. Question 6 was given as a result of Alan Rickman's death, which happened earlier that day. A week after wearing an Avengers shirt, Andy wears a Revengers shirt ("A" logo replaced with an "R" logo), promoting the scripted Screen Junkies Plus series "Interns of F.I.E.L.D," which premiered on January 10, 2016. Between questions 2 (Dan) and 3 (Alicia and Amirose), each fighter chose to fight for some aspect ''The Revenant'' (Picture, Actor (Leonardo DiCaprior), and Cinematography). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 4/3 || Second |- | Amirose Eisenbach || New fighter || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 11/4 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Amirose !! Dan |- | 1: What is the biggest Oscar snub (for current year)? * || || 1 || |- | 2: What movie will win Best Picture? || || || 1 |- | 3: What or who is the surest best to win the Oscar this year? || || || 1** |- | 4: What category is missing from the Oscars and who should have won it? || || || 1 |- | 5: Who should play David Bowie in a biopic? || 1*** || || |- | 6: What is the best Alan Rickman performance? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Excluding his Academy Award nominated film from this year (''The Big Short''), what is the best film from Academy Award nominee Adam McKay? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two ***** are in the bargain bin. Which do we buy? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Since ''The Martian'' took a Golden Globe spot from an actual comedy, what's the funniest movie of 2015? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which movie should have earned [Leonardo] DiCaprio the Oscar? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''6''' |} .*The fighters were also required to take a nomination out of the respective category with which they would replace their snub. Alicia and Amirose each removed Adam McKay for director for ''The Big Short''. .**Dan won for choosing Brie Larson to win Best Actress for ''Room'', despite the fact that he didn't watch it until January 24 (11 days later) as shown on Mundy Night Raw. .***Alicia becomes the second fighter to win a point for choosing a female (Tilda Swinton) to play the role of a male. In episode 53, Adam Johnston did for choosing Quvenzhané Wallis to play a young John McClane. .****Alicia said ''Anchorman'' right before Dan did, leaving Dan to pick ''Anchorman 2''. Eventually, Dan gave up in his argument. .*****After the question was asked, a graphic was put up showing ''Shallow Hal'' and ''The Bounty Hunter''. .+Split decision. Amirose disagreed with Andy, who chose Dan (''Shallow Hal''). +*Dan picked ''What We Do in the Shadows''. Alicia had thought it was a 2014 movie since she saw it in 2014, but it didn't come out until 2015, which is why she said she didn't choose it. *Excluding Cons (for which points aren't awarded), this is Dan's 100th point between Screen Junkies' Movie and TV Fights (including a team fight against Cinema Sins and the 1999 fight, but not counting the Schmoes Know Movie Fight). '''Episode 67: Best Moment from the Suicide Squad Trailer? (1-23-16)'''<ref>Episode 67: Best Moment from the Suicide Squad Trailer? (1-23-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tKCcsh0mVw</ref> Twelfth episode (and second consecutive) in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. Fourth episode in which a fighter finishes with no points (the previous being episodes 41, 48, and 62). Erin Robinson returns after a 44 episode absence (breaking Alison Haislip's record of 31 episodes) and indicates that she will be on "The Amazing Race" starting February 12. Erin previously held the record for longest absence with 19 episodes, which by this time had been broken nine times (Michael Barryte (29), Alison Haislip (31), Tiffany Smith (23), Scott Mantz (21), Roger Barr (21), Miri Jedeikin (20), Andy Signore (20), Mark Reilly (26) in this episode, and herself). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 1/4 || '''Win''' |- | Erin Robinson || 0/2 || Second |- | Mark Reilly || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Marc A !! Erin !! Mark R |- | 1: What's the best moment in the (new) ''Suicide Squad'' trailer? || || 1 || |- | 2: What villain should fight Wonder Woman in her upcoming (2017) movie? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who should direct this ''[World War Z 2]''...and what should the movie focus on? * || 1 || || |- | 4: Who should play young Han Solo based on this short list that's going around town? **, *** || || 1**** || |- | 5: Pitch us the ultimate director's cut of the movie that you wish you could have seen. || 1 || || |- | 6: What's the best and most unexpected comedic performance from a usually dramatic actor? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 3 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which of these two movies in the bargain bin should we buy: ''The Smurfs 2'' or ''Madea Goes to Jail''....? ***** || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with the word "son/sun" in the title? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: I want you to pick the best song from any Disney movie. || || 1+*, +** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best sequel in the Marvel Cinematic Universe? || 1+*** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''+****|| 4 || 0 |} .*Andy indicated that the movies didn't really need pitches, and for the most part, the fighters did not pitch plots. .**The short list, which was not revealed to the audience before arguments included Emory Cohen (Erin's choice), Jack Reynor (Marc A's choice), and Scott Eastwood (Mark R's choice), Miles Teller, Ansel Elgort, Dave Franco, Blake Jenner, Logan Lerman. .***Erin gave her choice before Marc A did despite Marc being the first fighter (and hence the normal first fighter for the fourth question). Andy had Marc A go before Mark R gave his choice. .****Marc A's original choice was Emory Cohen, but he lost a coin toss to Erin. .*****A graphic was supplied. In addition to Andy speaking the titles after the graphic came up, there was a twitter caption shown, giving the movie titles. +Marc was faster than Erin at picking ''Madea Goes to Jail''. +*Erin's rebuttal was to have Marc sing a line from his pick ("Be Our Guest" from ''Beauty and the Beast'' (1991)). Marc sang the first line, but was not allowed to give any rebuttal outside of that line. +**Split decision. Mark disagreed with Andy. +***Marc was faster than Erin at picking ''[Captain America:] Winter Soldier'', leading Erin to pick ''Avengers: [Age of] Ultron''. +****Marc jumped to #21 on the leader board and is now higher on the leader board than Hal, Spencer, Nick, Andy, and Kristian, who were above him before this win. '''Episode 68: Best Animated Sequel? (1-30-16)'''<ref>Episode 68: Best Animated Sequel? (1-30-16)) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TsdfFTBXqUc</ref> Episode sponsored by Audible. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Erlich Brett Erlich] || New fighter || Second |- | Adam Hlavac || New fighter || Third |- | Hal Rudnick || 4/9 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Brett !! Adam !! Hal |- | 1: What is the best animated sequel that's not ''Toy Story''? || || || 1 |- | 2: What is the best parody movie of all time? * || 1 || || |- | 3: What other ** movie that's in color would look best in black and white? || || 1 || |- | 4: If you were doomed to be haunted by one movie ghost, who[m] do you pick? || 1 || || |- | 5: What's a better *** prequel movie from the '80s? **** || || || 1 |- | 6: What's a widely mocked movie that you secretly love? **** || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These ***** are both in the bargain bin. Tell us which one we should buy: ''Scooby-Doo'' or ''Alvin and the Chipmunks''? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What best actual movie title sounds most like a porno? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best Arnold Schwarzenegger comedy? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND D: Worst movie starring Bruce Willis? || +* || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie with the word "versus" in the title? || +** || x || 1+*** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''6''' |} .*besides ''Airplane'' .**besides ''Mad Max: Fury Road'' .***versus ''Die Hard'' .****Andy had Brett go first for a second question in a row after he went first in Round 4. For the last question, Adam went first. .*****A graphic was shown, and then Andy named the movies while it was still up. +Split decision. Adam disagreed with Andy, who chose Hal (''Twins'' over ''Junior''). +*Brett chose ''Hudson Hawk'', which was the movie he answered for Round 6 as one he secretly loves. Dan called this an unforced error. +**Brett picked ''[Ballistic] Ecks vs. Sever'', not realizing he was supposed to pick the best movie. Hal went along with this and argued for why his pick ''Alien vs. Predator,'' which he chose after Brett gave his answer, was the worst. Before rebuttals though, Andy clarified this. +***Seventh time someone has gotten four consecutive Speed Round points, and the first since episode 53. It is the first time since episode 28 in which someone did this without sweeping the Speed Round. '''Episode 69: Pitch The Next Big Fast & Furious Action Sequence (2-6-16)'''<ref>Episode 69: Pitch The Next Big Fast & Furious Action Sequence (2-6-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFDtdnBZIU0</ref> Loot Crate sponsors this episode. Only five questions are used prior to the Speed Round, just like in the last two TV Fights. Mike Carlson believed that the fight was the following day and hence did not arrive in time. He Skyped in when possible and eventually arrived. Dan Murrell fought for him, sometimes arguing pitches based on a single line answer. Dan did not score any points for Mike. To accommodate this problem, the normal order for asking questions was not followed. Ken Napzok as Fact Checker until Dan took over after Mike arrived. James Connery, creator of the current Championship Belt also appears on the Fact Checker couch. The ''Star Wars: The Force Awakens'' poster is no longer on the wall behind the couch. After this episode, there is once again a fighter who is 2-0, which Movie Fights has not had since Amy Nicholson lost episode 44. Interestingly, the next two episodes each produce a 2-0 fighter. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson* || 6/6 || Second |- | Rob Fee || New fighter || Third |- | Max Landis || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Rob !! Max |- | 1: Which movie remake would be better with adding zombies? || || || 1 |- | 2: Pitch us the next big action set piece in one of the future ''Fast and Furious'' franchise movies? || || || 1 |- | 3: What movie character do you wish most had their own Youtube channel? || || 1 || |- | 4: Pitch us the best ''Prometheus'' sequel?** || || || 1 |- | 5: If you could visit one restaurant or bar from any movie in real life, where do you go and what do you do, what do you have? || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Worst performance ever by any actor in a superhero movie? || 0 || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie with the word "old" in the title? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two movies are gonna be in the bargain bin. Which one should you buy?*** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the worst Coen Brothers movie?**** || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What would be the dream director for a good Power Rangers movie? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Ben Stiller comedy? || || x || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Dan Murrell appeared in Mike's place for much of the pre-Speed Round fighting. .**Mike did a pitch over Skype that was not very audible. Dan didn't have Mike's answer for this. While Mike gave his pitch, Dan lip-synched. Mike eventually arrived during this fight. .***A graphic was shown. Mike picked ''Couples Retreat'', leaving Max with ''Dinner for Schmucks''. Max would not argue for his answer and conceded the point. .****Both Mike and Max said ''Ladykillers'' at the same time. No one could tell who was first, so Andy skipped the question. .*****Split decision. Rob could not decide whose answer was better. James sided with Max (James Cameron), but Andy overruled him and went with Mike (Edgar Wright). +Max won despite indicating that ''Tropic Thunder'' was the best after he gave his initial answer ''Zoolander'' and Mike said ''Meet the Parents''. '''Episode 70: Will Batman v Superman Be Great? (2-13-16)'''<ref>Episode 70: Will Batman v Superman Be Great? (2-13-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-apyTyck7Ws</ref> Originally titled "Will Batman v Superman Suck?" Episode was delayed as Kristian was late arriving to the studio due to traffic as President Obama was in the Los Angeles area and Andy didn't want him Skyping in while driving as seen by Mike Carlson on the previous episode. Nick Mundy (who fought against Kristian and Mark in episode 38) was originally supposed to be on this episode, but as mentioned on "Screen Junkies Universe" the Wednesday before (2-10-16), he was letting Spencer fight in his place. However, so that he would have the change to fight his Schmoes Know brethren, Spencer allowed JTE to fight instead, launching the first ever Sneak Attack. JTE made a video predicting that he would win. The video featured scenes from ''The Karate Kid'' and ''The Matrix'' with characters (with JTE's face in place of the originals) fighting characters whose faces were respectively replaced with Kristian's and Mark's. A fan, Jeannine Brice accompanied Dan on the couch. She made some artwork of Andy, Dan, and Spencer, which was displayed on the wall behind the couch. She also wore a shirt with it. Even though Kristian sat between Andy and Mark, Kristian's and Mark's places on the scoreboard are switched when it is displayed. For the second week in a row, the fighter sitting next to Andy goes into the Speed Round against the one sitting across from Andy, behind by a score of 3-1. First of four consecutive episodes that finish with a score of 5-4-1. After this episode (just one week after Max Landis became a 2-0 fighter), there are two 2-0 fighters (with a third to come in the following episode), bringing the total number of fighters who have ever been 2-0 to five (after Dan Murrell, Mike Carlson, Amy Nicholson, and Max Landis), with a sixth to follow in the next episode.̈ *This marks the first time there have simultaneously been two undefeated fighters with more than one fight since Mike Carlson lost his third fight (episode 8). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Kristian Harloff || 1/4 || Second |- | Mark Ellis || 2/4 || Third |- | JTE || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Kristian !! Mark !! JTE |- | 1: What movie (trailer) won the Super Bowl? || || || 1 |- | 2: Based on all three trailers (for ''Batman V Superman: Dawn of Justice''), how excited should we be? * || || || 1 |- | 3: What other ** superhero that has already hit the big screen deserves a second chance? || 1 || || |- | 4: I want you guys to pitch a fictional movie.*** || || 1**** || |- | 5: What's the best fictional world for you to have a first date in?***** || + || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: What movie had the best Part III? || 0+* || +** || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which fictional singer or group from a movie would you have to perform the Halftime at a Super Bowl? || 1+***, +**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Bargain bin pic: Which of these two should we buy: The ''Tooth Fairy'' franchise or the ''Baby Geniuses'' franchise? +***** || 1 || x || ++ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie to "Netflix and Chill"? ++* || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What's the best movie to watch on Valentine's Day? || ++** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Tell me Hollywood's best Ryan. ++*** || ++**** || x || 1++***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*The answer needed to be quantified by giving other superhero films that have already been released and using their critical and financial response. Fighters were allowed to use separate movies for the critical and financial components, but only Kristian actually did that. *A poll of 263 tweeters gave 36% of the vote to JTE, 35% to Mark, and 29% to Kristian. Andy had already chosen JTE before the results were announced by Dan. .**Besides Deadpool, who previously appeared in ''X-Men Origins: Wolverine'' (also played by Ryan Reynolds). .***Blind question. In honor of Kristian's ''Night Falls'', each fighter needed to draw a fake movie title and three actors (one of whom the fighter would choose as being a cameo performance) out of mugs and make the pitch on the spot based on what they drew. .****Decided by twitter poll. Mark received 40% while Kristian and JTE received 29% and 31% respectively. .*****Asked by Brianne Chandler (@MissMovies), previously used in episode 26. Answers from that episode could not be used (Nick's Neverland, Dan's Chocolate Factory, and Spencer's Chicago from ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off''). .+Kristian, gave up early in his answer (which involved the film ''Major League'') and indicated he wished another question (ultimately the first Speed Round question) had made it to the final cut. He specifically said that JTE gets the point. However, he did continue arguing later, but JTE did in fact get the point after Andy cut the fight short (Andy did rule Kristian out for giving up) after JTE gave his argument against Mark. .+*Split decision. Jeannine disagreed with Andy, who chose Kristian (''Rocky III''). *This is the first ever split for a pre-Speed Round tie-breaker (for either Movie Fights or TV Fights). +**Mark chose ''Return of the Jedi'', which is technically Episode VI. +***The first Speed Round question was originally supposed to be a regular round question, but it was removed. Mark had chosen Wyld Stallyns, and Kristian had originally chosen Sexual Chocolate. This was mentioned right before this question was asked. However, when the question was asked, Kristian gave Mark's answer just over thirty seconds after Mark mentioned Wyld Stallyns. +****Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who chose Kristian over JTE, who chose Spinal Tap. +*****A graphic accompanied this question, showing the two 2-packs. Andy read the names after the graphic was shown. *Kristian (who answered second), in his rebuttal, asked JTE to defend ''Tooth Fairy 2'', leading to JTE's talking more, followed by Kristian's talking more. Eventually, Andy rang the bell to end it. ++Split decision. Jeannine disagreed with Andy, who chose Kristian (''Baby Geniuses'' franchise). ++*Andy said this question could be interpreted however the fighters wanted; however, Dan and Andy later pointed out that it could really mean only one thing (though they didn't specifically mention anything (sex)). ++**Kristian jokingly said ''Love Actually'', JTE's answer from the previous question. Andy made him stick with that answer, potentially costing him the game. ++***Originally, Andy was going to ask for the best movie with the word "Love" in the title, but as ''Love Actually'' was just mentioned in each of the last two questions, he declined to ask it. ++****Kristian mentioned that Meg Ryan has not been seen in a long time, but JTE mentioned that it was not required by the question that it be someone current. Andy mentioned this later in explaining his decision. ++*****Split decision. Jeannine disagreed with Andy, who chose JTE (Meg Ryan or Ryan Gosling). *Meg Ryan co-starred in ''When Harry Met Sally'' (which JTE mentioned), which was JTE's answer for the previous question. '''Episode 71: Pitch a Deadpool Sequel (w/ Kevin Smith) (2-20-16)'''<ref>Episode 71: Pitch a Deadpool Sequel (w/ Kevin Smith) (2-20-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2bws_gETGg</ref> Episode was delayed approximately fifteen minutes. Marc Andreyko appears dressed as Deadpool. Despite the order of sitting from Andy (Marc, Kevin, Spencer), for purposes of asking questions, Spencer is second, and Kevin is third. During "After the Fight", Kevin Smith had to leave. Andy left with him, and Dan took over hosting for the remainder of the show even though Andy came back. After this fight, for the first time ever, there are three undefeated two-fight competitors, the other two being Max Landis and JTE, who reached this in the last two fights respectively. The three are only the fourth, fifth, and sixth fighters to ever reach this. Spencer, already one of only five fighters to lose four consecutive fights, becomes the first fighter to lose five consecutive fights. He also becomes the second fighter to reach 11 losses (Nick had done it 15 episodes earlier). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 2/4 || Third |- | Kevin Smith || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/10 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 76%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Marc !! Kevin !! Spencer |- | 1: Pitch a ''Deadpool'' sequel and...cast Cable. || || 1* || |- | 2: Which existing property needs a Hard-R adaptation or reboot? || || || 1** |- | 3: What the one thing you want to see in ''[Star Wars] Episode VIII''? || || || 1 |- | 4: What is the best ''Batman'' movie? *** || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the worst job of any character in a movie? ****, ***** || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: Who is the best Ghostbuster? + || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND A2: Which one should we buy: ''The Bounty Hunter'' or ''The Ugly Truth''? +* || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Kurt Russell movie? +** || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Pick one: Ben Affleck or Matt Damon? || x || || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie featuring a mall? +**** || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Please tell me the best movie robot. || x || 1+*****, ++, ++* || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' ||4 |} .*A twitter poll agreed with Kevin's pitch. .**Spencer chose Wolverine, and that morning, it was confirmed that there would be an R-rated Wolverine film. .***Blind fight. Picking was done in the order of length of drawn straws (Spencer, then Kevin, then Marc). However, this was for naught, as according to the fighters, they each got to pick the one they wanted (''Batman Begins'', ''The Dark Knight'', and ''Batman Begins'', respectively). .****Spencer went first for the fifth question. While Spencer and Kevin opened, twitter followers voted for which choice Marc should pick. Similarly, Kevin changed to his second choice (Alfred from the ''Batman'' series) at the last minute. While Marc was talking, the twitter poll shifted, but he won anyway. .*****Round lasted slightly less than five minutes. +Question was tossed. After it was asked, Kevin hit the table and said "ding" to ring in. Very shortly afterwards, Spencer said [Dr. Peter] Venkman. Though Kevin had been on the show before, he thought he had to ring in. So Andy initially decided to modify the question to exclude Venkman. Kevin then said Egon [Spengler], and Spencer was unable to name another character, being only able to say Dan Aykroyd. To make things fair, Andy tossed the question. +*Bargain bin pick, graphic accompanied question, being shown right before the movies were named. +**Andy stated that he had asked this previously, meaning the fighters had time to think about their choices. Spencer chose ''Big Trouble in Little China'', which he recently reviewed on his show "Does it Hold Up?" Kevin stated ''Escape From New York'', but wanted to change his answer to ''Tombstone'', which he had previously submitted, but Andy wouldn't let him. +***Split decision. Marc disagreed with Andy, who chose Spencer (Matt Damon). +****Central to Kevin's winning argument was that in his choice (his own movie ''Mallrats''), the mall was central to the plot. That however was not the question (best movie featuring a mall). For example, Terminator 2: Judgement Day featured a mall and is widely acclaimed, but the mall was not central to the plot. +*****At the end of Spencer's initial argument, he mentioned that the Iron Giant (his choice) carried nuclear weapons. Kevin immediately used this against Spencer. ++After rebuttals, Kevin spoke again, saying he liked British people (his choice was C-3PO). Spencer was allowed to respond, saying he hated British people. ++*Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who chose Kevin. '''Episode 72: Who Should Join the Justice League? (2-27-16)'''<ref>Episode 72: Who Should Join the Justice League? (2-27-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJqSq7350ZQ</ref> Jason Inman returns after a 31 episode absence as a competitor. He states in the beginning that he has the longest time between appearances, but that is not true (Erin Robinson has an absence that is 13 episodes longer, and Alison Haislip has one that is just as long). Further, at the end of the episode, Roger Barr is said to have had the third-longest absence (after Andy said that Roger's absence was longer than Jason's), which is not true. Roger's absence was 21 episodes, a four-way tie for eighth longest (after Erin, Jason, Alison, Michael Barryte's 29, Mark Reilly's 26, Kristian Harloff's 24, and Tiffany Smith's 23 and tying with Trisha, who returns from a 21 episode absence in this episode, Scott Mantz, and Max Landis), and less than half of the longest. *Further, Jason was more recently on the fourth episode of TV Fights. **On the very next episode, Jeremy Jahns returns from a longer absence (33 episodes), and in episode 78, Jon Schnepp returns after a 41 episode absence, and in episode 80, Amy Nicholson returns after a 35 episode absence. So since the episode aired, Jason's absence went from being tied for the second-longest to tied for the fifth-longest. Just one week after Spencer Gilbert became the first fighter to lose five consecutive fights, Trisha becomes the second. This is Trisha's first appearance as a married woman. There is very little movement on the leader board with this fight, with Jason moving up only one spot and Trisha not moving at all. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jason Inman || 2/3 || '''Win''' |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/4 || Second |- | Ryan Right || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jason !! Trisha !! Ryan |- | 1: Which DC character should join the Justice League next? || 1* || || |- | 2: Pitch us the Zombieland sequel....and also, I wanna hear a celebrity cameo. || 1** || || |- | 3: What is a role that one actor was born to play? || || 1 || |- | 4: Now that Guillermo Del Toro is not directing Pacific Rim 2...what movie would you like to see Guillermo do next? || *** || || 1**** |- | 5: What franchise should crossover with ''Transformers''? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should we buy: ''Dirty Dancing'' or ''Ghost''? + || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Better J.J. Abrams reboot: ''Star Trek [2009]'' or ''Star Wars Episode VII]''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: If you've seen any of James Cameron's movies, which one should you watch first? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best movie with the word "movie" in the title? +** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: In honor of ''(The) Gods of Egypt'', best Gerard Butler movie? +*** || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4+**** || 1 |} .*Jason won despite losing a coin toss to Trisha, who chose Hal Jordan/Green Lantern and also despite choosing Vixen when only 20% of twitter respondents agreed. .**Andy chose Jason but said he's let twitter overrule him if the poll indicated otherwise; however, 56% of respondents agreed. .***During Jason's pitch for ''Justice League Dark'', he cast Ron Perlman as Swamp Thing, giving Movie Fights its third consecutive week with a mention of Swamp Thing after Dan earlier said that twitter expressed disappointment that he wasn't mentioned in the first fight and that he was in Justice League Dark. .****A plurality of twitter voters agreed with Andy by the time he called a winner. .*****Once again, Andy picked a choice (The Avengers) that was later revealed to have received only 20% of the twitter vote. +A graphic showed up before Andy named the movies. Jason said ''Ghost'' first, leaving Trisha with ''Dirty Dancing''. Andy said he heard Trisha first (to Trisha's surprise) and had her argue first. +*Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who chose Jason. Dan indicated that things Jason said didn't make sense. +**Repeat question from episode 17. The answer that lost last time ''Superman: The Movie'' won this time, with Dan agreeing this time. +***Trisha took 90 seconds to name ''[The] Phantom of the Opera'' (2004), despite being given a hint towards ''Olympus Has Fallen''. +****Trisha becomes to the first fighter to not win in any of his or her first five appearances. '''Episode 73: New Ghostbusters Trailer - Should We Be Worried? (3-5-16)'''<ref>Episode 73: New Ghostbusters Trailer - Should We Be Worried? (3-5-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5twEC1IDeHI</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Jeremy Jahns appears in his first official episode, 56 episodes after his first appearance (a team fight with Kristian Harloff as his teammate). He returns after a 33 episode absence (the last being the first Comic Con fight), the second-longest absence so far (after Erin Robinson's 44 episode absence). *In episode 78, Jeremy's absence becomes the third-longest after Jon Schnepp returns after a 41 episode absence. This is the inaugural episode of March Mania and features a rematch of a popular rivalry between Scott Mantz and John Rocha (watch episode 49; also watch episode 126 (the first episode of the following March) as well as the one-on-one Schmoedowns between them). Seventeenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jeremy Jahns || New fighter || Second |- | Scott Mantz || 2/3 || Third * |- | John Rocha || 0/3 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jeremy !! Scott !! John |- | 1: New ''Ghostbuster'' trailer: Should we be worried?... I want you to pick one moment from the trailer to help justify your argument.** || 1 || || |- | 2: What is the most badass action sequel of all time? *** || || 1 || |- | 3: Now that Leo[nardo DiCaprio] has won his Oscar, ....I want you guys to pitch us what next project he should tackle. || || || 1 |- | 4: With ''Whiskey Tango Foxtrox'' opening this weekend with Tiny Fey, ....what's the best film starring an "SNL" alum? **** || 1 || ***** || + |- | 5: ''Dark Tower'' was announced ....what's the best Stephen King adaptation? +*, +** || +*** || +**** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Pick the movie we should buy.+***** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Tell me the best movie with the word "bad" in the title. || || x || 1++ |- | SPEED ROUND C: If you've never seen any of Christopher Nolan's movies, which one would you watch first? || 1++* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Now that Leo[nardo DiCaprio] has won his Oscar, which actor who hasn't won an Oscar yet deserves to win?++** || ++*** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who gives the best performance in a bad movie?++**** || || x || 1++***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1+++ || '''5''' |} .*Already the only fighter besides Dan to appear in his first five fights (or any five fights in a row) without finishing in second place, Scott is now also the only besides Dan to do it in the first six. .**The trailer had been released less than six hours before this question was asked. All fighters indicated that they were worried, so Andy used the reasoning to decide the point. .***Pre-recorded question, asked by actor Gerard Butler. This question was previously used in episode 25 (the Fan episode). The answers from that episode (''Terminator 2'', ''Aliens'', and ''The Raid 2'') were not allowed to be used, .****Despite the question being asked due to a movie that was opening the following day, the twitter message asking the question was dated December 29, 2014 (over 14 months old). .*****During his arguments, Scott said that Tony Stark was the role that Robert Downey Jr. was born to play. The previous week, Trisha Hershberger, who was sitting in the same seat made the same argument and won. However Scott did not win this round (even though J.T.E initially gave him a point on the board before fixing it). +John called his choice (''Coming to America'') one of the penultimate comedies. "Penultimate" means second to last. +*The twitter message asking this question actually asked for the best film based on a Stephen King novel. This was different from the question for two reasons. First, many movies made from Stephen King stories are based off stories that are not novels. Further, when the question asks for adaptation, it is more so looking for the best translation rather than the best movie. This was said to be one of the reasons Scott was not successful despite the quality of his choice, ''The Shining''. +**Scott was skipped for starting this round. Andy started with John and then went backwards. +***During his arguments, Jeremy used the word "spectrums" twice. However, the plural of "spectrum" is "spectra." If he had used this word, it would have been the first instance in the history of Movie Fights of that word's being used properly. +****In his arguments, Scott called ''The Shining'' the ''Citizen Kane'' of scary movies. Calling a movie a ''Citizen Kane'' of something is an unofficial rule violation. +*****Bargain bin picture: ''Gremlins'' Special Edition and ''The Goonies''. ++Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who picked John (''Bad Boys'' over ''Bad Boys II''). ++*Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who picked Jeremy (''The Dark Knight'' over ''Inception''). ++**Andy referred to this as the last question and the subsequent question as a tie breaker. During his review during "After the Fight", when he got to this point, he realized that he skipped his fourth Speed Round question. ++***Jeremy responded with Tom Hanks initially. However, he has won an Oscar. He switched to Edward Norton, but he did not win. ++****Due to the broadness of this question, Andy told Dan to give the fighters ten seconds to come up with an answer. However, neither was able to come up with one that quickly, so Andy continued waiting. Jeremy was the first to answer, but he spent 40 seconds. ++*****Split decision. Scott disagreed with Andy, who chose John (Marlon Brando in ''The Island of Dr. Moreau'' (1996) over Tom Cruise in ''Mission: Impossible II''). +++Scott becomes the second person (after Nick Mundy) to finish in third place in three consecutive fights. However, Nick still holds the record with four consecutive fights and extends it to five in the next episode. '''Episode 74: Could Captain America: Civil War Suck?? (3-12-16)'''<ref>Episode 74: Could Captain America: Civil War Suck?? (3-12-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzBQSrGnqXA</ref> Squarespace returns as sponsor. To show there is no animosity from their previous match-up, Roger and Nick kiss each other in the beginning of this episode. After Round 2, a graphic of this is shown with the background from Nick's wedding, officiated by Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson. Eighteenth episode (and second consecutive episode) in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Only eight points are awarded in this episode, a record low for Movie Fights. Previously, there were four episodes (6, 8, 57, and 58) on which nine points had been awarded. *Only two days before this episode was recorded, on TV Fights episode 18, a record had been set for TV and Movie Fights with seven points. Movie Fights episode 74 is the first in which exactly eight points are awarded. No changes are made to the leaderboard after this fight. Even if Hal had finished second to Roger, his position would not have changed, and Roger would have only jumped one spot. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 5/9 || '''Win'''* |- | Roger Barr || 1/8 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 4/11 || Third** |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Roger !! Nick |- | 1: Now that we've seen the trailer, could ''[Captain America:] Civil War'' suck...and what is your scene to back your argument? *** || || 1 || |- | 2: What other**** popular live-action movie deserves an animated spin-off? || || || 1***** |- | 3: Pitch how you'd bring Arnold [Schwarzenegger] back to the ''Predator'' franchise. || 1+ || || |- | 4: What is the most annoying character in a movie you otherwise love? || 1+* || || |- | 5: In honor of ''10 Cloverfield Lane'', ....if you're stuck in an emergency survival bunker, which two movie characters would you pick? || 1+** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the best Michael Keaton movie? || x || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy....''[The] Amazing Spiderman 2'' or ''Spiderman 3''?+*** || || 1+**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best John Goodman movie? || 1 || +***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tougher old guy: Bruce Willis or Liam Neeson? || 1++ || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 2 || 1 |} .*Hal becomes the only person besides Dan Murrell to win three consecutive fights. .**Nick, already the only person to finish in third place in four consecutive fights, extends the record to five consecutive fights. He also becomes the first fighter to reach 12 losses. He is the third to lose five consecutive fights, after Spencer and Trisha. .***Question asked by Meredith Loftus, who has appeared as a couch guest (episode 55). During the round, the word "Captain" is spelled "Captian." .****Besides ''Ghostbusters (2016)''. .*****Nick's answer, ''Smokey and the Bandit'', won despite coming in third place (30% of 321 votes) in a twitter poll. Hal's answer, ''Aliens'', received 37%, and Rogers' answer, ''Nightmare on Elm Street'', received 33%. +Hal's pitch came in third in a twitter poll with 32% of the vote. Roger won with 35%. +*Hal's response of the Ewoks from ''Return of the Jedi'' finished in second place in a twitter poll with 33% of the votes, behind Nick's response (the grandchildren in ''Jurassic Park''), which received 42% of the votes. Roger's answer (John Connor from ''Terminator 2: Judgement Day'') received 25%. +**While it wasn't announced on the show, Hal's response (Genie from ''Aladdin'' and Black Widow from the MCU) received approximately 60% of the twitter vote. +***A DVD bargain bin picture accompanied the question. +****Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who picked Roger, who answered ''Spiderman 3'' faster than Hal. Had either Andy or Nick picked Hal, in the subsequent question, he would have tied the record for most consecutive points (five, set in episode 53). He also would have set the record for shortest Speed Round in Movie Fights and tied the record for both TV and Movie Fights, set only two days earlier by Maude Garrett. +*****Roger answered ''Uncle Buck'', which actually starred John Candy. He switched to ''Arachnophobia''. Hal, who chose ''Argo'', was given the opportunity to switch his answer, but he did not take it. ++Split decision. Nick disagreed with Andy, who picked Hal (Liam Neeson). '''Episode 75: Pitch Indiana Jones 5! (3-19-16)'''<ref>Episode 75: Pitch Indiana Jones 5! (3-19-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSlc7GBolH4</ref> John Flickinger returns after a 28 episode absence. Dan is accompanied on the couch by fans Galen White and Eli. Nineteenth episode (and third consecutive episode) in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Not counting the first episode, nineteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Thirteenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Chris Stuckmann || 1/1 || Second |- | Brett Erlich || 0/1 || Third |- | John Flickinger * || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Chris !! Brett !! John |- | 1: How would you cast the ultimate replacement for Tony Stark/Iron Man? Also, I want you guys to pitch us who would direct this new addition to the franchise. || || 1** || |- | 2: What film should have never spawned a sequel and should have remained stand-alone? *** || 1**** || || |- | 3: We want you guys to pitch us what should Indiana Jones 5 be. You must use Harrison Ford [and Steven] Spielberg. || || || 1***** |- | 4: In honor of the first ''Ben-Hur'' remake...I want you guys to pick a movie pre-1970 that should be remade in a fun way. || || || 1+ |- | 5: Which movie that has already come out would you want most to experience in virtual reality? || 1+* || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two DVDs were in the bin. Which one should we buy: ''Terminator: Genisys'' or ''Fantastic 4 (2015)''? +** || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Other than Wolverine, who's the best X-Man? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What movie has the best non-John Williams score? || || x || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND D: I'm gonna name two actors. You tell me who's better and why: Woody Harrelson or Matthew McConaughey. || 1+***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Jean Claude Van Damme movie? || || x || 1++ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*When John is introduced, his description lists him as a "youtubber." .**Brett's pitch, which involved Colin Farrell and director Martin McDonagh, also won the twitter vote with 37%. In addition to this being Brett's only point, it was the only twitter vote he won (and more broadly, in which he didn't finish in third). .***''Jaws'' was not allowed because in episode 9, Dan successfully argued that ''Jaws 2'' was the most unnecessary sequel of all time. .****Chris only got the second-highest portion of twitter votes. 41% voted for ''The Matrix'' (John), 33% voted for ''Speed'' (Chris), an 26% voted for ''Caddyshack'' (Brett). .*****John also won the twitter vote with 44%, followed by Chris (38%). +John only got the second-highest portion of twitter votes. 49% voted for ''Jason and the Argonauts'' (Chris), 31% voted for ''The Graduate'' (John), and 20% voted for ''Rashoman'' (Brett). +*Chris, who chose ''Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope'', also won the twitter vote with 43%, followed by John (''Avatar'') with 32%, and Brett (''A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)'') with 25%. +**A bargain bin pic accompanied this question. +***Chris was faster as saying the winning response, ''Terminator: Genisys''. +****Split decision. Galen chose Chris (''Interstellar''), but then Dan, Brett, and Andy all chose John (''The Dark Knight Rises''). +*****Chris was slower at saying McConaughey, but he still won by unanimous (4 vote) decision. ++Split decision. Dan chose Chris (''The Expendables 2''), while Galen, Brett, and Andy all chose John (''Bloodsport''). Andy did agree that ''The Expendables 2'' was the better movie, but not the better Van Damme movie. '''Episode 76: Which Superhero Would You Want To Be? (3-26-16)'''<ref>Episode 76: Which Superhero Would you Want to Be? (3-26-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luWszLI09R0</ref> Sponsored by Audible. Joe Starr as Fact Checker "Last Fighter Standing." Single-elimination tournament (Andy would pick the worst argument of three fighters). Fighters are seeded based on number of re-tweets. The lower one's seed, the earlier in the tournament he would need to enter. From highest to lowest, seeding was as follows: Dan Murrell, Alicia Malone, Mike Carlson, Hal Rudnick, Spencer Gilbert, JTE, Scott Mantz, and Marc Andreyko. Though Dan received the highest seeding, he volunteered to start in the first round, sparing JTE from having to participate. For this, Dan was awarded two opportunities to go first (order of answering was based on random drawing). The winner of the episode receives the Show Stopper (which takes the form of a film reel holder). At the end of the show, Andy stated that it allows the holder, some time within the next calendar year, to challenge the Belt holder (if present at a Movie Fight) to an immediate fight for the belt using five Speed Round questions that are locked inside. Fighters were not aware of each other's answers and therefore had to also prepare backup answers. There were not any known cases however of fighters who had to resort to backups. This episode is not counted in the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Fighters (in response order) !! Question !! colspan="2" | Eliminated |- | Dan, Scott, Marc || 1: Which actor has had the best performance in a bad movie? * || colspan="2" | Marc |- | Dan, JTE, Scott || 2: Which Sylvester Stallone movie would work better if you replaced him with Arnold Schwarzenegger? || colspan="2" | Scott |- | Dan**, JTE, Spencer || 3: What movie superhero would you most want to be for an entire year? || colspan="2" | JTE |- | Spencer, Hal, Dan || 4: If you could punch one actor in the face, who would it be? *** || colspan="2" | Spencer****, JTE |- | Hal, Dan, Mike || 5: What other***** movie character deserves its own Lego play-set and movie? || colspan="2" | Hal |- | Dan+, Mike, Alicia || 6: We'd like you guys to pitch a massive studio blockbuster that you'd want to remake as a low-budget indie. || colspan="2" | Mike+* |- ! colspan="2" | Speed Round Question !! Alicia !! Dan |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND A: You're gonna see two movies on screen. You're gonna have to tell me which movie you'd pick first. +** || 1+*** || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND B: Best Zack Snyder movie? || 1+**** || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND C: Worst Mark Wahlberg movie? || || 1+***** |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND D: Who will win an Oscar first: Tiny Fey or Kristen Wiig? || 1++ || ++* |- | colspan="2" | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''3''' || 1 |} .*Repeat question from episode 73's Speed Round .**Originally, Dan was third, but he used his advantage, pushing JTE and Spencer each back one spot. .***Repeat question from episode 25. .****As Spencer could not name one movie featuring his choice, Jenny McCarthy (for her anti-vaccination stance), Andy replaced him with JTE, who ultimately lost again. .*****Besides Batman. +Again, originally, Dan was third, but he used his second advantage. +*Mike was eliminated even though no one on the jury (Spencer, Scott, Marc, Hal, and JTE) felt Dan gave the best pitch (''Prometheus''). Marc, Scott, and JTE felt Alicia's pitch (''Terminator: Genisys'') was the best, and Hal and Spencer felt Mike's pitch (''The Truman Show'') was the best. A plurality (37%) of twitter voters voted for Mike's pitch, with Dan and Alicia in second and third respectively (though after the results were read, Andy declared Alicia the winner). After Andy asked the jury for their votes for weakest, Marc and Hal voted for Dan, Scott and JTE voted for Mike, and Spencer voted for Alicia. Andy didn't ask Spencer to pick between Mike and Dan, even though the answer would have been Dan as Spencer considered Mike's to be the best of the three. +**Bargain bin pic featuring the first four ''Superman'' movies and the first four ''Batman'' movies. +***Marc and Scott voted for Dan, but then Spencer abstained, and Mike, Hal, and JTE all voted for Alicia (''Superman''). Andy indicated that he agreed with the majority. +****Hal was the only one who chose Dan (''300''). Andy agreed with the other five voters (''The Watchmen''). +*****Unanimous decision (''Planet of the Apes (2001)'' over ''The Other Guys''). ++Andy was the only one who considered voting for Dan (Tiny Fey). He even then asked Joe, who felt Alicia did better. With seven people voting for Alicia, Andy felt he couldn't overturn such a majority. ++*Dan was the first to answer in all four Speed Round questions. '''Episode 77: Batman v Superman: Fun or Failure? (4-2-16)'''<ref>Episode 77: Batman v Superman: Fun or Failure? (4-2-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IB78yaPo6Os</ref> The third team fight. It focuses on the film ''Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.'' This fight is not counted in the official statistics. It is the eighth (and as of 8-20-2016, the most recent) such fight. The fight aired live on screenjunkies.com on Tuesday, March 29 rather than Thursday. Accordingly, this week's TV Fights aired Thursday (it was not live). Debut of John Campea and Harley Morenstein, who are the 12th and 13th fighters on Movie Fights to never appear in a regular fight before their debut (two of the prior eleven (Jeremy Jahns and John Flickinger) subsequently participated in regular fights). The previous week, John lost to Dan Murrell on the first episode of the current Schmoes Know "Schmoedown" trivia tournament. Trisha Hersherger as Fact Checker. Collectively, John and Marc Andreyko are called both "Team A Little Bit More Into Batman/Superman Than the Other Side" and eventually "Team Superman," while Harley and Dan Murrell are called "Team Batman" and "Team Didn't Like the Movie." Dan stated that he was on "Team Mixed to Negative." The scoreboard, which first pops up after the second question lists the teams as Team J&M and Team D&H. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campea John Campea]/Marc Andreyko (Superman) || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Morenstein Harley Morenstein]/Dan Murell (Batman) || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 83%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Superman (J&M) !! Batman (D&H) |- | 1: Was ''Batman v(s) Superman[:Dawn of Justice]'' fun or a failure? || 1 || |- | 2: What was your favorite part of ''Batman v(s) Superman[:Dawn of Justice]''? || || 1* |- | 3: Should Zack Snyder direct ''Justice League'', and if not, who should? || || 1 |- | 4: Pitch your ultimate trinity to stop a global threat. || 1** || |- | 5: Which Justice League member solo movie should we be most excited for? || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You have to tell us which movie in the bargain bin we should buy. (Marc vs Dan)*** || 1**** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best comic book movie villain? (John vs Harley) || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Better on-screen Batman: Val Kilmer or George Clooney? (Marc vs Dan) || || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND D1: Best Amy Adams movie? (John vs Harley) + || || |- | SPEED ROUND D2: Better Lex Luthor: Kevin Spacey or [Jesse] Eisenberg? (John vs Harley) || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 3 |} .*71% of twitter votes agreed with Andy's decision (Batman in the warehouse). .**In the end, the teams did one-by-one face-offs of picks to see which team could destroy the other. On "After the Fight", the order was switched, and it was agreed that D&H's team (Dr. Manhattan, Luke Skywalker, and Professor Charles Xavier) would have beaten J&M's team (God from ''Bruce Almighty'', the Hulk (2003 version), and Jason Voorhees). And in the twitter poll, 72% agreed with D&H's pick. .***An accompanying graphic showed the films ''Grown Ups 2'' and ''Dumb and Dumber To''. .****Marc won by saying that his pick, ''Grown Ups 2'', was shorter. Trisha confirmed that it was. .*****Dan was faster at saying Val Kilmer (''Batman Forever''). +John picked ''Enchanted'' while Harley picked ''Catch Me if You Can''. Andy and Trisha agreed that ''Catch Me if You Can'' was better but that ''Enchanted'' was a better movie for Adams. In the end, Andy decided to throw out the question. '''Episode 78: Best "Star Wars: Rogue One" Trailer Moment? (4-9-16)'''<ref>Episode 78: Best "Star Wars: Rogue One" Trailer Moment? (4-9-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heFafzlJATc</ref> The 100th Screen Junkies Fight. First episode since episode 65 in which none of the competitors had ever won a fight before. Squarespace returns as sponsor. Jon Schnepp returns after a 41 episode absence, the second-longest on record after Erin Robinson's 44 episode absence. Fourteenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. Fifth episode in which a fighter does not score (the last being episode 67). Trisha becomes the first fighter to lose six consecutive Movie Fights and the second fighter (after Nick Mundy) to lose six consecutive fights between Movie and TV Fights (Trisha herself had never appeared on TV Fights by this time but did subsequently appear on the show and win (and she later appeared on and won a Gamer Fight and a second episode of TV Fights, bringing her overall Fight record to 3-6, up from 0-6, which remains her Movie Fight record)). Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Karin Kirchner from Austria. Stephen's name appears on the scoreboard as "Glick". {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/5 || Second |- | Jon Schnepp || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Stephen Glickman || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! Jon !! Stephen |- | 1: What's the best moment in the ''Rogue One[: A Star Wars Story]'' trailer? * || || 1** || |- | 2: Pitch your standalone ''Star Wars'' story. || 1*** || || |- | 3: In honor of...Melissa McCarthy's ''[The] Boss'', what movie character would be the worst to have as your boss? || 1 || || |- | 4: In honor of ''The B.F.G''., ...what's the best [Steven] Spielberg movie released post-2000? || || 1 || |- | 5: In honor of [the new show, "After the Credits"], ...what's the best post-credits scene in a film?**** || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round'''***** || 2 || 3 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You're gonna have to tell me which one should I buy. + || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Please tell me the best scene...in any ''Star Wars'' movie. || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who's the most underutilized character in the ''Star Wars'' universe? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of ''Hardcore Henry'', pick any film character [for whom] it'd be fun to watch a movie through their POV. || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie starring Charlie Sheen? || || 1+*** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4+**** || '''6''' || 0 |} .*The trailer came out the morning that the episode was filmed (April 7). .**Jon only receive 36% of the twitter votes for his response ("I rebel"), while Trisha's response (the ending shot) received 37%. .***Trisha's winning answer for a Yoda story won 54% of the twitter vote, while Stephen's answer of IG-88 received 28%, and Jon's answer of Salacious Crumb received only 18%. .****All fighters initially submitted Marvel films. Andy then made them all submit non-Marvel movies. .*****When Andy explained the Speed Round rules to Trisha and Jon, he said they'd both done it before, but Jon had not. He had only seen one. +Bargain bin picture of ''Mean Girls'' and ''Clueless''. Both movies were part of a single DVD pack, so there's not really a choice to buy just one of them. +*Trisha was very slightly slower at saying ''Mean Girls'', but still won with ''Clueless'' by three-person unanimous decision. +**Split decision. Stephen disagreed with Andy, who chose Jon (Chewbacca over Yoda), while Dan and Karin both agreed with Andy. +***Jon won since Trisha could not think of a movie to say despite being given 74 seconds. +****Already the first fighter to not win any of her first five fights, Trisha becomes the first fighter to not win any of her first six fights. '''Episode 79: Spider-Man: Homecoming! Story Pitches (4-16-16)'''<ref>Episode 79: Spider-Man: Homecoming! Story Pitches (4-16-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXrkxKhlFmQ</ref> Alicia Malone returns as host. Andy was also not present to host Wednesday's "Screen Junkies Show." Meg McCarthy debuts as Fact Checker. All contestants were female (the second time this has happened on Movie Fights, the first being episode 42, and the fourth time this has happened between Movie and TV Fights). However, since this time the host is female, this is the first time in Movie Fights that all contestants, the host, and the fact checker were all female (Miss Movies was the fact checker last time). This has yet to happen on TV Fights as there has never been a female fact checker on that show. First episode to feature three new fighters since episode 63. However, all contestants have previously appeared on TV Fights. *Each fighter had debuted in a different episode of TV Fights, and each of those three episodes, just like this one, featured three new fighters. Two days earlier, on TV Fights, all contestants in that episode also came into the fight with the same record as each other (0-1). The scoreboard does not spell the fighters' names in all-caps (only the first letter of the name is capitalized). During the fight, Maude is wearing a Pokémon-themed dress. On "After the Fight", Maude is either wearing a different dress from the one she wears during the fight or she has put a black shirt over the top. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Maude Garrett || New fighter || Third |- | Roth Cornet || New fighter || Second |- | Clarke Wolfe || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Maude !! Roth !! Clarke |- | 1: Pitch the ''Spider-Man: Homecoming'' movie. || * || 1 || |- | 2: What is the best moment in the ''Doctor Strange'' trailer? ** || || 1 || |- | 3: In honor of all the blockbuster movie announcements this week,... who's a director who's never done a superhero film that you would like to see make one? || || || 1 |- | 4: In honor of the Hanna-Barbera shared universe that's been announced at CinemaCon, what property from your childhood do you most wish would become a new summer franchise? || 1 || || |- | 5: Which existing Disney animated film should never get a live-action adaptation? || || *** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If you went to the bargain bin, and you saw these two movies, which would you choose? **** || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the worst Kevin Costner movie? || x || 1***** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who gives the best performance in a ''Harry Potter'' film? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best movie with a color in the title? || x || || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the better James Cameron film: ''Aliens'' or ''Titanic''? || x || || 1+*, +** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1+*** || 4 || '''5'''+**** |} .*Maude revealed on "After the Fight" that she had to switch her pitch after submitting one as it would have spoiled ''Captain America: Civil War''. .**At the end of the fight, Meg said she was disappointed that people weren't commenting on twitter. After the subsequent question, she confessed that she was checking #moviefights and not #moviefightslive. .***Meg felt Roth's answer (''Snow White'') deserved to win, and Alicia seemed to indicate that that was proper, but she said she wanted to choose between Maude and Clarke, who were behind. .****The movies in the bargain bin picture were ''Labyrinth'' and ''Dark Crystal''. .*****Roth stated in her argument for ''Waterworld'' that it went up against ''Titanic''. That is not true as it came out almost two and a half years earlier than ''Titanic''. Nobody called this out, and Roth unanimously won. *Dan Murrell once ruled against Hal Rudnick in a Speed Round-type question for assigning it the wrong year. +Split decision. Meg disagreed with Alicia, who chose Clarke (''Black Swan'' over ''Blue Valentine''). +*Clarke was faster at saying ''Aliens'', leaving Roth to pick ''Titanic''. +**Split decision. Meg never voted, and Maude picked Roth. +***Before closing out the show, Alicia stated to Maude that she has had episodes where she only got one point or no points. However, Alicia has had only one episode where she's gotten only one point. Outside of the round-robin fighting at San Diego Comic Con, she has not had any fights where she finished with no points. +****Clarke becomes the first fighter to ever hold undefeated records in both Movie Fights and TV Fights simultaneously. Additionally, the day after this was filmed, Clarke would go on to defeat Josh Macuga in the Schmoedown, giving her a 1-0 record in all three shows. *Just five days later, Ken Napzok would become the second fighter to hold 1-0 records simultaneously on Movie Fights and TV Fights. This would also involve Maude finishing third in a 5-4-1 match. '''Episode 80: Best Movie Character Prom Date? (4-23-16)'''<ref>Episode 80: Best Movie Character Prom Date? (4-23-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwNMgmIYABU</ref> On screenjunkies.com, this episode had been called "Who Should Play Prince in a Biopic?" It was changed on the site and appeared on youtube with the title listed above. *Prince had died earlier in the day (April 21). The original fifth question was going to ask the contestants to pitch a film bringing any two historical figures -living or dead - together and cast them. Squarespace sponsors this episode. Amy Nicholson returns after a 35 episode absence, the third-longest absence yet. For the second consecutive week (but only the third time in the show's history), all contestants were female. *This is the first all-female panel to have a male fact checker (Dan). An Australian fan, Troy Loxton, joins Dan on the couch. Only eight points are awarded in this episode, which along with the eight points in episode 74 is the lowest number awarded in a Movie Fights episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jen Yamato || New fighter || Third |- | Amy Nicholson || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Kara Warner || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 71%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jen !! Amy !! Kara |- | 1: Which Marvel [Cinematic Universe] Phase 3 [movie] are you most excited for? * || || 1** || |- | 2: What is the best Matt Damon movie? || || || 1*** |- | 3: What fictional character would you most wanted [to have taken you] to your senior prom? || 1**** || || |- | 4: What's the most unnecessary sequel of 2016? ***** || || 1+ || |- | 5: What actor should portray Prince in a biopic? || +* || +** || 1+*** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy? +**** || x || 1+***** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie western? || x || 1 || ++ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie performance by a rock star? ++* || x || 1++** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5'''++*** || 2 |} .*Repeat question from episode 4, but this time there is further clarification of the slate. .**Amy won despite receiving only 16% of the twitter vote for ''Captain Marvel'', while Kara received 48% for ''Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2''. .***Kara also won 42% of the twitter vote for ''The Martian'', but Jen won 51% for ''The Bourne Identity''. .****Jen received only 12% of the twitter vote for Alien from ''Spring Breakers'', while Kara's choice of Steve Rogers received 59%. .*****Could be either a movie that has been released or one that will be released later in the year. +Amy also won the twitter vote for Zoolander 2. This was the only regular round question for which the poll winner also won the point. +*After Andy asked Jen whom she would pick, it took her two minutes and three seconds to give her response, Dave Chappelle. +**Amy pitched Rhianna to play Prince, making this the third pitch in Movie Fights history for a man to be played by a female. This was previously done in episodes 53 and 66. However, unlike both of those times, this pitch did not win. +***Dan stated that the poll was the closest one yet. Kara and Jen each got about 40% of the twitter vote, with Kara (Frank Ocean) receiving slightly fewer votes. +****Bargain bin picture featured ''After Earth'' and ''R.I.P.D.'' +*****Split decision. Jen chose Kara (''R.I.P.D'') while Troy and Andy chose Amy. *Only approximately 25% of twitter voters agreed with Amy's answer. On twitter, this was actually the least one-sided vote of the Speed Round. ++Kara chose ''Jeremiah Johnson'', but she said it was a Clint Eastwood movie, which it was not. Jen did not give a clear vote, but Troy and Andy once again chose Amy (''Blazing Saddles''), whose answer received approximately 84% of the twitter vote. ++*After Amy chose Madonna (in ''Dick Tracy'') and Kara had trouble thinking of a good answer, Andy allowed Kara to choose any music star, but she ultimately chose Prince (in ''Purple Rain''). While Kara's choice overwhelmingly won the twitter vote (approximately 85%), she didn't give much of an argument, and once again Andy and Troy voted for Amy without Andy asking Jen. ++**Tenth time someone has swept the Speed Round and the first time since episode 58. It is the second time a female has done so, the third time a female has been swept in the Speed Round, and the first in which a female has done it to another female. ++***Although this is Amy's third win, it is her first fight in which her score was never lower than anyone else's at any point in the game. '''Episode 81: What will be the best Live Action Disney Film? (4-30-16)'''<ref>Episode 81: What will be the best Live Action Disney Film? (4-30-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zqN2KfXpCM</ref> On screenjunkies.com, this episode had been called "Which upcoming live action Disney film will be the best?" It was changed on the site and appeared on youtube with the title listed above. Joe Starr returns as Fact Checker as Dan was on vacation. Names on the scoreboard are ''not'' written in all capitals (as was the case in episode 79). Starting this episode, Andy extends the Speed Round time to 20 seconds for initial arguments and ten seconds for rebuttals. Once again, only eight points are awarded, the lowest number so far in Movie Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | John Rocha || 1/3 || Third |- | Jeff Cannata || New fighter || Second |- | Hector Navarro || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 68%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! John !! Jeff !! Hector |- | 1: What will be the best summer movie of 2016? || || || 1* |- | 2: Which Disney upcoming live action film will be the best? || || 1** || |- | 3: Pitch a way to get us excited about these*** sequels? || || 1**** || |- | 4: What franchise that hasn't already crossed over should cross over with ''Alien''? || 1 || || ***** |- | 5: What movie would make for the best series of novels? || + || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which of these do you wanna buy? +* || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: You're gonna see two movies...+** || x || || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND C: You're gonna get two movies...+**** || x || || 1+***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Hector's choice (''Captain America: Civil War'') also won the twitter poll. .**Jeff's choice (''A Wrinkle in Time'') also won the twitter poll. .***Referring to ''Avatar''. .****Jeff's description also won the twitter poll. .*****Hector's choice (''Men in Black'') won the twitter poll. +John's choice (''Mad Max'') won the twitter poll, narrowing beating Jeff's choice (''Cloverfield''). +*Bargain bin picture with ''Jupiter Ascending'' and ''Robocop (2014)''. +**Bargain bin picture with ''Joe Dirt 2'' and ''Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2''. +***Split decision. Joe disagreed with Andy, who chose Hector (''Joe Dirt 2'') over Jeff. +****Bargain bin picture with ''The Bounty Hunter'' and ''The Ugly Truth'' (both with Gerard Butler). +*****Eleventh time someone has swept the Speed Round, only one episode after the tenth time, which itself was the first time in 22 weeks. '''Episode 82: Worst Marvel MCU Villian?-DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS (5-7-16)'''<ref>Episode 82: Worst Marvel MCU Villain?-DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS (5-7-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xwRxtM4wlE</ref> On screenjunkies.com, this episode is called "Worst MCU Villain to Date? ? DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS." The title above is the youtube title (note the incorrect spelling). Drinking rules: Everyone must take a drink if Andy says "This is tough" or gets really loud, Dan gets grumpy, Ken self-loathes, Spencer gets smug, Andy votes differently than his advisors or the twitter poll or says that someone wins based on the arguments, anyone purposely eggs Dan on, someone says "franchise," "come on," or "are you serious?", two people in the Speed Round answer the same, or anyone says "iconic." Through the regular round, there is a twitter poll asking who should have an extra drink (Power Shot) (detailed below). Squarespace returns as sponsor. Joe Starr acts as Fact Checker for a second week in a row. Andy has a larger Mjolnir for this episode. Fifteenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. After this episode, Amy Nicholson becomes the fighter with the highest win percentage among those who are not undefeated. Dan had held this for over 10 months. Retroactively, this was made the first fight in a Drunk Movie Fights tournament, which would have its own Belt. The second fight took place on June 23, 2016 (episode 89). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/11 || Third* |- | Ken Napzok || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 12/4 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 68%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Ken !! Dan |- | 1: What is the worst MCU villain to date? || || || 1** |- | 2: Pitch a ''Space Jam'' sequel and...I'm adding in cross it in with another franchise. || || 1*** || **** |- | 3: What movie character would be most fun to get drunk with? || ***** || || 1+ |- | 4: This is a blind movie pitch.+*, +** || || 1+*** || |- | 5: What's the best movie to "Netflix and Chill" to? +****, +***** || || 1++ || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 0 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which of these two movies should we buy? ++* || x || 1++** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who should play Dracula [in the Universal Monsters franchise]? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What movie should we all watch right now? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who's the hottest male celebrity? || x || 1++*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || '''6''' || 3 |} .*Spencer becomes the first fighter to lose six consecutive Movie Fights (he would also go on to finish in third place in the following Tuesday's TV Fight) and the second to reach 12 losses, eight weeks after Nick became the first. .**Dan, who chose Malekith from ''Thor: The Dark World'', also won the twitter poll and the Power Shot vote. .***Ken, who made a pitch with ''Back to the Future'', also won the twitter poll. .****Dan won the Power Shot vote again. .*****Spencer, who chose Tony Stark, won the twitter poll, prompting everyone to drink. Dan's choice, Bluto from ''Animal House'', was second. This was the only regular Speed Round question for which Andy voted differently than the twitter poll. Also, since there were no split decisions, this was the only question for which everyone needed to drink based on Andy's judging. +For a third time in a row, Dan won the Power Shot vote, but this was after "Everyone" won. Andy disallowed this option, leading to Dan since he came in second. +*From three cups, each fighter picks out a title and two actors. +**No winner was announced for the Power Shot. +***Ken, who pitched a movie called ''Off Off Off Broadway'', starring Rob Schneider and Samuel L. Jackson, also won the twitter poll. +****Previously used in the Speed Round in episode 70. +*****As was the case with the previous question, no winner of the Power Shot is announced. ++Ken's choice (''The 40 Year Old Virgin'') also won the twitter poll with 48%. ++*Bargain bin picture with ''Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005)'' and ''Spy Kids''. ++**Ken won despite being slower at saying ''Charlie and the Chocolate Factory''. Andy had thought Ken was faster, but he was shown the be incorrect. ++***Spencer voted for Ken since he knew that his choice, Brad Pitt was 52 years old. He said he would vote for Dan if Dan could guess how old Chris Hemsworth was. He guessed 34, but he was 32, so he lost, ending the game. *The twitter vote was for Chris Hemsworth. '''Episode 83: Where Does Civil War Rank in the MCU? (w/ Kevin Smithǃ) (5-14-16)'''<ref>Episode 83: Where Does Civil War Rank in the MCU? (w/ Kevin Smithǃ) (5-14-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbZ1rnJWk3c</ref> Joe Starr acts as Fact Checker for a third week in a row. He is accompanied by fan Sarah Tolley. Twentieth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. All Speed Round decisions are unanimous. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Kevin Smith || 2/0 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zack_Stentz Zack Stentz] || New fighter || Third |- | Hal Rudnick || 6/9 || '''Win'''* |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kevin !! Zack !! Hal |- | 1: What was the best moment in...''Captain Americaː Civil War''? ** || 1 || || |- | 2: What was your least favorite part or character or moment of....''Captain Americaː Civil War''? || *** || 1 || |- | 3: Where does ''[Captain Americaː] Civil War'' rank among all the MCU films to date? || 1 || || |- | 4: Pick a character from ''[Captain Americaː] Civil War'' and pitch us their next ultimate solo. || || || 1 |- | 5: Pitch your ultimate team of any four to five...characters that could take out an Avengers team. || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You're telling me which one we should buy.**** || || x || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which DC Cinematic Universe character should cameo on the "Flash" TV show? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best ''X-Men'' movie? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of ''Jumanji'', which franchise should [Dwayne] The Rock [Johnson] join next? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Hal, already the only fighter besides Dan to win three fights in a row, is now the only one besides Dan to win four in a row. .**Although Andy didn't specify exactly what qualified and what didn't, he stated that the "airport scene" was excluded. In fact, Kevin's winning answer involved a fight between Spider-Man and Captain America, which took place at the airport. .***Kevin won the twitter poll by 18% over an unspecified competitor by saying the credits. .****Bargain bin picture with ''The Neverending Story'' and ''The Goonies''. .*****Hal was faster at saying ''The Goonies'' than Kevin was. '''Episode 84: Who Should Play Female Wolverine (X-23)? (5-21-16)'''<ref>Episode 84: Who Should Play Female Wolverine (X-23)? (5-21-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2OAZYNbnbXQ</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan CJ Lindsey from Utah. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Germain Lussier || 1/0 || Third |- | Kim Horcher || 1/1 || Second |- | Samm Levine || New fighter || '''Win'''* |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Germain !! Kim !! Samm |- | 1: Who should play X-23? || || 1* || |- | 2: Which director should take over the ''Godzilla'' franchise? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: What Disney movie should get a darker reboot? || *** || 1****, ***** || 1 |- | 4: Pitch a ''Tetris'' movie....You must include at least two actors and a director. || 1+ || || |- | 5: What movie's existence makes you most angry? || || +* || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy? +** || x || || +***, +**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: If Paul Feig and Judd Apatow were both busy, who should direct a "Freaks and Geeks" movie? || x || +***** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What movie character would be most fun to have as a next door neighbor? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of ''The Nice Guys'', best Ryan Gosling movie? || x || 1++ || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What should be the title of ''Star Warsː Episode VIII''? || x || || 1++* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''6''' |} .*Kim (Summer Glau) finished in third in the twitter poll with 30% while Germain (Mary Elizabeth Winstead) and Samm (Emily Blunt) received 35% each. .**Kim (Guillermo del Toro) won the twitter poll with 49% while Samm (Jon Favreau) received 31%, and Germain (Sam Raimi) received 20%. .***Germain appeared to give up in his argument during the fight. .****After Andy awarded Samm a point, he gave Kim a secondary point after she said "I guess the native people lose again," referencing her choice, ''Pocahontas''. *Kim also received a point the last time two points were awarded for a single question. .*****Kim won the twitter poll with 46%, while Samm (''Honey, I Shrunk the Kids'') received 33%, and Germain (''The Mighty Ducks'') received 21%. +Andy chose Germain's pitch but deferred to twitter. The poll was 50% in favor of Germain, confirming his choice. +*Kim (''Minions'') narrowly won the twitter poll with 46%, followed by Samm (''Battleship'') at 45% and Germain (''The Boondock Saints'') at 9%. Dan pointed out that although Boondock Saints is the highest rated on imdb, it is the lowest rated on Rotten Tomatoes. +**Bargain bin picture with ''Transformersː Revenge of the Fallen'' and ''Green Lantern'' Extended Cut. +***Samm was faster at saying ''Transformersː Revenge of the Fallen''. +****Split decision. Germain disagreed with Andy, who chose Samm. +*****Kim, surprised that such a question would be asked with Samm on the show, felt she couldn't give an answer and asked Andy to give the point to Samm after he said Edgar Wright (a director commonly used as an answer on the show). ++Split decision. CJ disagreed with Andy, who chose Kim (''The Notebook'') over Samm (''Drive''). ++*Samm was first to answer all five Speed Round questions. '''Episode 85: Pitch Austin Powers 4 (5-28-16)'''<ref>Episode 85: Pitch Austin Powers 4 (5-28-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFXvdaTcnco</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Zac Parker. The seating positions of the third, second, and first place finishers are the same as the previous week. Although Sasha and Coy are both new to Movie Fights, the have each appeared on and won Movie Games and TV Fights; Sasha competed in the TV Fights Belt Championship final 12 days after this episode was filmed. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Cody Decker || 0/1 || Third |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || New fighter || Second |- | Coy Jandreau || New fighter || '''Win'''* |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 91%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Cody !! Sasha !! Coy |- | 1: Who is the best character so far in this new ''Star Trek'' world? || || || 1** |- | 2: What Tim Burton movie most deserves a sequel...that Tim Burton would direct? || *** || 1**** || |- | 3: If you could pitch us the ultimate fourth ''Austin Powers'' movie, what would it be? Include a title, a log line, like a little <br> about the movie,...who's the villain, who's the love interest, and of course, it's gotta have a celebrity cameo or two. || || || 1***** |- | 4: What director should return to save a franchise? || 1+ || || |- | 5: Pick two characters from any movies that you'd wanna see team up in a buddy movie. || || 1+* || +** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy?+*** || x || || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Better ''X-Men'' ensemble: classic or post-''First Class''? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tell me who's better and tell me why: Amy Adams or Jennifer Lawrence || x || 1+*****, ++ || |- | SPEED ROUND D: If you could have any ''X-Men'' movie character's power, which would you want? || x || ++* || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Coy becomes the first person to be undefeated (whether simultaneously or individually at any point) in all three Screen Junkies contests (Movie Fights, TV Fights, and Movie Games). .**Coy (Montgomery Scott) also won the fan vote with 44%. Sasha (James T. Kirk) came in second with 34%, and Cody (Khan) received 22%. .***Cody chose ''The Nightmare Before Christmas'', which he acknowledged Burton didn't actually direct. .****Sasha (''Beetlejuice)'' also won the twitter vote with 46%. Cody received 28%, and Coy (''Batman'') received 26%. .*****Coy (Groovy Never Dies) also won the twitter vote with 50%. Coy (Hymens are Forever) received 34%, while Sasha (Ladies and Gentleman) received 16%. +Cody, who chose for Christopher Nolan to return to ''Batman''/the DCU, won the twitter poll with 58%. Sasha (Ivan Reitman for ''Ghostbusters'') received 27%, and Coy (Richard Donner for ''Lethal Weapon'') received 15%. +*During Sasha's argument, she accidentally called Ryan Gosling "Ryan Reynolds." +**Coy's pitch for Spiderman and Deadpool won 74% of the twitter vote. Sasha (Holland March and John Wick) and Cody (Martin Riggs and Robocop) each received 13%. +***Bargain bin pic of ''The Amazing Spider-Man 2'' and ''Star Trek Into Darkness''. +****Split decision. Zac chose Sasha (''The Amazing Spider-Man 2''), and Cody couldn't make a decision quickly enough before Andy decided to choose Coy. +*****Sasha was faster at saying Amy Adams. ++Split decision. Zac disagreed with Andy, who chose Sasha. ++*At the end of Sasha's argument for Wolverine (and against Jean Grey), she gave up. Andy pointed out on the TV Fights Belt fight pre-show that he and twitter felt she should not have done this. '''Episode 86: Dream Ninja Turtles Movie Crossovers (6-4-16)'''<ref>Episode 86: Dream Ninja Turtles Movie Crossovers (6-4-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMd9RTsEcwg</ref> Matt Raub returns after a 65 episode absence, beating Erin Robinson's previous record by 21 episodes. The seating positions of the third, second, and first place finishers are the same for the third week in a row. Sixteenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. Not counting the first episode, twentieth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third (first since episode 75). Also the twenty-first episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. After the fight is over, Andy announces that Matt will be hosting a new show called Gamer Fights (later revealed to begin airing June 17, 2016). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Doug Jones || New fighter || Third |- | Brett Erlich || 0/2 || Second |- | Matt Raub || 0/1 || '''Win'''* |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Doug !! Brett !! Matt |- | 1: Which director is best equipped to step in and take over for the ''X-Men'' franchise? || 1* || || |- | 2: What franchise should cross over with the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles in an upcoming movie? || || 1 || ** |- | 3: What is the best movie mockumentary? || || 1*** || |- | 4: What would be a better group of inanimate objects or things for Pixar to make a movie about? || || || 1**** |- | 5: Which classic Disney film - live action or animated - most deserves a sequel? || ***** || || 1+, +* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy? +** || x || 1 || +*** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Based on the original movies,... who's the best Ninja Turtle? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which one of these would have been better: Sam Raimi's ''Spider-Man 4'' or Marc Webb's ''[The] Amazing Spider-Man 3''? || x || || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better movie adversary: zombies or vampires? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Doug (Guillermo del Toro) also won the twitter poll with 40%. Matt (Sam Raimi) received 36%, while Brett (Danny Boyle) received 24%. .**Matt's choice (''Street Sharks'') won the twitter poll with 41%, while Brett (''Fast and Furious'') received 38%, and Doug (''Twilight'') received 21%. .***Brett (''This is Spinal Tap'') won the twitter vote with 48% while Matt (''What We Do in the Shadows'') received 41%, and Doug (''Waiting for Guffman'') only received 11%. .****Andy chose Brett (home goods), but he decided to let Matt (ghosts) have the point if the twitter poll agreed with his argument. Matt did in fact win with 47% of the vote, and Doug (garden tools) came in second place. .*****Doug chose ''Hocus Pocus'', in which he appeared. +Matt chose ''Wreck-It Ralph'', which Brett argued was not a classic movie. +*Andy chose Matt, but he decided to let Doug have the point if the twitter poll agreed with his argument. However, Matt received 49% of the vote, so Andy stayed with him. +**Bargain bin pic with ''Little Nicky'' and ''Click''. +***Matt chose ''Little Nicky'', but he immediately regretted it. +****The scoreboard accidentally took a point away from Matt, but this was corrected shortly thereafter, bring him to 4 points. '''Episode 87: Who Should Join Black Panther? (6-11-16)'''<ref>Episode 87: Who Should Join Black Panther? (6-11-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8BCkJzo6to</ref> Sponsored by Watchable. A new movie poster is up this week, replacing the ''Iconic'' poster opposite from Andy (behind Roth). However, it is itself replaced the following week. All fighters are from the East Coast. For the fifth consecutive episode, the fighter across from Andy wins. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Will Strange, who, unlike previous fans on the couch, checked a computer through the episode. Coincidentally, this was just filmed two days after the TV Fights Belt fight, in which Josh Macuga and Mark Ellis checked twitter on their phones while sitting on the couch. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Stagmer || New fighter || Second |- | Erik Davis || New fighter || Third |- | Roth Cornet || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Erik !! Roth |- | 1: What's the best horror sequel ever? * || || ** || 1*** |- | 2: What Marvel character do you most want to show up in ''Black Panther''? || 1 || || **** |- | 3: Pitch another***** Tom Hanks movie that would be better to be reimagined or rebooted. || 1+ || || |- | 4: What franchise should Daisy Ridley join? || +* || 1+** || |- | 5: We want you to plan and execute a heist with any three movie characters. || +*** || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we all buy between these two movies?+**** || || x || 1+***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of Ghostbusters Day, who is the best Ghostbuster? || || x || 1++ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie featuring Scarlett Johansson? || ++* || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*For most of the argument time for this question, the bottom of the screen misspelled "what" as "whast." .**Andy eliminated Erik after he failed to defend against arguments that ''Aliens'' wasn't a horror movie. .***Roth stated in "After the Fight" that her choice wasn't ''New Nightmare'', but rather ''Nightmare on Elm Street 3''. However, she said she wouldn't have been able to come up with an argument. She also stated that she wanted to fight ''Evil Dead 2'', but she felt it was more of a retread than a sequel. .****Roth (the Winter Soldier) won the twitter poll with 40% while Matt and Erik (Storm and Wolverine respectively) each received 30%. .*****Besides ''Splash''. +Matt (''The Money Pit'') also won the twitter poll with 44% while Erik (''The Burbs'') received 35%, and Roth (''The Bonfire of the Vanities'') received 21%. +*Matt argued for Daisy to be X-23. Three weeks earlier, during the title fight that asked who should play X-23, none of the fighters chose her. +**Erik (''Fast and Furious'') finished in third on the twitter poll with only 18%. Matt won the poll with 43% while Roth (a Harley Quinn spinoff) received 29%. +***Matt instead pitched a movie rather than planning a heist, so Andy eventually eliminated him. +****Bargain bin picture with ''300'' and ''Watchmen''. +*****Roth won with ''Watchmen'' despite being slower at saying ''300''. ++Roth said Venkman, and Matt agreed and decided to fold rather than name another. ++*Matt argued for ''Iron Man 2'', but he folded a few seconds into his rebuttal. '''Episode 88: Pitch the 1990s Avengers! WEIRD MOVIE FIGHTS!! (6-18-16)'''<ref>Episode 88: Pitch the 1990s Avengers! WEIRD MOVIE FIGHTS!! (6-18-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffhPG8_ukDQ</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Pete Samoylo. Each contestant appeared in costume with individual introductory music. At the end of the fight, the lineup for the next episode, the second Drunk Movie Fights, was announced: Hal Rudnick, Alicia Malone, and her Profiles partner, Scott Mantz (who ultimately withdrew under pressure from Access Hollywood). The winner would fight Ken Napzok (the winner of the first Drunk Movie Fights) and one other person eventually for a Drunk Movie Fights Championship Belt. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 6/7 || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 4/12 || Third |- | Joe Starr || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Nick !! Joe |- | 1: Pitch the Marvel ''Avengers'' 2012 film...as if it [were] cast in the '90s.* || || || 1** |- | 2: Pitch a fast food franchise as a movie franchise. || || || 1*** |- | 3: Now that Helen Mirren has joined ''Furious 8'', which ''Fast and the Furious'' character should be her love interest? || 1 || || |- | 4: Which 1995-1996 movie role would have been better with The Rock as the lead? || 1**** || || |- | 5: Pitch ''Cars 6''.***** || || 1+ || |- | 6: Which two movie characters would have the best sex scene? || || 1 || |- | 7: What movie would have been better had it added a scene where a guy plays the saxophone in the rain?+* || 1 || +** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What director should make the Chewbacca mom movie? || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: If you had to eat any actor, who would it be? || || x || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Please pitch a new ''Look Who's Talking'' franchise. || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Make a movie better by casting Larry the Cable Guy in the title role. || 1+***** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 2 || 4 |} .*Captain America, Iron Man, Thor, Hulk, Black Widow, Hawkeye, and Nick Fury. Visual aids were provided when answers were given. The individual actors who were chosen were respectively Tom Cruise (Nick), Raúl Julia (Mike), Hulk Hogan (Nick), Gary Oldman (Joe), Uma Thurman (Mike and Joe), Steven Segal/Pauly Shore/Brandon Lee (all fighters), and Robert Redford (Joe). .**Despite winning the point, Joe lost the twitter vote with 27% to Mike's 35% and Nick's 38%. .***Joe (Wendy's) was second place in the twitter vote with 38%. Mike (Chuck E. Cheese) receive 41% while Nick (Jack in the Box) received 21%. .****Mike (''Showgirls'') also won the twitter poll with 38%. Joe (''Dragonheart'') received 37%, and Nick (''Jack'') received 25%. .*****Question supplied by contestant Mike Carlson. +Nick also won the twitter poll. +*A previously rejected question that the fighters had at least been made aware of. The question was added to decide a third-place finisher. +**Nick (''Philadelphia'') came in second on the twitter poll with 29%. Joe (''The Revenant'') received 56%, and Mike (''Roger and Me'') received 15%. +***Split decision. Pete picked Joe (Chris Columbus) while Dan, Nick, and Andy chose Mike (Edgar Wright). +****Split decision. Dan picked Mike (Brad Pitt) while Pete, Nick, and Andy chose Joe (Michael B. Jordan) after second rebuttals involving which wine they would pair with the actor. +*****Split decision. Andy and Dan chose Mike (''Showgirls'') while Pete and Nick chose Joe (''The Golden Child''). '''Episode 89: How Will Darth Vader Return in Rogue One? DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS (6-25-16)'''<ref>Episode 89: How Will Darth Vader Return in Rogue One? DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS (6-25-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGkFKRu7kwY</ref> Unlike the first Drunk Movie Fight, this fight is not sponsored. Marc Andreyko won a twitter poll to replace Scott Mantz, who was not allowed to compete. Drinking rules included Hal saying "iconic," "at the height of...powers," or "man," Alicia saying "Australia" or "Jake Gyllenhaal", Marc saying the game is rigged or biased, Andy saying "This is tough," or JTE making a gaffe (which coincidentally he did right as Andy was saying it). Further, Andy was to finish his drink is twitter disagreed with him, and anyone who is successfully fact-checked or the first person eliminated from a round was to finish his or her drink. A special montage was used to introduce the fight. Andy brought a breathalyzer, which he said he would use on everyone on "After the Fight", but this was not done. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 2/5 || Third |- | Alicia Malone || 4/4 || '''Win''' |- | Hal Rudnick || 7/9 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Marc !! Alicia !! Hal |- | 1: Pitch us how Vader should be introduced into ''Rogue One[: A Star Wars Story]''. || || 1 || * |- | 2: What film would be most improved by making Nic Cage the lead? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: BLIND FIGHT:...We're giving you a star, a co-star, and a movie title,...you're gonna have to pitch us the movie. || || *** || 1**** |- | 4: Which iconic movie speech would be [more] improved if the actor delivering it [were] drunk? || 1 || || |- | colspan="4" |COMMENTARY BY KEN NAPZOK AND DAN MURRELL DURING BATHROOM BREAK |- | 5: What movie is so bad that if your significant other loved it, you'd have to break up with them? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: This is a bargain bin:...''Paul Blart: Mall Cop'' or ''[Alvin and the Chipmunks: The] Squeakquel''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What movie would be the most fun to get sucked into ''Last Action Hero'' style? || x || || 1 |- | colspan="4" |COMMENTARY BY KEN NAPZOK, ANDY SIGNORE, AND HAL RUDNICK |- | SPEED ROUND C: Do your best celebrity impression right now. || x || 1***** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: This is F-/Marry/Kill...Pixar Edition; Mater from Cars, Dory, and Fear. || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Hal won the twitter poll despite being the first one that Andy eliminated. .**Alicia won the twitter poll with Willy Wonka in ''Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory.'' .***Alicia won 34% of the vote to do a Power Shot. .****Hal also won the twitter poll. .*****Alicia, who did an impersonation of Kim Kardashian, won despite receiving less than 20% of the immediate twitter vote, while Hal's impersonation of Christopher Walken from ''Pulp Fiction'' overwhelmingly won. Despite this, he lost the point unanimously. '''Episode 90: What is the Worst Part of Independence Day: Resurgence? (7-2-16)'''<ref>Episode 90: What is the Worst Part of Independence Day: Resurgence? (7-2-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjIJ-fm0uKI</ref> Sponsored by Comic Bento. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Christopher Spencer. Stephen Glickman's name on the scoreboard is GLICK. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Doug Benson || 1/1 || Second |- | Mark Ellis || 2/5 || '''Win''' |- | Stephen Glickman || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Doug !! Mark !! Stephen |- | 1: What was the worst part of ''Independence Day: Resurgence''? || || 1* || |- | 2: Cast a new actress and pitch a Batgirl movie. || 1 || ** || |- | 3: What is the best movie based on a children's book? || || 1 || *** |- | 4: Choose a movie with a legendary character, and place them in a completely different setting. || || 1**** || |- | 5: What actor would have to join the cast [of the fifth ''Transformers'' movie] to potentially make us actually see this movie and be excited for it?***** || || || 1+ |- | TIE BREAKER: Best prequel? || 0 || x || +* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which movie should we buy?+** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: If ''The Purge'' were real, what movie character would you want to kill the most? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What's a movie that's more than a decade old that you'd want to get a sequel for? || || 1+*** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Not including Independence Day: Resurgence, worst Roland Emmerich movie? || || 1+**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Mark actually lost the poll with 25%. Stephen's pick of the end of the movie won with 48%. .**Mark's pick of Maisie Williams won the twitter poll. This is the only poll Stephen didn't win and potentially (see question 3) the only one Mark didn't lose. .***Even though Andy ruled Stephen out early for picking the wrong ''Harry Potter'' movie (''Sorcerer's Stone'') and twitter comments indicated that he should have picked ''Prisoner of Azkaban'', he won the twitter poll with 45%. Doug (''Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory'') and Mark (''The Wizard of Oz'') were basically tied according to Dan. .****Mark (Norman Bates as a stand-up comedian) actually lost the twitter poll. Stephen (the original ''Ghostbusters'' cast in ''The Conjuring 2'') won the poll, followed by Doug (musical Predator in New York City). .*****Right before asking the question, Andy said he didn't believe anyone had ever gone into the Speed Round with 4 points. While this ''has'' been done, it has not been done in a five-question regular round. +Once again, Stephen won the poll with Vin Diesel (43%). He was followed by Doug (Bill Murray) with 33% and Mark (Sean Connery) with 24%. +*Stephen could not think of an answer he would allow himself to pick. +**Bargain bin pic with ''Dumb and Dumber To'' and ''Justin Bieber: Never Say Never''. +***Mark picked ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off''. Pitching the sequel eventually became the subject of the first episode of Doug's Screen Junkies Plus show "Pitch Off". +****Split decision. Andy and Christopher picked Mark (10,000 BC), while Dan and Stephen picked Doug (''The Day After Tomorrow''). '''Episode 91: What is the Best Movie of 2016 (So Far)? (7-9-16)'''<ref>Episode 91: What is the Best Movie of 2016 (So Far)? (7-9-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yduSuwU-MhI</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Hosted by Dan. Joe Starr returns as Fact Checker. Twenty-second episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Coy had previously also done this on TV Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | JTE || 2/0 || Third |- | Jon Schnepp || 1/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 97%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Coy !! JTE !! Jon |- | 1: What is the best movie of the first half of 2016? || || || 1* |- | 2: What is the most underrated superhero movie of the past decade? || || 1 || |- | 3: Who do you think, in honor of ''[The] Secret Life of Pets'', is the best cinematic talking animal of all time? || 1 || ** || |- | 4: I want you guys to pitch a movie, and the protagonists in the movie are famous side-kicks from other movies. || 1 || || |- | 5: What is Steven Spielberg's worst movie?***, **** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If these two movies were in the bargain bin, which one would you buy?***** || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which version is more improved: the ''Batman v Superman[: Dawn of Justice]'' Ultimate Edition or ''The Watchmen'': Director's Cut? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best movie featuring Mel Gibson? || 1+* || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 2 |} .*Jon (''Captain American: Civil War'') also won the twitter poll with 48%, followed by Coy (''Deadpool'') at 41% and JTE (''Sing Street'') at 11%. .**JTE (Caesar from ''Rise'' and ''Dawn of the Planet of the Apes'') won the twitter poll with 58%. .***Even though it had recently been asked on twitter, the question was previously asked in episode 22's Speed Round. The winning response was again ''1941'' (even though ''1942'' had been inadvertently said the first time). .****Each fighter chose Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, so each was forced to pick a different movie. .*****Bargain bin pic had ''Air Bud'' and ''Space Jam''. +Split decision. Joe chose Jon (''Air Bud''). +*Thirteenth time someone has swept the Speed Round, last done in episode 87. '''Episode 92: What is the Most Influential Film? - CLASSIC FILM FIGHTS!! (7-16-16)'''<ref>Episode 92: What is the Most Influential Film? - CLASSIC FILM FIGHTS!! (7-16-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yduSuwU-MhI</ref> Alicia Malone returns as host. Ken Napzok as Fact Checker. The episode is aired in black and white (though identification tags at the bottom of the screen and the scoreboard remain in their original color). All film answers in the regular round must be pre-1980 (but not in the Speed Round as noted by Amy's answer (''Eyes Wide Shut'') to the second Speed Round question). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Amy Nicholson || 3/1 || Second |- | Alonso Duralde || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Scott Mantz || 2/4 || Third * |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 81%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Amy !! Alonso !! Scott |- | 1: Which is the best classic movie that critics got wrong at the time? || || 1 || |- | 2: What classic film star would still be popular today if [he or she] were still making movies? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the one classic movie that is a must-see for any film fan? || || || 1** |- | 4: What is the most influential film on modern-day movies? || 1 || || *** |- | 5: What classic movie could actually be remade well? || || 1**** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best Western of all time? || 1***** || + || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is Stanley Kubrick's best movie? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best movie featuring Audrey Hepburn? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which is the better film: ''[The] Godfather (I)'' or ''[The] Godfather[: Part] II''? || || 1+* || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Scott becomes the second fighter after Dan to not finish in second place in any of his first seven appearances (back in episode 73, he had become the only one besides Dan to not do so in his first six). .**Ken indicated at this point that Alicia chose the twitter poll's choice on each of the first three questions. .***Scott (''Star Wars'') won the twitter poll. .****Alonso (''The Sweet Smell of Success'') actually lost the twitter poll with only 14%. Amy (''Metropolis'') won with 49%, followed by Scott (''Logan's Run'') with 37%. .*****Amy used her answer from question 4 again (''The Searchers'') and won again. +Even though Alonso answered first, to see how the Speed Round worked, he went second. +*Split decision. Ken picked Amy (''Part II''), while Scott and Alicia chose Alonso. '''Episode 93: All-Star Movie Fights! Feat. Kevin Smith (7-22-16)'''<ref>Episode 93: All-Star Movie Fights! Feat. Kevin Smith (7-22-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yduSuwU-MhI</ref> The first of three episodes filmed on the same day at San Diego Comic Con. Both of the first two episodes were released onto youtube shortly after their live airing on Screen Junkies Plus. The third did not air until September 1 on Screen Junkies Plus (and September 3 on youtube). On Screen Junkies Plus, the two episodes are not found under the show Movie Fights, but rather under Screen Junkies Central, and thus may not count towards the episode total as the 102nd episode is considered by Screen Junkies to be the 100th. Sponsored by Mafia III. Max Landis hosts in Kevin Smith's stead for the first two questions before Kevin arrived and they switched. Seventeenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. Alicia Malone as Fact Checker. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 7/10 || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 12/5 || Second |- | Andy Signore || 1/4 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 75%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Dan !! Andy |- | 1: We have put three action heroes in this bowl. They have to blind pick who is the best. * || 1 || || |- | 2: Most frustrating film ending?** || || 1 || |- | FIGHT BETWEEN KEVIN SMITH AND MAX LANDIS: Best fictional movie band?*** |- | 3: Who is the best bad guy? || || 1 || |- | 4: Best use of profanity in a movie? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best live-action talking animal movie? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two movies are playing on cable. Which do you watch: ''Mallrats'' or ''Dogma''? || 1**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Pitch your Chewbacca's revenge story. || 1***** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 3 || 0 |} .*Andy picked Bruce Willis, Dan picked Sylvester Stallone, and Hal picked Arnold Schwarzenegger. .**Question created by Max on the spot. .***Max (Josie and the Pussy Cats) won over Blues Brothers by audience vote. .****Hal was slightly faster at saying ''Mallrats''. Though Kevin appeared to feel that Dan had the stronger argument, since he was in the middle of making a "Mallrats" series, he felt he had to choose Hal. .*****Fourteenth episode in which a fighter sweeps the Speed Round. *Dan becomes the third fighter (after Alicia and Spencer) to both sweep a Speed Round and be swept in one. He is the only such fighter to sweep two Speed Rounds (he has actually done in three times, two against Spencer (26 and 58) and once against Alicia (18)). '''Episode 94: Best Star Trek Captain (7-22-16)'''<ref>Episode 94: Best Star Trek Captain (7-22-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKOho71qX0c</ref> The second of three episodes filmed on the same day at San Diego Comic Con. Sponsored by T-Mobile. Dan fights against two "Star Trek"-related writers in an all-blind fight about ''Star Trek'' (both movies and TV). Points are awarded based on audience reaction. Alicia Malone as Fact Checker. Throughout the fight, there are taped interview questions related to the fight with the cast of ''Star Trek Beyond''. Eighteenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brannon_Braga Brannon Braga] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_A._Altman Mark A. Altman] || New fighter || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 12/6 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Brannon !! Mark !! Dan |- | 1: Best ''Star Trek'' movie? || 1 || * || |- | 2: What's the best ''Star Trek'' alien species ever? || 1** || || |- | 3: Best ''Star Trek'' captain? || || || 1 |- | 4: If you're stuck on an alien planet, which ''Star Trek'' bridge crew member would you pick to be stranded with? No captains. || || || 1*** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Of all the TV series, what's the best "Star Trek" episode? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which piece of ''Star Trek'' tech do you most wish [were] real? || 1**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 0 || 2 |} .*Mark (who went first and picked ''II: The Wrath of Khan'') won the twitter poll, but came in second in the audience vote to Brannon (''IV: The Voyage Home''). .**Brannon (who went first and picked Vulcans) also won the twitter poll with 51% to Dan's 35% (the Borg). .***Decided by Andy, not the audience. .****Fifteenth time someone has swept the Speed Round, last done in the previous episode by Hal. *Dan, who was swept twice in the same day, becomes the second fighter to be swept in two different Speed Rounds, after Spencer, who's actually been swept in three (two by Dan (26 and 58)and one by Max Landis (47)). *This is the first time someone has been swept in Movie Fights in a two-question Speed Round. However, under proper rules regarding pre-Speed Round ttie-breakers, Trisha should have been swept in two questions in episode 15. '''Episode 95: Best Part of the Wonder Woman Trailer (7-30-16)'''<ref>Episode 95: Best Part of the Wonder Woman Trailer (7-30-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLdkLbLPn_4</ref> Dan Murrell is fighting in his third consecutive episode, a first for any fighter. Joe Starr returns as Fact Checker. Not counting the first episode, twenty-first episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. Nineteenth episode (and third in a row (coincidentally all featuring Dan)) in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. However, unlike the other two episodes, said fighter does score a point. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Casey || New fighter || Third |- | Roth Cornet || 1/1 || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 12/7 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 71%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Dan C !! Roth !! Dan M |- | 1: Who was the winner at this year's Comic Con? || 1* || || |- | 2: What was the biggest dissapointment of Comic Con? || ** || || 1 |- | 3: What was the best part of the ''Wonder Woman'' trailer? || || 1*** || |- | 4: Based on this ''Justice League'' trailer,...should nay-sayers be excited? || || || 1 |- | 5: Based on their panel, which Marvel movie will be the best? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You guys are gonna pick which movie we should watch and/or buy.**** || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Oliver Stone movie? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best sequel: ''Aliens'' or ''T2''? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best villain from any Spiderman movie? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: ''[The] Blair Witch [Project]'' or ''Paranormal Activity''? || x || || 1***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Dan Casey (Marvel) also won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Roth with ''Suicide Squad'', then Dan with Zack Snyder. .**Dan, who again chose Marvel, once again won the twitter poll. .***Roth (Wonder Woman blocking bullets with her shield) came in second in the twitter poll with 40%, just behind Dan (using the lasso), who got 41%. Dan Casey's pick of breaking a rifle on her back received 19%. .****Bargain bin pic with ''Top Gun'' and the original ''Point Break''. .*****Split decision. Dan Casey chose Roth (''Paranormal Activity'') while Joe and Andy chose Dan. '''SJ Extras Episode 10: Exclusive SJ Plus Movie Fights! (8-4-16)'''<ref>SJ Extras Episode 10: Exclusive SJ Plus Movie Fights! (8-4-16) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/exclusive-sj-plus-movie-fights-3039729</ref> This episode appears only on Screen Junkies Plus. In addition to not being considered an official fight for statistical purposes, the episode is not counted as even being a Movie Fights episode. Hence, the questions don't count towards the total, similar to the fight on the Schmoes Know show between episodes 10 and 11. Tournament-style fight, single elimination with eight fighters. Moderated by Andy initially, and later by Dan. Nathan Cross from Australia is on the fan cam and helps decide the winners. All questions are blind rounds, asked by Skype and twitter users. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Winner |- | 1: Ken Napzok v. Dan Murrell: What is the best scene in a ''Star Wars'' movie? || Ken * (''Episode VI'' light saber battle over ''Episode IV'' trench run) |- | 2: JTE v. Spencer Gilbert: What's the best Will Smith movie? || JTE (''The Pursuit of Happyness'' over ''I am Legend'') |- | 3: Joe Starr v. Roth Cornet: Pitch your Suicide Squad picking any three villains from any movie ever. || Joe** (Neville Sinclair and Deacon Frost over Keyser Söze and young Magneto) |- | 4: Andy Signore v. Adam Hlavac: What's the best Pixar movie that's not a ''Toy Story'' movie?*** || Andy**** (''Inside Out'' over ''The Incredibles'') |- | Semi-final 1: JTE v. Joe Starr: Best courtroom drama? || JTE***** (''A Few Good Men'' over ''The Judge'') |- | Semi-final 2: Andy Signore v. Ken Napzok: What's a movie someone you're otherwise not attracted to [would] have to love to make him or her appealing enough to hook up with? || Ken + (''The Big Lebowski'' over ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & and Uncut'') |- | Final: JTE v. Ken Napzok: Excluding the ''Back to the Future'' trilogy, what is the best time-travel movie?+* || '''JTE'''+** (''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'' over ''Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home'') |- | Bonus fight: Dan Murrell v. Andy Signore: Why should you watch this movie right now?+*** || Andy+**** |} .*Split decision. Nathan chose Dan, while the Skyper Matt chose Ken. The tie was broken with the twitter poll with 63%. .**Twitter voted approximately 3:1 in favor of Roth. .***Originally, a Skyper named Chandler asked what the greatest movie musical was. In the end, Andy decided to get a new question. .****Andy actually lost the twitter poll with only 37%. .*****Split decision. Skyper Andrew chose Joe, while Nathan chose JTE. The tie was broken with the twitter poll with 74%. +Dan indicated twitter was 50/50. +*Originally, JTE and Ken were going to pitch a movie that would cure superhero fatigue, but both said it was already done with ''Deadpool''. +**JTE also won the twitter poll with 71%. +***Dan had to argue for ''Jurassic World''. Andy initially had to argue for ''Terminator: Genisys'', but he picked ''Batman v Superman'', which he hates more, to make it more fair. +****Spencer, Roth, and Adam chose Andy while Nathan and Joe picked Dan. Twitter agreed with Dan, but the twitter vote did not count. '''Episode 96: Best Movie Sex Scene! (w/SETH ROGEN) R-RATED MOVIE FIGHTS!! (8-6-16)'''<ref>Episode 96: Best Movie Sex Scene! (w/SETH ROGEN) R-RATED MOVIE FIGHTS!! (8-6-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1J-PsF1I2w</ref> Seth Rogan appears before his film ''Sausage Party'' is released. The episode was filmed on Tuesday August 2. It was not aired live on Screen Junkies Plus and also was not aired on Thursday (rather, a bonus tournament fight (that was never put on youtube) was aired live during the normal time. On the scoreboard, as usual, Spencer's name is written as "Spence." Twentieth episode (and fourth in a row) in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. A fifth regular round question was thrown out. It asked for sexiest animated animal character. Seth misunderstood the question and answered Jessica Rabbit. This question was fought between Spencer, Joe, and Dan on "After the Fight." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Rogen Seth Rogen] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Joe Starr || 0/1 || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/12 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 76%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Seth !! style="width: 5%"|Joe !! Spencer |- | 1: What is the best use of the F Word in a movie? || 1 || || |- | 2: Best movie dick? || 1 || || |- | 3: We want you to pitch a reboot of a G or PG-rated movie as a hard-R reboot. || || || 1 |- | 4: What is the best sex scene in a movie? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which movie should we buy?* || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Based on their filmographies, who is the better lay: Zac Efron or James Franco? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the least appropriate movie to show a child under ten? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 0 || 2 |} .*Bargain bin pic with ''The Green Hornet'' and ''Spiderman 3''. .**Split decision. Dan chose Seth (Zac Efron), while Andy and Joe picked Spencer. '''Episode 97: Suicide Squad: Rotten or Fresh (8-13-16)'''<ref>Episode 97: Suicide Squad: Rotten or Fresh (8-13-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEtOqCyKBtI</ref> Hosted by Spencer Gilbert. Joe Starr as Fact Checker. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || 1/5 || Second |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/10 || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 13/7 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Andy !! style="width: 7%"|Hal !! style="width: 6%"|Dan |- | 1: ''Suicide Squad'': rotten or fresh? || || * || 1**, *** |- | 2: Pitch ''Suicide Squad 2.'' || || **** || 1 |- | 3: Who would be your ultimate ''Man of Steel 2'' director? || 1 || || |- | 4: What is the best Disney live-action movie?***** || + || 1+* || |- | 5: We have five terrible movies in a cup....You will each pick one and then be forced to defend it as if your life depends on it.+** || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What's the best Robin Williams movie?+*** || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who gives the better performance:...Patrick Stewart's Professor X or Ian McKellan's Magneto? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who's the better director: Clint Eastwood or Mel Gibson? || 1+**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which do you buy?+***** || ++ || x || 1++* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Hal did not participate. Rather, his receiving a point would be dependent on his correctly choosing the winner. He chose Andy, who defended the movie and lost, so he did not receive a point. .**The first point was awarded at 24:47. .***Dan (rotten) received 49% of the twitter vote. .****Hal's pitch won the twitter poll vote with 45%, followed by Dan's pitch with 37%. .*****Counting the 13 questions from the first two San Diego Comic Con 2016 fights (but not the ones from the Schmoes Know or the SJ Plus Exclusive fight), this is the 1000th Movie Fights question. +Joe stated that Andy's pick, ''Mary Poppins'', had an adjusted gross box office take of $102.3 million. This is actual take (un-adjusted), but including re-releases. +*Hal received the point despite factual errors in his argument for Pirates of the Caribbean, leading to more arguing. +**Blind fight. Dan received ''The Last Airbender''. Hal received ''Fantastic Four (2015)''. Andy received ''Transformers: Age of Extinction''. During After the Fight, Hal and Dan respectively fought the remaining choices, ''Jack and Jill'' and ''Terminator: Genisys''. Dan won by unanimous vote from Andy, Spencer, and a caller named Cory. +***Repeat question from episode 34's Speed Round. +****Split decision. Spencer chose Dan (Mel Gibson), but he was overruled by Hal and Joe. +*****Bargain bin pic of ''Just Go With It'' and ''Mortdecai.'' This was originally supposed to be the first question, but the graphic wasn't ready. ++Andy said that Kate Upton was in ''Just Go With It''. She was not. ++*Spencer gave the point to Dan without asking the panel. '''Episode 98: Who Will Be the Standout Character From Rogue One? (8-20-16)'''<ref>Episode 98: Who Will Be the Standout Character From Rogue One? (8-20-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6zFL6sy7gE</ref> Dan is joined on the couch by Chris Clinton, who brought a signed Wolverine picture by Hugh Jackman. After this fight, Coy is not longer undefeated on Screen Junkies, after having won a total of five games. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 2/0 || Second |- | Alicia Malone || 5/4 || '''Win''' |- | Brett Erlich || 0/3 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Coy !! Alicia !! Brett |- | 1: Who should direct the Pokémon movie? || || 1* || |- | 2: Based on the new ''Rogue One[: A Star Wars Story]'' trailer...who's the standout character...excluding Jyn Erso and Vader? || ** || 1 || |- | 3: We want you guys to pitch a better project [for Will Farrell and John C. Reilly]. || || || 1 |- | 4: In honor of ''Ben Hur''...what is the best film of the 1950's? || || 1*** || |- | 5: What's the best non-horror film from a horror movie director?**** || 1***** || || + |- | TIE BREAKER: Best movie featuring John Travolta? || 0 || x || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Here's two movies that are gonna pop up on the screen. [Which should we buy?]+ || || 1+* || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: If Disney does a live-action ''[The] Little Mermaid'', who should play Ariel? || +** || 1+***, +**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1+***** || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Alicia (Robert Zemeckis) also won the twitter poll with 45%, followed by Coy (Shane Black) with 36%, and then Brett (Anthony C. Ferrante) with 19%. .**Coy (K-2SO) won the twitter vote with 49%, followed by Alicia (Chirrut Imwe) with 30%, and Brett (Baze Malbus) with 21%. .***Alicia (''Seven Samurai'') also won the twitter vote with 47%, followed by Brett (''Singing in the Rain'') with 29% and Coy (''Rebel Without a Cause'') with 24%. .****Question submitted by Lon Harris. .*****Coy (''Spider-Man 2'') also won the twitter poll with 60%, followed by Brett (''Big Trouble in Little China'') with 29% and Alicia (''Eastern Promises'') with 11%. +Brett tried to boost Alicia to shut out Coy, but it did not work. +*Bargain bin pic featuring ''Planet of the Apes [2001]'' and ''X-Men Origins: Wolverine''. +*Split decision. Dan chose Coy (''Planet of the Apes'') while Andy, Brett, and Chris chose Alicia. +**Coy incorrect stated that Alicia's choice, Jessica Chastain, was in ''Drive''. Alicia corrected him; he was thinking of Christina Hendricks. +***Split decision. Andy chose Coy (Mia Wasikowska) over Alicia (Jessica Chastain), but was overruled by Dan and Chris (Brett abstained). +****Sixteenth time someone has swept the Speed Round in Movie Fights and the second time it has been done in just two questions (the first being episode 94). *It is the first sweep of a two-question Speed Round in which five points (rather than four) were required to win. *Alicia becomes the second fighter (after Dan) to sweep two Speed Rounds (also to sweep two Speed Rounds and be swept in one). *Simultaneously, Coy became the fourth fighter (after Alicia, Spencer, and Dan) to both sweep a Speed Round and be swept in one. +*****Coy sets the Movie Fights record for lowest second-place finish with one point (this has been done in TV Fights however). '''Episode 99: Cast the Justice League Dark Movie (8-27-16)'''<ref>Episode 99: Cast the Justice League Dark Movie (8-27-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVBpzd8-iA4</ref> Dan is joined on the couch by Bret Pendleton. At 20 years old, Tony Revolori is the youngest known fighter in Screen Junkies fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 2/6 || Third |- | Hector Navarro || 1/1 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Revolori Tony Revolori] || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Marc !! Hector !! Tony |- | 1: What director most owes a personal apology for making a bad movie? || || 1 || * |- | 2: Let's cast [Justice League Dark] and see if we get more excited.** || || || 1 |- | 3: Improve a movie by replacing any actor with Tommy Lee Jones. || || 1 || |- | 4: What supporting character from any movie deserves [his or her] own spin-off movie...in honor of (The) Jesus coming back? || 1 || || |- | 5: Pitch a new MCU hero or scene that could make the best Disneyland attraction. || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These are the two movies.*** || x || || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: What's the best movie with a one-word title? || x || ***** || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Wes Anderson or Paul Thomas Anderson? || x || || 1+*, +** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Tony (M. Night Shyamalan for ''The Last Airbender'') won the twitter poll with 70%, followed by Hector (Martin Campbell for ''The Green Lantern'') with 19% and Marc (Colin Trevorrow for ''Jurassic World'') with 11%. *This is the only poll revealed during the episode. .**To cast John Constantine, Swamp Thing, Deadman, Zatanna, an Etrigan. .***Bargain bin pic of the DVDs for ''Alvin and the Chipmunks'' and ''Garfield: The Movie''. .****Split decision. Marc chose Hector (''Garfield: The Movie''), while Andy and Bret chose Tony. .*****Hector chose ''Dope'', in which Tony appeared. +Split decision. Bret and Marc chose Hector, but then Andy and Dan chose Tony. +*Tony unanimously won with Wes Anderson, who directed one of his films, ''Grand Budapest Hotel''. +**Seventeenth and second consecutive time someone has swept the Speed Round. '''Episode 100: Best Comic Book Movie of All-Time? SDCC 2016! (9-3-16)'''<ref>Episode 100: Best Comic Book Movie of All Time (9-3-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Rm29tfSSNI</ref> The third of three episodes that were filmed on July 22. Hence, it is not aired live while the others were. The fight is filmed in a different room from the first two. Tournament-style fight, single elimination with eight fighters. No coin flips were required. Moderated by Andy, but winners are decided by audience vote. This episode does not count towards the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Winner |- | 1: Mike Carlson v. Spencer Gilbert: What movie could be most improved by adding the Minions? || Mike (''Showgirls'' over ''John Wick'') |- | 2: Zack Stentz v. Max Landis: The best movie line of all time? || Max ('You gotta be fucking kidding' from ''The Thing'' over 'Bitches, leave' from ''Robocop'') |- | 3: Alicia Malone v. Dan Murrell: Matt Damon or Ben Affleck? || Alicia (Matt Damon over Ben Affleck) |- | 4: Nick Mundy v. Doug Benson: Worst movie to watch stoned? || Nick (''Requiem for a Dream'' over ''The Tree of Life'') |- | Semi-final 1: Max Landis v. Mike Carlson: Which animated Disney movie would be better as R-rated? || Max (''The Rescuers Down Under'' over ''Aladdin'') |- | Semi-final 2: Alicia Malone v. Nick Mundy: Better director: James Cameron or [Quentin] Tarantino? || Alicia (Tarantino over Cameron) |- | Final: Alicia Malone v. Max Landis: What is the best comic book movie of all time? || Tie (respectively ''The Dark Knight'' and ''Blade'') |- | SPEED ROUND TIE BREAKER: Alicia Malone v. Max Landis: Best animal side-kick? || '''Max''' (Mighty Joe Young* over Baloo (named by Alicia as Baboo)) |- |} .*Max states that ''Mighty Joe Young'' is a 1930's film. It is actually from 1949. ==Movie Fights Episodes 101-150== '''Episode 101: Most Disapointing Movie of Summer 2016 (9-10-16)'''<ref>Episode 101: Most Disapointing Movie of Summer 2016 (9-10-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YR5dedmfQcI</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Joe Starr as Fact Checker. He is joined on the couch by Donald "Dizzle" Davis. Max returns in response to a request from Dan. Sixth Championship Belt Fight, and the first to not be an official fight. Andy indicated he did not want the Belt on the line right now as Max's spot wasn't earned. Max is in the fight for being undefeated despite never having fought Dan or won any tournament to get to this point. Max fought without knowing Dan's responses (he didn't read through the entire email). Eighth unofficial fight to feature Dan and his second such victory, his first after a string of six defeats. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Max Landis || Lose |- | Dan Murrell || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%"| Max !! style="width: 7%"| Dan |- | 1: What is the most disappointing movie of the summer of 2016? || || 1 |- | 2: What movie would have made a better TV show than a movie? || 1 || |- | 3: Pitch a better ''Jurassic World'' movie.*,** || || 1 |- | 4: What movie would be more improved by switching to a found footage format? || || 1 |- | 5: What is the most emotional animated Disney or Pixar death ever? || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Tom Hanks or Tom Cruise? || 1*** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best actor/director collaboration of all time? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Pitch two actors that we'd all wanna see make a buddy cop movie together. || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Not popcorn, best movie candy or snack? || || 1**** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''6''' |} .*Choosing this question to be in the fight was decided by fan vote on twitter, beating Star Wars Episode VIII, Matrix 4, and Aquaman. .**More than 26 minutes elapsed between the beginning of Rounds 3 and 4. .***Max won the point despite being slower at saying Hanks and getting stuck with Cruise. .****Split decision. Joe picked Max (M&Ms), while Donald and Andy picked Dan (Milk Duds). '''Episode 102: Which Pixar Movie Deserves a Live-Action Reboot? (9-17-16)'''<ref>Episode 102: Which Pixar Movie Deserves a Reboot? (9-17-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4bNxNuIcBI&t=334s</ref> Billed as the 100th episode. A new opening fight montage is debuted. Twenty-third episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. During After The Fight, Samm Levine stated that he'd be willing to judge a blended fight between Andy, Roxy Striar, and Matt Raub. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 7/7 || '''Win''' |- | Cody Decker || 0/2 || Third |- | Samm Levine || 1/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 97%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Cody !! Samm |- | 1: Pitch us a random movie that's better with a baby. || || * || 1 |- | 2: What other two actors should join [Benicio] Del Toro's team in the new [Shane Black] ''Predator'' film, and what role should they play? || || 1 || ** |- | 3: What should be the first Pixar movie that should be turned into a live-action movie? || || *** || 1 |- | 4: Pitch us a sports movie where the team and coach are played by other movie characters. || 1**** || || |- | 5: What is the best film that will stand the test of time 100 years from now? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: ''Wayne's World'' or ''Austin Powers[: International Man of Mystery]''? || 0 || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: We're gonna show you two DVDs. Which one should we buy?***** || 1+, +* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Where would you rather be a student: Hogwarts [School of Witchcraft and Wizardry] or Xavier's School for the Gifted? || 1+**, +*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of our hundredth episode, what movie would be easiest to watch 100 times in a row? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: [John] Malkovich or Gary Oldman? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What's the all-time most disappointing movie sequel? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Cody (who pitched a James Bond film ''Live and Let Cry'') won the twitter poll with 46%. Samm (''Three Amigos and a Baby'') received 38% while Mike (''Babyguard'', the sequel to ''Bodyguard'') received 16%. .**Samm (The Rock and Wesley Snipes) won the twitter poll with 46%. Cody (Michael B. Jordan and John Krasinski) received 40% while Mike (Rebecca Ferguson and Wallace Shawn) received 14%. .***Cody (''Up'') won the twitter poll with 45%. Samm (''Wall-E'') received 40% while Mike (''Cars'') received 15%. .****Mike's pitch won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Cody's with 30% and Samm's with 21%. .*****Bargain bin pic of ''21 Jump Street'' and ''Step Brothers''. +Mike won the point despite being slower at saying ''Step Brothers''. +*Split decision. Dan chose Samm (''Step Brothers''). +**Mike won the point despite being slower at saying Xavier's School. +***Split decision. Andy chose Samm (Xavier's). '''Episode 103: Ghost in the Shell – Will It Work? (9-24-16)'''<ref>Episode 103: Ghost in the Shell – Will It Work? (9-24-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uv5mYQnSnDw</ref> Dan is joined on the couch by Ian Candish. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 0/2 || Second |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Jay Washington || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 97%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Joe !! Sasha !! Jay |- | 1: What is the best movie starring Denzel Washington? || * || 1 || |- | 2: Who[m] should Eddie Murphy portray [in a superhero movie]? || 1 || ** || *** |- | 3: Is this movie [''Ghost in the Shell''] gonna be good, great, or awful? || **** || 1***** || |- | 4: What should ''Mission[: Impossible] 6'' [entail]? || 1+ || || |- | 5: Pitch a movie that actually deserves a $260 million or more budget. || || || 1+* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy?+** || 1+*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: I'm gonna give you two Hollywood names. Yell out who's better:...Jennifer Lawrence or Chris Pratt? || 1+**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who should star in the new ''Scarface''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie set in the jungle? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: I'm gonna give you two names. Who's better: Ethan Hunt or Jason Bourne? || || 1+***** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Joe (''Training Day'') won the twitter poll with 47%. Sasha (''Malcolm X)'' received 33% while Jay (''The Book of Eli'') received 20%. .**Sasha was knocked out in the middle of the round, leaving only Joe and Jay to fight. .***Jay (The Riddler) won the twitter poll with 47%. Joe (Aaron Davis, uncle of Miles Morales) received 43% while Sasha (The Joker) received 10%. .****Joe was stuck with picking great. He did not truly believe this. .*****Sasha (good) also won the twitter poll with 47%. Jay (awful) received 39% while Joe (great) received 14%. +Joe's pitch also won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Jay's with 33% and Sasha's with 28%. +*Jay (''Avengers vs. Justice League'') also won the twitter poll with 48%, followed by Sasha (''Deadpool 2'') with 34% and Joe (''Temeraire'') with 18%. +**Bargain bin pic of ''Talladega Nights'' and ''Zoolander.'' +***Split decision. Jay chose Sasha (''Talladega Nights'') while Ian, Dan, and Andy chose Joe. +****Split decision. Andy chose Sasha (Chris Pratt) while Ian, Dan, and Jay chose Joe. +*****Sasha was non-unanimously determined to be faster at saying Jason Bourne but was unanimously chosen as winner. '''Episode 104: Lion King Remake Must Haves? (10-1-16)'''<ref>Episode 104: Lion King Remake Must Haves? (10-1-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_tUI8rtO3Y&t=109s</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Jeff Kang. Below his name, it lists his twitter handle as @ScreenJunkies. Among all fighters who have won a Movie Fight, Trisha sets the record for longest time between first fight and first win (89 episodes). Trisha, who is undefeated in TV Fights (2-0) and Gamer Fights (1-0) becomes the first fighter to win in all three fights. *Coincidentally these were also Trisha's first four fights after she became pregnant. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Steve Zaragosa || 0/1 || Third |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/6 || '''Win''' |- | Lon Harris || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Steve !! Trisha !! Lon |- | 1: What is the worst Tim Burton movie? || || || 1* |- | 2: What two co-stars from a classic film would you like to see re-unite for another movie? || || 1** || |- | 3: What's the one thing that this movie [the ''Lion King'' remake] must have and...what's the thing they also have to avoid? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Which flop deserves a second chance sequel? || || || 1**** |- | 5: What's a film that you regret paying money to see? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: There will be two movies, and you need to tell us which one should we buy? + || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best song from a Disney animated film? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which of these would you rather remake: ''E.T. [the Extra-Terrestrial]'' or ''Back to the Future''? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best Mark Wahlberg movie? || x || || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who[m] would you rather fight: an alien [Xenomorph] or a Predator? || x || 1+*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 4 |} .*Lon (''Dark Shadows (2012)'') actually lost the twitter poll with 28%. Steve (''Planet of the Apes (2001)'') won with 40% while Trisha (''Alice in Wonderland (2010)'') received 32%. .**Trisha (John Travolta and Samuel L. Jackson from ''Pulp Fiction'') also won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Lon (Jeff Bridges and John Goodman from ''The Big Lebowski'') with 32% and Steve (Mike Myers and Dana Carvey from the ''Wayne's World'' movies) with 19%. .***Steve (making the movie scary but avoiding the music) actually lost the twitter poll with 14%. Trisha (keeping the music and avoiding bad CGI) won with 54% while Lon (keeping Jeremy Irons as Scar and avoiding the "Hakuna Matata" montage) received 32%. .****Lon (''Dredd (2012)'') also won the twitter poll with 56%, followed by Trisha (''John Carter'') with 29% and Steve (''Monster Squad'') with 15%. .*****Trisha (''Movie 43'') also won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Steve (''Independence Day: Resurgence'') with 33% and Lon (''Suicide Squad'') with 30%. +Bargain bin pic of ''Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull'' and ''Terminator: Genisys.'' +*Split decision. Steve chose Lon (''Back to the Future'') while Dan, Jeff, and Andy chose Trisha (''E.T.''). +**Split decision. Dan chose Trisha (''The Departed'') while Steve and Andy chose Lon (''Boogie Nights''). Jeff abstained. +***Split decision. Jeff chose Lon (Predator) while Dan, Steve, and Andy chose Trisha. '''Episode 105: How to Fix Pirates of the Caribbean (10-8-16)'''<ref>Episode 105: How to Fix Pirates of the Caribbean (10-8-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTdFfTnlnUM</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Zack as engineer since JTE is competing. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | John Rocha || 1/4 || Third |- | Graham Elwood || New fighter || Second |- | JTE || 2/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! John !! Graham !! JTE |- | 1: What movie would you want to see an extended edition of;...what would you extend? * || || || 1** |- | 2: If you could have a commute to work everyday with one movie character, who[m] would you pick? || *** || 1 || |- | 3: What could we do to rejuvenate this franchise [''Pirates of the Caribbean'']? || || || 1**** |- | 4: What children's movie should come back as a Netflix series? || || || 1***** |- | 5: If you could improve any movie by replacing the lead character with Wolverine, what would it be? || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Not including films by George Lucas or Steven Spielberg, best Harrison Ford film? || || 0 || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You're gonna see two DVDs.+ || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best superhero sequel movie title? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie featuring Kate Winslet in any role? || x || +** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better '90s Keanu [Reeves]: ''Speed'' or ''Point Break''? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Question supplied by Billy A. Patterson. .**JTE (''Godzilla (2014)'') actually lost the twitter poll with 24% (though Dan stated that the twitter comments mostly supported him). John (''The Force Awakens'') won with 44%, followed by Graham (''The Dark Knight Rises'') with 32%. .***John (Han Solo) won the twitter poll with 55%, followed by Graham (William Shatner's James T. Kirk) with 23% and JTE (Jules Winnfield) with 22%. .****JTE also won the twitter poll with 42%, followed by Graham with 37% and John with 21%. .*****Again, JTE (''Labyrinth'') lost the twitter poll despite winning the point with 21%. John (''Harry Potter'') won with 47%, followed by Graham (''Lord of the Flies'') with 32%. +Bargain bin pic of of ''Starship Troopers'' and ''The Princess Bride''. +*Graham won unanimously despite being slower at saying ''Starship Troopers'', which JTE also regretted choosing. +**Graham chose ''The Aviator'', which did not feature her. JTE pointed this out and won the point without arguments. '''Episode 106: Cast Aladdin's Live Action Genie! - DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS!! (10-15-16)'''<ref>Episode 106: Cast Aladdin's Live Action Genie! - DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS!! (10-15-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O81xSipISOk</ref> Third Drunk Movie Fight. The winner will fight against Ken Napzok and Alicia Malone. Judged by Marc Andreyko. Spencer Gilbert as Fact Checker. He was originally supposed to be the judge. He is accompanied by fan Danny Petruska. Rules for drinking (introduced after Round 1): Any time Andy burps, Roth "gets New York," Joe blanks on a movie or actor, Marc says "Andy's right, this ''is'' tough," any time JTE makes a gaffe, and any time Andy argues with Marc. Any time the fan poll chooses a winner different than Marc's choice, the winner of the point takes a shot. Anyone who is successfully fact-checked must finish his or her drink. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || 1/6 || '''Win''' |- | Roth Cornet || 1/2 || Third |- | Joe Starr || 0/3 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%"style="width: 7% "| Andy !! style="width: 7%"|Roth !! style="width: 7%"|Joe |- | 1: Who should play the Genie [in a live-action ''Aladdin'']? || 1* || || |- | 2: What movie villain ideally should fight the Power Rangers? || 1** || || |- | 3: What non-game smartphone app, not including Skynet, or feature would make the best film? || 1 || || *** |- | 4: Pitch me the movie.**** || || 1***** || |- | 5: What two actors who have never done a sex scene together would share the most memorable sex scene? || + || || 1+* |- | TIE BREAKER 1: Hollywood's best Dave or David?+** || x || || |- | TIE BREAKER 2: Best speech in a movie? || x || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Two DVDs are gonna pop up on the screen.+*** || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Your very first favorite movie as a child? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: You have to watch the same movie four times in a row. What movie do you pick? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie character, not actor,.... smells the best? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What movie character do you definitely ''not'' want as your uber driver home? || 1+**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Andy (Joaquin Phoenix) actually lost the twitter poll with 14%. Joe (Bill Hader) won with 47%, followed by Roth (Dwayne Johnson) with 39%. .**The twitter poll agreed. .***Joe (Postmates) won the twitter poll again. .****Blind fight. Fighters had to draw a traditional actor, a non-traditional actor, and a movie title out of cups. .*****Roth won despite drawing twice from the traditional actor cup and conceding in the middle of her pitching. +Andy (Brad Pitt and Channing Tatum) won the twitter poll, so Joe had to drink. +*After Joe received the point, JTE erroneously gave Roth a second point on the scoreboard. However, it was not called out, so there was no drinking. +**Marc moved past the question after Roth and Joe could not think of answers they wanted to give. +***Bargain bin pic of ''Supergirl'' and ''Howard the Duck''. +****Andy chose Patrick Bateman from ''American Psycho,'' which was also his choice for the previous question. Joe had argued in the previous question that Bateman would smell bad in an uber due to his cologne. '''Episode 107: Best Zombie Movie w/ Walking Dead Creator Robert Kirkman! (10-22-16)'''<ref>Episode 107: Best Zombie Movie w/ Walking Dead Creator Robert Kirkman! (10-22-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PwY2jR-c6M</ref> Not counting the first episode, twenty-second episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. Twentieth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Max Landis || 2/0 || '''Win''' |- | David Alpert || New fighter || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kirkman Robert Kirkman] || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 83%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Max !! David !! Robert |- | 1: Best zombie movie? || || || 1 |- | 2: What movie would be better if you added zombies? || 1* || || |- | 3: What is the best movie twist of all time? || || 1 || |- | 4: Leonardo DiCaprio is producing the Captain America [sic] movie. ...Who should play Captain Planet and tell us what...the premise of this movie should be. || 1 || || |- | 5: What is the best movie based on a graphic novel? || || 1** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which of these two DVDs should we buy?*** || 1**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie featuring Tom Hardy in any role? || || 1***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with the word..."devil" in the title? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of the election, what movie character would you be most intimidated to debate? || 1+ || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*In a first, Andy made his decision before the twitter poll was even released. .**David won with ''The Crow'' despite losing a coin toss to Max for ''Ghost World''. .***Bargain bin pic of and ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut'' and ''Team America: World Police''. .****Split decision. Robert chose David (''Team America: World Police'') while Dan and Andy chose Max. .*****Split decision. Robert decided to be kind to Max and voted for him (''Locke'') after Dan and Andy had already chosen David (''Inception''). +Split decision. Robert chose David (Denzel Washington in ''The Great Debaters'') while Dan and Andy chose Max (Leonardo DiCaprio in ''The Wolf of Wall Street''). '''Episode 108: Deadliest Horror Villain! (10-29-16)'''<ref>Episode 108: Deadliest Horror Villain! (10-29-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vz8oiKetEI4</ref> Jon Bailey introduces the episode "Live from Scream Junkies Studios in Haddonfield, Illinois, this is Horror Fights." Judged by Collider Nightmares host Clarke Wolfe. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. Ben Begley returns after a 42 episode absence, the third-longest absence yet, 2 episodes short of Erin Robinson's second-place 44 episodes and one episode longer than Jon Schnepp's 41 that he set in episode 78. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr * || 1/9 || Second |- | Josh Robert Thompson ** || New fighter || Third |- | Ben Begley || 1/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 75%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roger !! Josh !! Ben |- | 1: Pitch two iconic horror villains that you would like to see face off in a movie. || || || 1*** |- | 2: What is the best deadliest horror movie villain? || || 1 || **** |- | 3: What familiar horror trope should be permanently retired? || 1***** || || |- | 4: What horror movie death would you least want to experience? || 1 || || |- | 5: Who is the greatest horror film director? || + || || 2 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''I, Robot'' vs. ''Prometheus''?+* || 1 || x || +** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the most badass survivor from any horror movie? || +*** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: ''The Exorcist'' or ''The Shining''? || +**** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What non-horror director should make a horror film? || +***** || x || 1++ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Roger Barr's intro graphic names him as Roger S. Pumpkins. .**Josh Robert Thompson's intro graphic erroneously names him Josh Robertson Thompson. .***Ben (Critters vs. Gremlins) also won the twitter poll with 44%, followed by Josh (Jason Voorhies vs. Jaws) with 43% and Roger (Death Bed vs Robert the tire from ''Rubber'') with 12%. .****Ben (Freddy Krueger) again won the twitter poll with 38%, followed by Josh (The Thing) with 34% and Roger (Jason Voorhies) with 28%. .*****Roger (car won't start) also won the twitter poll with 42%. Josh (found footage) and Ben (final girl tripping) tied. +Roger (John Carpenter) again won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Ben (Wes Craven) with 46% and Josh (William Friedkin) with 7%. +*Bargain bin pic, with Clarke reading aloud. +**Ben, who was stuck with ''I, Robot'', actually won the twitter poll with 55%, but this is put out before arguments are heard. +***Roger (Nancy from ''A Nightmare on Elm Street'') won the twitter poll with 83%, beating Ben (Erin from ''You're Next''). +****Roger (''The Shining'') won the twitter poll with 59%. +*****In his rebuttal, Roger indicated that his choice (Harold Ramis) directed ''Ghostbusters''. The film was directed by Ivan Reitman. Ramis was one of the screenwriters. ++Ben (Wes Anderson) also won the twitter poll with 67%, the only time in the Speed Round that Clarke agreed with the poll. '''Episode 109: What Franchise Should Wonder Woman Join? (11-5-16)'''<ref>Episode 109: What Franchise Should Wonder Woman Join? (11-5-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIu8okjbbx4</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by Lindsey Pankhurst and Abe Saldana. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Stephen Glickman || 0/2 || Second |- | Coy Jandreau || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Scott Mantz || 2/5 || Third * |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 71%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Stephen !! style="width: 7%"|Coy !! Scott |- | 1: Who is the best movie President? || || 1 || **, *** |- | 2: What iconic role should Benedict Cumberbatch play next? || 1**** || **** || |- | 3: What retro game character deserves a solo movie? || || 1 || |- | 4: What other franchise should Wonder Woman join? || || ***** || 1 |- | 5: Of all the seven [dwarves], who is the best [dwarf]? || 1 || || + |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Yell out which one we should buy.+* || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie featuring this actor in any role:....Ewan McGregor? || 1+** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best song from ''Beauty and the Beast''? || || 1+***|| x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best dramatic performance by a comedian or comedic actor? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*In his fifth consecutive third place finish in a Movie Fight, Scott becomes the second fighter after Dan to not finish in second place in any of his first eight appearances (back in episode 92, he had become the only one besides Dan to not do so in his first seven). .**Scott (James Marshall) won 53% of the twitter poll, followed by Coy (Camacho) with 29% and Stephen (Dave) with 17%. .***Dan said that Camacho took the electoral vote, but James Marshall won the popular vote. In the Presidential election five days after the taping, Donald Trump won the electoral vote while Hillary Clinton won the popular vote. .****Stephen (Inspector Gadget) and Coy (Jafar) tied on the twitter poll with 35% each, followed by Scott (James Bond) with 30%. Coy pulled ahead shortly after Andy gave the point. .*****Coy (''The Expendables'') won the twitter poll with 36%, followed by Scott (''Star Trek'') with 34% and Stephen (''Jurassic Park'') with 30%. +During Scott's introduction of his choice Happy, a picture of Doc appeared. +*Bargain bin pic of ''Rookie of the Year'' and ''Major League''. +**Split decision. Scott chose Coy (''Trainspotting'') while Lindsey, Abe, and Andy chose Stephen (''Moulin Rouge''). +***Split decision. In a near reversal of the previous question, Scott chose Stephen (''Beauty and the Beast'') while Lindsey, Abe, Dan, and Andy chose Coy ("Be Our Guest"). *Coy actually answered "Be My Guest". '''Episode 110: What is the Best Movie Alien? (11-12-16)'''<ref>Episode 110: What is the Best Movie Alien? (11-12-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-C-0cxcaF4</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Alina Lewis. Jacqueline's name is displayed on the scoreboard as "Jac." The thumbnail picture for the episode features a Squeeze Toy Alien from the ''Toy Story'' films, but this does not feature in any answer. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Brett Erlich || 0/4 || Second |- | Lon Harris || 0/1 || Third |- | Jacqueline Coley || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Brett !! Lon !! Jacqueline |- | 1: What is the best movie alien? || || || 1* |- | 2: Who should direct ''The Flash''? || || 1 || |- | 3: What other** 80's movie deserves a remake?? || 1*** || || |- | 4: What classic or iconic movie character should never be recast or rebooted? || 1 || || |- | 5: What is the best closing shot of any movie? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | colspan="4" | BREAK: Alicia Malone activates the Show Stopper to challenge Dan Murrell for the Belt while Brett tends to his bloody nose. |- ! colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 82%;" |Question !! style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 8%;" |Alicia !! style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 11%;" |Dan |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND A: If you could only watch one director's movies for the rest of your life, who[m] do you choose:...[the] Coen brothers or [Quentin] Tarantino?|| style="background: #CEF2F2;"|1 || style="background: #CEF2F2;"|**** |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND B: What is the best remake of all time? || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| 1 |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND C: Worst movie from an Academy Award-nominated director? || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | 1*****, + || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND D: Most over-the-top Nicolas Cage performance? +* || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| 1 |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND E: Best non-John Williams film score? || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| 1 |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |'''FINAL SCORES''' || style="background: #CEF2F2;" |2 || style="background: #CEF2F2;" |'''3''' |- | colspan="4" | RESUME GAME |- ! Question !! Brett !! Lon !! Jacqueline |- | SPEED ROUND A: If you had to buy one, which would you pick? +** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who'd be the better friend: Ant-Man or Doctor Strange? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of his new Netflix movie, ''True Memoirs of an International Assassin'', what is the best Kevin James movie? || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best movie to watch after a break-up? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What movie had the most impact on Tom Hanks' career? || || x || 1+**** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Jacqueline (the first Xenomorph) also won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Lon (Superman) with 32% and Brett (The Thing) with 25%. .**Besides ''An American Werewolf in London''. .***Brett (''WarGames'') also won the twitter poll with 44%. Andy had Dan reveal this before his ruling. .****Dan was slower at saying the Coen brothers. .*****Split decision. Lon chose Dan (''The Last Airbender'') while Jacqueline and Andy chose Alicia (Oliver Stone's ''Alexander''). +There was disagreement on exactly what the question asked (worst movie from the collective body of nominated directors vs. worst movie for a particular director relative to the director's total body of work). Andy initially chose Dan but, but after Alicia described her interpretation, Andy changed his mind. Lon said that an asterisk would accompany the point. +*Question previously used in episode 59. +**Bargain bin pic of ''Murder, She Baked: A Chocolate Chip Cookie Mystery'' and ''The Dog Lover''. +***Split decision. Alina chose Jacqueline (''Grown Ups''), who hadn't even seen a Kevin James movie, while Dan, Lon, and Andy all chose Brett (''Paul Blart: Mall Cop''). +****Split decision. Dan chose Brett (''Forrest Gump'') while Lon and Andy chose Jacqueline (''Philadelphia''). '''Episode 111: What is the Best Harry Potter Movie? (11-19-16)'''<ref>Episode 111: What is the Best Harry Potter Movie? (11-19-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xC5yWVe6XZw</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Erika Ishii and Roth Cornet as Fact Checkers. Jon gives a different introduction in the style of ''Harry Potter'' commercials. Andy wears Harry Potter style glasses while judging. While Gina is listed as a new fighter, she competed on TV Fights two days earlier. As usual, Spencer's name is displayed on the scoreboard as Spence. First Movie Fights episode since October 2015 in which more than 11 points are awarded. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || 1/6 || Third |- | Gina Ippolito || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/13 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! Gina !! Spencer |- | 1: What is the best ''Harry Potter'' film? || || 1* || ** |- | 2: What element of the Wizarding World are you glad doesn't really exist? || 1 || || |- | 3: If you could own one magical item from any ''Harry Potter'' film, which one would it be? || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | 4: What is the most shocking moment in the ''Harry Potter'' series? || *** || || 1 |- | 5: What actor gives the best performance throughout the ''[Harry] Potter'' franchise? **** || ***** || || 1+ |- | TIE BREAKER: You're gonna pick a name, and you're gonna have to defend why [he or she is] the best? +*, +** || || 0 || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the worst Harry Potter movie? || x || 1+***, +**** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best Hogwart[s] House? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who wins in a direct match-up:...Voldemort or Dumbledore? || x || || 1+*****, ++ |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is the best Hogwarts student other than Harry, Ron, and Hermione? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Besides Ron, who's the best Weasley? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''6''' || 4 |} .*Gina (''Prisoner of Azkaban'') also won the twitter poll with 53%. Roth mentioned this before Andy rendered his decision. .**Spencer's first choice was ''Deathly Hallows part 2'', but he lost the coin toss to Trisha. He subsequently lost a coin toss to Gina and went with ''Sorcerer's [Philosopher's] Stone''. .***Once again, Roth announce the winner of the twitter poll before Andy made his decision. Trisha (Dumbledore's death) won with 44%, followed by Spencer (Cedric Diggory's death) with 33% and Gina (Hedwig's death) with 23%. .****After Andy read the question, he said he wanted the fighters to pick a specific movie since the number of movies in which the picks appeared varied greatly (as actor Richard Harris died). However, Spencer said that would cause his answer to change, and Trisha also appeared to feel the same. So Andy simply indicated that the fighters could not use the number of movies as part of the argument. .*****Trisha won a coin toss for Alan Rickman. Despite this, Andy felt she gave the weakest argument. +Despite losing the argument, Trisha (Alan Rickman) won the twitter poll (which Andy predicted) with 74%. Spencer (Maggie Smith) received 19% while Gina (Richard Harris) received 7%. +*Trisha and Gina had to blindly pick out of a sorting hat from Hermione Granger, Ron Weasley, and Harry Potter. They respectively chose Ron and Harry. +**Andy gave more time and rounds of arguments for this question than the normal Speed Round questions. +***Spencer said "the second one" before Gina said "''Chamber of Secrets''" (which is the second movie). So Gina had to go with her next choice, ''Deathly Hallows part 1''. +****Split decision. Trisha, Erika, and Roth all chose Spencer, but Andy indicated he would have gone with Gina. He asked Erika and Roth if they were on the fence, and they indicated that they were, so he gave the point to Gina. +*****Spencer was faster at saying Dumbledore. ++Split decision. Not counting the first question of the Speed Round, this is the second overturn of the game and the ''first by Andy''. Trisha and Roth picked Gina (Voldemort), but Andy wasn't convinced because the question asked about a direct match-up while Trisha and Roth were more so referring to the long-game. '''Episode 112: Dumbest Movie Premise of All Time? (11-26-16)'''<ref>Episode 112: Dumbest Movie Premise of All Time? (11-26-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9d3SFCids4</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by Tybee Diskin. Episode aired on Screen Junkies Plus on Thanksgiving. As the group was on break, this did not air live. Additionally, there was no "After the Fight" episode that followed it. "Last Fighter Standing." Single-elimination tournament. The fighters: JTE, Sasha Perl-Raver, Scott Mantz, Coy Jandreau, Marc Andreyko, Joe Starr, Spencer Gilbert, and Mike Carlson. This episode is not counted in the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Fighters (in response order) !! Question !! colspan="2" | Eliminated |- | JTE, Sasha, Scott || 1: What movie played on loop would you use to torture someone for information? || colspan="2" | Sasha |- | JTE, Coy, Scott || 2: What major Hollywood release has the all-time dumbest premise? || colspan="2" | JTE |- | Marc*, Coy, Scott** || 3: Recast a John Travolta role with Nicolas Cage.*** || colspan="2" | Coy |- | Marc, Joe, Scott || 4: If you had to build a religion around the philosophy of any movie character, which one would you pick? || colspan="2" | Scott |- | Marc, Joe, Spencer || 5: Improve a movie by swapping out a main character with a talking dog. || colspan="2" | Joe****, Scott |- | Marc, Mike, Spencer || 6: In honor of Thanksgiving, what movie family would you want to be part of? || colspan="2" | Marc |- ! colspan="2" | Speed Round Question !! Mike !! Spencer |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND A: Who will win an Oscar first:...Will Farrell or Seth Rogen? || 1***** || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND B: There will be two movies on the screen from our bargain bin...You will have to tell me which of these two we should buy. + || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND C: What is the worst Tom Hanks movie? || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather have a drink with: Michael Keaton or Kurt Russell? || 1+* || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND E1: More dissapointing: The ''Matrix'' sequels or the ''Hobbit'' prequels? || || +** |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND E2: What's the best movie with a title that's six words or longer? || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''3''' |} .*Marc chose ''Hairspray'', Sasha's pick for the first question. .**Scott chose ''Face/Off'', his answer to the second question. .***All three fighters originally chose ''Battlefield Earth''. .****Andy threw Joe out after his argument for replacing Pvt. Ryan similar to how he threw Spencer out in the fourth round of the first Last Fighter Standing episode. However, just as JTE was removed in the same round in which he returned, Scott also was removed right after coming back. .*****Split decision. Marc chose Spencer (Will Farrell) while Sasha, Scott, Coy, and JTE chose Mike. .+Bargain bin pics of ''Now You See Me 2'' and ''My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2''. +*Split decision. Coy, Scott, and Sasha chose Spencer (Kurt Russell) while JTE, Marc, and Andy chose Mike. +**Spencer was slightly faster at saying the ''Matrix'' sequels, but Andy decided to throw out the question and go on to another one. '''Episode 113: Worst Comic Book Movie (TRICK QUESTION) (12-3-16)'''<ref>Episode 113: Worst Comic Book Movie (TRICK QUESTION) (12-3-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZPDN3yKcrM</ref> Sponsored by Nature Box. On Screen Junkies Plus, the episode title is "Best Scorsese Movie?" Also, the title card features pictures of Hal, Dan, and Coy rather than the traditional action themed card, which ''is'' what is used on youtube. Joe Starr as Fact Checker Blind fight. Fighters had no time to prepare answers. This episode introduces the concept of the Trick Question in Round 5. Not counting the first episode, twenty-third episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. Twenty-first episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/11 || Third |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/1 || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 14/7 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%"| Hal !! style="width: 7%"| Coy !! style="width: 7%"| Dan |- | 1: What is the worst Robert DeNiro performance? || 1 || * || |- | 2: What is the best Martin Scorsese movie? || || || 1** |- | 3: What is the worst prequel of all time? || || || 1*** |- | 4: In honor of ''Moana'',... what is the best Disney animal sidekick? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the worst**** comic book movie? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: I'm gonna show you two movies, and you have to tell us which one should we buy? + || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie facial hair? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND C: For the rest of your life, you can only watch one of these actors' movies.... Who[m] would you pick: Keanu Reeves or Matt Damon? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie is most improved by a second viewing? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie whose title has four words? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Coy (''Dirty Grandpa'') won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Hal (''Rocky and Bullwinkle'') with 34% and Dan (Mary Shelley's ''Frankenstein'') with 23%. .**Dan (''Raging Bull'') actually lost the twitter poll again with 17%. Hal (''Goodfellas'') won with 48% while Coy (''The Departed'') received 35%. .***Dan (''Attack of the Clones'') tied Hal (''X-Men Origins: Wolverine'') for the twitter poll victory with 34%. Coy (''The Phantom Menace'') received 32%. .****Trick question. After the fighters gave their responses, Andy made them defend their picks as the ''best''. .*****Coy (''Fantastic Four (2015)'') also won the twitter poll, followed by Dan (''Superman IV: The Quest for Peace'') and then Hal (''Catwoman''). +Bargain bin pic of ''Independence Day: Resurgence'' and ''Alice Through the Looking Glass''. +*Split decision. Joe chose Dan (Hans Gruber), but Andy and Hal chose Coy (Tony Stark). +**Split decision. Hal chose Dan (Keanu Reeves) while Joe and Andy chose Coy. '''Episode 114: Greatest Lightsaber Fighter - Star Wars: MOVIE FIGHTS! (12-10-16)'''<ref>Episode 114: Greatest Lightsaber Fighter - Star Wars: MOVIE FIGHTS! (12-10-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1gPXC6ztDg</ref> Kristian returns after a 43-episode absence. A new introduction was created for this special episode. Emma Fyffe fights in place of Maude Garrett, who was originally scheduled to fight. Emma is listed as a new fighter, but she has fought in three TV Fights. In their introductions, each fighter has a Movie Poster featuring them as each character, except for Darth Vader, who is played by Ken Napzok. Kristian, Dan, and Emma's posters respectively feature ''The Empire Strikes Back'', ''A New Hope'', and ''Return of the Jedi''. Kristian's name is listed on the scoreboard as "Harloff." Dan is accompanied on the couch by "Bachelor in Paradise" star Jared Haibon. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Kristian Harloff || 1/5 || '''Win''' |- | Dan Casey || 0/1 || Second |- | Emma Fyffe || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kristian !! Dan !! Emma |- | 1: I wanna know who gave the best individual performance of any ''Star Wars'' film? || 1 || || |- | 2: If you could pick a single character from all of Star Wars, who would come out...on top in a lightsaber battle royale? || 1* || || |- | 3: Pitch a movie set in the Old Republic. || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the best line of dialogue from any ''Star Wars'' movie? || || 1** || |- | 5: If you had to spend a year on any ''Star Wars'' moon or planet, which one would you choose? || *** || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is the best ''Star Wars'' droid? || || 1**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the overall best...lightsaber fight? || 1***** || + || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tell me something in the Star Wars universe that's worse than Jar Jar? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Other than the Millenium Falcon, what's the best ship? || 1+*, +** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Kristian (Palpatine) actually lost the twitter poll with 23%. Emma (Obi-Wan Kenobi) won with 47%, followed by Dan (Mace Windu) with 30%. .**Dan ("I know" from ''The Empire Strikes Back'') also won the twitter poll with 55%. .***Kristian (Naboo) won the twitter poll with 72%. .****Split decision. Emma chose Kristian (R2-D2) while Dan, Jared, and Andy chose Dan Casey (BB-8). .*****Split decision. Emma and Jared chose Dan Casey while Dan and Andy chose Kristian. +Dan Casey chose Palpative vs Vader and Luke, which, as Dan Murrell pointed out, was not a lightsaber fight. +*Kristian had wanted to chose the Ghost, which had only appeared in "Star Wars: Rebels" at the time. However, it did briefly appear in ''Rogue One,'' which was released the following week. +**Split decision. Dan chose Dan Casey (Slave I), while Emma, Jared, and Andy chose Kristian (TIE Fighter). '''Episode 115: Rogue One: Did We Need It!? - DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS!! (12-17-16)'''<ref>Episode 115: Rogue One: Did We Need It!? - DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS!! (12-17-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAvSAGPJA6Y</ref> Drunk Movie Fights championship. The fight montage for Drunk Movie Fights is used. No drinking rules are stated or used. Hosted by Dan Murrell. He performs his first ''and second'' overturns in this episode. Each fighter had a specialized drink that he or she was regularly served, made by James Anderson, who used the "Dan's Labyrinth" desk. Joe Starr as Fact Checker. He is accompanied on the couch by Marc Andreyko. Twenty-fourth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Not counting the first episode, twenty-fourth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. Twenty-second episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 6/4 || Third |- | Ken Napzok || 2/0 || '''Win''' |- | Andy Signore || 2/6 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Ken !! Andy |- | 1: Ruin a belovèd film classic by adding on scene. || 1 || || |- | 2: What is the most annoying thing that people do in movies but not real life? || || || 1 |- | 3: [The] ''The Fate of the Furious'' trailer came out.... We want you guys to pitch ''Fast 20''. || || 1 || |- | 4: ''Rogue One[: A Star Wars Story]'': was it necessary; do we need it? * || || || 1 |- | 5: ''Collateral Beauty'', the latest Will Smith movie, is opening this week. It is currently sitting at an admirable 14% on Rotten Tomatoes.... We want you all to name what the worst film starring Will Smith is. ** || || 1*** || |- | colspan="4" | COMMENTARY BY HAL RUDNICK (WHO HAD NOT BEEN WATCHING, BUT WAS WORKING ON A SCREEN JUNKIES SHOW SPECIAL) DURING BATHROOM BREAK |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two are in the bargain bin. Which one do you buy?**** || x || || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: What would you rather be transformed into: a Gremlin or a Minion? || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Besides Brad Pitt, who is the hottest male celebrity? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie is the best movie to put on when you're drinking alone? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the best intoxicated movie performance? +**, +***, +**** || x || 1+***** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 4 |} .*Alicia did not fight. She cast a ballot ahead of time who would win. If she was correct, she would get a point. She incorrectly chose Ken. .**Trick question. After the Alicia, Ken, and Andy named their movies (''Wild Wild West'', ''Men in Black II'', and ''After Earth''), they were told that they had to defend them as the ''best'' Will Smith movie. .***Ken stated that ''Men in Black'' came out in 1996. It came out in 1997. .****The DVD sets were the two ''Paul Blart: Mall Cop'' films and the two ''Grown Ups'' films. .*****Split decision. Third overturn of Movies Fights, and the first by Dan, who did not feel Alicia's and Joe's reasons for Ken's argument for the ''Paul Blart: Mall Cop'' movies were strong enough. +Split decision. Fourth overturn of Movie Fights, and he second by Dan, who suddenly takes the lead over Andy and Alicia. He felt Ken gave the better argument for the Minions, even though Marc, Joe, and Alicia all chose Andy. +*Andy, who chose ''The Rock'', conceded after hearing Ken's initial argument for ''Casablanca''. +**Dan clarified ahead of time that he was asking for a character, not an actor, and that any substance - not just alcohol - would count for intoxication. +***Ken and Andy were given 30 seconds for initial arguments and 15 seconds for rebuttal. +****Question submitted by Dan's girlfriend, Mara Knopic. +*****Split decision. Alicia and Marc chose Andy (Brad Pitt in ''True Romance''), while Joe and Dan chose Ken (Benicio del Toro in ''Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas''). '''Episode 116: Best Movie Decade Of All Time? - Classic Movie Fights! (12-24-16)'''<ref>Episode 116: Best Movie Decade Of All Time? - Classic Movie Fights! (12-24-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eM5dcg-7agM</ref> Hosted by Alicia Malone, who hosted the first Classic Movie Fights. Once again, the episode is shown in black and white. However, no montage is shown this time. Jessie Maltin (Leonard's daughter) as Fact Checker. However, no fact checks were performed. Sponsored by NatureBox. A promo is given for 50% off one's first order. The episode features significant instances of fighters fighting on behalf of others. However, this was viewed favorably for the arguer in determining points, rather than favorably for the person whose argument was being boosted. Pre-recorded episode. A pre-recorded episode of the Screen Junkies Show (aired 12-28-16) was taped immediately afterwards. Only six points are awarded in this episode, the lowest of any Movie or TV Fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roth Cornet || 1/3 || Second |- | Leonard Maltin || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 1/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 66%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roth !! Leonard !! Sasha |- | 1: Which classic film director would have the best career in Hollywood today? || || 1 || |- | 2: What is the best pre-1980 animated film? || 1 || * || |- | 3: What is the best song-and-dance number from any musical? || || || 1 |- | 4: Which classic film remains the most relevant in (the) 2016? || 1 || || |- | 5: What is the best all-time decade for movies? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best ''film noir''?** || || 1*** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''3'''**** || 1 |} .*Leonard switched his answer from ''Dumbo'' to ''Pinocchio''. .**Leonard was slightly faster than Roth at saying ''Double Indemnity''. She conceded the point but still made Leonard give his argument. .***Technically, Leonard sets the record for shortest Speed Round sweep as the game was called after just the one Speed Round question. .****Leonard's finish with three points is the lowest winning score of any Movie or TV Fight. '''Episode 117: What Is The Best Movie of 1994? - 1994 MOVIE FIGHTS!! (12-31-16)'''<ref>Episode 117: What Is The Best Movie of 1994? - 1994 MOVIE FIGHTS!! (12-31-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMTAxFwvRUk</ref> Fought by Andy, Spencer, and Dan, who fought in the 1999 fight a year earlier. The seating is reversed from that fight. Sponsored by NatureBox. Hosted by Joe Starr. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. Unlike Ken, who fact checked from the future in the 1999 fight, Lon fact checks from the year 1994. At the end of the youtube video of this fight, there is an advertisement for the Plus-exclusive video of the 50 best moments from the first 100 episodes of Movie Fights. Like the 1999 fight a year earlier, the fight is pre-recorded fought from the perspective of New Year's Eve of 1994. Once again, there are several anachronisms, including the playing of the fight montage. Most of these come from Joe and include the O.J. Simpson murder trial, the North American Playstation, and Pizza Hut Stuffed Crust Pizza, which all were occurred/debuted in 1995. Fighters take turns answering in reverse order from normal. As the 1999 fight is not included in the official statistics, this fight is not included either. Ninth unofficial fight to feature Dan. His third, and second consecutive, such victory. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || Second |- | Dan Murrell || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Andy !! Spencer !! Dan |- | 1: What character should Jim Carrey play next? || || 1 || * |- | 2: ''Speed'' was an amazing movie.... Pitch the setting and villain for ''Speed 2''? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who should direct and star in the live-action Jetsons movie? || || ** || 1 |- | 4: ''Forrest Gump'' was a great movie.... What pre-1994 historical figure or event should Forrest Gump visit? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the best movie of 1994? || || || 1*** |- | 6: BLIND FIGHT: What is the better movie?**** || || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Most promising director: Quentin Tarantino or Kevin Smith? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who should play the next Batman? || x || ***** || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Better breakout Brad Pitt blockbuster:... ''Interview with a Vampire'' or ''Legends of the Fall''? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better child performance: [Kristen] Dunst [in] ''Interview with a Vampire'' or Natalie Portman in ''[Léon:] The Professional''? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Dan indicated that Deadpool breaks the fourth wall. As Lon pointed out, he didn't do this until after he got his own comic series years later. .**Spencer gets knocked out after casting too many people who are not well-known in 1994 and not choosing a director. .***Dan states that he's never heard of Samuel L. Jackson (one of the stars of Spencer's choice, ''Pulp Fiction'') despite wearing a ''Jurassic Park'' shirt. .****Andy drew ''Timecop'', Spencer drew ''Stargate'', and Dan drew ''The Crow.'' Without any arguments, Andy said Spencer and Dan could go to the Speed Round. .*****Before either Spencer or Dan answered, Spencer asked Dan if Brandon Lee was still alive despite the fact that Dan drew ''The Crow'' only minutes earlier. +Split decision. Fifth overturn of Movie Fights (but the fourth in only seven episodes). Andy and Lon chose Spencer (Steven Seagal) while Joe chose Dan (Jean Claude Van Damme). '''Episode 118: Best Movie of 2016 (1-7-17)'''<ref>Episode 118: Best Movie of 2016 (1-7-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RAEKsTDmkpM</ref> Dan is accompanied by Jonathan Youngblood, Maggie Baine, and Jack Shipley, all of whom competed on January 6, 2017 (the day after this episode was taped) in a fan fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 2/7 || '''Win''' |- | Roth Cornet || 1/4 || Second |- | Scott Mantz || 2/6 || Third * |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Marc !! Roth !! Scott |- | 1: What was the best scene from a movie in 2016? || || 1** || *** |- | 2: What is the best performance of 2016? || 1 || || **** |- | 3: What is the most overrated movie of 2016? || || || 1 |- | 4: What 2016 movie would you like to officially "do-over?" || 1 || || *****, + |- | 5: What is the best movie of 2016? || || 1+* || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: For this Blind Fight, you must add Minions to your selection to make your film even better. +** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Worst movie of 2016? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who gave the funniest performance of 2016? || || 1+*** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D1: Best movie villain of 2016? +**** || || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D2: ''Deadpool'' or ''[Captain America:]'' Civil War? || 1+***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Most useless member of the Suicide Squad? || 1++, ++* || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*In his sixth consecutive third place finish in a Movie Fight, Scott becomes the second fighter after Dan to not finish in second place in any of his first nine appearances (back in episode 109, he had become the only one besides Dan to not do so in his first eight). .**Roth (''Manchester by the Sea'') actually lost the twitter poll with 19%. Marc (Wonderwoman's introduction in ''Batman v. Superman: Dawn of Justice'') won the twitter poll with 41% while Scott (the final scene in ''La La Land'') received 40%. .***During Scott's initial description, he gave a spoiler warning. A graphic appeared at the bottom of the screen, but it was the one for After the Fight, telling the audience to watch Movie Fights first. .****Scott (Emma Stone in ''La La Land'') won the twitter poll with 56%. .*****Scott initially chose Marc's choice (''X-Men: Apocalypse''), but he had to pick another option. He stated that he almost went with ''The Girl on the Train'', which was Roth's choice. +Scott (''Suicide Squad'') won the twitter poll. +*After Roth won, she admitted that Marc's choice (''Moonlight'') was her favorite film of the year. +**Marc picked ''Moonlight'', and Roth picked ''Manchester by the Sea''. These were their respective choices for question 5. +***Split decision. Jonathan chose Marc (Zac Efron in ''Neighbors 2'') while Dan, Scott, and Andy chose Roth (Ryan Gosling in ''The Nice Guys''). +****Neither Marc nor Roth could come up with an answer in time. +*****Marc one despite being slower at saying ''Deadpool''. ++Marc was faster at choosing Slipknot. Roth initially agreed but eventually chose Enchantress, who was not a member of the Suicide Squad team despite being in the movie and originally part of the squad. Strangely, she had been unwilling to choose another ''film noir'' in the final question of the recent Classic Movie Fights after Leonard Maltin chose Double Indemnity despite there existing many other options for that question. ++*Split decision. Scott chose Roth while Dan and Andy chose Marc. '''Screen Junkies Plus Exclusive: Fan Fights: Who's the Biggest Movie Star? (1-6-17)'''<ref>Screen Junkies Plus Exclusive: Fan Fights: Who's the Biggest Movie Star? (1-6-17) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/whos-the-biggest-movie-star-3072786</ref> This episode is not available on youtube. The winners of this fight and the second fan fight a week later will be competing in an official fight at the end of January, which will be on youtube. Dan is joined on the couch by Maggie's fiancé Steven. Despite the episode being live (aired at 3:00 pm PST), it is not followed by an After the Fight. However, at the end of the episode, Andy took some time to speak with the fighters. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Jonathan Youngblood || '''Win''' |- | Maggie Baine || Third |- | Jack Shipley || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 74%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jonathan !! Maggie !! Jack |- | 1: What is the best movie featuring Vin Diesel? || 1 || || |- | 2: Who is the best supporting or character actor in Hollywood today? || 1 || || |- | 3: What's the best movie that's based on a true story? || || || 1 |- | 4: At this moment today, who is the biggest movie star in the world? || || 1 || |- | 5: BLIND FIGHT: Improve [your movie] by replacing an actor or actress with Kevin James.* || || || 1** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If Ben Affleck doesn't direct ''The Batman'', who should? || 1*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie set in Los Angeles? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best character from any Pixar film? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: [Robert] De Niro or [Al] Pacino? || 1**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Jonathan, Maggie, and Jack respectively picked ''The Revenant'', ''Gladiator'' (not specified which one, but assumed to be the 2000 film), and ''The Silence of the Lambs''. .**Jack (Buffalo Bill) won the twitter poll with 36% while Jonathan (Hugh Glass) and Maggie (Commodus) tied with 32% a piece. .***Split decision. Maggie chose Jack (Joss Whedon) while Dan and Andy chose Jonathan (David Fincher). .****Split decision. Maggie chose Jack (Pacino) while Dan and Andy chose Jonathan (De Niro). '''Episode 119: Best SNL Movie Star (1-14-17)'''<ref>Episode 119: Best SNL Movie Star (1-14-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTCELu2w6uY</ref> Dan is accompanied by Jorel Blu and Dan Hernandez, two of the three fighters who competed on January 13, 2017 (the day after this episode was taped) in a fan fight. Twenty-fourth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smosh Ian Hecox] || New fighter || Third |- | Jack Henry Robbins || New fighter || Second |- | Joe Starr || 0/4 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Ian !! style="width: 5%"|Jack !! style="width: 5%"|Joe |- | 1: In honor of [Ian's and Jack's] film ''Ghostmates'',... what movie character would make the best roommate? * || || 1** || |- | 2: In honor of [''Monster Trucks''],... we wanna know what movie seems... the most like it was a young child's idea? || 1*** || || |- | 3: What "SNL" alumn[us] has had the best movie career? || || || 1**** |- | 4: In honor of ''[The] Bye Bye Man'',... what's the best movie with the worst title? || || || 1 |- | 5: In honor of [youtube videos of scenes from the first two ''Home Alone'' movies with blood added],... we wanna know what movie would be better if it [were] really bloody and gory? || ***** || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What two characters... are the best on-screen duo? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Tim Burton may direct a live-action ''Dumbo''. Who should play Dumbo? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What movie should always be playing year-round in theaters? || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND D: I'm gonna name two actors. You gotta tell me who's better:... Christopher Walken or Nicolas Cage? || x || || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E1: Which movie inspired the all-time coolest toys? +** || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND E2: What's the most annoying movie performance? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Based on a twitter question submitted in April 2015. It is a rematch of sorts. .**Jack (Lara Croft) also won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Joe (Mr. Miyagi) with 33% and Ian (Mrs. Doubtfire) with 30%. .***Ian (''Pacific Rim'') also won the twitter poll with 44%. .****Joe (Robert Downey Jr.) also won the twitter poll. .*****Ian (''Captain America: Civil War'') won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Joe (''Jumanji'') with 42% and Jack (''Blue Crush'') with 9%. +Split decision. Jorel and Dan Murrell chose Joe (''The Wizard of Oz'') while Dan Hernandez, Ian, and Andy chose Jack (''It's a Wonderful Life''). +*Split decision. Ian chose Jack (Walken) while Dan Hernandez, Jorel, Andy, and [very slightly] Dan Murrell chose Joe. +**Neither Joe nor Jack provided an answer, so Andy moved on to another question. '''Screen Junkies Plus Exclusive: Fan Fights: Best Pixar Movie (1-13-17)'''<ref>Screen Junkies Plus Exclusive: Fan Fights: Best Pixar Movie (1-13-17) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/fan-fights-best-pixar-movie-3074275</ref> This episode is not available on youtube. The winner of this fight and Jonathan Youngblood (the winner of the first fan fight a week earlier) will be competing in an official fight at the end of January, which will be on youtube. Hosted by Dan Murrell. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. Despite the episode being live (aired at 12:00 pm PST), it is not followed by an After the Fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Jorel Blu || Third |- | Adry Sotolongo || '''Win''' |- | Dan Hernandez || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 74%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jorel !! style="width: 5%"|Adry !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: What is the all-time most disappointing movie sequel? || || 1 || |- | 2: What movie franchise is the most consistently good across all entries? || || || 1 |- | 3: What's the worst Christopher Nolan movie? || 1* || || |- | 4: What is the best Pixar movie? || || 1 || |- | 5: BLIND FIGHT: Who would be the best pick to fix ''Grown Ups 3''? ** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: As of right now, as of today, who is the best comedy star? || || *** || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: This year, what will be the best comic book movie of 2017? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best Bruce Willis movie that is not part of the ''Die Hard'' franchise? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best performance in any Quentin Tarantino movie? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: what is best movie featuring Leonardo DiCaprio? || x || 1***** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 4 |} .*Jorel (''Insomnia'') also won the twitter poll with 41%, followed by Dan (''Interstellar'') with 30% and Adry (''The Dark Knight Rises'') with 29%. .**Jorel, Adry, and Dan respectively pulled Alejandro Iñarritu, Clint Eastwood, and Martin Scorsese out of a hat. .***Despite the fact that he has been dead for over two years, Adry chose Robin Williams. .****Split decision. Jorel chose Adry while Lon and Dan chose Dan (Zac Efron). .*****Split decision. Jorel chose Dan (''Catch Me If You Can'') while Lon and Dan chose Adry (''The Wolf of Wall Street''). '''Episode 120: Ultimate G.I Joe/Transformers Crossover (1-21-17)'''<ref>Episode 120: Ultimate G.I Joe/Transformers Crossover (1-21-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDUSRIMRN1k</ref> Andre Meadows returns after a 68-episode absence from competing, the longest absence yet, 3 episodes longer than Matt Raub's 65 (set in episode 86). John Flickinger returns after a 44-episode absence from competing, tying Erin Robinson for the third-longest absence after Andre and Matt Raub. Relative to the seating arrangement, the finish placements were all the same as the previous Thursday's fight. Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Dylan Berry. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dr. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Iseman Matt Iseman] || New fighter || Third |- | Andre Meadows || 1/1 || Second |- | John Flickinger || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 93%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Andre !! style="width: 6%"|John |- | 1: In honor of ''Split'',... what is the worst M. Night Shyamalan * movie? || || ** || 1 |- | 2: In honor of ''[xXx:] The Return of Xander Cage'',... what's a character that's only been in one movie that deserves a comeback? || || 1 || |- | 3: What two actors should star in the ''White Men Can't Jump'' remake? || || 1 || *** |- | 4: Pitch us a G.I. Joe/Transformers crossover movie. || 1 || || |- | 5: What's the biggest name actor with the poorest filmography? || || 1**** || |- | TIE BREAKER: What movie villain should get [his or her] own spinoff series? || x || || 0***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What movie squad would do the best against the Power Rangers? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Mel Brooks movie? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Jake Gyllenhaal performance? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: I'm gonna list two movies. You tell me which one's better and why:... ''Batman Forever'' or ''Batman v. Superman[: Dawn of Justice]''? || x || || 1+, +* |- | SPEED ROUND E1: What's the best movie about a mean or unlikable protagonist? +** || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND E2: Best Jim Carrey movie? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*In both the title card and the bottom third throughout the question, the director's last name is misspelled as "Shymalan." .**Andre (''The Last Airbender'') won the twitter poll with 69%. .***John (Michael B. Jordan and Joseph Gordon-Levitt) won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Andre (Chris Evans an Anthony Mackie) with 40% and Matt (Seth Curry and Justin Timberlake) with 17%. .****Andre (Gerard Butler) won the point ''despite'' being knocked-out. After the knock-out, Matt (Ben Affleck) and John (Nicolas Cage) were told to alternate naming good movies for the other fighter's actor. Afterwards, Dan gave summaries of the filmographies of all three, and then Andy gave the point to Andre. .*****Split decision. Dan chose Matt (Moriarty) while Dylan and Andy chose John (Loki). +John won the point despite letting Andre take ''Batman Forever'', which John was actually slightly faster in saying. +*Split decision. Dan chose Andre while Dylan, Matt, and Andy chose John. +**Neither John nor Andre could come up with an answer, so Andy moved on to another question. '''SJ Universe: Fan Fights Big Reveal! (1-25-17)'''<ref>SJ Universe: Fan Fights Big Reveal! (1-25-17) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/fan-fights-big-reveal-3076722</ref> Wild card Speed Round fight between the two second-place finishers of the recent fan fights. The winner will fight Adry Sotolongo and Jonathan Youngblood. While the SJU episode was live, the competition portion was pre-taped. Dan Hernandez was revealed as the winner before the questions were shown. The fighters fought from home via Skype while Lon Harris asked questions. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Dan Hernandez || '''Win''' |- | Jack Shipley || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Dan !! style="width: 5%"|Jack |- | SPEED ROUND A: We need the best movie Chris. || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: They're in the bargain bin; which do you pick: ''Animal House'' or ''Ferris Bueller['s Day Off]''? || 1* || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best road trip movie? || 1** || |- | SPEED ROUND D1: Best performance in a Coen Brothers movie? *** || || |- | SPEED ROUND D2: The "Walking Dead" apocalypse just happened. What movie character do you want leading your group of survivors? || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''3''' || 1 |} .*Dan was faster at saying ''Ferris Bueller''. .**Dan won despite being slower at saying ''Road Trip'' and ultimately picking ''Dumb and Dumber''. .***Question was tossed after neither Dan nor Jack could name a Coen Brother movie role. Jack was disqualified for googling, which would have meant Dan would have won the point if he simply could have named a role, but he could not. The footage was cut. '''Episode 121: Fan Fights: Worst Performance of 2016 (1-28-17)'''<ref>Episode 121: Fan Fights: Worst Performance of 2016 (1-28-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HcdqgWGFno&t=7s</ref> Episode sponsored by NatureBox. In the original airing on Screen Junkies Plus, it was announced initially that the episode was sponsored by Squarespace, but this was changed later that night. The episode features the winners of two SJ Plus-exclusive fan fights and a wild-card winner. The winner receives a Belt. This episode appears on youtube and ''is'' considered in the official statistics (no coaching or pinch-hitting was allowed). Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Randall Sans. At 2:00:16, this is the longest episode of any Screen Junkies show ever. Once again, the placement based on seating arrangement is the same as that of the previous Thursday. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jonathan Youngblood || New fighter || Third |- | Adry Sotolongo || 1/1 || Second |- | Dan Hernandez || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 93%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jonathan !! style="width: 5%"|Adry !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: In honor of our newbies here, what is the best feature film debut role by any actor? || || 1* || |- | 2: If you had a time machine, what single change would you make to a movie? || 1** || *** || |- | 3: In honor of the Razzies,... we wanted to ask what is the worst**** performance of 2016? || || || 1***** |- | 4: In honor of the Oscar nominations that came out this week,... what was the most overlooked film not announced in the nine for the Best Picture slot of this year's Oscars? || || 1 || |- | 5: We wanna know what's the worst franchise with five or more films? || || || 1+ |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best movie animal? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best ''Star Wars'' episode title? || x || +** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the better movie that got fourteen Oscar nominations: ''Titanic'' or ''La La Land''? || x || || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie improves that most on repeat viewings? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Worst Michael Bay movie? +**** || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Adry (Alan Rickman in ''Die Hard'') also won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Jonathan (Natalie Portman in ''The Professional: Léon'') with 32% and Dan (Julie Andrews in ''Mary Poppins'') with 19%. .**Jonathan (casting Maggie Gyllenhaal as Rachel in ''Batman Begins'') actually lost the twitter poll with only 10%. Dan (recasting Anakin Skywalker in ''Star Wars Episodes II'' and ''III'') won with 47% (despite being the last choice for both Andy and Dan Murrell) followed by Adry (condensing ''The Hobbit'' trilogy into one movie) with 43%. .***Dan indicated that he felt Adry should have won as Jonathan's and Dan Hernandez's changes were minor and inconsequential. .****Trick question. After the fighters gave their answers, they had to defend their choices as the best. .*****Dan (Jared Leto in ''Suicide Squad'') also won the twitter poll with 46%, followed by Jonathan (Kevin Spacey in ''Nine Lives'') with 31% and Adry (Robert DeNiro in ''Dirty Grandpa'') with 23%. +Andy spent over six minutes to make the decision on the fifth point. Ultimately, Randall indicated that Dan made the better argument for the ''Step Up'' franchise even though he thought some of the movies were good, so Andy went along with him after leaning towards Jonathan. +*Split decision. Jonathan chose Dan (Willy from ''Free Willy'') while Dan, Randall, and Andy chose Adry (Simba). +**This question had previously been given to the fighters to prepare. Adry had forgotten what she said (''Revenge of the Sith'') and went with ''The Empire Strikes Back'' and unanimously lost to Dan (''The Force Awakens''). +***Dan was faster at saying ''Titanic'' and won. +****Andy gave each fighter an extra ten seconds after the rebuttals. '''Episode 122: Stoned Fights: Who Should Direct the Batman? (w/ Doug Benson, Greg Proops and Horatio Sanz) (2-4-17)'''<ref>Episode 122: Stoned Fights: Who Should Direct the Batman? (w/ Doug Benson, Greg Proops and Horatio Sanz) (2-4-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMmaCHPVSGc</ref> Billed on Screen Junkies Plus as "Who Should Direct the Batman? - MOVIE FIGHTS: Joint Edition!" Fourth Movie Fights team fight. The episode does not count in the statistics. Tenth unofficial fight to feature Dan. His fourth, and third consecutive, such victory following six straight defeats. Hosted by Doug Benson, whose show "The High Court" is about to premiere on Comedy Central. Joe Starr as Fact Checker. He is accompanied on the couch by Lon Harris. Answers were not shared beforehand by the competing teams. Also for the most part, answers were not previously discussed between the two members of a team. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Horatio Sanz/Andy Signore || Lose |- | Dan Murrell/Greg Proops || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 93%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Team Horatio !! Team Greg |- | 1: Who should direct ''The Batman''? || || 1 |- | 2: What film from the last five years will inspire the most irritating nostalgia in about 20 years? || 1* || |- | 3: Which two celebrities would you wanna see become gigantic and fight in a city King Kong vs. Godzilla style? || || 1** |- | 4: Who is the greatest living actor? || || 3 |- | 5: BLIND PITCH: Tell us why that would be better than the other team's combination.*** || 1**** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Most realistic stoned movie performance? || || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: What movie would be most improved if instead of guns, everyone fought with magic? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Channing Tatum or Zac Efron? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie featuring Vince Vaughn? || || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''6''' |} .*Horatio/Andy (''Minions'') also won the twitter poll with 68% over Dan/Greg (''Iron Man'' series). .**Dan/Greg (Meryl Streep and The Rock) also won the twitter poll with 71% over Horatio/Andy (Jennifer Lawrence and Mo'Nique) .***Each team picked an actor, a non-acting celebrity, and a genre out of hats. .****Horatio/Andy actually lost the poll (which was revealed before Doug made his decision). .*****Split decision. Joe chose Horatio/Andy (Matthew McConaughey in ''Dazed and Confused''), but Doug chose Dan/Greg (Jeff Bridges in ''The Big Lebowski''). +Dan/Greg (''Old School'') won without arguments over Horatio/Andy (''Swingers''). '''Episode 123: Who Should Get Their Own LEGO Movie? (2-11-17)'''<ref>Episode 123: Who Should Get Their Own LEGO Movie (2-11-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJbGJCathBY</ref> Episode sponsored by NatureBox. Backyard brawl. Though he is listed as a new fighter, Billy has won an episode of TV Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | JTE || 3/1 || '''Win''' |- | Lon Harris || 0/2 || Third |- | Billy A. Patterson || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 99%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! JTE !! style="width: 5%"|Lon !! Billy |- | 1: In honor of ''The Lego Batman Movie'',... we wanted to ask you guys: who's the next character that should get [his or her] own adventure? || || || 1* |- | 2: Who is the worst successful director? || 1 || || ** |- | 3: If you could cancel any upcoming or potential sequel, right now, any one on the deck, what would it be? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: What mainstream studio franchise would you most want to see Quentin Tarantino join? || || 1**** || |- | 5: What is the most overrated movie of all time? || 1***** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Best movie dad? || x || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would win in a fight: Rocky [Balboa] or [John] Rambo? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Since you all work on the show, what's the best Speed Round question we've ever asked, can be TV Fights or Movie Fights? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who[m] would you rather be in a hot tub with: Negan or [Donald] Trump? +* || 1+** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 2 |} .*Billy (Darth Vader) also won the twitter poll with 48%, followed by JTE (Spider-Man) with 36% and Lon (Roger Rabbit) with 16%. .**Once again, Billy (Zack Snyder) won the twitter poll with 53%, followed by JTE (McG) with 34% and Lon (Marc Forster) with 13%. .***Lon (''Die Hard Year One'') won the twitter poll with 52%, followed by JTE (''Space Jam 2'') with 39% and Billy (''Ant-Man and the Wasp'') with 9%. .****Lon (''Alien'') actually lost the twitter poll with 27%. Billy (James Bond) won with 37%, followed by JTE (''The Expendables'') with 36%. .*****JTE (''Avatar'') also won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by Billy (''E.T: The Extra-Terrestrial'') with 24% and Lon (''The Matrix'') with 18%. +JTE was faster at saying Rambo and unanimously won the point. +*This question, which was actually a TV Fights question, was Billy's winning answer to the previous question. +**Split decision. Lon chose Billy (Negan), while Dan and Andy chose JTE. '''Episode 124: What Schwarzenegger Character Would Win in a Battle Royale? (2-18-17)'''<ref>Episode 124: What Schwarzenegger Character Would Win in a Battle Royale? (2-18-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nXX8dR-tNLo</ref> Mike Carlson fights against his two friends, the writers of the film ''Fist Fight.'' Dan is accompanied on the couch by Shane Schlosser. Relative to the seating arrangement, the finish placements were all the same as the previous fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 8/7 || '''Win''' |- | Evan Susser || New fighter || Third |- | Van Robichaux || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 99%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Evan !! style="width: 5%"|Van |- | 1: What is the greatest all-time movie fist fight? || || || 1* |- | 2: Which Arnold Schwarzenegger character would kill all the others in a battle royale? || || 1 || ** |- | 3: Apparently, in the new Han Solo movie, they will be having a new droid introduced.... We want you to pitch your own ''Star Wars'' droid. || 1*** || || |- | 4: In honor of the Oscars,... we want you to pitch a sequel to one of this year's Best Picture nominees? || 1 || || |- | 5: What series should crossover with the ''Fifty Shades'' franchise? || || || 1**** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Give me the name of the character... who gave the worst ''Batman'' villain performance? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of ''Taken'' coming to TV, what's the greatest ever Liam Neeson performance? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of the new Team Thor short, which Avenger would make the best roommate? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What animated character should join [the] ''The Fast and the Furious'' franchise? || || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Van (''They Live'') actually lost the twitter poll with 26%. Mike (''Fight Club'') won with 38%, followed by Evan (''The Karate Kid'') with 36%. .**Van (The original Terminator) won the twitter poll with 77%, followed by Evan (real Arnold from ''Pumping Iron'') with 12% and Mike (John Kruger) with 11%. .***Mike also won the poll with 40%, followed by Van with 31% and Evan with 29%. .****Van (The LEGO universe) also won the poll with 44%, followed by Mike (the DCEU) with 41% and Evan (''The Avengers'') with 15%. .*****Split decision. Evan chose Van (Jeep Swenson as Bane from ''Batman and Robin''), but Andy, Shane, and Dan chose Mike (Uma Thurman as Poison Ivy, also from ''Batman and Robin''). +Split decision. Dan and Evan chose Mike (Oscar Schindler) (with Evan disqualifying himself), but Shane and Andy chose Van (Qui-Gon Jinn). '''Episode 125: Improve a Movie By Adding Predator! (2-25-17)'''<ref>Episode 125: Improve a Movie By Adding Predator! (2-25-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXO7owEIjXE</ref> Episode sponsored by T-Mobile. Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Patrick Cummings. On Screen Junkies Plus, the title fight was originally Best Batman Movie, complete with an associated title card. It is changed on both youtube and Screen Junkies Plus, but the SJ Plus web address still ends with "best-batman-movie-3083168." Grae sets the record for longest absence with 70 episodes, 2 episodes longer than the record set by Andre Meadows six episodes earlier. However, she did appear in an episode of Movie Games in early 2016. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Grae Drake || 0/1|| '''Win''' |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/12 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Kashian Jackie Kashian] || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 99%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Grae !! style="width: 5%"|Hal !! Jackie |- | 1: Uma Thurman... regretted turning down ''Lord of the Rings''.... What's the one role an actor passed on that you wish [he or she] had accepted? || || 1 || * |- | 2: We wanted you to improve any movie by making the villain a Predator. || || 1** || |- | 3: What is the best ''Batman'' movie? || 1 || || |- | 4: ''The Purge 4'' was announced.... What movie character would you most want with you on Purge Night? || 1 || || |- | 5: Off of the success of ''John Wick Chapters 1'' and ''2'', what franchise should he [Chad Stehelski] take on next? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: ? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: ? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: ? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: ? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Jackie (Will Smith vs Keanu Reeves in ''The Matrix'') won 44% of the twitter vote, followed by Hal (Molly Ringwald vs Julia Roberts in ''Pretty Woman'') with 31% and Grae (Tom Hanks vs Tom Cruise in ''Jerry Maguire'') with 25%. .**Hal (''The Hangover Part II'') won with 43%, followed by Grae (''Mean Girls'') with 38% and Jackie (''It's a Wonderful Life'') with 19%. '''Episode 126: Star Wars vs Star Trek! (3-4-17)'''<ref>Episode 126: Star Wars vs Star Trek! (3-4-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-u9Qxxkbjmg</ref> At 2 hours and 12 minutes, this is the longest episode of any Screen Junkies show ever. Due to its length, it is not followed by an After the Fight. Second episode with this title. Ironically, the first episode with this title (episode 8) was the shortest episodes of Movie Fights ever. One-on-one fight. The first of three quarter-finals matches for the Belt. John Rocha brings his Schmoedown Belt that he won from Dan in February. Names are displayed on the scoreboard as "MANTZ" and "ROCHA." Dan is accompanied by five fans: Jake, Brie, Antonio, Matthew, and Simone. This fight's results are not included in the overall statistics due to the nature of the fight (one-on-one). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Scott Mantz || '''Win''' |- | John Rocha || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 62%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Scott !! John |- | 1: What is the best Ridley Scott movie? || || 1* |- | 2: What is Steven Spielberg's ** most overrated movie? || || 1*** |- | 3: ''Star Wars'' vs. ''Star Trek''! ****, ***** || 1+ || |- | 4: We wanna know what is the best Bill Paxton performance? || || 1 |- | 5: What actress, currently thirty or under, will be the next Meryl Streep? || 1+* || |- | 6: Best film of the year? +** || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie featuring Jason Statham? || +*** || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: If Godzilla ever speaks in a movie, who should provide the voice? || 1+***** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best year in movies? || 1++ || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Worst movie where Matt Damon plays the lead? || || 1++* |- | SPEED ROUND E: Name a movie that features the best rivalry.++** || 1++*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 |} .*John (''Alien'') also beat Scott (''Blade Runner'') the twitter poll with 65%. .**The question card and the bottom third both misspell the name as "Speilberg." .***John (''Saving Private Ryan'') actually lost to Scott (''Minority Report'') in the poll with only 41%. .****In the question card, Trek is mispelled as Tek. .*****Question originally used for the second round of episode 8 in November 2014. +Scott (''Star Trek'') actually only received 22% of the twitter vote. +*Scott (Emma Stone) narrowly beat John (Brie Larson) 51% to 49% in the poll. +**Trick question. Scott and John had to respectively argue for ''Moonlight'' and ''La La Land'', the opposite of their initial choices. +***Scott was faster at saying ''Crank''. John tried to think of ''Snatch'', an although Scott offered to switch, John chose ''Spy''. +****Split decision. Jake and Antonio picked Scott while Simone, Dan, and Andy chose John. +*****After arguments, Andy asked John and Scott to give a line in the voice of their choices (respectively Vin Diesel and James Earl Jones). Based on this, Andy awarded the point to Scott. ++Split decision. Dan chose John (1994) due to his ability to name several movies while Andy chose Scott (1939) because John incorrectly stated that ''Chocolat'' was released in 1994 (the two movies with that title were released six years earlier and six years later). ++*Split decision. Dan chose Scott (''Jason Bourne'') while Andy and all five fans chose John (''The Great Wall''). ++**Previously asked to the fights on the phone, so they had time to prepare. ++***Split decision. All of the fans chose John (''The Empire Strikes Back'') while Dan, JTE, and Andy chose Scott (''Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan''). '''Episode 127: What Superhero Should Return When They're Old? w/ Paul Scheer & Kumail Nanjiani (3-11-17)'''<ref>Episode 127: What Superhero Should Return When They're Old? w/ Paul Scheer & Kumail Nanjiani (3-11-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GP7xokV7OBQ</ref> Sponsored by NatureBox. As usual, Spencer's name is on the scoreboard as "Spence." Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Michael Sugarman. Twenty-third episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Scheer Paul Scheer] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumail_Nanjiani Kumail Nanjiani] || New fighter || Second |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/14 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Paul !! Kumail !! Spencer |- | 1: This weekend, ''Kong: Skull Island'' opens.... Can you please improve a film by adding King Kong? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Best James Cameron movie? || 1 || || ** |- | 3: In honor of ''Logan'', which is amazing,... what actor/superhero should return for a final film where [he or she is] old? || || 1*** || |- | 4: Pitch a reboot of a Jean-Claude Van Damme movie. || 1 || || **** |- | 5: What's the nerdiest movie ever? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the most underrated action one-liner of all time? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Yell which one we should buy.***** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What's the worst ever movie based on a video game? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which one should we watch: ''Con Air'' or ''Air Force One''? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: If the remade the film ''Road House'', who should star? || || 1+ || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Who's the best member of [the] ''The Fast and the Furious'' crew? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 || 0+* |} .*Spencer (''The Lost World: Jurassic Park'') won the twitter poll with 50%. .**Once again, Spencer (''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'') won the poll with 46% while Paul (''Aliens'') received 31%, and Kumail (''Titanic'') received 23%. .***Kumail (Tobey Maguire's Spider-Man) also won the twitter poll with 50%. .****Spencer (''Bloodsport'') won the poll with 35%, followed by Paul (''Double Impact'') with 33% and Kumail (''Timecop'') with 32%. .*****Bargain bin pic of ''Air Bud'' Special Edition and ''Marley & Me''. +Split decision. Spencer chose Paul (The Rock) while Dan, Michael, and Andy chose Kumail (Michelle Rodriguez). +*Already the only person to reach 14 losses, Spencer becomes the first to reach 15 losses. '''Episode 128: Aladdin vs The Little Mermaid vs The Lion King!- DISNEY MOVIE FIGHTS (3-18-17)'''<ref>Episode 128: Aladdin vs The Little Mermaid vs The Lion King!- DISNEY MOVIE FIGHTS (3-18-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YlX5viLxuc</ref> Sponsored by Quidd.co Disney-themed episode due to the upcoming remake of ''Beauty and the Beast.'' Judged by Classic Movie Fights winner Leonard Maltin, but hosted by Andy. At the end of the episode, Dan announces the fighters for the next week's quarter-finals match (Champ's Choice): Hal Rudnick, JTE, and Coy Jandreau. Twenty-fourth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sarah Sterling || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Jenny Nicholson || New fighter || Third |- | Andre Meadows || 1/2 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 81%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Sarah !! Jenny !! Andre |- | 1: Who is the best Disney princess? * || 1** || || |- | 2: What Disney film not currently represented by [a] Disneyland or Disney World ride most deserves one? || || || 1*** |- | 3: What was the best movie from the Disney Renaissance? **** || || || 1***** |- | 4: What is the worst Disney song? + || 1 || || +* |- | 5: Who is the best Disney prince? || 1 || || +** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who's better:... Pumbaa or Timon? || || x || 1+***, +**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who gives the best-ever vocal performance in any Disney movie? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tell me [which is better:] ''Cinderella'' or ''Sleeping Beauty''? || || x || 1+*****, ++ |- | SPEED ROUND D: What pre-existing franchise or property should Disney buy next? || 1++* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What classic story, any story, most deserves an animated Disney version? || || x || 1++** |- | TIE BREAKER: Best Disney villain? || 1++*** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 0 || 5 |} .*Question previously fought in episode 45. .**Sarah (Mulan) also won the twitter poll with 51% while Andre (Jasmine) received 26%, and Jenny (Moana) received 23%. .***Andre (''Wreck-It Ralph'') also won the poll with 49% while Jenny (''The Lion King'') received 38%, and Sarah (''The Princess and the Frog'' taking over Splash Mountain from ''Song of the South'') received 13%. .****Defined as 1989 (''The Little Mermaid'') through 1999 (''Tarzan'' and ''Fantasia 2000''). .*****Andre (''The Little Mermaid'') actually lost the poll with only 11%. Sarah (''The Lion King'') won with 62% followed by Jenny (''Aladdin'') with 27%. +Question submitted by Jack Shipley. In his tweet, he included the hashtag #TrickQuestion, indicating that he may have wanted the fighters to be forced to subsequently argue their choices as being the ''best''. +*Andre ("Fixer Upper" from ''Frozen'') won the poll with 48%, followed by Sarah ("A Guy Like You" from ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame'') with 28% and Jenny ("Human Again," deleted from ''Beauty and the Beast''). Andy indicated he would have chosen Jenny. +**Andre (Aladdin) won the poll with 60%, followed by Sarah (Flynn Rider from ''Tangled'') with 32% and Jenny (Prince Naveen from ''The Princess and the Frog'') with 8%. +***Andre was slower at saying Pumbaa, but ultimately won. +****Split decision. Andy chose Sarah (Pumbaa) while Dan, Jenny, and Leonard all chose Andre. +*****Andre was slower at saying ''Cinderella'', but ultimately won. ++Split decision. Jenny chose Sarah (''Cinderella'') while Dan, Andy, and Leonard all chose Andre. ++*Split decision. Jenny chose Andre (DC) while Dan, Andy, and Leonard all chose Sarah (LEGO). ++**Split decision. Dan very slightly learned towards Sarah ("Hansel and Gretel") while Jenny, Andy, and Leonard chose Andre ("Super Mario Bros.") ++***Split decision. Dan chose Andre (Maleficent from ''Sleeping Beauty''), and then Andy, Jenny, and Leonard all chose Sarah (Scar from ''The Lion King''). '''Episode 129: What Superhero Movie Performance Deserves an Oscar? (3-25-17)'''<ref>Episode 129: What Superhero Movie Performance Deserves an Oscar? (3-25-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nO1N-Gdsefg</ref> Champ's choice fight. Second of three quarter-finals matches. The winner will fight Scott Mantz and one yet-to-be-determined fighter in a semi-final, which in turn will decide who takes on Dan one-on-one for the Belt. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Casey Erin Kinney and Conor Kinney. *Dan does not vote in the Speed Round as it could influence whom he'd face. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/2 || Second |- | JTE || 4/1 || '''Win''' |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/13 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Coy !! style="width: 5%"|JTE !! style="width: 5%"|Hal |- | 1: In honor of the legendary Dan Murrell "SeaQuest" fight and ''Power Rangers'' opening this weekend, we wanted to ask what '90s live-action TV show deserves a movie? || || 1* || |- | 2: What superhero movie performance that didn't win one deserved an Academy Award? || || || 1** |- | 3: What is the greatest [Sylvester] Stallone performance? ***, **** || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the greatest movie stunt sequence of all time? || 1***** || || |- | 5: BLIND FIGHT: In honor of Champ's Choice, we wanted to do something a little bit aimed at Dan, uh, so we wanted to ask this silly question: who should direct a remake of Dan's favorite film, ''Jaws''? + || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: It was recently revealed that we will learn Han Solo's real name in his standalone film. What should Han Solo's real name be? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie spaceship? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best movie featuring Wesley Snipes? || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What two other superheroes should get a film built around them fighting à la ''Batman v. Superman[: Dawn of Justice]''? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: You have to watch the same movie four times in one day. What movie do you pick? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*JTE ("Walker, Texas Ranger") actually lost the poll with only 20%. Coy ("The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air") won with 42%, followed by Hal ("Quantum Leap") with 38%. .**Hal (Michelle Pfeiffer as Catwoman in ''Batman Returns'') actually lost the poll with only 19%. JTE (Jack Nicholson as The Joker in ''Batman'') won with 45%, followed by Coy (Michael Fassbender as Magneto in ''X-Men: First Class'') with 35%. .***Trick question. Each had to argue why his choice was Stallone's ''worst'' performance. .****During the fight, the bottom of the screen misspelled "Sylvester" as "Slyvester" possibly due to his nickname Sly. .*****Coy (poll stunts in ''Mad Max: Fury Road'') also won the twitter poll. +Each fighter picked a name out of a hat. Coy drew Jordan Peele, JTE drew Darren Aronofsky, and Hal picked the Coen Brothers. +*Split decision. Hal picked JTE (''White Men Can't Jump''), but then Casey and Andy picked Coy (''Blade''). +**Split decision. Sixth overturn of Movie Fights (second by Andy). Hal and Conor chose Coy (Spider-Man and Venom), but Andy chose JTE (Dr. Strange and Loki). *Both fighters actually chose a superhero and a villain, but Andy allowed it. '''Episode 130: Who Should Play Joss Whedon's Batgirl? - Collider All Stars! (4-1-17)'''<ref>Episode 130: Who Should Play Joss Whedon's Batgirl? - Collider All Stars! (4-1-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JK-MAPJwYM</ref> The SJ Plus web address for this fight ended in "who-should-play-venom-collider-all-stars-3093619" even though Venom is not mentioned in this fight. "Sponsored" by Screen Junkies mugs. Third "Last Fighter Standing." Single-elimination tournament. The episode features Collider Video employees. The advertised fighters were Ken Napzok, Wendy Lee, Dennis Tzeng, Kristian Harloff, John Campea, Jon Schnepp, Perri Nemiroff, and Mark Reilly. *Wendy and Dennis are the only two who have never participated in a Screen Junkies fight (Perri has only competed on TV Fights). Coincidentally, they are also the only two who have not competed both individually and as part of a team in the Schmoedown (Wendy has not competed in the Schmoedown either individually or as part of a team while Dennis has appeared only as part of a team). *Campea was replaced by Josh Macuga, who has also competed in the Schmoedown in both singles and teams. While he has competed on TV Fights, this is his first Movie Fight. **Had Campea competed, this would have been his first fight not as part of a team. Unlike previous Last Fighter Standing fights, the winner does not receive any advantage. Order was determined by names drawn out of a hat. Perri was chosen first and got to choose the first question. Josh and Mark were the next two picked. The winner of each question was allowed to choose the next of the six questions. That person would also be the first to fight, followed by the second place finisher. *One of the questions below (6A) is absent from the youtube video, causing the video to be shorter. This episode is not counted in the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 9%|Winner !! style="width: 9%|Second !! style="width: 9%|Eliminated |- | 1: 3. Pitch Adam Sandler's next terrible Netflix movie. || Mark * || Perri || Josh |- | 2: 5. Who's the best all-time movie monster? || Perri ** || Kristian || Mark |- | 3: 4. Who should be Joss Whedon's... Batgirl? *** || Kristian || Perri || Wendy |- | 4: 2. What is Hugh Jackman's best non-Wolverine role? || Kristian **** || Perri || Jon ***** |- | 5: 1. What movie character you'd most want as your boss? || Dennis || Perri || Kristian + |- | 6A: 6. BLIND FIGHT: Eliminating sequels and TV movies, what's the worst Stephen King adaptation? +* || || || |- | 6B: 6. BLIND FIGHT: What movie should be always playing in Heaven's largest IMAX theater? || Ken || Perri || Dennis |- ! colspan="2" | Speed Round Question !! Perri !! Ken |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND A: What superhero should Aaron Sorkin adapt into a film? || 1 || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best movie featuring Russell Crowe? || 1 || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND C: What animated character would make the best imaginary friend? || || 1+** |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND D: Best ''Star Wars'' character who doesn't appear in the original trilogy of... films? || || 1+*** |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND E: Best comedy that never had a prequel or sequel? || || 1+**** |- | colspan="2" | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''3''' |} .*Mark actually lost the twitter poll with 23%, and Josh actually won the twitter poll with 45%. .**Once again, the poll winner was eliminated while the poll loser was Andy's choice for winner. Perri (The Fly) only won 7% of the vote. Mark (the Xenomorph Queen) won 64% while Kristian (the original King Kong) won 29%. .***Dan stated that the choices were nearly tied on twitter, 35% to 33% to 32%, not naming which was which. .****Twitter agreed with Andy's order. Kristian (''Prisoners'') received 53% of the poll while Perri (''Les Misérables'') received 35%, and Jon (''The Fountain'') received 12%. *Dan actually had indicated that he felt Jon gave the ''best'' argument of the three. .*****On After the Fight, Jon indicated his first choice was ''Les Misérables.'' +Kristian (Ferris Bueller) actually won the twitter poll with 54%, followed by Dennis (Mr. MacMillan from ''Big'') with 30% and Perri (Pat Finley from ''Heavyweights'') with 16%. +*Nobody could come up with an answer for this question, so Andy threw it out. It was edited from the youtube video of the fight. +**Split decision. Josh and Jon chose Perri (WALL-E) while Kristian, Dennis, Wendy, Mark, and Andy all chose Ken (Fievel). +***Split decision. Kristian, Wendy, Jon, and Josh all chose Perri (BB-8), but Mark, Dennis, Dan, and Andy chose Ken (Mace Windu). +****Split decision. Josh, Kristian, and Mark chose Perri (''Billy Madison''), but Dennis, Wendy, Jon, Dan, and Andy chose Ken (''Bridesmaids''). '''Episode 131: Biggest Summer Blockbuster of 2017?! Spider-Man: Homecoming v Guardians Vol 2! (4-8-17)'''<ref>Episode 131: Biggest Summer Blockbuster of 2017?! Spider-Man: Homecoming v Guardians Vol 2! (4-8-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33XxhKZ0Qs4&t=2261s</ref> On SJ Plus, this episode is simply titled "Biggest Summer Blockbuster of 2017?!" Lon Harris as Fact Checker. He accompanied by fan Travis Wladkowski. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | William Bibbiani || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Brett Erlich || 0/5 || Second |- | Adi Shankar || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! William !! Brett !! style="width: 5%"|Adi |- | 1: What non-''Terminator'' film/franchise should Arnold [Schwarzenegger] re-visit or take over? * || || 1 || |- | 2: Best movie featuring Morgan Freeman? || 1 || ** || |- | 3: What will be the biggest summer blockbuster of 2017? || || || 1*** |- | 4: [Sylvester] Stallone is apparently no longer doing ''The Expendables''.... So we wanna ask who should replace him... and what should [his or her] team be? || 1 || || |- | 5: In honor of ''It'', what's the best all-time horror reboot? || 1**** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Besides ''Alien 3'', what's the worst David Fincher movie? || x || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What movie would be improved if every character died in the end? || || 1***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: I'm gonna name two actors. You have to tell me who's better:... Meryl Streep or Daniel Day-Lewis? || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What animated film should Hollywood definitely never adapt to live-action? || 1+* || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 2 || 1 |} .*While Andy asked this question, the title card for the third question was displayed. Further, during discussion, "re-visit" is spelled "revist." .**Brett (''The Shawshank Redemption'') won the twitter poll with 57%, followed by William (''Se7en'') with 37% and Adi (''Deep Impact'') with 6%. .***Adi (''Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2'') also won the poll with 60%, followed by Brett (''Spider-Man: Homecoming'') with 34% and William (''Transformers: The Last Knight'') with 7%. .****William (''The Fly'') also won the poll with 47%, followed by Brett (''The Ring'') with 36% and Adi (''Let Me In'') with 17%. .*****Split decision. Travis chose William (''The Wizard of Oz''), while Lon, Adi, and Andy chose Brett (''The Avengers''). +Split decision. Adi chose Brett (Daniel Day-Lewis), but then Lon, Travis, and Andy all chose William. +*Split decision. Travis chose Brett (''Fantasia''), while Lon, Adi, and Andy chose William (''My Neighbor Totoro''). '''Episode 132: Who is the Greatest Director of The 1970s?! - CLASSIC FIGHTS!! (4-15-17)'''<ref>Episode 132: Who is the Greatest Director of The 1970s?! - CLASSIC FIGHTS!! (4-15-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tY8a1fxMyyE</ref> Alicia returns to host, as she has with the previous two Classic Fights. Lon returns as Fact Checker as Dan is fighting. He is accompanied by Australian fan Adam Horton. Twenty-fifth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. The regular montage is used in the beginning of this fight, albeit in black and white, like the rest of the show. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dave Karger || New fighter || Second |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/14 || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 15/7 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 73%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Dave !! style="width: 5%"|Hal !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: What is the greatest all-time "femme fatale" performance? || || || 1* |- | 2: BLIND FIGHT: Who is the best director of the '70s? ** || 1*** || || |- | 3: Which classic film star would you want to see in a present-day, violent, gritty, R-rated movie? || 1**** || || |- | 4: Which movie is the ultimate time capsule? || || || 1 |- | 5: What classic film genre should make a comeback? || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 0 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What classic film star's life would make the best biopic? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Bette Davis or Joan Crawford? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie directed by Billy Wilder? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best classic horror film? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 0 || '''6''' |} .*Dan (Barbara Stanwyck in ''Double Indemnity'') also won the twitter poll with 45%, followed by Hal (Rita Hayworth in ''The Lady from Shanghai'') with 36% and Dave (Jean Tierney in ''Laura'') with 19%. .**First time in Movie Fights history in which a new fighter participates in a Blind Fight. This was done because each fighter had chosen Francis Ford Coppola. Dave chose Steven Spielberg, Hal chose Martin Scorsese, and Dan chose Woody Allen. .***Dave also won the poll with 45%, followed by Hal with 42% and Dan with 13%. .****Dave (Steve McQueen) also won the poll with 59%, followed by Hal (Kirk Douglas) with 29% and Dan (Lee Marvin) with 12%. .*****Dan (hard-boiled detective movies) also won the poll with 53%, followed by Hal (slap-stick comedy) with 32% and Dave (women's pictures) with 15%. '''Episode 133: What Avengers Actor Is the Most Replaceable? (4-22-17)'''<ref>Episode 133: What Avengers Actor Is the Most Replaceable? (4-22-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsVJZ1xNHpA</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Tony Revolori || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Gina Ippolito || 1/0 || Third |- | Baron Vaughn || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Tony !! style="width: 5%"|Gina !! style="width: 7%"|Baron |- | 1: Of all the Avengers we know now, which Avenger actor is most replaceable? || 1 || * || |- | 2: What role would you most want to see an older actor re-visit using [de-aging] technology? || 1** || || |- | 3: What modern-day movie deserves the ["Mystery Science Theater 3000"] treatment? || || || 1***, **** |- | 4: What movie is the biggest improvement over its source material? || || 1***** || |- | 5: There's rumor of a ''Star Wars'' hotel spaceship that you could live in,... so we thought what would be the best movie to inspire a[n] awesome theme hotel? || + || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Worst movie featuring Harrison Ford? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What actor should play a ''Bond'' villain? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who's the best actor that has appeared in any ''Fast & (The) Furious'' film? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: I'm gonna name two actors. Tell me who's the best: Emma Thompson or Helen Mirren? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie featuring Will Smith? +* || 1+** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Gina (Jeremy Renner) won the twitter poll with 71%, but Dan indicates most of the comments agreed with Tony (Chris Evans). .**Tony (Clint Eastwood in the ''Man With No Name''/''Dollars'' trilogy) actually lost the twitter poll with 25%. Baron (Sean Connery in the ''Bond'' series) won with 40%, followed by Gina (Macauley Culkin in the ''Home Alone'' franchise) with 35%. .***Baron's winning choice of ''Suicide Squad'' was Gina's first choice. .****Baron (''Suicide Squad'') also won the poll with 51%, followed by Gina (''Twilight'') with 31% and Tony (''xXx: Return of Xander Cage'') with 19%. .*****Gina (''The Princess Bride'') also won the twitter poll with 43%. +Tony chose ''The Grand Budapest Hotel'', in which he appeared. +*As mentioned by Andy, this question was previously used in episode 20 (3-1-2015). +**Split decision. Gina chose Baron (''Six Degrees of Separation''), but then Dan and Andy chose Tony (''The Pursuit of Happyness''). '''Episode 134: Who Is The Best Car from Cars?? (4-29-17)'''<ref>Episode 134: Who Is The Best Car from Cars?? (4-29-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sytPCjqA_kk</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by Frankie Giannetto, who is introduced at the end of the first fight. A new, fan-made (Harry Lee) montage is debuted in this episode. "Debut Deathmatch" episode. The idea was that of Joe Star to get a new regular fighter on Movie Fights. None of the nine fighters have participated in Movie Fights previously. Three fighters will fight in each of three fights. The winner of each will participate in an additional fight with each other, and twitter's choice for the better fighter among each non-winner also will fight in an additional fight. The winners of those two fights will participate in a Speed Round. The winner and runner-up happen to respectively be the winners of the TV Fight from earlier the same week and the previous week. In the end, it is decided that most, if not all, of the fighters will be able to come back. This episode is not counted in the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior competition |- | DJ Wooldridge || TV Fights |- | Danielle Radford || TV Fights |- | Ed Greer || TV Fights |- | Stacy Howard || Schmoedown |- | Max Song || Gamer Fights |- | Eric Goldman || N/A |- | Victor Torres || N/A |- | Charley Feldman || TV Fights |- | Markeia McCarty || TV Fights |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! style="width: 16%"|Fighters (in </br> response order) !! Question !! Andy's choice !! twitter choice |- | DJ, Danielle, Ed || In honor of Baby Groot,... who is the most all-time adorable movie character ever? || Danielle || DJ* |- | Max, Eric, Stacy || In honor of... ''X-Men: Dark Phoenix'',... what's the worst ''X-Men'' movie? || Max || Stacy |- | Markeia, Victor, Charley || In honor of the final ''Cars 3'' trailer,... who is the best car... from the ''Cars'' franchise? || Charley || Markeia |- | Danielle, Charley, Max || SEMI-FINAL 1: In honor of this... Debut Deathmatch, we wanted to ask what was the best feature debut from a director from 2000 to today? ** || Charley || N/A |- | DJ, Stacy, Markeia || SEMI-FINAL 2: Not including ''Suicide Squad'',... what movie failed by introducing way too many characters? || DJ || N/A |- ! colspan="2" | Speed Round Question !! DJ !! Charley |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND A: Best Jeff Goldblum performance? || 1*** || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND B: Best M. Night Shyamalan movie? || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND C: You guys need to tell us which film should we buy? **** || 1***** || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND D: What classic video game franchise should The Rock take over next? + || 1 || |- | colspan="2" | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''3''' || 1 |} .*DJ (Gizmo) beat Ed (Wall-E) in the person-to-person vote despite Ed winning the three-way twitter poll during the fight with 49%. This was the only one of the fights for which Dan announced a twitter poll win. .**Answers were not previously given to Andy or Max Dionne. As a result, Max Song chose John Lasseter's ''Toy Story'', which was released in 1995 and hence not allowed. He instead chose Adam McKay's ''Anchorman'' (2004) after a suggestion. Charley chose Edgar Wright's ''Shaun of the Dead'' (2004), but technically that wasn't his first feature film, but rather his second, after 1995's ''A Fistful of Fingers'', which grossed $15,000 (approximately 0.05% of ''Shaun of the Dead'''s gross). However, her answer was allowed. .***Split decision. Frankie chose Charley (''The Fly''), but then Dan and Andy chose DJ (''Jurassic Park''). .****Bargain bin pic of ''Hott Fuzz'' and ''Tropic Thunder''. .*****Split decision. Frankie chose Charley, who was stuck with ''Tropic Thunder'', but then Dan and Andy chose DJ. +Question previously given to the fighters. '''Episode 135: Pitch the 1980s Guardians of the Galaxy - WEIRD MOVIE FIGHTS (5-6-17)'''<ref>Episode 135: Pitch the 1980s Guardians of the Galaxy - WEIRD MOVIE FIGHTS (5-6-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLAyeJgIyrc</ref> One question (number 2) regarding improving a Pixar film by adding a sex scene was removed from the episode on both youtube and on SJ Plus. Andy did not award anyone the point as he felt none of the answers deserved it. The SJ Plus version has Andy still mention the question in his introduction, but the youtube version does not. *As a result, there is clear instances of editing at the beginning of each question after the first one with Andy giving the new question numbers. As a result of this, question numbers after the first one do not match the seat positions for the initial fighter for the question. This episode was not followed by an After the Fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 9/7 || Second |- | Joe Starr || 1/4 || Third * |- | Scott Aukerman || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Mike !! style="width: 5%"|Joe !! Scott |- | 1: In honor of "Comedy Bang! Bang!,"... we wanted to ask what movie character would have the best podcast? || 1 || || |- | 3: Cast the main characters of ''Guardians of the Galaxy''... if it [were] made in the 80s? || || || 1** |- | 4: We wanna know what two movie characters from any franchise should get a spinoff movie where they solve mysteries? || 1 || || |- | 5: In a world where every Daniel Day-Lewis role is replaced with Sasha Baron Cohen's Borat, which of his movies would be </br> most watchable? || || || 1 |- | 6: Make a drama better by adding a montage [scene] to Smashmouth's "All Star" || || 2 || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which Best Picture [Oscar] winner should have the toilet scene from ''Dumb and Dumber'' added to it and why? || 0*** || x || 0**** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What movie character would you want to sit next to you on an international flight? || ***** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: If you could portal into any celebrity's head, à la ''Being John Malkovich'', who[m] would you choose? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of "Comedy Bang! Bang!," what movie would you want to replace the soundtrack with [one] composed completely by Weird Al? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie character should become one of the sharks on "Shark Tank?" || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which Oscar-nominated director should take over the ''Smurfs'' franchise? + || || x || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Despite finishing in third, Joe was declared the winner after Scott gave his win to Mike, and Mike subsequently gave the win to Joe. .**Scott ultimately changed most of his choices to Ronald Reagan. .***Mike was put through before rebuttals. Joe and Scott were each given 15 seconds to rebut/argue against each other. .****Initial, on the scoreboard, Mike and Scott were each given points for the tie-breaker. This was removed, and Andy had never counted the points. .*****After Scott chose Sully from ''Sully'', Mike chose Sully from ''Monsters, Inc.'' +As Scott was about to give his answer, the poster frame behind him starting sliding away, revealing DVDs shown on TV Fights. It can be seen partially detached throughout the entire episode. +*Split decision. Joe chose Mike (James Cameron) while Dan and Andy chose Scott (Martin Scorsese). '''Episode 136: Who's the Best Guardian of the Galaxy? (5-13-17)'''<ref>Episode 136: Who's the Best Guardian of the Galaxy? (5-13-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1d-deDvPSeA</ref> All fighters are hosts of Marvel Movie News. Despite the fact that Markeia and Matt are listed as new fighters, they have each fought on TV Fights previous. Further, Markeia previously fought in the Debut Deathmatch two weeks earlier. Andy announces that the following week's episode will focus on Nicolas Cage. Andy announces that viewers can vote for who will participate in the last quarter-finals Belt tournament match. Coy and John Rocha are each given second chances, and ultimately both are chosen, but neither of them wins the match. Andy also announces that Flick Bait will debut on Screen Junkies News the next day. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/3 || Third |- | Markeia McCarty || New fighter || Second |- | Matt Key || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Coy !! Markeia !! Matt |- | 1: Who is the best Guardian of the Galaxy? || || || 1* |- | 2: What is the best use of a song in either ''Guardians [of the Galaxy]'' movie? || ** || 1 || |- | 3: Pitch a ''Guardians [of the Galaxy]'' spinoff movie? || 1*** || || |- | 4: What '70s or '80s actor should pop in the next ''Guardians [of the Galaxy]'' movie; who[m] should [he or she] play? || || || 1**** |- | 5: In honor of Baby Groot..., what other film should introduce a baby version of one of its characters? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Better person to have a conversation with: Groot or Chewbacca? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would win in a fight to the death: Drax or Nebula? || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Baby, teen, or adult: best Groot? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which ''Guardians [of the Galaxy]'' film has the better soundtrack? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Matt (Rocket) also won the twitter poll with 36%, followed by Markeia (Groot) with 33% and Coy (Yondu) with 31%. .**Though he was Andy's last choice, Coy ("Hooked on a Feeling" from Vol. 1) won the twitter poll with 64%, followed by Matt ("Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)" from Vol. 2) with 21% and Markeia ("Fooled Around and Fell in Love" from Vol. 1) with 15%. .***Coy's pitch also won the poll with 50%, followed by Markeia's with 34% and Matt's with 16%. Dan announced the results right before Andy made his decision. .****Matt (Dolph Lundgren as Cosmo the Spacedog) actually lost the poll with only 15%. Coy (Keanu Reeves as the Surfer Surfer) wins his third poll in a row with 49%, followed by Markeia (Bill Murray as The Gardner) with 36%. .*****Markeia (''Puss in Boots'') actually lost the poll with 20%. Coy (''Deadpool'') wins the poll again with 49%, followed by Matt (The Hulk) with 30%. '''Episode 137: Best Nicolas Cage Performance?! - CAGE MATCH!! (5-20-17)'''<ref>Episode 137: Best Nicolas Cage Performance?! - CAGE MATCH!! (5-20-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJY-fSVp_u4&t=3259s</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by Brock Baker, who pretends to be Nicolas Cage. Mark Ellis returns after a 46-episode absence. This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. Andy announces that the fan choice poll results indicate that Coy Jandreau, Mike Carlson, and John Rocha will be playing the following week. Harry Lee, creator of the current montage, made a montage for this episode. During the live performance, the regular one was aired instead, and the proper one wasn't aired until the very end. It was fixed in editing for youtube. The fighters' reactions are fake as they had not yet seen it. Relative to the seating arrangement, the finish placements were all the same as the previous fight. Though she is listed as a new fighter, Charley was the runner-up in the Debut Deathmatch three weeks earlier. The week prior to that, she won on TV Fights in her second appearance on the show. John's name is shown on the scoreboard as "Flick." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | John Flickinger || 2/0 || Third |- | Charley Feldman || New fighter || Second |- | Mark Ellis || 3/5 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 97%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! John !! Charley !! Mark |- | 1: What performance best defines the essence of Nicolas Cage? * || || 1 || ** |- | 2: Seriously now, what is Nic Cage's best performance? || || *** || 1 |- | 3: What movie would be most improved by replacing the hero and the villain with Nicolas Cage in a dual role, à la ''Adaptation''? || 1 || || **** |- | 4: What's the best Nicolas Cage one-liner? ***** || || 1+ || |- | 5: What Nicolas Cage character would win a cage match, a bare-knuckle fight to the death? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: For ''National Treasure 3'', what relic, landmark, or item should Cage steal next? || x || || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND B: Not including the man himself, who should play Nicolas Cage in a biopic? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What Nicolas Cage film which has never had one most deserves a sequel? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: I'm gonna name two films; tell me what's better; let's do it: ''The Rock'' versus ''Face/Off''? +*** || x || || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND E: If you could recast any ''Star Wars'' role with Nicolas Cage, what would be the most effective swap? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*According to Andy, this question asks for best Nicolas Cage movie. .**Mark (''The Sorcerer's Apprentice'') won the twitter poll with 41%. .***Charley (''Leaving Las Vegas'') won the poll with 53%. Mark (''Joe'') and John (''Matchstick Men'') tied with each other. .****Mark (''Batman v. Superman: Dawn of Justice'') won the poll with 43%, followed by John (''The Matrix'') with 31% and Charley (''Jupiter Ascending'') with 26%. .*****As with the montage, the videos accompanying the answers to this question were mixed up with each other. They were fixed during airing. The youtube video is edited as though each video appeared when it was supposed to. +Charley ("You know, I can, uh, each a peach for hours" from ''Face/Off'') also won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by John ("Put the bunny back in the box" from ''Con Air'') with 43% and Mark ("Did I ever tell you that this here jacket represents a symbol of my individuality and my belief in personal freedom?" from ''Wild at Heart'') with 10%. +*Split decision. John chose Charley (the Ark of the Covenant), but then Brock, Dan, and Andy chose Mark (the Statue of Liberty). +**Split decision. John chose Mark (''The Rock''), but then Dan and Andy chose Charley (''Face/Off''). +***Each fighter chose the same movie he or she chose in the previous question. +****Split decision. Brock chose Charley after everyone else chose Mark (''The Rock''). '''Episode 138: Worst Movie of the Alien Franchise?! (5-27-17)'''<ref>Episode 138: Worst Movie of the Alien Franchise?! (5-27-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnuIYbkkU7c</ref> Fan pick quarter-finals episode. Coy and John previously fought in the second and first quarter-finals matches respectively. The winner will fight again in two weeks. *Dan is not allowed to vote in the Speed Round. All of the questions are also fan-submitted. Not counting the first episode, twenty-fifth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. It is the first since episode 115. Twenty-sixth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. Twenty-fifth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place, and the first since episode 119. The results of this episode had a negligible effect on overall rankings. On the leader board, Mike's ranking increases by one (getting back on top of Alicia Malone, the only person under whom he fell after his last loss), and Coy's and John's rankings do not change at all. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 9/8 || '''Win''' |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/4 || Second |- | John Rocha || 1/5 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Mike !! style="width: 5%"|Coy !! style="width: 6%"|John |- | 1: What is the worst movie of the ''Alien'' franchise? || || * || 1 |- | 2: Pitch a Venom [solo] movie. || || 1** || |- | 3: Improve any movie by adding Captain Jack Sparrow. || 1 || *** || |- | 4: What is the most unwatchable**** movie of all time? || 1 || || ***** |- | 5: What's the worst movie poster? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who[m] would you rather hang out with for a whole day: Rob Schneider or Pauly Shore? || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the best robot character in a movie? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best movie office to work in? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What actor should join Arnold [Schwarzenegger] and Danny DeVito in the upcoming ''Triplets'' movie? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Coy (''Alien: Resurrection'') won the twitter poll with 55%, followed by John (''Prometheus'') with 26% and Mike (''Alien³'') with 19%. .**Again, Coy also won the poll with 42%, followed by John with 39% and Mike with 19%. .***Coy (''Waterworld'') again won the poll with 54%, followed by Mike (''The Lone Ranger'') with 33% and John (''Captain Ron'') with 13%. .****Trick question. After Andy got all the contestants' answers, he made them argue for why their choices were the most re-watchable movies of all time? .*****John (''Batman and Robin'') won the twitter poll with 72%, followed by Mike (''Disaster Movie'') with 16% and Coy (''Jack and Jill'') with 12%. +Split decision. John chose Coy, while Andy chose Mike (Pauly Shore, who gave Mike his first job in Los Angeles). '''Episode 139: Best DC Movie?! (6-3-17)'''<ref>Episode 139: Best DC Movie?! (6-3-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aja16H_5wFQ</ref> All-DC fight. Ashley is the wife of Jason Inman. The two mark the first pair of married competitors to participate in Screen Junkies fights. Although DJ is listed as a new fighter, he has won on TV Fights and also the Movie Fights Debut Deathmatch. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Mike and Sammy Cappetto. This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. Every Speed Round question is won by Split Decision. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 3/7 || '''Win''' |- | Ashley V. Robinson || New fighter || Third |- | DJ Wooldridge || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Marc !! Ashley !! style="width: 6%"|DJ |- | 1: What is the best DC Comics movie adaptation? || 1* || || |- | 2: Best overall character: Batman vs. Superman vs. Wonder Woman? || || || 1 |- | 3: What's the worst ** DC movie? || || || 1 |- | 4: What DC Comic storyline that hasn't already been used would make the best movie? || || 1 || |- | 5: Of all the movie Batmans, which one would win in a fight? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who gives the best-ever performance as Bruce Wayne? *** || || x || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best ''Superman'' movie? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What DC character would you want to be stuck in an elevator with for several hours? + || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND D: Aside from Deadshot and Harley Quinn, who is the best member of the Suicide Squad? || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Joel Schumacher-directed ''Batman'' villain? || 1+*** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Marc's winning choice of ''Wonder Woman'' did not come out to wide release until later that night in the Pacific Time Zone. However, Marc had gotten to watch it three times already. .**Trick question. After Andy got the competitors' choices, he made them argue why the choices were the ''best'' DC movies. .***Marc and DJ respectively chose Michael Keaton and Ben Affleck, their same choices from the previous question. .****Split decision. Mike chose Marc (Keaton), but Ashley, Dan, and Sammy all chose DJ. .*****Split decision. Seventh overturn of Movie Fights (third by Andy). Ashley, Mike, and Sammy chose DJ (''Superman: The Movie'') while Dan and Andy chose Marc (''Superman II''). +The character cannot use powers, gadgets, or resources. +*Split decision. Ashley chose Marc (Batman), but then Dan, Mike, and Sammy chose DJ (Superman). +**Split decision. Andy chose DJ (Amanda Waller), but Ashley and Dan chose Marc (Katana). +***Split decision. Ashley chose DJ (The Riddler), but then Dan, Mike, Sammy, and Andy all chose Marc (Poison Ivy). '''Episode 140: What Monster Movie Could Save The Mummy's Dark Universe? (6-10-17)'''<ref>Episode 140: What Monster Movie Could Save The Mummy's Dark Universe? (6-10-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxCzwRk8sZw</ref> Belt Tournament semi-final match. The winner would later fight Dan Murrell on July 13. Dan does not vote. Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Andrew DiLuzio. This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. The third, fourth, and fifth questions are Advantage Round questions submitted respectively by Mike, JTE, and Scott. If a fighter wins his own question, he receives one point, but if someone else does, that other person receives ''two'' points. Also, each fighter is the first to fight his own question, prompting Mike to go first for two questions in a row. Not counting the first episode, twenty-sixth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third place. *First episode in which a fighter goes from third place to first and back to third. Scott was never solely in second place during the fight. Twenty-sixth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. This fight has minimal impact on rankings. Scott's rank falls by only one to #48, and Mike's and JTE's rankings do not change at all. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | JTE || 5/1 || Second |- | Mike Carlson || 10/8 || '''Win''' |- | Scott Mantz || 2/7 || Third * |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|JTE !! style="width: 6%"|Mike !! Scott |- | 1: We want you guys to pitch the actor and Universal monster... that should join and could save this Dark Universe. || 1** || || |- | 2: Who should direct ''Top Gun 2''? || *** || 1**** || |- | 3: What movie character would open the best chain restaurant? || ***** || || 2 |- | 4: What [Sylvester] Stallone character,... outside of Rocky [Balboa] and [John] Rambo, would win in [an] all-out battle royale? || 1 || || |- | 5: Pitch ''La La Land 2''. || || 2+ || |- | TIE BREAKER: Favorite movie? + || 0+** || x || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''Boss Baby'' or ''Captain Underpants''? || 1+*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie featuring Brendan Fraser? || || 1+**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best moment in a movie where a character says the movie's title? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: If Rick Moranis would return for just one new film, what role do you want him to revisit? || || 1+***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: In honor of ''The Pentagon Papers'', what movie has the best ensemble cast? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''6''' || 2 |} .*In his seventh consecutive third place finish in a Movie Fight, Scott becomes the first fighter to not finish in second place in any of his first ten appearances (back in episode 118, he had become the only one besides Dan to not do so in his first nine). Interestingly, in his only TV Fight, Scott finished in second place. .**JTE (Michael Fassbender as Dracula) also won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Mike (Jeff Goldblum as the Phantom of the Opera) with 29% and Scott (Margot Robbie as the Wolf) with 24%. .***In JTE's argument for Shane Black, he stated that he wrote 1987's ''Predator''. This is not true. We was asked to polish the script, but he refused. He only acts in the film. However, he is writing (and directing) 2018's ''The Predator''. .****Mike (Michael Bay) actually lost the poll with only 25%. JTE (Shane Black) won with 44%, followed by Scott (Justin Lin) with 31%. .*****JTE (Deadpool) won the poll with 47%, followed by Scott (Vito Corleone) with 37% and Mike (Richie Rich) with only 16%. +Mike also won the poll with 44%, followed by Scott with 37%. +*Scott and JTE were respectively given ''Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan'' and ''Rocky''. JTE chose to go second. Instead of 20 and 10 seconds, the fighters were given 30, 15, and 10 seconds. +**Split decision. Andrew chose Scott, but Andy chose JTE as he attached ''Star Trek II'' more. Also, Dan later said that he would have agreed. +***Split decision. Andrew chose Mike (''Boss Baby''), but Scott and Andy chose JTE. +****Split decision. Andrew chose JTE (''The Mummy''), but Scott and Andy chose Mike (''Encino Man''). +*****Split decision. Scott chose JTE (''Honey, I Shrunk the Kids''), but Andrew and Andy chose Mike (''Little Shop of Horrors''). '''Episode 141: Who is The Best Pixar Character? (6-17-17)'''<ref>Episode 141: Who is The Best Pixar Character? (6-17-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9HN6-1SId4</ref> All-Pixar fight. Hosted by Dan Murrell. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. He is accompanied on the couch by Richard Higinbotham. Although Ed and Perri are listed as new fighters, each has fought on both TV Fights and non-standard Movie Fights, respectively the Debut Deathmatch and Collider All-Stars Last Fighter Standing. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Ed Greer || New fighter || Third |- | Perri Nemiroff || New fighter || Second |- | Jon Negroni || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Ed !! style="width: 6%"|Perri !! style="width: 6%"|Jon |- | 1: Who is the best Pixar character? || || || 1* |- | 2: What is the best vocal performance in any Pixar movie? || 1** || || |- | 3: Which Pixar character should be the next to get [his/her/its] own spin-off film? || || || 1*** |- | 4: Explain to me the existence of the world of ''Cars''.**** || || || 1 |- | 5: Who is the best Pixar villain? || || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: You can only watch one of these movies. Which would you choose: ''Cars 2'' or ''The Good Dinosaur''? || || 0***** || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who's the better supporting character: Edna Mode from ''The Incredibles'' or Dug from ''Up''? || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What real-world toy should join the cast of ''Toy Story''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What famous person's brain should be the setting for ''Inside Out 2''? || x || || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND D: What Pixar movie would you want to live in? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Jon (Woody) also won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by Perri (Wall-E) with 32% and Ed (Carl Fredricksen from ''Up'') with 17%. .**Ed (Craig T. Nelson as Mr. Incredible) actually lost the poll with 28%. Jon (Ellen DeGeneres as Dory) won with 42%, followed by Perri (Amy Poehler as Joy from ''Inside Out'') with 30%. .***Jon (the Witch from ''Brave'') actually lost the poll with only 15%. Ed (Jack-Jack from ''The Incredibles''), whom Dan dismissed first, actually won with 50%, followed by Perri (the Tank Gang from ''Finding Nemo'') with 35%. .****At the end of the round, Dan had a follow-up question: Why do they have tongues? .*****Perri was faster at choosing ''Cars 2'' and won unanimously. +Split decision. Ed and Lon both chose Jon (Dug), but then Richard and Dan both chose Perri as she explained why Edna was a better ''supporting'' character. +*Split decision. Lon and Ed chose Perri (George Lucas), but Richard and Dan chose Jon (Jimmy Neutron). '''Episode 142: Is Star Wars in Trouble? (6-24-17)'''<ref>Episode 142: Is Star Wars in Trouble? (6-24-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CsNHcLs1mA</ref> This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. The only previous time Jay fought in Movie Fights (episode 103), he also came in third and Sasha ''also'' won. Not counting the first episode, twenty-seventh episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. Twenty-seventh episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. At the beginning and end of the episode, Roger makes light of the fact that he hasn't been on the show in eight months (33-episode absence). It has actually been ''nine'' since the last appearance of Jay who, as mentioned above, had a 38-episode absence. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr || 1/10 || Second |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 1/2 || '''Win''' |- | Jay Washington || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 98%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roger !! style="width: 6%"|Sasha !! style="width: 6%"|Jay |- | 1: What movie... character or franchise do you want to... incorporate time travel in a sequel that hasn't already? || || || 1* |- | 2: We want you guys on a scale of 1 to 10,... tell us is ''Star Wars'' in trouble? And how do we fix it? || || 1 || |- | 3: What box office disappointment would you like to be re-imagined for television? || 1 || || ** |- | 4: Daniel Day-Lewis is retiring from acting... What is the best Daniel Day-Lewis performance? *** || 1**** || || |- | 5: It's the 25th anniversary of ''Batman Returns''. So that made us wonder, what is the best film of 1992? || || 1***** || + |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: Who should play Carnage to Tom Hardy's Venom? +* || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND A2: In honor of the 20th anniversary of ''Face/Off'', who[m] would you rather swap faces with: [John] Travolta or Nicolas Cage? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of the 30th anniversary of ''Spaceballs'', [what is the] best Mel Brooks movie? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of ''War of the Planet of the Apes'',+*** what is the best motion capture performance of all time? || || 1+**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Jay (''The Transporter'') actually lost the twitter poll with only 13%. Sasha (''The Fast & The Furious'') received 50%, followed by Roger (''Friday the 13th'') with 37%. .**Jay (''Waterworld'') won the poll with 55%, followed by Roger (''The Big Lebowski'') with 36% and Sasha (''The Cotton Club'') with 9%. .***On the question card, the hyphen was incorrectly placed between "Daniel" and "Day." .****Roger (''There Will be Blood'') also won the poll with 70%, followed by Sasha (''My Left Foot'') with 18% and Jay (''The Boxer'') with 12%. .*****Sasha (Reservoir Dogs) also won the poll with 53%, followed by Jay (''A Few Good Men'') with 24% and Roger (''Batman Returns'') with 23%. +During his initial arguments, Jay called Nathan Jessup (Jack Nicholson) a "lieutenant colonel." He is in fact a full colonel. +*Neither Roger nor Sasha could come up with an answer. Dan incorrectly stated that there has never been an instance in which neither fighter could come up with an answer. +**Sasha unanimously won despite being slower at saying Nicolas Cage. +***The title is actually ''War ''for'' the Planet of the Apes,'' a departure from the previous two films. +****Sasha unanimously won with Caesar despite appearing to having wanted to give Roger's answer, Gollum, another Andy Serkis performance. '''Episode 143: Cast A Live-Action Minions Movie (w/ Rob Corddry!) (7-1-17)'''<ref>Episode 143: Cast A Live-Action Minions Movie (w/ Rob Corddry!) (7-1-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exAkhKwheYE</ref> Lon Harris as Fact Checker. This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. Twenty-eighth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/15 || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 16/7 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Corddry Rob Corddry] || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 98%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Hal !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! style="width: 6%"|Rob |- | 1: If you could put in one movie character, what movie character would make the best "Shark Tank" judge? || || || 1 |- | 2: In honor of our guest,.. who starred in... [''Hot Tub Time Machine''], what is the best time travel movie with the least realistic depiction of time travel? || || 1* || |- | 3: If there [was] ever a live-action ''Minion[s]'' reboot, what three performers should play the Minions? || || || 1 |- | 4: In honor of ''The House'', starring Will Farrell and... Amy Poehler,... what existing movie franchise deserves an installment in Las Vegas... that hasn't done it yet? || || || 1** |- | 5: With the news of ''The Accountant 2'', we want you to pitch us another Ben Affleck movie sequel. || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 0 || 1*** || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of "Ballers,"... what movie character would you hire to be your agent? || x || 1**** || ***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best movie with the word "baby" in the title? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of this week's new ''Jumanji'' trailer, what's the best movie featuring Jack Black? + || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: To commemorate... the twentieth anniversary,... what's the best single element of ''Batman and Robin''? || x || || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who[m] would you want to see return more: Wesley Snipes as Blade or Ron Perlman as Hellboy? || x || 1+** || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which one should we buy?+*** || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || 5 || '''6''' |} .*Dan (''Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure'') also won the twitter poll with 46% of the vote, followed by Hal (''Hot Tub Time Machine'') with 34% and Rob (''The Butterfly Effect'') with 20%. .**Rob (''Jurassic Park'') also won the twitter poll with 50%. Hal (''Planet of the Apes'') and Dan (''Transformers'') each received 25%. .***This is the lowest score with which Dan has ever gone into a Speed Round. .****Split decision. Hal chose Rob (Thor), but then Lon and Andy chose Dan (Ricky Roma from ''Glengarry Glen Ross''). .*****Initially, Rob wanted to choose Jerry Maguire, but he could not remember the name. +Rematch question from episode 24. +*Split decision. Hal chose Dan (Arnold Schwarzenegger), but then Andy and Lon chose Rob (Batman suit nipples). +**Split decision. Hal chose Rob (Snipes), but Lon and Andy chose Dan. +***Bargain bin pic of ''Norbit'' and the live action ''The Cat in the Hat''. '''Episode 144: Best Spider-Man Performance (7-8-17)'''<ref>Episode 144: Best Spider-man Performance (7-8-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2v0jnd794k</ref> Due to technical issues, this episode was not posted on Plus until July 8, two days after the fight. Throughout the episode, there are sound issues. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Tom Zambeno and DeVaughn Taylor. This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 6/5 || '''Win''' |- | Tony Revolori || 2/0 || Third |- | Jenny Nicholson || 0/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! style="width: 6%"|Tony !! style="width: 8%"|Jenny |- | 1: What is the best Spider-Man [character] performance? || || * || 1 |- | 2: What is the best scene from any Spider-Man movie? || || 1** || |- | 3: What unlikely film director should create and direct [his or her] own [TV] series? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: In honor of the ''[A] Bad Mom's Christmas'' trailer,... what movie should make a holiday-themed sequel? || || || 1****, ***** |- | 5: You've finally met the one,... when he or she tells you this is [his or her] favorite movie, what is the movie you wanna hear? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2+ || 1 || 2+ |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best movie to watch when you're tired and know you won't make it to the end? || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: You just got a new Blu-ray player. What movie do you buy first? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What franchise should Tony Revolori join next? || 1+** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 2 |} .*Tony (Tom Holland) also won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Jenny (Tobey Maguire) with 36% and Alicia (Andrew Garfield) with 17%. .**Tony (train fight in ''Spider-Man 2'') won the twitter poll again with 63%, followed by Alicia (Gwen Stacy's death in ''The Amazing Spider-Man 2'') with 21% and Jenny (the Bone-Saw fight in ''Spider-Man'') with 16%. .***Tony (Quentin Tarantino) won the poll again with 53%, followed by Jenny (Tim Burton) with 26% and Alicia (Kathryn Bigelow) with 21%. .****Alicia conceded the point. Andy stated that he would have chosen her if it were not for that. .*****Jenny (''Jurassic World'') also won the poll with 39%, followed by Alicia (''Bridesmaids'') with 36% and Tony (''Dazed and Confused'') with 25%. +This episodes marks the first since episode 80 (the third of three all-female panels) in which two females went to the Speed Round. It is the first since episode 32 in which two females defeated a male; Alicia also won that episode. +*Split decision. Andy chose Jenny (''Remember Me''), but Tony, DeVaughn, Tom, and Dan all chose Alicia (''Fight Club''). +**Split decision. Andy and Tom chose Jenny (Dark Universe), but Tony, DeVaughn, and Dan all chose Alicia (''Fast & Furious''). '''Episode 145: MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP! - E.T. vs Jaws - LIVE! (7-13-17)'''<ref>Episode 145: MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP! - E.T. vs Jaws - LIVE! (7-15-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jh_xTqrna9s</ref> This fight is not counted in the official statistics; however, due to the change of hands of the Belt, the ranking changes. The win/loss record shown below is not affected. This episode appears live on youtube. Due to sponsorship by t-mobile, more new content including live episodes of Movie Fights will appear on youtube. Fan vote is considered in making the selections for points in the regular round questions. The episode was preceded by a pre-show. This was not kept in the video that remains available. Had it been, the video would have been 2 hours and 49 minutes long. Without it, it remains 2 hours and 15 minutes. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. He is accompanied on the couch by Harvard debate coach Michael Bietz. Also, on the fan cam are Amar, Dakota, Donald "Dizzle" Davis, and Moodie. *This is Donald's fourth time appearing as a spectator in a Screen Junkies Fight. The first two questions are advantage questions, respectively from Dan and Mike. Had either won the other's question, it would have been worth two points. The next two questions were questions geared towards their respective strengths (one analytical and one creative). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 10/9 || Lose |- | Dan Murrell || 16/8 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Mike !! style="width: 6%"|Dan |- | 1: Best [Alfred] Hitchcock movie? || || 1* |- | 2: Pitch a Botanicus solo movie. || 1** || |- | 3: Best movie trilogy? || || 1*** |- | 4: Pitch a movie based on a commercial. || || 1**** |- | 5: ''E.T. [the Extra-Terrestrial]'' vs ''Jaws'': Which is the better film?***** || || 1+ |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You're gonna name the one you want.+* || 1+**, +*** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What movie character could win the Movie Fights Championship? || || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Liam Neeson movie?+***** || || 1++ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''6''' |- | colspan="3" | ADDITION: Spencer Gilbert (#49 contender) activates the Show Stopper to challenge Dan Murrell for the Belt. Initial arguments are 25 seconds long. Rebuttals are 15 seconds long. |- ! colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 82%;" |Question !! style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 6%;" |Spencer !! style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 6%;" |Dan |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND A: Best performance by an actor who only briefly appears in the movie? || style="background: #CEF2F2;"|1++* || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND B: Daniel Day-Lewis or Meryl Streep? || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | || style="background: #CEF2F2;"|1 |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND C: Worst part 2 to a great original movie?++** || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | || style="background: #CEF2F2;"|1 |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with a title that's six words or longer?++*** || style="background: #CEF2F2;" |1++**** || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND E: What movie vehicle do you most want in your garage?++***** || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | 1 || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |'''FINAL SCORES''' || style="background: #CEF2F2;" |'''3''' || style="background: #CEF2F2;" |2 |} .*Dan (''Rear Window'' over ''Notorious'') received 49% of the twitter vote (after the second round, this dropped to 46), Mike's vote, and the votes of Amar, Donald, and Moodie. .**Mike received 51% of the vote again, but he also received Mike's vote, and the votes of Amar, Donald, and Moodie. Dakota and Lon voted for Dan. .***Dan (''The Lord of the Rings'' over ''Toy Story'') received 53% and the votes of Mike, Amar, Donald, Dakota, and Moodie. .****Dan (Charmin Bears over the classic Tootsie Pop commercial) received 51% and the votes of Dakota, Donald, and Moodie. Amar and Mike voted for Mike. .*****Trick question. There was a fan poll asking if this question should be straight or a trick. 66% chose trick, prompting Mike to fight for ''Jaws'' and Dan for ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial''. +Dan received 51% of the poll, Mike's vote, and the votes of Amar, Donald, and Moodie. Only Dakota voted for Mike, and his rationale was not based on arguments. +*Bargain bin pic of ''Scooby Doo'' and ''The Master of Disguise'', submitted by Austin Grey, a fan who recently passed away. +**Mike was faster at saying ''Scooby Doo''. +***Split decision. Eighth overturn of Movie Fights (fourth by Andy). Mike, Moodie, Dakota, and Amar each chose Dan, but Dakota, Lon, and Andy chose Mike. +****Split decision. Dan (Randy from ''Scream'') received every vote except Amar's. +*****Rematch question from episode 13, where Mike and Dan first faced off. Andy states that it is from episode 11. Dan gave the same winning answer as before, but Mike did not pick ''The Grey'' again. ++Split decision. Dan (''Schindler's List'' over ''Batman Begins'') received every vote except Donald's. ++*Split decision. Mike and Donald voted for Dan (Alec Baldwin in ''Glengarry Glen Ross''), but Lon, Moodie, Dakota, and Amar voted for Spencer (Willem Dafoe in ''Boondock Saints''). ++**After initial arguments and rebuttals, Spencer and Dan each received an extra six seconds. ++***Question later changed to require the title to be ''exactly'' six words long. Andy was about to revert until Dan gave an answer. ++****Split decision. Donald voted for Dan (''Monty Python and the Holy Grail''), but Lon, Moodie, and Dakota voted for Spencer (''Star Wars [Episode VI]: Return of the Jedi''). ++*****Split decision. Spencer (Cameron's father's car from ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off'' over the DeLorean from the ''Back to the Future'' trilogy) received every vote except Donald's. '''Episode 146: Kevin Smith vs Elijah Wood! - CELEBRITY MOVIE FIGHTS LIVE! (7-27-17)'''<ref>Episode 146: Kevin Smith vs Elijah Wood! - CELEBRITY MOVIE FIGHTS LIVE! (7-27-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pI417jeeUNg</ref> Held at San Diego Comic Con. Alicia Malone as Fact Checker. Elijah Wood returns after a 97-episode absence. Winners were largely decided by audience vote. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 16/8 || Third |- | Kevin Smith || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Elijah Wood || 1/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! Kevin !! Elijah |- | 1: Who's the greatest living filmmaker? || || || 1 |- | 2: What comic book movie of all time will be most celebrated in 50 years? || || 1 || |- | 3: Scariest movie scene of all time? || || 1 || |- | 4: If you could permanently erase one movie from all of existence, which would it be? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 0 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Better movie sidekick: Samwise Gamgee or Jay? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: It's the... twentieth anniversary of Kevin's ''Chasing Amy'',... so... which other franchise would most benefit from the addition of Jay and Silent Bob? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Comic Con,... what classic or iconic movie would inspire the best Comic Con? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || '''4''' || 3 |} '''Episode 147: Pitch a Worse Movie Than The Emoji Movie!! (8-3-17)'''<ref>Episode 147: Pitch a Worse Movie Than The Emoji Movie!! (8-3-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBLubFSYyAY</ref> Sponsored by T-Mobile, who is now sponsoring Screen Junkies. So episodes will appear live on youtube, which has its own poll. Hosted by Dan Murrell. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/5 || Second |- | Charley Feldman || 0/1 || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/15 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Coy !! Charley !! Spencer |- | 1: There's a lot of revenge thriller-type things going around in the news right now, so we thought it'd be fun to ask what actor or actress who doesn't have one already should get [his or her] own ''Taken''-style action franchise? || * || || 1 |- | 2: I wanted you guys to pitch me a title for the next James Bond film... and why do you think it should be called that? || || 1 || |- | 3: If ''Ready Player One'' [were] real, what movie character would you want to use as your avatar? || 1** || || |- | 4: I wanted you guys to pitch me and the audience at home a worse movie idea than '''The Emoji Movie'''. || || || 1 |- | 5: "Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later" comes out...tonight.... We wanted to ask, what movie would you like to see a "Ten Years Later" TV series about? || 1*** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''Ant-Man and the Wasp'' is starting production. What is the best non-Marvel movie featuring Paul Rudd? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: ''The Dark Tower''... is hitting theaters.... Idris Elba or Matthew McConaughey? || || x || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: It was recently reported that ''Suicide Squad 2'' has lost its director.... Who should step in to direct ''Suicide Squad 2''? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: ''Detroit'' is hitting theaters this week. What's the best movie directed by Kathryn Bigelow? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND E: What movie monster would make the best pet? || || x || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5'''+** |} .*Coy (Tom Hardy) won the youtube poll with 51%, followed by Spencer (Jacob Tremblay) with 34% and Charley (Linda Hamilton) with 13%. .**Coy (Smaug) also won the twitter poll with 44% and youtube poll with 39%. .***Coy (''X-Men'') actually lost the twitter poll with 30%. Charley (''Inside Out'') and Spencer (''The Big Lebowski'') each received 35%. Similarly, Spencer received 35% of the youtube vote, while Charley and Coy received 34% and 30% respectively. .****Split decision. Charley chose Coy (Elba), but then Lon and Dan chose Spencer (McConaughey). .*****Split decision. Ninth overturn of Movie Fights (third by Dan). Charley and Lon both chose Spencer (Quentin Tarantino), but Dan chose Coy (Steven Soderbergh). +Split decision. Lon chose Coy (''The Hurt Locker''), but then Charley and Dan chose Spencer (''Zero Dark Thirty''). +*Split decision. Charley chose Coy (the Gremlins), but Lon and Dan chose Spencer (Jaws). +**This episode marks Spencer's first victory in an official fight in 104 episodes, the last time being in August 2015. He had lost his last nine official fights. His last victory in any fight was his second TV Fight in March 2016. '''Episode 148: What Wins: The Force vs The Hulk - MOVIE FIGHTS! Live from Comic-Con 2017 (8-10-17)'''<ref>Episode 148: What Wins: The Force vs The Hulk - MOVIE FIGHTS! Live from Comic-Con 2017 (8-10-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4Qbuhw6EnM</ref> Filmed at the last Comic Con. Hence, it is not live. ''Not'' mentioned as being sponsored by T-Mobile. Tournament-style fight, single elimination with eight fighters. Moderated by Andy, but winners are decided by audience vote. This episode does not count towards the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 65%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 35%;" | Winner |- | 1: Alicia Malone v. Mark Ellis: ''Star Wars'' prequels or ''The Hobbit'' trilogy? || Alicia (''The Hobbit'') |- | 2: Mike Carlson v. Tony Revolori: Better overall movie franchise: ''X-Men'' or ''Spider-Man''? || Mike (''X-Men'') |- | 3: Doug Benson v. Samm Levine: Worst movie character to cosplay as? || Doug (The Human Centipede over Johnny Storm (The Human Torch)) |- | 4: Spencer Gilbert v. Dan Murrell: What's more powerful: The Force or The Hulk? || Dan (The Hulk) |- | Semi-final 1: Alicia Malone v. Mike Carlson: What superhero's powers would you least want to have in real life? || Mike (Maggott * over Professor Charles Xavier) |- | Semi-final 2: Doug Benson v. Dan Murrell: Make a movie better by swapping out the lead with Groot. || Alicia (Tarantino over Cameron) |- | Final: Dan Murrell v. Mike Carlson: Best comic book movie performance? || Tie (respectively Heath Ledger in ''The Dark Knight'' and Adam West in ''Batman: The Movie'') |- | SPEED ROUND TIE BREAKER: Dan Murrell v. Mike Carlson: What character would be most fun to hang out with at Comic-Con? || '''Dan''' (Ant-Man over The Dude) |- |} .*Maggott is not a movie character. He only appears in comic books. '''Episode 149: What Movie Character Would Have the Best Instagram Account? (8-17-17)'''<ref>Episode 149: What Movie Character Would Have the Best Instagram Account? (8-17-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSi6gAiyrgk&t=4850s</ref> Hosted by Hal Rudnick. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. He is accompanied by Alex from Irvine. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | DJ Wooldridge || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Brett Erlich || 0/6 || Second |- | Darien Sills-Evans || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|DJ !! Brett !! Darien |- | 1: Besides ''Fast and Furious'', what earth-bound franchise should go to space? || 1* || || |- | 2: What movie character... would have the best Instagram account? || 1** || || |- | 3: What movie character's house would be the most fun to visit? || *** || || 1 |- | 4: What is the best comedy of the decade so far? || || 1**** || |- | 5: Who would be the worst possible actor to cast as James Bond? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You have to commute to work everyday with one movie character. Who[m] do you pick? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Better [Mark] Millar adaptation: ''Kingsman'' or ''Kick-Ass''? || 1***** || || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is the worst character from the new ''Star Wars'' franchise, ''[The] Force Awakens'' and ''Rogue One''? || || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which would you rather see: Joe Dante's ''Gremlins 3'' or James Cameron's ''Aliens 3''? || 1+* || || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What movie villain has the all-time most fiendish plan? || 1+** || || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*DJ (''Men in Black'') also won both the youtube and twitter polls with 65% and 52% respectively. Darien (''John Wick'') received 26% of the twitter poll while Brett (''Home Alone'') received 22%. .**DJ (Spider-Man) once again also won the youtube and twitter polls with 71% and 69% respectively. Brett (Ava from ''Ex-Machina'') received 17% of the twitter vote (but 0% of the youtube vote) and Darien (Nomi Malone from ''Showgirls'') received 14%. .***DJ (Bruce Wayne) once again won the youtube and twitter polls with 61% and 56%. Darien (Pee-Wee Herman) received 26% and 31% on youtube and twitter respectively, followed by Brett (Christian Grey) with 12% and 13%. .****Brett (''Bridesmaids'') also won the youtube and twitter polls with 69% and 47%. .*****Split decision. Darien chose Brett (''Kingsman''), but then Lon, Alex, and Hal all chose DJ. +Split decision. Darien chose DJ (Captain Phasma), but then Lon, Alex, and Hal all chose Brett (General Hux). +*Split decision. Alex chose Brett (''Aliens 3''), but then Lon, Darien, and Hal all chose DJ. +**Split decision. Alex chose Brett (Ava in Ex-Machina), but Lon, Darien. and Hall all chose DJ (Amy in ''Gone Girl''). '''Episode 150: Who Should Play The Joker? (8-24-17)'''<ref>Episode 150: Who Should Play The Joker? (8-24-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmIzH101Hgk</ref> Graham Elwood returns after a 44-episode absence. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 1/5 || Second |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/16 || Third |- | Graham Elwood || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 78%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Joe !! style="width: 6%"|Hal !! Graham |- | 1: What was the overall best movie of summer 2017? || 1* || || |- | 2: Who should play the next Joker? ** || || *** || 1**** |- | 3: We wanna hear you guys pitch a Jabba the Hutt standalone movie. || 1***** || || |- | 4: It's the ten-year anniversary of Superbad.... What Superbad actor has gone on to have the best career? || 1 || + || |- | 5: Which of Marvel's Defenders would make the best standalone film? +* || || || 1+** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best fantasy movie that's not set in Middle Earth? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of ''Terminator 3D'',... what 2D movie should get a 3D re-release? || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who should direct ''Bad Boys 3'' if Michael Bay doesn't? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of the ''Knight Rider'' movie, improve any movie by adding a talking car. || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: I'm gonna name two actors. Tell me which one's better:... Steve Carell or Will Farrell? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 0 || '''6''' |} .*Joe (Wonder Woman) also won the twitter poll with 36%, followed by Graham (Dunkirk) with 35% and Hal (Spider-Man: Homecoming) with 27%. .**Previously used in episode 3, but for a different movie. .***Hal, after Graham won, used the phrase "Book 'em, Dano" and said it was a 1950's TV reference. ''Hawaii Five-O'' ran from 1968-1980. The reboot, which has run since 2010 also uses the phrase. .****Graham (Paul Dano) also overwhelmingly won both the twitter and youtube polls. .*****Joe also won 70% of the youtube vote. +Hal (Emma Stone) won both polls. +*The players are offered the option of pitching an Iron Fist film with actor Finn Jones for double points. Joe and Graham both chose to try this while Hal chose Daredevil. +**Andy only gave Graham one point as his pitch didn't star Finn Jones +***Split decision. Dan chose Graham (''Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope''), but Hal and Andy chose Joe (''The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift''). ==Movie Fights Episodes 151-156== '''Episode 151: Worst Movie of Summer 2017? (8-31-17)'''<ref>Episode 151: Worst Movie of Summer 2017? (8-31-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VqUhHMt7Q4&t=4384s</ref> Lon Harris as Fact Checker. He is joined by Isaac and Will Robinson Smith. Although Danielle is listed as a new fighter, she has been on Debut Deathmatch and TV Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 16/9 || '''Win''' |- | Danielle Radford || New fighter || Third |- | Marc Andreyko || 4/7 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! Danielle !! Mark |- | 1: What is the worst movie of the summer of 2017? || || || 1* |- | 2: In honor of our ''Face/Off'' Honest Trailer, which was random,... what two actors should star in a ''Face/Off'' reboot? || 1** || || |- | 3: In honor of [Arnold] Schwarzenegger's upcoming film,... best Schwarzenegger comedy of all time? || || || 1*** |- | 4: In honor of Labor Day this weekend coming up, what movie character has the best job? || 1**** || || |- | 5: After ''It'' ruins clowns forever,... what other occupation should get its own horror movie? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of the fortieth anniversary of ''Close Encounters [of the Third Kind]'', what is the best movie about making contact with aliens? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which franchise is in better shape currently:... ''Transformers'' or ''Pirates [of the Caribbean]''? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Vince Vaughn's total makeover for ''Brawl in... Cell Block 99'', what's the best movie... featuring Vince Vaughn? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie would be improved if you added the Muppets? || 1+ || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Marc (''King Arthur: Legend of the Sword'') actually lost the twitter poll. Danielle (''Transformers: The Last Knight'') won with 51%, followed by Dan (''Baywatch'') with 30%. Marc also lost the youtube poll with 26%. .**Dan (Vin Diesel and The Rock) won the youtube and twitter polls with 67 and 39% respectively. Marc (Tom Hardy and Jake Gyllenhaal) received 21% and 34%, while Danielle (Ryan Reynolds and Chris Hemsworth) received 11% and 27%. .***Marc (''Kindergarten Cop'') also won the youtube poll with 55% but only came in second on twitter with 35%. Danielle (''True Lies'') lost the youtube poll with 16% but ''won'' the twitter poll with 39%, while Dan (Last Action Hero) received 26% of the youtube vote and 27% of the twitter vote. .****Dan (Indiana Jones) also won the youtube poll with 74% and the twitter poll with 54%. Danielle (God from ''Bruce Almighty'') received 34% of the twitter vote while Marc (Dr. Dolittle) received 12%. .*****Danielle (Vice Principals) actually lost the youtube and twitter polls with 25% and 21% respectively. Marc (politicians) won the twitter poll with 41% while Dan (carnival ride operators) received 38%. +Split decision. Danielle chose Marc (''The Silence of the Lambs''), but then Lon and Andy chose Dan (''The Fate of the Furious''). '''Episode 152: Who Should Direct Star Wars: Episode 9? (9-7-17)'''<ref>Episode 152: Who Should Direct Star Wars: Episode 9? (9-7-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzsiRE8XUi0</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Ben Begley || 2/1 || Third |- | Trisha Hershberger || 1/7 || Second |- | James Clement || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Ben !! Trisha !! James |- | 1: Colin Trevorrow is no longer directing ''[Star Wars] Episode IX''.... If you could pick any director aside from the ones already in the stable that may probably take this over, who[m do] we want to see direct ''Star Wars Episode IX''? || || 1* || |- | 2: With ''It'' receiving rave reviews,... we wanna know what's the worst Stephen King adaptation? || || || 1** |- | 3: Since Shia LaBeouf is not returning for ''Indiana Jones'',... we want you to pitch a totally new sidekick for Indy in his next adventure. || || || 1*** |- | 4: What's the best movie to watch with commentary from the director... sitting next to you? || 1 || || **** |- | 5: What movie would be better on mute? || ***** || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: In honor of ''mother!'', best Darren Arivnosky + movie? +* || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND A2: Who'd make the better ''Star Wars'' film: David Lynch or Wes Anderson? || x || || +** |- | SPEED ROUND B: What film features the best-ever Gary Oldman performance? || x || +*** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: We've had ''Bad Moms'', ''Bad Santa'', ''Bad Grandpa''. What other bad person should join the franchise? || x || +*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Trisha (Patty Jenkins) actually lost the twitter poll with 26%, but finished in second place on youtube with 28%. Ben (Steven Spielberg) won the twitter poll with 38% (but lost the youtube poll with 15%), followed by James (Matthew Vaughn) with 36%. .**James (''The Langoliers'') also won the twitter and youtube polls with 48% and 69% respectively. .***Once again, James (adult Short Round) also won the twitter and youtube polls with 53% and 72%. .****James (''Fantastic Four (2015)'') won the twitter and youtube polls with 44% and 46%. .*****Ben (''Transformers: Dark of the Moon'') won the twitter and youtube polls with 57% and 47%. +Andy mispronounced Aronofsky. +*Neither James nor Trisha named a movie. +**James was faster at saying Wes Anderson. +***Trisha could not name a movie. James had said Bram Stroker's ''Dracula''. '''Episode 153: Which Franchise Would Be Most Improved By Adding Pennywise? (9-14-17)'''<ref>Episode 153: Which Franchise Would Be Most Improved By Adding Pennywise? (9-14-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxohMmHFRUU</ref> Second "Debut Deathmatch" episode. None of the nine fighters have participated in Movie Fights previously. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Adam Theer. Meg McCarthy previously appeared as a Fact Checker on the 79th episode of Movie Fights in April 2016. This episode is not counted in the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior competition |- | Mary Risk || N/A |- | Matt Knost || TV Fights, Schmoedown |- | Brett Register || N/A |- | Meg McCarthy || N/A |- | Dave Child || N/A |- | Michelle Nguyen || TV Fights |- | Yael Tygiel || TV Fights |- | Andres "Ace" Cabrera || TV Fights |- | Eben McGarr || N/A |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! style="width: 16%"|Fighters (in </br> response order) !! Question !! Andy's choice !! twitter choice |- | Mary, Matt, Brett || What's the worst original movie to get multiple sequels? || Matt || Mary* |- | Meg, Dave, Michelle || What franchise would be most improved by adding Pennywise? || Dave || Meg* |- | Yael, Eben, Andres || Best surprise cameo in any movie not on poster or [in] opening credits? || Andres || Yael* |- | Matt, Dave, Andres || SEMI-FINAL 1: What was the worst movie to make one billion dollars at the box office? || Andres || N/A |- | Mary, Meg, Yael || SEMI-FINAL 2: What two actors have the worst on-screen chemistry? || Yael || N/A |- ! colspan="2" | Speed Round Question !! Andres !! Yael |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND A: What actor would be the worst possible choice to play Batman? || || 1** |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of ''mother!'', which [is] a film I did not like,... who's the best mom in movie history? || 1 || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND C: Which movie should Jim Carrey reboot: ''Ace Ventura[: Pet Detective]'' or ''The Mask''? || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie based on a TV cartoon series? || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''3''' |} .*The winner of each twitter poll was the person sitting next to Andy. .**Split decision. Adam chose Ace (Jesse Eisenberg), but then Dan and Andy chose Yael (Jamie Dornan). '''Episode 154: Marvel Phase 4 Movies We Want to See Most (w/ Max Landis) (9-21-17)'''<ref>Episode 154: Marvel Phase 4 Movies We Want to See Most (w/ Max Landis) (9-21-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpHp1Xp5oDo&t=1690s</ref> Lon Harris as Fact Checker (as Dan, along with Alicia Malone are at Florida State University). He is accompanied on the couch by fans Nico Lucero and Ian Candish. As usual, Spencer's name is on the scoreboard as "Spence." Spencer's two consecutive wins on regular episodes are his first since episodes 5 and 7 in 2014. Twenty-seventh episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Max Landis || 3/0 || Second |- | Roth Cornet || 1/5 || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 5/15 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Max !! style="width: 6%"|Roth !! Spencer |- | 1: In honor of ''Kingsman: The Golden Circle'', what country should get its own Kingsmen in a third film, and who should play the group's leader? || 1* || || |- | 2: Pitch a Marvel [Cinematic Universe] Phase 4 movie, post-''Avengers... Part 4''? || || 1** || |- | 3: What movie is the best improvement over its original source material? || || || 1*** |- | 4: In honor of The Lego Ninjago Movie,... we want you to improve a movie by turning it into a Lego Movie. || 1**** || || |- | 5: I want you each to pick a movie with great characters.... What movie's characters would you want as your prison gang? ***** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of James Gunn getting his own Funko figure, what unlikely actor or director that doesn't have one... deserves [his or her] own Funko? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of the upcoming documentary about him, improve any film by replacing the lead actor with Gilbert Gottfried? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Max's thesis "A Scar No One Else Can See," what movie should have a theme song written and performed by Carly Rae Jepsen? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which franchise should Linda Hamilton join post-''Terminator''? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Darren Aronofsky film? || || x || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Max (China/Jackie Chan) also won the twitter poll with 53%, followed by Spencer (Canada/Mike Myers) with 32% and Roth (Brazil/Gisele Bündchen). .**Roth (a romantic comedy led by Vision and The Scarlet Witch) also won the youtube poll with 44%, followed by Max (Wild Hulk) with 39% and Spencer (New Dawn/Secret War) with 15%. However, Spencer won the twitter poll with 42%, and Roth actually ''lost'' with only 28%. .***Spencer (''Die Hard'') also won the youtube and twitter polls with 42% and 43% respectively, followed closely by Max (''Fight Club'') with 40% and 34%, and Roth (''The Silence of the Lambs'') with 17%. .****Andy asked for the polls ahead of time and made his final decision based on that since he couldn't decide. The twitter poll was close; Spencer (''Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace'') received 35%, followed by Max (''2012'') with 34% and Roth (''Jurassic World'') with 31%. However, on youtube, Max received 58%, followed by Spencer with 28% and Roth with 13%. .*****Blind fight. After Andy asked the fighters to write their movies down, he gave them the question. Spencer chose ''The Wolf of Wall Street'', Roth chose ''Being John Malkovich'', and Max chose ''Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope''. +Split decision. Roth picked Max (''The Fast and the Furious''), but Lon, Nico, Ian, and Andy all then chose Spencer (''Mad Max''). +*Split decision. Lon and Roth picked Max (''The Wrestler''), but Nico, Ian, and Andy chose Spencer (''Requiem for a Dream''). '''Episode 155: Best Movie of the 80's!! - 80'S MOVIE FIGHTS!! (9-28-17)'''<ref>Episode 155: Best Movie of the 80's!! - 80'S MOVIE FIGHTS!! (9-28-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ozcY4lW4QI&t=4s</ref> Alicia Malone returns as Judge. Jack Hind from Fandango as Fact Checker. He is accompanied by fan Candace Smith. 1980's-themed episode. Era-style music is played in the beginning, and the fighters and Alicia dress in the style. Although Brianne is a new fighter, she has fought on TV Fights. Despite sitting in the third seat, Brianne went first on the second and fifth questions. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 2/2 || Second |- | Marc Andreyko || 4/8 || '''Win''' |- | Brianne Chandler || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Sasha !! style="width: 6%"|Marc !! Brianne |- | 1: What '80s movie which never got one actually deserved a sequel? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Which '80s movie would have the biggest success if it were released in its identical format as a new movie in theaters this year? || || 1** || |- | 3: What was the most influential popular movie of the '80s? || || || 1*** |- | 4: Which mediocre '80s movie has benefited the most from nostalgia? || **** || 1 || ***** |- | 5: Who gave the overall best performances from the 1980's? || || 1+ || |- | TIE BREAKER: Who is the best member of the Brat Pack? || 0 || x || +* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best John Hughes movie? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: If they remade ''Die Hard'' today, who should play Hans Gruber? || 1+*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which two present-day actors should star in a remake of ''Twins''? || 1+**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D1: Which '80s movie would be better if it were directed by Michael Bay? +***** || || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D2: Which two movie characters would you want to take a Ferris Bueller-style day off with? || || 1++ || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Brianne (''Big Trouble in Little China'') won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Sasha (''The Breakfast Club'') with 32% and Marc (''The Last Starfighter'') with 25%. .**Marc (''Aliens'') also won the poll with 43%, followed by Sasha (''The Shining'') with 30% and Brianne (''The Princess Bride'') with 27%. .***Brianne (''Blade Runner'') actually lost the twitter poll with 27%. Marc (''Die Hard'') won the poll with 42%, followed by Sasha (''Batman'') with 31%. .****Sasha (''A Christmas Story'') won the youtube poll with 45%, followed by Marc (''Ghostbusters'') with 36%, and Brianne (''The Little Mermaid'') with 17%. .*****Brianne had to go with her second choice, ''The Little Mermaid'', as Marc won the coin toss. +Marc (Robert DeNiro) also won the youtube poll, followed by Sasha (Michael J. Fox) with 25% and then Brianne (Meryl Streep) with 21%. +*Brianne (Emilio Estevez) said she agreed with Sasha (Molly Ringwald) and never gave a rebuttal. +**Split decision. Candace chose Sasha (''Ferris Bueller's Day Off''), but Brianne, Jack, and Alicia all chose Marc (''The Breakfast Club''). +***Split decision. Candace chose Marc (Gary Oldman), but Brianne, Jack, and Alicia all chose Sasha (Idris Alba). +****Split decision. Candace chose Marc (Kevin Hart and The Rock), but Brianne, Jack, and Alicia all chose Sasha (Dave Bautista and Zac Efron). +*****Both Sasha and Marc decided to abstain from answering. ++Split decision. Brianne and Candace chose Sasha (Johnny Castle (''Dirty Dancing'') and Gizmo (''Gremlins'')), but Jack and Alicia chose Marc (Emmett Brown (''Back to the Future'') and Bud Fox (''Wall Street'')). '''Episode 156: Best Harrison Ford Performance?! (10-5-17)'''<ref>Episode 156: Best Harrison Ford Performance?! (10-5-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aoLV2NDX7K8&t=18s</ref> Last Screen Junkies video to feature Andy Signore, who would be suspended the following morning and terminated two days later. Screen Junkies would not release another video for three weeks. Last Movie Fight in the current format and on the current set. A reboot would premiere on December 14. Joe Starr as Fact Checker. He is accompanied on the couch by Jared Diamond, a reporter from The Wall Street Journal. After this episode, Dan and JTE traded ranks with each other and are now respectively ranked #21 and #24. These ranks would remain permanent as records reset with the reboot. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 17/9 || '''Win''' |- | DJ Wooldridge || 1/1 || Third |- | JTE || 5/2 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! style="width: 6%"|DJ !! style="width: 6%"|JTE |- | 1: What movie should get a 2049 reboot à la ''Blade Runner''? * || || ** || 1 |- | 2: What movie features the best Harrison Ford performance? || 1 || *** || |- | 3: Best movie about surviving the wilderness? || || 1**** || |- | 4: What movie character should host "Saturday Night Live?" || 1 || || |- | 5: I need you guys to pick any Stephen King movie.... Which Stephen King movie would you most want to be trapped inside? ***** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which Ridley Scott film that doesn't already have one should get a sequel? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with the word "dead" in the title? + || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: If Scarlet Johanssen doesn't return, who should take her place in ''Lucy 2''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best Matthew Vaughn film? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: I'm gonna name two actors. Tell me who's better: Harrison Ford [or] Tom Hanks? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Originally, Andy read the first question from the previous week's episode. .**DJ (''Robocop'', Andy's last choice) won the twitter poll with 37%, beating Dan (''Running Man'') and JTE (''Evil Dead''). .***DJ (''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'') won the twitter poll with 48%, followed by Dan (''The Fugitive'') with 38% and JTE (''Regarding Henry'') with 14%. .****Once again, DJ also won the poll. .*****Blind (Backwards) fight. Before Andy asked the question, the fighters had to pick a movie. DJ chose ''It: Chapter One'', then JTE chose ''The Shining'', and Dan chose ''Carrie''. +Previously used in episode 37 (also as the second Speed Round question), which also featured Dan. This time however, Dan won the point and eventually the game. +*Split decision. Joe and Jared chose Dan (''Kingsman: The Secret Service''), but DJ and Andy chose JTE (''X-Men: First Class''). ==Movie Fights References== {{Reflist}} {{uncat|date=November 2015}} ==Movie Fights Reboot description and Fighter Rankings== This section is the leaderboards for Movie Fights starting December 14, 2017. The board does not include one-on-one fights from the first iteration of the show. As of February 8, 2018, there have been six "Movie Fights" (in this format) that have been hosted on the Screen Junkies YouTube channel. Though records do not carry over from the previous format, the Belt does. '''Current Movie Fights Reboot Standings''' (As of February 8, 2018) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ranking !! Contestant !! Record !! Win Percentage !! Total Points !! Points Per Game |- | Current Champion || Spencer Gilbert || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1 |- | 1 || Dan Murrell || 2-0 || 1.000 || 8 || 4 |- | T2 || Mike Carlson || 1-0 || 1.000 || 4 || 4 |- | T2 || Ed Greer || 1-0 || 1.000 || 4 || 4 |- | T2 || Jenny Nicholson || 1-0 || 1.000 || 4 || 4 |- | T2 || Danielle Radford || 1-0 || 1.000 || 4 || 4 |- | T6 || Mark Ellis || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3 |- | T6 || Coy Jandreau || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3 |- | 8 || Joe Starr || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2 |- | T9 || Rachel Cushing || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1 |- | T9 || Scott Mantz || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1 |- |} ==Movie Fights Reboot== '''Episode 1: Best Superhero Movie of 2017?? MOVIE FIGHTS SNEAK PEEK! (12-14-17)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Superhero Movie of 2017?? MOVIE FIGHTS SNEAK PEEK! |date=2017-12-14 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8MeW2r_qq0 |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> The debut of the reboot features the former and current Movie Fights champions. The one-on-one format debuts but is eventually abandoned after 11 episodes. A new set is temporarily used. Previous records do not carry over. A new montage is debuted. Some of the clips have been used previously. T-Mobile is still sponsoring. Hal Rudnick hosts. Roth Cornet as Fact Checker. She is accompanied by Social Media Ambassador Danielle Radford. The audience youtube poll results in a vote (only in regular round matches). The Fact Checker also gets a vote. The Judge/Host breaks a tie if there is one. The debut format is three regular round questions, followed by up to four Speed Round questions. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || New fighter || Lose |- | Dan Murrell || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! style="width: 6%"|Dan |- | 1: What is the best superhero movie of 2017? || * || 1** |- | 2: Pitch a non-superhero Disney/Fox crossover movie. *** || 1 || |- | 3: Which movie character would make the best Jedi Knight? **** || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''[Star Wars:] The Last Jedi'' hits theaters tonight.... What director who has not yet been asked to do a ''Star Wars'' film should get to do one? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of ''[The] Disaster Artist'', what is the best movie starring James Franco?+ || || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''4'''+** |} .*Spencer initially chose ''Logan'', but he lost a coin toss and went with ''Thor Ragnarok''. .**Split decision. Roth had chosen Spencer, but the audience (65%) and Hal chose Dan. .***Disney and Fox agreed to a purchase deal earlier in the day. Spencer won (55% on the poll) with ''Zootopia''/''Die Hard'' over ''Predator''/''Pirates of the Caribbean''. .****Backwards [character] fight. Spencer and Dan were asked to pick any character from any comedy film before the question was asked. .*****Dan (Ted Striker over Peter Venkman) received 72% of the vote. +First "Sabotage Round" question, in which fighters choose their opponents' answers. First to answer is answering on behalf of the opponent, so the opponent goes first. +*Dan was slightly faster at choosing ''Your Highness'' for Spencer. Spencer chose ''Howl'' for Dan. +**If this episode were counted as part of the previous series, Dan, already one of only two fighters to participate in and win two consecutive episodes (the other being Nick Mundy), becomes the first fighter to do so twice. '''Episode 2: Best/Worst Movies of 2017? (1-11-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best/Worst Movies of 2017? MOVIE FIGHTS (RADFORD vs STARR) |date=2018-01-11 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prXCYZsmfrQ |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> Dan Murrell becomes Fact Checker. Roxy Striar as Social Media Ambassador as Danielle is fighting. Hal did not vote in the regular round. Dan and the poll agreed with each other each time. During the second Speed Round question, Dan finally asked Hal to weigh in. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Danielle Radford || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Joe Starr || New fighter || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Danielle !! style="width: 6%"|Joe |- | 1: What was the best movie of 2017? || 1 || |- | 2: What was the worst movie of 2017? || || 1 |- | 3: Who was the best villain of 2017? || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who should direct ''Gambit'' now that Gore Verbinski has dropped out? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would you rather be in a relationship with: The Beast from ''Beauty and the Beast'' or Amphibian Man from ''[The] Shape of Water''? || 1* || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who should win the Oscar for Best Director [of] 2017? || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 2 |} .*Split decision. Roxy chose Joe (The Beast), but Hal and Dan chose Danielle. '''Episode 3: What Movie Would You Use To Ruin Movies Forever? (1-18-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Movie Would You Use To Ruin Movies Forever? MOVIE FIGHTS (CARLSON vs ELLIS) |date=2018-01-18 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1Xg1-5btvA |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> Also known as "How to Kill Movies Forever?" {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Mark Ellis || New fighter || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Mike !! style="width: 6%"|Mark |- | 1: Would would be the worst movie to use to introduce someone to the concept of movies?* || || 1** |- | 2: Pitch a fan edit you'd like to see from a popular movie. || || 1*** |- | 3: BLIND FIGHT: You have to choose one of these names: Chris Hemsworth or Michael Peña. **** ... ''12 Strong'', starring both Chris Hemsworth and Michael Peña hits theaters tomorrow.... If you were going into battle, which three movies characters would you want to bring with you? ***** || 1+ || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie starring Eddie Murphy? +* || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: What franchise should cross over with ''Pacific Rim''? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What mode of transportation should Liam Neeson save people on in his next movie? || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: More surprising hit: ''Jumanji[: Welcome to the Jungle]'' or ''The Greatest Showman''? || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 3 |} .*Question inspired by the upcoming release of English-language films in Saudi Arabia. The first movie will be ''The Emoji Movie'', which the fighters are not allowed to choose. .**Mark (''mother!'') received votes from Hal and Dan to win the point, but he lost the poll to Mike (''Disaster Movie'') who received 54% of the vote. .***After Hal gave his vote to Mike (placing prequel characters in ''Star Wars'' sequel trilogy films), Mark (removing Keanu Reeves from ''Bram Stoker's Dracula'') received Dan's vote and the youtube poll. .****At this point, Mike chose Hemsworth, leaving Mark with Peña. .*****Danielle had asked the actors the question. The fighters were required to use their choices. Mark had John Rambo, Jason Bourne, and a general Joe Pesci character. Mike had Frank Dux from ''Bloodsport'', the shark from ''Jaws'', and Chris Pratt as a T-Rex. +After Mike received a vote from Dan and Mark received a vote from Hal, he won 57% of the youtube poll. +*First Sabotage round. Fighters pick their opponent's answer. +**Split decision. Danielle chose Mark (space shuttle), but Hal and Dan chose Mike (Disney World monorail). '''Episode 4: The LAST Last Jedi Debate! (1-25-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=The LAST Last Jedi Debate! MOVIE FIGHTS (MANTZ vs NICHOLSON) |date=2018-01-25 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=If75XsbYCZw |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jenny Nicholson || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Scott Mantz || New fighter || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jenny !! Scott |- | 1: ''Star Wars[ Episode VIII]: The Last Jedi'': Great or not great? || 1 || |- | 2: What was the biggest snub from the 2018 Oscar nominations? || || 1* |- | 3: BLIND FIGHT: ** The Razzie nominations came out this week, and in the hat was every movie nominated for Worst Movie. You have to argue why the movie you chose should win Best Picture. || 1*** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''Jurassic World'' is getting its own Live Arena show joining ''Fast and the Furious'' Live. What other movie franchise should inspire a live stunt tour? || 1**** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Ryan Reynolds will be taking on a ''Clue'' remake for FOX. Which board game would best work as a feature film? || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 1 |} .*Jenny (Visual Effects for ''Justice League'') received Dan's vote, but Scott (Best Picture for ''The Big Sick'') received the votes of Hal and youtube. .**Before the question was asked, Jenny picked Baywatch and Scott picked Fifty Shades Darker. .***In a reversal from the previous round, Scott received Dan's vote, but Jenny received the votes of Hal and the youtube poll. .****Split decision. Dan voted for Scott (''Justice League''), but Danielle and Hal voted for Jenny (''Fifty Shades Darker''). '''Episode 5: What Marvel Villain Needs To Return For Infinity War? (2-1-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Marvel Villain Needs To Return For Infinity War? MOVIE FIGHTS! (GREER vs JANDREAU) |date=2018-02-01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccVzQYl3JTM |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> Also knows as "What Marvel Villain Needs to Return for a Sequel?" {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Ed Greer || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Coy Jandreau || New fighter || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Ed !! style="width: 6%"|Coy |- | 1: What dead/retired MCU [Marvel Cinematic Universe] villain should come back for one more film? || || 1 |- | 2: In honor of the Big Game [Super Bowl LII] this weekend, what's the best football movie? || || 1* |- | 3: BLIND FIGHT: Pick any character from an animated movie.... ** Which animated character would be the ultimate survivor in The Purge? || 1*** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Other than [the "Super] Mario [Bros." series], what classic Nintendo [NES] game would make the best animated movie? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: After Black Panther, what other famous cat should Chadwick Boseman play? || 1****, ***** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What two movie stars should be the new Men in Black? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What ''Star Wars'' supporting character would make the worst spin-off? || 1+, +* || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 3 |} .*Dan voted for Ed (''The Last Boy Scout''), but Hal and 63% of the youtube audience voted for Coy (''Remember the Titans''). .**Coy chose The Genie, then Ed chose Bugs Bunny. .***During the reading of the youtube voting, Danielle indicated that Ed received 79% and Coy received 20%, pointing out that the two percentages did not add up to 100%, but they never have in any reading she has done and she had not pointed it out previously. .****Ed chose Heathcliff, but his entire argument was for Riff-Raff of the Catillac Cats. Coy never pointed this out, and it was not brought up in fact-checking. Also Ed (and later Danielle) referred to Heathcliff picking up thick females, which was something neither Heathcliff nor Riff-Raff did. .*****Split decision. Dan voted for Coy (Tardar Sauce/Grumpy Cat), but then Danielle and Hal voted for Ed. +During the argument, Ed (and then Coy) stated that Coy's choice (Wedge Antilles) was dead, which is not true. +*Split decision. Danielle chose Coy, but Dan and Hal voted for Ed (Admiral Ackbar). '''Episode 6: The Craziest Star Wars Director Picks! (2-8-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=The Craziest Star Wars Director Picks! MOVIE FIGHTS (MURRELL vs CUSHING) |date=2018-02-08 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyLK6lT8qpA |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> Marc Andreyko was originally scheduled to fight, but due to car trouble, Dan Murrell steps in, making him the first competitor to fight twice in the new format. He did not get to prepare beforehand. Lon Harris takes over as Fact Checker. Rachel Cushing becomes to first fighter to appear in the new format without having fought in the previous format. First episode in the new format in which a fighter does not score after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Rachel Cushing || New fighter || Lose |- | Dan Murrell || 1-0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Rachel !! style="width: 6%"|Dan |- | 1: What movie should inspire an anthology series? || 1* || |- | 2: What's the best movie ever that's based on a children's book? || || 1** |- | 3: BLIND FIGHT: Each of you [is] going to pick a director [from a hat].... *** What director, who still hasn't gotten a shot, should get [his] own ''Star Wars'' trilogy? || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would be a better fictional character than Lobo for Michael Bay to adapt? || || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the overall best actor who has played a ''Spider-Man'' villain? || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''4''' |} .*Hal chose Dan (''It''), but then Lon and 53% of the youtube poll chose Rachel (''Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets''). .**In a reversal from the previous question, Hal chose Rachel (''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban'') while Lon and 71% of the poll chose Dan (''The Wizard of Oz'' (1939)). .***Rachel chose Joel Schumacher while Dan chose M. Night Shyamalan. .****Split decision. Lon chose Rachel (Uncle Sam), but Danielle and Hal chose Dan (Mojo). '''Episode 7: Best Comic Book Origin Movie Before Black Panther? (2-15-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Comic Book Origin Movie Before Black Panther? MOVIE FIGHTS (DJ vs MARKEIA) |date=2018-02-15 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pk_ENry8EzQ |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> '''Episode 8: Best Sci-fi Movie of the 21st Century? (2-22-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Sci-Fi Movie of the 21st Century? MOVIE FIGHTS (HOWARD vs MISS MOVIES) |date=2018-02-22 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lt-tS_4Wc8g |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 9: Should Disney Stop After Star Wars: Episode 9? (3-1-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Should Disney Stop After Star Wars: Episode 9? MOVIE FIGHTS (GILBERT vs NAPZOK) |date=2018-03-01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEJDA-SFqB4 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 10: What is the Most Badass Movie Scene Of All Time? (3-8-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What is the Most Badass Movie Scene Of All Time? MOVIE FIGHTS (JTE VS JAY) |date=2018-03-08 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_mlHABsnBw |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 11: Is the "Fantastic Beasts" Series A Bad Idea? (3-15-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Is the "Fantastic Beasts" Series A Bad Idea? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-03-15 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cE6RwwAoK4s |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> Final episode of the new two-person format with the fighters standing. However, the question format will remain. '''Episode 12: Which Director Will Be The Next Spielberg? (3-29-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Which Director Will Be The Next Spielberg? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-03-29 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJqoioY0q0Q |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 13: Best Science Fiction Movie Of All Time? (4-5-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Science Fiction Movie Of All Time? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-04-05 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmGAqU0sng0 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 14: The Ultimate Star Wars Spinoff! (4-12-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=The Ultimate Star Wars Spinoff! MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-04-12 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNTF9V4VCZg |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 15: What Will Be the Best Movie of Summer 2018? (4-19-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Will Be the Best Movie of Summer 2018? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-04-19 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNw3J52miA0 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 16: Recast the MCU Avengers - Marvel Movie Fights! (4-26-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Recast the MCU Avengers - Marvel Movie Fights! |date=2018-04-26 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7l7n2qukiE |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 17: MOVIE FIGHTS EXTRAVAGANZA!! (50+ All Star Fights) (5-3-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=MOVIE FIGHTS EXTRAVAGANZA!! (50+ All Star Fighters) |date=2018-05-03 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qRyFZsNTXlM |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> This episode benefits Women in Film '''Episode 18: Who's The Infinity War MVP? (5-10-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who's The Infinity War MVP? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-05-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khY8ncy41ck |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 19: Most Disappointing Superhero Sequel Ever? (5-17-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Most Disappointing Superhero Sequel Ever? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-05-17 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkQdTApKhLE |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 20: Who Should Play Boba Fett in the New Star Wars Spinoff? (5-24-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Should Play Boba Fett in the New Star Wars Spinoff? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-05-24 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VCCbT6_S58 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 21: What Should Disney Do with Star Wars Now? (5-31-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Should Disney Do with Star Wars Now? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-05-31 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbZndPjp1Lw |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 22: HONEST TRAILERS MOVIE FIGHTS ROUND 1 (6-7-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=HONEST TRAILERS MOVIE FIGHTS ROUND 1 |date=2018-06-07 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7a10a_D8nE |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 23: Worst Children's Show Host (6-14-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Worst Children's Show Host MOVIE FIGHTS!! |date=2018-06-14 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Ad5k5DD5b8 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 24: WORST MOVIE THAT CRITICS LOVED (6-21-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=WORST MOVIE THAT CRITICS LOVED |date=2018-06-21 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1muADPtsw10 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 25: RECASTING THE WATCHMEN!!!! (6-28-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=RECASTING THE WATCHMEN!!!! MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-06-28 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FceeToGt6bM |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 26: THE GREAT AMERICAN MOVIE FIGHTS!! (7-5-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=THE GREAT AMERICAN MOVIE FIGHTS!! |date=2018-07-05 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPuVkdnDttQ |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 27: Which Batman Villain Should Get Their Own Movie?! CONTENDER FIGHTS (7-12-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Which Batman Villain Should Get Their Own Movie?! CONTENDER FIGHTS |date=2018-07-12 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JASEeLBaqUE |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 28: Mission: Impossible vs. Fast and the Furious - MOVIE FIGHTS (SDCC 2018 Panel) (7-26-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Mission: Impossible vs. Fast and the Furious - MOVIE FIGHTS (SDCC 2018 Panel) |date=2018-07-26 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlEtxRP1a-w |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 29: Who Should Direct Guardians of the Galaxy 3? (8-2-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Should Direct Guardians of the Galaxy 3? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-08-02 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwOyj62XP_c |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 30: Who Should Play Supergirl? (8-9-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Should Play Supergirl? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-08-09 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHnPM1rNwI4 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 31: Who Is The Best Hollywood Chris? (8-16-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Is The Best Hollywood Chris? MOVIE FIGHTS! |date=2018-08-16 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtlZanp6hNw |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 32: Cast A Famous Animal As James Bond! MOVIE FIGHTS w/ NICK MUNDY (8-23-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Cast A Famous Animal As James Bond! MOVIE FIGHTS w/ NICK MUNDY |date=2018-08-23 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPJKtUbkZrA |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 33: Worst Movie of Summer 2018?! (8-30-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Worst Movie of Summer 2018?! MOVIE FIGHTS! |date=2018-08-30 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FGCpGNld0s |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 34: Greatest All Ages Film?! MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP! (9-6-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Greatest All Ages Film?! MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP! |date=2018-09-06 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQeCXccBcUU |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> Final episode of the Season 7 Playlist '''Episode 35: The Best & Worst of DC Movies! DCEU MOVIE FIGHTS (9-13-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=The Best & Worst of DC Movies! DCEU MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-09-13 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pw2dh6rUTOk |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 36: Which Marvel Hero Deserves a Streaming Show? (9-20-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Which Marvel Hero Deserves a Streaming Show? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-09-20 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSr5SRfK1XA |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 37: Best & Worst of Fall 2018 Predictions! (9-27-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best & Worst of Fall 2018 Predictions! |date=2018-09-27 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oofDaNaUgYo |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 38: Best Movies of The Year! (So Far) (10-4-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Movies of The Year! (So Far) |date=2018-10-04 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZwZbspyS90 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 39: How James Gunn Could Fix Suicide Squad (10-11-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=How James Gunn Could Fix Suicide Squad |date=2018-10-11 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuQDcrkltzA |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 40: How Should DC Move Justice League Forward? (10-18-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=How Should DC Move Justice League Forward? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-10-18 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GYOuZiNAPw |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 41: The Best of Horror! MOVIE FIGHTS HALLOWEEN (10-25-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=The Best of Horror! MOVIE FIGHTS HALLOWEEN |date=2018-10-25 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfIlAh15Il8 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 42: Who Should Make the Red Dead Redemption Movie? (11-1-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Should Make the Red Dead Redemption Movie? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-11-01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ks5Cu9uKbF4 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 43: BLIND MOVIE FIGHTS What 2018 Movie Will Win Best Picture (11-8-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=BLIND MOVIE FIGHTS What 2018 Movie Will Win Best Picture? |date=2018-11-08 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vf08NXm4wyI |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 44: Who's The Best Harry Potter Character? (11-15-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who's The Best Harry Potter Character? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-11-15 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-c1rBaK4TU |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 45: HONEST TRAILERS MOVIE FIGHTS ROUND 2 (11-22-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=HONEST TRAILERS MOVIE FIGHTS ROUND 2 |date=2018-11-22 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyhtnuKR_Rw |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> Final episode of the Season 8 Playlist '''Episode 46: Best Action Hero Ever? (11-29-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Action Hero Ever? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-11-29 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pR0Hi0HashE |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 47: Should Avengers 4 Even Have a Trailer? (12-6-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Should Avengers 4 Even Have a Trailer? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-12-06 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZGCpN7vQws |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 48: SPIDER-VERSE MOVIE FIGHTS (All Spider-Man Questions) (12-13-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=SPIDER-VERSE MOVIE FIGHTS (All Spider-Man Questions) |date=2018-12-13 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XN3TbgtHGjs |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 49: What Movie Should Aquaman Join? (12-20-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Movie Should Aquaman Join? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-12-20 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_vUvpSTMa0 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 50: Star Wars vs Marvel vs Lord of the Rings!! (FRANCHISE FIGHTS!) (12-27-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Star Wars vs Marvel vs Lord of the Rings!! (FRANCHISE FIGHTS!) |date=2018-12-27 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCG7ZDcH--Q |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 51: What Will Be The Best Movie Of 2019? (1-3-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Will Be The Best Movie Of 2019? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-01-03 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lSFqokNWxAY |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 52: What is the WORST M. Night Shyamalan movie? (1-17-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What is the WORST M. Night Shyamalan movie? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-01-17 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zxyHs1_ezGo |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 53: MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP (1-24-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP |date=2019-01-24 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUp-a_09mxo |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> Dan Murrell vs Greg Alba '''Episode 54: Who Should Be Wolverine? (2-7-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Should Be Wolverine? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-02-07 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5HxrqLSLEg |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 55: Worst Rom-Com Ever? (2-14-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Worst Rom-Com Ever? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-02-14 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogrybh-Qhxk |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 56: OSCARS 2019 PREVIEW (2-21-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=OSCARS 2019 PREVIEW MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-02-21 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQaRRJbVOMI |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 57: 2019 Oscars Best Moment? (2-28-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=2019 Oscars Best Moment? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-02-28 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eI70kDOLFHM |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 58: Which Avenger Should Be a Skrull? (3-7-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Which Avenger Should Be a Skrull? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-03-07 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oz6WmUSnCdM |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 59: Who's the Most Powerful Character in the MCU? (3-14-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who's the Most Powerful Character in the MCU? |date=2019-03-14 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSWmzdYVoGQ |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 60: What Horror Movie Should Jordan Peele Remake? (3-21-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Horror Movie Should Jordan Peele Remake? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-03-21 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2La01bkCP1E |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 61: Best Time Burton Movie? (3-28-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Tim Burton Movie? {{!}} MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-03-28 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJFfUH4X2mQ |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 62: What Was the BEST MOVIE of 1989? (4-4-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Was the BEST Movie of 1989? {{!}} MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-04-04 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqbvCuI73n0 |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 63: MOVIE FIGHTS: Hellboy, Hellfire, & Brimstone (4-11-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=MOVIE FIGHTS: Hellboy, Hellfire, & Brimstone |date=2019-04-11 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CMhg9eryvQ |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 64: Is the Emperor in Star Wars Episode 9 a Good Idea? (4-18-19)''' '''Episode 65: What's the BEST Scene in the MCU? AVENGER MOVIE FIGHTS (4-25-19)''' '''Episode 66: AVENGERS: ENDGAME MOVIE FIGHTS (SPOILERS) (5-2-19)''' '''Episode 67: Worst Movie Character Design? (5-9-19)''' '''Episode 68: What Character Could Kill John Wick? (5-16-19)''' '''Episode 69: Greatest Animated Disney Musical of All-Time? (5-23-19)''' '''Episode 70: Godzilla vs Stranger Things?! APOCALYPSE MOVIE FIGHTS (5-30-19)''' '''Episode 71: Best Performance in Any X-Men Movie? (6-6-19)''' '''Episode 72: HONEST TRAILERS MOVIE FIGHTS ROUND 3 (6-13-19)''' '''Episode 73: Sinbad in Batman?! WEIRD MOVIE FIGHTS! (6-20-19)''' '''Episode 74: Best Performance in a Spider-Man Movie? (6-27-19)''' '''Episode 75: MOVIE FIGHTS LAST FIGHTER STANDING (7-4-19)''' Championship Fight Last weekly fight before switching to monthly '''Episode 76: COMIC-CON MOVIE FIGHTS 2019: Best Batman Movie + The Snyder Cut (8-3-19)''' '''Episode 77: Best Movie of Summer 2019?! (9-7-19)''' '''Episode 78: Best Joker Performance? (10-12-19)''' '''Episode 79: Best Animated Disney Villain? (11-21-19)''' '''Episode 80: 2020 OSCARS MOVIE FIGHTS (2-9-20)''' '''Episode 81: Movie Fights | We're Back (2-23-26)''' '''Episode 82: The REAL Best Picture Was...? (3-16-26)''' '''Episode 83: Project Hail Mary: The Movie Fight (3-23-26)''' '''Episode 84: Video Game Movies: The Movie Fight! (4-6-26)''' ==Movie Fights Reboot References== {{Reflist}} {{Uncategorized|date=November 2015}} ==TV Fights description and Fighter Rankings== "TV Fights" airs live on Tuesdays at 4:00 pm Pacific time on Screen Junkies Plus. It is hosted by Roxy Striar and adopts the format of Movie Fights (however, starting with Episode 12, there have been only five regular round questions instead of six (which Movie Fights later adopted)). Screen Junkies producer Ken Napzok appears as a Fact Checker and twitter comment reader (his position is replaced by Billy A. Patterson starting in the 51st episode). Episodes of TV Fights are generally slightly shorter than Movie Fights. Further, with one exception, they are not followed by an After the Fight episode as most Movie Fights episodes that were recorded after the advent of Screen Junkies Plus are. As of October 3, 2017, there have been 99 episodes, 97 of which are counted in the statistics. Additionally, there is a first "episode" that is not part of the episode count. '''Current TV Fights Standings''' (As of October 3, 2017) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ranking !! Contestant !! Record !! Win Percentage !! Total Points !! Points Per Game |- | Current Champion || Dan Murrell || 4-1 || 0.800 || 22 || 4.40 |- | 1 || Matt Key || 2-0 || 1.000 || 11 || 5.50 |- | 2 || Perri Nemiroff || 2-0 || 1.000 || 10 || 5.00 |- | 3 || Roxy Striar || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T4 || Brittany Ashley || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Jared Bauer || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Brannon Braga || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || David Futernick || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Jared Haibon || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Alan Kistler || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Samm Levine || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Edgar Momplaisir || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Ken Napzok || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Greg Nix || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Cameron Rice || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Stephanie Ritter || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Tehran Von Ghasri || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Clarke Wolfe || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | 18 || Lon Harris || 4-1 || 0.800 || 21 || 4.20 |- | T19 || Billy A. Patterson || 3-1 || 0.750 || 19 || 4.75 |- | T19 || Hal Rudnick || 3-1 || 0.750 || 19 || 4.75 |- | 21 || Sasha Perl-Raver || 6-2 || 0.750 || 35 || 4.38 |- | T22 || Mark Ellis || 2-1 || 0.667 || 15 || 5.00 |- | T22 || John Rocha || 2-1 || 0.667 || 15 || 5.00 |- | T22 || Andy Signore || 2-1 || 0.667 || 15 || 5.00 |- | 25 || Matt Lieberman || 4-2 || 0.667 || 29 || 4.83 |- | 26 || Charley Feldman || 2-1 || 0.667 || 14 || 4.67 |- | 27 || Ben Bateman || 2-1 || 0.667 || 11 || 3.67 |- | 28 || Coy Jandreau || 3-2 || 0.600 || 20 || 4.00 |- | 29 || Jay Washington || 3-2 || 0.600 || 19 || 3.80 |- | 30 || Cathy Kelley || 1-1 || 0.500 || 11 || 5.50 |- | 31 || Andres Cabrera || 1-1 || 0.500 || 9 || 4.50 |- | 32 || Trisha Hershberger || 2-2 || 0.500 || 17 || 4.25 |- | 33 || Spencer Gilbert || 2-2 || 0.500 || 17 || 4.25 |- | 34 || Gina Ippolito || 1-1 || 0.500 || 8 || 4.00 |- | 35 || DJ Wooldridge || 2-2 || 0.500 || 12 || 3.00 |- | 36 || Steve Zaragoza || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T37 || Jonathan Harris || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T37 || Maude Garrett || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T37 || Jennifer Landa || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T37 || Jonny Loquasto || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T41 || David Griffin || 1-1 || 0.500 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T41 || Nick Mundy || 1-1 || 0.500 || 5 || 2.50 |- | 43 || Roger Barr || 2-3 || 0.400 || 17 || 3.40 |- | 44 || Audrey Kearns || 2-3 || 0.400 || 12 || 2.40 |- | 45 || Jennifer Flack || 1-2 || 0.333 || 13 || 4.33 |- | 46 || Hector Navarro || 2-4 || 0.333 || 24 || 4.00 |- | 47 || Jack Conway || 1-2 || 0.333 || 12 || 4.00 |- | T48 || Vanessa Ragland || 1-2 || 0.333 || 11 || 3.67 |- | T48 || Roth Cornet || 1-2 || 0.333 || 11 || 3.67 |- | 50 || Jeff Galante || 1-2 || 0.333 || 9 || 3.00 |- | 51 || JTE (Josh "The Engineer" Tapia) || 1-2 || 0.333 || 7 || 2.33 |- | 52 || Yael Tygiel || 2-5 || 0.286 || 28 || 4.00 |- | 53 || Emma Fyffe || 1-3 || 0.250 || 9 || 2.25 |- | 54 || Zach Wilson || 1-4 || 0.200 || 19 || 3.80 |- | 55 || Joe Starr || 2-6 || 0.250 || 25 || 3.13 |- | 56 || Joseph Scrimshaw || 1-4 || 0.200 || 17 || 3.40 |- | 57 || Matt Knost || 1-4 || 0.200 || 11 || 2.20 |- | 58 || Michele Boyd || 1-5 || 0.167 || 20 || 3.33 |- | 59 || Josh Macuga || 1-6 || 0.143 || 25 || 3.57 |- | 60 || Michael Beatrice || 0-1 || 0.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T61 || Marc Andreyko || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Damian Beurer || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Kaycee Conlee || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Dan Feuerrigel || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || David A. Goodman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Angie Greenup || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Kim Horcher || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Ashley & Lauren Iaconetti (TMI) || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Erika Ishii || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Jesse Klein || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Scott Mantz || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Drew DiFonzo Marks || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || John McCracken || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Mary Risk || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Daniel Van Kirk || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | 76 || Andie Bolt || 0-2 || 0.000 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Kimia Behpoormia || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Kirk Bonacci || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Katy Dolle || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Ed Greer || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Adam Hann-Byrd || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Stacy Howard || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Matt Iseman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Marina Mastros || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Michelle Nguyen || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Justin Rupple || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Robert Peterson || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Max Song || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Trevor Stines || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Ele Woods || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T91 || Rob Cesternino || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T91 || Max Dionne || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T91 || Jason Inman || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T91 || Danielle Radford || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T91 || Ishmel Sahid || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T91 || Victor Torres || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T97 || Kamarra Cole || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T97 || Karl Hess || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T97 || Tiona Hobson || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T97 || Luke Kelly-Clynne || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T97 || Jason Mewes || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T97 || J.D. Zelman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | 103 || Bree Essrig || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | 104 || Mo Lightning || 0-2 || 0.000 || 3 || 1.50 |- | 105 || Aaron Pruner|| 0-3 || 0.000 || 3 || 1.00 |- | T106 || Dani Fernandez || 0-2 || 0.000 || 2 || 1.00 |- | T106 || Tony Kim || 0-2 || 0.000 || 2 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Nick Armstrong || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || William Bibbiani || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Lilan Bowden || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Kristen Brancaccio || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Robert Meyer Burnett || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Leo Camacho || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Brianne Chandler || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Mark David Christensen || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Amy Dallen || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Ryan Eleopouios || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Brooks Forester || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Stephen Glickman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Chris Hayner || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || KellyAnne Judd || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Cassie Keets || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Jaden LeBel || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || MeLissa Luna || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Markeia McCarty || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Kauser Mohammed || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Stephanie Michelle || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Ify Nwadiwe || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Grant Pardee || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Megan Salinas || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Eddie Ray Smith || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Katy Stoll || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Kaori Takee || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Anastasia Washington || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Damian Washington || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Jeremiah Watkins || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Mo Welch || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Ele Woods || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | 139 || Michael Truly || 0-2 || 0.000 || 1 || 0.50 |- | T140 || Barbara Gray || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |- | T140 || Jordan Morris || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |- | T140 || Charlie Schneider || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |- | T140 || Cesar Solorio || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |} Rankings have been determined first by Win Percentage. If a tie has resulted, then it is broken by Points Per Game (except in the case of an undefeated fighter, in which number of wins is the primary determinant, followed by Points Per Game). If a tie still remains, the two are separated by Total Points, then by rankings within the fights (second vs third). If they still remain tied, they are given the same ranking and put into alphabetical order. ==TV Fights Episodes 1-50== PER PRODUCER BILLY PATTERSON, THE FIRST EPISODE WAS NOT AN OFFICIAL EPISODE (even though some subsequent numbers do match up in the web addresses and episode full names with the episode numbers shown in the wiki (ie episodes 27 and 28)). HENCE, THE TRUE EPISODE NUMBERS OF EACH TV FIGHT ARE ONE LESS THAN WHAT IS WRITTEN IN THE SUMMARY OF TV FIGHTS EPISODES. <big>'''<big>Question and statistical summary</big>'''</big> (x during a tie breaker or Speed Round question denotes that the fighter did not participate in the question): '''Episode 1: Most Epic TV Death? (unknown date)'''<ref>Episode 1: Most Epic TV Death? (unknown date) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-episode-2-2969471</ref> PER PRODUCER BILLY PATTERSON, THIS IS NOT AN OFFICIAL EPISODE. ACCORDINGLY, THE LEADER BOARD DOES NOT INCLUDE THIS EPISODE. Episode was not aired live as subsequent episodes are, as evidenced by the fact that no twitter comments are read. This episode was uploaded sometime between the uploads of Episodes 2 and 3, hence the appearance of "episode-2" in the web address. Screenjunkies.com lists the air date as November 16, 2015, but it also lists this for episode 2, which is incorrect. In addition to the fact that it is called Episode 1, it is clear that this was taped before Episode 2 based on how the tie-breaker was handled (see below). Further, the background is different than in Episodes 2 and 3. Unlike in most episodes of Movie Fights, pre-speed Round tie-breaker questions result in points awarded. If it weren't for the fact that points were awarded for the pre-Speed Round tie-breaker questions, no fighter would have received points for two consecutive questions in this fight, something that has never been done in Movie Fights or any subsequent episode of TV Fights. And even though Andie got points for two of her consecutive questions, there was an intervening question in between them in which she didn't participate. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Josh Macuga || New fighter || Second |- | Andie Bolt || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Jonny Loquasto || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Josh !! Andie !! Jonny |- | 1: What show should be brought back? * || 1 || || |- | 2: What is the best adult themed animated show? || || 1 || |- | 3: What TV family do you want to be a part of? || 1 || || |- | 4: Most impactful death of a TV character? || || || 1 |- | 5: What should be the Season 6 setting of "American Horror Story"? || || 1 || |- | 6: Best TV show with the most ** ridiculous premise? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER A (Josh vs Andie): "Growing Pains" and "Family Matters" are re-running. Which do you watch? || || 1 || x |- | TIE BREAKER B (Josh vs Jonny): Monica or Rachel [from "Friends"]? || 1 || x || *** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Better Ed O'Neill show: "Married With Children" or "Modern Family"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best show with the word "show" in the title? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Next city that "The Real Housewives" should take place in? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best night for TV currently? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best vampire show: "Buffy" or "True Blood"? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || '''6''' || 2 |} .*It was stated that Judd Apatow never did anything on television after Josh's choice ("Freaks and Geeks"). However, the following year, he created "Undeclared" (also featuring Jason Segal and Seth Rogan), which also lasted only one season. .**Roxy later clarified that the contestants should be focusing on the best show, not the most ridiculous premise. In fact, the question card and the bottom of the screen said "a" rather than "the most". .***Jonny was eliminated despite only losing on one question, which Josh also did. While there is a round-robin way to do a tie-breaker, it was not done. In the following episode, Andy Signore pointed this out, and the modern Movie Fight rules were applied, in which two fighters advance on a single question. Also, points were given for the tie-breaker, which isn't done in Movie Fights. Hence, in this episode and the next, a total of 13 points per episode are given. '''Episode 2: The Best Simpsons Episode Ever? (11-17-2015)'''<ref>Episode 2: The Best Simpsons Episode Ever? (11-17-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-the-best-pilot-ever-2969325</ref> Second episode to be filmed, but first to air (aired on the first day of Screen Junkies Plus). Roxy refers to it as the first episode even though it is listed as Episode 2. As the previous episode is not considered an official episode, she is correct that this is the first. First episode to feature a participant from Movie Fights. First episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Lieberman || New fighter || Second |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || New fighter || Third |- | Andy Signore || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 78%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Sasha !! Andy |- | 1: What's the best pilot episode for a series ever? || || || 1 |- | 2: What is the best show to watch while doing other things? *, ** || || 1 || |- | 3: Pitch a TV crossover. || 1 || || |- | 4: What is the best show set in a high school? || || 1 || |- | 5: What [other]*** shows could have been saved by a showrunner change? || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the best "[The] Simpsons" episode ever? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the best catchphrase of all time? **** || 1 || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would win in a fight: Rick Grimes or Tony Soprano? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best show with "boy" or "girl" in the title? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Most painful death: Ned Stark or Jon Snow? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Two shows playing in re-runs, which are you gonna watch: "Frasier" or "Cheers"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Better Jimmy: Kimmel or Fallon? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5***** || 2 || '''6''' |} .*Even though it was the second question, Roxy started with Andy. For the third question, she started with Sasha. This was also repeated for the fifth and sixth questions. .**The bottom of the screen after the question was asked replaced "other things" with "nothing." .***Besides "The Muppets" (2015). .****Ken stated that there were never any three-way ties at the end of the regular round of Movie Fights. This is not true. It had happened in Episodes 16 and 29. It also happened two days later in Episode 58. .*****Matt would not lose another match until 64 episodes later. '''Episode 3: Best Thanksgiving TV Episode Ever? (11-24-2015)'''<ref>Episode 3: Best Thanksgiving TV Episode Ever? (11-24-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-ep-3-best-thanksgiving-tv-episode-ever-2981996</ref> First episode in which a fighter does not receive any points after the first round. First episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Second episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Third episode to feature three new fighters, which is already more than Movie Fights has had at this point. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joseph Scrimshaw || New fighter || Third |- | Cathy Kelley || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Hector Navarro || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 83%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Joseph !! Cathy !! Hector |- | 1: What is the best Thanksgiving episode of all time? || 1 || || |- | 2: Who is the most kick ass woman currently on TV? * || || || 1 |- | 3: Where is the best TV place to work? || || 1 || |- | 4: Pitch a TV show adaptation for any 80s movie? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who is the best TV villain ever? || || || 1 |- | 6: What show had the most promise and the least delivery? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would you rather come to your Thanksgiving dinner: Peter Griffin or Homer Simpson? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the better show: "American Idol" or "The Voice"? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best show with the word "family" in the title? || x || 1** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best HBO comedy; is it "Veep" or "Silicon Valley"? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best next-door neighbor; is it Kramer or Mr. Feeny? || x || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the best sport to watch on TV instead of going to the game? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''6''' || 5 |} .*During the debate of the second question, the bottom of the screen replaced "kick" with "Kisck". .**Split decision. Ken agreed with Hector for "Family Guy". '''Episode 4: Best 90s Sitcom? (12-1-2015)'''<ref>Episode 4: Best 90s Sitcom? (12-1-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-ep-4-best-90s-sitcom-2983937</ref> Out of Roxy, Jason, Aaron, and Hal, Jason is the only Gentile (non-Jew). Jason and Hal are the second and third fighters to have previously appeared on Movie Fights. First episode to not feature two male and one female contestants. First of four consecutive episodes in which the fighter who scored the first point ultimately won the game. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jason Inman || New fighter || Second |- | Aaron Pruner || New fighter || Third |- | Hal Rudnick|| New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jason !! Aaron !! Hal |- | 1: What is the best sitcom of the 90s? || || || 1 |- | 2: If you guys could cast your dream actor to play Iron Fist/Danny Rand in the upcoming Netflix TV show, who would it be? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the most rewatchable show ever? || * || || 1 |- | 4: What's the nicest hidden gem of a TV show, a show that didn't or doesn't receive the attention it deserves? || || 1 || |- | 5: What season cancelled in its their season should get another choice? || || || 1 |- | 6: What TV show deserves a better finale? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who has better shows on TV right now, DC or Marvel? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which TV show would you rather watch with your [hypothetical] 15-year old niece: "Pretty Little Liars" or "Vampire Diaries"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which show would you rather host: "SNL" for a night or "Survivor" for a season? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is the best TV actress or character named Kate (no spelling specified)? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: The "Cosby Show" is airing re-runs. Do you leave it on? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''6'''*** |} .*Jason lost the ability to argue for Aaron's choice "(M*A*S*H)" in a coin toss. He chose "The West Wing" instead. Neither answer won. .**Split decision. Aaron chose Jason, who picked "Survivor". .***As Hal was retroactively declared the winner of the first Movie Fight, he is the only fighter so far to win his first fights on each show. '''Episode 5: Best TV Villain in 2015? (12-10-2015)'''<ref>Episode 5: Best TV Villain in 2015? (12-10-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-ep-5-best-tv-villian-in-2015-2986683</ref> Aired on Thursday instead of Tuesday in order to accommodate the Movie Fights schedule so that Kevin Smith could appear on that show. The episode is only 63:36 long. Matt Lieberman is the first repeat fighter shown. Roxy actually states that it is his third appearance. He appeared on an unaired pilot. Matt becomes the first fighter to appear in two episodes without coming in third place. In episode 15, he would become the first to do this after three fights. Matt becomes the first fighter to win a fight while being the only person in the group to have ever lost (episode 2). He would do this again in episode 15 against fighters who had actually previously appeared. As recently started on Movie Fights, the scoreboard lists Spencer's name as "Spence". Spencer Gilbert is the fourth fighter to have previously fought in Movie Fights. Charlie becomes the first person to not score any points in a game, something that didn't happen in Movie Fights until he 41st episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Lieberman || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Charlie Schneider || New fighter || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Matt !! Charlie !! Spencer |- | 1: Who is the greatest fictional POTUS (President of the United States of America) on TV? || 1* || || |- | 2: You have the power to cancel a show that's been on for 2+ seasons. What show is it? || ** || || 1 |- | 3: Best TV villain of 2015? || 1 || || |- | 4: Best bromance on TV? || 1 || || |- | 5: What TV show has or had the best opening credits? || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the best running gag/joke in a series? || || || 1*** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 4 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who[m] would you rather sit next to on a plane: Bryan Cranston or Jon Hamm? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would win "Survivor": Hillary Clinton or Donald Trump? || || x || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Bigger Golden Globe snub in comedy: "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" or "The Grinder"? + || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better judge on "The Voice": Christina Aguilera or Gwen Stefani? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is the best TV dog? || 1+** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''+*** || 0 || 5 |} .*Matt incorrectly states that Richard Nixon served two full terms as US President. Ken pointed this out in the Fact Check. .**Matt was allowed to argue for "Gotham" despite the fact that it had not yet finished two seasons. However, Spencer won with "The Simpsons". .***Spencer, who won, was the only one to not pick from the show "How I Met Your Mother". .****Split decision. Charlie had chosen Spencer (Cranston). .*****Split decision, reversed from the previous fight. Charlie had chosen Matt (Trump). +At the end of the fight, Roxy called her gavel Mjolnir her "banger". +*Split decision. Charlie had chosen Matt (Stefani). +**Split decision, reversed from the previous fight. Charlie had chosen Spencer (Brian Griffin), while Ken and Roxy chose Matt (Porkchop Funnie). +***At the beginning of the episode, Matt had correctly predicted that he would win. '''Episode 6: Who is the Best Friends Character? (12-15-2015)'''<ref>Episode 6: Who is the Best Friends Character? (12-15-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-the-best-friends-character-tv-fights-2987660</ref> Jack Conway is introduced as a second-time fighter, but this is his first fight shown. Ken mentions that he was on the unaired pilot, which will eventually be released. John Rocha is the fifth fighter to previously compete in Movie Fights. He is the only one of them to win TV Fights without having previously won Movie Fights. First episode to only require four Speed Round questions, rather than five. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | John Rocha || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Jack Conway || New fighter || Second |- | Roth Cornet || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 71%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! John !! Jack !! Roth |- | 1: What TV cop/government agent would you want to be partnered with? || 1 || || |- | 2: What is the best time travel TV show? || || || 1 |- | 3: What is the best onscreen marriage or romance? || || 1 || |- | 4: Which other character from a popular TV show should have his own show? || 1 || || |- | 5: Out of the main cast, who is the best "Friends" character? || || 1 || |- | 6: What is the best "SNL" sketch * of all time? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which TV show's real-life holiday party would you want to crash? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would win at TV Fight[s]: Jessica Jones or Supergirl? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: HBO or Showtime? || 1** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better breaking of the fourth wall: "The Office" or "Modern Family"? || 1*** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Roxy deliberately asked the question using the word "sketch" instead of "skit" despite what the screen said. .**Roth recused herself from the third Speed Round fight, but Roxy and Ken agreed with each other. .***Split decision. Ken chose Jack based on Jack's arguments, despite his not agreeing with the answer ("Modern Family"). '''Episode 7: Best TV Show of 2015? (12-22-2015)'''<ref>Episode 7: Best TV Show of 2015? (12-22-2015) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZzzWuGaML4</ref> This episode appears on youtube (in addition to Screen Junkies Plus). The scoreboard lists Jason's name as "Jay" (as in Jay and Silent Bob). Dan Murrell is the fifth fighter to have previously fought in Movie Fights. He is also the second fighter (after Hal) to win both his first Movie Fight and his first TV Fight. This episode's title card does not feature Roxy. Not counting the Movie Fight fan fight, in which Dan participated unsuccessfully for one question, this is Dan's twentieth fight between TV Fights, Movie Fights, and Schmoes Know. This episode was followed by the first episode of After the (TV) Fight, in which Dan wore a Santa hat that he received for winning this episode. First episode to only require three Speed Round questions. Fourth consecutive episode in which the fighter to get the first point ultimately won the game. Only nine points are awarded in this episode, a record low (later beaten by a margin of two points in episode 18). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Cesternino Rob Cesternino] || New fighter || Third |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Mewes Jason Mewes] || New fighter || Second |- | Dan Murrell || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 67%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Rob !! Jason !! Dan |- | 1: What is the best Christmas episode of TV? || || || 1 |- | 2: Who is the worst TV mom? || || 1 || |- | 3: What is the best show of 2015? || || * || 1 |- | 4: What is the best TV show based in a hospital? || 1** || || |- | 5: What TV show home or apartment would you want to live in? || || 1 || |- | 6: Which 2016 TV show are you most anticipating?*** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best TV character or actor named George? || x || **** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which channel has better animated shows: Adult Swim or FOX? || x || ***** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best TV show with the word "day" in the title? + || x || || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2+** || '''6''' |} .*During the fight, Jason was confused on the question and tried to take pre-2015 episodes of shows [that existed before 2015] into consideration. Arguments involving these episodes were dismissed by Roxy. .**After Rob got the point, he wanted to make sure that Roxy wasn't going to change her mind like Steve Harvey. The previous night, Steve Harvey incorrectly announced Miss Colombia as Miss Universe rather than the first runner-up. .***Could be either a new or returning show. .****Jason essentially conceded that Dan's pick (Clooney) was better. .*****Jason picked Adult Swim [before Dan spoke], but he couldn't name any shows on the channel. He eventually indicated he couldn't argue against Dan. +A movie version of this question was used in the 51st episode of Movie Fights. +*Dan's performance marks the first Speed Round sweep in TV Fights. *Also, Dan sets the record for most points in a row (4) in TV Fights. This was also recently the record in Movie Fights (multiple times), but the record was set at five two months earlier by Mike Carlson. +**Jason's score of 2 is the lowest second-place finish in TV Fights so far (it would be beaten by Steve Zaragoza in episode 18). '''Episode 8: Best Current Comic Book TV Show? (12-29-2015)'''<ref>Episode 8: Best Current Comic Book TV Show? (12-29-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-episode-3-nov-10th-2967873</ref> Pre-recorded episode (November 10, 2015). The web address indicates it was originally episode 3. Second episode in which a fighter does not receive any points after the first round. Second episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Third episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round (after episode 3 and episode 5 (in which Charlie Schneider did not score)). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Key || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Audrey Kearns || New fighter || Third |- | Zach Wilson || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Audrey !! Zach |- | 1: What is the best MTV classic show? || || 1 || |- | 2: What TV lawyer would you want to represent you? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is your favorite comic book TV show on TV right now? || 1 || || |- | 4: Pitch a "Harry Potter" TV series || || || 1 |- | 5: What is the best spin-off of all time? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best pet in TV history || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is your favorite 90s cartoon: "Doug" or "Rugrats"? || * || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best TV actor named Kevin? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What do you turn off first: "Dance Moms" or "Bachelor in Paradise"? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV chef would you rather cook you dinner: Bobby Flay or Paula Deen? || 1 || x || *** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best TV block: TGI Friday [TGIF] or Snick? || 1 || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: What "Seinfeld" character do you most want to have lunch with? || 1****, ***** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''+ || 1 || 5 |} .*Matt, who was stuck with "Doug", was unable to come up with specific arguments and couldn't even convince Roxy that he'd ever seen the show. .**Roxy was about to call the game, but Ken told her Matt could make a comeback. .***Although Roxy did not activate the panel (she hadn't on previous questions either, but did on the last two), Audrey said she would have agreed with Zach (Paula Deen). .****Matt was the first to say Kramer, leaving Zach to pick Jerry. .*****Split decision. Audrey disagreed with Roxy, but Ken agreed. +While he is not the first to get the final three points (this was done in the previous episode), Matt makes the biggest comeback victory in TV Fights history thus far; it is repeated in episode 15 after Matt Lieberman defeats Andy Signore after being behind 4-2. This record would be broken in episode 17 when Spencer Gilbert defeated Roth Cornet after being behind 4-1. '''Episode 9: Most Iconic TV Kiss? (1-5-2016)'''<ref>Episode 9: Most Iconic TV Kiss? (1-5-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/most-iconic-tv-kiss-tv-fights-ep-9-2993237</ref> Relative to seating positions, the scores were the same as in episode 8. Josh and Jonny are the second and third repeat fighters on TV Fights. Josh, who previously appeared on episode 1, becomes the second fighter to appear twice without finishing in third place either time, the first being Matt Lieberman (episodes 2 and 5). Michael's name is displayed on the scoreboard as "Mike". Third episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Third episode in which a fighter does not receive any points after the first round. Third episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Fourth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round (after episodes 3, 5 (in which Charlie Schneider did not score), and 8). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Josh Macuga || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Jonny Loquasto || 0/1 || Third |- | Micheal Beatrice || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 83%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Josh !! Jonny !! Michael |- | 1: What is the best coming of age TV show? || || 1 || |- | 2: Who deserves a chance to host "SNL"? || || || 1 |- | 3: What is the most iconic TV kiss of all time? || || || 1* |- | 4: If you could punch one TV character in the face, who would it be? || 1** || || *** |- | 5: What was the most devastating TV couple break up of all time?**** || || || 1 |- | 6: Which movie would have benefited most from being made as a TV show instead? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If forced, which dating show would you go on? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Were Ross and Rachel (from "Friends") really on a break? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What show do you watch when you're home sick: "The Price is Right" or "Jerry Springer"? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather ring in New Year's with: Supergirl or Jon Snow? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the best show with a color in the title? || 1 || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which super power would you prefer: The Flash's speed or Luke Cage's unbreakable skin? || 1+,+* || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 1 || 5 |} .*Mike said that Capt. Kirk and Lt. Uhura's kiss was "under duress." However, their bodies were being controlled; they were not under threat. .**Josh's point in Round 4 is the latest first point for any winner in TV Fights history at this point (this would be repeated in episode 32). .***Mike unsuccessfully attempted to convince Roxy that Andy Samburg was always playing a character; hence, he just went with the actor, against the parameter of the question. -He also incorrectly inferred that the song "Don't Stop Believin'" by Journey started playing after the cut to black at the end of "The Sopranos". However, that is when the song stopped. .****Jonny used the break up of Kevin and Winnie from "The Wonder Years" (the show he used to win question 1). .*****Split decision. Ken and Jonny both disagreed with Roxy, but she overruled them both (first overturn in TV Fights, immediately after the first overturn in Movie Fights). +Josh's argument included more than simply the speed. Specifically, the rebuttal mentioned regenerative powers. Ken was questioning whether this (just like time travel) was related to the speed, and Roxy indicated it was. +*Split decision. Despite the clarification of the power relationship, Ken disagreed with Roxy. '''Episode 10: Funniest Woman on TV? (1-12-2016)'''<ref>Episode 10: Funniest Woman on TV? (1-12-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/funniest-woman-on-tv-tv-fights-2995475</ref> First all-female panel (something not done until the 42nd episode of Movie Fights). Cathy Kelley becomes the first previous winner to return to the show and the third fighter to appear twice without finishing in third place. Fourth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Fifth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round (after episodes 3, 5 (in which Charlie Schneider did not score), 8, and 9). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Boyd Michele Boyd] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Kelley Cathy Kelley] || 1/0 || Second |- | Bree Essrig || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Michele !! Cathy !! Bree |- | 1: Which female lead on a TV show would you want to be? || || 1 || |- | 2: Which TV high school/college would you have most liked to attend? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who is the funniest woman on TV? || || || 1* |- | 4: Who is the number one celebrity whose ** reality show you would want to watch? || || || 1 |- | 5: What is the best TV series set in a post-apocalyptic world? || 1 || || |- | 6: What TV character would you most like to bring home your parents? || || 1*** || |- | TIE BREAKER: What was the biggest Golden Globes surprise? || 1 || 1 || **** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which Savage brothers show is better: "Boy Meets World" or "[The] Wonder Years"? || 1***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which reboot are you more excited for: "Fuller House" or "[The] X-Files"? || || 1+ || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would make a better host of the 2017 Golden Globes: Amy Schumer or Melissa McCarthy? || +* || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Jeff Probst or Chris Harrison? || 1+** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: What's the best show with "America" or "American" in the title? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 || 2 |} .*Bree won because neither Michele nor Cathy argued that she should not have been allowed to argue for the combination of two women (Abbi Jacobson and Ilana Glazer). .**The question card and bottom of the screen during the duration of the round misspelled "whose" as "who's (who is)." .***Cathy was the only one who didn't assume that the question referred to dating, so she picked someone for her single mom (George Clooney's Doug Ross from "ER"). -Roxy called the end of the fight only 3 minutes and 56 seconds after finishing reading the question. .****Bree's answer was that she didn't watch it. .*****After Michele won the point, Cathy gave a second rebuttal indicating that "Winnie Cooper" (Danica McKellar) quit acting after Michele's choice ("The Wonder Years") ended. Michele correctly stated that this wasn't true (as she returned to acting after completing college), but she said that she got an advanced degree; Danica only possesses a bachelor's degree despite writing a paper with classmate Brandy Winn who did eventually obtain a Ph.D. +Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy and chose Michele. But Roxy pointed out that the question asked about excitement, so she judged based on this. +*Michele said Amy Schumer before Cathy did. However, Cathy won. +**Michele won despite not knowing who Chris Harrison was (host of "The Bachelor"). '''Episode 11: Cast the New Jack Bauer in the 24 Spin-off (1-19-2016)'''<ref>Episode 11: Cast the New Jack Bauer in the 24 Spin-off (1-19-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/cast-the-new-jack-bauer-in-the-24-spin-off-tv-fight-2997731</ref> One week after Cathy Kelley, Andie Bolt becomes the second winner to return to the show. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andie Bolt || 1/0 || Third |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Feuerriegel Dan Feuerrigel] || New fighter || Second |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Andie !! Dan !! Sasha |- | 1: What TV show premise shouldn't have worked, but did? || || 1 || |- | 2: Who is the best TV dad of all time? * || || || 1** |- | 3: Which actor should be our new 'Jack Bauer'? || *** || 1**** || |- | 4: Pitch me a "Friends" reunion episode. || 1 || || |- | 5: Which TV episode made you cry the most? || || ***** || 1+ |- | 6: Best celebrity cameo in a TV show? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which animated character would you want to punch in the face? || x || +* || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who wins in a fight: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles or Power Rangers? +*** || x || 1+**** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who[m] would you rather be stranded on a deserted island with: Rick Grimes or Khaleesi (Daenerys Targaryen)? || x || || 1+***** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best TV character or actor named Jack? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the better reality show phrase: "Survivor"'s 'The tribe has spoken' or "The Bachelor" 's/"Bachelorette" 's 'Will you accept this rose'? || x || || 1++ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''6''' |} .*Andie and Sasha both dropped the f-bomb during arguments. .**Sasha pointed out that Andie's choice (Eddard Stark) fathered a child (Jon Snow) out of wedlock, but Ken pointed out that there's a significant chance this isn't actually true. .***Andie picked Katee Sackhoff, who already appeared as a mole agent in Season 8. This was part of Roxy's rationale for ruling her out. .****Dan, the only male fighter, was the only one who chose a male to replace Jack Bauer. .*****Dan said "Jurassic Bark" from "Futurama." This is the third time this episode has been brought up (previously used in episodes 5 and 8, respectively for best dog and best pet). +Sasha does in fact cry during her argument for the series finale of "Lost". Andie puts some fake tears on her eyes for her choice while Sasha was giving her opening arguments. +*Dan said he'd punch Homer Simpson despite arguing for him earlier in the episode as best TV dad. Ken pointed this out. +**Sasha picked Judy Jetson and described her as a wife. She was George's daughter, not wife. +***Previously used in episode 28 of Movie Fights. +****Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who picked Dan (Power Rangers). Andie didn't pick a clear winner. +*****Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who picked Sasha (Khaleesi) but stated that it depends on what one would want to do on the island. Andie said it was even for her. ++While there was no split, Andie once again could not pick a winner, for the third time in five Speed Round questions. '''Episode 12: What TV Superhero or Villain Would Win the Hunger Games? (1-26-2016)'''<ref>Episode 12: What TV Superhero or Villain Would Win the Hunger Games? (1-26-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-hero-or-villain-would-win-the-hunger-games-2999610</ref> Only five questions are used in the regular round. Hector was predicted to win the fight, but he did not, becoming the second fighter to lose two fights. However, he becomes the fourth fighter to appear twice without finishing in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hector Navarro || 0/1 || Second |- | Joe Starr || New fighter || Third |- | Jennifer Landa || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Hector !! Joe !! Jennifer |- | 1: What is the best streaming only TV show? || || || 1 |- | 2: If you could end any TV show that went on too long,....which would it be, and where would you end it? || || 1 || |- | 3: What is the most quotable TV show? || 1 || || |- | 4: What actor are you hoping gets cast as the new lead on a show? *|| || || 1 |- | 5: What TV superhero or villain would win the Hunger Games? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What's the best TV show that starts with the letter "M"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the better show to watch with your grandparents: "Shameless" or "Girls"? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which "X-Files" agent would you rather have as your partner: Scully or Mulder? || 1 || x || *** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best TV character or actor named Jess; I'll also accept Jesse or Jessica? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which show do you turn off first: "Heroes Reborn" or "True Detective" season 2? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*The question displayed and answered actually asked for the lead on a ''new'' show. .**Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Jennifer ("Girls"). .***Jennifer, who was stuck with Mulder, argued more for the actor who played him (David Duchovny). '''Episode 13: Best Seinfeld Episode Ever? (2-2-2016)'''<ref>Episode 13: Best Seinfeld Episode Ever? (2-2-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-best-seinfeld-episode-ever-tv-fights-3001841</ref> Once again, only five questions are used in the regular round. It appears this will be permanent. Last appearance of the ''Star Wars: The Force Awakens'' poster. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mark Ellis || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Joseph Scrimshaw || 0/1 || Second |- | Zach Wilson || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mark !! Joseph !! Zach |- | 1: Who is the greatest best friend character on TV? || 1 || || |- | 2: What is the most romantic gesture between a TV couple? || || 1 || |- | 3: What is the best episode of "Seinfeld" ever? || 1* || || |- | 4: You're kidnapped. You can only call the characters of one TV show to save you. Who[m] do you call?**, *** || 1 || || |- | 5: Pitch the next [live musical event]. || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Which family game show would you want to go on with your family: "Family Feud" or "Family Double Dare"? || x || 1**** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Better part of the Super Bowl: commercials or Halftime Show? || ***** || 1+ || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would make a better student body president: Agent Carter or Supergirl? || +* || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Former "Apprentice" host Donald Trump came in second [among Republicans] in last night's Iowa caucus. Who should be the next TV host to run for President? || 1 || +** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather grab a beer with: Charlie Sheen or Amanda Bynes? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: "I Love Lucy" and "I Dream of Jeannie" are both rerunning. Which do you watch? || 1+*** || || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Who is the best "Sesame Street" character? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 || 1 |} .*Mark's answer ("The Contest") was also rated as #1 out of 169 episodes by the magazine Vulture. .**Question provided by fighter Cathy Kelley. .***Even though each fighter was allowed to utilize the whole cast of their respective shows, each fighter only used the main character. .****A point was awarded despite this question being a tie-breaker that was not game-ending and didn't involve all the fighters. Mark did not contest this, and as a result, the game went on longer than it should have (no tie breaker should have been necessary at the end). .*****Mark gave a second rebuttal that lasted two seconds, prompting Ken to give Joseph two extra seconds. +Split decision. Zach didn't agree with Roxy, who chose Joseph (the Halftime Show). +*Mark chose Supergirl and stated that Agent Carter was too old since she was 35. However, in her show's first season, she is only 24-25 years old, barely older than Supergirl. +**Joseph chose Alex Trebek, who wouldn't be eligible to run as he was not a natural-born citizen. Mark never mentioned this in his argument against Trebek. +***Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Mark ("I Dream of Jeannie"). She further clarified that the question was not necessarily asking for the better show, allowing for some subjectivity in the argument, which Ken was citing as the reason for going with Joseph. '''Episode 14: Worst TV Boss?! (2-9-2016)'''<ref>Episode 14: Worst TV Boss?! (2-9-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/most-tragic-love-story-on-tv-tv-fights-3003345</ref> Despite the web address for this episode, no question about tragic love stories appears. Second all-female panel, meaning the show already has had more all-female panels than Movie Fights, which has aired 55 additional episodes. Audrey becomes the second fighter to win while being the only one in the group to have lost a fight (after Matt Lieberman in episode 5). Of all the fighters who have won a fight, Audrey has the fewest total points at six. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Vanessa Ragland || New fighter || Third |- | Yael Tygiel || New fighter || Second |- | Audrey Kearns || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Vanessa !! Yael !! Audrey |- | 1: "So You Think You Can Dance - The Next Generation" features kids, so we want you guys to pitch the next junior version of a reality or competition show. || || || 1 |- | 2: Which show has suffered the most because of an actor's departure? || || 1 || |- | 3: Who is the worst TV boss? || 1 || * || |- | 4: If you were going on "The Amazing Race," which TV show character would you pick for your partner? || || || 1 |- | 5: Recently, there was an announcement that ''Brooklyn'' is getting a spinoff TV show,... so we want you to pitch an Oscar-nominated movie TV spinoff? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which post-apocalyptic situation would you rather be in: "The Walking Dead" or "The Leftovers"? || x || **,*** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Bang/Kill/Marry: O.J. Simpson, Cuba Gooding Jr., and John Travolta? || x || || 1****,***** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best TV high school cool guy: Zack Morris or Shawn Hunter? || x || 1 || + |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who had a worse week: Cam Newton after losing the Super Bowl or Donald Trump after losing the Iowa caucus? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: In honor of Valentine's Day, who's the best TV character or actor whose name starts with "V"? || x || || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*All three fighters submitted Yael's choice (Richard Morgan (played by Richard Burgi) from "Law and Order: Special Victims Unit" Season 11, Episode 15: 'Confidential') in their top two. However, this was the first choice that Roxy rejected. .**Audrey indicated that in "The Walking Dead," there was the possibility of dying right away, and that she'd be okay with that. Part of Yael's argument against that was that the question asked which she would rather ''live'' in, but it does not. Roxy never pointed this out. .***Ken stated that he felt the fighters tied, so he couldn't make a decision, but Vanessa agreed with Roxy that Yael's argument for "The Leftovers" was better. .****Audrey agreed with Yael that she could kill O.J. Simpson. Roxy stated she'd bang him and kill Travolta. .*****Once again, Ken could not provide an answer. Instead, he merely shrugged and gave a puzzled look. +Audrey's argument for Shawn Hunter was very vague and did not reference "Boy Meets World" or "Girl Meets World" at all. While Audrey answered second, she had the chance to pik Zack first as Yael took her time. +*Vanessa could not choose a winner, but Ken agreed with Roxy that Audrey provided the better argument (Victoria Principal over Victoria Justice). '''Episode 15: TV Show You Love to Hate Watch! (2-16-2016)'''<ref>Episode 15: TV Show You Love to Hate Watch! (2-16-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGCTuD1p9K4</ref> Although the selection card for this episode has the title displayed with the first letter of each word capitalized, the in-site title is not that way, the first time this has happened. Due to sponsorship from Hulu, this episode was also available live on youtube (under the title "What TV show do you love to hate watch?" (again without each first letter capitalized)), receiving a peak live viewership of approximately 3300. The episode title on Screen Junkies Plus was later changed to this title, with capitalization. Second episode to be available on youtube (after episode 7), but the first to be available live. First episode to feature only returning fighters. Mark Ellis had fought in Movie Fights prior to TV Fights episode 13, but that was his first TV Fight. Fourth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Also the first episode to feature only returning winners. They are the third, fourth, and fifth winners to return (Andy and Michele are the third and fourth undefeated fighters to return). Andy and Matt become the first pair to rematch each other (episode 2). Matt becomes the first fighter to participate in three fights ''and'' the first to win two. Matt has actually appeared in four fights, one of which did not air. Andy becomes the fifth fighter to appear twice without finishing in third place, and Matt (the first to appear twice without a third place finish) becomes the first to appear in three fights without a third place finish. Matt is the first fighter to appear in three fights without ever scoring fewer than five points. Matt was already the first of two fighters (the second being Audrey Kearns in the previous episode) to win a fight while being the only one in the group to have ever lost (achieving this in episode 5). In this episode, he does it against two fighters who had actually appeared previously. All the fighters finish the fight with one loss. Andy and Michele each fall from a seven-way tie for first place, to 10th place and a two-way tie for 12th place respectively. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || 1/0 || Second |- | Matt Lieberman || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Michele Boyd || 1/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Andy !! Matt !! Michele |- | 1: What's the best cult TV show to binge watch?? || 1 || || |- | 2: What live action show would be better if it was animated? || || || 1 |- | 3: After "The People v. O.J. [Simpson]", what real life crime should the show ["American Crime"] take on next? || || 1 || |- | 4: Who's the most badass non-human character of all time? || || 1 || * |- | 5: What is the best TV show to hatewatch? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best show that starts with the letter "F"? || 1** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the TV Jennifer you'd rather grab a drink with: Aniston or Lopez? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would win at "Survivor": Walter White or Don Draper? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: AMC or FX? || || 1*** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which villain would you rather go against: "Daredevil" 's Kingpin or "Smallville" 's Lex Luthor?**** || || 1***** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*During Andy's description of ALF, he stated that he had eight stomachs, to which Michele ultimately responded by saying that he was just two cows. Roxy asked if that was true, and Matt stated that it was. However, despite common misconception, cows only have one stomach. .**Split decision. Michele disagreed with Roxy, who chose Andy ("Fargo") or Matt ("Futurama"). .***Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Michele (FX). .****Matt was not quite as fast as Andy in saying Kingpin and was thus stuck with Luthor. After the arguments were made, Michele pointed out that the fighters would arguing for who was better while they should have been arguing to fight the weaker opponent. .*****Matt ties (2-way) for biggest comeback victory in TV Fights history, but this record is broken two episodes later. '''Episode 16: Best MTV Classic Show? (2-23-2016)'''<ref>Episode 16: Best MTV Classic Show? (2-23-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-mtv-classic-tv-show-tv-fights-3005297</ref> Roxy debuts a new hairstyle with highlighting. This episode only ran 55:45. Jonny fights as his alterego Clark Loquasto, a bespectacled reporter for the Daily Constellation. *Only at the end of the episode did KellyAnne figure out the Clark Kent reference. Only one week after Matt Lieberman, Jonny becomes the second fighter to compete three times. Relative to seating positions, the scores are the same as the prior episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jennifer Flack || New fighter || Second |- | Jonny (Clark) Loquasto || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | KellyAnne Judd || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jennifer !! Jonny !! KellyAnne |- | 1: What TV hangout spot would be the coolest to hang out at? || || 1 || |- | 2: Which current Oscar nominated actor should get their own TV show? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the best kids show that adults can enjoy? || || 1 || |- | 4: What show is or was the best at breaking the fourth wall? *, ** || 1 || || |- | 5: What's the best MTV classic TV show? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who had the better imagination: Tommy Pickles in "Rugrats" or Doug Funnie from "Doug"? ***|| || 1**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best TV show with a one-word title? ***** || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would win in a fight: Roseanne Barr or Rosie O'Donnell? +*, +** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two shows are on. Which one do you watch?: The 1990's "[The] Flash" or "Lois & Clark: The new Adventures of Superman"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which late-night host should host the Oscars? +*** || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*When the title card for this question was shown, the twitter screen shot for the previous question was sonw at the bottom. .**During fact checking, Ken called "Saved By the Bell" the 'first incarnation' when he stated that it debuted in 1989. However, while it had spinoffs, it is a spinoff of "Good Morning, Miss Bliss," which ran for 13 episodes starting in 1988 and featured Zack, Lisa, Screech, and Mr. Belding and several other charaters who did not appear again. In syndication however, it was retroactively retooled as early episodes of "Saved By the Bell." .***Asked by the same twitter user who asked the fourth regular round question. .****Jonny, who argued for Doug, said that all he remembers about "Rugrats" was that the soundtrack for the movie featured a song ("Take Me There") by Mýa. He then stated that he knew that Harlem World had a song on it too. However, it was two members of the group who were featured on the same song. .*****Jonny answered with "Sopranos," but the title is "The Sopranos," which is two words, so Roxy ruled against him even though Jennifer never mentioned this (only Ken and twitter users did). +Split decision (see immediately above). KellyAnne, who spoke before Ken did, disagreed with Roxy. +*Jonny answered Roseanne Barr immediately before Jennifer did, leaving her with Rosie O'Donnell. +**After being asked for her opinion, KellyAnne stated that she did not know who Roseanne Barr was. She also did not vote. +***Despite being the second one to answer, Jonny answered quickly and accidentally said Jimmy Kimmell when he meant to say Jimmy Fallon. Ken made him stick with his first answer. However, Jonny was still able to win. '''Episode 17: Worst TV Show Revival? (3-1-2016)'''<ref>Episode 17: Worst TV Show Revival? (3-1-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/worst-tv-show-revival-tv-fights-3006974</ref> Roth becomes the first person to score four regular round points in TV Fights. Roth becomes the first fighter in either TV or Movie Fights to win such a high portion (80%) of the pre-Speed Round points. The previous record holder was Alicia Malone, who scored 4 out of 6 (66.7%) of the pre-Speed Round points in episode 42 of Movie Fights. This is particularly notable since despite this, Roth ultimately finished in second. Spencer breaks the record for biggest comeback victory in TV Fights. While he didn't win all of the points in the Speed Round, Spencer becomes the first person in TV or Movie Fights to win a majority vote in five consecutive Speed Round questions (and first for six consecutive as well if the tie breaker question is included). Among the final six questions, Spencer received a total of 15 out of 18 votes. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Roth Cornet || 0/1 || Second |- | David Griffin || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Roth !! David |- | 1: For better or worse, which TV character changed the most? || || 1 || |- | 2: Which TV character should be on "What Not to Wear"? || 1 || || |- | 3: Besides Deadpool, which fictional character should be given a chance to host "SNL"? || || 1 || |- | 4: In honor of the god awful "Fuller House", what's the worst TV show revival? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the best TV technology? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 4 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which TV Kourtney/Courtney would you rather grab a drink with: Kardashian or Cox? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which show is less agonizing to watch: "[The] Big Bang Theory" or "Two and a Half Men"? || 1* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best TV show that starts with the letter "S"? || || 1**, *** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which weird family would you rather be a member of: "Family Guy" 's Griffins or "[It's] Always Sunny [in Philadelphia]" 's McPoyles"? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which fictional sports team do you want to play on: the Dillon Panthers or the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant softball team? || 1 || || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Who would you rather hold on to your wallet: Saul Goodman or Bojack Horseman? || 1****, ***** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 || 0 |} .*Split decision. David disagreed with Roxy, who chose Spencer ("[The] Big Bang Theory"). .**Roth answered with "Sopranos." This (as also mentioned on the previous episode) is not the title. Rather it is "The Sopranos." Since Spencer didn't bring it up in his arguments, Roxy allowed it. .***Split decision. Second overturn on TV Fights (and only the third overturn in TV and Movie Fights history (and still the second in an official fight)). Had it not been for this overturn by Roxy, Spencer would have become the first fighter in TV and Movie Fights to win all five questions in a Speed Round. .****Roth did not say Saul Goodman as quickly as Spencer did and was stuck with Bojack Horseman. .*****Split decision. David disagreed with Roxy, who chose Spencer (Saul Goodman). '''Episode 18: Most Hated TV Character? (3-8-2016)'''<ref>Episode 18: Most Hated TV Character? (3-8-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tvfi-030816-ep18-3007595</ref> All fighters are from SourceFed. First episode since episode 8 to feature three new fighters (even though Steve did appear on one episode of Movie Fights more than a year earlier). The record for largest margin of victory, set in episode 7 by Dan Murrell, is tied. The record for lowest second-place score in both TV and Movie Fights is set. The previous record of two had been set by Jason Mewes in TV Fights in episode 7 and was set three times in Movie Fights. Seventh episode in which a fighter does not score any points after the first round (after episodes 3, 5, 8, and 9, and 17 (in which David Griffin did not score)). However, it was the first time (both in TV and Movie Fights) that the fighter not scoring after the first round finishes in second place (as opposed to third place). Only seven points are awarded in this fight, a new record low for TV and Movie Fights by a margin of two. The previous record was nine points, which were awarded in TV Fights episode 7 as well as four episodes of Movie Fights (6, 8, 57, and 58). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maude_Garrett Maude Garrett] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Steve Zaragoza || New fighter || Second |- | DJ Wooldridge || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Maude !! Steve !! style="width: 4%"|DJ |- | 1: What is the best television cliffhanger ever? || || 1 || |- | 2: What TV show has the best use of voice over narration? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who is the best TV little sister? || || || 1 |- | 4: What classic TV series would benefit from a gritty HBO style reboot? || 1 || || |- | 5: Who is the most universally hated TV character? || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which 90s Nickelodeon show would you wanna be on? || x || 0* || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of International Women's Day, ....which female is more badass: Carrie Mathison or Dana Scully? || 1 || *** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best show based in a prison; is it "Prison Break" or "Orange is the New Black"? || 1** || *** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1**** || 1 |} .*First time in TV Fights that someone is ''not'' awarded a point for a pre-Speed Round tie-breaker (the proper rules). .**Maude pulls off the shortest Speed Round in the history of TV and Movie Fights and the second sweep of the Speed Round in TV Fights. However, had the proper rules regarding non-scoring for pre-Speed Round tie-breakers been used in the fifteenth episode of Movie Fights, this would be a tie for the record for the two shows as that episode would have also ended after two Speed Round questions (and also with a margin of four points). *She also ties Dan Murrell (the previous sweeper and record holder for shortest Speed Round) for most consecutive points (four) in TV Fights. .***Steve was not as fast as Maude in providing the answers that she used to win the two Speed Round questions (Dana Scully and "Orange is the new Black"). He also needed to ask DJ who Carrie Mathison was (Maude did not know either). .****Steve comes in second place despite not scoring any higher than DJ (the first time in TV Fights that the second place fighter did not score any higher than the third place scorer). His score is the lowest second-place score in all of TV and Movie Fights. '''Episode 19: Best TV Drunk? (3-15-2016)'''<ref>Episode 19: Best TV Drunk? (3-15-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-drunk-tv-fights-3008674</ref> First episode not hosted by Roxy Striar as she is competing. The episode is hosted by Ken Napzok. Since Ken is hosting, Dan Murrell acts as Fact Checker. This episode features the 1000th Screen Junkies Fight question. Eighth episode in which a fighter does not score any points after the first round, and the third in which a fighter finishes with no points. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Josh Macuga || 1/1 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || New fighter || Third* |- | Roxy Striar || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Josh !! style="width: 5%"|Nick !! style="width: 5%"|Roxy |- | 1: In honor of St. Patrick's Day, who is the best drunk on television? || || || 1 |- | 2: What is the best female friendship on television? || || || 1 |- | 3: What TV show would be a dating deal breaker if your significant other, boyfriend, or girlfriend, has never seen it? || 1 || || |- | 4: What is the best reality show on television? || 1 || || |- | 5: Who is the most universally loved TV character? ** || || || 1*** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 0 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would win in a fight: [Steve] Urkel from "Family Matters" or Sheldon [Cooper] from "[The] Big Bang Theory"? || 1 || x || **** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Bidding one dollar on "[The] Price is Right": good strategy or cheap trick? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which current late-night talk show host would you vote for President? || ***** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Would you rather work at Paddy's Pub or Cheers? || || x || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 0+* || '''6''' |} .*Between TV and Movie Fights, this is Nick's sixth consecutive third place finish. He is the only person to finish third even four consecutive times (Scott Mantz would later tie this) and one of only two fighters (the other being Mantz) to do it three consecutive times. *Between TV and Movie Fights, Nick also becomes the first person to ever lose six consecutive fights (either second or third place), surpassing Trisha Hershberger, and the first to lose thirteen fights in general, surpassing Spencer Gilbert. .**Between TV and Movie Fights (not counting the Schmoes Know show), the fifth round question was the 1000th. .***Roxy chose Jack Bauer from "24." After the point was awarded, Dan told Ken that twitter strongly disagreed with his choice. .****Josh answered Urkel immediately before Roxy, leaving her to choose Sheldon. Her argument was based heavily on his ability to logically argue, not actually participate in a physical confrontation. After the point was awarded, she mentioned that she's never watched "The Big Bang Theory." .*****After Josh answered [Jimmy] Fallon, he realized he should have answered Stephen Colbert. Roxy won with [Jimmy] Kimmel. .+Split decision. Ken overturned Nick and Dan's vote for Josh, who argued for Paddy's Pub (the third overturn in TV Fights). During Dan's explanation, he mentioned the Roxy's initial argument was more so for why she would want to ''go'' to Cheers versus Paddy's, not ''work'' there. +*Between TV and Movie Fights, Nick becomes the first fighter to finish with no points twice (having previously done this six months earlier in Movie Fights episode 48). '''Episode 20: Who is TV's Best Nerd? (3-22-2016)'''<ref>Episode 20: Who is TV's Best Nerd? (3-22-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-tvs-best-nerd-tv-fights-ep-20-3009788</ref> Roxy announced that in May, there will be a nine-fighter tournament for a TV Fights Championship Belt. Ken shows the Belt off. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Clarke Wolfe || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Roger Barr || New fighter || Second |- | Jeff Galante || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Clarke !! Roger !! Jeff |- | 1: Who is TV's best nerd? || 1* || || |- | 2: Since "Prison Break" revives Michael [Scofield] for a reboot, ...if you could raise a character from the dead, who would it be? ** || 1 || || *** |- | 3: What show would you use to torture your worst enemy by playing on repeat? || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the best show to take place right here in Los Angeles? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who is the best TV wingman? || || **** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is the best Kardashian or Jenner? || 1 || ***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who are the better roommates: the cast of "New Girl" or the cast of "Entourage"? || 1+ || +* || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is TV's better bald guy: Patrick Stewart or The Rock? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather spend the day with: "Gotham" 's Bruce Wayne or "Smallville" 's Clark Kent? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best TV character or actor named Jack? || 1 || +*** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*After Clarke won the first point, the scoreboard misspelled her name as "Clark." JT fixed it shortly afterwards. .**During the asking of this question, the title card and corresponding tweet for the third question appear. .***During Jeff's argument, he says that Maude Flanders needs to come back from the dead to break up Ned and his second wife Edna. However, Edna (just like her voice actress Marcia Wallace) has already died. .****Roger chose Spock, originally calling him Mr. Spock. He later incorrectly referred to him as Dr. Spock. .*****Roger refused to answer the question and forfeited the point. He stated that he still had his soul even though the "Star ''Trek'' Holiday Special" tried to steal it (Roger's winning response for question 3 was the "Star Wars Holiday Special"). Clarke said Khloé. +Clarke was faster at saying "Entourage". +*Roger had never seen "New Girl," even referring to the "New Girls" (only one of them was female) and saying he was confusing it with "2 Broke Girls." +**Split decision. Jeff disagreed with Roxy, who chose Roger (Bruce Wayne). +***While Jack Bauer was the winning answer the previous week for the most universally beloved character, Roger's choice of him for this question did not win against actor Jack McBrayer. '''Episode 21: Best TV Bully? (3-31-2016)'''<ref>Episode 21: Best TV Bully? (3-31-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-bully-tv-fights-ep-21-3011117</ref> Aired on a Thursday rather than Tuesday due to Movie Fights' airing on Tuesday. This episode was not live. Fifth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. First Screen Junkies victory from Coy Jandreau. As of July 23, 2016, Coy is 5-0 across the competitions (2-0 on Movie Fights and TV Fights and 1-0 on Movie Games). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dani Fernandez || New fighter || Third |- | Daniel Van Kirk * || New fighter || Second |- | Coy Jandreau || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Dani !! style="width: 5%"|Dan !! style="width: 5%"|Coy |- | 1: Who is the best TV bully? || || 1 || |- | 2: Which TV show that is still running did you once love and now hate? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the best TV character nickname? || || || 1 |- | 4: What is the best opposite sex friendship? || || 1 || |- | 5: In honor of "Daredevil" Season 2, ....which Marvel character, either hero or villain, deserves a Netflix show? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which "[The] Walking Dead" injury would you rather have: lose your eye like Carl [Grimes] or lose your leg like Hershel [Greene]? || x || || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which TV siblings would you rather have babysat: Mary Kate and Ashley Olsen or Ben and Fred Savage? || x || *** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Better female-drive show: "Girls" or "Broad City"? || x || 1**** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which Jon/John would you rather spend a night in a hotel with: Hamm or Stamos? || x || 1***** || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What daytime talkshow host should run for President? || x || || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Daniel's twitter handle is misspelled as @DanileVanKirk. On the scoreboard, his name is shown as "Dan". .**Split decision. Dani disagreed with Roxy, who chose Coy (leg). .***Daniel stated that he also would have picked Coy's choice (the Savages). .****Split decision. Dani disagreed with Roxy, who chose Daniel ("Broad City"). .*****Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Daniel (Jon Hamm). +Split decision. Fourth overturn on TV Fights (third by Roxy and fifth between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Dani each picked Daniel. Coy picked Jerry Springer and never mentioned that he was the mayor of Cincinnatti, which Ken pointed out. '''Episode 22: The Walking Dead (4-5-2016)'''<ref>Episode 22: The Walking Dead (4-5-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/the-walking-dead-tv-fights-ep-22-3011934</ref> This episode entirely focuses on the show "The Walking Dead." The sixth season finale aired two nights earlier. Rather than Mjolnir, Roxy has a grey replica of the Lucille bat which was shown in the season finale. This episode runs 1:30:30, the longest running time yet. Hector Navarro hosts Screen Junkies Plus' "Knocking Dead" commentary show. Third episode (after 10 and 19) in which a new fighter won against a previous winner. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hector Navarro || 0/2 || Third |- | John Rocha || 1/0 || Second |- | Ben Bateman || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Hector !! John !! Ben |- | 1: You're on "The Walking Dead" and you actually turn into a walker..., but we wanna know who would be your first victim? || || 1 || |- | 2: What is the most badass thing a character has ever done [in "The Walking Dead"]? || || || 1 |- | 3: What other character would you like to appear in "The Walking Dead"? || 1 || || |- | 4: Which character [in "The Walking Dead"] shouldn't have died? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who[m] do you think Negan kills? || * || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is or was the most annoying kid on "The Walking Dead"? || x || 1** || *** |- | SPEED ROUND B: "Fear the Walking Dead": yes or no? || x || || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Would you rather die by a Walker or Lucille? || x || || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which "[The] Walking Dead" location would you like to be your home? || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Better leader should Rick [Grimes] die: Carol [Peletier] or Michoanne? || x || || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*During the fight, Hector spoils that in the comics, Negan kills Glenn. .**Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose John (Carl) over Ben ("the girl who got knifed by Carol" (never named; called Lizzie, but Lizzie Samuels was shot, not knifed)). .***During Ben's argument, he stated that the actress who played his choice was going for the kid Oscar. While there is no Oscar specifically for children, Oscars are for movies, not TV shows. .****Ben was faster at saying yes. .*****Split decision. Fifth overturn on TV Fights (fourth by Roxy and sixth between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Hector each picked John, who chose by a Walker so that he could say goodbye to loved ones. However, Roxy felt Ben's argument for no pain was stronger. So far, by this point, throughout TV and Movie Fights, in all instances in which Andy has been outvoted, he went with the opinion of the other voters in awarding the point, but in all instances in which any other judge (Alicia, Ken, and Roxy) has been outvoted, he/she has overturned the vote. +If it were not for Roxy's overturn of the vote against her in the previous question, after this question, John would have become the first fighter to reach a 2-0 record on TV Fights. +*Ben was slower at picking Carol but still won with Michonne by unanimous decision. '''Episode 23: Best TV Sex Scene? (4-12-2016)'''<ref>Episode 23: Best TV Sex Scene? (4-12-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-sex-scene-tv-fights-ep-23-3013275</ref> Lucille returns in place of Mjolnir. Spencer Gilbert debuts as Fact Checker as Ken is on vacation. It is announced that he will be on next week as well since Ken will be fighting. The seating arrangement of placing (win, second, third) is the same as the previous week. The same holds true for the awarding of all five regular round points. Everyone comes into the fight with a 0-1 record. On the scoreboard, Jennifer's name is displayed as "Jen." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 0/1 || Third |- | Yael Tygiel || 0/1 || Second |- | Jennifer Flack || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 83%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Joe !! style="width: 7%"|Yael !! Jennifer |- | 1: Who is the best boss on TV? * || || 1 || |- | 2: Who is the best child actor currently on TV? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best show based in New York City? || 1 || || |- | 4: What TV show should get a board game based on it? || || 1 || |- | 5: What [is] the best sex scene ever on a TV show? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of today being National Grilled Cheese Day, which fictional restaurant would you want to go to: The Krusty Krab or Good Burger? ** || x || 1***, **** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best TV show that starts with the letter "G"? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which fifteen-year long show would you rather cancel: "Big Brother" or "Survivor"? || x || || 1*****, + |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which tatted TV character would you want to get a drink with more: "Sons of Anarchy" 's Charlie Hunnam or "Girls" 's Lena Dunham? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*The Movie Fight from five days earlier contained a question about the worst boss in a movie. .**Three days later, on Spencer Gilbert's show "Does it Hold Up?", Good Burger was compared to The Krusty Krab in evaluating the film ''Good Burger''. .***Yael was faster at saying Good Burger. .****Split decision. Joe (the first to judge) disagreed with Roxy and chose Jennifer (The Krusty Krab). .*****Jennifer was faster at saying "Big Brother". +Split decision. Spencer (the first to judge) disagree with Roxy and chose Yael ("Survivor"). '''Episode 24: Game of Thrones (4-19-2016)'''<ref>Episode 24: Game of Thrones (4-19-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/game-of-thrones-tv-fights-ep-24-3014503</ref> The episode is dedicated to the show "Game of Thrones," whose sixth season debuts on HBO five days later. Lucille has been replaced with a dragon, making this the third episode in a row in which Roxy has not used Mjolnir. Spencer Gilbert returns as Fact Checker as Ken is fighting. *If also happens to be Ken's 40th birthday. Each fighter has won one Movie or TV Fight before this episode. This is Maude's third fight. In each fight, she sits by the judge, on the viewer's left. Fifth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Ninth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round (after episodes 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, and 19 (with episodes 5, 17, and 19 having a fighter finish with no points)). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Maude Garrett || 1/0 || Third |- | Ken Napzok || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Michele Boyd || 1/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Maude !! style="width: 5%"|Ken !! Michele |- | 1: What is the best death on "Game of Thrones"? || 1 || || |- | 2: For better or worse, which "Game of Thrones" character has changed the most since the beginning of the show? || || 1 || |- | 3: Which family would you want to belong to? || || || 1 |- | 4: What is the most shocking moment on "Game of Thrones" so far? || || 1 || |- | 5: Which two "Game of Thrones" characters should be teamed up next? || || 1* || |- | TIE BREAKER: Would you rather die by dragon or White Walker? || || x || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who should sit on the Iron Throne? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Better ball-less character: Lord Varys or Grey Worm? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who[m] would you pick to fight for you in a trial by combat? || x || 1** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which "Game of Thrones" youth would you want to adopt? || x || || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who[m] would you rather punch for Tyrion: Shae or Cersei? || x || 1**** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5'''**** || 4 |} .*Ken won despite receiving only 5% of the twitter vote. Maude won a majority of the twitter vote but was the first one Roxy dismissed. Twitter polls were not read to Roxy either before or after she ruled. .**Split decision. Maude disagreed with Roxy, who chose chose Ken (Bronn) over Michele (Robert Strong). .***Split decision, reversed from previous fight. Maude disagreed with Roxy, who chose Michele (Bran) over Ken (Arya). .****Split decision. Spencer disagreed with Roxy, who chose Ken (Shae). .*****Just five days after Clarke Wolfe won a Movie Fight and became the first fighter to ever simultaneously hold undefeated records on both shows, Ken becomes the second. In both cases, Maude finished third in a 5-4-1 fight. '''Episode 25: Best TV Feud? (4-26-2016)'''<ref>Episode 25: Best TV Feud? (4-26-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-feud-tv-fights-ep-25-3015705</ref> Lucille has returned. It appears this is permanent. Jeff Galante states his record is 1-0, but it 0-1. This episode runs 1:32:55, the longest time yet for TV Fights. Ken Napzok returns as Fact Checker after Spencer took the spot the previous took weeks. Markeia wears a Triforce pendant, similar to, but not the same as, the one Trisha Hershberger has worn on Movie Fights. Andres' name appears on the scoreboard as "Ace." Sixth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Tenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jeff Galante || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Andres Cabrera || New fighter || Second |- | Markeia McCarty || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jeff !! Andres !! Markeia |- | 1: Who should replace Michael Strahan on "Live! with Kelly and Michael"? || * || || 1 |- | 2: If you could put any TV celebrity into the "Big Brother" house this summer, who[m] would you put in? || 1** || || |- | 3: What is the most underrated TV show currently on air? || 1 || || *** |- | 4: What is the best feud in TV? || || 1 || **** |- | 5: What is the best show based in another time period? || || 1 || ***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of National Hug an Australian Day,...which Australian TV actor would you rather hug: Portia de Rossi or Rebel Wilson? || || 1+ || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the best redhead on TV? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which of these two channels would you rather watch for 24 hours straight: Hallmark or Lifetime? +* || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV show would you choose out of the bargain bin? +** || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best show with a location in the title? || 1+*** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Jeff's choice, Hugh Jackman, won the twitter poll. .**Jeff's choice, Gary Busey, also won the twitter poll with 48%. .***Markeia's choice, "iZombie", won the twitter poll with 47%. .****Markeia's choice, Undertaker vs. Mankind in 1998, won the twitter poll with 48%. .*****Markeia's choice, "Game of Thrones", won the twitter poll with 64% despite the fact that arguments were made that it doesn't necessarily take place in another time period. +Split decision. Sixth overturn on TV Fights (fifth by Roxy and seventh between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Markeia both chose Jeff (Portia de Rossi). From how Ken gave his decision however, it appears Roxy might not have been aware that Ken and Markeia agreed with each other. +*Roxy accidentally let Andres (Ace) have a second rebuttal, so Jeff was also given one. +**The bargain bin picture showed "Home Improvement" Season 1 and "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" Season 3. +***Split decision. Markeia disagreed with Roxy, who chose Jeff ("Beverly Hills, 90210") over Andres (an unspecified "Hawaii Five-0"/"Hawaii Five-O"). '''Episode 26: TV's Best Weapon? (5-3-2016)'''<ref>Episode 26: TV's Best Weapon? (5-3-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tvs-best-weapon-tv-fights-ep-26-3016653</ref> Andie Bolt returns after a 14-episode absence. A different championship belt has been introduced. At the end of the episode, three fighters for the tournament, which starts the following week, are announced: Mark Ellis, Josh Macuga, and Sasha Perl-Raver. Eleventh episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andie Bolt || 1/1 || Second |- | Vanessa Ragland || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Michael Truly || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Andie !! Vanessa !! Michael |- | 1: Pitch a female historical figure for a mini-series. || 1 || || |- | 2: Since they fridged Black Canary on "Arrow," what's the most mishandled character death on TV? || || 1 || |- | 3: What is the most annoying TV trope? || 1 || || |- | 4: Which TV mom would you want as your own? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the best weapon on TV? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of Teacher Appreciation Day, which TV actor would you want to teach you sex ed in high school: Betty White or Larry King? || || 1* || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What TV actor would you most want to see on "Dancing with the Stars"? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which TV nickname would you rather have: Boner from "Growing Pains" or Big Pussy from "The Sopranos"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best Sunday night TV show? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who would make a better a better student body president: Oprah or Ellen? || || 1**, *** || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Which Joey would you rather have a dance party with: Tribbiani from "Friends" or Uncle Joey from "Full House"? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5**** || '''6''' || 0 |} .*Split decision. Michael disagreed with Roxy, who chose Vanessa (Betty White) over Andie. .**Split decision. Seventh overturn on TV Fights (sixth by Roxy and eighth between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Michael both chose Andie (Oprah). Had it not been for the overturn, Andie would have won at this point 6-4-1. .***Vanessa was slower at saying Oprah, so she was stuck with Ellen (both fighters sang their choice). However, she still won. .****Although Andie's ranking falls from 18th to 23rd, her point-per-game average increases from 3.50 to 4.00. '''Episode 27: Worst TV Parents? (5-10-2016)'''<ref>Episode 27: Worst TV Parents? (5-10-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/worst-tv-parents-tv-fights-ep-27-3018790</ref> First of four fights for the first TV Fights Championship Belt. On the scoreboard, Josh's name is displayed as "Macuga" and Spencer's is displayed as "Spence." Sasha indicated that one of her friends, who is a lawyer, helped her draft arguments for the regular round questions. At the end of the episode, Roxy announces that the fighters for the following week: Michele Boyd, Matt Lieberman, and Mark Ellis. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Josh Macuga || 1/2 || Second |- | Spencer Gilbert || 1/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Sasha !! Josh !! Spencer |- | 1: Who are the worst TV parents? || || 1 || |- | 2: What is the best TV show to debut this season? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the best workplace comedy? || || * || 1 |- | 4: What TV show has the best costumes? || 1** || || |- | 5: What is the greatest moment of victory on TV? || || 1 || *** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What "Fear Factor" challenge would you rather accept: eating an elk penis in a light testicle cream sauce or keeping your head in an enclosed box filled with cockroaches for ten minutes? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of National Clean Up Your Bedroom Day,...who is the best TV housekeeper? || || 1****, ***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What's the best Shonda Rhimes show? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV brand mascot would you rather have as a pet: the Geico gecko or the Charmin bears? || || + || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Josh's choice ("Parks and Recreation") won the twitter poll. .**Sasha's choice ("Game of Thrones") also won the twitter poll with 69% of the vote... .***Spencer's choice (Jim asking Pam out in "The Office (U.S.)" season 3 finale) won the twitter poll with 54% of the twitter poll. .****Josh picked Danny Tanner ("Full House") but tried to switch to Mr. Belvedere. However, this wasn't allowed. But he won anyway (his only Speed Round point). .*****Split decision. Eighth overturn on TV Fights (seventh by Roxy (and third consecutive episode) and ninth between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Spencer both picked Sasha (Marge Simpson) over Josh (Danny Tanner). +Josh gave his losing defense of the Geico gecko in the gecko's voice. '''Episode 28: Greatest Show to Never Win an Emmy? (5-17-2016)'''<ref>Episode 28: Greatest Show to Never Win an Emmy? (5-17-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/greatest-show-to-never-win-an-emmy-tv-fights-ep-28-3020538</ref> Second of four fights for the first TV Fights Championship Belt. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Lieberman || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Michele Boyd || 1/2 || Third |- | Mark Ellis || 1/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 81%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Michele !! Mark |- | 1: After all the network cancellations this week, what show deserves a second chance on Netflix or Hulu? || || || 1 |- | 2: What is the greatest show to never win an Emmy? || 1 || || |- | 3: Which TV show world would you want to live in for the rest of your life? || 1* || * || |- | 4: What is the best TV show with a comedian as the lead star? || ** || || 1 |- | 5: In 100 years, people should watch what show to understand people today? || || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is a better show: "Daredevil" or "Jessica Jones"? || || x || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would win in a mud wrestling match: Tobias Fünke or Milhouse (Van Houten)? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which reboot would you rather watch: "Prison Break" or "24"? || || x || 1*****, + |- | SPEED ROUND D: What summer show are you most excited for? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which TV character would you call to bail you out of jail: Ray Donovan or Tony Soprano? || 1+*, +** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5'''+*** || 1 || 4 |} .*Matt and Michele's answers, respectively "Star Trek" and "Friends" each received 44% of the twitter vote. .**Matt's answer "Louie," for which Mark argued in Round 2, won the twitter vote. .***Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Mark ("Daredevil"). .****Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Matt (Tobias). .*****In Mark's argument against "24", he stated that the show got a "re-release of a movie", which it did not (even though it got a 2-hour event shortly before Season 7 began). +*Matt said Ray Donovan before Mark, leaving Mark with Tony. +**Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Matt (Ray Donovan). +***Matt, already one of two fighters to win two fights and one of two to win two in a row becomes the first to win three fights and the first to win three in a row. '''Episode 29: Best TV Oddball? (5-24-2016)'''<ref>Episode 29: Best TV Oddball? (5-24-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-oddball-tv-fights-ep-29-3022221</ref> Third of four fights for the first TV Fights Championship Belt. After this fight, TV Fights finally has a 2-0 fighter. First episode in TV or Movie Fights in which two different fighters score four consecutive points each. Twelfth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round and the fifth in which a fighter scores no points (the last for each was episode 26). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Hector Navarro || 0/3 || Second |- | Audrey Kearns || 1/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Hector !! Audrey |- | 1: The networks have picked up a lot of new shows for next season. Which one is the most anticipated? || 1 || || |- | 2: Who's the best TV oddball? || 1 || || |- | 3: In honor of Fox's new show "Zorn", what cartoon [character] would you want to live with you? || || 1* || |- | 4: Who is the best TV actor to successfully do comedy and drama? || || 1 || |- | 5: Which TV character is the best role model for the young generation? || || 1** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would win a pie-eating contest: Homer Simpson or Joey Tribbiani? || || 1***, **** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: With summer coming up, where would you rather vacaion: on the "Lost" island or Gilligan's Island? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: The TV actor you would rather give your college graduation commencement speechː...Charlie Sheen or Shia LaBeouf? || 1***** || || x + |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best TV show that starts with the letter "A"? And the word "the" counts. || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which would you rather watchː "The Bachelor" or "The Bachelorette"? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 4 || 0 |} .*Hector (Booster Gold) lost the twitter vote with only 19% while Audrey's choice (Wonder Woman) received 55%. Hector (Rosie from "The Jetsons" ) received 26%. .**Hector's choice, Leslie Knope from "Parks and Recreation", received 51% of the twitter vote. .***Hector won the point despite being slower at saying Homer Simpson. .****Split decision. Audrey did not want to vote for Hector, but she did say Roxy should not use her vote as she wasn't familiar with Joey's eating. .*****Split decision. Audrey disagreed with Roxy, who chose Hal (Charlie Sheen). +Audrey requested and received from JTE a sympathy point after the third Speed Round question. However, it is not counted in this summary or the leader board. '''Episode 30: Best Comic Book Inspired TV Show? (5-31-2016)'''<ref>Episode 30: Best Comic Book Inspired TV Show? (5-31-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-comic-book-inspired-tv-show-3024258</ref> The episode was dedicated to comic book-related TV shows. Although Trisha is new to TV Fights, she infamously has been on Movie Fights, carrying a 0-6 record. Roxy states that a Drunk TV Fights is forthcoming. At 1ː36ː03, this is the longest episode yet. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Jason Inman || 0/1 || Third |- | Zach Wilson || 0/2 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! Jason !! Zach |- | 1: What is the best comic inspired TV show ever? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Which comic book property would you like to see adapted next? || || || 1 |- | 3: What TV comic character powers would be the best to have? || || 1** || |- | 4: Best character on a comic book adapted TV show? || 1*** || || |- | 5: Best animated comic book show? || **** || ***** || 1+ |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who currently has better TV showsː DC or Marvel? || +* || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best villain in comic book TV show history? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: It's time for a sing-off. Who[m] do pick for a duetː Flash or Supergirl? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather get a drink withː Adam West's Batman or Linda Carter's Wonder Woman? || || x || 1+**,+*** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which comic book cancellation would you rather bring backː "Constantine" or "Agent Carter"? || || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Zach ("Jessica Jones") won the twitter poll with 40%, followed by Trisha ("The Walking Dead") with 38% and Jason ("Smallville") with 22%. .**Jason (Martian Manhunter) also won the twitter poll with 56%. .***Trisha (Peggy Carter) also won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Jason (Harrison Wells) with 41% and Zach (Daisy Johnson/Quake/Skye) with 16%. .****After the point was awarded to Zach, Trisha indicated that his choice ("Batmanː The Animated Series") was her first choice. .*****Jason gave up during his argument for "Justice League," which was actually his second choice, and supported Trisha's argument for "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" (1987). +Zach also won the twitter poll with 57%, followed by Jason at 28% and Trisha at 15%. +*Trisha was faster at saying Marvel, but Zach won anyway. +**Zach was faster at saying Wonder Woman. +***Split decision. Ninth overturn on TV Fights (eighth by Roxy and tenth between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Jason both picked Trisha (who was stuck with Adam West's Batman) over Zach as Zach was giving his personal views. However, Roxy pointed out that the question asked for exactly that. To date, Roxy has not allowed the panel to overrule her decision. '''Episode 31: TV FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIPǃ (6-7-2016)'''<ref>Episode 31: TV FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIPǃ (6-7-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-championship-3025550</ref> The episode is preceded by a commentary live on Facebook hosted by Ken Napzok with tournament fighters Josh Macuga and Mark Ellis along with Roxy, Andy Signore, and Dan Murrell. During the fight, Ken is accompanied by Josh and Mark, who occasionally read tweets aloud and participate in Speed Round voting. The first Belt fight. The Belt is presented in the beginning of the episode by Movie Fights champion Dan Murrell. At 1ː45ː49, this is the longest episode yet, almost 10 minutes longer than the previous episode, which was previously the longest. This is the final episode of TV Fights to use the older Speed Round format of 15 second openings and 5 second rebuttals before adopting the updated Movie Fight format of 20 seconds and 10 seconds. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 2/0 || Third |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 2/1 || Second |- | Matt Lieberman || 3/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 4%"|Hal !! Sasha !! Matt |- | 1: What show has the best casting in the history of television? || * || || 1 |- | 2: Who is television's most lovable loser? || || 1** || |- | 3: In honor of Hodor, what is the most emotionally devastating death of a beloved character? || 1*** || || |- | 4: What is the best secondary character on "The Simpsons"? || || || 1**** |- | 5: If you could change one series finale, which show [would you change] and what would you change? || || 1 || ***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1+ || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is the California primary. Who would make a better presidentː "Parks and Rec[reation]"'s Leslie Knope or "Veep"'s Selina Meyer? || x || +* || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND B: "C" is for "champion." What is the best TV show that starts with the letter "C?" Keep in mind the word "the" counts as <br> a word. || x || +*** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: TV pet you would rather haveː Marcel the monkey from "Friends" or Mr. Ed, the talking horse? || x || || 1+****, +***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5'''++ |} .*Hal ("SNL") won the twitter poll with 42% followed by Matt ("Arrested Development") with 33% and Sasha ("Freaks and Geeks") at 25%. .**Sasha (George O'Malley from "Grey's Anatomy") came in third place in the twitter poll with only 14%, with Hal (George Costanza) at 36% and Matt (Butters from "South Park") at 50%. .***Hal (Robb Stark) also won the twitter poll with 49%, with Sasha (Charlie Pace from "Lost") at 30% and Matt (Rita Morgan from "Dexter") at 21%. .****Matt (Ned Flanders) also won the twitter poll with 44%, with Sasha (Ralph Wiggum) at 29% and Hal (Krusty) at 27%. Ken said that at some point, all fighters were in the lead. .*****Matt ("How I Met Your Mother") won the twitter poll with 53%, with Sasha ("True Blood") at 27% and Hal ("Seinfeld") at 20%. +Once again, there are no undefeated fighters who have fought in more than one fight. This is Hal's first loss in a Screen Junkies fight since August 23, 2015 as he had won his last four Movie Fights and his two TV Fights. +*Sasha had to argue for Selina Meyer despite never having watched "Veep". Ken stated during voting that he wasn't even sure she had seen it, and Sasha confirmed it afterwards. +**Split decision. Tenth overturn on TV Fights (ninth by Roxy and eleventh between TV and Movie Fights). Hal, Josh, and Mark picked Hal over Matt. +***Despite being told that the word "the" counts, Sasha, after much thinking said "The Cosby Show," but Roxy told her she couldn't use it. She eventually came up with "Californication". +****Split decision. Mark picked Sasha (Marcel). +*****Matt is the third fighter to sweep the Speed Round. As of September 13, 2016, when the fourth Speed Round sweep occurred, Matt's is the only sweep that featured any split decision. ++Already the only fighter to win three fights and three in a row, Matt extends these to four. '''Episode 32: Who Should Be Superman? (6-14-2016)'''<ref>Episode 32: Who Should Be Superman? (6-14-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-should-be-superman-3027510</ref> Effective this episode, Speed Round argument times adopt the 20 second intro/10 second rebuttal format. On the scoreboard following the first two questions, Joseph's name is spelled JOESPH. All twitter vote winners in this episode won by ''majority''. Sixth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Seventh episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Eleventh episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joseph Scrimshaw || 0/2 || Third |- | David Griffin || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Justin Rupple || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Joseph !! David !! Justin |- | 1: Which TV character would you pick to be your best man? || 1* || || |- | 2: If one has not seen any sitcom ever,...what's the best show for him or her to start with? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: Who is the best comic relief on a dramatic show? || || || 1*** |- | 4: What is the least deserving Emmy-winning show? || **** || 1***** || |- | 5: What is your dream casting? Who should Superman be? || || 1+ || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of Matt Lieberman winning [the] TV Fight Championship,...who's the best TV character or actor named Matt or Matthew? || x || +* || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who are better best friends: Ren and Stimpy or Beavis an Butt-Head? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which TV narrator would you rather narrate your life: Ron Howard from "Arrested Development" or Bob Saget from "How I Met Your Mother"? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best show with the word "and" in the title? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Joseph (Captain Jean-Luc Picard) also won the twitter poll with 56%, followed by David (Bender Bending Rodríguez) with 38% and Justin (Joe Hackett) with 8%. .**David ("Seinfeld") won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by Justin ("Cheers") with 31% and Joseph ("The Dick Van Dyke Show") with 11%. .***Justin (Saul Goodman) also won the twitter poll with 54%, followed by Joseph (The Hound) with 38% and David (Lady Violet Crawley) with 8%. .****Joseph ("The Tonight Show with Jay Leno") won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by David ("Modern Family") with 30% and Justin ("Mad Men") with 12%. .*****David's point in round 4 ties for latest first point for a winner of a TV Fights episode (previously done by Josh Macuga in episode 9). +David (Matt Bomer) also won the twitter vote with 53%, followed by Justin (Adam Driver) with 24% and Joseph (Nicholas Hoult) with 23%. +*David could not think of an answer, letting Justin receive his only Speed Round point. +**Split decision. Ken chose Justin (Bob Saget) while Roxy an Joseph chose David. '''Episode 33: TV Character You'd Like to be Your Life Coach? (6-21-2016)'''<ref>Episode 33: TV Character You'd Like to be Your Life Coach? (6-21-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-character-youd-like-to-be-your-life-coach-3029146</ref> Ken is joined on the coach by fans Tawny Burgess and Jenna Dodson. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr || 0/1 || Second |- | Emma Fyffe || New fighter || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 86%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 6%;" | Roger ! scope="col" style="width: 4%;" | Emma ! scope="col" style="width: 4%;" | Dan |- | 1: Who is the best TV game show host of all time? || || || 1* |- | 2: What is the best TV version of a worn-in pair of old jeans...comforting, familiar, and rewatched often? || 1 || || |- | 3: If you could have any TV character/actor/personality as a life coach, who[m] would you pick? || || || 1** |- | 4: What show should be erased from TV show history? || || 1 || |- | 5: What movie franchise would you like to see be adapted for TV? || || || 1*** |- | TIE BREAKER: In honor of National Selfie Day, who would you rather take a selfie with: Wilson Fisk from "Daredevil" or Benjamin Linus from "LOST"? || 0**** || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: After Sunday's "Game of Thrones", Sansa: yea or nea? || 1*****, + || x +* || |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of International Yoga Day, who would you rather have in front of you during a yoga class: Kim Kardashian or Sofia Vergara? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which TV dad would you rather tell you about the birds and the bees: Michael Bluth from "Arrested Development" or Tony Soprano from "The Sopranos"? || || x || 1+** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Dan (Jeff Probst) also won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Emma (Anne Robinson) with 32% and Roger (Guy Smiley) with 31%. .**Dan (Eric Taylor) actually lost the twitter poll with 18%. Emma (Ron Swanson) won with 42%, followed by Roger (Tyrion Lannister) with 40%. .***Dan (''Men in Black'') also won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Emma (''The Matrix'') with 30% and Roger (''Ghostbusters'') with 23%. .****Roger argued that he'd be famous if he took a selfie with his choice Benjamin because he had been lost. However, as pointed out in the episode by Roxy, he was not one of those who got marooned. .*****Roger was quicker to say "yea." +Split decision. Emma, Ken, and Jenna ''all abstained''. Tawny voted for Dan, but Roxy overruled. +*Temporarily, Emma was given a point on the scoreboard, but it was corrected to reflect a point for Roger. +**Split decision. Emma voted for Roger (Michael Bluth) while Ken, Jenna, Tawny, and Roxy all voted for Dan. '''Episode 34: Which Superhero Would Take the Iron Throne? (6-28-2016)'''<ref>Episode 34: Which Superhero Would Take the Iron Throne? (6-28-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-superhero-would-take-the-iron-throne-3031365</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jeff Galante || 1/1 || Second |- | Coy Jandreau || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Matt Knost || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 82%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 6%;" | Jeff ! scope="col" style="width: 7.5%;" | Coy ! scope="col" style="width: 4.5%;" | Matt |- | 1: What superhero would take the Iron Throne? || 1 || || |- | 2: Of all the new shows of 2016 so far, who is your favorite new character? || *, ** || 1 || |- | 3: Who is the best TV "creator"? || || *** || 1 |- | 4: Worst long-running [5+ seasons] TV show? || || 1**** || |- | 5: Who[m] is the most intelligent TV character? || 1*****, + || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of the Fourth of July, who would you rather man your grill: Tracy Jordan from "30 Rock" or Andy Dwyer from "Parks and Rec[reation]"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: After Sunday's episode, who is the most kick-ass female on "Game of Thrones"? || +* || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two shows are on re-run, and there are no other options. Which do you watch: "[Here Comes] Honey Boo-Boo" or "Newlyweds: Nick (Lachey) and Jessica (Simpson)"? || 1+** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather roadtrip with: Dexter or Walter White? || || 1+***, +**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Jeff (The Punisher) won the twitter poll with 76%, followed by Coy (Cassidy from "Preacher") with 19% and Matt (Maria Bamford) with 5%. .**Jeff's answer technically does not follow the question. While The Punisher debuted in 2016, the show in which he appears, "Daredevil," debuted in April 2015. .***Coy (Matt Groening) won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by Matt (Larry David) with 31% and Jeff (Miller-Boyett) with 11%. .****Coy ("The Big Bang Theory") also won the the twitter poll with 48%, followed by Matt ("Girls") with 28% and Jeff (Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives) with 24%. .*****Jeff (Jean Luc Picard) actually lost the twitter poll with 14%. Matt (Sherlock Holmes from "Sherlock") won with 50%, followed by Coy (Charles Xavier) with 36%. +Jean Luc Picard was a winning answer just two episodes earlier. Both when Joseph won the point, and in this episode, after being awarded the points, both fighters said "Engage!" +*Jeff chose Daenerys, but since he had not ever seen "Game of Thrones" (despite winning the question about who would take the Iron Throne), he argued for what Emilia Clarke's character Sarah Connor had done. However, Coy had chosen Cersei, who is played by Lena Headey, who also has portrayed Sarah Connor. The panel was not activated. *Ken indicated that when Jeff started talking about Daenerys coming from the future that he was going deep and referring to Quaithe from Season 2, who is theorized to be Daenerys from the future. +**Split decision. Ken chose Coy ("Newlyweds") while Matt and Roxy chose Jeff. +***Coy was faster at picking Walter White. +****Coy indicated that Dexter accidentally killed three innocent people. While not everyone Dexter has killed was a murdered, it is unclear to which three non-killers he's referring that were innocent and killed under accidental circumstances. '''Episode 35: Best Summer TV Show? (7-5-2016)'''<ref>Episode 35: Best Summer TV Show? (7-5-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-summer-tv-show-3033548</ref> Roxy opened the show with a rap, during which she introduced all the fighters. Throughout the show, she wears a "Game of Thrones"-style fur coat. Ken may silently have been accompanied on the couch by Liz, the producer. Ken says she doesn't wish to be on camera. Stephanie's name is displayed on the scoreboard as "STEPH". {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Yael Tygiel || 0/2 || Second |- | Michael Truly || 0/1 || Third |- | Stephanie Ritter || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Yael !! Michael !! Stephanie |- | 1: If you could omit one character from ever existing on any TV show, who would it be? || 1 || || |- | 2: Which two characters from different shows would you love to see face off? || || || 1* |- | 3: Which character would you choose to be a diplomat to an alien species? || 1 || || ** |- | 4: What is the best summer TV show? || || 1*** || |- | 5: In honor of the "Dead of Summer" premiere last week, what is the best horror genre television series? || || **** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of National Workaholics Day, which is today, who[m] would you rather hire: Rory Gilmore or Lisa Simpson? || ***** || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best TV character or actor that's name starts with the letter "J"? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would you rather clean up your Fourth of July party: Danny Tanner from "Full House" or Monica Geller from "Friends"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which redhead would you rather grab a beer with: Kimmy Schmidt from "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" or Grace from "Will & Grace"? || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the best show with a character's name in the title? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Stephanie (Buffy and Jessica Jones) also won the twitter poll with 65%, followed by Yael (Flynn Carsen and The Doctor) 23% and Michael (Robert Durst and Steven Avery) with 12%. .**Stephanie (April Ludgate) won the twitter poll with 41%, followed closely by Yael (Olivia Pope), who occasionally was winning the poll. .***Michael ("Rick and Morty") also won 77% of the twitter poll. .****Michael ("The Twilight Zone) won the twitter poll with 40%, followed by Stephanie ("The Walking Dead") with 35% and Yael ("American Horror Story") with 30%. .*****Yael might have said Rory faster; however, without a ruling, she changed her answer to Lisa Simpson. +Split decision. Michael chose Yael (Lisa), but Ken and Roxy chose Stephanie. +*Split decision. Michael chose Stephanie (Kimmy), but Ken and Roxy chose Yael. '''Episode 36: Best Ensemble Cast? (7-12-2016)'''<ref>Episode 36: Best Ensemble Cast? (7-12-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-ensemble-cast-3035249</ref> Nick's third place steak between Movie and TV Fights finally comes to an end! Nick has a "Slayer Rules" sign, which he once showed in Movie Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jennifer Flack || 1/1 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Ify Nwadiwe || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 84%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 6%;" | Jennifer ! scope="col" style="width: 6%;" | Nick ! scope="col" style="width: 4%;" | Ify |- | 1: For the return of "Mr. Robot", which TV character is the best computer specialist/hacker? || || 1 * || |- | 2: Who is the best ensemble cast of a TV show? || || || 1** |- | 3: What TV spouse would be best to be married to? || 1 || || |- | 4: Pitch a buddy cop series featuring two existing TV characters from different shows. || 1 || || |- | 5: What child TV actor do you wish still acted? || || 1 || *** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of [Roxy's birthday tomorrow], whose birthday party would you rather attend: Ryan Seacrest or Betty White? || 1**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which Olympic sport is the most fun to watch? || || 1*****, + || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tomorrow is "Embrace Your Geekness" Day. Who lets [his] geek flag fly the hardest: Chris Hardwick or Kevin Smith? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best TV show that starts with "the"? || || 1+*, +** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who would win in a bar fight: Danny DeVito or Peter Dinklage? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5'''+*** || 1 |} .*Nick (Penny) also won the twitter poll with 52%, followed by Jennifer (Bertram Gilfoyle) with 37% and Ify (The Laughing Man) with 11%. .**Ify ("Arrested Development") also won the twitter poll with 54%, followed by Nick ("The People vs. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story") with 35% and Jennifer (Veep) with 11%. .***Ify (Macaulay Culkin) won the twitter poll "by a large margin." .****Split decision. Ify chose Nick (Betty White) while Ken and Roxy chose Jennifer. .*****Nick was faster at saying "women's gymnastics," leaving Jennifer to pick pole vault. +Split decision. Ify chose Jennifer (pole vault) while Ken and Roxy chose Nick. +*Split decision. Ken chose Jennifer ("The Sopranos") while Ify and Roxy chose Nick ("The Brady Bunch"). +**Nick implied that "The Sopranos" copied "The Wire," which actually, as Ken pointed out, began later. +***Nick becomes the second TV Fighter to win after having previously been shut out (17 episodes earlier). The first was David Griffin, who won episode 32, fifteen episodes after his first appearance. '''Episode 37: What is the Sexiest TV Show!? (7-19-2016)'''<ref>Episode 36: What is the Sexiest TV Show!? (7-19-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-sexiest-tv-show-3036111</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 0/2 || Second |- | Roth Cornet || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | DJ Wooldridge || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 87%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 4%;" | Joe ! scope="col" style="width: 5%;" | Roth ! scope="col" style="width: 4%;" | DJ |- | 1: What's the sexiest series to watch, currently or from the past? || || 1 || |- | 2: What kids show needs a dark gritty Power Rangers type of reboot? || || || 1* |- | 3: What TV show panel would be the most fun to watch at San Diego Comic Con? || 1 || || |- | 4: Best siblings on a TV show? || 1 || ** || |- | 5: Who's the best TV butler or housekeeper?*** || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which Emmy-nominated blonde actress would you rather see win for outstanding lead actress in a drama: Claire Danes for "Homeland" or Robin Wright for "House of Cards"? || || 1**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would you rather be cuffed to for a week: Elliot from "Mr. Robot" or Crazy Eyes from "Orange is the New Black"? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, and Maisie Williams are all nominated for best supporting actress in a drama. Who gets it? || || 1***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of National Ice Cream Month, which "Sesame Street" character do you want to go on an ice cream date with? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: NBC or ABC? || || 1+ || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*DJ ("Freakazoid!") actually lost the twitter poll with 19%. Roth ("ThunderCats") won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Joe ("Sailor Moon") with 32%. .**Roth (the Stark children) won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Joe (the Elrics from "Full Metal Alchemist: Brotherhood") and then DJ (the Danvers "sisters"). .***Submitted by Nick Mundy. However, at the bottom of the screen for the question was a tweet asking the previous question. .****Roth was faster at saying Robin Wright. Joe stated afterwards that he had never watched "Homeland." .*****Split decision. DJ chose Joe (Lena Headey), while Ken and Roxy chose Roth (Maisie Williams). +Roth was faster at saying NBC. '''Episode 38: Best Netflix Original Series? (7-26-2016)'''<ref>Episode 38: Best Netflix Original Series? (7-26-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-netflix-original-series-3036099</ref> Pre-taped episode due to Comic Con. Eighth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twelfth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Rob Cesternino || 0/1 || Second |- | Dani Fernandez || 0/1 || Third |- | Audrey Kearns || 1/2 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Rob !! Dani !! Audrey |- | 1: Who is the best reality TV star? || || 1 || |- | 2: What's the best Netflix original series? || || || 1 |- | 3: What fictional TV character would you like to have as a driving instructor? || || || 1 |- | 4: What "Game of Thrones" character would win "Survivor"? || 1 || || |- | 5: What is the most overused character trope in TV? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best TV character or actor named Charlie? || || x || 1* |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which catchphrase is more fun: "Full House"'s 'How rude!' or "Friends"' 'How you doin'?'? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Better superhero love interest: "[The] Flash"'s Iris West or "Arrow"'s Felicity Smoke? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who would be a better host of the Emmys: Kanye West or T[aylor](-)Swift? || 1** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Disney or Nickelodeon? || || x || 1*** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Split decision. Ken chose Rob (Charlie Brown), while Roxy and Dani chose Audrey (Charlie Cox). .**Split decision. Ken chose Audrey (Kanye West), while Roxy and Dani chose Rob. .***Split decision. Ken chose Rob (Nickelodeon), while Roxy and Dani chose Audrey. '''Episode 39: Most Annoying TV Sidekick? (8-2-2016)'''<ref>Episode 39: Most Annoying TV Sidekick? (8-2-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/most-annoying-tv-sidekick-3038981</ref> Jack Conway returns after a 32-episode absence. At the beginning of the show, Andy says he has a big announcement for the end of the show. However, in the middle of the show, JTE accidentally spoils that Seth Rogen is fighting on Movie Fights (the episode was filmed earlier that day). Relative to seating positions, the scores are the same as the previous episode. Jennifer's name is listed on the scoreboard as "JEN". {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jack Conway || 0/1 || Second |- | Jennifer Landa || 1/0 || Third |- | Billy Patterson || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jack !! Jennifer !! Billy |- | 1: Who is the best dysfunctional couple on television? || 1 || || |- | 2: What TV bar would be the best to drink in? || || || 1 |- | 3: What was the most satisfying "will they, won't they" kiss on television? * || || || 1** |- | 4: In honor of "Roadies" and "Ballers," what is the best TV show diving "behind the scenes"? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who is the most annoying TV sidekick? || 1*** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of National Ice Cream Sandwich Day,...would you rather share an ice cream sandwich with Joffrey or Wilson Fisk? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who[m] would you rather babysit: [Eric] Cartman from "South Park" or Stewie from "Family Guy"? || **** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of ''Suicide Squad'''s opening this week, which ''Suicide Squad'' character deserves [his or her] own Netflix series? || 1***** || x+ || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which show would you rather compete on: "American Ninja Warrior" or "Legends of the Hidden Temple"? || || x || 1+*, +** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is TV's best Bob? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Temporarily the question listed at the bottom of the screen misspelled "won't" as "won'." .**Billy (Ross and Rachel) also won the twitter poll with 55%, followed by Jack (Buffy and Spike) and then Jennifer (Michonne and Rick). .***Jack (Scrappy Doo) also won the twitter poll with 62%, followed by Billy (Steve Urkel) with 32% and Jennifer (The Ropers) with 6%. .****Jack answered Cartman before Roxy mentioned Stewie's name. He said he knew that's who the other choice would be. .*****Jack answered with Deadshot slightly before Billy, but he then switched answers to Harley Quinn, allowing Billy to argue Deadshot. +Despite taking notes, Jennifer could not give an answer. But Ken and Roxy both voted for Jack +*Billy was faster at answering with "Legends of the Hidden Temple." +**Split decision. Ken chose Jack ("American Ninja Warrior"), while Roxy and Jennifer chose Billy. '''Episode 40: Which 90's Disney Character Would Help You Bury The Body? (8-9-2016)'''<ref>Episode 40: Which 90's Disney Character Would Help You Bury The Body? (8-9-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-90s-disney-character-would-he-3040500</ref> Ken is joined on the couch by Tom Turner from Canada. On the scoreboard, Michele's last name is used. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | Michele Boyd || 1/3 || Second |- | Tony Kim || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roger !! Michele !! Tony |- | 1: Which TV office would be the most fun to work in? || 1* || || |- | 2: Which character from the Disney Afternoon would help you bury the body? ** || *** || 1 || |- | 3: Which TV show had the worst PSA [Public Service Announcement] episode? || || 1**** || |- | 4: What TV drama would you like to see re-written as a comedy?***** || || || 1 |- | 5: Most surprising TV hook-up? || 1+ || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of National Book Lovers Day, which show adapted from a book is better: BBC's "Sherlock" or Netflix's <br> "Orange is the New Black?" || 1+*, +** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Since they've been on our TV sets everyday, who do you think would be the worst kisser: Hillary [Clinton] or <br> [Donald] Trump? || +*** || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of [Screen Junkies' Emmy nomination], which of these two Emmy-nominated shows is weirder: "Unbreakable <br> Kimmy Schmidt" or "Mr. Robot"? || 1+**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D1: What is the best TV show that starts with the letter "N"? And the word "the" counts as a word.+***** || || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D2: Which TV Melissa would you rather be stuck in a bunker with: McCarthy or Joan Hart? || || 1++, ++* || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: For Taco Tuesday,...which character from the HBO universe would be the worst to share a taco with? || 1++** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Roger (Dunder Mifflin) also won the twitter poll with 40%, while Michele (Sacred Heart Hospital from "Scrubs") and Tony (30 Rock) each received 30%. .**It is notable that the question is different from the episode title, and important as well since only eight of the 100 episodes of "Duck Tales" and 16 of the 65 episodes of "Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers" first aired in the 1990's. However, both were part of the Disney Afternoon, which was broadcast entirely in the 1990's. .***Roger (Scrooge McDuck) won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Michele (Owen from "Gargoyles") at 26% an Tony (Chip 'n Dale) at 25%. .****Roxy stated that she didn't want to know what twitter thought. .*****Roxy started with Michele for Round 4, but then with Roger for Round 5. +Roger (Capt. Kirk and Lt. Uhura) actually lost the twitter poll with 28%. Tony (Joey and Rachel from "Friends") won with 40% followed by Michele (Monica and Chandler) with 32%. +*Roger was faster at saying "Sherlock." +**Split decision. Tony voted for Michele ("Orange is the New Black") while Ken, Tom, and Roxy all chose Roger. +***Roger was faster at choosing Hillary. Despite this, he lost the point. +****Split decision. Tony chose Michele ("Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt") while Ken, Tom, and Roxy all chose Roger. +*****Neither Roger nor Michele could think of a show that began with "N." ++Michele was faster at saying McCarthy. ++*Split decision. Tony chose Roger (Melissa Joan Hart), but Tom, Ken, and Roxy all chose Michele. ++**Split decision. Tony chose Michele (Joffrey Baratheon), but Tom, Ken, and Roxy all chose Roger ([Vernon] Schillinger). '''Episode 41: TV Sitcom With The Most Memorable Opening Sequence? (8-16-2016)'''<ref>Episode 41: TV Sitcom With The Most Memorable Opening Sequence? (8-16-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-sitcom-with-the-most-memorable-opening-sequence-3042105</ref> Leo becomes the second fighter to appear on TV Fights and Gamer Fights without also appearing on Movie Fights, 11 days after Jack Conway became the first. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Yael Tygiel || 0/3 || '''Win''' |- | Leo Camacho || New fighter || Third |- | Robert Peterson || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Yael !! style="width: 5%"|Leo !! Robert |- | 1: What TV detective would you want to help solve your murder? || 1 || || |- | 2: Which TV sitcom had the most memorable sequence/intro? || || 1* || |- | 3: Who is the best TV spaceship crew of all time? || || ** || 1 |- | 4: What is the most satisfying TV wedding? || 1*** || || |- | 5: What was the dumbest way someone has died on a television show? || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: In honor of National Rum Day,...which Frank would you rather sip piña coladas with on a beach: Frank Gallagher from "Shameless" or Frank Reynolds from "It's Always Sunny [in Philadelphia]" ? || x || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of [National Roller Coaster Day], which TV relationship has had the bumpier ride: Walter and Skylar White or Jaime and Cersei Lannister? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which TV family would you rather belong to: the Munsters or the Addams Family? || || x || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who do you think would win in a robot fight: Bender from "Futurama" or Rosie from "The Jetsons"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who would be a better roommate: Big Bird or Kermit the Frog? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Leo ("The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air") also won the twitter poll with 76%, followed by Robert ("Cheers") with 15% and Yael ("The Brady Bunch") with 9%. .**Leo's choice (the crew of the Serenity) was Robert's second choice. .***Yael (the Purple Wedding (''including the reception'') from "Game of Thrones" episode 32) also won the twitter poll with 45%, followed by Robert (Pam and Jim from "The Office (US)") with 42% and Leo (Zack Morris and Kelly Kapowski) with 13%. .****Split decision. Leo chose Yael (the Addams Family) while Ken and Roxy chose Robert. '''Episode 42: Best TV Cartoon Romance? (8-23-2016)'''<ref>Episode 42: Best TV Cartoon Romance? (8-23-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-cartoon-romance-3043513</ref> Ken is accompanied on the couch at the end of the show by Matt's fiancée, Brittany, a temporary producer who was leaving Screen Junkies. Ninth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Thirteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Key || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Joseph Scrimshaw || 0/3 || Second |- | Nick Armstrong || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Joseph !! Nick |- | 1: Aliens had just made contact with Earth, and you have been chosen to represent the best in humanity. What one television show would <br> you show them? || || * || 1 |- | 2: If you could keep one animal from any TV show as your pet in the real world, what would it be? || 1** || || |- | 3: What is the best TV cartoon romance? || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the greatest acting performance in any TV drama? || 1*** || || |- | 5: Which TV's show's popularity just makes no sense? || || 1**** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of National Waffle Day tomorrow, which TV mom do you think makes the better waffles: Carol Brady or June Cleaver? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Pitch a fictional TV city to host the 2020 Summer Olympics. || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who[m] would you trust more to catch you in a trust fall exercise: the Governor from "The Walking Dead" or Kilgrave <br> from "Jessica Jones?" || 1***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is TV's best dog? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which TV family would win Family Feud: the Sopranos or the Bluths from "Arrested Development?" || 1+, +* || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Joseph ("Sesame Street") won the twitter poll with 56%, followed by Nick ("Wonder Years") with 32% and Matt ("NOVA") with 12%. .**Matt (Jake from "Adventure Time") also won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Nick (Kermit) with 31% and Joseph (Drogon) with 30%. .***Matt (Bryan Cranston in "Breaking Bad") also won the twitter poll with 74%, followed by Joseph (Tatiana Maslany in "Orphan Black") with 15% and Nick (Kyle Chandler in "Friday Night Lights") with 11%. .****Nick ("Two and a Half Men") won the twitter poll with 50%, followed by Matt ("Cake Boss") with 33% and Joseph ("Wheel of Fortune") with 17%. .*****Matt was faster at saying Kilgrave and won unanimously. +Matt was faster at saying the Soprano. +*Split decision. Ken chose Joseph (the Bluths) while Nick and Roxy chose Matt. '''Episode 43: Which TV Doctor Would You Want To Treat You? (8-30-2016)'''<ref>Episode 43: Which TV Doctor Would You Want To Treat You? (8-30-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-doctor-would-you-want-to-treat-you-3045429</ref> Trisha's name is spelled on the scoreboard as "Trish." Fourteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Emma Fyffe || 0/1 || Third |- | Vanessa Ragland || 1/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! Emma !! Vanessa |- | 1: If I [were] struck ill and had to miss a TV Fights, which TV court judge would you want to fill in that episode? || 1* || || |- | 2: What is the best TV show to make a drinking game around? || || || 1 |- | 3: For National Matchmak[er] Day on August 31,..which two characters from two different shows would make a good couple? || 1** || || |- | 4: What current TV drama deserves to have a musical episode? || 1 || || |- | 5: In a medical emergency, what TV doctor would you want to treat you? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best TV show that starts with the letter "B"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which female-driven show was harder to say good-bye to: "Sex and the City" or "Desperate Housewives?" || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What was the bigger 'must-see' show of the summer: "Stranger Things" or "The Night of"? || *** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who needs a shower more: Daryl Dixon from "The Walking Dead" or The Hound [from] "Game of Thrones? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which private eye do you trust to get the answers you need: Veronica Mars or Jessica Jones? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 0 || 4 |} .*Trisha (Judge Judy) also won the twitter poll with 63%. .**Trisha (Joey Tribbiani and Elaine Benes) also won the twitter poll. .***Trisha was not fast enough at giving an answer and was stuck with "The Night Of." However, she could not give an argument for the show as she knew nothing about the show. Hence, she conceded the point. .****After Trisha received her fifth point, the applause noise accompanied the scoreboard even though the fight wasn't over. '''Episode 44: Which TV School Would You Want To Teach In? (9-6-2016)'''<ref>Episode 44: Which TV School Would You Want To Teach In? (9-6-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-school-would-you-want-to-teach-in-3046645</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Zach Wilson || 0/3 || Second |- | Matt Knost || 0/1 || Third |- | Steve Zaragosa || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 84%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 5%;" | Zach ! scope="col" style="width: 5%;" | Matt ! scope="col" style="width: 6%;" | Steve |- | 1: What TV character would you want to throw you a surprise birthday party? * || 1** || || |- | 2: What is the best celebrity cameo/guest appearance in TV history? || *** || || 1 |- | 3: Which TV neighbor would be the worst to live across from (other than Justin Bieber)? || || 1**** || |- | 4: What is the best TV soundtrack of all time? || 1 || || |- | 5: Which TV school would you guys want to teach at? || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Tomorrow is National Beer Lovers Day: Who[m] would your rather go bar-hopping with: Meredith Palmer from "The Office" or Lucille Bluth from "Arrested Development? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is TV's best Jesse/Jessie or Jessica? || 1 || x || +*, +** |- | SPEED ROUND C: The NFL Season Opener is this Thursday. What is the best TV sports show? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV family would you rather have a barbecue with: the Thompsons from "Here Comes Honey Boo Boo" or the Averys from "Making a Murderer? || || x || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Today is...National Read A Book Day, so who[m] would you rather have read you a bedtime story: Fran Drescher or Roseanne? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*During the round, the question at the bottom of the screen had "surprise" misspelled as "suprise." .**Zach (Leslie Knope) also won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Matt (Tyrion Lannister) with 37% and Steve (Gonzo) with 24%. .***Zach ("Star Trek [Original Series]" crew in "Futurama") won the twitter poll with 53%, followed by Steve (Patrick Stewart in "Extras") with 26% and Matt (Justin Bieber in "CSI:") with 21%. .****Matt (Steve Urkel) also won the twitter poll with 42%, followed by Steve (Newman from "Seinfeld") with 37% and Zach (Joey Tribbiani and Chandler Bing) with 21%. .*****Steve (Bayside High) actually lost the twitter poll with 16%. Zach (Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters from "X-Men: Evolution") won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by Matt (Greendale from "Community"). +Steve was faster at choosing Lucille. +*Steve chose Jessie Spano and then argued for Jesse from "Full House." ''Nobody'' (outside of twitter) pointed this out. +**Split decision. Despite Steve's breaking of the rules, Ken voted for him. +***Split decision. Matt chose Zach (the Averys), while Ken and Roxy chose Steve. '''Episode 45: Which TV Character Deserves To Be Roasted? (9-13-2016)'''<ref>Episode 45: Which TV Character Deserves To Be Roasted? (9-13-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-deserves-to-be-roasted-3047942</ref> On the scoreboard, Josh is listed as "MACUGA." Mark Ellis receives all nine votes during the Speed Round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Josh Macuga || 1/3 || Second |- | JTE || New fighter || Third |- | Mark Ellis || 1/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 97%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Josh !! JTE !! Mark |- | 1: What is the best action sequence in any television series? || 1 || || |- | 2: Who is the most annoying kid TV character of all time? || || || 1* |- | 3: Which TV character deserves to be roasted? || 1 || || |- | 4: What is the best televised moment in sports history? || || 1 || |- | 5: What do you think will be the breakout new series this fall? || || || 1** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who has the best original shows: HBO or Netflix? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which is...the better show that was never nominated for best series:..."The Wire" or "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia?" || || x || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best show with the word "house" or "home" in the title? || || x || 1**** |- |'''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Mark (Sophia from "The Walking Dead") also won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by ('the daughter' [Dana Brody] from "Homeland") with 25% and JTE (Seven from "Married... with Children") at 24%. **Mark ("Designated Survivor") actually lost the twitter poll with 20%. JTE ("Westworld") won with 48%, followed by Josh ("Atlanta") with 32%. .***Mark was faster at saying "The Wire." He won despite never having seen a single episode. .****Mark is the fourth fighter to sweep the Speed Round. '''Episode 46: What Was The Best Show In TGIF's Entire History? (9-20-2016)'''<ref>Episode 46: What Was The Best Show In TGIF's Entire History? (9-20-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-was-the-best-show-in-tgifs-entire-history-3048985</ref> As of this episode, all of the Fight shows' regular fact checkers have competed on a different show (but not yet their own show). Billy A. Patterson as Fact Checker. Roxy wears a Drive Shaft shirt and has FATE written on her right fingers, in support of Hector's choice of "LOST" for the fifth question. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hector Navarro || 0/4 || '''Win''' |- | Erika Ishii || New fighter || Second |- | Kristen Brancaccio || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hector !! Erika !! Kristen |- | 1: Which unsuccessful superhero movie character could be reborn as a TV series? || 1* || ** || |- | 2: Pitch the 2016 version of "Battle of the Network Stars." || || 1 || |- | 3: What was the best show in TGIF's Friday night history? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Which director would you want to see remake [his or her] own film, but as a TV show? || || **** || 1 |- | 5: What is the best debut season for any TV show ever? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best 2016 Emmy moment? || 1*****, + || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who do you think would make a better motivational speaker: Michael Scott or Ron Swanson? || || 1+*, +** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is the best female host in TV history? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which franchise would make a better TV show: ''Harry Potter'' or ''Lord of the Rings''? || 1+*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: In honor of fall TV starting back up, which returning show are you most excited for? || 1+**** || +***** || x |- |'''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Hector (The Green Hornet) also won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by Erika (Fantastic Four) with 44% and Kristen (Captain Zoom) with 5%. *While Kristen's 5% vote is not the lowest in TV Fights history, it is the lowest that has been announced on the show. *Coincidentally, it is also the lowest non-winning vote as Ken Napzok received 5% for the fifth question of the "Game of Thrones" episode (24), but still won. .**Erika's original choice was also The Green Hornet, but Hector got his email in faster. .***Hector ("Boy Meets World") also won the twitter poll with 45%, followed by Kristen ("Full House") with 35% and Erika ("Family Matters") with 20%. .****Erika (Zack Snyder/''Watchmen'') won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Kristen (Brad Bird/The Incredibles) with 38% and Hector (Quentin Tarantino/''Reservoir Dogs'') with 23%. .*****Hector won the point despite being slower at completely answering with Alan Yang's speech and then switching to Jeffrey Tambor's speech. +Split decision. Kristen chose Erika while Billy and Roxy chose Hector. +*Erika won despite not knowing who Hector's choice (Michael Scott) was. She thought he was from "Silicon Valley" rather than "The Office." +**Split decision. Eleventh overturn on TV Fights (tenth by Roxy and twelfth between TV and Movie Fights). Kristen and Billy both picked Hector, but Roxy felt Erika gave a better argument for Ron Swanson. +***Hector was faster at saying ''Harry Potter.'' forcing Erika to choose ''Lord of the Rings.'' +****JTE displayed the point/win for Hector before Roxy even commented or asked for anyone's opinions. +*****Erika initially answered with "Jessica Jones," but that doesn't return until 2018. She then said "Luke Cage," but that's not a returning show. Roxy gave her a ten second time limit while she tried to think of a returning show, and she answered with "Green Arrow" (actually simply titled "Arrow). She was not familiar with the show however. '''Episode 47: Star Trek Edition! (9-27-2016)'''<ref>Episode 47: Star Trek Edition! (9-27-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/star-trek-edition-3050055</ref> For the second week in a row, the fighters in the middle chair and the chair across from Roxy are both new. Although Scott and Brannon are listed as new fighters, they have each fought in and won Movie Fights (as has Dan). Roxy wore her Starfleet uniform. Present at the table were Milky Way Rice Krispie Treats, made by Dan's girlfriend Mara. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 2/0 || Third * |- | Scott Mantz || New fighter || Second ** |- | Brannon Braga || New fighter || '''Win''' *** |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 78%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Dan !! Scott !! Brannon |- | 1: What is the best time travel episode from any "Star Trek" series? || || 1 || |- | 2: Who made the best guest starring appearance on a "Star Trek" TV show? || || || 1**** |- | 3: Best "Star Trek" fight scene? || 1***** || || |- | 4: For people who have never seen anything "Star Trek",...what is the one episode that you would show [him or her] in order to get into it? || || 1 || + |- | 5: Which "Star Trek" character deserves [his or her] own solo spin-off show? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which "Star Trek" character would be the best debater? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who do you think would win in a fight: Tasha Yar from ["The Next Generation"] or T'Pol from "Enterprise"? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which captain would you have more confidence in: Kirk or Picard? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best "Star Trek" show? || x || || 1 |- |'''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*In Dan's 24th official Screen Junkies fight, he finishes in third place for the first time since his ninth official fight in June of 2015 (his first non-win). .**In Scott's eighth official Screen Junkies fight, he finishes in second place for the first time (his five Movie Fights losses were all third place finishes). As of January 15, 2017, he has subsequently fought twice, both in Movie Fights, and again finished in third place both times. .***Brannon becomes the sixth fighter to ever (and the fifth to currently) simultaneously hold undefeated records in two different Screen Junkies fights. He is the fourth ever (and the third currently) to do so for Movie and TV Fights after Ken Napzok, Clark Wolfe, and formerly Coy Jandreau. .****Brannon (Stephen Hawking) also won the twitter poll. .*****Dan (Kirk vs. Khan in "Space Seed") also won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Scott (Kirk vs. Spock in "Amok Time") with 38% and Brannon (Hirogen Hunters vs. Klingons and Starfleet in "The Killing Game" from "Voyager") with 19%. +Brannon ("The Inner Light" from "The Next Generation") won the twitter poll with 43%. Scott ("The Doomsday Machine") received 39% while Dan ("The Devil in the Dark") received 18%. +*Split decision. Dan chose Brannon (Picard) while Ken and Roxy chose Scott. '''Episode 48: Which DC Super Hero Should Join the CW Arrowverse? (10-4-2016)'''<ref>Episode 48: Which DC Super Hero Should Join the CW Arrowverse? (10-4-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-dc-super-hero-should-join-the-cw-arrowverse-3051177</ref> For the third week in a row, the fighters in the middle chair and the chair across from Roxy are both new (all three are new). First episode since episode 21 in which all fighters are new. However, Lon has previously fought on both Gamer Fights and [the previous week] Movie Fights. Seventh episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place and first since episode 32. Tenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Fifteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Lon Harris || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | John McCracken || New fighter || Second ** |- | Jeremiah Watkins || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Lon !! John !! Jeremiah |- | 1: Who is the best "SNL" cast member of all time? || || || 1 |- | 2: What was the most jarring recast of a character on a TV show? || || 1 || |- | 3: In honor of "The Flash" season premiere,...which DC character, other than Batman, do you wanna see join the CW Arrowverse? || 1* || || |- | 4: Which game show should be brought back to TV? || || 1** || |- | 5: With the recent "Adventure Time" announcement, what cartoon should end next? || 1*** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: It is the first TV Fights in October, so what's the best show that starts with the letter "O"? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which is the better Superman TV series: "Lois & Clark" or "Smallville"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which TV Michael would you rather grab a drink with: Michael B. Jordan or Michael C. Hall? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best TV show that starts with the letter "D"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: What was the better sketch show: "Key and Peele" or "The Chappelle Show"? || 1****, ***** || || x |- |'''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Lon (Adam Strange) actually lost the twitter poll with 15%. Jeremiah (The Green Lantern) won with 53%, followed by John (Batwoman) with 32%. .**John ("Double Dare") also won the twitter poll with 54%, followed by Jeremiah ("Next") with 26% and Lon ("Press Your Luck") with 20%. .***Again, Lon ("Robot Chicken") actually lost the twitter poll with 20%. John ("The Simpsons") won with 45%, followed by Jeremiah ("Family Guy") with 35%. .****Lon won despite being slower at saying "The Chappelle Show" and thus being stuck with "Key and Peele." .*****Split decision. Jeremiah chose John ("The Chappelle Show") while Ken and Roxy chose Lon. '''Episode 49: Best Crime Drama of All Time? (10-11-2016)'''<ref>Episode 49: Best Crime Drama of All Time? (10-11-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-crime-drama-of-all-time-3052721</ref> For the fourth week in a row, the fighters in the middle chair and the chair across from Roxy are both new (all three are new). Second consecutive episode in which all fighters are new, even though the previous was the first such episode in 27 episodes. However, Mo has previously fought on Movie Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jay Washington || New fighter || Third |- | Mo Lightening || New fighter || Second |- | Jared Baur || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jay !! style="width: 4%"|Mo !! Jared |- | 1: Who's the worst TV friend? || || || 1* |- | 2: Who's the best supporting character from any Marvel or DC TV Show? || || || 1** |- | 3: What is the best crime drama of all time? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: What is the best commercial of all time? || || 1 || |- | 5: If Disney starts doing ''Star Wars'' Netflix series à la Marvel, what character/story would you like to see? || || **** || 1**** |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the best TV show with a direction in the title? || || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Tomorrow is National "Take Your Parents to Lunch" Day. Would you rather take to lunch Kim Kardashian and Kanye West or Donald and Melania Trump? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Coming Out Day. Which TV LGBTQ character would you want to grab a drink with the most? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Childhood favorite "Fraggle Rock" is returning after thirty years on HBO. Which HBO Show would be the worst for your kid to watch? || x || || 1***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Jared (Kenny Powers) actually lost the twitter poll with 11%. Jay (Eric Cartman) won with 56%, followed by Mo (Shane Walsh) with 33%. .**Jared (The Punisher) also won the twitter poll with 72%, followed by Mo (Edwin Jarvis) with 18% and Jay (Fish Mooney) with 10%. .***Mo ("Breaking Bad") won the twitter poll with 59%, followed by Jay ("The Wire") with 24% and Jared ("The Sopranos") with 17%. .****As Ken checked the twitter poll, it moved to tying between Mo (Cloud City) and Jared (Young Yoda) with 40% each, followed by Jay (Wookies) with 20%. .*****Split decision. Jay chose Mo ("Game of Thrones") while Ken and Roxy chose Jared ("Oz"). '''Episode 50: Friends vs Seinfeld! (10-18-2016)'''<ref>Episode 50: Friends vs Seinfeld! (10-18-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/friends-vs-seinfeld-3054525</ref> Roxy Striar steps out of the hosting chair to take on Spencer Gilbert in a TV Fights special. On each question, Roxy will be fighting for "Friends" and Spencer for "Seinfeld". This fight is not counted in the statistics. It is the first such fight since "Episode 1", which is not counted as an actual episode. Judged by Joe Starr. As revealed at the end of the episode, this is Ken Napzok's last episode as Fact Checker and producer for Screen Junkies. *During his speech at the end, Ken states that Ryan Elliot (known as Handsome) would never appear on camera. He eventually did appear on the Drunk Movie Fights Championship "After the Fight" on December 14 to comment on Ken's victory. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roxy Striar || N/A || '''Win''' |- | Spencer Gilbert || N/A || Lose |- |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roxy !! Spencer |- | 1: Better Hangout: Monks vs Central Perk? || 1* || |- | 2: Who would make a better financial planner: Phoebe or [Cosmo] Kramer? || || 1** |- | 3: Better bottle episode: "Seinfeld: The Chinese Restaurant" vs "Friends: The One Where No One's Ready"? || || 1 |- | 4: Best use of a guest star in any episode: "Friends" vs "Seinfeld"? || 1*** || |- | 5: Who[m] would you swap from your show's ensemble with one character from the other show's ensemble? || || 1 |- | 6: In 100 years, which show will stand the test of time better: "Seinfeld" vs "Friends"? || 1 || |- | 7: From either show, who's the best character****? || 1***** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4'''|| 3 |} .*Roxy (Central Perk) also won the twitter poll with 72%. .**Spencer (Kramer) also won the twitter poll with 55%. .***Roxy (Bruce Willis) narrowly lost the twitter poll with to Spencer (Bryan Cranston) with 49%. .****Original question was: What is the best episode of your show that does NOT take place in New York CIty? However, Andy Signore interrupts with an impromptu Speed Round question (using the 30/20 seconds Gamer Fights format) since contestants are tied. Granted, had the fighters not been tied at this point, the seventh question never would have been asked. .*****As Joe gave his ruling, the twitter poll went to a 50/50 tie between Roxy (Chandler) and Spencer (George). ==TV Fights Episodes 51-100== '''Episode 51: What Is The Most Horrifying Death In TV History? (10-25-2016)'''<ref>Episode 51: What Is The Most Horrifying Death In TV History? (10-25-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-most-horrifying-death-in-tv-history-3056625</ref> Halloween-themed episode (TV Frights). Billy A. Patterson takes over as Fact Checker. As opposed to her appearances on Schmoes Know shows and other fights, Emma does not wear her glasses. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Tony Kim || 0/1 || Third |- | Emma Fyffe || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | Damian Beurer || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Tony !! Emma !! Damian |- | 1: What is the best Halloween-themed episode from any sitcom? || || 1 || * |- | 2: What is the most horrifying death in TV history? || 1 || ** || |- | 3: Turn a family-friendly show into an R-rated horror show. || *** || 1 || |- | 4: What's the scariest moment in TV history? || **** || || 1 |- | 5: You're stuck in the zombie apocalypse. Which TV character would you choose to protect you? || || || 1**** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who was the scarier 2016 TV villain: the Demogorgon from "Stranger Things" or Zoom from "The Flash?" || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would be the best TV parent to take you trick-or-treating? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which spooky TV character would you rather have as a roommate: Dexter or Walter White? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the better kids' horror show: "Goosebumps" or "Are You Afraid of the Dark?" || x || || 1+*, +** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which TV-themed haunted house would you rather spend the night in: "American Horror Story" or "The Twilight Zone"? || x || 1+*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 4 |} .*Damian ("The Slutty Pumpkin" from "How I Met Your Mother") won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Emma ("Greg Pikitis" from "Parks and Recreation") with 37% and Tony ("The One with the Halloween Party" from "Friends") with 24%. .**Emma (Oberyn Martell) won the twitter poll with 41%, narrowly beating Tony (Glenn Rhee, whose death was shown the previous Sunday's "The Walking Dead"). Damian (Rita Bennett from "Dexter") received 19%. .***Emma ("Transformers: Rescue Bots") actually lost the twitter poll with 15%. Tony ("Sesame Street") won the twitter poll with 53%, followed by Damian ("Married... with Children") with 32%. .****Tony (Pennywise the Clown from "It") won the twitter poll with 46%, followed by Damian (the Peacock family in "The X-Files") with 33% and Emma (The Gentlemen from "Buffy the Vampire Slayer") with 21%. .*****Damian (Superman) also won the twitter poll with 40%, followed by Tony (Luke Cage) with 31% and Emma (Ash Williams) with 29%. +Split decision. Twelfth overturn on TV Fights (eleventh by Roxy and thirteenth between TV and Movie Fights). Tony and Billy both picked Damian (the Demogorgon), but Roxy felt Emma gave a better argument for world domination by Zoom. +*Split decision. Tony chose Emma ("Goosebumps") before Billy and Roxy chose Damian. +**Damian won his argument despite not having seen a single episode of either show. +***Split decision. In a reverse from the previous question, Tony chose Damian ("The Twilight Zone") before Billy and Roxy chose Emma. '''Episode 52: What Is The Worst TV Love Triangle? (11-1-2016)'''<ref>Episode 52: What Is The Worst TV Love Triangle? (11-1-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-worst-tv-love-triangle-3057951</ref> Roxy dresses up as Negan from "The Walking Dead." All-female panel. As Billy mentions, two days earlier, the WWE pay-per-view (Hell in a Cell) had a women's match as the main event. Michele's name is listed on the scoreboard as "Boyd." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Michele Boy || 1/4 || Second |- | Megan Salinas || New fighter || Third |- | Perri Nemiroff || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Michele !! Megan !! Perri |- | 1: What is the best TV show that represents millennials? || || * || 1 |- | 2: What is the best use of a flashback in a series? || ** || 1 || |- | 3: What is the worst TV love triangle? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: We want you guys to pitch a sequel series where a former child star resurrects [his or her] child character. || || || 1**** |- | 5: Which TV character would you like to be in a prank war with? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of Halloween yesterday, what is the best vampire show? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Where would you rather go on vacation: Westworld or the island on "Lost"? || ***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best show that starts with the letter "A"? || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best predominantly female ensemble show? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Today is National Authors' Day. Which TV character's autobiography would be the best read? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Megan ("Broad City") won the twitter poll with 41%, followed by Perri ("Girls") with 35% and Michele ("Selfie") with 24%. .**Michele ("How I Met Your Mother") won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by Megan ("Lost") with 38% and Perri ("Orphan Black") with 11%. .***Michele (Blair, Serena, and Nate from "Gossip Girl") actually lost the twitter poll with 15%. Megan (Ross, Rachel, and Joey from "Friends) won with 69%, followed by Perri (Elena, Damon, and Stefan from "The Vampire Diaries") with 16%. .****Perri ("The Secret World of Alex Mack") actually lost the twitter poll with 24%. Megan ("Eerie, Indiana") won with 39%, followed by Michele ("Clarissa Explains it All") with 37%. .*****Michele erroneously stated that the characters in her choice ("Lost") were in purgatory. +Split decision. Billy chose Perri ("Ash vs Evil Dead") while Megan and Roxy chose Michele ("Angel"). '''Episode 53: Which TV Character Would Make the Best POTUS? (11-8-2016)'''<ref>Episode 53: Which TV Character Would Make the Best POTUS? (11-8-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-best-potus-3059819</ref> Billy is accompanied on the couch by Donald "Dizzle" Davis, who appeared with Joe Starr on Movie Fights two months earlier. Aaron Pruner returns after a 48-episode absence. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jack Conway || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | Aaron Pruner || 0/1 || Third |- | Ed Greer || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%" |Jack !! Aaron !! style="width: 4%" |Ed |- | 1: Who is TV's most endearing underdog? || 1 || || |- | 2: Which TV character would make the best President of the United States? || * || || 1 |- | 3: We want you guys to pitch a gritty HBO series based on any other** film from the 1970's.*** || **** || 1 || |- | 4: Best band from a TV series? || 1***** || || |- | 5: Which TV character would you want to be your wingman? || || + || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If you were forced to vote for one, would you rather vote for Mayor Adam West from "Family Guy" or Mayor Oliver Queen from "Arrow"? || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: "Stranger Things" has just cast some familiar faces for Season 2. Which actor would you want to see added to the "Stranger Things" cast? || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best TV show with a number in the title? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: After being cancelled in 2013, DC's "Young Justice" is coming back for a Season 3. Which animated superhero show should be brought back for one more season: "Batman: The Animated Series" or "X-Men(: The Animated Series)"? || 1+*, +** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Jack (Optimus Prime) won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Ed (Matt Murdock/Daredevil) with 35% and Aaron (Daenerys Targaryen) with 28%. .**Besides ''Westworld''. .***Billy pointed out that all three fighters' choices were based on movies from the year 1971. .****Jack ("A Clockwork Orange") won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Aaron ("Dirty Harry") with 32% and Ed ("Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory") with 31%. .*****Jack (Jem and the Holograms) actually lost the twitter poll with 17%. Aaron (Blues Brothers) won with 63%, followed by Ed (Paper Boi) with 20%. +Aaron (Arthur "Fonzie" Fonzarelli) won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Ed (K.I.T.T) with 33% and Jack (Schmidt from "New Girl") with 30%. +*Jack won despite being slower at saying "Batman: The Animated Series." +**Split decision. Billy and Dizzle chose Ed while Aaron and Roxy chose Jack. '''Episode 54: What is the Best Disney Show of All Time? (11-15-2016)'''<ref>Episode 54: What is the Best Disney Show of All Time? (11-15-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-best-disney-show-of-all-time-3061408</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 2/2 || '''Win''' |- | Gina Ippolito || New fighter || Second |- | Chris Hayner || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Sasha !! Gina !! Chris |- | 1: What TV show has the best sex scenes? || 1 || || * |- | 2: What dark R-rated movie should be made into a sitcom? || 1 || || |- | 3: This Friday is Mickey Mouse's birthday.... We wanna know what is the best Disney-related TV show of all time? || || 1 || |- | 4: "Star Trek: Discovery" has been delayed..... Pitch a starship crew using only TV characters from other shows. We're looking for the captain, first officer, doctor, [and] head of security. || || || 1** |- | 5: What is the most memorable moment in live television history?***, **** || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Marvel has officially announced they are bringing the Inhumans to ABC next fall, and the pilot will be screened in IMAX theaters.... Which TV pilot would be the best to see in IMAX: "Lost" or "The Walking Dead"? || 1***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: "SNL" brought in season high ratings with Dave Chappelle as the guest host last weekend. What is the best "Chappelle['s] Show" skit/character? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Like it or not, Donald Trump will be the next President of the United States. Which TV reality star or host should run for President in 2020? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Big congrats to Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson for being announced as People Magazine's Sexiest Man Alive.... Which show would benefit the most from having The Rock on it: HBO's "True Detective" or CW's "Arrow?" || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Chris ("Shameless") won the twitter poll with 41%, followed by Sasha ("Sons of Anarchy") with 30% and Gina ("Buffy the Vampire Slayer") with 29%. .**Chris also won the twitter poll with 48%, followed by Gina with 28% and Sasha with 24%. .***The 9/11 attacks were disallowed as an answer to this question so that nobody would have to argue against it. .****During the arguments, it was argued that Chris' choice wasn't memorable, Gina's wasn't a moment, and Sasha's wasn't live. However, all answers were allowed. .*****Sasha was faster at saying "Lost" and won unanimously. '''Episode 55: Which TV Character Would You Want To Marry? (11-22-2016)'''<ref>Episode 55: Which TV Character Would You Want To Marry? (11-22-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-you-want-to-marry-3063273</ref> Pre-taped episode. After a year on Screen Junkies Plus, the show finally debuts an opening montage. Eleventh episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Sixteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger|| 2/0 || Second |- | Joe Starr || 0/3 || '''Win''' |- | Amy Dallen || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! Joe !! Amy |- | 1: We're just two days away from Thanksgiving, so we wanna know what is the best Thanksgiving episode of any TV show ever? * || || || 1** |- | 2: The 2Pac/Biggie Smalls true crime pilot "Unsolved" was just picked up at USA Network.... Pitch a TV series based around a famous musician/band. || || 1 || |- | 3: If you had to marry a TV character,...which one do we choose? || 1 || || |- | 4: What TV character would you least want to get a dinner party invite from? || || 1*** || |- | 5: What video game would make the best TV series? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is TV's best Sara(h)? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which family would you rather spend Thanksgiving with: the Lannisters from "Game of Thrones" or the Whites [from] "Breaking Bad"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which WWE superstar, past or present, would you wanna grab a beer with? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV chef would you wanna cook your Thanksgiving dinner? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Previously used as the first question of episode 3. .**After awarding the point, Roxy accidentally asked Billy for the results of the twitter poll despite being aware the episode was pre-taped. .***Joe won with Hannibal Lecter from "Hannibal" despite never having seen the show. '''Episode 56: Best TV Grandparent Of All Time? (11-29-2016)'''<ref>Episode 56: Best TV Grandparent Of All Time? (11-29-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-grandparent-of-all-time-3064868</ref> As Zach points out in his opening, he has the most points (14) of any fighter who has never won, something he learned by looking at the leaderboard. Though Stephen is listed as a new fighter, he has appeared on Movie Fights three times. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Zach Wilson || 0/4 || '''Win''' |- | Stephen Glickman || New fighter || Third |- | Tiona Hobson || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Zach !! Stephen !! Tiona |- | 1: Best TV grandparent of all time? || 1* || || |- | 2: Who would be the worst character to sit next to on a 9 hour flight? || || || 1** |- | 3: Which character from the ''Harry Potter'' universe should get its own Netflix series? || 1 || || |- | 4: What's the most annoying on-and-off relationship in TV history? || || || 1*** |- | 5: What TV show most deserves a movie to wrap everything up? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: This is a bargain bin.... Season 1 of both shows. You guys are gonna tell me which one you would pick.**** || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: This week is the historic four-part DC crossover event on the CW.... We wanna know what is the best DC TV show of all time? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is TV's best Ed, Eddie/Eddy, or Edward? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 2 |} .*Zach (Lucille Bluth) also won the twitter poll with 60%, followed by Tiona (Ruby Johnson) with 21% and Stephen (Marie Barone) with 19%. *Marie Barone was the only one of the three grandmothers who appeared on the title card for this episode, which also featured Abraham Simpson and Estelle Winslow. .**Tiona (Ted Mosby) also won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Zach (Hurley Reyes) with 35% and Stephen (Niles Crane) with 22%. .***Tiona (Olivia and Fitz from "Scandal") actually lost the twitter poll with 15%. Stephen (Ross and Rachel from "Friends") won with 56%, followed by Zach (Clark and Lana from "Smallville") with 29%. .****Picture was shown of box sets of the first seasons of "Game of Thrones" and "Lost." .*****Split decision. Thirteenth overturn on TV Fights (twelfth by Roxy and fourteenth between TV and Movie Fights). Stephen and Billy both picked Tiona ("Game of Thrones"), but Roxy felt Zach gave a better argument. '''Episode 57: What TV Show Would Make The Best VR Experience? (12-6-2016)'''<ref>Episode 57: What TV Show Would Make The Best VR Experience? (12-26-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-tv-show-would-make-the-best-vr-experience-3066130</ref> The fight montage is inadvertently skipped in this episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | JTE || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Kamarra Cole || New fighter || Second |- | Barbara Gray || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! JTE !! Kamarra !! Barbara |- | 1: "Sons of Anarchy" is getting a spin-off pilot, "Mayans MC".... Which supporting character from any drama should get a spin-off? || 1* || || |- | 2: "Gilmore Girls" made its triumphant return to Netflix and got rave reviews.... What is the best revival series of a show? || 1** || || |- | 3: Which TV show has done the most damage to society? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Virtual reality is the new hot tech toy this holiday season.... I wanna know what TV show would make the best VR experience? || || 1**** || |- | 5: "The Walking Dead"...has hit a four-year series low in the ratings. Which once-great show had the hardest fall from grace? || 1***** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 4 || 1 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: "Westworld"'s first season finale just aired on Sunday. Who is TV's best robot? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of yesterday being "National Bathtub Party Day," who[m] would you rather have a bathtub party with: Negan or Donald Trump? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: "The Leftovers" is coming back for a third and final season next year.... Which show should have their final season next year: "Grey's Anatomy" or MTV's "The Real World"? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 2 || 0 |} .*JTE (Jesse Pinkman from "Breaking Bad") also won the twitter poll with 59%, followed by Kamarra (Rupert Giles from "Buffy the Vampire Slayer") with 30% and Barbara (Guy MacKendrick from "Mad Men") with 11%. .**JTE ("Family Guy") once again won the twitter poll with 63%, followed by Kamarra ("The X-Files") with 32% and Barbara ("The Comeback") with 5%. .***JTE ("My Super Sweet 16") wins both the point and the twitter poll for the third question in a row with 48%, followed by Kamarra ("Sex and the City") with 31% and Barbara ("Fuller House") with 21%. .****Point was awarded to Kamarra as Barbara helped argue on her behalf. .*****After the point was awarded, the scoreboard still showed JTE with only three points instead of four. *Further, it was initially stated that JTE was only one point away from victory. However, as later pointed out, he needed to obtain six points (standard for a five-question pre-Speed Round in which one of the fighters does not receive any points). '''Episode 58: Which Star Wars Character Should Host SNL? (12-13-2016)'''<ref>Episode 58: Which Star Wars Character Should Host SNL? (12-13-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-star-wars-character-should-host-snl-3067368</ref> Joseph Scrimshaw had become the new fighter who had the most points of those who have never won after Zach Wilson's victory two weeks earlier. Kim is listed as a new fighter, but she has appeared on Movie Fights three times. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joseph Scrimshaw || 0/4 || '''Win''' |- | Kim Horcher || New fighter || Second |- | Cesar Solorio || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Joseph !! style="width: 7%| Kim !! Cesar |- | 1: Take a finished series and one that is on now and pitch your ideal crossover episode. || || 1 || |- | 2: Which ''Star Wars'' character should be the host of "SNL"? || 1* || || |- | 3: What is the best show that appeals equally to men and women? || 1 || || ** |- | 4: What is the worst pilot from an otherwise great show? || 1*** || || |- | 5: Netflix is allowing you to download shows on your phone through its app.... Which show would you want to have with you at all times? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: The Golden Globe nominations are out, and a lot of favorites...were nominated, but there were some surprise snubs. Which was the bigger snub for best TV show: "Luke Cage" or "Mr. Robot"? || || 1****, ***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Nielsen has revealed that "The Big Bang Theory" and "NCIS[: Naval Criminal Investigative Service]" are the two most-watched prime-time shows in 2016. You could only watch one of them for the rest of your life. Which one do you choose: "[The] Big Bang Theory" or "NCIS"? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the better genre of show to watch curled up next to a fire: sci-fi horror or feel-good drama? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: HBO's "Vice" is coming back for a fifth season and will see its episode number increase to 30 episodes. Which show would benefit most from having more episodes per season? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is TV's best John/Jon or Jonathan? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 4 || 0 |} .*Joseph (General Leia) actually lost the twitter poll with 14%. Cesar (Lando Calrissian) won with 56% while Kim (C-3PO) received 30%. .**Cesar ("How I Met Your Mother") won the twitter poll with 45%, followed by Joseph ("Dr. Who") with 30% and Kim ("Westworld) with 25%. .***Joseph ("Castle") again lost the twitter poll despite receiving the point, with 20%. Kim ("The Simpsons") won with 42%, followed by Cesar ("Seinfeld") with 38%. .****Kim was faster at saying "Luke Cage." .*****Split decision. Fourteenth overturn on TV Fights (thirteenth by Roxy). Cesar and Billy both picked Joseph, but Roxy felt that because Joseph gave a reason for "Mr. Robot" being snubbed, it was actually less of a snub. '''Episode 59: Which TV Character Would Make The Worst Mall Santa? (12-20-2016)'''<ref>Episode 59: Which TV Character Would Make The Worst Mall Santa? (12-20-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-worst-mall-santa-3068970</ref> Lucille and Billy are each dressed up in green tinsel. Jordan is the only Gentile at the table, just as Jason Inman was the only Gentile at the table in episode 4. In terms of order of asking questions, J.D. is actually second, and Jordan is third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Yael Tygiel || 1/3 || '''Win''' |- | Jordan Morris || New fighter || Third |- | J.D. Zelman || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Yael !! Jordan !! J.D. |- | 1: Which TV character would decorate the best tree on a budget? || 1 || || * |- | 2: What TV character would make the worst mall Santa? || 1** || || |- | 3: What show that doesn't have a holiday episode deserves to have one? || 1 || || *** |- | 4: What is the best Christmas gift ever given on a TV show? || **** || ***** || 1 |- | 5: A lot of networks tend to run marathons of different shows...during the holidays.... What TV show deserves an annual marathon all of their own? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which is the quintessential Christmas special: "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" or "A Charlie Brown Christmas"? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: It's the holidays! What's the best TV show that starts with the letter "H"? || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who most deserves a lump of coal in [his] stocking: Joffrey [Baratheon] or Negan? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 0 || 2 |} .*J.D. (Leslie Knope) won the twitter poll with 44%, followed by Yael (Sabrina the Teenage Witch) with 39% and Jordan (George Costanza) with 17%. .**Yael (Herbert the Pervert) also won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by J.D. (Pierce Hawthorne) with 27% and Jordan (Don Draper) with 15%. .***J.D. ("American Horror Story") won the twitter poll with 40% even though the show already has a holiday episode and was disqualified, followed by Yael ("Luke Cage") with 39% and Jordan ("Jeopardy!") with 21%. .****Yael (regenerations for Dr. Who) won the twitter poll with 46%, followed by J.D. (Santa's Little Helper) with 39% and Jordan (the Life Day Mind Evaporator) with 15%. .*****Even though Jordan was sitting in the middle seat, he was supposed to go third for question 4 (as reiterated by Roxy), but he instead went second. +Yael won despite being slower at choosing "Rudolph the Red-Nose Reindeer" and never having seen either show. +*Split decision. Jordan chose J.D. ("Harry and the Hendersons") while Billy and Roxy chose Yael ("House, M.D."). '''Episode 60: What Was The Best Episode of TV in 2016? (12-27-2016)'''<ref>Episode 60: What Was The Best Episode of TV in 2016? (12-27-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-was-the-best-episode-of-tv-in-2016-3068686</ref> Pre-recorded due to the Christmas break. It is likely that this episode was recorded before episode 59 as in that episode, Billy mentions that it is the second time someone has brought up "Harry and the Hendersons" in the Speed Round in recent history. Billy is accompanied on the couch by JTE. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mo Lightning || 0/1 || Second |- | Matt Knost || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | Marina Mastros || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 4%| Mo !! style="width: 5%|Matt !! Marina |- | 1: What is the best New Year's episode of a TV show ever? || || || 1 |- | 2: What show has the most ridiculous use of fake science? || || 1 || |- | 3: What was the best episode of TV in 2016? || 1 || || |- | 4: What was the best new show of 2016? || || 1 || |- | 5: As a New Year's resolution, people should strive to be more like what TV character? || || * || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: Which character from any CW show would you want to kiss when the ball drops at midnight? ** || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND A2: Who is TV's best Mike or Michael? || x || 1 || *** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which is the better show... with the word "new" in the title: "[The] Newsroom" or "Orange is the New Black"? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of the late Florence Henderson, what is the best TV show with a family name in the title? || x || 1 || **** |- | SPEED ROUND D: The "Big Bang Theory" is eyeing a spin-off featuring a young Sheldon. Which young version of a TV character would make the better spin-off: Charlie from "It's Always Sunny [in Philadelphia]" or Titus from "[Unbreakable] Kimmy Schmidt"? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Matt stated that when he makes a resolution, it is altruistic, but he states that he wants it to have a positive impact on himself. .**Both fighters had trouble naming a CW show, even though Roxy hosts "Flash and Friends," which discusses the different shows of the Arrowverse. Ultimately, Marina asked if "7th Heaven" was on the CW, which it was for its final season (when the WB switched to CW). However, neither could name a character, and after arguments by both for nameless characters from the show, Roxy tossed the question. .***Marina named Michael Douglas without knowing a show that he did. Billy named for her "The Streets of San Francisco." While she correctly guessed that he played law enforcement in the show, she was arguing more for what his character did than what the actor did. .****Marina couldn't think of a qualifying answer, but ultimately, she named "The Hendersons," (possibly due to Florence Henderson (and Matt did name "The Brady Bunch")) which is not a show. Rather "Harry and the Hendersons" is. However, she couldn't make any argument as she didn't know anything about the show. '''Episode 61: Which TV Character Would Make the Best Babysitter? (1-3-2017)'''<ref>Episode 61: Which TV Character Would Make the Best Babysitter? (1-3-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-best-babysitter-3071839</ref> First live show of 2017. The Speed Round chart made by fan Nicki Baldwin is debuted at the beginning of the Speed Round; it shows how many points are needed in order to win based upon the score going into the Speed Round (for a standard five question pre-Speed Round game). The title card include William Daniels (George Feeny) an Bob Saget (Danny Tanner), but they did not feature into the title fight question or any other question. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Lon Harris || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Alyssa Onofreo|| New fighter || Third |- | Jesse Klein|| New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%" |Lon !! Alyssa !! Jesse |- | 1: Who was the best TV villain of 2016? || || * || 1 |- | 2: What is the best show that was filmed/broadcast(ed) in black and white? || 1** || || |- | 3: Who is the best physical comedian in TV history? || || || 1*** |- | 4: Which TV character would make the best babysitter? || || 1 || **** |- | 5: What TV show has the best fandom? || 1 || || ***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: The new "Celebrity Apprentice" with Arnold Schwarzenegger premiered last night on NBC. Which TV character deserves </br> to be fired from their job: Homer Simpson or Michael Scott? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best TV Show that starts with the letter "W"? || 1+*, +** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Last night was the season premiere of "The Bachelor".... Which TV character should be the next Bachelor? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Today is "National Drinking Straw Day." Which TV character would you rather share a straw with: Steven Avery, from </br> "Making a Murderer" and also his life, or Ramsey [Bolton] from "Game of Thrones"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is TV's better Jason: Jason Bateman from "Arrested Development" or Jason Alexander...."Seinfeld?" || 1+*** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Alyssa (Cersei Lannister from "Game of Thrones") won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by Jesse (Dr. Ford from "Westworld") with 32% and Lon (Chuck McGill from "Better Call Saul") with 10%. .**Lon (The Twilight Zone") also won the twitter poll with 65%, followed by Alyssa ("The Addams Family") with 33% and Jesse ("The Sid Caesar Show") with 2%. .***Jesse (Rowan Atkinson) also won the poll with 42%, followed by Lon (John Cleese) with 34% and Alyssa (Bill Hader) with 24% (closest poll between the three fighters of the five questions). .****Jesse (Miss Frizzle from "The Magic School Bus") won the twitter poll with 44%, followed by Alyssa (Ann Perkins from "Parks and Recreation") with 41% and Lon (Balki from "Perfect Strangers") with 15%. .*****Jesse ("Firefly") won the twitter poll with 57%, followed by Lon ("Hannibal") with 22% and Alyssa ("Steven Universe") with 21%. +Jesse was slightly faster at saying Homer Simpson, leaving Lon with Michael Scott. +*Lon was slightly faster at saying "Westworld." +**Split decision. Alyssa chose Jesse ("The West Wing") while Billy and Roxy chose Lon ("Westworld"). +***Split decision. Billy chose Jesse (Alexander) while Alyssa and Roxy chose Lon (Bateman). '''Episode 62: What TV Character Would Have the Best Stand Up Comedy Special? (1-10-2017)'''<ref>Episode 62: Which TV Character Would Have the Best Stand Up Comedy Special? (1-10-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-standup-comedy-specia-3073597</ref> As of this fight, 92 people have fought in TV Fights. Despite the fact that Movie Fights has run almost twice as long (almost 27 months vs. almost 14 months), this is one more than the 91 who have fought in official episodes of Movie Fights and marks the first time the number of TV Fighters has exceeded the number who have fought in official Movie Fights. The title card featured Dave Coulier (Joey Gladstone) and Tim Allen (Tim Taylor), who did not feature in the title question or any other question. The previous week, Dave Coulier's "Full House" co-star Bob Saget also appeared on the card despite not featuring in the show. At the end of the show, self-proclaimed TV Fights champion Joe Starr (record 1-3) appeared. He and Matt Lieberman (last seen 31 episodes ago when he won the Belt) will be fighting on January 31 along with a wild-card fighter, who will be chosen in the January 17 fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jay Washington || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Anastasia Washington || New fighter || Third |- | Michelle Nguyen || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jay !! Anastasia !! Michelle |- | 1: What current TV show should be completely rebooted? || || || 1* |- | 2: Who's TV most misunderstood villain? || 1** || || |- | 3: What TV character would have the best standup comedy special? || || 1*** || |- | 4: If you were to build a religion based on the teachings of any TV character who[m] would you chose? || 1 || **** || |- | 5: What is your most anticipated show of 2017? || ***** || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What was the more deserving show that got shut out at the [Golden] Globes? Was it "Westworld" or "Stranger Things?" || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is TV's best vampire? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of 2017, which show geared towards 17-year-olds would you rather watch: "The O.C." or "Gossip Girl?" || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which is the more iconic TV catch phrase: Steve Urkel's "Did I do that?" or Arnold's "Whatchu talking 'bout Willis?" || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Michelle ("The Walking Dead") also won the twitter poll with 53%, followed by Anastasia ("American Horror Story: Roanoke") with 27% and Jay ("Empire") with 20%. .**Jay (Eli Pope) actually lost the twitter poll with 19%. Michelle (the Demogorgon) won the poll with 57%, followed by Anastasia ("Rachel Duncan") with 24%. .***Again the lowest poller won the round. Anastasia ("Rebecca Bunch") received only 18% while Michelle (Titus Andromedon) received 48% and Jay (Curtis Holt) received 36%. These numbers do not add up to 100%, and Billy, who didn't have his glasses, had to put his computer screen right up to his face, so he may have mispoken. .****Anastasia (Lyanna Mormont) won the poll with 46%, followed by Michelle (Liz Lemon) with 34% and Jay (Dre Johnson) with 20%. .*****Jay ("The Punisher) won the twitter poll with 59%, followed by Michelle ("American Gods") with 21% and Anastasia ("Legion") with 20%. +Jay (Angel) won the round due to Michelle's pick (Vampire Hunter D) was fact-checked by Joe Starr to be a movie (not a TV) character. Further, the question asked for a vampire, not a show or another character in a show. '''Episode 63: What Was the Worst Sitcom of the 90's? (1-17-2017)'''<ref>Episode 63: Which was the worst sitcom of the 90's? (01-17-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-was-the-worst-sitcom-of-the-90s-3075031</ref> The third panelist was supposed to be Sasha Pearl Raver but she was not able to attend, so Emma Fyffe stepped in. The fight determines who will face Matt Lieberman and Joe Starr in the TV Fights Championship match on January 31, 2017. During the fight, there was a twitter poll to decide what the theme of the following week's episode would be. Netflix beat out 1990's and Classic (pre-1990). Relative to seating positions, the fighters all finished in the same places as the fighters from the previous week. Despite finishing in third place, Coy won four of the five twitter polls. Roxy wears a Muhammad Ali shirt in honor of his birthday. However, his name is misspelled as "Muhammed." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Coy Jandreu || 2/0 || Third |- | Emma Fyffe || 1/2 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Andy !! style="width: 4%"| Coy !! Emma |- | 1: What show that takes place on Earth should have a season set in outer space? * || 1** || || |- | 2: What show would benefit from using a "24" style season with a one day period shown chronologically? || || 1*** || |- | 3: What was the worst TV sitcom of the '90's? || 1**** || || |- | 4: "The People v. O. J. [Simpson]" cleaned up at the Golden Globes. What real life true crime story would inspire the best TV series?***** || || || 1+ |- | 5: What TV show would be most improved by adding the Muppets? || || || 1+* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What's the better competition show: "Survivor" or "Big Brother?" || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is Betty White's birthday.... Which female comedian would be better in a modern-day "Golden Girls": Sarah Silverman </br> or Amy Schumer? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: It's also Muhammad Ali's birthday.... Who would win in a fight: Brienne from "Game of Thrones" or Xena: Warrior Princess? || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which was the better revival: "Arrested Development" or "Gilmore Girls?" || 1+**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Originally, Roxy asked the first question from the previous episode, leading to confusion. .**Andy ("Fargo") actually lost the twitter poll with 19%. Coy ("Parks and Recreation") won with 44%, followed by Emma ("Supergirl") with 37%. .***Coy ("Jessica Jones") also won the twitter poll with 40%, followed by Andy ("Homeland") with 31% and Emma ("Westworld") with 29%. .****At the time of the awarding of the point, Billy indicated that Andy ("The Diary of Desmond Pfeiffer") also won the twitter poll. .*****A variation of this question was also asked in episode 15, in which Andy also fought. +Emma (Ervil LaBaron murders) actually lost the twitter poll with 14%. Coy (H.H Holmes murders) won the poll with 54%, followed by Andy (Tanya Harding/Nancy Kerrigan) with 32%. +*Emma ("Galavant") once again lost the twitter poll with 19% despite receiving the point. As before, Coy ("It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia") won the poll with 41%, followed closely by Andy ("The Voice") with 40%. +**Split Decision. Billy chose Emma (Xena) while Roxy chose Andy. Coy had sided with Andy until the end of Emma's argument, ultimately claiming they were tied. +***Andy ("Gilmore Girls") won despite the fact that, even before the ruling, he indicated that he had never seen the show (nor had Emma). '''Episode 64: What Is The Best Netflix Original Series? (1-24-2017)'''<ref>Episode 64: Which is the best Netflix original series? (1-24-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-best-netflix-original-series-3076473</ref> Billy's name in the lower third is misspelled as Billy Buisness. He is accompanied on the couch by Dan Thom. A new TV Fights logo is debuted. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Pearl Raver || 3/2 || '''Win''' |- | Danielle Radford || New Fighter || Second |- | Stephanie Michelle || New Fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Sasha !! Danielle !! Stephanie |- | 1: Netflix is enjoying success with "A Series of Unfortunate Events."... What movie should... next Netflix turn into a TV series? || 1 || || * |- | 2: What cancelled TV show needs to be revived by Netflix? || ** || 1 || |- | 3: What is the best Netflix original series? || 1 || || *** |- | 4: Best original character from a Netflix exclusive? || 1 || || **** |- | 5: We're looking for a crossover pitch. So you can use any two original Netflix shows. || || ***** || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Who would win in a fight: Jessica Jones or Eleven from "Stranger Things"? || x || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the worst Netflix original show? || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What genre does Netflix nail better: drama or comedy? || || 1+* || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Marvel Netflix show? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of our new President being sworn in, what Netflix character would you want to see as our next President? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which show featuring a TV magic woman should be rebooted into a Netflix series: "I Dream of Jeannie" or "Bewitched"? || 1+** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Stephanie (''Mad Max: Fury Road'') won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Sasha (''Mean Girls'') with 40% and Danielle (''The Last Dragon'') with 17% .**In the closest twitter poll in TV Fights history, Sasha ("Penny Dreadful") won with 34% while Danielle ("Veronica Mars") and Stephanie ("Pushing Daisies") tied at 33% each. .***Stephanie ("Stranger Things") won the twitter poll with 50%, followed by Sasha ("House of Cards") with 31% and Danielle ("BoJack Horseman") with 19% . .****Stephanie (Barb) once again wins the Twitter poll with 49%, followed by Sasha (Crazy Eyes) with 35% and Danielle (Tastyee) with 16%. .*****Danielle ("Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt"/"Jessica Jones") won the twitter poll with 52%, followed by Stephanie ("Fuller House"/"Orange is the New Black") with 26% and Sasha ("The Get Down"/"Narcos") with 22%. +Split decision. Stephanie chose Danielle ("Hemlock Grove") while Billy, Dan, and Roxy agreed with Sasha ("The OA"). +*Split decision. Billy chose Sasha (drama) while Dan and Roxy agreed with Danielle (comedy). Stephanie could not give a decision. +**Sasha was faster at saying "I Dream of Jeannie" won based on votes from Billy, Dan, and Roxy (Stephanie abstained). '''Episode 65: Who Is The Best TV Character Of All Time? (PART 1) (1-31-2017)'''<ref>Episode 65: Who is the best TV character of all time (Part 1)? (1-31-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-the-best-tv-character-of-all-time-3077760</ref> Second Championship Match. Matt Lieberman appears after a 33-episode absence. Joe Starr was supposed to be the third fighter but he claimed he could not make it due to the ''John Wick 2'' after-party and invoked a "Trial by Combat" to have Dan Murrell fight in his place. Andy states a "trial by combat" is in the rule book. Once again Billy's lower third is spelled incorrectly (Buisness instead of Business). He is joined on the couch by fan Donald "Dizzle" Davis. This is the second episode of TV Fights to not be counted in the official statistics (however, prior records are shown below for reference; these records do not change after this fight). The day after the fight, Billy announced on SJ Universe that he and Roxy ruled that the match would be stricken and the title vacated. Another fight for the Belt would take place the following Tuesday between Matt, Joe, and Dan (Andy, who won the wildcard spot was disqualified). As a result of the problem that it caused, Trial by Combat has been removed from all fights (however, it is invoked in the Schmoedown that takes place three days later). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Lieberman || 4/1 || Second |- | Andy Signore || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 2/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! style="width: 6%"|Andy !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: Who is the best TV trash-talker of all time? || || 1 || * |- | 2: In honor of the champ throwdown, what is the best rivalry in all of TV history? || 1 || || ** |- | 3: Who is the best TV character of all time? || 1*** || || |- | 4: "Charmed" is getting a reboot set in the '70s.... We want you guys to pick a show to reboot and set it in a different decade. || || || 1**** |- | 5: Who is the worst couple in TV history? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2+ || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both of you guys are gunning to be number one. What is the best show with a number in the title? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Ben Affleck has said he will not direct ''The Batman.'' What superhero TV show would you want to see Ben </br> Affleck direct an episode of? || || 1+* || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: You guys are fighting for the TV Fights Belt. Which is the cooler TV accessory: Daryl Dixon's crossbow or </br> Jon Snow's Valyrian steel sword? || 1+** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of Mary Tyler Moore, who is the best TV actor or character with three names? || || 1 || x |- |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5'''+*** || 1 |} .*Dan (Gordon Ramsay) won the poll with 51%, followed by Andy (The Rock) with 38% and Matt (Malcolm Tucker) with 13% (adds up to 102%, so it is possible that the Rock had 36%). .**Matt (Raylan Givens and Boyd Crowder) actually lost the twitter poll with 7%. Dan (Jim Halpert and Dwight Schrute) won with 53%, followed by Andy (Eric Cartman and Kyle Broflovski) with 40%. .***In a reversal from the previous question, Matt (Walter White) won the poll with 40%, followed by Andy (Homer Simpson) with 38% and Dan (Jean-Luc Picard) with 22%. .****Dan ("The West Wing") won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Matt ("Buffy the Vampire Slayer") with 35% and Andy ("24") with 28%. .*****Andy (Spencer Pratt and Heidi Montag) actually lost the poll with 21%. Matt (Rachel Green and Joey Tribbiani) won with 50%, followed by Dan (Nikki and Paulo) with 29%. +Andy elected to have Dan fight on his behalf for the Speed Round (any points Dan wins go to Andy (shown as "Andy?" on the scoreboard), which ultimately lead to the decision to have a new match. Andy was ultimately disqualified. +*Split decision. Billy chose Matt ("Jessica Jones"), while Dizzle and Roxy chose Dan ("Daredevil"). +**Matt was faster at saying the Valyrian steel sword and won unanimously. +***As Andy, Dan, and Joe all laid claim to the title, Roxy stated that there would be a twitter poll to decide the winner (choices would also include Matt), but this is not the method that was ultimately used. '''Episode 66: What is the Biggest TV Betrayal? (PART 2) (2-7-2017)'''<ref>Episode 66: What is the Biggest TV Betrayal (Part 2)? (2-7-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-championship-part-ii-what-was-the-biggest-3079013</ref> Part II of the Championship Title fight. Promised without shenanigans. Matt Lieberman insisted on having Joe Starr be 3rd panelist (who also showcases a handmade TV Fights championship belt "representing the people"). Billy's lower third has finally been corrected to the right spelling of "Business". {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Lieberman || 4/1 || Second |- | Joe Starr || 1/3 || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 2/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! style="width: 6%"|Joe !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: In honor of what happened last week, what is the most controversial ending to a TV show episode of all time? || * || || 1 |- | 2: After last week's shenanigans, what is TV's biggest betrayal? ** || 1*** || || |- | 3: Pitch a crossover of one cartoon show and one live action show, done in a ''Who Framed Roger Rabbit?'' style. || **** || || 1 |- | 4: In a reverse from last week, who is the worst TV character of all time? || || || 1***** |- | 5: What TV series had the best final season? || || 1+ || |- | TIE BREAKER: Who was the best Super Bowl commercial from this year? || 0+* || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: After last week's shenanigans, which TV character would you choose to fight for you in a life-or-death "Trial By Combat"? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Periodic Table Day. Which TV scientist would you rather have tutor you: Neil deGrasse Tyson or Bill Nye? || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Tom Brady's miraculous win..., who is TV's best Tom, Thomas, or Tommy, character or actor? || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Look at the DVD case behind you. What is the best show on your side? || || x || 1+**** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3+***** || 1 || 5 |} .*Dan (the censoring in the "South Park" episode "201") actually lost the twitter poll with 24%. Matt ("The Sopranos"'s cut to black in the finale) won the poll win with 48%, followed by Joe (Ned Stark's death in the ninth episode of "Game of Thrones") with 28%. .**Question read by Billy. Roxy accidentally started reading the first Speed Round question. .***Matt (Walder Frey/Red Wedding in "Game of Thrones") also won the poll with 56%, followed by Joe (Hulk Hogan joins NWO) with 31% and Dan (Nina Meyers in "24" season 1) with 13%. .****Matt ("Rick and Morty"/"Community") and Dan ("The Flash"/"Batman: The Animated Series") each received 45% of the twitter vote while Joe ("Robotech"/"House of Cards") received 10%. .*****Dan (Lori Grimes) also won the poll with 63%, followed by Matt (Cousin Oliver) with 23% and Joe (Carrie Mathison) with 15%. However, at the time, Billy indicated that twitter was not working. +Joe ("Breaking Bad") also won the poll with 75%, followed by Dan ("The Wire") with 15% and Matt ("Friday Night Lights") with 10%. +*Split decision. Billy had chosen Joe (Audi) since Matt's choice (84 Lumber) didn't air in its entirety during the game (also, Billy needed to tell Matt the name of the company). +**Both fighters said Tyson at the same time, but Matt agreed to take Billy Nye and unanimously won the point. +***Split decision. Fifteenth overturn on TV Fights (fourteenth by Roxy). Billy and Joe chose Dan (Tom Brokaw), but Roxy felt Matt (Tom Selleck) gave the stronger argument. +****Dan was faster at choosing "Breaking Bad." Matt chose "Seinfeld," a show that also appeared on Dan's side. +*****Matt's loss marks the first instance in Screen Junkies history in which a champion loses a Belt. '''Episode 67: TV's Best Valentine's Day Episode? (2-14-2017)'''<ref>Episode 67: TV's Best Valentine's Day Episode? (2-14-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-valentines-day-tv-episode-30809783</ref> Although this is Brianne Chandler (aka Miss Movies)'s first time fighting on Screen Junkies, she has fact checked for Movie Fights twice in the past. She has also competed on Movie Games. Billy reveals during this episode that he has never watched an episode of "The Simpsons". {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Perri Nemiroff || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Brianne Chandler || New Fighter || Third |- | Charley Feldman || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Perri !! Brianne !! Charley |- | 1: If you had to pull of a bank robbery, what TV character would you want as your accomplice? || || || 1* |- | 2: Pick an African-American historical figure and pitch a Netflix show based on them. || || || 1** |- | 3: What is the best Valentine's Day episode of any TV Show? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Who is the best female lead of a TV show? || 1 || **** || |- | 5: What is the best decade for TV? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which TV character would you hire to take out John Wick? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What was the most memorable moment from the Grammy's this past weekend? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What TV character, past or present, desperately needs to stay single? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Nick Cannon has said he wants to leave his hosting gig at "America's Got Talent." Who should take over as host: Mario Lopez or Kelly Osbourne? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: What show makes you yell at your TV more: "The Walking Dead" or "Game of Thrones?" || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Charley (the eleventh Doctor from "Dr. Who") also won the twitter poll with 36%, closely followed by Brianne (Jack Bauer) with 35% and Perri (Elliot from "Mr. Robot") with 29%. .**Charley (Shirley Chisholm) actually lost the twitter poll with 13%. Perri (Martin Luther King Jr.) won the poll with 48%, followed by Brianne (Micheal Jackson) with 39%. .***Perri ("My Funny Valentine" from "Modern Family") actually lost the poll with 18%. Charley ("I Love Lisa" from "The Simpsons") won with 58%, followed by Brianne ("Anna Howard Day" from "30 Rock") with 24%. .****Brianne (character Buffy Summers from Buffy the Vampire Slayer) won the poll with 44% followed by Perri (Lucille Ball in "I Love Lucy") with 37% and Charley (Tatiana Maslany in "Orphan Black") with 19%. .*****Brianne (1960's) actually lost the poll with 7%. Charley (2010's) won the majority of the twitter poll with 76%, followed by Perri (1970's) with 17%. +Split decision. Brianne sided with Charley (Buffy Summers) while Billy and Roxy chose Perri (Ash Williams). +*Split decision. Brianne sided with Perri (Mario Lopez) while Billy and Roxy chose Charley. '''Episode 68: Which X-Men Character Should Get A TV Spin-off? (2-21-2017)'''<ref>Episode 68: Which X-Men Character Should Get A TV Spin-off? (2-21-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-x-men-character-should-get-a-tv-spinoff-3082439</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr || 1/2 || '''Win''' |- | Jaden LeBel || New Fighter || Third |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Greenup Angie Greenup] || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roger !! Jaden !! Angie |- | 1: After the success of The LEGO Batman Movie, which I loved, what show should get a LEGO-themed episode? || * || || 1 |- | 2: Which ''X-Men'' character should get a TV spin-off? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: Now that "Girls," and subsequently Lena Dunham's nudity, is coming to an end, what show would benefit the most from adding nudity to it? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: With the Oscars coming up this weekend, we want you guys to pitch a TV show based on any [2016] film nominated for an Academy Award. It can be in any category. || || 1 || **** |- | 5: Who is TV's all-time greatest writer? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is National... Sticky Buns Day. Who has TV's best buns? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best show that has a location as or in the title? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best show that starts with the letter "E'? || + || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND D: "Britney Ever After" ...just had a controversial debut. What pop star should have a Lifetime TV movie made about [him or her]? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Jimmy Kimmel is considering retiring after fourteen years. Who[m] would you rather see take over his late-night talk show: Louis C.K. or Aziz Ansari? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Roger ("Game of Thrones") won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Angie ("It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia") with 36% and Jaden ("Law & Order: SVU") with 17%. .**Jaden (Rogue) won the poll with 43%, followed by Angie (Storm) with 31% and then Roger (Mystique) with 26%. .***Jaden ("Modern Family") won the twitter poll with 57%, followed by Roger ("Martha & Snoop's Potluck Dinner Party") with 22% and Angie ("You're the Worst") with 21%. .****Angie (''Arrival'') also won the poll with 58%, followed by Jaden (''La La Land'') with 28% and then Roger (''Sully'') with 14%. .*****Roger (Martha Stewart) unanimously won over Angie (Kim Kardashian) due to his unique argument. +Roger asked if "Evergreen Terrace" was a show. After fact checking, Billy told him that is was a band. As Billy has never seen "The Simpsons," he was unable to tell Roger that that was where the show took place. +*Split decision. Jaden chose Roger ("Everybody Hates Chris) due to his ability to come up with an answer in the last minute, but Billy and Roxy voted for Angie ("Everybody Loves Raymond"). '''Episode 69: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Bachelor? - BACHELOR FIGHTS! (2-28-2017)'''<ref>Episode 69: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Bachelor? - BACHELOR FIGHTS! (2-28-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-best-bachelor-ba-3083939</ref> This is an all "The Bachelor"/"The Bachelorette" fight. The contestants are from the shows (Lauren has only appeared on "Bachelor in Paradise"). Each time someone receives a point, he/they receive a rose. First time there is a team fighting as one in a singles panel (per Billy, this is still an official fight). Ashley and Lauren refer to themselves as Team TMI. Andy Signore's first time as Fact Checker on TV Fights. Billy, who has never seen the shows, remains on the couch checking social media. Jared Haibon appeared as a couch guest in December 2016 on the Star Wars episode of Movie Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Brooks Forester || New Fighter || Third |- | Jared Haibon || New Fighter || '''Win''' |- | Ashley & Lauren Iaconetti || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Brooks !! Jared !! style="width: 8%"|Team TMI |- | 1: What is the most shocking "[The] Bachelor"/"[The] Bachelorette" moment in the shows' history? || || 1 || * |- | 2: Which TV character would make the best Bachelor? || || ** || 1*** |- | 3: We want you guys to pitch a crossover between "The Bachelor"/"[The] Bachelorette" and any other reality TV show. || || || 1**** |- | 4: We wanna know what real life single celebrity/athlete/personality... should become the next Bachelor or Bachelorette? || 1 || ***** || |- | 5: Who is the best Bachelor/Bachelorette of all time? || + || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Should you have sex in the fantasy suite? || || 0+* || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which contestant should get a second chance as the next Bachelor or Bachelorette? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: If host Chris Harrison died, who would be the next best host? || x || || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is the worst Bachelor or Bachelorette of all time? || x || 1+**** +***** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What other reality show needs to add the fantasy suite? || x || 1++ || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the best TV location to take a date to? || x || 1++* || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 4 |} .*TMI (Brad Womack not choosing anyone) won the twitter poll with 64%, followed by Jared (Jason Mesnick changes mind after picking a winner) with 25% and then Brooks (Kaitlyn Bristowe and Nick Viall hook-up) with 11%. .**Roxy originally picked Jared, but Andy overruled her with his "1 Rose Overrule" point for TMI. This rule was not stated to everyone in the beginning. .***The poll agreed with Andy and voted for TMI (Uncle Jesse Stamos) with 48%, followed by Brooks (Cosmo Kramer) with 34% and Jared (Jack Shepherd) with 18%. .****Once again, TMI ("Survivor") won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Jared ("The Amazing Race") with 30% and Brooks ("The Biggest Loser") with 23%. .*****Poll results are skewed since the Screen Junkies twitter mistakenly put TMI's choice choice of Mindy Kaling instead of Kourtney Kardashian. Jared (Taylor Swift) won with 44%, followed by Brooks (Amy Schumer) with 27%. +Brooks (Juan Pablo) won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by TMI (Kaitlyn Bristowe) with 29% and then Jared (Ben Higgins) with 28% +*After extended arguments (Andy gave each fighter ten extra seconds), Jared unanimously won despite being slower at saying yes. +**Both contestants (Ashley argues all of the Speed Round questions for TMI) chose themselves. Jared unanimously won. +***Split decision. Brooks sided with Jared (Ashley Iaconetti), and Andy couldn't decide. Billy and Roxy choose Ashley (Wells Adams). +****Jared was faster at saying Juan Pablo. +*****Split decision. Billy chose Ashley (Desiree Hartsock) while Brooks, Roxy, and Andy sided with Jared. ++Split decision. Billy and Brooks sided with Ashley ("American Idol"), but Andy and Roxy chose Jared ("Big Brother"). ++*Split decision. Brooks chose Ashley (Seattle Grace Hospital), but Billy, Andy, and Roxy sided with Jared (the "Cheers" bar), giving him the win. '''Episode 70: Which celebrity should be on the next season of DWTS? (3-7-2017)'''<ref>Episode 70: Which TV Celebrity Should Be on the Next Season of DWTS? (3-7-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-celebrity-should-be-on-the-next-season-of-dwts-3086822</ref> For the second week in a row, all fighters are new (not just to TV Fights, but to all Screen Junkies competition shows). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alan Kistler || New Fighter || '''Win''' |- | Ryan Eleopouios || New Fighter || Third |- | Kirk Bonacci || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Alan !! style="width: 6%"|Ryan !! style="width: 6%"|Kirk |- | 1: Which episode of "The Simpsons" should Billy Business watch first to get him hooked? || 1* || || |- | 2: What is the most frustrating unsolved mystery from a scripted TV show that is no longer on the air? || ** || 1 || |- | 3: What is the all-time best TV prom episode? || *** || || 1*** |- | 4: The new cast of "Dancing with the Stars" has been announced.... What celebrity should be on the next season of "Dancing with the Stars?" || 1**** || || |- | 5: What is the greatest ensemble cast TV show of all time || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Today, it was announced that Jason Isaacs will be the new captain on "Star Trek: Discovery." What TV actor or actress would you cast as a Star Trek Captain? || x || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: The new "DuckTales" trailer dropped.... Which Disney cartoon deserves a modern-day makeover: "Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers" or "Darkwing Duck?" || || x || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Cereal Day. What cereal mascot should get a TV cartoon spinoff? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tomorrow is International Women's Day.... What TV show would suffer the most from losing its female cast members? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Tomorrow is the season premiere of "Survivor."... Now you must argue why your character would be the best contestant to win "Survivor?" + || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Alan ("Radioactive Man" from season 7) also won the twitter poll with 57%. Ryan ("Lisa the Vegetarian" from season 7) received 29% while Kirk (the series premiere, "Roasting on an Open Fire") received 14%. .**Ryan ("Twin Peaks") actually lost the twitter poll with 18%. Alan ("Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles) won with 48%, followed by Kirk ("Pinky and the Brain") with 37%. These percentages total 103%. Billy does not wear his glasses in this episode. .***Kirk ("Prom Night" from "That 70's Show") actually lost the poll with only 7%. Once again Alan ("The Prom" from "Buffy the Vampire Slayer") won with 57% while Ryan ("Underage Drinking: A National Concern" from "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia") received 38%. This adds up to 102%, but there is possible rounding error as the number of twitter voters was smaller because it was put out by Billy himself rather than the Screen Junkies twitter. .****Ryan (Arnold Schwarzenegger) won the poll with 57%, followed by Alan (Conan O'Brien) with 38%. Once again, Kirk (Donald Trump) only received 7%. Again, this totals 102%. .*****Split decision. Sixteenth overturn on TV Fights (fifteenth by Roxy). Ryan and Billy picked Alan ("Darkwing Duck"), but Roxy went with Kirk. +Character fight. First time this is used outside of Gamer Fights. Alan unanimously won by choosing The Master from "Dr. Who." Kirk had chosen Scooby-Doo. '''Episode 71: What TV Show Has the Best Fake Death? (3-14-2017)'''<ref>Episode 71: What TV Show Has the Best Fake Death? (3-14-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-tv-show-has-the-best-fake-death-3088969</ref> Andres returns to TV Fights after a 45-episode absence, 3 episodes short of the record set by Aaron Pruner. His name appears on the scoreboard as "ACE." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andres Cabrera || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Max Dionne || New Fighter || Second |- | Eddie Ray Smith || New Fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 8%"|Andres !! style="width: 5%"|Max !! Eddie |- | 1: What show has the best fake death? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Pitch any episode of TV with a mostly silent episode. || || 1** || |- | 3: In honor of ''Logan'', what TV character would you want to see a mini-series about 30 years into their future? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: What other news story, besides the elections from 2016, would make the best mini-series? || 1**** || || |- | 5: What is the best episode of the series ["Game of Thrones"] to date? || 1 || ***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 4 || 1 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: This Friday is St. Patrick's Day. If you were an Uber driver, which TV character[s] would be worse to pick up after a long night of them drinking?... Would it be the gang from "It's Always Sunny [in Philadelphia]" or the Gallaghers from "Shameless?" || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best TV show that stars with the letter "J"? || + || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: It's Pi Day, 3.14.... Which character would you rather have tutor you in math? +* || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best new show of 2017 so far? || 1+***, +**** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 0 |} .*Eddie ("Game of Thrones"-Jon Snow) won the twitter poll with 59%, followed by Ace ("Buffy the Vampire Slayer"-Angel) with 25% and Max ("Mad Men"-Don Draper) with 18%. This adds up to 102%. .**Max ("Seinfeld") also won the poll with 48%, followed by Ace ("Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) with 41% and Eddie ("Sliders") with 11%. .***Max (Eleven) won the poll with 38%, followed by Ace (Avatar Aang) with 33% and Eddie (Carl Grimes) with 29%. .****Ace (Deflategate) actually lost the twitter poll with 25%. Max (Brexit) won again with 40%, followed by Eddie (the fight in Aleppo) with 35%. .*****In his arguments for "Blackwater," Max stated that it was the only episode that all took place in one location. This is not true. Season 4's "The Watchers on the Wall" (also a ninth episode like Season 2's "Blackwater" and Ace's choice, "Battle of the Bastards" from Season 6) took place entirely at Castle Black. +After Max answered "Jeopardy!," Ace could not think of one in time. Roxy pointed out that a copy of "Jackass" was present on the case across the table from her. +*Character fight. Right before the question was asked, Ace chose Jon Snow, and Max chose Walter White. +**Split decision. Eddie chose Ace, but Billy and Roxy then both chose Max. +***Split decision. Eddie chose Max ("Big Little Lies"), Billy could not decide, and Roxy chose Ace ("Crashing"). *Both shows debuted on HBO on February 19. +****Billy called the game despite the fact that there was one question remaining for a possibly tie. He had earlier correctly stated that it was not game point, but before he indicated that he could not choose, he stated that it ''was''. '''Episode 72: What is the Worst Comic Book TV Show on Air? (3-21-2017)'''<ref>Episode 72: What is the Worst Comic Book TV Show on Air? (3-21-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-worst-comic-book-tv-show-on-the-air-3090855</ref> Relative to seating position, the fighters finished in the same places as last week. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Gina Ippolito || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Katy Stoll || New Fighter || Third |- | Ishmel Sahid || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 98%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Gina !! style="width: 5%"|Katy !! Ishmel |- | 1: There are a lot of annoying trends that really bug us.... So we want you guys to pitch a show based on an annoying trend. || 1* || || |- | 2: What is the best non-American produced TV show? || 1** || || |- | 3: In honor of "Iron Fist" - congratulations "Iron Fist" - what is the worst comic book show that is currently airing? || || 1*** || |- | 4: What is the best (of) all-time live-action Nickelodeon TV show? || || || 1**** |- | 5: With "Feud: Bette and Joan" airing now on FX,... we wanna know which feud do you wanna see as a mini-series on TV for "Feud?" || 1***** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: ''Power Rangers'' hits theaters this Friday. Who is the best Power Ranger of all time? || || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: "The Flash" and "Supergirl" have a musical crossover this week; I think it's tonight. What TV show should have a musical episode: "The Walking Dead" or "Game of Thrones?" || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which TV game show would you rather see a reboot of: "Deal or No Deal" or "Who Wants to be a Millionaire?" || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National Fragrance Day. Which TV character would inspire the best fragrance? + || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Take a look at the DVDs behind you.... Which is the worst show on your side? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which series finale should get a do-over: "Dexter" or "How I Met Your Mother?" || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Gina (e-cigarettes) also won the twitter poll with 40%, followed closely by Ishmel (Instagram selfies) with 38% and Katy (crystals) with 22%. .**Once again, Gina ("Dr. Who") wins both the point and the poll with 60%. Katy ("Peaky Blinders") received 32% while Ishmel ("Schitt$ Creek") received only 8%. .***In the closest poll of the game, Katy ("Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.") also won the poll with 37%, followed by Gina ("Legends of Tomorrow") with 33% and Ishmel ("Riverdale") with 30%. .****Ishmel ("The Adventures of Pete & Pete") actually lost the twitter poll with 23%. Gina ("Are You Afraid of the Dark?") won with 52%, followed by Katy ("Clarissa Explains it All") with 25%. .*****Gina (Bill Murray and Chevy Chase) also won the twitter poll for the fourth time with 46%, followed by Ishmel (Taylor Swift and Kanyé West) with 29% and Katy (Donald Trump and Rosie O'Donnell") with 25%. +Character fight. Gina chose Lisa Simpson, and Ishmel then chose Sansa Stark (originally "Cersei Stark," but later clarified). +*Possibly a split decision. Katy appeared to be leaning towards Gina ("T.J. Hooker") for her arguments against Ishmel's choice of "Jackass" but did not give a final decision. Billy and Roxy each chose Ishmel. '''Episode 73: Who is The Greatest WWE Superstar of All Time? - Wrestling Fights! (3-28-2017)'''<ref>Episode 73: Who Is The Greatest WWE Superstar of All Time? - Wrestling Fights! (3-28-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-the-greatest-wwe-superstar-of-all-time-wre-3092959</ref> This is a specialized "Wrestling Fights." The DVD cases are filled with wrestling-related DVDs. Each competitor got intro music. The replacement Fact Checker is Jonathan Bowles from Wrestle Crate. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 1/4 || Second |- | Danielle Radford || 0/1 || Third |- | Billy Patterson || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 69%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Joe !! Danielle !! Billy |- | 1: What is the most controversial wrestling angle/storyline ever? || 1 || * || |- | 2: What is the all-time best wrestling faction or stable? || ** || || 1 |- | 3: Pick any two characters to participate in a tag-team championship bout! || 1*** || || |- | 4: Who is the greatest WWE superstar of all time? || || **** || 1 |- | 5: What will be the stand-out match from Wrestlemania 33? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You can only watch the matches of one wrestler forever; who is it? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Worst reveal ever: The Shockmaster or Gobbledy Gooker? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Aside from Jim Ross, who is the greatest wrestling announcer ever? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best Finisher of all time? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: Pitch me your own wrestling gimmick. +** || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Danielle (Katie Vick funeral) won the twitter poll in a "landslide." .**Joe (N.W.O. (New World Order)) won the poll in a "landslide." .***Joe (Supergirl and Jessica Jones) also won the poll in a "big landslide." .****Danielle (The Rock) won the poll with 63%, followed by Billy (John Cena) with 22% and Joe (Eddie Guerrero) with 15%. .*****Split decision. Jonathan chose Billy (Shawn Michaels), but Danielle and Roxy chose Joe (Eddie Guerrero). +Split decision. Jonathan chose Joe (Gobbledy Gooker), but Danielle and Roxy chose Billy. +*Split decision. Danielle chose Joe (Hulk Hogan's leg drop), but Jonathan and Roxy chose Billy (Stone Cold Stunner). +**Billy's was simply called "Billy Business," and Joe's was called "Joe Starr." '''Episode 74: Pitch Us How Jason Blossom Died on Riverdale (4-4-2017)'''<ref>Episode 74: Pitch Us How Jason Blossom Died on Riverdale (4-4-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/pitch-us-how-jason-blossom-died-on-riverdale-3094753</ref> Trevor Stines plays Jason Blossom on Riverdale {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Pearl-Raver || 4/2 || '''Win''' |- | Ben Bateman || 1/0 || Third |- | Trevor Stines || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Sasha !! style="width: 5%"|Ben !! Trevor |- | 1: Which famous TV home would you like to live in? || * || || 1 |- | 2: What is the best use of fourth wall break in [a] TV show? || 1 || || ** |- | 3: With "Feud: Bette and Joan" airing now on FX..., what feud do you want to see on a mini-series? *** || || 1 || **** |- | 4: We want you guys to pitch us how Jason Blossom should have died [on "Riverdale"], killer and all. || || || 1***** |- | 5: What show in danger of getting cancelled deserves another chance for a new season? || 1 || || + |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Betty or Veronica? || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Hug a Newsperson Day. Which TV news personality would you want to give a hug to most? || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which Marvel Netflix character should go to the big screen? || || x || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Today is Ben & Jerry's "Free Cone Day".... What character should have an ice cream flavor based on them and what is in it? || 1+*** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Trevor (the Banks house) actually lost the twitter poll with 22%. Sasha (Rachel and Monica's place) won the poll with 55%, followed by Ben (Herb Simpsons's house) with 23%. This was revealed after the results of the second question's poll. .**Trevor ("Rick and Morty") won the poll with 44%, followed by Sasha ("House of Cards") with 40% and Ben ("30 Rock") with 18%. .***Rematch from episode 72. Roxy had forgotten that the question was asked. .****Trevor (Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla) won the poll with 50%, followed by Ben (Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant) with 38% and Sasha (Debbie Reynolds andElizabeth Taylor) with 12%. .*****Trevor (Jason mistaken for Archie), who plays Jason, also won the poll with 66%, followed by Ben (rivalry with Polly) with 18% and Sasha (affair with Chuck Clayton) with 16%. +Sasha ("Pitch") actually lost the poll with 21%. Trevor ("Marvel's Agents of Shield") won his fourth poll in a row with 53%, followed by Ben ("Fear the Walking Dead") with 26%. +*Split decision. Billy voted for Trevor (Betty), but Roxy and Ben chose Sasha. +**Ben liked Trevor's (unspecified Mexican weather lady) entertainment argument. However, Billy and Roxy picked Sasha (John Oliver). +***Character fight, but the flavor was chosen during arguments. Sasha (Hannah Horvath/Girls Gone Wild: chocolate with cereal and pretzels) unanimously won over Trevor (Dr. Gregory House/Everybody Lies: pistachio with walnuts and marshmallow). '''Episode 75: What Standup Comic Needs Their Own Scripted TV Show? (4-11-2017)'''<ref>Episode 75: What Standup Comic Needs Their Own Scripted TV Show? (4-11-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-standup-comedian-needs-their-own-tv-show-3097090</ref> Twelfth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. First since episode 55. Seventeenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Kausar Mohammed || New Fighter || Third |- | Kimia Behpoormia || New Fighter || Second |- | David Futernick || New Fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kausar !! Kimia !! David |- | 1: What director/actor should re-team for a TV show? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Which stand-up comic needs [his or her] own scripted TV show (not a stand-up special)? || || || 1** |- | 3: Everyone is still talking about the Undertaker retiring at WrestleMania 33 last week.... Which TV character currently on air needs to be retired from [his or her] show? || || 1*** || |- | 4: Who is the best non-human TV character of all time? **** || || || 1***** |- | 5: What '80s or '90s sitcom needs an "Unauthorized Story" TV movie on Lifetime made about it? || + || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Who is the best TV actor or character [whose name] starts with the letter "T"? || || 0 || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is National Pet Day.... What TV character would you want to do some heavy petting with? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: It was announced today that Superman will be returning for the Season 2 finale of "Supergirl," which is awesome. Which Netflix show would benefit the most from adding Superman to it? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Because of the events surrounding United Airlines, what TV character would be the worst customer service representative? +* || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather be in a prank war with: Jim from "The Office" or Barney from "How I Met Your Mother?" || x || || 1+** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*David (Cohen Brothers/Steve Buscemi) won the twitter poll with 50%, followed by Kausar (Tim Burton/Johnny Depp) with 27% and Kimia (Wes Anderson/Jason Schwartzman) with 23%. .**David (Dave Chappelle) also won the twitter poll with 67%, followed by Kausar (Ally Wong) with 28% and Kimia (Fortune Feimster) with 7%. .***Kimia (Bobby Flay) actually lost the poll with 26% for the third time in a row. David (Meredith Grey) won with 39%, followed by Kausar (Ice T) with 35%. .****Submitted by Billy's mother. .*****David (ALF) actually lost the poll with 28%. Kimia (Perry the Platypus) won with 37%, followed by Kausar (Salem the cat) with 35%. +Kausar ("Friends") won the poll with 46%, followed by David ("Family Matters") with 28% and Kimia ("Golden Girls") with 26%. +*Character fight. Before the question was read, David chose Tony Soprano, and Kimia chose Tommy Pickles. +**Kimia was faster at saying Jim, leaving David with Barney. Despite this, David unanimously won. '''Episode 76: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Jedi Knight? (4-18-2017)'''<ref>Episode 76: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Jedi Knight? (4-18-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-best-jedi-knight-3098954</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Charley Feldman || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | MeLissa Luna || New Fighter || Third |- | Adam Hann-Byrd || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 93%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Charley !! MeLisaa !! Adam |- | 1: Which show should get an off-Broadway musical? || 1 || * || |- | 2: What TV show would be improved by adding time travel? || || || 1** |- | 3: What TV character would be the best Jedi Knight? || 1 || || *** |- | 4: ["13 Reasons Why"] is doing very well, so we want from you guys what YA novel should get a TV adaptation next? || || 1 || **** |- | 5: Which current TV actor or actress is a future Oscar winner? || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Fresh off his new movie, King Kong is coming to TV and will explore some more of Skull Island.... What is the best TV show that is based on a movie? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which TV character is the better Bostonian: Ray Donovan or Sam Malone? || +* || x || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND C: "Girls" just wrapped up their series finale this last Sunday after six seasons of being on air.... Which is the better six-season show: "The Sopranos" or "Lost?" || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Netflix just announced a new animated series based on Carmen Sandiego. What TV character would you enlist to help you track down Carmen Sandiego? +*** || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*MeLissa ("That 70's Show") won the twitter poll with 40%, followed closely by Charley ("Hannibal") with 38% and then Adam ("The Wire") with 22% .**Adam ("Fargo") and Charley ("Survivor") tied in the poll with 34%. MeLissa ("Breaking Bad") received 32% .***Adam (Eleven) won the poll with 68%, followed by Charley (Steven Universe) with 17% and MeLissa (Marry Barry) with 15% .****MeLissa ("Miss Peregrine") actually lost the twitter poll with only 17%. Adam ("Ender's Game") won with 44%, followed by Charley ("The Golden Compass") with 39%. .*****Adam (Jordan Peele) also won the poll with 67%, followed by Charley (Kate McKinnon) with 23% and MeLissa (Dylan Minnette) with 10%. +Split decision. Roxy and Billy chose Charley ("Buffy the Vampire Slayer"). MeLissa initially picked Charley but then changed her mind to Adam ("Fargo"). +*Charley indicated after the point was awarded that she had never seen either show ("Cheers" or "Ray Donovan"). This may explain why she neglected to mention that Sam used to be a relief pitcher for the Red Sox. *Further, she stated that a good Bostonian is someone with whom you'd want to have a drink. Though Sam was a bartender, he actively avoided alcohol. +**Adam was slightly slower at saying Sam. Despite this, he unanimously won the point. +***Character fight. Charley chose Dana Scully, and then Adam chose Vincent Adultman. '''Episode 77: Which TV Character Should Join The Cast Of Fast and Furious 9? (4-25-2017)'''<ref>Episode 77: Which TV Character Should Join The Cast Of Fast and Furious 9? (4-25-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-should-join-the-cast-of-fast-and-3101149</ref> DJ would also go on to win the Movie Fights Debut Deathmatch two days later, beating runner-up Charley Feldman, who won the previous TV Fight. When Roxy introduces Matt, she states that it is his fourth time on the show, which she states is a record. While it is his fourth time on the show, that is not a record. Sasha Perl-Raver has been on seven times with a record of 5-2. Former champion Matt Lieberman has a record of 4-2. There are several other fighters who have been on four or more times. Eighth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place and first since episode 48. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Knost || 1/2 ||Second |- | DJ Wooldridge || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | Cassie Keets || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"| Matt !! style="width: 5%"|DJ !! Cassie |- | 1: Pitch a new animal-human buddy cop TV show. || 1 || || * |- | 2: What '60s or '70s sitcom could be rebooted for today's audience? || 1 || || ** |- | 3: What is the best FX show of all time? || *** || || 1 |- | 4: What's the best animated show of the 2010's? || **** || 1 || |- | 5: Which TV character should join the cast of ''Fast and Furious 9''? || ***** || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: NBC's "Powerless" doesn't look like it's coming back for another season.... Which superhero show should be cancelled next? || || 1+ || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National DNA Day. Who is the best TV scientist? || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: "Bates Motel" had its series finale. Now that she's done "Bates Motel," what TV show should Rihanna join next? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: This last Saturday was Tax Day. Which TV character would you trust to do your taxes for you? +*** || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Cassie (Spiderman/Charlotte the spider) won the twitter vote with 47%, followed by Matt (Ice-T/Bubbles the Chimp) with 41% and DJ (Gorilla/Police officer) with 12%. .**Again, Cassie ("Happy Days") won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Matt ("The Brady Bunch") with 34% and DJ ("Hogan's Heroes") with 29%. .***Matt ("It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia") won the poll with 52%, followed by Cassie ("Fargo") with 34% and DJ ("The Shield") with 14%. .****DJ ("The Legend of Korra") actually lost the twitter poll with 23%. Matt ("Rick and Morty") won the poll again with 52%, followed by Cassie ("Archer") with 23%. .*****Matt (Fresh Prince/Will Smith) won the vote with 44%, followed by DJ (Michael Knight) with 31% and then Cassie (Jessica Jones) with 25%. +Split decision. Billy sided with Matt ("Iron Fist"), but Cassie and Roxy chose DJ ("Gotham"). +*Split decision. Billy chose DJ (Dr. Ravi Chakrabarti) while Cassie and Roxy chose Matt (Gil Grissom). +**Split decision. Cassie picked Matt ("Game of Thrones") while Billy and Roxy chose DJ ("The Flash"). +***Character fight. Matt chose Sherlock Holmes while DJ chose MacGyver. '''Episode 78: Who Is The Most Controversial Animated TV Character? (5-2-2017)'''<ref>Episode 78: Who Is The Most Controversial Animated TV Character? (5-2-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-the-most-controversial-animated-tv-character-3102912</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Drew DiFonzo-Marks || New Fighter || Second |- | Lilian Bowden || New Fighter || Third |- | Tehran Von Gharasi || New Fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 93%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"| Drew !! Lilian !! Tehran |- | 1: Which dead character on any show would you resurrect from the dead? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Who is the most controversial TV animated character? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: What is the best single year in TV history (can be from any decade) || *** || || 1 |- | 4: Who should take over for Peter Capaldi as the new Doctor on "Doctor Who?" || || || 1**** |- | 5: With a looming Writers Guild strike, pitch a currently-running scripted show that could turn into a reality show. || || 1 || ***** |- | TIE BREAKER: Fox cancelled the show "Pitch." What female lead-driven show would you bring back? || 0+ || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is Life Insurance Day. What TV character needs life insurance the most? || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the best... TV actor or character that starts with the letter 'M'? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: One, two, three, four. I declare a thumb war. Who wins? +** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which nursery rhyme should be made into a TV show: "Jack and Jill" or "Humpty Dumpty?" || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: You can only recommend one of these shows to someone. Which one do you recommend: "Breaking Bad" or "The Wire?" || || x || 1+****, +***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Tehran (Chef from "South Park") won the twitter poll with 46% Closely followed by Lilian (Glenn from "The Walking Dead") with 41% and Drew (Starbuck from "Battle Star Galactica") with 14% .**Lilian (Speedy Gonzalez) won the poll with 42%, followed by Tehran (Harley Quinn) with 41% and Drew (Leela) with 17%. .***Drew (2017) won the poll win with 46%, followed by Lilian (1997) with 40% and Tehran (1989) with 15%. .****Drew (Wil Wheaton) conceded his point to Tehran (Lupita Nyong'o) which aided in his getting his point over Lilian (Olivia Coleman). .*****Tehran ("Veep") won the twitter poll with 41%, followed by Drew ("Game of Thrones") with 38% and Lillian ("13 Reasons Why") with 21% +Billy and Roxy chooses Drew's ("Party Over Here") argument over Lilian ("Daria") due to Lilian's lack of supportive reasons in her rebuttal +*Split decision. Billy sided with Tehran (Jack Bauer), but Lilian and Roxy sided with Drew (David Palmer). +**Character fight. Drew chose Jean-Luc Picard. Tehran chose Jerry Seinfeld. +***During Drew's argument, he stated Humpty Dumpty was an egg. As Billy points out, while that's a popular belief, that is never specified in the nursery rhyme. +****Tehran was slightly slower at saying "Breaking Bad." +****Split decision. JTE chose Drew ("Breaking Bad"), but Lilian, Billy, and Roxy sided with Tehran. '''Episode 79: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Imaginary Friend? (5-9-2017)'''<ref>Episode 78: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Imaginary Friend? (5-9-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-the-most-controversial-animated-tv-character-3102912</ref> Second week in a row with all new fighters. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mo Welch || New Fighter || Third |- | Brittany Ashley || New Fighter || '''Win''' |- | Luke Kelly-Clynne || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Mo !! Brittany !! style="width: 5%"|Luke |- | 1: Which season of a great show could you skip? || 1 || * || |- | 2: Which TV show could've still worked in the time before TV as a radio serial? || || 1** || |- | 3: Which TV character, real-life or animated, would make the best imaginary friend? || || || 1*** |- | 4: What is the most complicated TV relationship? || **** || 1 || |- | 5: What TV character's will and testament would you most want to be named in, and what would you most want from [him or her]? || || 1***** || |- | TIE BREAKER: It's being reported that Jennifer Morrison is leaving "Once Upon a Time." What current TV show would have the best chance of surviving if its lead actor or actress left the show? || || x || 0+ |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best TV show that has four or more words in the title? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Teacher Day. Who[m] would you rather have your kid have for a teacher: Mr. Feeny from "Boy Meets World" or (Ms.) Frizzle from "The Magic School Bus?" || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: ABC is picking up "American Idol." Which TV character would do best in "American Idol?" || x || 1+* || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 2 |} .*Brittany (Season 1 of "Sex and the City") won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Mo (Season 9 of "Roseanne") with 34% and Luke (Season 6-B "The Sopranos") with 23%. .**Brittany ("Jessica Jones") also won the twitter poll with 46%. Luke ("Arrested Development") received 38% while Mo ("Big Little Lies") received with 16%. .***Luke (George Costanza) also won the poll with 42%, closely followed by Brittany (Daria Morgendorffer) with 41% and then Mo (the Cynthia doll from "Rugrats") with 17%. .****Mo (Cersei and Jamie Lannister) won the poll with 49%, followed by Brittany (Buffy and Spike) with 33% and Luke (Jerry Seinfeld and Elaine Benes) with 18%. .*****Brittany (Jessica Jones and her super strength) also won the poll with 41%, followed by Luke (Frasier and his apartment) with 32% and Mo (The Fresh Prince and his jersey collection) with 27%. +Roxy and Billy chose Luke (Richard of "Silicon Valley") as Mo ("Homeland") gave up half way through her argument. +*Character fight. Luke chose Jesse Pinkman while Brittany chose Buffy Summers. '''Episode 80: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Wedding Officiant? (5-16-2017)'''<ref>Episode 80: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Wedding Officiant? (5-16-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-best-wedding-offic-3106567 </ref> Today is Stacy Howard's birthday. Although she is listed as a new fighter, Stacy has participated in a Movie Fights Debut Deathmatch. In addition to this being Jay's second win, it is oddly his second win against a fighter with the last name Washington, which also happens to be ''his'' last name. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jay Washington || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Stacy Howard || New fighter || Second |- | Damian Washington || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Jay !! Stacy !! Damian |- | 1: Who is the biggest playboy/player in TV history, male or female? || || 1 || * |- | 2: Pitch an amusement park ride based around a TV show. ** || || || |- | 3: We are re-booting a classic (pre-2000) TV show by gender-swapping the lead. || 1 || || *** |- | 4: Which TV character would make the best wedding officiant? || || || 1**** |- | 5: Which TV character would be the most fun to body swap with for 24 hours? || ***** || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: "Timeless" was cancelled and then un-cancelled.... Which show would you rather have un-cancelled: "2 Broke Girls" or "Powerless?" || 0 || x || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both "Dancing With the Stars" and "The Bachelor" surprisingly are getting spin-offs. What other reality competition show should get a spin-off? || 1 || + || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: ABC is getting in the live-action musical special game with "The Little Mermaid".... Which musical should be a live TV special next: "The Lion King" or "Beauty and the Beast?" || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National Piercing Day. Which character would you trust the most to give you a piercing? +* || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: "Roseanne" has been picked up for a revival at ABC. Is this good idea, yes or no? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: You could only recommend one of these shows to someone; which do you recommend: "Breaking Bad" or "The Wire?" +** || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Damian (Blanche Devereaux from "Golden Girls") won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Stacy (Samantha Jones) with 34% and Jay (Ron Johnson) from "A Different World") with 27%. .**Roxy awarded no points. Jay ("Diners, Drive-ins and Dives") won the poll with 40%. .***Damian ("The A-Team") won the poll with 51%, followed by Jay ("Quantum Leap") with 27% and Stacy ("Cheers") with 22%. .****Damian (Stephen Colbert) also won the poll with 43%, followed by Stacy (Leslie Knope) with 40% and Jay (Titus Andromedon) with 17%. .*****Jay (Luke Cage) won the poll with 43%. Stacy (Jimmy Neutron) and Damian (Daenerys Targaryen) tied with 29% each. +Split decision. Seventeenth overturn on TV Fights (sixteenth by Roxy). Damian and Billy picked Stacy ("Iron Chef"), but Roxy chose Jay ("The Voice"). +*Character fight. Stacy chose Russ from "True Detective," and then Jay chose Oliver Queen from "Arrow." +**Also used as the fifth Speed Round question just two episodes earlier. '''Episode 81: Which TV character Would You Choose to Help You Defeat a Xenomorph? (5-23-2017)'''<ref>Episode 81: Which TV character Would You Choose to Help You Defeat a Xenomorph? (5-23-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-you-choose-to-help-you-defe-3108206</ref> Thirteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Fifteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. In the beginning of the episode, Billy states that Max's premature loss to Ace Cabrera was the reason that the chart was created showing how many points were needed to win. This is not true. Billy had the chart for more than two months before Max's loss. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || 2/1 || Second |- | Lon Harris || 2/0 || '''Win''' |- | Max Dionne || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! style="width: 6%"|Lon !! style="width: 5%"|Max |- | 1: Pitch original game shows. We want the concept, the host, the grand prize, whatever ya got. || || || 1* |- | 2: What TV show that got renewed should not have? || || 1** || |- | 3: ''Alien: Covenant'' is king of the box office this weekend.... Which TV character would you choose to help you defeat a Xenomorph? Superheroes and superpowers are banned. || 1 || || *** |- | 4: Who is TV's best LGBTQ character? || 1 || **** || |- | 5: Last week, we asked which show would make the best theme park ride, and now we're revisiting that! Which theme park ride would inspire the best TV show? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is National Lucky Penny Day. Which TV character needs the penny's luck more: George Michael from "Arrested Development" or Jesse Pinkman from "Breaking Bad?" || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the best actor or character whose name starts with the letter "D"? || 1***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which new season should you binge over the three-day weekend that's coming up: "Master of None" Season 2 or "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" Season 3? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which movie monster would make the better TV series spin-off: Alien or Predator? || || 1+ || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 5 || 1 |} .*Max also won the twitter poll with 41%, followed by Trisha with 40% and Lon with 19%. .**Lon ("13 Reasons Why") also won the poll with 58%, followed by Max ("Lethal Weapon") with 30% and Trisha ("The O.A.") with 12%. .***Max (Daryl Dixon) won the poll with 44%, followed by Trisha (Dr. Harry Wells) with 32% and Lon (Dexter Morgan) with 24%. .****Lon (Titus Andromedon) won the poll with 49%, followed by Trisha (Sophia Burset) with 34% and Max (Max Blum) with 17%. .*****Split decision. Billy chose Lon (Daredevil), but then Max and Roxy chose Trisha (Daria Morgendorffer), whom she originally referred to as Darla. +When Trisha and Lon previous fought each other [on Movie Fights], more than seven months earlier, the final speed round question asked which they would rather fight. Trisha won in a split decision with Alien. She chose Predator this time around and unanimously lost, giving Lon the victory for the episode. '''Episode 82: What Is The Best Non-Netflix Streaming Show? (5-30-2017)'''<ref>Episode 82: What is the Best Non-Netflix Streaming Show? (5-30-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-best-non-netflix-streaming-show-3109744</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hector Navarro || 1/4 || '''Win''' |- | Kaycee Conley || New fighter || Second |- | Mark David Christensen || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 98%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hector !! Kaycee !! style="width: 5%"|Mark |- | 1: What is the best non-Netflix streaming show? || 1* || || |- | 2: Because of the return of "Twin Peaks" on Showtime instead of ABC,... which previously network show... should have a revival on a premium channel... or streaming service? || 1** || || |- | 3: Pitch a drama with any sitcom character... as the lead. || || *** || 1 |- | 4: Which TV character would you hire to be your personal trainer/fitness coach? || **** || 1 || |- | 5: Schools are out across the country, and millions of seniors are finally graduating. Which TV would you show a high school senior to best prepare [him or her] for real life? || 1***** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: In honor of current events, which TV character... deserves to have a dog urinate on [him or her]? || x || 0 || + |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Steven Spielberg is rebooting "Animaniacs." Which cartoon should be rebooted next: "Hey Arnold!" or "Recess?" || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Hole in [My] Bucket Day.... What TV theme song is more annoying than the "Hole in My Bucket" song? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Memorial Day, which TV character would make the best drill sergeant? +*** || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which comedian should get a reality TV show? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: "[The] Simpsons" or "Family Guy?" || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Though there were streaming issues, Hector ("The Handmaid's Tale") also won the twitter poll with 54%, followed by Kaycee ("Transparent") with 24% and Mark ("Catastrophe") with 22%. .**Once again (and still with streaming issues), Hector ("Hannibal") also won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by Kaycee ("Lost") with 36% and Mark ("The Cosby Show") with 13%. .***Kaycee (Dwight from "The Office") won the poll with 74%, followed by Mark (Joey from "Full House") with 18% and Hector (Paula from "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend") with 8%. .****Hector (Chris Traeger) won the poll with 59%, followed by Kaycee (A.C. Slater) with 24% and Mark (Tracy Jordan) with 17%. .*****Hector ("Master of None") won the poll with 70%, followed by Kaycee ("The Apprentice") with 22% and Mark (Nathan Barley) with 8%. +Mark couldn't think of an answer, so he ran out of time. +*Split decision. Mark chose Kaycee ("Hey Arnold!"), but then Billy and Roxy chose Hector. +**Split decision. Mark chose Hector ("Barney & Friends" (but the incorrect song)), but then Billy and Roxy chose Kaycee ("Friends"). +***Character fight. Hector chose Samurai Jack, then Kaycee chose Xena: Warrior Princess. '''Episode 83: Who is TV's Most Badass Woman? (6-6-2017)'''<ref>Episode 83: Who is TV's Most Badass Woman? (6-6-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-tvs-most-badass-woman-3111911</ref> Second week in a row in which the winner scores the first two points of the game. Due to a second week of streaming issues, this episode also was shown live on youtube. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alex Weber || New fighter || Third |- | Ele Woods || New fighter || Second |- | Edgar Momplaisir || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Alex !! style="width: 5%"|Ele !! Edgar |- | 1: What is the worst show your significant other could be binge-watching that you have to suffer through? || * || || 1 |- | 2: Our favorite shows have wrapped for the season, so we wanna know from you guys, what was the best season finale for any show this year? || ** || || 1 |- | 3: In honor of ''Wonder Woman'', who is TV's most badass woman (actress)? || || 1*** || |- | 4: If you could be on a desert island with one TV character for the rest of your life, who would it be? || || 1 || **** |- | 5: It is the fiftieth anniversary of one of the most famous albums of all time, "Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"... by the Beatles.... Which Beatles song would inspire the best TV series and then you guys have to pitch what that series would be. || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: It's been reported that Nicolas Cage turned down a chance to cameo as himself in "Master of None" Season 2. Which TV show would benefit the most from a Nicolas Cage cameo? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Jerry Seinfeld awkwardly declined to hug Ke$ha on the red carpet, and it's cringe-worthy.... Based on that, which TV character needs a hug the most? || x || 1***** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: L.A. traffic is the worst.... Who would be the worst TV character to be stuck in traffic with? Is it Kimmy Gibbler or Kimmy Schmidt? || x || || 1+, +* |- | SPEED ROUND D: Today happens to be my boyfriend's birthday.... Which TV character's birthday party would you want to attend most? +** || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Alex ("The O.A.") won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Edgar ("Chuck") with 33% and Ele ("Game of Thrones") with 24%. *This was announced after the fighting for the second round finished as the poll hadn't been posted during the first round. .**Alex ("Master of None") won the poll with 38%, followed by Edgar ("The Leftovers") with 33% and Ele ("The Last Man on Earth") with 29%. .***Ele (Angela Lansbury) actually lost the poll with 26%. Alex (Julia Louis-Dreyfus), who is yet to score a point, once again won the poll with 44%, followed by Edgar (Claire Danes) with 30%. .****Edgar (Sterling Archer) won the poll with 61%, followed by Ele (Magnum, P.I.) with 25% and Alex (Dinesh Chugtai) with 14%. .*****Split decision. Billy chose Edgar (Oscar the Grouch), but then Alex and Roxy chose Ele (Bette Davis). +Edgar was faster at saying Schmidt. +*Split decision. Billy chose Ele (Gibbler), but Alex and Roxy chose Edgar. +**Character fight. Edgar chose Tom Haverford, then Ele chose Rory Gilmore. '''Episode 84: Which Superhero Alum Should Guest Star On a Super Hero Show? (6-13-2017)'''<ref>Episode 84: Which Superhero Alum Should Guest Star On a Superhero Show? (6-13-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-superhero-alum-should-guest-star-on-a-su-3113636</ref> Fourteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Nineteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Although Victor is listed as a new figher, he has briefly fought once on Movie Fights' "Debut Deathmatch" in April 2017. Greg wins the episode despite not winning any of the pre-Speed Round audience polls. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Victor Torres || New fighter || Third |- | Greg Nix || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Katy Dolle || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 94%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Victor !! style="width: 5%"|Greg !! style="width: 5%"|Katy |- | 1: In the same vein of Linda Carter on "Supergirl" or John Wesley Shipp on "[The] Flash," what superhero alum would you like to see make a guest appearance and on what superhero show? Pitch what the episode would look like. || 1* || || |- | 2: Improve a TV show by adding Wonder Woman in it... and we want you guys to do this with no superhero shows allowed. || ** || 1 || |- | 3: What's the most satisfying TV villain death? || *** || 1 || |- | 4: If you were in jail, what TV character would you want as your cellmate? || || || 1**** |- | 5: Who is the most underrated character in TV history? || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which TV character is least likely to swear in front of [his or her] parents? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best TV show with an adjective in the title? || x || || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Father's Day,... what TV dad would you want as your own? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better TV show editing room to sit in? +* || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Victor (Kevin Conroy on "Gotham") also won the poll with 51%, followed by Katy (Jennifer Garner on "Daredevil") with 25% and Greg (Val Kilmer on "Gotham") with 23%. .**Victor ("Game of Thrones") won the poll again with 62%, followed by Greg ("Veep") with 23% and Katy ("Big Little Lies") with 15%. .***Victor (Joffrey Baratheon) won the poll with 58%, followed by Greg (Gus Fring) with 37% and Katy (Ralph Cifaretto) with 5%. .****Katy (Jessica Jones) won the poll with 51%, followed by Greg (MacGyver) with 38% and Victor (Wilfred) with 11% .*****Katy (Geoffrey Butler) won the poll with 49%, followed by Victor (Jean Belcher) with 26% and Greg (Frasier Crane) with 25%. +Split decision. Billy chose Greg ("The Good Place"), but then Victor and Roxy chose Katy ("Breaking Bad"). +*Show round. Before the question was asked, Katy answered "13 Reasons Why", then Greg answered "The Simpsons." '''Episode 85: Reboot a "Rotten" Movie Into a TV Series! (6-20-2017)'''<ref>Episode 85: Reboot a "Rotten" Movie Into a TV Series! (6-20-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/reboot-a-rotten-movie-into-a-tv-series-3114733</ref> Josh Macuga returns after a 39-episode absence. Hal Rudnick returns after a 53-episode absence, not having fought since the first Belt fight. This is the new record. Twentieth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. After winning, Hal advances to Tag Team Turmoil, along with Jay Washington and Lon Harris. At the end of the episode, Sasha Perl-Raver is also announced. *In the previous episode, it had been stated that the winning team would face off against Dan Murrell for the Belt. However, at the end of this episode, Billy states that the two members will face off against each other, and only the winner will go up against Dan. In addition to winning, Hal wins all the twitter polls in the first five rounds. In addition to being shut out, JTE finishes in third place in four of the five twitter polls. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Josh Macuga || 1/4 || Second |- | JTE || 1/1 || Third |- | Hal Rudnick || 2/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Josh !! style="width: 5%"|JTE !! style="width: 5%"|Hal |- | 1: In honor of Adam West, who should play Batman next on TV? || || || 1* |- | 2: We want you guys to take film rated "rotten" on Rotten Tomatoes and pitch it as a TV show reboot. || 1** || || |- | 3: What is the greatest MTV show of all time? || || || 1*** |- | 4: Who is the best TV sister? || 1 || || **** |- | 5: Pitch a TV show based on any athlete. || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 0 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who in the digital space... should there be a TV show based around? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Production on "Bachelor in Paradise" has resumed. Should alcohol be limited on reality shows, yes or no? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What show should have an episode in black and white? || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV character would you volunteer to be tickled by? +* || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Today is National "Hike With a Geek" Day. Which TV geek would you rather take a hike with: Carlton from "[The] Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" or Ross from "Friends?" || 1 || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the better central location for a show: coffee shop or bar? || || x || 1+** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || 0 || '''6''' |} .*Hal (Bruce Campbell) also won the poll with 49%, followed by Josh (Patrick Dempsey) with 30% and JTE (David Harbour) with 21%. .**Josh (''The Phantom'') actually lost the poll with 25%. Hal (''Alien vs. Predator'') won the poll again with 44%, followed by JTE (''MacGruber'') with 31%. .***Hal ("Beavis and Butt-Head") also won the poll with 54%, followed by Josh ("Spring Break") with 24% and JTE ("Yo! MTV Raps") with 12%. However, this only adds up to 90%. .****Hal (Arya Stark) won the poll for the fourth time in a row with 42%, followed by Josh (Monica Geller) with 32% and JTE (Mona Lisa) with 26%. .*****Hal (Muhammed Ali) also won the poll with 53%, followed by Josh (Rob Gronkowski) with 27% and JTE (George Foreman) with 20%. +Split decision. Billy chose Hal (no), but JTE and Roxy chose Josh. +*Character fight. Hal chose Cosmo Kramer, the Josh chose George Costanza. +**Hal was faster at saying bar and unanimously won. '''Episode 86: What Movie Monster Should The Stranger Things Kids Fight?! (6-27-2017)'''<ref>Episode 86: What Movie Monster Should The Stranger Things Kids Fight?! (6-27-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-movie-monster-should-the-stranger-thin-3115698</ref> Fifteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-first episode (and third consecutive) in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Coy Jandreau advances to Tagteam Turmoil with his win. *He was the only one of the the competitors in this match who would have been eligible, but a win was required for him to advance. Coy's record is announced to be 3-1 in the beginning of the episode, but it is actually 2-1. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Grant Pardee || New fighter || Third |- | Karl Hess || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 94%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Coy !! Grant !! style="width: 5%"|Karl |- | 1: What is the best TV marriage proposal? || || 1* || |- | 2: Who is the all-time worst TV character?... (bad conceptually) || 1** || || |- | 3: If the Emmy Awards had a lifetime achievement award, which actor or actress would you pick to get it? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Best comic relief character in any superhero series? || 1 || **** || |- | 5: What movie monster do you want to see the "Stranger Things" kids fight? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: What TV character would you trust the most to be on lifeguard duty when your kid is playing in the pool? || x || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: June Gloom is almost over. Who is TV's gloomiest character? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which show's cast would you most want to have help you assemble IKEA furniture? || || x || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National Sunglasses Day. Which TV character would inspire the best sunglasses? + || 1+* || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 2 |} .*Grant (Jim and Pam in "The Office (US)") also won the poll with 62%, followed by Coy (Joey and Rachel in "Friends") with 25% and Karl (Jerry and Elaine in "Seinfeld") with 13%. .**Coy (Sheldon Cooper) also won the poll with 49%, followed by Karl (the fly in "Breaking Bad") with 29% and Grant (Sonia the Hedgehog) with 23%. .***Coy (Bryan Cranston) also won the poll with 69%, followed by Grant (Christina Applegate) with 16% and Karl (Walton Goggins) with 15%. .****Grant (Alfred from "Batman: The Animated Series") won the poll with 51%, followed by Coy (Proinsias Cassidy) with 28% and Karl (Felicity Smoak) with 21% .*****Split decision. Grant chose Coy ("X-Men: The Animated Series"), but then Billy and Roxy chose Karl ("Game of Thrones"). +Character round. Karl chose Vic Mackey, then Coy chose Walter White. +*Split decision. Grant chose Karl, but Billy and Roxy chose Coy. '''Episode 87: What Is The Most Patriotic TV Series Of All Time? (7-4-2017)'''<ref>Episode 87: What Is The Most Patriotic TV Series Of All Time? (7-4-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-most-patriotic-tv-series-of-all-time-3115719</ref> Pre-taped in late June due to the Fourth of July holiday. Jonathan Harris is Lon's brother. Ninth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Sixteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-second episode (and fourth consecutive) in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Including this episode, both of Joe Starr's TV Fights wins are on pre-taped episodes. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 1/5 || '''Win''' |- | Max Song || New fighter || Second |- | Jonathan Harris || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Joe !! style="width: 5%"|Max !! Jonathan |- | 1: What is the most patriotic TV series of all time? || || || 1 |- | 2: Which show is the best representation of America, good or bad? || || 1 || |- | 3: Which TV dad would throw the best July Fourth barbecue? || 1 || || |- | 4: What TV show's setting would be best if moved to a beach? || 1 || || |- | 5: Pitch a Fourth of July episode for a current TV show. || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which TV couple has the most fireworks between them? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Because we are in July,... best character or actor (or actress)... that's name starts with the letter "J?" || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which show better embodies the American Dream? Is it "Shark Tank" or "America's Got Talent?" || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV character is most likely to injure [his or her self] on the Fourth of July? * || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Character round. Joe picked Jessica from "Fresh off the Boat," then Max chose Luke Cage. '''Episode 88: Which TV Character Would Be The Worst House Guest? (7-11-2017)'''<ref>Episode 88: Which TV Character Would Be The Worst House Guest? (7-11-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-be-the-worst-house-guest-3117754</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jay Washington || 2/1 || Second |- | John Rocha || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Kaori Takee || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Jay !! style="width: 6%"|John !! Kaori |- | 1: Which TV character... needs to go on vacation the most? || || 1* || |- | 2: What three TV characters would make the best summer road trip companions? || 1 || ** || |- | 3: In honor of "Big Brother," what TV character would you least want as your house guest for three months? || *** || || 1 |- | 4: The team behind "Sherlock" is doing a Dracula show. Who should play Dracula? || **** || 1 || |- | 5: What is the most evil corporation from any TV show? || 1 || ***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What would be the better basis for a conspiracy theory show: 2Pac still being alive or us never landing on the moon? || || 1+, +* || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of ''Baby Driver'', what TV show should Edgar Wright guest direct an episode of? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National "Cheer Up the Lonely" Day. Which TV character would you want to cheer you up the most? || 1+** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: This Thursday is my birthday. Who would be the best character to have a joint birthday party with? +*** || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*John (Rick Grimes) also won the twitter poll with 60%, followed by Kaori (Lois Griffin) with 29% and Jay (Olivia Pope) with 11%. .**John (K.I.T.T., Kermit the Frog, and Fozzie) won the poll with 59%, followed by Jay (Barney Stinson, Mork, and Charlie Harper) with 39% and Kaori (Carrie, Miranda, and Samantha from "Sex and the City") with 11%. .***Jay (Sheldon Cooper) won the poll with 45%, followed by Kaori (Peter Griffin) with 40% and Jay (George Costanza) with 15%. .****Jay (Jon Hamm) won the poll with 48%, followed by John (Matt Bomer) with 37% and Kaori (Julian McMahon) with 15%. .*****John (Sweetums) won the poll with 37%, followed by Jay (MomCorp) with 36% and Kaori (the Corporation from WWE) with 27%. +John was faster at saying 2Pac. +*Split decision. Kaori chose Jay, but then Billy and Roxy chose John. +**Split decision. Kaori chose John (Big Bird), but then Billy and Roxy chose Jay (Pee-wee Herman). +***Character fight. Jay chose Bart Simpson, then John chose Tony Soprano. '''Episode 89: Who Is TV's Most Offensive Character? (7-18-2017)'''<ref>Episode 89: Who Is TV's Most Offensive Character? (7-18-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-tvs-most-offensive-character-3118896</ref> Pre-taped episode due to Comic-Con. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. Aaron Pruner returns after a 35-episode absence. Aaron previously held the record for longest absence with 48 episodes until it was broken by Hal Rudnick by five episodes, four episodes ago. Tenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Seventeenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. *Aaron actually finishes in third place in all three of his matches so far. Twenty-third episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Aaron Pruner || 0/2 || Third |- | Victor Torres || 0/1 || Second |- | Billy Patterson || 2/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 94%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Aaron !! Victor !! Billy |- | 1: What is the biggest snub of this year's Emmys? || 1 || || |- | 2: What TV character would make the best Emmy host? || || 1 || |- | 3: Who is TV's most offensive character? || || || 1 |- | 4: If Syfy did another... miniseries based on a fairytale, i.e "Alice" [or] "Tin Man," what tale should they do? || || || 1 |- | 5: "Game of Thrones"... aired last night.... What TV character would you pick as your Hand of the King or Queen? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What TV show panel would you be most excited to see at Comic-Con, which is coming up this week? || x || 1* || |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of the Thirteenth Doctor announcement, what iconic TV character should be gender-swapped? || x || || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Rob Kardashian just released nudies of Blac Chyna. Which TV character would you not trust with nudies of you? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What surviving "Game of Thrones" character should die next? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which TV character would make the best Emmys acceptance speech? *** || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Split decision. Aaron chose Billy ("The Flash"), but then Lon and Roxy chose Victor ("Rick and Morty"). .**Split decision. Aaron chose Victor (Tim Taylor), but then Lon and Roxy chose Billy (Jesse Katsopolis). .***Character fight. Victor chose Rick Sanchez from "Rick and Morty," then Billy chose Carl Winslow from "Family Matters." '''Episode 90: What Celebrity Should Have A Scripted Series About Their Life? (7-25-2017)'''<ref>Episode 90: What Celebrity Should Have A Scripted Series About Their Life? (7-25-2017) (7-18-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-celebrity-should-have-a-scripted-series-3120149</ref> Last episode to be solely on Screen Junkies Plus. Lon Harris as Fact Checker for second week in a row. He does not read any twitter poll results. The scoreboard lists the order of names in reverse order of the seating. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Yael Tygiel || 2/3 || Second |- | Ishmel Sahid || 0/1 || Third |- | Cameron Rice || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Yael !! Ishmel !! Cameron |- | 1: What Pixar movie should get its own TV show? || || || 1 |- | 2: ABC is adapting ''A Few Good Men'' as a live play on the network. Whether you like that move or not, we wanna know from you what other musical/play should be adapted for TV? || || 1 || |- | 3: Mariah Carey is executive producing a TV show based on her life.... What other celebrity should have a scripted series about [his or her] life? || || || 1 |- | 4: "Star Trek: Discovery" is coming up very soon. What TV actor would you want to see have a guest role as a "Star Trek" role? || 1 || || |- | 5: What TV show would inspire the best fan convention? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What should we be more excited for: "Westworld" Season 2 or "Stranger Things" Season 2? || || x || 1* |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of... "Teen Wolf" being turned into a podcast, what TV character would have the best podcast? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Steven Soderbergh's new movie was shot entirely on an iPhone. What show should shoot an episode entirely on an iPhone? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of the "Bob's Burgers"/"Archer" crossover, what two animated series would make the best crossover episode? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Cameron was slower at saying "Westworld," but still unanimously won. .**Split decision. Ishmel chose Yael ("Game of Thrones"), but then Lon and Roxy chose Cameron ("Cops"). '''Episode 91: What TV Show Should Christopher Nolan Direct an Episode of? (8-1-2017)'''<ref>Episode 91: What TV Show Should Christopher Nolan Direct an Episode of? (8-1-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LDSF74F_SQ&t=3061s</ref> Last episode catalogued in SJ Plus and the first to appear on the Screen Junkies News channel (ClevverMovies) due to sponsorship from T-Mobile. Though he is listed as a new fighter, Marc has appeared several times on Movie Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 5/2 || '''Win''' |- | Roger Barr || 2/2 || Third |- | Marc Andreyko || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Sasha !! Roger !! style="width: 6%"|Marc |- | 1: What TV series should have Christopher Nolan direct an episode? || 1* || || |- | 2: True Detective [Season] 3 will star Mahershala Ali. What actor or actress should co-star with him? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: We want you guys to pitch a TV show based on a TV commercial. || || 1*** || |- | 4: In honor of "GLOW," what TV show would inspire the best series focused on the making of that show? || || || 1**** |- | 5: What TV show's cast would make the best season of "Survivor?" ***** || 1 || + || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: "[The] Big Bang Theory" is getting a "Young Sheldon" spin-off.... What TV sitcom character should have a spinoff focusing on [his or her] younger years? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Unfortunately, some asshole hackers broke into HBO's system and stole some "Game of Thrones" script. What show would be the worst to have spoiled for you? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National Girlfriends Day. Why would your character be the best girlfriend? +* || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: The producers of "Stranger Things" almost didn't get the right to use the song "Thriller" in the Season 2 trailer. What other song could have fit for the "Stranger Things" trailer? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What current scripted series would have the best all-improvised episode? || || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Sasha ("Westworld") also won the twitter poll with 40%, followed by Marc ("Game of Thrones") with 38%, and Roger ("Mr. Robot") with 22%. .**Roger (Jake Gyllenhaal) won the poll with 46%. Marc (Jessica Chastain) and Sasha (Andy Serkis) each received 27%. .***Roger (outpost.com) also won the poll with 41%, followed by Marc (Progressive Insurance with Flo) with 32% and Sasha (anti-marijuana PSA) with 25%. .****Marc ("Star Trek: The Original Series") also won an unspecified poll with 45%, followed by Roger ("Twin Peaks: The Return") with 32% and Sasha (Pee-Wee's Playhouse) with 22%. .*****Question supplied by Lon Harris. +Roger ("The Walking Dead") won a poll with 42%, followed by Sasha ("Beverly Hills, 90210") with 40% and Marc ("Gilligan's Island") with 17%. +*Character fight. Marc and Sasha had to pick a female character. '''Episode 92: What 80's Movie Needs a TV Series?! (8-8-2017)'''<ref>Episode 92: What 80's Movie Needs a TV Series?! (8-8-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcyKRpKH000</ref> Billy is accompanied by producer Parker, whose last week is this week. Although William Bibbiani is listed as a new fighter, he fought and won one Movie Fight in April 2017 (and previously won an episode of Movie Games. Eighteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-fourth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Going into this episode, Lon and Billy were both tied for number one contender. But afterwards, Lon takes sole possession as he becomes 4-0. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/1 || Second |- | William Bibbiani || New fighter || Third |- | Lon Harris || 3/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 94%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Coy !! William !! style="width: 6%"|Lon |- | 1: Pitch another * TV series based on an '80s movie. || || 1** || |- | 2: Tina Fey will join the new NBC Comedy "Great News".... What current TV show would most benefit from Tina Fey joining the cast? || || || 1*** |- | 3: Whoopi Goldberg has signed on for Season 21 of "The View".... Which TV character would make the best addition to "The View?" || 1**** || || |- | 4: If you had to choose, which TV show's character death would you choose for yourself? || || || 1***** |- | 5: We got a trailer for "Mr. Robot" Season 3 this week. What show had the biggest drop in quality from Season 1 to Season 2? + || +* || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: "King of the Hill" might be revived at Fox.... Which Mike Judge-created show would you rather be revived: "King of the Hill" or "Beavis and Butt-Head?" || 0 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best TV show with a number in the title? || || x || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today... is National "Sneak Some Zucchini onto Your Neighbor's Porch" Day.... Which TV character's porch do you most want to sneak zucchini onto? || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today, I had to go bridesmaid dress shopping.... [For] which TV character's wedding would you wanna be a part of the wedding party? +**** || 1+***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: There are a lot of different streaming services and a lot exclusive shows on each service.... Which current show would get you to subscribe to a service you didn't have if... it moved there exclusively? || 1++ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Better comic ++* adaptation: "Preacher" or "American Gods?" || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Other than ''The Karate Kid''. .*William (Indiana Jones) also won an unspecified poll with 50%, followed by Lon (''Wall Street'') with 27% and Coy (''The Lost Boys'') with 21%. .***Lon ("Veep") also won an unspecified poll with 49%, followed by Coy ("Arrested Development") with 33% and William ("Daredevil") with 17%. .****Coy (Daria Morgendorffer) won the poll with 48%, followed by Billy (Lord Varys) with 29% and William (Harley Quinn) with 22%. .*****Lon (Claire Fisher from "Six Feet Under") also won the poll with 72%, followed by William (Kenny McCormick from "South Park") with 20% and Coy (Barbara Holland from "Stranger Things") with 6% *Billy states that Coy's 6% is the lowest polling he's ever seen, but there have been at least two previous instances of a fighter receiving 5%, including Ken Napzok for a question for which he was awarded the point. +Question written by Lon. +*Coy's first and second choices were respectively "True Detective" and "Heroes," which were the choices fought respectively by Lon and William. Coy went with his third choice, Prisonbreak, of which he's never watched an episode. +**Split decision. Parker chose Coy ("3rd Rock from the Sun"), but William, Billy, and Roxy chose Lon ("Three's Company"). +***Split decision. Billy and Parker chose Billy (Joe Bluth), but William and Roxy chose Coy (Joey Tribbiani). *It is unclear who Joe Bluth is, but Billy did refer to "Arrested Development." +****Character fight. +*****Split decision. Billy chose Lon (Dale Cooper), but the Parker, William, and Roxy all chose Coy (Batman from "Batman: The Animated Series"). ++Split decision. Parker chose Lon ("Game of Thrones"), but Billy and Roxy chose Coy ("This is Us"). ++*As Roxy pointed out, "American Gods" is not from a comic. '''Episode 93: Which TV Character Should Join the Defenders? (8-15-2017)'''<ref>Episode 93: Which TV Character Should Join the Defenders? (8-15-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifUaKyzhE7M&t=652s</ref> Superhero TV show-themed episode. Eleventh episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. This is Jay Washington's fifth appearance on TV Fights. In each appearance, he has sat in the chair next to the Judge's chair. *It is also the first episode of TV Fights that he has won in which he did not defeat someone else with his own last name. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jay Washington || 2/2 || '''Win''' |- | Yael Tygiel || 2/4 || Second |- | Ed Greer || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 73%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%"|Jay !! style="width: 6%"|Yael !! style="width: 6%"|Ed |- | 1: Which non-superhero TV character should join "The Defenders?" || || 1* || |- | 2: What TV superhero's power would be the worst to have? || || 2** || |- | 3: Best villain performance on any superhero show? || || || 1*** |- | 4: What current TV superhero would win in a massive battle royale? || 1 || || **** |- | 5: Pitch a cross-over between any two superhero shows. || 1***** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which company has the better shows of all time:... Marvel or DC? || +, +* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best animated superhero show ever? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is the best Defender? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which superhero would get the furthest on "Big Brother?" +*** || 1+**** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Yael (the tenth Doctor) also won an unspecified poll with 41%, followed by Jay (Jack Bauer) with 32% and Ed (K.I.T.T.) with 25%. .**Yael (Maya Herrera) also won the poll with 61%, followed by Ed (Daredevil) with 19% and Jay (Firestorm) with 18%. .***Ed (Killgrave/The Purple Man) also won the poll with 65%, followed by Yael (The Shadow King from "Legion") with 19% and Jay (Cottonmouth) with 15%. .****Ed (Supergirl) won the poll with 47%, followed by Jay (The Flash) with 44%, and Yael (Luke Cage) with 7%. .*****Ed ("The Greatest American Hero" and "Legends of Tomorrow") actually lost the poll with 19%. Yael ("Supergirl" and "Jessica Jones") won the poll with 53%, followed by Ed ("Daredevil" and "Iron Fist" prequel) with 26%. +Split decision. Ed chose (Yael) DC, but then Billy and Roxy chose Jay. +*Jay won the point despite being slower at saying DC. +**Split decision. Billy chose Jay (Daredevil), but then Ed and Roxy chose Yael (Jessica Jones). +***Character fight. Fighters had to pick a superhero before the question was asked. Yael chose first. +****Split decision. Ed chose Yael (White Canary), but then Billy and Roxy chose Jay (Oliver Queen). '''Episode 94: Best TV Cast to Help You Pull Off a Heist? (8-22-2017)'''<ref>Episode 94: Best TV Cast to Help You Pull Off a Heist? (8-22-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hys2c5EaQJc</ref> Ryan O'Toole as fact checker. Originally, Gina Ippolito was supposed to fight. She wasn't able to come to the studio, so Billy stepped in and used her answers. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Billy Patterson || 3/0 || Second |- | DJ Wooldridge || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Stacy Howard || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 8%"|Billy !! style="width: 6%"|DJ !! style="width: 6%"|Stacy |- | 1: In anticipation of "Star Trek: Discovery," what's the best TV show found behind a pay wall? || 1* || || |- | 2: Which TV character would you want to help you assemble your IKEA furniture? || || 1** || |- | 3: What actor traditionally associated with film has the best television performance? || || 1 || *** |- | 4: What Disney princess should join the Arrowverse? || || || 1**** |- | 5: In honor of ''Logan Lucky'', which TV cast would you enlist to help you pull of a heist? || || 1***** || |- | TIE BREAKER: Today is National Tooth Fairy Day. Which TV character would make the ''worst'' + Tooth Fairy? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: "Friends From College" just got renewed for a second season, and I will say that most people didn't seem to love the show. What next season of a Netflix show are you least looking forward to? || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: The last episode of "Game of Thrones" has been divisive amongst fans, so this season of "Game of Thrones," yea or nay? || 1+**, +*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would win TV Fights? +**** || || 1+***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is TV's best Rob or Bob? || 1++ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is the best primary character on a superhero TV show ? || || 1++* || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Billy ("Game of Thrones") also won the polls on youtube and twitter, receiving 66% on youtube. .**DJ (MacGyver) also won the youtube poll with 71%, followed by Stacy (Sherlock (Benedict Cumberbatch)) with 17% and Billy (the Twelfth Doctor) with 10%. .***Stacy (Matthew McConaughey in "True Detective") won the youtube and twitter polls, receiving 42% on youtube. Billy (Kevin Spacey in "House of Cards") and DJ (Eva Green in "Penny Dreadful") each received 28%. .****Stacy (Mulan) also won both polls, followed by DJ (Moana) and then Billy (Sleeping Beauty). .*****DJ ("The Defenders") won the youtube poll with 70%, beating Stacy ("The Magic School Bus") and Billy ("Veronica Mars") who received 13%. +Presumably, the question originally was to ask for the best. It is later revealed that every Speed Round question was changed since Billy had already seen them. +*Split decision. Stacy chose DJ ("Stranger Things" Season 2), but then Ryan and Roxy chose Billy ("Iron Fist" Season 2). +**Billy was faster at saying "yea." +***Split decision. Ryan chose DJ, but then Stacy and Roxy chose Billy. +****Character fight. Billy chose Danny Tanner, then DJ chose Daredevil. +*****Split decision. Ryan chose Billy, but Roxy chose DJ. ++Split decision. Eighteenth overturn on TV Fights (seventeenth by Roxy). Stacy and Ryan chose DJ (Bob from "Bob's Burgers"), but Roxy chose Billy (Bob Saget). ++*Split decision. JTE chose Billy (Supergirl) as Stacy couldn't decide, but Ryan and Roxy chose DJ (Arrow/Oliver Queen). '''Episode 95: What is the Best Episode of Game of Thrones? (8-29-2017)'''<ref>Episode 95: What is the Best Episode of Game of Thrones? (8-29-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpQFSParfbg&t=4123s</ref> Second "Game of Thrones" edition. At the end of the episode, Billy states that he and Lon have the same record again. This is incorrect as Lon is now 4-1 while Billy is 3-1. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 1/2 || '''Win''' |- | Michele Boyd || 1/5 || Second |- | Lon Harris || 4/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Michele !! style="width: 6%"|Lon |- | 1: What is the best episode of "Game of Thrones" so far? || 1* || || |- | 2: Which "Game of the Thrones" character needs a spinoff sitcom? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: Who is the best supporting character in the show? || *** || 1 || |- | 4: Which TV family from another show could take over Westeros? || 1 || || **** |- | 5: Who is the most badass character of all time on "Game of Thrones?" || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What House would you rather be from: Lannister or Targaryen? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who[m] would you rather have as your sister: Sansa or Arya? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Jon and Dany's incestuous relationship: yea or nay? || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is best fit to sit on the Iron Throne? +* || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: If you could bring back one character from the dead, who[m] would you pick... on "Game of Thrones" of course? || 1+*** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Spencer ("The Mountain and the Viper") actually lost the twitter poll with only 20%. Lon ("Battle of the Bastards") won the twitter (55%) and youtube polls while Michele ("Hardhome") received 20%. .**Michele (Ser Davos) won an unspecified poll with 47%, followed by Lon (Bran the Builder) with 45% and Spencer (Dolorous Edd) with 5% (these total to 97%). .***Spencer (Bronn) won the twitter and youtube polls with 46% and 34% respectively, followed by Michele (Brienne of Tarth) with 29% and 33% and Lon (Tormund Giantsbane) with 25% and 30% (youtube polls total to 97%). .****Spencer (the Cartmans from "South Park") actually lost the youtube poll with only 9% but received 34% of the twitter vote. Lon (the Addams family) won the youtube and twitter polls with 54% and 36% respectively while Michele (the Winchesters from "Supernatural") received 36% and 30%. .*****Michele (Cersei Lannister) also won the twitter poll with 41% (but lost the youtube poll with only 18%), followed by Spencer Oberyn Martell) with 40% (but 60% on youtube) and Lon (Wun Wun) with 19% (21% on youtube). +Split decision. Lon chose Michele (nay), but Billy and Roxy chose Spencer. +*Character fight. The fighters had to choose a living character. Michele responded first. +**Split decision. Nineteenth overturn on TV Fights (eighteenth by Roxy). Billy and Lon chose Spencer (Bran) (mainly because he sits a lot), but then Roxy chose Michele (Tyrion). +***Split decision. Lon chose Michele (Tywin), but then Billy and Roxy chose Spencer (Lady Olenna). '''Episode 96: Who Has the Best TV Superhero Suit of All Time? (9-5-2017)'''<ref>Episode 96: Who Has the Best TV Superhero Suit of All Time? (9-5-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRxLqVkpwrA&t=3471s</ref> Nineteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-fifth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Twelfth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 2/5 || Second |- | Josh Macuga || 1/5 || Third |- | Ben Bateman || 1/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Joe !! style="width: 6%"|Josh !! style="width: 6%"|Ben |- | 1: What show had the best time jump during its run? || || 1* || |- | 2: Which TV show do you never want to see made into a movie? || 1** || || |- | 3: With the new news of NBC developing a new police drama,... who is the best law enforcement character in TV history? || || || 1*** |- | 4: What is the best superhero TV costume of all time? || || || 1**** |- | 5: In honor of ''It'' hitting theaters on Friday, what show would be most improved if you added a clown to the main cast? || 1***** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is National Cheese Pizza Day. Who is TV's cheesiest character? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Football season is upon us. What TV character would do best at fantasy football? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: The full cast list for the upcoming season of "Dancing With the Stars" will be announced tomorrow morning. What current TV star should join the next season of "Dancing With the Stars?" || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: In "Game of Thrones," Arya Stark can take anyone's face she wants. Which TV character's face would be the most fun to take and wear around? +**, +*** || || x || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which is the better premise for a show: A: Long-lost twins reuniting or B: One twin murdering another? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Josh ("Halt and Catch Fire") actually lost an unspecified poll with only 6% (by the end of the second question, this would fall to 5%). Joe ("Parks and Recreation") won with 63%, followed by Ben ("Lost") with 31%. .**Joe ("Friends") also won the poll with 41%, followed by Ben ("Seinfeld" with 36%) and Josh ("The Sopranos") with 23%. .***Ben (Chief Clancy Wiggum) also won the poll with 52%, followed by Joe (Carl Winslow) with 31% and Josh (Andy Sipowicz) with 17%. .****Ben (Batman from "Batman: The Animated Series") with 73%, followed by Joe (Gizmoduck) with 18% and Josh (Superman from "Lois and Clark") with 9%. .*****Joe ("The Walking Dead") also won the poll with 53%, followed by Josh (nothing) with 28% and Ben ("Workaholics") with 19%. *As Roxy pointed out, this was the only poll in which Josh didn't finish in last. +Split decision. Billy chose Ben (Jack Donaghy), but then Josh and Roxy chose Joe (Abed Nadir). +*Joe unanimously won with Tom Bergeron, the host of the show. Tom was also Joe's answer to the first Speed Round question. +**Character fight. Before the question was asked, Ben chose Coach Eric Taylor, while Joe once again chose Tom Bergeron. +***After the arguments, Roxy clarified that the question wasn't which face ''Arya specifcally'' should take, but rather which face is general would be better to take. +****Split decision. Billy chose Joe, but Josh and Roxy chose Ben. '''Episode 97: What Show Will be the Breakout Hit of 2017? - TV Fights: Fall TV Fights! (9-12-2017)'''<ref>Episode 97: What Show Will be the Breakout Hit of 2017? - TV Fights: Fall TV Fights! (9-12-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yx3o6zzybko&t=306s</ref> Though Samm and Matt are listed as new fighters, they have each fought on Movie Fights previously. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Audrey Kearns || 2/2 || Third |- | Samm Levine || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Matt Iseman || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Audrey !! style="width: 6%"|Samm !! style="width: 5%"|Matt |- | 1: Which returning fall show do you think will have the best season? || || 1* || |- | 2: What will be the new breakout show of the fall season? || || || 1** |- | 3: What 90's TV show would you reboot to debut this fall? Pitch it. || || 1*** || |- | 4: What is the best new show to debut in the last five years? || 1 || **** || |- | 5: What is the best reality competition show of all time? || || 1 || ***** |- | TIE BREAKER: ''L.A. Confidential'' is going to become a show on CBS.... What other Oscar-nominated movie should become a CBS show? || || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Apple unveiled the iPhone 8 and iPhone X today. Which TV character's phone would be the most interesting to go through for an hour? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of "Freaks and Geeks," who is TV's biggest geek? || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would perform the best on "American Ninja Warrior?" +* || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who would be a worse roommate to have: Joey from "Friends" or [Cosmo] Kramer from "Seinfeld?" || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Samm ("South Park") also won the poll with 59%, followed by Matt ("This is Us") with 23% and Audrey ("Outlander") with 18%. .**Matt ("Rise") actually lost the poll with 15%. Audrey ("The Gifted") won with 48%, followed by Samm ("The Deuce") with 37%. .***Samm ("Quantum Leap") also won the poll with 55%, followed by Matt ("Star Trek: The Next Generation") with 31% and Audrey ("Space: Above and Beyond") with 14%. .****Samm ("Better Call Saul") won the twitter poll with 64%, followed by Audrey ("Orphan Black") with 31% and Matt ("The Profit") with 5%. .*****Matt also wanted to choose Samm's pick of "Big Brother," but Samm responded first. He then chose "Project Runway." +Samm was slightly fast at saying Sheldon (Cooper), leaving Matt to pick (Steve) Urkel. +*Character fight. Matt chose Adrian Monk, then Samm chose Ray Donovan. '''Episode 98: What Is The Best South Park Episode Ever?? (9-19-2017)'''<ref>Episode 98: What Is The Best South Park Episode Ever?? (9-19-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bITO-XIO5FQ</ref> Yael won the Movie Fights Debut Deathmatch 2 the previous Thursday. Twentieth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-sixth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. At the end of the episode, Roxy announced that the show would no longer be weekly after its 100th episode (three episodes after this one), which is scheduled for October 10. However, due to the changes stemming from Andy Signore's October 5 suspension and subsequent dismissal, this did not happen. Following Roxy's announcement, Billy announced that the next episode would be another "Star Trek"-themed one, with Brannon Braga and Scott Mantz returning to fight Robert Meyer Burnett, with Dan Murrell as Fact Checker (see the next episode's remarks for the changes; had this happened as scheduled, it would have set the record for oldest age for the youngest fighter in a panel (Scott Mantz at 49) in Fights history). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Yael Tygiel || 2/5 || Second |- | Danielle Radford || 0/1 || Third |- | Jonathan Harris || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Yael !! Danielle !! Jonathan |- | 1: Which new fall show is likely not to survive a full season? || || 1* || |- | 2: What was the biggest snub of the 2017 Emmys? || || || 1** |- | 3: "South Parks"'s twenty-first season premiere made people's Amazon Alexas go crazy.... What is the best "South Park" episode to date? || *** || || 1 |- | 4: It was recently revealed that Jennifer Lawrence originally auditioned for the role of Serena on "Gossip Girl."... Which TV show should Jennifer Lawrence join the cast of? || 1**** || || |- | 5: What TV show's world would you want to visit for a weekend the most à la Westworld? || 1***** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What was the best moment from the Emmys? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: James Corden is taking a lot of heat for kissing Sean Spicer at the Emmys. Who would be the worst TV character to kiss? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which TV character's lawn would you want to take a crap on the most? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND D: What TV character should host the Emmys? +* || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Today is #TalkLikeAPirateDay. Which TV show would be most improved by adding a pirate? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Danielle ("Ghosted") actually lost the poll with only 28%. Jonathan ("The Good Doctor") won with 40%, followed by Yael ("9JKL") with 32%. .**Jonathan ("West World") also won the poll with 46%, followed by Yael (Millie Bobby Brown) with 40% and Danielle ("Insecure") with 14%. .***Yael ("Make Love, Not Warcraft") won the poll with 45%, followed by Jonathan ("Return of the Fellowship of the Ring to the Two Towers") with 30% and Danielle ("Trapped in the Closet" with 25%. .****Yael ("Orange is the New Black") also won the poll with 42%. Danielle ("Saturday Night Live") and Jonathan ("The Handmaid's Tale") tied with 29% each. .*****Yael ("The Magician") actually lost the poll with 21%. Danielle ("Dr. Who") won with 50%, followed by Jonathan ("Mad Men") with 29%. +Split decision. Danielle chose Yael (Marcia Brady), but then Roxy chose Jonathan (Danny Tanner). +*Character fight. Before the question was asked, Yael said Olivia Benson, then Jonathan said Fin Tutuola, both from "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit." '''Episode 99: What TV Character Would Make the Best Star Trek Captain? - TV Fights: Star Trek Fights! (9-26-2017)'''<ref>Episode 99: What TV Character Would Make the Best Star Trek Captain? - TV Fights: Star Trek Fights! (9-26-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDMsLtsltTU</ref> Fight held on the thirtieth anniversary of the premiere of "Star Trek: The Next Generation." Dan also created an Honest Trailer for the show which debuted on youtube earlier in the day. Dan was originally to be the Fact Checker, but he is fighting instead. Billy fact checks instead. Brannon Braga and Scott Mantz are not fighting as originally scheduled. Robert Meyer Burnett is the only one of the three originally scheduled who does appear. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 3/1 || '''Win''' |- | Robert Meyer Burnett || New fighter || Third |- | David A. Goodman || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! Robert !! David |- | 1: What TV character would make the best Starfleet captain? || 1* || || |- | 2: What "Trek" character should host [his or her] own talk show? || ** || || 1 |- | 3: What was the best episode or moment that went deep and dealt with social issues? || || 1*** || |- | 4: Pitch an episode that sees two characters from different #"Star Trek" series team up. || 1**** || || |- | 5: What was the most stand-out moment from the "Star Trek: Discovery" series premiere? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: "Star Trek: Discovery"... is only available by paying a fee for CBS All Access: yea or nay? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who[m] would you rather have treat you: [Leonard] McCoy or [Beverly] Crusher? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best space ship in "Star Trek" that is not named ''Enterprise''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: "Young Sheldon" just premiered last night on CBS. Which "Star Trek" character should get a spin-off focusing on [his or her] younger days? ***** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who are the better villains: the Klingons or The Borg? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Dan (Jed Bartlet) actually lost the twitter poll with 20% (but won overwhelmingly on youtube). David (Daenerys Targaryen) won with 46%, followed by Robert (Don Draper) with 34%. .**David (Trelane from "The Squire of Gothos") actually lost the poll. Dan (Guinan) both the twitter poll with 50% as well as the youtube poll, followed by Robert (Elim Garak). .***Robert ("Arena") actually lost the twitter poll with 21%. Dan ("The Outcast") won with 49% (64% on youtube), followed by David ("Let That Be Your Last Battlefield"). .****Dan (Q and Trelane) actually lost the twitter poll with 23%. David (Data and Dax) won with 40%, followed by Robert (James Kirk and Seven of Nine)with 37%. .*****Character fight. Before the question was asked, David picked Spock, then Dan chose Geordi LaForge. '''Episode 100: Best Cartoon of the 90's! - 90'S TV FIGHTS!! (10-3-2017)'''<ref>Episode 100: Best Cartoon of the 90's! - 90'S TV FIGHTS!! (10-3-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_H8DtTfMOfg&t=135s</ref> Last episode of TV Fights before the suspension of Screen Junkies creator Andy Signore on October 6 and his termination two days later. While Screen Junkies would partially return on October 26 (21 days after the October 5 Movie Fight), Fights would not return until December. Twenty-first episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-seventh episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Thirteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Although Mary is listed as a new fighter, she participated in a Debut Deathmatch on Movie Fights 19 days earlier. Throughout the Speed Round, JTE always had Charley's score as one more than it should have been. This was not fixed until right before the final question. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Charley Feldman || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Matt Knost || 1/3 || Third |- | Mary Risk || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Charley !! style="width: 6%"|Matt !! style="width: 6%"|Mary |- | 1: What was the best cartoon of the 90's? || * || 1 || |- | 2: What 90's TV show would work just as well completely unchanged if it aired today? || || || 1** |- | 3: What TV show best encapsulates the 90's? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Pitch a cross-over of a 90's show that's no longer on the air today with a currently-running TV show. || || **** || 1 |- | 5: Who was the best TV character from the '90s? || ***** || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Should 90's shows be revived today, in general: yea or nay? || 0 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best 90's Nickelodeon cartoon? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best 90's character to grab a beer with? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National Boyfriend's Day. Who would make the better boyfriend? +* || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best 90's theme song? || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What show would you rather compete on: Nickelodeon's "Guts" or "Legends of the Hidden Temple?" || 1+***, +**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Charley ("Batman: The Animated Series") won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Matt ("The Simpsons") with 38% and Mary ("Animaniacs") with 15%. .**Mary ("The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air") won the poll with 65%, followed by Charley ("3rd Rock from the Sun") with 26% and Matt ("Mad About You"). .***Charley ("Friends") also won the poll with 51%, followed by Mary ("Seinfeld") with 34% and Matt (MTV's "Real World") with 15%. .****Matt ("Quantum Leap" and "Sherlock") won the poll with 56%, followed by Mary ("Saved by the Bell" and "The Good Place") with 25% and Charley ("Singled Out" and "Game of Thrones") with 19%. .*****Charley (Bart Simpson) won the poll with 47%, followed by Mary (Buffy Summers) with 38% and Matt (Zack Morris) with 15%. +Split decision. Matt chose Mary (Joey Tribbiani), but then Billy and Roxy chose Charley (Dana Scully). +*Character fight. Each fighter had to name a male character from the 90's. +**Split decision. Matt chose Mary ("The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air"), but Billy and Roxy chose Charley ("Friends"). +***Charley ties Spencer Gilbert (episode 17) for biggest comeback, after having been down 4-1. However, unlike in episode 17, at this point, Charley was in a must-win situation throughout the remainder of the episode. +****Charley ties Dan Murrell (episode 7) and Maude Garrett (episode 18) for most consecutive points (four). ==TV Fights References== {{Reflist}} {{Uncategorized|date=November 2015}} ==Fan Friction Episodes 1-8== "Fan Friction" appears live on Sundays on the The TUFF Channel youtube channel. It debuted on April 10, 2016 and has fans fight via Skype. It is hosted by Screen Junkies fan Jack Shipley, with default Fact Checker Ashley Davis. Like Movie Fights and TV Fights (current formats), there is five questions followed by a Speed Round (called the Lightning Round) in which two of the three fighters will compete. Each regular round consists of questions with the following names and descriptions: Round 1: Topic Thunder – In Today’s Movie News Round 2: Superhero Movie – Everything Marvel/DC and Beyond Round 3: Pitch Perfect – Creating Something Out of Nothing Round 4: Hollywood Shuffle – The Random Round Round 5: Personal Best – Simply the Best, Better Than All the Rest Tie breakers are not settled by debate but with a movie date trivia question. In the Lightning Round, fighters are given 20 seconds to initially argue with 10 second rebuttals. '''Episode 1: May the Farce Be with You (4-10-2016)'''<ref>Episode 1: May the Farce Be with You (4-10-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqL6uVTxf5E</ref> In this episode, the score resets going into the Lightning Round. Brian Hurst as Fact Checker. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Raul Rodriguez || New fighter || Third |- | Ashley Davis || New fighter || Second |- | Tom Bennis || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 78%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Raul !! Ashley !! Tom |- | 1: Which ''Star Wars'' original trilogy cast member should die next? || || 1* || |- | 2: Which DC supervillain should join ''The Suicide Squad'' besides the Joker? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: Pitch the film that returns Johnny Depp to greatness. And we're looking for a director of the film and any co-stars as well as the plot of the movie. || || 1*** || |- | 4: What is the best movie soundtrack featuring licensed music to listen to on a roadtrip? || 1**** || ***** || + |- | 5: Who is the best character in a Kevin Smith movie? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Closest without going over: What year was ''The Flintstones'' released? || || x || 0+* |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: Who is the best movie Batman? || x || 1+** || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: Who[m] would you rather be stuck in an elevator with: Jay or Silent Bob? || x || || 1+*** |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: These two movies are playing on cable. Which do you watch: ''Star Wars [Episode IV]: A New Hope'' or ''Star Wars [Episode VII]: The Force Awakens''? || x || || 1+**** |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: Hollywood's best Kate/Cate? || x || 1+***** || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND E: Excluding sequel numbers, what is the best movie with the word "four/for" in the title? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || x || 2 || '''3''' |} .*Ashley (who chose Leia) actually finished in third in the twitter poll. Raul (Chewbacca) won, with Tom (the Millenium Falcon) close behind. .**Ashley (Poison Ivy) won the twitter poll. .***Ashley's pitch won the twitter poll. .****Raul won despite picking a soundtrack that is original music, not licensed. .*****Jack started the round with Ashley, rather than with Raul. +According to Brian, even though he couldn't find it, Tom (''Guardians of the Galaxy'') won the twitter poll. +*Both Raul and Tom guessed 1995, which was over (the year was 1994). However, Jack didn't have another movie prepared, so he ignored this. Tom was slightly faster, so he won. +**Split decision. Brian disagreed with Jack, who chose Ashley (Michael Keaton) over Tom (Ben Affleck). +***Split decision. Brian disagreed with Jack, who chose Tom (Silent Bob) over Ashley. +****Split decision. Raul disagreed with Jack, who chose Tom (''A New Hope'') over Ashley. +*****Split decision. Brian disagreed with Jack, who chose Ashley (Winslet) over Tom (Hudson). '''Episode 2: Yippie Ki-yay, Mother Humper (4-17-2016)'''<ref>Episode 2: Yippie Ki-yay, Mother Humper (4-17-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUbdlFv85Lc</ref> In this episode, the score again resets going into the Lightning Round. However, the two going into the Lightning Round were tied going in, so it did not effect the outcome. Amy Awesome was originally supposed to appear, but she could not make it, so Langley stepped in. Early in the episode, Langley's live-stream picture disappeared and was replaced by a still. In contrast to the last episode, which saw four out of five Lightning Round questions with split decision, none of the five Lightning Round questions in this episode were split (even though the panel was only activated four times). First episode in which a fighter never receives a point after the first round. First episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. First episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Brian Hurst || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Langley Neely || New fighter || Second |- | Joseph Davis || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 91%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Brian !! Langley !! Joseph |- | 1: Who should be the supervillain in [the next solo Batman movie]? || || || 1* |- | 2: Recast a hero or villain from the Marvel Cinematic Universe by gender swapping them, and then tell us why that one's better. || || 1**, *** || ** |- | 3: Pitch an R-rated version of a G-rated movie. || 1**** || || |- | 4: What is the best chick flick that a guy would also enjoy? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is Bruce Willis' best non-''Die Hard'' role? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: Which do you watch: ''After Earth'' or ''Battlefield Earth''? || || 1 || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: What was Pierce Brosnan's best Bond film? || || 1 || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: Who's the coolest Turtle: Leonard, Michaelangelo, Donatello, or Raphael? || 1*****,+ || || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: Best movie with the word "gun" in the title? || 1 || || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND E: Which is the best movie of ''The Hobbit'' trilogy? || 1+*,+** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''3''' || 2 || x |} .*Joseph lost the twitter poll with only 14% voting for Ra's al Ghul. Brian won 57% with Manbat and Hush while Langley received 29% with Talon and the Court of Owls. .**Langley and Joseph each picked Loki, respectively swapped with Eva Green and Helena Bonham Carter. .***Langley also won the twitter poll with 60%, while Brian won 40% of the vote with Jennifer Lawrence/Katniss Everdeen as Hawkeye. .****Brian also won the twitter poll with 63% for ''Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory'', while Langley received 24% for ''Beauty and the Beast'', and Joseph received 13% for ''Star Trek: The Motion Picture''. *Due to time constraints, the polls were not read for the fourth or fifth questions. .*****Brian chose Raphael before Langley picked Donatello. Langley said after the fight that he wanted to pick Raphael. +Jack didn't activate the panel. +*Jack was going to come back to Joseph since he was having trouble deciding. However, since Ashley and Jack both chose Brian (''Battle of the Five Armies''), he didn't need to come back to him. +**Biggest comeback yet (deficit of three points). '''Episode 3: We're Not Worthy! (5-1-2016)'''<ref>Episode 3: We're Not Worthy! (5-1-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-n-D_D5VgQM</ref> No episode aired the previous week. Starting this episode, points earned in the regular round carry over into the Lightning Round. Once again, a tie breaking question is required before the Lightning Round; however, Jack dropped the rule regarding not going above on the year, which was helpful as once again, both fighters guessed too high. At the end of the episode, Jack indicates that the show will not be on the following week due to Mother's Day. He indicates that the following week, there will be a championship fight between the three winners. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Ronnie Williams || New fighter || Third |- | Kimber Barrett || New fighter || Second |- | Samuel Caitlin || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Ronnie !! Kimber !! Sam |- | 1: What is the best film about a musician or band? || || 1 || |- | 2: What is best movie with Hugh Jackman's version of Wolverine? || 1* || || |- | 3: What other** movie franchise should have a spinoff film? || || || 1 |- | 4: What's the best movie that features a "Saturday Night Live" character? || *** || **** || 1 |- | 5: Real or fictitious, what is the best movie featuring an American President? || || || 1***** |- | TIE BREAKER: What year was ''The Maltese Falcon'' released? || || 0 || x |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: These two movies are playing on cable. Which one do we watch: ''Kindergarten Cop'' or ''Twins''? || x || 1+ || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: Who is Hollywood's best James? || x || || 1+* |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: What is the best horror movie? || x || || 1+** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Ronnie, who chose ''X2: X-Men United'', also won the twitter poll with 89% of the vote. Kimber (''X-Men: The Last Stand'') received 11%. Sam (''X-Men'') received no votes. .**Besides ''Harry Potter'' and ''Star Wars''. .***Ronnie, who chose ''Office Space'', was eliminated by Jack due to "tenuous" connections to "Saturday Night Live", even though the question didn't ask for any level of connection beyond one existing. .****Kimber (''Blues Brothers'') won 70% of the twitter vote, while Sam (''A Night at the Roxbury'') received 20%, and Ronnie (''Office Space'') received 10%. .*****Sam received the point for ''Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter'' despite not receiving any of the twitter vote. Ronnie (''Air Force One'') won with 67% despite being the first fighter eliminated, and Kimber (''Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure'') received 33%. +Split decision. First overturn in Fan Friction. Ronnie and Ashley each had chosen Sam, who chose ''Twins''. +*Sam said James Cameron, but Kimber couldn't think of an answer in time, so Sam automatically won the point. +**Split decision. Ronnie and Ashley both disagreed with Jack, who again chose Kimber (''The House on Haunted Hill (1959)'') over Sam (''The Exorcist''). However, Jack let them overrule him. '''Episode 4: This Time It's Personal (5-15-2016)'''<ref>Episode 4: This Time It's Personal (5-15-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hfx8pZ0bMtY</ref> No episode aired the previous week due to Mother's Day. In this episodes, points do not carry over to the Lightning Round. However, as the two fighters going into the Lightning Round were tied, this did not matter. However, had a fighter earned three points in the regular round, there would have been a bonus. The first Belt Fight. Brian made a Belt. Further, the winner of this fight and the winner of Episode 5 will go on to compete in Episode 6 with Hector Navarro. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Samuel Caitlin || 1/0 || Second |- | Tom Bennis || 1/0 || Third |- | Brian Hurst || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Sam !! Tom !! Brian |- | 1: What is the best monster from a monster movie? || || || 1* |- | 2: What is Ryan Reynolds' best role aside from Deadpool? || 1** || || |- | 3: Pitch the sequel to ''Beetlejuice''. || || 1 || *** |- | 4: What movie flopped at the box office but should not have? || 1**** || || |- | 5: What is Sean Bean's death scene in film? || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 2|| 1 || 2 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: What is the best Nicolas Cage movie? || || x || 1 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: These two movies are playing on cable. Which do we watch: ''Red Dawn (1984)''... or ''Road House''? || || x || 1+ |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: What is the best movie based on a video game? || 1 || x || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: Who was better: Steven Segal or Jean-Claude Van Damme? || || x || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || x || 3 |} .*Brian, who chose The Thing, also won the twitter poll with 75% of the vote. Tom (Pan (the Faun/the Pale Man)) received 25%. Sam (Jaws) did not receive any votes. .**Sam, who chose ''Buried'', also won the twitter poll with 62%. Brian (''The Voices'') received 25%, and Tom (''The Nines'') received 13%. .***Brian, who pitched a satire, won the twitter poll with 57%. Tom's pitch for a film taking place in the Netherworld received 43%. Sam, who pitched a ''Ghostbusters'' crossover, did not receive any votes. .****Despite winning the point, Sam, who pitched ''Doctor Dolittle (1967)'', lost the twitter poll with only 18% of the vote. Tom (''Treasure Planet'') received 45%, and Brian (''Cowboys and Aliens'') received 37%. .*****Brian, who chose ''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'', also won the twitter poll with 80% of the twitter vote. Sam and Tom each received 10% for ''Goldeneye'' and ''The Field'' respectively. +Brian chose ''Road House'', leaving Sam with ''Red Dawn''. Sam could not come up with a legitimate argument (even mentioning submarines), and he admitted that he had not seen either movie. Jack gave Brian the point without activating the panel. +*Split decision. Tom disagreed with Jack, who chose Brian (Steven Segal). '''Episode 5: Web Show for the Recently Deceased (5-22-2016)'''<ref>Episode 5: Web Show for the Recently Deceased(5-22-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=La1AG8ymA8o</ref> Tom Bennis returns as Fact Checker as Ashley is fighting. Like the last episode, all fighters come in with the same record. However, that is 0-1 in this fight. The "seating" order (order in which the fighters fight) had the same finish placements as the last episode. The themes for questions 3 and 4 in this fight have become Fight Club and The Sound of Music. Although the same themes, for questions 1 and 5, the themes are called Newsies and As Good as It Gets. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Kimber Barrett || 0/1 || Second |- | Raul Rodriguez || 0/1 || Third |- | Ashley Davis || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kimber !! Raul !! Ashley |- | 1: Which was [Tim Burton and Johnny Depp's] best collaboration? || 1* || || |- | 2: What other** villain, DC or Marvel, should get their own movie? || 1*** || || |- | 3: Who was the best action film star in the 1990s? || || 1**** || |- | 4: What is the best original score composed by Danny Elfman? It does not have to be a Tim Burton movie. || || || 1***** |- | 5: Who was the best movie villain of all time? || || || 1+ |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 2|| 1 || 2 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: These two movies are playing on cable. Which one do we watch: ''Space Jam'' or ''Scooby-Doo''? || || x || 1+* |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: What is the best movie starring Clint Eastwood? || || x || 1+** |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: Who is Hollywood's best Margaret/Maggie? || || x || 1+*** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || x || 3 |} .*Kimber, who chose ''Edward Scissorhands'', also won the twitter poll with 71% of the vote. 29% chose Ashley (''Ed Wood''), while Raul (''Sleepy Hallow'') received no votes. .**Besides Harley Quinn. .***Kimber (The Riddler) and Ashley (The Mandarin) each received 50% of the twitter vote. Jack then went ahead and voted on twitter to give Kimber the twitter poll win. .****Despite winning the point, Raul (Keanu Reeves) lost the twitter poll with 22%. Ashley (Sylvester Stallone) won the twitter poll with 44%. Kimber (Bruce Willis) received 34%. .*****Ashley (''Batman (1989)'') also won the twitter poll with 60%. Kimber, who again chose ''Edward Scissorhands'', and Raul (''Spiderman'') received 20% each. +Ashley (Captain Vidal from ''Pan's Labyrinth'') also won the twitter poll with 45% of the vote. Kimber (Alex de Large) received 33%, while 22% chose Raul (Ghostface). +*Split decision. Second overturn of the series. Jack disagreed with Raul and Tom and chose Ashley, who chose ''Space Jam'', because she gave more information about the movie. +**Kimber could not name a Clint Eastwood movie. She was later given some titles, but chose not to fight, so Jack gave her the point. +***Kimber chose Margaret Cho but couldn't say anything about her other than that she was cool and had tattoos. She conceded to Ashley, even though Ashley still gave an argument. However, Jack did not activate the panel. '''Episode 6: Bring Out Your Dead (6-5-2016)'''<ref>Episode 6: Bring Out Your Dead (6-5-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=re00MPGdBaA</ref> Tom Bennis and Kimber Barrett, the hosts of Odd Shaped Panel, and both two-time fighters, as Fact Checkers. At 2:12:50, this is the longest episode of any Fight series at this point. Although Hector is listed as a new fighter, he has appeared in Movie Fights twice and TV Fights four times. Before the Lightning Round, it is revealed that the bonus for getting three points in the regular round is that one time during the Lightning Round, the person with the bonus can steal the other fighter's choice one time during the round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Ashley Davis|| 1/1 || Second |- | Hector Navarro || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Brian Hurst || 2/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Ashley !! Hector !! Brian |- | 1: What's the best direct-to-DVD/Netflix sequel? || 1 || * || |- | 2: If you were Apocalypse, who[m] would you have chosen as your Four Horsemen? ** || || 1*** || |- | 3: What would you all say is the best zombie movie of all time? || 1**** || || |- | 4: What's the best black and white movie of all time? || 1***** || || |- | 5: It seems a safe bet that ''Captain America: Civil War'' is probably gonna be the number one highest-grossing movie of the summer, so I wanna know what's number two? || || 1+ || |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 3 || 2 || 0 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: What's the best movie one-liner? || || 1 || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: Who is the best movie detective? || || 1 || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: What is the best movie about baseball? || 1+* || || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: Who should play the next James Bond? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''3''' || x |} .*Hector, who chose ''Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero'', won the twitter poll with 60% of the vote, while Ashley (''Hellraiser: Hellseeker'') received 30%, and Brian (''Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny'') received 10%. .**There was a stipulation that the fighters could not use anyone from the MCU (Marvel Cinematic Universe). .***Hector, who chose Gambit, Caliban, Sunfire (all of whom were Horsemen in the comics), and Deathbird, won the twitter poll with 63%. Ashley (Deadpool, Iceman, Elixir, and Colossus) received 25%, and Chris (Daken, Sunfire, Polaris, and Mikhail Rasputin) received 13%. .****Ashley (''Shaun of the Dead'') also won the twitter poll with 58%. Brian (''Dawn of the Dead (1978)'') received 33%, while Hector (''World War Z'') only received 8%. .*****Ashley (''To Kill a Mockingbird'') actually lost the twitter poll with 27%. Brian (''Citizen Kane'') and Hector (''Sin City'') each received 36%. +Hector, who chose Suicide Squad, also won the twitter poll with 58% of the vote, while Brian (''Finding Dory'') received 42%. Ashley (''The Secret Life of Pets'') received no votes. +*Hector chose ''The Sandlot'', but Ashley stole the answer. He then chose ''A League of Their Own''. '''Episode 7: Young Guns (6-12-2016)'''<ref>Episode 7: Young Guns (6-12-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6NqprL8AOM</ref> Tom Bennis and Kimber Barrett acted as Fact Checkers even though Ashley was not competing. The "seating" order (order in which the fighters fight) had the same finish placements as the last episode. Episodes 6 and 7 mark the second consecutive pair in which that happened as it also happened for Episodes 4 and 5. A different bonus for getting three points before the Lightning Round is introduced. The topic titles are all changed again. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Austin Singleton || New fighter || Second |- | Garrett McDowell || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Billy Pollihan || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Austin !! Garrett !! Billy |- | 1: What's the best order to show her [Jack's 6-year-old daughter] [''Star Wars Episodes I-VI'']? || 1* || || |- | 2: What's the best movie that's set in outer space that isn't a ''Star Wars'', ''Star Trek'', or ''Aliens'' movie? || || 1** || |- | 3: What's the best space battle scene that's ever been in a movie? || || 1*** || *** |- | 4: Who is the coolest Marvel or DC character, hero or villain, that comes from outer space? **** || || || 1***** |- | 5: What is the coolest space ship from any movie? || || 1+ || |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: What year was the film ''Close Encounters of the Third Kind'' released? || 0+* || x || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: Who was the better captain: [James T.] Kirk or [Jean-Luc] Picard? || 1+** || || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: What's the best M. Night Shyamalan movie? || || 1 || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: These two movies are playing on cable. Which do I watch: ''Mad Max [2]: The Road Warrior'' or ''Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome''? || || 1+***,+**** || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: Who is Hollywood's best medical professional? || || 1+***** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''3''' || x |} .*Austin, who chose only ''Episode VII'', actually lost the twitter poll with 11%. Garrett (''Episodes IV-VII'' plus the prequels optionally) and Billy (''Episodes IV-VI'' followed by ''I-III'' and ''VII'') each received 44%. .**Garrett, who chose ''2001: A Space Odyssey'', also won the twitter poll with 60%, while Billy (''Guardians of the Galaxy'') received 30%, and Austin (''The Martian'') received 10%. .***Garrett, who chose the trench run in ''Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope'', and Billy (the Battle of Endor minus Luke vs. Vader) tied in the twitter poll as they did for Round 1 with each receiving 40% of the vote. Austin, who chose the introductory scene from ''Star Trek (2009)'', lost the poll again. .****Question not specific to movies. .*****Billy, who chose Superman, also won the twitter vote with 50%. Garrett (Martian Manhunter) received 40%, while Austin (Nova) received 10%. +Garrett, who chose the Millenium Falcon, also won the twitter poll with 63% of the vote. Austin (the Milano from ''Guardians of the Galaxy'') received 25%, and Billy (the Nostromo from ''Alien'') received 13%. *After the twitter vote was read, Jack pointed out that Billy and Austin both chose the Enterprise. He had them go with their second choices rather than debate which Enterprise from which ''Star Trek'' movie was better. **Though he didn't win the poll, this was the only poll in which Austin did not come in last place. +*Austin waited for Billy to say 1983 and then said 1982. The correct answer was 1977, bring Austin to the Lightning Round. +**Split decision. Billy disagreed with Jack, who chose Austin (Kirk). +***Garrett used his bonus, which was to choose to argument second even though he answered first (though this does not appear to have affected the outcome in any way). +****Jack didn't activate the panel as Austin could not give a legitimate argument for the choice he was forced to take, ''Beyond Thunderdome'', after Garrett picked ''The Road Warrior''. +*****After Garrett picked Dr. Strange (even though the character has not been in a theatrically-released film as of the date of the fight), Austin could not think of a choice and eventually ran out of time, giving Garrett the victory. '''Episode 8: Hail to the King, Baby (6-26-2016)'''<ref>Episode 8: Hail to the King, Baby (6-26-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zq0FyWC5cjY</ref> At 2:24:00, this is the longest episode of any Fight. Jack competes. Initially, his slot is billed as a mystery fighter. Brian judges in Jack's place. Tom and Kimber act as Fact Checkers again, even though Ashley is not fighting. The "seating" order (order in which the fighters fight) had the same finish placements for the third consecutive episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jack Shipley || New fighter || Second |- | Langley Neely|| New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Amy Awesome || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jack !! Langley !! Amy |- | 1: What is the best biographical movie about a musician? || 1* || || |- | 2: Best comic book movie from the "Dark Ages" [between ''Batman'' (1989) and ''Blade'' (1998)]? || 1** || || |- | 3: Pitch a good movie that you wouldn't mind seeing a remake of? || || 1*** || |- | 4: What is a successful movie that you wish would have bombed? || || 1**** || |- | 5: ?***** || || || |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 2 || 2 || 0 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: The best Nicolas Cage performance? || || 1+ || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: What is the best comedy sequel? || || 1+* || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C1: I'm gonna show you guys two movies. I want you to pitch which one should be an episode of [Brian's show] "The DVD Bunker" and why? +** || +*** || || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C2: Hollywood's best Martin...first or last name? || 1 || || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: What is the best book-to-movie adaptation? || || 1+**** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''3''' || x |} .*Jack, who picked What's Love Got to Do With It, also won the twitter poll with 57% of the votes. Amy (''Sid and Nancy: Love Kills'') received 29% while Langley (''Immortal Beloved'') received 14%. .**Jack, who picked ''The Crow'', actually lost the twitter poll with 11% of the vote. Langley (''Batman Returns'') received 67%, while Amy (''Men in Black'') received 22%. Even Jack voted for Langley as he originally wanted to pick a ''Batman'' movie but decided not to so that there could be more of a fight. .***Langley, who picked ''Fantastic Voyage'', also won the twitter poll with 63%. Jack (''Predator'') received 38%, while Amy (''Badlands'') received no votes. .****Langley, who picked ''Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen'', also won the twitter poll with 78%. Amy (''Minions'') received 22% while Jack (''Jurassic World'') did not receive any votes. .*****The question was supposed to be "What is the best movie of 1994?" However, as points reset for the Lightning Round and Amy was already eliminated and the fight was already running two hours, Jack had Brian skip the question. Therefore, the only effect was that no one could go in with a [non-specified] bonus. +Split decision. Amy disagreed with Brian, who chose Langley (''Leaving Las Vegas'') over Jack (''Con Air''). +*Split decision. Amy disagreed with Brian, who chose Langley (''Beverly Hills Cop II'') over Jack (''Ghostbusters II''). +**The movies shown were ''Blues Brothers 2000'' and ''Nothing But Trouble''. +***Question was tossed as Jack had argued for ''Blues Brothers'', not realizing that the movie shown was ''Blues Brothers 2000''. +****Brian did not activate the panel due to Langley's arguments for ''Gone Girl'' over ''Jaws''. ==Fan Friction References== {{Reflist}} {{Uncategorized|date=November 2015}} ==Gamer Fights== "Gamer Fights," hosted by Matt Raub, debuted on June 17, 2016 and airs every Friday. The first six episodes were pre-taped and Fact Checked by Nikole Z. Subsequently, episodes mostly aired live and were Fact Checked by Kristen Brancaccio. Starting with episode 6, approximately once monthly, episodes would also be available on Smosh Games, with whom the show in made in collaboration. On the twentieth episode, it was announced that the show would be moving to a once-monthly format. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Episode # !! Title !! Date !! Host/Judge !! Fact Checker !! Fighter !! Placement |- | 1 || What Was the Biggest Surprise of E3? || June 17, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Miller_(Internet_celebrity) Greg Miller] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smosh David "Lasercorn" Moss] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MatPat Matthew Patrick] || Second <br> Third <br> '''Win''' |- | 2 || Worst Video Game Based on a Movie? || June 24, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsauce Jake Roper] <br> Joshua "Jovenshire" Ovenshire <br> Spencer Gilbert || '''Win''' <br> Third <br> Second |- | 3 || Which N64 Game Still Holds Up? || July 1, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2012#October Pamela Horton] * <br> Leo Camacho <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smosh Matt Sohinki] || '''Win''' <br> Second <br> Third |- | 4 || Best Water Level? || July 8, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || Malik Forte <br> Maude Garrett ** <br> Max Song || '''Win''' <br> Second <br> Third |- | 5 || Pokémon GO Meets Assassin's Creed! || July 15, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || (Michael) Davis <br> Jesse Cox <br> Ashley Esqueda || '''Win'''*** <br> Second <br> Third |- | 6 || What Character Should be Playable in Injustice 2? || July 22, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || Dan Casey <br> Jovenshire**** <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalo.com Lon Harris] || '''Win''' <br> Second <br> Third |- | 7 || Most Memorable Gaming Rivalry? || July 29, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Trisha Hershberger <br> Jimmy Wong <br> (Michael) Schroeder || '''Win''' <br> Third <br> Second |- | 8 || Which villain deserves his own game? || August 5, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Jack Conway <br> Maddox <br> Paris Lay || Second***** <br> '''Win''' <br> Third |- | 9 || Which Game Deserves an Open World Sequel? || August 12, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smosh Amra "Flitz" Ricketts] <br> Jessica Blum <br> Roger Barr + || '''Win''' <br> Third <br> Second |- | 10 || Best Kick Ass Female Character? || August 19, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Vernon Shaw <br> Erika Ishii+* <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Scrimshaw#Podcasts Mark Donica] || Second <br> '''Win''' <br> Third |- | 11 || Best Side Scroller of All Time? || August 26, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Lasercorn <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev3Games Anthony Carboni] <br> Britanni Johnson || Second <br> '''Win''' <br> Third |- | 12 || Best Employee in a Video Game? || September 2, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Albrecht Alex Albrecht] <br> Alison Haislip <br> Jeff Cannata || Second <br> Third <br> '''Win''' |- | 13 || Pitch a TV Show Turned Video Game! || September 9, 2016 || Matt Raub || Alex Hluch || (Michael) Schroeder <br> Brandon Jones <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Unicorn Milynn Sarley]+** || '''Win''' <br> Third <br> Second |- | 14 || Which Children’s Cartoon Deserves a Horror <br> Game Reboot? <br> '''Championship Semi-Finals Round 1''' || September 16, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Matt Patrick <br> Maddox <br> Erika Ishii || '''Win''' <br> Second <br> Third |- | 15 || Tabletop Gamer Fights! || September 23, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Hector Navarro+*** <br> Ivan Van Norman <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Mercer Matthew Mercer] || Second <br> Third <br> '''Win''' |- | 16 || Pitch a Game Based on a Literary Main <br> Character! +**** || September 30, 2016 || Matt Raub || Alex Hluch || Paola Alejandra +*****<br> Stephen Lemieux +*****<br> Ashley Esqueda ++ || Tie for Second <br> Tie for Second <br> '''Win''' |- | 17 || Most Replayable Game of All Time? ++* || October 7, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Woody Tondorf <br> Max Song <br> Jack Conway || Tie for Second <br> Tie for Second <br> '''Win''' |- | 18 || Pitch the Video Game Version of an Unlikely <br> Movie ++** || October 14, 2016 || Matt Raub || Alex Hluch || Lasercorn <br> Max Song ++*** <br> Jovenshire || '''Win''' <br> Third ++**** <br> Second |- | 19 || What Unlikely Character Should Be in Mortal <br> Kombat? ++***** || October 21, 2016 || Matt Raub || Alex Hluch || OMGitsfirefoxx (Sonja Reid) <br> Milynn Sarley <br> Pamela Horton +++|| Second <br> '''Win''' <br> Third +++*, +++** |- | 20 || What Character Should Be President? +++*** <br> '''Championship Semi-Finals Round 2'''+++**** || October 28, 2016 || Matt Raub || Sarah Whittle || Ashley Esqueda <br> Anthony Carboni <br> Dan Casey || Tie for Second <br> '''Win''' <br> Tie for Second |- | 21 || What Will Be The Hottest Console This Holiday Season?+++***** || November 25, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Marisha Ray <br> JD Zelman <br> Adam Murphy || '''Win''' <br> Third <br> Second |- | 22 || Pitch A Holiday Themed Game For An Existing Franchise++++ || December 23, 2016 || Spencer Gilbert || Kristen Brancaccio <br> ++++* || Roger Barr <br> Erika Ishii <br> Cesar Solario || Second <br> '''Win''' <br> Third |} .*Pamela is the second Playboy Playmate (after Nikki Leigh, also from 2012) to compete on Screen Junkies. .**Maude (whose name is displayed as Muade) becomes the second fighter (after Spencer) to appear in Movie, TV, and Gamer Fights. .***Davis is simultaneously undefeated in Movie Fights and Gamer Fights, which no one else has pulled off. However, that is only two fights total. *Previously, Clarke Wolfe, Ken Napzok, and Coy Jandreau have each simultaneously held undefeated records in Movie Fights and TV Fights with respective records of 1-0/1-0, 2-0/1-0, and 2-0/2-0. *Subsequently, Coy would lose a Movie Fight to Alicia Malone; Trisha Hershberger would become the only person to be simultaneously undefeated in TV Fights and Gamer Fights, eventually attaining a 2-0/1-0 record (despite also having a Movie Fights record of 0-6 (shortly afterwards, she would win an episode of Movie Fights, making her the first to win all three fights)); and Brannon Braga would become simultaneously undefeated in Movie Fights and TV Fights with a 1-0 record in each. .****Matt refers to scoring 0 points (which Lon did) as "pulling a Joven." However, Joven has never scored 0 points on Movie Fights or Gamer Fights. The first to do this was Jon Bailey on Movie Fights, and Joven's only appearance on Movie Fights was several months prior. .*****First time since the premiere episode that the person sitting next to Matt didn't win. +Roger is the fourth fighter to appear in Movie, TV, and Gamer Fights, after Spencer, Maude, and Trisha. +*Matt introduced Erika as having appeared on fights on Screen Junkies before, but that is not accurate. *She would eventually appear on TV Fights (coming in second to Hector Navarro), four days after her second Gamer Fights appearance, which itself was still four weeks in the future. +**Milynn is the second member of Team Unicorn to appear on Gamer Fights, the week after Alison Haislip. Former member Michele Boyd has appeared on TV Fights, but not yet Gamer Fights. +***Hector, who just fought his fifth TV fight (and won) three days earlier, becomes the fifth fighter (after Spencer, Maude, Trisha, and Roger) to appear in Movie, TV, and Gamer Fights. So far, nobody has won in all three, though all except Maude have won in two. *Trisha would later win the 104th episode of Movie Fights, making her the first to win all three. *Lon Harris would become the sixth fighter to appear in all three, but unlike the other five, Gamer Fights was his ''first'' (rather than third) show. He would reach this during a TV Fights appearance, just five days after his first appearance (a victory) on Movie Fights. +****First pre-taped episode since the sixth episode. Accordingly, it is also the first to not be fact checked by Nikole Z. +*****Paola and Stephen are the first pair to tie in a Screen Junkies fight since the eighth episode of Movie Fights, 22 months earlier. ++Though scores aren't always displayed in Gamer Fights, especially during the Boss Battle (Speed Round), it would appear that since there was no such battle in this episode, Ashley sets the record for the lowest winning score in any Screen Junkies fight ever with three points. ++*All the contestants plus Matt wore ties. However, since Kristen did not, Matt took his off at the beginning of the show. ++**Redemption fight as all contestants have lost at least once and never won. ++***Max is the first fighter to appear in back-to-back episodes. ++****Max is the first fighter to finish in third twice. ++*****First all-female fighter panel in Gamer Fights. +++Pamela sets the record for longest absence between two episodes in Gamer Fights with 15 weeks. +++*Pamela is the first fighter to go from 1-0 to 1-1 outside of the Belt Tournament. +++**Pamela is the third fighter in Gamer Fights (after Ashley Esqueda in episode 5 and Brandon Jones in episode 13) to get the first point but finish in third place. Pamela actually got the first point in both of her fights. +++***First pre-taped episode since the sixthteenth episode. *At the end of the episode, Matt announced that the show would be moving to a monthly format. +++****Unlike the first tournament fight, which consisted solely of 1-0 fighters, this fight included Ashley Esqueda, who was 1-1. +++*****Pre-taped due to the Thanksgiving break. ++++Pre-taped due to the Christmas break. ++++*Accompanied on the couch by Donald "Dizzle" Davis, who has now appeared on the couch for all three Fight formats. ==Movie Games== "Movie Games," hosted by Jeremy Jahns, debuted on November 21, 2015 and airs every other Saturday, alternating with Chris Stuckman's "F1rst and Worst" (it continued to air every other Saturday following the end of "F1rst and Worst" in November 2016). {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Episode !! Winning Team !! Winner !! Runner-up !! Score !! Losing Team !! Losing Team Members |- | 1 || Screen Junkies || Andy Signore || Dan Murrell || 8-7 || Schmoes Know || Mark Ellis and Kristian Harloff |- | 2 || Cinenerds || Chris Stuckmann || Alicia Malone || 5-4* || Belated Media || Zan Alda and Michael Barryte |- | 3 || Green || JTE || Jason Inman || 7-6** || Unpopular Kids || Matt Raub and Jovenshire |- | 4 || Superhero News || Hector Navarro || Adam Hlavac || 8-3*** || Six Degrees || Stacy Howard and Brianne Chandler |- | 5**** || Rebels Without Applause || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Lipnicki Jonathan Lipnicki] || Benita Robledo || 4-2 || Masters of Fun || Joe Burke and Dayton Sinkia |- | 6 || Screen Junkies || Dan Murrell || Andy Signore || 9-7 || Rico's Roughnecks || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_Van_Dien Casper Van Dien] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Neumeier Ed Neumeier] |- | 7 || Roadhouse || Sasha Perl-Raver***** || Jejuan Guillory || 9-5 || Hershbarger || Roger Barr + and Trisha Hershberger+ |- | 8 || Geek Nation || Mark Reilly || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Kramer Clare Kramer] || 5-1+* || TV Fights || Ken Napzok and Roxy Striar |- | 9 || Sword and Shell || Andre Meadows || Katie Wilson || 6-3 || Rotten Tomatoes || Grae Drake and Matt Atchity |- | 10 || Wild Bunch || Pat Healy || Hal Rudnick || 6-5 || Elf Shield || JTE+** and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2012#May Nikki Leigh] |- | 11 || #FILMGEEK (Profiles) || Scott Mantz || Alicia Malone+*** || 6-5 || Star-Spangled Schmoe || Mark Ellis+*** and Josh Macuga |- | 12+**** || Club 33 || Andy Signore+*****, ++ || Mike Carlson || 6-4 || Team 80s || JTE+***** and Dan Murrell+***** |- | 13 || Superhero News || Adam Hlavac ++* || Hector Navarro ++* || 7-4 || No Expectations || Matt Raub++* and Joe Bereta |- | 14 || Merry Marvelites || Coy Jandreau || Matt Key || 7-6 || Nerd Alert || Francis Maxwell and Kim Horcher |- | 15 || Doom Bunnies || Michele Boyd || Ken Napzok++** || 3-2 || Huey Lewis and the Newts || Lee Newton and Andrew Delman |- | 16 || David Beckham || Brice Beckham|| David Fickas || 8-7 || Red Halen || Alicia Malone++*** and Mark Ellis++*** |- | 17 || Cravescape || William Bibbiani|| Jonathan London || 10-8 || Swayze|| Sasha Perl-Raver++**** and <br> Jejuan Guillory++**** |- | 18 || House Griffinlink || Will Link || David Griffin || 9-6 || Dos Padres|| Brent Lydic and Bill Posley |- | 19++***** || Flaming Hamlets || John Rocha || Lindsey Pankurst || 7-7+++ || Streets Ahead || Matthew Ness and Jenny West |- | 20 || Cinema Twins || Joshua Chavez || Peter Chavez || 4-2 || Max Effort || Matt Knost and Shane Bierley |- | 21 || Silver Screen || Chris Michael Smith || T.J. Heath || 10-7 || Shadow Council || Teddy Cecil and Nicolas Sato |- | 22 || Biggie and Little || Lucas Popowitz || Alex Guez || 9-9+++* || Cut the Check || Jason Fugh and Kyle Bingham |- | 23 || Flash || Trevor Reece || Chris Fimbres || 10-6 || R&R || Robert Torres and Roger Barr+++** |- | 24 || Coulson || Greg Blanchard || Clarke Wolfe|| 10-10 <br>+++*** || Buscemi || Brad Alkire and AJ Alkire |- | 25 || Lifelong Best Friends || Keith Carey || Rob Fee || 9-6 || Los Angeles <br> Brainsaw Massacre || Roger Barr+++**** and John Bower |- | 26+++***** || Cuba Gooding <br> Missile Crisis || Andy Signore++++, <br> ++++* || JTE++++* || 6-5 || Freak & Geek || Doug Benson and Samm Levine++++** |- | 27 || Study Breakers || Kyle Hayashida || Ryan O'Flaherty || 10-9 || Brosive Bears || Daniel Camacho and Louie Guerrero |- | 28 || Sameron || Cameron Rice || Sam Brown || 9-8 || Superhero News || Hector Navarro++++*** and <br> Adam Hlavac++++*** |- | 29 || Yule Regret This || Joe Starr || Spencer Gilbert++++**** || 7-4 || Blonde Inferno || Sasha Perl-Raver++++***** and <br> Roth Cornet |- | 30 || Normal || James Kirkland || Mike (no last name) || 7-7+++++ || Jar Jar Rises || Andy Fiedler and Rob Torres |- | 31 || Rocket Buddies || Joshua Staman || Christian Spicer || 7-7+++++* || Black Cats || Brandon Swofford and <br> Jennifer Wenger+++++** |- | 32 || Serenity || Iran Quijano || Jade Kim || 5-3 || Spyridon || Josué Silva and Keegan Dunlap |- | 33 || The Good and the Ugly || Kyle McFadden || Ify Nwadiwe || 5-2 || Cruise Control || Ben Bateman and Andrew Ghai |} .*While the questions for Alicia and Chris were both the same, they were not all asked in the same order. Further, the show did not explicitly state whether the contestants' answers were correct or not or even how many points each contestant got. As such, the correct answers to the questions that were wrong as never revealed, such as Vito Corleone's daughter being named Connie, the clocks in ''Pulp Fiction'' being set to 4:20, or the first place in a sales contest in ''Glengarry Glen Ross'' being a Cadillac Eldorado. .**Jason was initially ruled to have received only five points as he said that the "E" in the MCU's S.H.I.E.L.D stood for Enforcement, which it does. He was told it stood for Espionage, but that is not true. .***As Hector had already beaten Adam on points and time, Jeremy did not re-read Adam's passed questions. .****This episode features the actors who play the interns in the Screen Junkies Plus show "Interns of F.I.E.L.D" .*****As of March 26, 2016, Sasha is the only competitor on the show who has been on TV Fights and not on Movie fights. All others have been on both (8, though not all had appeared on TV Fights yet by the time of their Movie Games appearances), neither (14), or only Movie Fights (14). (edit: in episode 11 (air date April 9, 2016), Josh Macuga becomes the second such fighter; he would later be followed by Matt Key, Coy Jandreau very briefly, Michele Boyd, and David Griffin) (subsequent edit: Sasha appears in the 85th episode of Movie Fights (youtube air date May 28, 2016), pushing her into the "both" category; Coy Jandreau, who had very briefly been in the "TV Fights only" category since May 21, also moved to "both" after winning the 85th Movie Fight, the third of five undefeated Screen Junkies victories). +Roger and Trisha would eventually become the first two people to compete in Movie Fights, TV Fights, Gamer Fights, and Movie Games. +*Clare had passed on four questions, but Jeremy didn't go back through them as she would need to get all of them right to tie, but there was only a matter of seconds left before she would reach Mark's time. +**Although JTE is the third repeat competitor (after Andy and Dan), he is the first to play on two different teams. +***Alicia and Mark are the fourth and fifth repeat competitors and the second and third to play on two different teams. *Mark is also the first to be on the losing team twice. +****In this episode: -JTE was asked what his last name was, but he wouldn't reveal it (Tapia). It is in the title of the episode. -JTE and Dan set the record for the longest movie chain yet with 12. However, it was beaten by Andy and Mike moments later with 14. *It was also beaten in episode 26 by JTE and Andy with 13. -Between the two teams, going into the Twenty Questions round, the teams had a combined 5600 points (2800 each). -Recently, before Twenty Questions, Jeremy started giving a clue, but due to the skill level of the competitors, he decided not to. +*****Andy, Dan, and JTE are the first three competitors to appear three times. *Andy and Dan are the fourth and fifth to play on two different teams (this is the first time they play against each other). *JTE is the first to play on three different teams and the second to be on the losing team twice. ++Andy becomes the first two-time winner. He also becomes the first person to be on a winning team three times. ++*Hector, Adam, and Matt are the sixth, seventh, and eighth repeat competitors. *Matt is the sixth to play on two different teams. ++**Ken is the ninth repeat competitor and the seventh to play on two different teams. Each time, he was on the same team as a co-host of one of his shows (TV Fights, Watching Thrones). ++***Alicia and Mark are the fourth and fifth competitors (after Andy, Dan, and JTE in episode 12) to appear three times and the second and third (after JTE) to play on three different teams. *They are also the first two to lose three times. *Alicia is the third to be on the losing team twice. *Mark is the first to be on the losing team three times. ++****Sasha and Jejuan are the tenth and eleventh repeat competitors. Although they appear together again, their team name is changed from Roadhouse to Swayze, after Patrick Swayze, the star of the film ''Roadhouse''. ++*****Besides John Rocha, all of the participants are fans. Similar style episodes would later feature Matt Knost and Roger Barr, both of whom would be on the losing teams. +++John took 1:34 while Lindsey took 1:58. Since John was faster, he won. +++*Lucas took 1:03 while Alex took 1:14. +++**Roger is the twelfth repeat competitor. *He is the eighth to appear on two different teams and the fourth to be on the losing team twice. +++***This is the first time both members of the winning team answered all questions correctly in the Third Act. Greg took 1:06 while Clarke took 1:22. +++****Roger is the sixth competitor to appear three times. *He is the fourth to play on three different teams. *He is the third (after Alicia and Mark in episode 16) to lose three times. *He is the second (after Mark) to be on the losing team three times. +++*****Episode 26 is the first since episode 12 to feature four Movie Fights veterans. ++++Already the only two-time winner, Andy becomes the first three-time winner. He also becomes the first person to be on a winning team four times. *He is the fifth to play on three different teams. ++++*Andy and JTE are the first two competitors to appear four times. *Their third time was also in the same episode as each other. *JTE is the first to appear on four different teams. ++++**In a bonus episode with Doug and Samm competing with each other in the Final Act, Samm beat Doug 8-6. ++++***Hector and Adam are the seventh and eighth competitors to appear three times. *They are the first two to appear on the same team for three different episodes. ++++****Spencer becomes the fourth person to appear on Movie Fights, TV Fights, Gamer Fights, and Movie Games (after Roger, Trisha, and Hector). ++++*****Sasha is the ninth competitor to appear three times **She is the ninth to appear on two different teams (if Roadhouse and Swayze are considered the same team) and the fifth to be on the losing team twice. +++++James took 1:31 while Mike took 1:32. Both ended by answering the same question incorrectly. +++++*Joshua took 2:18 while Christian took 3:16. Both ended with wrong answers, but to different questions. +++++**While this episode (like the previous) was a fan episode, Jennifer is the girlfriend of former competitor Casper Van Dien. hqxav3mvi8i67u1r66dy48kdsgdvl4n 4635652 4635651 2026-05-14T03:14:34Z ~2026-21344-85 3574365 /* Movie Fights Reboot */ citations 4635652 wikitext text/x-wiki This page displays the box scores and summaries of Screen Junkies' "Movie Fights" and Screen Junkies Plus' "TV Fights". The page does not include impromptu fights as seen on the shows "After the Fight," "Honest Trailer Commentary," or "Screen Junkies Universe (SJU)". Newly added below are summaries of the episodes of "Fan Friction" (Episodes 1-8), hosted by Jack Shipley; "Gamer Fights", hosted by Matt Raub; and "Movie Games", hosted by Jeremy Jahns. ==Movie Fights description and Fighter Rankings== "Movie Fights", typically hosted by Andy Signore, typically featured debates between three other people outside of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Junkies Screen Junkies], such as other YouTube reviewers, on various movie-related questions. Some "Movie Fights" featured people from Screen Junkies, such as Rudnick, Dan Murrell (who typically acts as Fact Checker when not competing), and even Signore himself, in the debate. Each video's title highlights a specific debate about a recent event involving movies, such as the Oscars. Before the switch to the five pre-Speed Round format, the last question of each "Movie Fights" video before the Speed Round, save a rare few, contained a clue to the upcoming Tuesday's "Honest Trailer" video. As of October 4, 2017, there have been 156 "Movie Fights" that have been hosted on the Screen Junkies YouTube channel. In addition, there is a single "Movie Fight" that has been hosted on the Schmoes Knows YouTube channel between six members of the Schmoes Know Team (three at any given time) and The Screen Junkies team of Nick, Hal, and Dan. Screen Junkies won the fight. Further, there is a tournament fight that is exclusive to Screen Junkies Plus. '''FINAL Movie Fights Standings''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ranking !! Contestant !! Record !! Win Percentage !! Total Points !! Points Per Game |- | Current Champion || Spencer Gilbert || 6-15 || 0.286 || 80 || 3.81 |- | 1 || Ken Napzok ** || 3-0 || 1.000 || 17 || 5.67 |- | T2 || Rob Corddry ** || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T2 || Davis || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T2 || Kofi Outlaw || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T2 || Paul Scheer || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T2 || Sarah Sterling || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T7 || Scott Auckerman || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || William Bibbiani || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || James Clement || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Jacqueline Coley || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Alonso Duralde || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Dan Hernandez || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Matt Key || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Jon Negroni || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Seth Rogen || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Clarke Wolfe || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | 17 || Brannon Braga **|| 1-0 || 1.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | 18 || Leonard Maltin || 1-0 || 1.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | 19 || Max Landis || 3-1 || 0.750 || 20 || 5.00 |- | 20 || Kevin Smith **|| 3-1 || 0.750 || 17 || 4.25 |- | 21 || Dan Murrell || 18-9 || 0.667 || 128 || 4.74 |- | T22 || John Flickinger || 2-1 || 0.667 || 11 || 3.67 |- | T22 || Tony Revolori || 2-1 || 0.667 || 11 || 3.67 |- | 24 || JTE (Josh "The Engineer" Tapia) || 5-3 || 0.625 || 35 || 4.38 |- | 25 || Amy Nicholson **|| 3-2 || 0.600 || 21 || 4.20 |- | 26 || Alicia Malone || 7-5 || 0.583 || 53 || 4.42 |- | 27 || Mike Carlson ** || 11-8 || 0.579 || 87 || 4.58 |- | T28 || Grae Drake || 1-1 || 0.500 || 10 || 5.00 |- | T28 || Samm Levine || 1-1 || 0.500 || 10 || 5.00 |- | T30 || ComicBookGirl19 || 1-1 || 0.500 || 9 || 4.50 |- | T30 || Graham Elwood || 1-1 || 0.500 || 9 || 4.50 |- | T30 || Elijah Wood **|| 1-1 || 0.500 || 9 || 4.50 |- | 33 || Ben Begley || 2-2 || 0.500 || 16 || 4.00 |- | 34 || Jason Inman || 3-3 || 0.500 || 22 || 3.67 |- | T35 || Gina Ippolito || 1-1 || 0.500 || 7 || 3.50 |- | T35 || Germain Lussier || 1-1 || 0.500 || 7 || 3.50 |- | 37 || Matt Raub || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | 38 || Mark Ellis || 4-5 || 0.444 || 36 || 4.00 |- | 39 || Sasha Perl-Raver || 2-3 || 0.400 || 17 || 3.40 |- | 40 || Marc Andreyko || 5-8 || 0.385 || 41 || 3.15 |- | 41 || Kim Horcher || 1-2 || 0.333 || 13 || 4.33 |- | T42 || Doug Benson || 1-2 || 0.333 || 12 || 4.00 |- | T42 || Hector Navarro || 1-2 || 0.333 || 12 || 4.00 |- | 44 || Chris Stuckmann || 1-2 || 0.333 || 12 || 4.00 |- | 45 || Coy Jandreau ***|| 3-6 || 0.333 || 32 || 3.56 |- | 46 || DJ Wooldridge || 1-2 || 0.333 || 10 || 3.33 |- | 47 || Jon Schnepp † || 1-2 || 0.333 || 9 || 3.00 |- | 48 || Hal Rudnick ** || 8-17 *|| 0.320 || 82 || 3.28 |- | 49 || Kristian Harloff || 2-5 || 0.286 || 25 || 3.57 |- | 50 || Andre Meadows || 1-3 || 0.250 || 17 || 4.25 |- | 51 || Nick Mundy || 4-13 || 0.235 || 53 || 3.12 |- | 52 || Andy Signore || 2-7 || 0.222 || 34 || 3.78 |- | 53 || Scott Mantz || 2-8 || 0.200 || 22 || 2.20 |- | 54 || Joe Starr || 1-6 || 0.143 || 23 || 3.29 |- | 55 || Roth Cornet || 1-6 || 0.143 || 21 || 3.00 |- | 56 || John Rocha || 1-6 || 0.143 || 14 || 2.00 |- | 57 || Trisha Hershberger || 1-8 || 0.111 || 30 || 3.33 |- | 58 || Roger Barr || 1-11 || 0.083 || 44 || 3.67 |- | 59 || Kumail Nanjiani || 0-1 || 0.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T60 || Jeremy Jahns || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T60 || Jack Henry Robbins || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T60 || Adry Sotolongo || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T60 || Roxy Striar || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T60 || Baron Vaughn || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T60 || Kara Warner || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | 66 || Erin Robinson || 0-3 || 0.000 || 9 || 3.00 |- | T67 || Tiffany Smith || 0-2 || 0.000 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T67 || Steve Zaragoza || 0-2 || 0.000 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T69 || David Alpert || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Adam Johnston || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Dave Karger || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Kassem G || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Markeia McCarty || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Perri Nemiroff || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Van Robichaux || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | 76 || Brett Erlich || 0-7 || 0.000 || 19 || 2.71 |- | 77 || Alison Haislip || 0-3 || 0.000 || 8 || 2.67 |- | 78 || Chloe Dykstra || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T79 || Charley Feldman || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T79 || Miri Jedeikin || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | 81 || Michael Barryte || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | 82 || Lon Harris || 0-3 || 0.000 || 6 || 2.00 |- | 83 || Dan Casey || 0-2 || 0.000 || 4 || 2.00 |- | T84 || Jeff Cannata || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T84 || Matt Stagmer || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T84 || Billy A. Patterson || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | 87 || Cody Decker || 0-3 || 0.000 || 5 || 1.67 |- | 88 || Brett Weiner || 0-2 || 0.000 || 3 || 1.50 |- | 89 || Stephen Glickman || 0-3 || 0.000 || 4 || 1.33 |- | T90 || Jenny Nicholson || 0-2 || 0.000 || 2 || 1.00 |- | T90 || Jay Washington || 0-2 || 0.000 || 2 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Yancy Berns || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Brianne Chandler || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Erik Davis || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Amirose Eisenbach || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Rob Fee || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Emma Fyffe || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Maude Garrett || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Umberto Gonzalez || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Ed Greer || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Pat Healy || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Ian Hecox || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Adam Hlavac || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Matt Iseman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Doug Jones || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Jovenshire || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Jackie Kashian || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Robert Kirkman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Danielle Radford || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Ryan Right || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Ashley V. Robinson || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Adi Shankar || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Darien Sills-Evans || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Zack Stentz || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Evan Susser || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Josh Robert Thompson || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Doug Walker || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Jen Yamato || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Jonathan Youngblood || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | 120 || Mark Reilly || 0-2 || 0.000 || 1 || 0.50 |- | T121 || Mark A. Altman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |- | T121 || Jon Bailey || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |} Rankings have been determined first by Win Percentage. If a tie has resulted, then it is broken by Points Per Game (except in the case of an undefeated fighter, in which number of wins is the primary determinant, followed by Points Per Game). If a tie still remains, the two are separated by Total Points, and then by rankings within the fights (second vs third). If they still remain tied, they are given the same ranking and put into alphabetical order. For the purpose of rankings, team fights and elimination tournaments (San Diego Comic-Cons, Wizard World Chicago, Last Fighter Standing, and Debut Deathmatches) have been removed from consideration. Also, the participants in one fan episode are also not considered, and the New Year's Eve 1999 and 1994 episodes are not counted, nor are the one-on-one fights between Dan Murrell and Max Landis or Scott Mantz and John Rocha. Screen Junkies Plus Exclusive fights are also not counted. This leaves 123 fighters who have participated in a total of 136 fights as of October 4, 2017. .*Further, the chart uses Hal's record as 8-17 (the official record) rather than 7-18, which is what his record would be based on the points from episode 1. .**These fighters have defeated Dan Murrell in an official fight (Kevin Smith and Elijah Wood have done so twice). Further, Andy Signore defeated Dan during Dan’s first loss, but Andy only came in second place; Andy also beat Dan in the New Year's Eve 1999 episode (episode 64), which is not officially counted. .***After the 98th episode (aired 8-20-2016), Coy fell to 14th place, one spot below JTE due to his having only 11 points total versus 12 from JTE. Despite this, Coy had an overall better record at this point (two wins and a second-place finish versus two wins and a third-place finish). †Passed away from complications of a stroke on July 19, 2018. The series began with a non-competitive debate (Did Godzilla Suck?!, May 22, 2014)<ref>Did Godzilla Suck? (May 22, 2014) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVOzAXC891M</ref> featuring Andy Signore, Dan Murrell, and Nick Mundy, with Hal Rudnick moderating. It took place in the discussion room that Hal uses for discussions he moderates such as in The Screen Junkies Show. In the debate, Andy and Dan argued for why the movie was good, while Nick and Hal argued against it. ==Movie Fights Episodes 1-50== <big>'''<big>Question and statistical summary</big>'''</big> (x during a tie breaker or Speed Round question denotes the fighter was not competing in that portion, whereas 0 denotes the fighter won the tie breaker but did not receive a point for it (in the case of being pushed on to the Speed Round))'''<big>:</big>''' '''Episode 1: Should They Reboot Ghostbusters? (10-12-14)'''<ref name=":0">Episode 1: Should They Reboot Ghostbusters? (10-12-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofcGAAf_QDc</ref> Although he technically would lose this episode, Hal would later be determined to be the winner of this episode after winning episode 52 on 10-11-2015. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || New fighter || '''Tie for win''' (officially*) |- | Spencer Gilbert || New fighter || '''Tie for win''' |- | Nick Mundy || New fighter || '''Tie for win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%"|Hal !! Spencer !! Nick |- | 1: Should ''Ghostbusters'' be rebooted? || 1 || || |- | 2: Should Sony’s Spider-Man join Marvel’s ''The Avengers''? || || 1 || |- | 3: Sam Raimi’s ''Spider-Man'' vs. Marc Webb’s ''Spider-Man''? || 1 || || |- | 4: ''Gone Girl'' – great or overrated? || || 1 || |- | 5: What’s David Fincher’s Best Film? || || || 1** |- | 6: Should William Shatner be in ''Star Trek 3''? || || || 1 |- | 7: Should we be excited for ''Tomorrowland''? || || 1 || |- | 8: Could ''Rush Hour'' be a decent TV show? || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | 9: Does an ''Iron Man 4'' need Robert Downey Jr.? || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | 10: What is the best comic book TV show on the air right now? || || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4*''' || '''5''' || '''5''' |} .*Though the game was called as a three-way tie, Hal did not receive enough points to tie and should have finished in third. .**Despite tying for the win, Nick didn't score any points during the first four rounds. Not until episode 14 would a fighter again not score any points during the first four rounds. This would be repeated in episode 16. In episode 19, Hal Rudnick would not score any during the first five rounds. *Not counting this episode (as it was a tie, and also the tie was later vacated after episode 52), the record for latest first point for an episode winner is Round 4 (performed three times: episode 20 by Marc Andreyko, episode 28 by Dan Murrell, and episode 45 by Scott Mantz). '''Episode 2: Captain America vs Ironman (10-19-14)'''<ref>Episode 2: Captain America vs Ironman? (10-19-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXNiM2lDvSE</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Erin Robinson || New fighter || Second |- | Dan Murrell || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 0/0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question!! Erin !! Dan !! Nick |- | 1. Can DC's new movies be as popular as Marvel's? || || 1 || |- | 2: When will Marvel fail? || || || 1 |- | 3: Which standalone DC Movie should we be most excited for? || 1 || || |- | 4: Which DC character should have its own movie? * || || 1 || |- | 5: Which Marvel character should have its own movie? || 1 || || 1 |- | 6: Who should be Dr. Strange? **, *** || 1 || || |- | 7: Captain America vs. Iron Man **** || 1 || 1 || |- | 8: Who is our dream director for ''Justice League''? || || || 1***** |- | 9: Who is the best Batman? + || || 1 || |- | 10: Best ''X-Men'' cast: old vs. new. || || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Dan went first in this round instead of Erin. For the subsequent question, Nick went first. .**Dan went first in this round, again skipping over Erin. .***Andy named the possibilities Ewan McGregor, Ethan Hawke, Jared Leto, Ryan Gosling, and Joaquim Phoenix. None of these wound up being correct (it wound up being Benedict Cumberbatch). .****Erin started this round, skipping over Nick. However, this is how it should have been. .*****Nick won with Tony Scott, even though he died in 2012. +Included movie and TV (both animated and live action). '''Episode 3: Age of Ultron Trailer Debate (10-26-14)'''<ref>Episode 3: Age of Ultron Trailer Debate (10-26-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaoSYqjPY7s</ref> First episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/0/1 || Tie for second |- | Dan Murrell || 1/0/0 || '''Win''' |- | Spencer Gilbert || 0/0/1 || Tie for second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 91%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Hal !! style="width: 5%"|Dan !! Spencer |- | 1: Who do you think will dominate the 2015 box office - ''Star Wars'' or ''Avengers[:Age of Ultron]''? || || 1 || 1 |- | 2: Best Keanu Reeves movie: ''Point Break'', ''Speed'', or ''[The] Matrix''? || 1 || || 2 |- | 3: Can we take Johnny Depp seriously anymore? || 2 || || |- | 4: ''Terminator Genisys'':... Should Arnold [Schwarzenegger] be in it? || || 1 || |- | 5: Do we want a new ''Pee-Wee'' movie? || || 1 || |- | 6: ''[The] Nightmare Before Christmas'':... Is this a Christmas or a Halloween film? || || || 1 |- | 7: Can a movie based on a board game be any good? || || 1 || |- | 8: Best slasher franchise: ''Halloween'' vs. ''Nightmare on Elm Street'' vs. ''Friday the 13th'' vs. ''Scream'' vs. ''Child's Play'' ...[vs.] ''Saw''? || 1 || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 4 |} '''Episode 4: Best Marvel Phase 3 Movie (11-2-14)'''<ref>Episode 4: Best Marvel Phase 3 Movie (11-2-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFYYlksNdkk</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/1/1 || Second (officially***) |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Barryte Michael Barryte] || New fighter || Third (officially***) |- | Mike Carlson || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Hal !! Michael !! Mike |- | 1: Which (Phase 3 MCU movie) are we most excited about? || 1 || || 1 |- | 2: ''Avengers: Infinity War'' is gonna be split into two parts? Is this a good or a bad idea? || || || 1 |- | 3: Who should play Captain Marvel? || .5 || || 1 |- | 4: Which Avenger should retire first? || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | 5: Which Marvel villains should appear in Phase 3? || || 1 || |- | 6: Should ''[Captain America: The] Winter Soldier'' be nominated for a Best Picture [Oscar]? || 1 || || |- | 7: Who should play Joker in a potential Batman solo film? * || .5 || 1 || |- | 8: Can Seth Rogen pull off a dramatic role?** || || 1 || 1 |- | '''Scores going into tie breaker''' || 4 || 4 || 5 |- | TIE BREAKER: Most Overrated Movie Of The Last Decade? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4*** || 4 || '''6''' |} .*Though Andy initially said he'd start with Hal, he quickly changed to Michael B. Mike Carlson started on the subsequent question. .**Since everyone gave reasons for why Seth Rogen could pull off a dramatic role, Andy took it to the sub-fight of the question, "Who...is the best comedic actor in a dramatic role?" .***Hal and Michael each scored 4 points, but Hal was incorrectly determined to be tied with Mike Carlson at the end of question 8, so Hal and Mike went into a Tie Breaker. However, Mike should have won at the end of question 8, while Hal and Michael should have tied each other. '''Episode 5: Does Interstellar Suck? (11-9-14)'''<ref>Episode 5: Does Interstellar Suck? (11-9-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyHgAPTsBJY</ref> Dan Murrell starts as Fact Checker {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 0/1/1 || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Mockery Roger Barr] || New fighter || Tie for second |- | Nick Mundy || 0/1/1 || Tie for second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 77%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Roger !! Nick |- | 1: Do we like The ''Star Wars Episode 7'' title; what would you have wanted to call it? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Does ''Interstellar'' live up to the hype? || 1 || 1 || |- | 3: Best director in the world today? || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the best movie trilogy of all time? ** || || || 1 |- | 5: Should ''Fast & The Furious'' end with #7? || || || 1 |- | 6: Should Andy Serkis, or any other motion capture actor, be nominated for a Best Actor Oscar? || 1 || 1 || |- | 7: Do we actually need ''Toy Story 4''? || 1 || || |- | 8: What is the best Disney animated movie? || || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 3 || 3 |} .*Although jokingly, Andy said Nick got a negative point for the first question. However, he clarified that he was joking when Nick got his first point in question 4. .**A picture appeared showing scenes from famous movie franchises that had more than three films. In fact, some of the pictures were fourth movies in the series such as ''Breaking Dawn: part 1'', ''A Good Day to Die Hard'', and ''Rambo (2008)''. '''Episode 6: Best Quentin Tarantino Movie (11-16-14)'''<ref>Episode 6: Best Quentin Tarantino Movie (11-16-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddSrvv7dU-8</ref> Dan Murrell hosts in Signore's absence. Jason Inman takes Murrell's place as Fact Checker. Unless one counts the first episode, in which Hal was ruled to have tied, this episode marks the first example of a competitor taking an early lead and finishing in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/2/1 || Third |- | Mike Carlson || 1/0/0 || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 0/2/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 60%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Mike !! Nick |- | 1: What do you think of this rumored cast of (the) ''Suicide Squad''? || || || 1 |- | 2: Is there any hope for the new ''Fantastic Four''? || 1 || 1 || * |- | 3: What other** movie should live on as... a cable TV show? || 1 || || |- | 4: Can M. Night Shyamalan make a return? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who is the best Chris: Pine, Hemsworth, Evans or Pratt? || || || 1 |- | 6: What is the best Quentin Tarantino movie? || || 1 || |- | 7: Who is the best sidekick of all time? *** || || || 1 |- | 8: What movie has the best soundtrack of all time? || || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''4''' || 3 |} .*First attempt of using Devil's Advocate. It was not successful. Hal and Nick both stated that the movie would be bad. .**Besides ''Evil Dead''. .***Dan had Nick go first a second time in a row rather than have Hal start. Hal started on the subsequent question. '''Episode 7: Which Superhero Wins the Hunger Games? (11-23-14)'''<ref>Episode 7: Which Superhero Wins the Hunger Games? (11-23-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OP4Lhj2Y3xU</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 1/1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Roger Barr || 0/1/0 || Tie for second (officially*) |- | Mark Ellis || New fighter || Tie for second (officially*) |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 68%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Roger !! Mark |- | 1: Does the ''Hunger Games'' [franchise] suck? || 1 || 1** || 1 |- | 2: Which major superhero would win the Hunger Games? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the best third installment in a franchise? || 1 || || 1 |- | 4: Do we need a young Cyclops and Jean Grey in ''X-Men: Apocalypse''? || || || 1 |- | 5: What's the ultimate dream [Arnold] Schwarzenegger sequel? *** || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | 6: Can the CGI ''Peanuts Movie'' be good? || 1 || || |- | 7: Which Disney animated movie should be made into a live-action film? **** || || || |- *** | 8: What is the best movie with an ensemble cast? || 1 || || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 2* || 4 |} .*Andy called the score as 6-4-4, but Roger only got two points (the two that everyone got) and thus finished in third. .**Roger wasn't initially awarded a point for question 1, but after Spencer said that he should have mentioned that ''Mockingjay'' was being spread thin by being split into two movies, Andy pointed out that Roger had said that and then awarded Roger a point, giving each fighter a point. *None of the fighters felt that the movies were bad (based on the two movies that had been released by the time the episode was filmed). .***After the fifth round, Dan says that 11 points have been given out so far. In fact, only 10 have been given out. .****No points were awarded as Andy felt none of the responses were appropriate, but he took blame, indicating that he shouldn't have asked the question. *In the 79th episode, a question asked which Disney animated movie should ''never'' be given a live-action adaptation. On that episode's After the Fight, the fighters did discuss which one should be. '''Episode 8: Star Wars VS Star Trek (11-30-14)'''<ref>Episode 8: Star Wars VS Star Trek (11-30-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Sxk2MJANXQ</ref> The episode only ran 38:41 as various shows were filming in the studio that day. The final four questions ''collectively'' were given five and a half minutes. Jason and Mike were sitting in the wrong spots, so the order of asking questions appears incorrect throughout the episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/3/1 || Tie for second |- | Mike Carlson || 2/0/0 || Tie for second |- | Jason Inman || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 63%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Mike !! Jason |- | 1: What should a ''Star Wars'' spinoff film be based on? || 1 || || |- | 2: ''Star Wars'' or ''Star Trek''? || || || 1 |- | 3: If you had to pick one movie to represent humanity to aliens, which would it be? || || 1 || |- | 4: Which director could make a good ''Transformers'' movie? || || || 1 |- | 5: Best Christmas movie? || 1* || || |- | 6: Best movie trailer of all time? || || || 1 |- | 7: Which movie character would you want to be best friends with? || ** || || 1 |- | 8: Which movie would you reboot? *** || || 1 || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2**** || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Hal won with ''A Christmas Story'' after only opening arguments. All subsequent questions were also called after only opening arguments. .**Hal spent too much time saying his answer (Bill Murray from ''Lost in Translation''). Andy immediately went to Jason and never let Hal give any argument before Andy chose Jason's answer (Agent Phil Coulson). .***Short of Hal winning two points for question 8 (with Jason not winning any), it would not have been possible after question 7 to even tie Jason. .****Andy incorrectly said that Hal got a third point for question 8, but he was corrected by Dan. '''Episode 9: New Star Wars Lightsaber - Awesome or Useless? (12-7-14)'''<ref>Episode 9: New Star Wars Lightsaber - Awesome or Useless? (12-7-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FB3YjXV33D4</ref> Jason Inman is the Fact Checker. Not counting the first episode, second example of someone taking the lead early and finishing in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Haislip Alison Haislip] || New fighter || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 2/0/0 || '''Win''' |- | Kassem G || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Alison !! style="width: 5%"|Dan !! Kassem |- | 1: What was the best moment in the ''Star Wars: [The] Force Awakens''...trailer? || 1 || 1 || |- | 2: The new ''Star Wars: Episode VII'' lightsaber: like or dislike? || 1 || || |- | 3: Does the new ''Terminator: Genisys'' trailer excite us? || || || 1 |- | 4: What's the most unnecessary sequel of all time? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who is the best James Bond? * || || 1 || 1 |- | 6: What's our favorite movie death? || || 1 || |- | 7: Best actor to join a superhero franchise? || || || 1 |- | 8: Which property should Marvel Studios get back: ''Spider-Man'', ''Fantastic Four'', or ''X-Men''? || || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*During the asking of this question, Andy calls the upcoming movie ''Spectre'' "Spectra." Other discussions led to a delay of approximately two minutes before Andy finally got to ask the question. '''Episode 10: Should Marvel Fire Andrew Garfield as Spider-Man? (12-14-14)'''<ref>Episode 10: Should Marvel Fire Andrew Garfield as Spider-Man? (12-14-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kw1nKk2c2Z0</ref> In the introduction to this episode, Andy refers to ''Mad Max: Fury Road'' as ''Mad Max: Road Fury''. Second episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Third example of someone taking the lead and ultimately finishing in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Kristian Harloff || New fighter || Second |- | Mark Ellis || 0/1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/4/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 68%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kristian !! Mark !! style="width: 6%"|Hal |- | 0: Should Sony fire Andrew Garfield so we can get Spider-Man in the Marvel Universe? * || 1 || || 1 |- | 1: Best Ridley Scott movie? || || 1 || 1 |- | 2: Who should direct ''Star Trek 3 (2016)''? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who else** do we wanna see in [the upcoming Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles movie? || || 1 || |- | 4: Will ''Mad Max: Fury Road'' be better than the old ''Mad Max'' movies? || 1 || || 1 |- | 5: What would be the ultimate movie crossover? || || 1 || |- | 6: If he came in the Marvel Universe, who[m] would you want to see [Al Pacino] play? *** || || || |- | 7: Best Paul Thomas Anderson movie? || 1 || || |- | 8: Best film adaptation of a book? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into tie breaker''' || 4 || 4 || 3 |- | TIE BREAKER: Which action star do you want to be taken hostage with? || || 1**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Audible pulled. The fight does not appear in the title cards. .**Besides Bebop and Rocksteady. .***Andy did not award any points. .****Mark won by saying John McClane; Kristian immediately conceded. '''Schmoes Know Movies Show Episode #176 (12-18-14)'''<ref>Schmoes Know Movies Show Episode #176 (12-18-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae2XdJa6UL0</ref> Live from the Schmoes Know Movie Show, starting 34 minutes into the video. Judged by Andy Signore No Fact Checker Fight between the Screen Junkies crew (Nick, Hal, and Dan) vs seven different members of the Schmoes Know crew (Kristian Harloff, Tiffany Smith, Alicia Malone, Mark Reilly, Ken Napzok, J.T. (Josh the Engineer/JTE), and an unnamed member; three members of the Schmoes for any given question). Some questions were provided live over twitter. For some questions, there was pre-preparation, whereas for others, there wasn't. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Teams !! Finish |- | Schmoes Know || Lose |- | Movie Fights/Screen Junkies || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 81%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question (with Schmoes Know members chosen after reading the question; pre-prepared question?) !! style="width: 5%"|SK !! MF/SJ |- | 1: Who played the best Batman (Tiffany, Mark, Alicia; yes) || 1 || |- | 2: Should ''Back to the Future'' get a reboot? (unknown, Kristian, Alicia; yes) || 2* || |- | 3: Better reboot: Peter Jackson's ''King Kong'' or Gareth Edwards' ''Godzilla''? (unknown, Kristian, Alicia; yes) ** || || |- | 4: Who would win between Alien, Predator, or a Colon[i]al Marine? (unknown, Kristian, Alicia; yes) ** || || |- | 5: What's the most influential 90's movie? (J.T., Kristian, Alicia; no) *** || || 1 |- | 6: What is the best 80's film of all time? (J.T., Kristian, Alicia; no) ** || || |- | 7: Which new actor will have the biggest impact on the new films? (Mark, Kristian, Alicia; no) **** || || 1 |- | 8: Best movie villain of all time? (Mark, Ken, Alicia; no) || || 1 |- | 9: Movie that most deserves a sequel (Tiffany, Kristian, Alicia; no) ***** || 1 || |- | 10: Michael Bay vs. M Night Shyamalan: Who's the worst [director]? (Tiffany, Kristian, Alicia; no) || || 1 |- | 11: Best plot twist in any movie? (Tiffany, Kristian, Alicia; no)** || || |- | 12: Best Scorsese-directed movie? (Tiffany, J.T., Alicia; no)** || || |- | 13: Should they make more ''Lord of the Rings Hobbit'' movies? (Tiffany, J.T., Alicia; no)** || || |- | 14: Best Marvel Movie? (Tiffany, Kristian, Alicia; no) || || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Schmoes Know won after Kristian came back and played Devil's Advocate, arguing for why there should be a reboot. However, it was not until later (after question 10) that Andy (after being called out on twitter) credited them with the bonus point (it was not clear as Schmoes never specifically stated they were playing Devil's Advocate; rather, Kristian simply stepped in for Mark). .**Six questions were skipped (both teams chose ''Godzilla'' for question 3; neither team wished to answer questions 4 or 11; both teams chose Die Hard for question 6; both teams chose ''Goodfellas'' for question 12; even though Tiffany appeared to want to answer yes to question 13, she didn't, so neither team would say yes) .***Screen Junkies initially went with ''Pulp Fiction'', the choice of Schmoes Know. SJ switched to ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'' and won. .****Kristian heavily argued that Andy Serkis would be Darth Plagueis, even though that was never confirmed (which Andy pointed out) and it was already known at the time that Darth Plageuis died around the time of ''Episode I''. The character he plays is Supreme Leader Snoke. Kristian later stated that he read that his followers were telling him that he was saying incorrect information. .*****Tiffany started arguing for ''Dredd'' before Screen Junkies even gave their answer (''True Lies''). +To help decide this game-winning question, Andy looked for live responses on twitter. '''Episode 11: Magneto vs. Gandalf - Best Ian McKellen movie (12-21-14)'''<ref>Episode 11: Magneto vs. Gandalf - Best Ian McKellen movie (12-21-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qE38V0wXnk</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smosh Jovenshire] || New fighter || Third |- | Roger Barr || 0/2/0 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 0/3/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jovenshire !! Roger !! Nick |- | 1: Do you agree with Sony's decision to cancel ''The Interview''? || || || 1 |- | 2: Best movie that bombed at the box office? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best movie marathon? || || 1 || |- | 4: What video game should made into a movie? || 1 || || 1 |- | 5: Best movie musical? || || 1* || |- | 6: Best Ian McKellan movie? || || 1 || |- | 7: Who should play Spider-Man if the rights revert to Marvel? || || || 1 |- | 8: What franchise should Michael Bay produce? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into tie breaker speed round''' || 1 || 4 || 4 |- | TIE BREAKER A: Could two Batman take out a Wolverine? || x || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER B: Who is the best movie archer: Legolas, Katniss, Susan from ''Narnia'', or <br> Hawkeye, or the girl from ''Brave'' [Merida], I'll throw her in too? || x || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER C: Rick Moranis or Steve Guttenberg? || x || || 1** |- | TIE BREAKER D: ''White House Down'' or ''Olympus Has Fallen''? || x || || 1*** |- | TIE BREAKER E: Best Adam Sandler film? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1**** || 6***** || '''7''' |} .*Andy originally did not want to give any points, but he reluctantly gave a point to Roger. .**Nick said Rick Moranis first, and Roger agreed .***Nick and Roger both said ''White House Down'', then Nick switched to ''Olympus Has Fallen'' and immediately won the point. .****First episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point. .*****First of two episodes (the other being episode 15) in which a fighter scores 6 points and only comes in second place. *However, in episode 15, this was based on Trisha Hershberger's receiving a point for a pre-Speed Round tie breaker question, in which the winner of the episode (ComicBookGirl19) was not involved. Under the revised rules, Trisha would have finished with only 2 points. '''Episode 12: Best & Worst of 2014 (12-28-14)'''<ref>Episode 12: Best & Worst of 2014 (12-28-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JGGOEgKLig0</ref> Hosted by Dan Murrell Jason Inman as Fact Checker First regular episode of the show in which there are no questions for which more than one fighter gets any points. Nick becomes the second competitor to appear on and win two consecutive episodes (the first was Dan Murrell in episodes 2/3). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/5/1 || Second |- | Andy Signore || New fighter || Third |- | Nick Mundy || 1/3/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Andy !! Nick |- | 1: Best movie of 2014? || || || 1 |- | 2: Worst movie of 2014? || || || 1* |- | 3: Best performance of 2014? || || 1 || |- | 4: Which actor/actress are we tired of? || 1 || || |- | 5: Best movie weapon of all time? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best movie catch phrase? || || 1 || |- | 7: Best opening scene from a movie? || || || 1 |- | 8: Worst movie ending? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into tie breaker speed round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | TIE BREAKER A: Best Arnold Schwarzenegger movie || || x || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER B: Coolest female protagonist || 1** || x || |- | TIE BREAKER C: Most depressing movie ever || || x || *** |- | TIE BREAKER D: Better Spoof: ''Space Balls'' or ''Galaxy Quest'' || || x || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER E: If you could unsee what movie, what would it be? || || x || 1**** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 2 || '''6'''***** |} .*Nick stated that this was the first time he won two [questions] in a row, yet he did this in the first two questions of the previous episode. .**Hal got the second tie breaker question for naming a character (Ripley) rather than an actress (Linda Hamilton). .***Dan would not give anyone the point for either response (''Closer'' by Nick and ''The Fault in our Stars'' by Hal). .****Nick won on a technicality as Hal answered 1999's ''Godzilla'', when it was in fact from 1998. Oddly, Nick's answer was ''Zach Braff''. .*****After Nick won, Dan said Nick won his first Movie Fight. However, Nick's first victory was the previous week. '''Episode 13: What's the Best Year in Movies EVER? (1-11-15)'''<ref>Episode 13: What's the Best Year in Movies EVER? (1-11-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRUCuLUfl8E</ref> Jason Inman as Fact Checker Speed Round is added starting in this episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 2/1/1* || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 3/0/0 || '''Win''' |- | Mike Carlson || 2/1/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 66%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Dan !! Mike |- | 1: Are we excited by the ''Ant-Man'' trailer? || 1 || || |- | 2: Best Liam Neeson movie? || || 1 || |- | 3: Do we want a Gambit solo film with Channing Tatum? || || || 1 |- | 4: Best year in the history of cinema? || || 1 || |- | 5: What would be a great movie ride? || || 1 || |- | 6: What TV show would you want to see on an IMAX screen? || 1 || || |- | 7: Best Tim Burton Movie? || || || 1 |- | 8: Worst Ben Affleck Movie? || 1 || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 4 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''Dante's Peak'' or ''Volcano''? || 1** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Movie actors or directors: ...name me the best Christopher. || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best ''Die Hard'' Sequel || || 1*** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who wins in a fight: Judge Dredd or Robocop? || || 1**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''7''' || 2 |} .*Spencer is introduced as having a 2-2 record. If his tie for the win is counted as a win, he should have been 3-1 (or at least 2-1-1). *After episode 52, when Hal was declared the winner of episode 1, Spencer's 2-2 record coming into this fight actually is retroactively made accurate. However, the issue still remains that Hal only received four points in episode one, and he should not have been declared as having been part of the tie. .**Spencer said ''Dante's Peak'' first. .***Both answered with the third movie, but based on how Dan said it (''3'', rather than ''Vengeance''), Andy ruled in favor of him. .****When Spencer started his argument for Judge Dredd, he said he should have picked Robocop. Andy ruled for Dan. '''Episode 14: Oscar Snub's 2015: Who Got Screwed?! (1-18-15)'''<ref>Episode 14: Oscar Snub's 2015: Who Got Screwed?! (1-18-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AK85kH5s2zc</ref> The Fan Cam (rather than Dan Cam) is used in this episode, with Miss Movies as Fact Checker. Dan Murrell is given the Title Belt at the beginning of this episode. He agrees to make the episode a Title Bout, allowing the possibility for him to lose the Belt. Dan becomes the second fighter (after Nick) to appear on and win two consecutive episodes. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Jason Inman || 1/0/0 || Third |- | Mark Ellis || 1/1/0 || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 4/0/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jason !! Mark !! Dan |- | 1: Worst 2015 Oscar Snub? || || 1* || |- | 2: What film should win Best Picture? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best performance from a 2015 Oscar nominated actor or actress? || || 1 || |- | 4: Do we really need more Avatar sequels? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is our best biographical movie? || 1 || || |- | 6: Pitch Chris Hemsworth’s next movie || || || 1 |- | 7: Worst Johnny Depp performance? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: The worst film starring Adam Sandler? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who[m] would you save in a fire first? Ben Affleck or Matt Damon? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are both playing on cable....Which do you watch: ''Mean Girls'' or ''Clueless''? || x || || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two movies are also both on cable. Which do you choose: ''The Last Airbender'' or ''After Earth''? || x || 1*** || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Hollywood's best Kevin? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1**** || 5 || '''6''' |} .*According to Jason, he also chose the lack of nomination for ''The Lego Movie'', but he lost a coin loss and couldn't use the response that resulted in Mark's point. .**Dan said ''Clueless'' first. .***Mark said ''After Earth'' first. .****Second episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point. '''Episode 15: Should Star Wars Ditch George Lucas? (1-25-15)'''<ref>Episode 15: Should Star Wars Ditch George Lucas? (1-25-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68BILWRS8ac</ref> Third episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Fourth example of someone taking the lead and ultimately finishing in third (second time for Nick). Nick got points for the first two questions and pulled into an early lead but failed to earn any points beyond question 2, a repeat of something previously done by Alison Haislip in episode 9; Nick had six more opportunities (including a tie breaker against only one competitor), just as Alison did. First of two episodes in which a total of 15 points were awarded. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || New fighter|| Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Girl_19 ComicBookGirl19] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 2/3/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! CBG19 !! Nick |- | 1: Recast a comic book movie role || || || 1 |- | 2: Should George Lucas have any say in the new ''Star Wars''? || 1 || || 1 |- | 3: Which film would have been better if its original director had made it? || || 1 || |- | 4: Best performance by a musician-turned-actor? || || 1 || |- | 5: What’s the best movie of 1995? || || 1 || |- | 6: Best use of product placement in a film? || 1 || || |- | 7: What film do you wish had bombed? || || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: Best twist ending of all time (asked by Dan) || 1 || x || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3* || 4 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''Kick-Ass'' or ''Super''? || || 1** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with "American" in the title? || || 1*, *** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Hollywood Jennifer || 1**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best ''National Lampoon's Vacation'' sequel? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which should I watch: ''Speed 2: Cruise Control'' or ''Under Siege 2: Dark Territory''? || 1***** || || x |- | TIE BREAKER: What was the last good movie with Bruce Willis? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 6 || '''7'''* || 2 |} .*Trisha was given a point for the tie breaker between her and Nick to go to the Speed Round. This was removed in subsequent episodes involving just two fighters as CBG19 was at a disadvantage since she wasn't part of the tie break. Using the proper rules, CGB would win after the second Speed Round question with a score of 6-2. Dan even needed to clarify how many points Trisha had. .**Trisha didn't both fighting. .***Trisha ran out of time. .****ComicBookGirl19 had no argument. .*****ComicBookGirl19 gave up. '''Episode 16: Should Indiana Jones be Rebooted w/Chris Pratt? (2-1-15)'''<ref>Episode 16: Should Indiana Jones be Rebooted w/Chris Pratt? (2-1-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvT91FX7Hx4</ref> In this episode, it was determined that the winner and ComicBookGirl19 would be moving on in a tournament to win Dan Murrell's belt. Not counting the first episode, fifth episode in which a competitor takes a the lead and ultimately finishes in third. Not counting the first episode, this is the second of [as of January 16, 2017] two episodes (coincidentally consecutive as well) in which 15 total points are awarded. No episode has yet featured the awarding of more than 15 points. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 2/2/1 || Third |- | Alicia Malone || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Roger Barr || 0/3/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Alicia !! Roger |- | 1: Did the ''Fantastic Four'' trailer get us excited about the new movie? || || 1 || |- | 2: Should a ''Fantastic Four'' movie be so serious? || 1 || 1 || |- | 3: ''Ghostbusters'' cast – What do you think of the cast – exciting or expected? || 1 || || |- | 4: What's the best reboot of all time? || 1 || || |- | 5: Who should play the Beast? || || || 1 |- | 6: What's the best sports movie of all time? || || 1 || |- | 7: Do we want an ''Indiana Jones'' Reboot? || || || 2* |- | TIE BREAKER A: Best movie voice: Morgan Freeman or James Earl Jones? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER B: Best Michael Mann-directed film that isn't ''Heat''? || || 1** || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 4 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: A movie is playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''Beverly Hills Cop 2'' or ''Ghostbusters 2''? || x || || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Tom? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which movie star would it be more fun to share an Uber with: Meg Ryan or Reese Witherspoon? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What's the best Christmas movie that's okay to watch during the rest of the year? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''7''' || 5 |} .*Roger was able to tie by using the Devil's Advocate argument. His successful argument lead to double points. As of January 16, 2017, this is the last successful Devil's Advocate point. .**Spencer gave up after Alicia said ''Collateral''. .***Alicia didn't say ''Ghostbusters 2'' fast enough. '''Episode 17: Does The Hobbit Suck (2-8-15)'''<ref>Episode 17: Does The Hobbit Suck (2-8-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1sqp71MzqU</ref> The Screen Junkies team (Andy Signore, Hal Rudnick, Spencer Gilbert, and Nick Mundy) did a tag-team rotation. Only one was allowed to fight at a time, even though Jeremy and Kristian were allowed to fight as a pair. This team fight episode is not counted in overall statistics. Hosted by Dan Murrell Jason Inman as Fact Checker {| class="wikitable" |- ! Teams !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Jeremy Jahns and Kristian Harloff || N/A || Lose |- | Screen Junkies Team || N/A || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jeremy, Kristian !! SJ Team |- | 1: Do the ''Hobbit'' movies suck? (vs Hal) || 1 || |- | 2: Best action movie franchise (vs Nick) || || 1 |- | 3: Best Nic Cage movie since ''The Rock''? (vs Spencer) || 1 || |- | 4: Who is the best action star since the 1980s? (vs Andy) || || 1 |- | 5: What is the best Steven Spielberg film? (vs Hal) || 1 || |- | 6: Best movie with "movie" in the title? (vs Nick) || || 1 |- | 7: Should ''Back to the Future'' get a reboot? (vs Andy) * || || |- | 8: Worst movie to win the Oscar for Best Picture? (vs Spencer) || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round (Jeremy vs Andy)''' || 3 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the worst Marvel Cinematic Universe movie? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two movies are on cable at the same time... Which one do you pick? ''The Blair Witch Project'' or ''Cloverfield''? || 1** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is Hollywood's best Jon/John? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two movies are on cable at the same time... Which one do you watch? ''Die Hard 5'' or ''Pirates of the Caribbean 4''? || *** || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''7''' |} .*Fight was skipped due to argument over what the question was asking. On the 52nd episode of the show, Dan indicated that there was a deleted scene in which Andy and Dan argue. Audio of it was eventually shown in a PLUS-exclusive episode of the Screen Junkies Show aired on December 31, 2016. .**Jeremy said ''Cloverfield'' first. .***Jeremy answered ''Die Hard 5'' thinking he heard ''Die Hard 4''. He couldn't make an argument. '''Episode 18: Who Should Marvel's Spider-Man Fight Next? (2-15-15)'''<ref>Episode 18: Who Should Marvel's Spider-Man Fight Next? (2-15-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFnP4dLUxpk</ref> This is the second Title Belt Fight. Spencer Gilbert acts as Fact Checker {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | ComicBookGirl19 || 1/0/0 || Third |- | Alicia Malone || 1/0/0 || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 5/0/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! CBG19 !! Alicia !! Dan |- | 1: Pitch the next Spider-Man solo film || || || 1 |- | 2: Besides Wolverine, which X-Men character should join the MCU? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best SNL skit turned into a movie? || 1 || || |- | 4: Worst first date movie? || || 1 || |- | 5: Movie character for President? || 1 || || |- | 6: Should there be a ''Spaceballs 2''? || || 1 || |- | 7: Best comedy sequel? || || 1 || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which sequel would be better: ''Austin Powers 4'' or ''Rush Hour 4''? || x || || 1* |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who wins in a fight: Darth Vader or Batman? || x || || 1* |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are playing on cable. Which should we watch: ''Passenger 57'' or ''Money Train''? || x || ** || 1* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || 3 || '''6''' |} .*All three of Dan's Speed Round points essentially came from his being faster. .**Alicia didn't even bother trying to argue the third question. '''Episode 19: Zack Snyder's Aquaman: Awesome or Awful? (2-22-15)'''<ref>Episode 19: Zack Snyder's Aquaman: Awesome or Awful? (2-22-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgt1VN5VZos</ref> The first-, second-, and third-place finishers all sat in the same seats as the previous episode's respective finishers. It was announced that fighters would need to win 2 fights to take on Dan Murrell for the belt. The winner of this fight would go against Nick Mundy (2/4/1 record), who was given a first round bye, and one person yet to be determined (see episode 20) in a semi-final (episode 21). Spencer Gilbert (2/3/1 record) was also shown to be a fighter in the other semi-final match. As seen in episode 21, Spencer had to take Nick's place in the first semi-final. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/6/1 || Third |- | Tiffany Smith || New fighter* || Second |- | Mike Carlson || 2/2/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Tiffany !! Mike |- | 1: Best movie of 2014 that didn’t receive any Oscar nominations? || || || 1 |- | 2: Best film never nominated for Best Picture || || 1 || |- | 3: Thoughts on new Aquaman costume || || || 1 |- | 4: Ultimate DC/Marvel Crossover Movie || || 1 || |- | 5: Actor/Actress that should be in Neill Blomkamp’s ''Alien'' || || || 1 |- | 6: Best Time Travel Movie || 1** || || |- | 7: Best movie world to be trapped in for a month || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which of these two movie sequels do we want to see with its original cast: ''The Mask 2'' or ''Wayne's World 3''? || *** || 0 || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' **** || 2 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both of these movies are playing on cable. What should we watch: ''Demolition Man'' or ''Cliffhanger''? || x || 1 || ***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Many many years from now, which of these will be rebooted...first: ''Forrest Gump'' or ''The Shawshank Redemption''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with the word "three" in the title? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better Pixar Movie: ''Cars 2'' or ''Monsters University''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: These two movies are playing on cable. Pick one: ''Fifty Shades of Grey'' or ''Jupiter Ascending''? || x || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Who is the best Hollywood Michael? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || 5 || '''6''' |} .*Though Tiffany is listed as a new fighter, she previously competed in the team competition that aired on the Schmoes Know channel (Dec 18, 2014). .**Hal broke the record for latest first point in a match by not scoring until the sixth round. Previously, three people (Nick Mundy in episode 1 (tie for first), Jason Inman in episode 14 (third place), and Roger Barr in episode 16 (second place)) had held the record with the fifth round. Hal’s record would be tied by Michael Barryte in episode 34. .***Even with a few seconds to think, Hal gave the same response as Tiffany (''The Mask 2''), sealing his loss. From this point on, doing so is referred to as "pulling a Hal Rudnick." .****First episode to contain 4 binomial Speed Round questions even though episode 11 had three binomial questions and one multiple choice. .*****Mike used Sylvester Stallone as an arguing point for ''Cliffhanger'', but ''Demolition Man'' also has Stallone. Granted, Mike did not get the point. '''Episode 20: Which Kids' Franchise Needs a Gritty Reboot? (3-1-15)'''<ref>Episode 20: Which Kids' Franchise Needs a Gritty Reboot? (3-1-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SXYYDSAZZY</ref> First episode shot at Screen Junkies Studios. It also is the first episode where the fighters are given voice-over introductions by Jon Bailey with their pictures and records (even though all the fighters are new in this episode). New Speed Round music is introduced. The first-, second-, and third-place finishers all sat in the same respective seats for a third episode in a row. Sixth episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Fourth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. It is the first in which a fighter gets no points after question 1. Jason Inman and Dan Murrell gave a dedication to Leonard Nimoy who passed away on 2-27-2015. The winner of this fight would go against Nick Mundy (2/4/1 record) and Mike Carlson (winner of episode 20) in a semi-final to take Dan Murrell's title belt. However, as seen in episode 21, Nick was replaced by Spencer, with Nick being pushed back to episode 24. First episode since episode 1 to feature three new fighters. Excluding the fan episode (25), this did not happen again until December 26, 2015, 43 episodes later. Dan specifically references this episode by contestants and date in the post-Round 1 cleanup of episode 67. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Matt Raub || New fighter || Third |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Zaragoza Steve Zaragoza] || New fighter || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Andreyko Marc Andreyko] || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Steve !! Marc |- | 1: Should the Power Rangers movie be like the short film? || 1 || || |- | 2: Kids' property that needs a hard edged reboot? || || 1 || |- | 3: Best film starring Will Smith? || || 1 || |- | 4: Best movie tagline? || || || 1* |- | 5: Bring back one movie star from the dead? || || || 1 |- | 6: Best movie with the character's name in the title? || || 1 || |- | 7: Best movie heroine? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 4 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which of these do we watch: ''X-Men: The Last Stand'' or ''Spiderman 3''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best voice performance in a Disney movie || x || || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best spoof movie || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Excluding ''Die Hard'', best Bruce Willis movie || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Hollywood Jason *** || x || || 1**** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1***** || 5 || '''6''' |} .*No one attempted to argue against Marc's answer ("In space, no one can hear you scream," from ''Alien''). .**Mark was faster than Steve in saying Robin Williams as Genie. .***Upon questioning by Mark, specified as an actor, not a director etc. or character. .****Initially, Andy called Steve the winner, but quickly changed his mind. This also marks the first time that someone has been behind by three points in the Speed Round and ultimately won. .*****Third episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point. Also the first episode in which a fighter never received any points after the first round. '''Episode 21: Avengers: Age of Ultron End Credits Scenes! (3-8-15)'''<ref>Episode 21: Avengers: Age of Ultron End Credits Scenes! (3-815) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdWkmcVbG4o</ref> Tournament semi-final match #1. Nick Mundy was supposed to appear in this episode, but he could not due to illness. Instead of Mundy-mania, there was Spenny Slam. Fifth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 3/2/0 || Second |- | Marc Andreyko || 1/0/0 || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 2/3/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Marc !! Spencer |- | 1: Have we seen too much of ''Avengers Age of Ultron'' from the trailers? || 1 || || |- | 2: Pitch the perfect end credits scene for ''Avengers 2'' * || || || 1 |- | 3: Who would win in a fight: Spider-Man or Iron Man? || 1 || 1 || |- | 4: What is the best movie robot? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the best movie with Jeff Goldblum in it? || 1 || || |- | 6: Pitch a new action franchise with The Rock as the star. || || || 1 |- | 7: Best Disney villain? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who wins in a fight: Chuck Norris or Danny Trejo? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Both of these movies are playing on cable. What do we watch: ''Batman and Robin'' or ''Twilight: New Moon''? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Hollywood's best Steven/Stephen? *** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best John Williams score that's not ''Star Wars''? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 2 || '''6''' |} .*Dan gives his own idea of what should have happened in a post-credits scene. .**Spencer was faster at saying ''Batman and Robin''. .***Spencer conceded on this question. His losing answer was Stephen Colbert (while Mike said Spielberg). In episode 17, in a similar question for Jon/John, Jeremy Jahns answered Jon Stewart and also lost. '''Episode 22: Star Wars Spinoffs - Good Idea or Bad Idea? (3-15-15)'''<ref>Episode 22: Star Wars Spinoffs - Good Idea or Bad Idea? (3-15-2015) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wW6ncUY-8ZA</ref> The winner of this fight would move on in a tournament to fight against Nick Mundy and another fighter in the second semi-final. Erin Robinson returns after a 19 episode absence (a record at the time, which would be broken nine times (but not each time a new record) before she would take it back in her next appearance in episode 67). Andy announces in this episode that fans can send videos in a competition to come watch a taping of Movie Fights. He also announces that ''Leprechaun 4'' will be Screen Junkies' first live viewing video. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Jason Inman || 1/1/0 || Second |- | Roger Barr || 0/4/0 || '''Win''' |- | Erin Robinson || 0/1/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jason !! Roger !! Erin |- | 1: ''Star Wars'' Spinoffs: Good idea or Bad idea? || || 1 || |- | 2: Are we excited for ''Tomorrowland''? || 1 || || |- | 3: Pitch a Tim Burton dream project || 1 || || |- | 4: Which movie character should get a comeback? || || || 1 |- | 5: Best revenge film of all time? || || 1 || |- | 6: Best movie villain of the 1990s? || || 1 || |- | 7: Lamest movie monster of all time? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 4 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is Steven Spielberg's worst film? * || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: You have to listen to one movie song for the rest of your life on repeat. Which one do you pick: "My Heart Will Go On" from ''Titanic'' by Celine Dion or "Let it Go" from ''Frozen''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Whose next movie are you more excited for: Michael Bay or M. Night Shyamalan? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''6'''** || 1*** |} .*Jason answered ''1942''. Roger agreed and gave the point to Jason, but the film was called ''1941'', which Dan pointed out. .**Roger finally gets a win after four losses. .***Fourth episode in which a fighter scores only one point. '''Episode 23: Iron Man VS Darth Vader (3-22-15)'''<ref>Episode 23: Iron Man VS Darth Vader (3-22-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQkf3jHEpqY</ref> The winner of this fight would move on in a tournament to fight against Nick Mundy and Roger Barr (winner of episode 22) in the second semi-final. Sixth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Not counting the first episode, seventh episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 1/1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Kristian Harloff || 0/1/0 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Hollywood Scott Mantz] || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Kristian !! Scott |- | 1: Does the trailer for Adam Sandler's ''Pixels'' excite us? || 1 || 1 || |- | 2: What movie trailer revealed too much of the movie? || || || 1 |- | 3: What movie do we never want a sequel/remake to? || || || 1 |- | 4: What actor could take over an action franchise? || || 1 || |- | 5: Which actor should come out of retirement? || 1 || || |- | 6: ''Star Wars'' VS Marvel - best fight! || 1 || || |- | 7: What's the best final film of a film series? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is Hollywood's best Robert? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie starring Jaden Smith? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are playing on cable. Which should we watch: ''XXX: State of the Union'' or ''2 Fast 2 Furious''? || 1* || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''** || 3 || 2 |} .*Alicia was faster at saying ''2 Fast 2 Furious''. .**This is the second time a fighter has swept the Speed Round. Alicia was previously swept in episode 18. She thus is the first fighter to have both swept a Speed Round and be swept. This would subsequently happen to Spencer Gilbert (episodes 26 (loss) and 43 (win)), Dan Murrell (episodes 18, 26, and 58 (wins) and 93 (and 94) (loss)), and Coy Jandreau (episodes 91 (win) and 98 (loss)). '''Episode 24: Better Franchise: Mission: Impossible or Fast & Furious (3-29-15)'''<ref>Episode 24: Better Franchise: Mission: Impossible or Fast & Furious (3-29-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irlyF7MskC8</ref> Semi-final #2. The winner of this fight would move on in a tournament to fight against Spencer Gilbert (winner of episode 21) and Dan Murrell in the final (episode 26) to claim the belt. Not counting the team battle in episode 17, the first appearance of Nick Mundy since episode 15. Eighth episode in which a competitor takes an early lead (at end of Round 3) and ultimately finishes in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 2/1/0 || Second |- | Roger Barr || 1/4/0 || Third |- | Nick Mundy || 2/4/1 * || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Roger !! Nick |- | 1: Will Jesse Eisenberg be a good Lex Luthor? || || 1 || 1 |- | 2: Tom Cruise: Great actor or popular movie star? || 1 || || |- | 3: ''Mission Impossible'' vs ''Fast & Furious'' || || 1 || |- | 4: Which cast should reunite for a sequel? || || || 1 |- | 5: Could Arnold Schwarzenegger be a dramatic actor? || || || 1 |- | 6: Best American remake of a foreign film? || 1 || || |- | 7: Best movie cameo? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are both playing at the same time on cable. Which do you watch: The ''Robocop'' remake or the ''Psycho'' remake? || 1** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Worse villain; Arnold Schwarzenegger's Mr. Freeze or Jamie Foxx's Electro? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Discounting the movies, who would win in a fight: Alien or Predator? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with Jack Black in it? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Hollywood James || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || 2 || '''6''' |} .*Nick's record is incorrectly listed as 3 wins, 3 losses. He actually has 4 losses. This under-reporting by 1 loss carries over into future episodes (26, 30), but it is not reported in episode 36 as no voice-over introductions were used, and starting in episode 38 [in which Nick appears], losses are no longer reported in the introductions. .**Alicia was faster at saying ''Robocop''. '''Episode 25: Who Should Be the Next Wolverine? (4-5-15)'''<ref>Episode 25: Who Should Be the Next Wolverine? (4-5-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cg7vgiDcHcg</ref> Fan episode. Three winners of the video competition who thought they would be spectating actually compete and are coached by Screen Junkies employees, specifically, the three who will be competing in the finals for the belt. The winner was given a Fan Fights belt. Each coach is allowed to chime in three times during the episode. Also, each competitor is allowed to have the coach substitute in for one fight. Loot Crate is introduced as Movie Fights' new sponsor. Andy mispronounces the upcoming ''James Bond'' film ''Spectre'' as "Spectra" for a second time, having previously done so while introducing the fifth round of episode 9. This episode is not counted in the overall ranking/statistics. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters/Coach !! Finish |- | Mika Valleau/Spencer Gilbert || Second |- | Bryan Chambers/Dan Murrell || '''Win''' |- | Tony Tubes Zerr/Nick Mundy || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mika !! Bryan !! Tony |- | 1: Who do you cast as the new Wolverine? || || 1 || |- | 2: What property should have a movie universe? || || 1 || |- | 3: What actor should join the ''Fast and the Furious'' franchise? *|| || || 1 |- | 4: Best action sequel of all time? || 1 || || |- | 5: Best ''James Bond'' movie? || || || 1 |- | 6: If you could punch one actor in the face, who would it be? || 1 || || |- | 7: Worst casting in movie history? || || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which one [Michael Bay movie] should I watch: ''Transformers 1'' or the 2014 ''Ninja Turtle'' movie? || 0 || x || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would win in a fight: Chewbacca or Groot? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Hollywood Paul || 1** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the worst movie starring Vince Vaughn? || || 1*** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which remake would you rather see: ...''Speed'' or ''Under Siege''? || 1**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which movie is better: Bill Murray's ''Garfield'' or Dan Akroyd's ''Yogi Bear''? ***** || || || x |- | SPEED ROUND F: Best movie with "Revenge" in the title || 1 || + || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Both of these movies are also on cable. Which do we watch: ''Battlefield Earth'' or ''The Last Airbender''? || || 1+* || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || '''6''' || 2 |} .*Dan stepped in for Bryan, the only time this was done in the episode. .**Bryan didn't attempt to argue against Mika's response of Newman. .***Mika was trying to think of ''Delivery Man'', but she couldn't. .****Mika was faster at saying ''Speed''. .*****Skipped because it was too close to call who said ''Garfield'' first. +Bryan said ''Die Hard 2'', which doesn't contain "Revenge." +*Mika was about to say ''The Last Airbender'', but Bryan beat her. '''Episode 26: Ultimate Game of Thrones Spin-off Movie? (4-12-15)'''<ref>Episode 26: Ultimate Game of Thrones Spin-off Movie? (4-12-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rygbTpOokZU</ref> Third championship fight for the belt. Scott Mantz as Fact Checker Dan wore a ''The Raid'' 2 t-shirt in response to the call against him the previous week that ''The Raid 2'' was not the greatest action sequel of all time. Rule changes regarding tie breakers and Speed Round: If someone repeats the first responder's answer, the first response does not automatically win. Rather, the second person gets a chance to pick something else (or the ''other'' option if there are only two choices), and the two will argue. Further, the host does not choose the winners in Speed Rounds but rather acts as a tie-breaking vote if the Fact Checker and third-place fighter don't agree on who should win. None of the competitors fought in the first round of the tournament (Spencer and Nick had first round byes and Dan held the belt). All four winners from the first round were eliminated in the second round. Nick's reported record remains short by 1 loss and is still that way as of the writing of this (May 14, 2015). The record listed below going into this episode (4 wins (3 wins and a tie), 4 losses) is correct. Seventh episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place (though only during the time between the ends of questions 5 and 6), and the second time for Dan. As of November 8, 2015, this is the only episode (besides the Comic-Con episodes) in which only one fighter managed to get more than 2 points (Edit: In Episode 57 (11-15-15), this occurred again). However, as shown below in the second note, in episode 15, this should have also been the case using the appropriate rules for a pre-Speed Round tie breaker question. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 3/3/1 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 3/4/1 || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 6/0/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Nick !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: Pitch the ultimate ''Game of Thrones'' movie! || || || 1 |- | 2: What movie franchise should be R-rated? || 1 || || |- | 3: What should Joss Whedon's next project be? || || 1 || |- | 4: Best fictional world to have a first date in? || 1 || || |- | 5: Which movie character should have a prequel? || || 1 || |- | 6: Best movie of the 2000s (2000-2015)? || || || 1 |- | 7: Pitch the perfect remake movie? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Who is the worst Batman: George Clooney or Val Kilmer? || 0 || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both of these films are on cable. Which do I watch: ''Mortal Kombat'' or ''Street Fighter''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Worst movie starring Robert Downey Jr. || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Hollywood William || || x || 1* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2** || 2 || '''6''' |} .*Decided by Andy after additional argument as Nick sided with Spencer. .**Although Spencer's score was no higher than Nick's, he beats Nick. Excluding episode 4, in which Andy incorrectly indicated that Hal had five points (leading to Hal finishing in second rather than a tie for second), this is the first time that two fighters had the same scores but different finishes. Accordingly, Spencer's score of 2 is the lowest second-place score so far (as of November 8, 2015 (edit: tied by Chloe Dykstra in Episode 57 (11-15-15) and again by Spencer himself a week later). However, in episode 15, had Trisha not been given a point for her tie breaker against Nick (which didn't involve ComicBookGirl19) to go to the Speed Round, this ''would'' have been another example. '''Episode 27: Batman v. Superman Trailer - Awesome or Awful? (4-19-15)'''<ref>Episode 27: Batman v. Superman Trailer - Awesome or Awful? (4-19-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvPAqP6mBYk</ref> As of January 16, 2017, this episode remains the last in which more than 13 total points were awarded. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/7/1 || '''Win''' |- | Jason Inman || 1/2/0 || Third |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/1/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Hal !! Jason !! Trisha |- | 1: ''Batman V Superman'' trailer - Love it or hate it? || || || 1 |- | 2: Best moment from the ''Force Awakens'' trailer || 1 || || |- | 3: Best order to watch ''Star Wars'' in? || || || 1 |- | 4: New ''Ant-man'' trailer - Love it or hate it || || 1 || 1 |- | 5: Are you worried about ''Wonder Woman''? || || || 1 |- | 6: ''Terminator Genisys'' Trailer - Love it or hate? || 1 || 1 || |- | 7: Best second movie in a trilogy || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round * ''' || 3 || 2 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both of these movies are playing at the same time on cable. Which one do we watch: Ben Affleck's ''Daredevil'' or Ryan Reynolds' ''Green Lantern''? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Matthew/Matt || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie directed by Michael Bay? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Hollywood's best Kate/Cate? || 1*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Both of these movies are on cable at the same time. Which do we watch: ''Lady in the Water'' or ''The Happening''? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''7''' || 2 || 5 |} .*Trisha says that she does not do well in the Speed Round. However, she did just as well as ComicBookGirl19 did when they fought each other (though again it should be pointed out that had Trisha not received a point for the tie breaker, she would have lost after the second Speed Round question). Hal responds that he did something stupid in the Speed Round, but it was actually a tie breaker to go into the Speed Round. .**Split decision. Jason did not vote for Trisha, who was faster at picking ''Green Lantern''. .***Split decision. Jason did not vote for Hal, who was faster as picking Winslet. '''Episode 28: Will Jurassic World Suck? (4-26-15)'''<ref>Episode 28: Will Jurassic World Suck? (4-26-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQJhbD4kCHo</ref> Hosted by Nick Mundy as a birthday gift to him. However, the episode was introduced by Andy Signore. Jason Inman as Fact Checker with help from Nick's father, Dennis Mundy. Dollar Shave Club is the new sponsor. Eighth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place, and the third time for Dan. Ninth episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. The second episode in which a fighter gets no points after question 1. As of August 9, 2015, this is the last fight Dan has won (he has since lost twice) and the last one in which a fighter has scored 7 points. (Update: On August 16, 2015, Dan won again, retaining the Belt, with 6 points). There are only six questions prior to the Speed Round, which for this episode has been extended to nine potential questions, though there was later argument over how many there would be; in future episodes, the number would revert to five even though the number of questions prior to the Speed Round would remain at six. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 7/0/0 || '''Win'''* |- | Roger Barr || 1/5/0 || Third |- | Andy Signore || 0/1/0 || Second* |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Dan !! Roger !! Andy |- | 1: ''Fantastic Four'' trailer: Should we see the movie? || || 1 || |- | 2: Are we excited for ''Jurassic World''? || || || 1 |- | 3: Pitch the ultimate Batman/Superman movie || || || 1 |- | 4: Team up 2 actors for the best buddy cop movie || 1 || || |- | 5: What real life person needs a biopic made of them? || 1 || || |- | 6: Can a solo ''Hulk'' movie work? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Hollywood's best Richard || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What's the worst movie starring Arnold Schwarzenegger || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which of these two is the better disaster movie: ''Twister'' or ''The Day After Tomorrow''? || 1** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best ''Rocky'' sequel || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which do you watch: ''Max Payne'' or ''Major Payne''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND F: Who would win in a fight: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles or the Power Rangers? || || x || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND G: Better love story: Anakin and Padmé or Bella and Edward? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''7''' || 1**** || 5* |} .*If there were in fact to be nine Speed Round questions, Jason called the game too early as Andy could have gotten the next two questions to force a tie breaker (a tenth Speed Round question). It was Dan, not Andy, who would have needed five out of nine Speed Round questions to tie. .**Andy couldn't argue for his choice (''The Day After Tomorrow''). .***Split decision. Dennis chose Dan (Power Rangers) over Andy. .****Fifth episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point. '''Episode 29: Avengers: Age of Ultron - Overhyped? (5-3-15)'''<ref>Episode 29: Avengers: Age of Ultron - Overhyped? (5-3-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDaeZE0cBls</ref> Loot Crate once again becomes the Movie Fights sponsor. Not counting the first episode, tenth episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 3/3/0* || Second |- | Amy Nicholson || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Kristian Harloff || 0/2/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Amy !! Kristian |- | 1: ''Age of Ultron'' - Does it live up to the hype? || || 1 || |- | 2: Who gave the best performance in ''Age of Ultron''? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best Marvel Cinematic Universe Director so far? || || || 1 |- | 4: Do we like Jared Leto's Joker pic? || || 1 || |- | 5: What franchise deserves its own day like ''Star Wars''? || 1 || || |- | 6: What movie needs an all female spinoff movie? || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER **: Best movie directed by M. Night Shymalan || 0 || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which do you watch: ''Avatar'' or ''Titanic''? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Jai Courtney role || *** || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which movie do we watch on cable if they're both playing at the same time: ''The Mighty Ducks'' or ''The Sandlot''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who wins in a fight out of these three: Christopher Reeve's Superman, Brandon Routh's Superman, or Henry Cavill's Superman? || 1 || **** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which of these songs from a movie soundtrack should I listen to: Seal's "Kiss From a Rose" or Aerosmith's "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing"? || || 1***** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5'''+,+* || 2 |} .*Mike's record is under-reported during the voice-over introduction by one loss (similar to the case for Nick Mundy). This carries over to episode 35. .**Andy indicated that there had never been a three-way tie breaker before, but Dan corrected him (it was done in episode 16). It was done differently in this episode however, as only one question was used and Andy picked two fighters to advance. Amy was picked first, and then Mike and Kristian had to give further argument; Kristian eventually conceded to Mike. .***Mike could not think of a role to answer. .****Amy did not bother to argue this question. .*****Split decision. Kristian chose Mike ("Kiss from a Rose") over Amy. +Andy said that Amy took out two champs; however, Kristian has never won (he has only come in second twice). Kristian would later point this out to Andy in episode 31. +*Not counting fights with three new fighters, Amy becomes the first new fighter to win since episode 16 when Alicia Malone beat two returners. '''Episode 30: Who Should Play the Punisher? (5-10-15)'''<ref>Episode 30: Who Should Play the Punisher? (5-10-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCVtb1Cgud0</ref> No sponsor is advertised. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Pat Healy || New fighter || Third |- | Chris Stuckmann || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 3/5/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Pat !! Chris !! Nick |- | 1: Pitch a Boba Fett ''Star Wars'' spinoff movie || || 1 || |- | 2: Which ''Suicide Squad'' member looked the best in their pic? || || 1* || |- | 3: Erase a sequel from any franchise || 1 || || |- | 4: Who should direct the new ''Spider-Man'' movie? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who should play the Punisher in the MCU? || || || 1 |- | 6: Worst movie mom? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best Hollywood Ben || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Better franchise: ''Rocky'' or ''Rambo''? || x || || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which do you watch: ''Star Trek V: The Final Frontier'' or ''Star Wars Episode I[: The Phantom Menace]''? || x || || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Worse movie song to hear on repeat: Prince's Bat Dance or Vanilla Ice's Turtle Rap? || x || 1**** || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Worst movie starring Julia Roberts || x || || 1***** |- | TIE BREAKER: Which '80's remake would we rather see: ''Crocodile Dundee'' or ''Ferris Bueller['s Day Off]''? || x || 1+ || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1+* || '''6''' || 5 |} .*This is the fifth time a fighter has won the point for both of the first two questions without anyone else getting any points. This was previously done in episodes 11 (Nick Mundy), 12 (Nick again), 18 (Dan Murrell), and 25 (Bryan Chambers). In all five cases, the person to do this ultimately won the fight. .**Split decision. Pat chose Chris' argument for ''Rambo''. After the point is awarded, Andy says that how the franchises are different will be discussed someday on "After the Movie Fight." More than six months later, "After the Fight" premiered. .***Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, but Pat agreed. Nick won despite not saying ''Star Wars Episode I'' fast enough and getting stuck with ''Star Trek V''. .****Split decision. Pat chose Nick's argument. Nick wasn't fast enough and got stuck with Bat Dance. .*****Split decision. Pat chose Chris' argument for ''Full Frontal'' versus ''The Mexican''. Andy didn't want to give Chris the point as he considered both arguments weak and wanted someone to win the fight right in a tie breaker. +Split decision. Pat chose Nick's argument. Chris won despite not saying ''Crocodile Dundee'' fast enough. .+*Sixth episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point. '''Episode 31: Best Pixar Movie (CinemaSins vs. Honest Trailers) (5-17-15)'''<ref>Episode 31: Best Pixar Movie (CinemaSins vs. Honest Trailers) (5-17-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1bYCCTF6Zk</ref> In response to fan demand, the CinemaSins crew has been brought in to take on the Honest Trailers crew. This team fight is not counted in the overall statistics. Hosted by Kristian Harloff of Schmoes Know as Andy didn't want a Screen Junkies employee judging. Brit Fofana as Fact Checker {| class="wikitable" |- ! Teams !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Jeremy Scott, Chris Atkinson (CS) || N/A || Lose |- | Dan Murrell, Andy Signore (HT) || N/A * || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|CS !! style="width: 6%"|HT |- | 1: Pitch Spider-Man's introduction to the MCU || || 1 |- | 2: Worst cinema sin || 1 || |- | 3: Best movie chase scene || || 1 |- | 4: Best Pixar movie || 1 || |- | 5: Dream versus movie || || 1 |- | 6: Most sinful movie || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' ** || 2 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the worst Tom Hanks movie: ''Dragnet'' or ''Turner and Hooch''? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who wins in a fight: Chris Evans' Captain America or Chris Evans' Human Torch? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which do we watch: ''Paul Blart'' or ''Observe and Report''? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who wins in a fist fight: Ripley or Sarah Connor? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: ''Jurassic Park III'' or ''Lethal Weapon 4''? || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || '''6''' *** |} .*While it was mentioned that the CinemaSins fighters were both first-time fighters, the Honest Trailers team was introduced as having a combined record of 8-2 (all wins from Dan and both losses from Andy). The record does not include the team fight from episode 17. .**First Speed Round to contain five binomial questions. .***Screen Junkies/Honest Trailers is now 2-0 for its team fights (3-0 if the fight on the Schmoes Know Show is counted). '''Episode 32: McConaughey in the Marvel Universe?! (5-24-15)'''<ref>Episode 32: McConaughey in the Marvel Universe?! (5-24-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96DC11xve18</ref> Eleventh episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. The third episode in which a fighter gets no points after question 1 (previously happened in episodes 20 and 28). Starting this episode, Andy is sitting across the table from where he usually sits. As of August 9, 2015, last episode (besides Comic-Con) to not feature a Speed Round question asking for the best person in Hollywood of a specific first name. (Update: On August 16, 2015, no such question was asked. The same goes for the following week's episode). Also the first and only episode in which Dan can be seen without his cap; he removes it for approximately 10 seconds. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 2/2/0 || '''Win''' |- | Mark Ellis || 1/2/0 || Third |- | Miri Jedeikin || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 67%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Mark !! Miri |- | 1: Worst post-apocalyptic future to live in || || 1 || |- | 2: What superhero or villain should Matthew McConaughey play? || 1 || || |- | 3: Best fictional movie band || || || 1 |- | 4: What director should return to a franchise? || 1 || || |- | 5: What villain should get an origin movie? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best disaster movie || 1 || || 1* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 4 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: Better director: Roland Emmerich or Michael Bay? ** || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND A2: Best movie directed by Martin Scorsese || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which should we watch: ''The Lion King'' or ''Toy Story''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Worst movie starring Robert De Niro || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who would win in a fight between these two: Legolas or Hawkeye? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 1*** || 4 |} .*Miri got a secondary point after Alicia was already given a point and Miri and Mark further argued the same question. .**Skipped because it was too close to call who said Michael Bay first. .***Seventh episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point and the third time this happened in four three-fighter fights with only six pre-Speed Round questions. '''Episode 33: Which Disney Character Needs a Spin-Off? (5-31-15)'''<ref>Episode 33: Which Disney Character Needs a Spin-Off? (5-31-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjJf-CNUYVs</ref> Ninth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Speed Round rules are slightly modified so that the first person to argue gets a five-second rebuttal after the second person argues. Andy announces that Movie Fights t-shirts are available for order. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 3/4/1 || Second |- | Germain Lussier * || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Andre Meadows || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Germain !! Andre |- | 1: ''Point Break'' Trailer - Love or Hate it? || ** || 1 || 1 |- | 2: ''Tomorrowland'': See it, Rent it, or Skip it? || 1 || || |- | 3: Which Disney character deserves a spin-off? || 1 || || |- | 4: Which movie flop needs to be remade? || || || 1 |- | 5: Which movie needs a tie-in video game? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best High School Movie? || || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: Hollywood's best Sean/Shawn || x || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best Steven Spielberg movie made after 2000? || *** || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best DC Superhero movie not starring Batman || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with "American" in the title? **** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Hollywood's best Tom ***** || || 1+ || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Both of these movies are on cable....Which do you watch: ''Grown Ups 2'' or ''Blues Brothers 2000''? || || 1 || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Best ''Mission: Impossible'' sequel? || || 1+* || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || '''6''' || 2 |} .*In the introductory cards announcing the fights and their records, Germain's first name has an "e" added to the end. .**As all fighters didn't like the trailer, Spencer attempted Devil's Advocate for double points, but he was unsuccessful. Had he ultimately won, he would be the only person besides Dan Murrell to twice win after being in third place. Had Spencer gotten the first question, he would have gone into the Speed Round with a four-point lead (the first person to go in leading by even three points (later done by Alicia Malone in episode 42), let alone four), allowing him to win after the second Speed Round question. .***Spencer initially said ''Super 8'', which was not a Spielberg movie. He was given another chance but ultimately didn't submit an answer. .****Question previously used in episode 15's Speed Round. The same answer (''American Beauty'') received the point. However, unlike in this episode, in episode 15, Trisha did not give an answer. .*****Question previously used in episode 16's Speed Round. The answer that won in episode 16 (Hanks) was used again, but it did not win the point this time. +Split decision. Andre disagreed with Andy, who chose Germain (Cruise over Hanks). +*Spencer chose III, but was thinking of IV, which Germain picked. '''Episode 34: Dream Superhero Movie Director (6-7-15)'''<ref>Episode 34: Dream Superhero Movie Director (6-7-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evCymu92ZNs</ref> Loot Crate returns as the show's sponsor. Andy is wearing the very first Movie Fights t-shirt, which is available for order. Michael Barryte returns after a 29 episode absence, the longest absence (at the time) by a margin of 10 episodes. As of September 6, 2015, this is the last episode (excluding the Comic-Con episodes) to not feature a tie breaker or Speed Round question asking for the best movie with a specific word in the title. (Update: In episode 48 (air date 9/13/15), no such question was asked). The Screen Junkies Wikipedia page (the Movie Fights section in particular) is mentioned in the beginning of this episode, but the Movie Fights material is removed within four hours of the airing of the episode. Andy also asks for an Honest Trailers Wikipedia page to be created, and the page is created later that same day with a link to the Screen Junkies main page. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 1/7/1 || Second |- | Michael Barryte || 0/1/0 || Third |- | [Michael] Davis|| New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! style="width: 4%"|Hal !! Michael !! Davis |- | 1: Which director should make a superhero movie? || 1 || || |- | 2: What star should reboot an 80s movie?|| 1 || || |- | 3: Best spy movie not including James Bond?|| || || 1 |- | 4: Best singular film made from a TV Show?|| 1 || || |- | 5: Best inspirational speech made from a film?|| || || 1 |- | 6: Best first movie from any director?|| || 1* || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is Hollywood’s best Andy/Andie? ** || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which one do we watch:... ''Angels in the Outfield'' or ''Rookie of the Year''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie starring Robin Williams? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Worst movie starring Tom Cruise? *** || || x || 1****,***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1***** || '''6''' |} .*Michael becomes the second person to not score until Round 6. This was previously done by Hal in episode 19. Short of a Devil's Advocate situation (not really applicable to the situation), Michael could not avoid third place after the fifth question. .**Hal could not think of anyone and said “Signore”. Andy was not willing to listen to an argument for that. .***Andy requested help from Michael and Dan Murrell to judge this question. They both chose Davis (for ''Legend'' rather than ''Jack Reacher''), which was not what Andy was choosing. .****Split decision. Andy was the only one who chose Hal (who chose ''Jack Reacher'') over Davis (''Legend''). .*****Davis’ performance in the Speed Round marks: - The fourth time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, and 26), - the first time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering four questions (instead of only three as done in episodes 18, 23, and 26), and - the third time someone has gotten four consecutive points in the Speed Round (previously done in a five-question Speed Round in episode 27 and a seven-question Speed Round in episode 28) .*****Michael becomes the first person to come in third place on both his first and second appearances. However, his first appearance (episode 4) technically should have been a tie for second place as Hal was ruled to have received five points rather than four. The closest anyone else has come to this ''is'' Hal, who (using true scores) either came in third place or tied for second in each of his first six appearances. '''Episode 35: Jurassic World - Fun or Failure (6-14-15)'''<ref>Episode 35: Jurassic World - Fun or Failure (6-14-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4W5DUKMBIQ</ref> Squarespace sponsors this episode. Spencer Gilbert hosts. Jason Inman as Fact Checker Not counting the first episode, twelfth episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Until August 23, 2015, this was the last episode in which more than 11 points were awarded. As of January 16, 2017, it remains the last in which more than 12 were awarded and until November 21, 2015 was the last in which the third place finisher finished with more than one point. Dan drops his first f-bomb. Dan is no longer undefeated after this fight, but he retains the Belt. As of January 16, 2017, this is his only third place finish in a Movie Fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || 0/2/0 || Second |- | Mike Carlson || 3/4/0* || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 8/0/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 71%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Andy !! Mike !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: ''Jurassic World'' - Fun or Failure || 1 || 1** || |- | 2: Pitch the next ''Jurassic Park'' movie || || || 1 |- | 3: Best fourth film in a movie franchise *** || || || 1 |- | 4: Who should play Bullseye & Elektra on Daredevil? || || 1 || |- | 5: Best fake movie in a movie? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best movie poster of all time? || || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the best movie with "Man" in the title? || 0 || x || **** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Better spoof franchise: ''Naked Gun'' or ''Austin Powers''? || 1***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Hollywood Daniel || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best pre-Marvel Cinematic Universe Marvel movie? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best Tom Hanks movie after the year 2000? + || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the worst Colin Farrell movie? || || 1 || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Who would win in a fight: Dumbledore or Gandalf? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || '''6''' || 2 |} .*Mike's record again is under-reported by one loss (carried over from episode 29). .**Mike did not fight in Round 1. Rather, he was given the opportunity to predict the winner of the fight ahead of time to win a point. He correctly guessed that Andy would win. .***During this fight, there was discussion of remembering ''Mission: Impossible: Ghost Protocol'' from ''Mission: Impossible 3''. After the fight, Jason referenced the time Spencer lost an episode (episode 33) because he could not remember the difference. .****Andy and Spencer jokingly indicated that perhaps Dan's loss isn't canon since Andy wasn't judging, and Spencer said there should be an asterisk by his loss. .*****Spencer said Andy took the lead at this point, but Andy tied. This was corrected later. +Andy was allowed to answer ''Cast Away'' even though it came out ''in'' 2000, instead of ''after''. '''Episode 36: Most Traumatizing Kid's Movie? (6-21-15)'''<ref>Episode 36: Most Traumatizing Kid's Movie? (6-21-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bBHeRobiI8</ref> Squarespace again sponsors this episode. In honor of Fathers' Day, Andy's dad Steve sits with Dan and is allowed to overrule Andy on questions prior to the Speed Round. He also takes Dan's place in the Speed Round judging panel. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campea John Campea] and Tiffany Smith were initially both set to fight with Jon Schnepp, but they were ill. Due to short-notice replacements, no voice-over introductions were used. First appearance of Jon Schnepp, who would eventually become the first Movie Fights competitor to die, passing away on July 19, 2018. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Nick Mundy || 3/6/1 || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Schnepp Jon Schnepp] || New fighter || Third |- | John Rocha || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Nick !! style="width: 6%"|Jon !! style="width: 6%"|John |- | 1: Which actor should join ''Star Wars''? || 1 || || |- | 2: Most traumatizing kids movie? || || 1* || |- | 3: Which movie character would make the best dad? || 1 || || |- | 4: Most disappointing summer blockbuster || || || 1 |- | 5: Canceled movie you'd like to see? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best movie death ** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' *** || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: Best Hollywood Emma **** || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND A2: Best Hollywood Josh || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Please tell me the best movie with the word "good" in the title? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Worst movie starring Robert Downey Jr? ***** || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND D: Name the celebrity that gave us the best voice in an animated feature after the year 2000? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E1: Tell me the best film from the year 2013 +* || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E2: Better first franchise film: ''Alien'' or ''Predator''? +** || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 1+*** || 4 |} .*Steve overruled Andy, who had originally chosen Rocha's argument for ''The Transformers: The Movie'' (1986), and went with ''Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory'' (1971), which Andy had indicated was better but had declined to choose based on arguments. This would be the only point Schnepp would receive. Further, Schnepp and Steve both incorrectly indicated that Violet Beauregarde had turned into a ''grape'' rather than a blueberry. .**A repeat question from episode 9. The winning answer to the question from episode 9 (T-800 from ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'' (1991)) was not said in the episode (as it was a spoiler for the next Honest Trailer), but it was indicated that that answer was disqualified. .***As Andy said that they were into the Speed Round, Nick held up a sign saying "SLAYER RULES" .****Question disregarded. After Nick said "Stone", John kept thinking. Steve eventually shouted out "Watkins" (likely meant to be Watson), leading Andy to disregard the question even though Nick was okay with John taking Watson (It is possible that Nick figured John would talk heavily about the eight films that featured Hermione Granger and would have rebutted by saying ''Harry Potter'' films aren't Hollywood films, so technically, anything mentioned regarding Hermione Granger should be disregarded in considering the argument). .*****A repeat question from episode 26; new answers were given. +Split decision. Jon chose Nick (''Air America'') over John (''The Pick Up Artist''). +*was the only one who could give a movie from 2013 (''Iron Man 3''), but he didn't want to win on a technicality, so he allowed the question to be waived. +**Was originally set to be the tie-breaker question. +***Ninth episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point and the fifth time this happened in eight three-fighter fights with only six pre-Speed Round questions. '''Episode 37: Who Should Play Green Lantern? (6-28-15)'''<ref>Episode 37: Who Should Play Green Lantern? (6-28-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjWzPiz4i54</ref> NatureBox is a first-time sponsor in this episode. No voice-over introductions were used; no explanation is given. Dan once again is unsuccessful, but he improved his performance from his previous appearance and retains his belt. Later in the day on Periscope, he announces that the next tournament will be in the [Northern Hemisphere] fall. As a result of his loss to Amy, he owes her a drink. The Nostalgia Critic (Doug Walker) has been one of the most requested guests for the show. Although he previously announced it on twitter, Andy announces that Movie Fights will be at the upcoming San Diego Comic-Con (film date July 9, 2015). Spencer Gilbert as Fact Checker The scoreboard is introduced. Although Dan lost two weeks earlier, this is the first time he finishes in second. The final score distribution is the same as the previous episode, but in a different left-to-right order. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 8/1/0 || Second |- | Amy Nicholson || 1/0/0 || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgia_Critic Doug Walker] || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! style="width: 6%"|Amy !! style="width: 7%"|Doug |- | 1: Which MCU character would you want to see in a ''Spider-Man'' movie? || || 1 || |- | 2: Who should play Green Lantern? || || || 1* |- | 3: What's the best movie recasting ever? || 1 || || |- | 4: Best James Horner film score? || 1 || || |- | 5: Worst movie of the 1990s? || || 1 || |- | 6: Best R-rated comedy of all time? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Hollywood's best Peter? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with the word "dead" in the title? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which do you buy: ''Inception'' or ''The Departed''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Worst movie starring Christian Bale? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Tell me Disney's best animated human character. || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''6'''** || 1*** |} .*Spencer initially gave Dan the point, but he corrected the sign and later clarified that it was Doug who got the point. .**Amy, who previously won episode 29, becomes the third fighter to obtain a 2-0 record, after Dan Murrell (episodes 2 and 3) and Mike Carlson (episodes 4 and 6). So currently, she is the only undefeated fighter to win more than one fight. .***Tenth episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point and the sixth time this happened in nine three-fighter fights with only six pre-Speed Round questions. As of November 15, 2015 (eighteen regular fights later), no third-place finisher has received more than one point, and two of them have receive no points (Edit: In the episode aired 11-21-15, Chris Stuckmann finished in third place with two points). '''Episode 38: Worst Terminator Sequel? (7-5-15)'''<ref>Episode 38: Worst Terminator Sequel? (7-5-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNQz7azzSzk</ref> LootCrate again returns as a sponsor in this episode. Voice-over introductions now only mention wins (or number of previous appearances if there are no wins). The score remains the same for a third week in a row, but again in a different seating order. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Kristian Harloff || 0/3/0 || '''Win''' |- | Mark Ellis || 1/3/0 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 4/6/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 64%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kristian !! Mark !! Nick |- | 1: Worst ''Terminator'' Sequel? || 1 || || |- | 2: Pitch Arnold [Schwarzenegger]'s next movie. || 1 || || |- | 3: Best movie explosion? || || 1 || |- | 4: Best movie of 2015 so far? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the best movie sequel title? || || || 1 |- | 6: Best superhero costume/uniform used in a movie? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Tell me the best movie Captain. || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with the word "night" [not Knight] in the title? || * || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Worst movie starring Scarlett Johansson? || 1 || ** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which do we buy: ''American History X'' or ''American Beauty''? || 1*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Hollywood Gene? || 1**** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Kristian attempted to use a movie he made up on the spot, ''Night Falls'', starring Robert DeNiro, but he lost the point to Mark. He revealed what he did after Andy gave the point to Mark. .**Kristian won with ''Lucy'' without argument as Mark attempted to come up with ''He's Just Not That Into You'', but couldn't think of the title. .***Split decision. Kristian confused Menu Suvari with Mira Sorvino but still got the point. Though Nick and Dan were activated, Andy had to break the tie as Dan sided with Mark. .****Kristian won the point despite saying Gene Hackman was in ''The Client'', even though he was not. '''Episode 39: Justice League vs. Avengers (7-12-15)'''<ref>Episode 39: Justice League vs. Avengers (7-12-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YeLcsWB5K_I</ref> Episode was filmed on 7-10-15 at San Diego Comic-Con. Andy and Hal co-hosted, with Hal getting audience members to choose and read questions (except final question which was pre-determined, but still read by audience member Isabella). After each question was asked, the fighters would whisper their answer into Andy's ear to determine whether or not he would need to flip a coin to determine who could argue his or her original choice. Winners were decided by audience applause. Tournament-style fight, single elimination with eight fighters. Fight is not counted towards official statistics. There is no designated Fact Checker, but Hal does do one minor fact check. Jeremy Jahns becomes the first fighter to appear in two fights without being in a regular-style fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Winner |- | 1: Mark Ellis v. Nick Mundy: Best Movie Batman? *, ** || Mark (Christian Bale over Michael Keaton) |- | 2: Mike Carlson v. Jeremy Jahns: What's better: ''Star Trek'' or ''Star Wars''? *, ** || Mike (''Star Trek'') |- | 3: Chris Stuckmann v. Dan Murrell: What franchise should Michael Bay take over? || Chris (''GI: Joe'' over ''Terminator'') |- | 4: Alicia Malone v. Spencer Gilbert: Hollywood's best Chris: Pine, Hemsworth, Evans, or Pratt ** || Spencer (Evans over Pratt) |- | Semi-final 1: Mark Ellis v. Mike Carlson: Which one of the X-Men would win the Hunger Games? * || Mike (Wolverine over Jean Grey) |- | Semi-final 2: Chris Stuckmann v. Spencer Gilbert: Who wins in a fight: Hulk vs Darth Vader? * || Spencer (Hulk) |- | Final: Mike Carlson v. Spencer Gilbert: Who wins in a fight: DCU's Justice League vs MCU's The Avengers? || '''Spencer''' (Avengers) |} .*Coin flips were necessary as Michael Keaton, ''Star Wars'', Wolverine, and Darth Vader were each initially chosen by both fighters. In all cases except Wolverine, the person who lost the coin toss won the fight. .**Questions 1, 2, and 4 were previously used respectively in episodes 2, 8, and 6. '''Episode 40: Batman v Superman v Wonderwoman: Who Wins? (7-19-15)'''<ref>Episode 40: Batman v Superman v Wonderwoman: Who Wins? (7-19-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7jFY8SORPE</ref> The episode heavily focuses on DC-related movies and the recent Comic Con in San Diego. There is now a digital scoreboard, which is shown occasionally throughout the episode. Marc Andreyko returns after an 18 episode absence. Tenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Jason Inman || 1/3/0 || '''Win''' |- | Marc Andreyko || 1/1/0 || Second |- | Mark Reilly || New fighter* || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jason !! Marc A !! Mark R |- | 1: Which movie stole the show at Comic Con this year? || || 1 || |- | 2: Best moment in the ''Batman v Superman'' trailer? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best part of the Suicide Squad trailer? || 1 || || |- | 4: Pitch the Ben Affleck solo ''Batman'' movie || 1 || || |- | 5: Who wins in a fight: Batman, Superman, or Wonder Woman? **|| || 1 || |- | 6: Are we excited for a ''Deadpool'' movie? ***, **** || 1 || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' ***** || 3 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If these two movies are playing on cable, which do you watch: ''Goodfellas'' or ''The Godfather''? || || 1 + || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Ben? || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: All of these movies are in the bargain bin. Which ''Mission: Impossible'' movie do I buy? +** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with the word "rain" [or any other spelling] in the title? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''+*** || 4 || 1 |} .*Mark R. competed briefly during the team fight between the Schmoes Know crew and the Screen Junkies crew during a live fight on the Schmoes Know show on December 18, 2014. .**Andy and Dan indicated that the discussion for this question holds the record for nerdiest fight yet, beating out which X-Man would win the Hunger Games. .***Jason and Marc A were not excited. Andy gave them an option to team up against Mark. If they agreed and won, they would each get a point, but if they lost, Mark R would get two points and go into the Speed Round ahead by one point. While Andy was excited for a ''Deadpool'' movie, based on arguments, he ultimately chose Jason and Marc, eliminating Mark R. .****The question was not related to the upcoming Honest Trailer, which is for the 1993 film ''Super Mario Bros''. .*****Andy mentioned that there was a tie-breaker question available for the Speed Round in case of a tie, but a tie was not possible. +Andy ruled Marc's argument for ''The Godfather'' was better and did not use the help of Dan and Mark R. +*Split decision. Even though Andy and Dan already agreed with Jason, Mark R said Marc had the better argument. +**Andy did not get a chance to finish the question, when Jason said ''III'' and Marc said ''Ghost Protocol(IV)''. +***Fourth fight in a row in which the final score was 6-4-1. '''Episode 41: Who Should Play Young Han Solo? (7-26-15)'''<ref>Episode 41: Who Should Play Young Han Solo? (7-26-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CR2PAHnJ7QA</ref> Squarespace returns as sponsor First episode in which a fighter finishes with no points. Alison Haislip returns after an 31 episode absence, a new record at the time. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 1/8/1 || '''Win''' |- | Jon Bailey || New fighter || Third |- | Alison Haislip || 0/1/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Jon !! Alison |- | 1: Who gave the best performance in ''Ant-Man''? || || || 1 |- | 2: Do we want ''Ant-Man 2''? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who should play young Han Solo in the ''Star Wars'' spinoff? || || || 1 |- | 4: Which ''X-Men Apocalypse'' character looks promising? || 1 || || |- | 5: Worst Adam Sandler Movie? * || 1 || || |- | 6: Who should direct the next ''James Bond'' movie? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are both in the bargain bin. Which should I buy: ''Spider-Man 3'' or ''The Amazing Spider-Man 2''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Brian [or Bryan]? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best movie starring Shia LaBeouf? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with the word "space" in the title? ** || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 0*** || 4 |} .*Used as the first Speed Round question in episode 14. The same answer (''Jack and Jill'') won. Alison had tried fighting using the movie ''Click'', which she had not actually watched. .**Split decision: Dan voted for Alison, but Andy and Jon went with Hal. Alison did not provide an argument however, the way Hal did. .***Jon becomes the first fighter to finish with no points. '''Episode 42: What Should Wolverine's Last Movie Be About? (8-2-15)'''<ref>Episode 42: What Should Wolverine's Last Movie Be About? (8-2-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrIqNayLHSs</ref> No sponsor for this episode. The first all-female Fight panel. Brianne Chandler (Miss Movies) appears as Fact Checker, having previously performed the function in episode 14. First episode in which a fighter gets four consecutive points in the regular round. Fourth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being the previous episode (in which Jon got no points), episode 28, and episode 20). Eleventh episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Not counting the first episode, thirteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 3/2/0 || '''Win''' |- | Chloe Dykstra || New fighter || Second |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/2/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Chloe !! Trisha |- | 1: Cast the male ''Ghostbusters'' reboot movie || || || 1 |- | 2: Who should direct the next ''Mission: Impossible'' film? || || 1 || |- | 3: Best movie starring Tom Cruise? || 1 || || |- | 4: What star would you like to see remake an old TV show as a movie? || 1 || || |- | 5: Best road trip movie? || 1 || || |- | 6: Pitch the final Hugh Jackman ''Wolverine'' movie? || 1 || * || |- | TIE BREAKER: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which do you buy: ''Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls'' or ''Dumb and Dumber Too''? || x || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 4** || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Tell me Hollywood's best George? || 1*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two movies are playing on cable. Which should we watch: ''Super 8'' or ''8 Mile''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tell me the best movie with the word "time" in the title. || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie starring Kristen Stewart? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''**** || 3 || 1 |} .*Chloe started pitching ''Les Misérables'' with X-Men characters, claiming it was an original storyline, tricking Trisha into thinking she had in fact never seen the movie. .**Alicia becomes the first fighter to head into the Speed Round ahead by three points. .***At this point, Alicia was ahead 5-1-1. She would reach this again after the second Speed Round question of episode 98, at which point victory was declared over runner-up Coy Jandreau (who was previously victorious in all five of his Screen Junkies appearances) and Brett Erlich (who lost his fourth consecutive fight). .****Alicia becomes the fourth fighter to ''win'' (not win or tie) at least 4 episodes (the others being Dan Murrell, Mike Carlson, and Nick Mundy). She also becomes the only fighter besides Dan Murrell to fight at least six episodes without ever coming in third place. '''Episode 43: What Franchise Should Die Forever (8-9-15)'''<ref>Episode 43: What Franchise Should Die Forever (8-9-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpWA_hRECxc</ref> Loot Crate returns again as sponsor. A ''Night Falls'' poster has been hung up behind Spencer It is announced that Mike Carlson and Amy Nicholson will be battling Dan LIVE the following Sunday for the Belt. Twelfth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. In terms of seating placement, the points for the first four questions matched those of the previous episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 3/5/1 || '''Win''' |- | Tiffany Smith || 0/1/0 || Third |- | Brett Weiner || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Tiffany !! Brett |- | 1: Best moment in the [Red Band] ''Deadpool'' trailer || || || 1 |- | 2: Which character from a bad movie deserves a second chance? || || 1 || |- | 3: What would be a better ''Harry Potter'' spin-off than ''Fantasic Beasts''? || 1 || || |- | 4: What movie did critics get wrong? || 1 || || |- | 5: Who should be the third Bad Boy? || || || 1 |- | 6: What franchise or series of movies should go away forever? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are playing on cable. Which should I watch: ''Jackass: The Movie'' or ''Superman: The Movie''? * || 1** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Jack? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with "black" in the title? || 1 || x || *** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie starring Bruce Willis released after 2005? || 1**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''*****, + || 1 || 3 |} .*Both chose ''Jackass'', but Spencer got in more quickly. .**In episode 35, which Spencer hosted, Dan lost a pre-Speed Round tie-breaker to Andy for not choosing Superman as the best movie with the word "man" in the title, leading to his first loss. .**Also, in episode 17, the Screen Junkies team (which included both Spencer and Andy) beat the Schmoes Know team (with Dan as judge) by choosing ''Jackass: The Movie'' over ''Superman: The Movie'' as the best film to have "movie" in the title. In the current episode, Dan commented that he still gets negative comments about that decision. .***Brett said ''Back in Black'', incorrectly giving it as the title to an Amy Winehouse documentary. Dan indicated that there is an unrelated Greek movie with that title. .****Spencer’s performance in the Speed Round marks: - The fifth time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, 26, and 34), - the second time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering four questions (instead of only three as done in episodes 18, 23, and 26), and - the fourth time someone has gotten four consecutive points in the Speed Round (previously done in a five-question Speed Round in episode 27, a seven-question Speed Round in episode 28, and the four-question Speed Round in episode 34.) .*****For the second week in a row, the fighter on the left won with 6 points, with the others getting 3 and 1, after becoming the last one to score a first point. +Spencer becomes the fifth fighter to win at least four episodes, just one week after Alicia Malone became the fourth. '''Episode 44: Disney World’s Star Wars Land: Dream Ride!? - Movie Fights LIVE! (8-16-15)'''<ref>Episode 44: Disney World’s Star Wars Land: Dream Ride!? - Movie Fights LIVE! (8-16-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCvFUE6dNnA</ref> Fourth battle for the Title Belt, held live at 10:00 PDT, between Dan and the two winners of fights against him. The episode was preceded by live commentary by Spencer Gilbert, Alicia Malone, Ken Napzok (who is a new producer) and Jason Inman. The pre-show included the first appearances on Movie Fights of JT (the engineer) and Ken Napzok. Both previously appeared in the Schmoes Know Movie Fight as competitors. Fact checker Alicia Malone, with Spencer Gilbert reading live audience commentary. The ''Night Falls'' poster (which is shown to be Part Deux) has been moved to behind Andy. It is revealed that the studio is not air-conditioned on the weekends. Fifth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), and 42). Not counting the first episode, fourteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. After this episode, there are no undefeated fighters who have appeared in more than one episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 4/4/0 || Second |- | Amy Nicholson || 2/0/0 || Third* |- | Dan Murrell || 8/2/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Amy !! Dan |- | 1: What ''Captain America: Civil War'' character should we be we most excited for? || || 1 || ** |- | 2: Is Colin Trevorrow the right choice to direct ''Star Wars Episode IX''? *** || || || 1 |- | 3: Design your dream Disney ''Star Wars'' ride || 1 || || |- | 4: Best return of a character to a movie franchise? || || || 1 |- | 5: Best performance in a [Quentin] Tarantino film? || 1 || || |- | 6: What would make the best movie marathon? **** || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which director would be perfect for a reboot of the movie ''Goonies''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Please tell me the best movie with the word "love" in the title. || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two trilogies are in the bargain bin. Which one should we buy on Blu-Ray: ''Star Wars Episodes I-III'' or ''The Hobbit''? || ***** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which is the better movie location to visit: ''Robocop's'' Detroit or ''Mad Max's'' Fury Road? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: The two movies are both playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''Divergent'' or ''The Maze Runner''? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''6''' |} .*Amy becomes the first contestant besides Dan to not come in second place in her first three fights. Scott Mantz would follow five episodes later. .**The majority of the live audience who gave commentary supported Dan. .***All of the fighters had indicated that Trevorrow was not the right choice, so the fight was over whom they would rather see. .****A repeat question from episode 11, in which the winner answer was ''Friday the 13th'' (provided by Roger Barr). This response was not allowed for this episode and was not related to the upcoming Honest Trailer (''Kingsman: The Secret Service'') .*****Split decision. Amy liked Mike's argument for the ''Star Wars'' prequel trilogy better. '''Episode 45: How to Fix Fantastic Four (8-23-15)'''<ref>Episode 45: How to Fix Fantastic Four (8-23-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSkVUBvpQIQ</ref> Hosted by Nick Mundy and branded Mundy Fights. Posters were replaced with ones of Nick with Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson. Andy and Dan were away at Chicago Comic Con, where another Movie Fight was being filmed. Fact checker Jason Inman, with Nick's wife Dilara sitting beside him. Scott Mantz returns after a 21 episode absence from competing. Nick is sitting in the seat next to where Andy normally sits (between Scott Mantz and Hal Rudnick). Sixth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), 42, and 44). Not counting the first episode, fifteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Thirteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Kristian Harloff || 1/3/0 || Third |- | Scott Mantz || 0/1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Hal Rudnick || 2/8/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Kristian !! Scott !! Hal |- | 1: Pitch a good ''Fantastic Four'' movie || 1* || || |- | 2: What is the coolest movie future? ** || || || 1 |- | 3: Which future comic book movie would you kill? || || || 1 |- | 4: Best Disney princess || || 1 || |- | 5: Pitch a buddy movie starring Nick Mundy || || || 1 |- | 6: Bang-Marry-Kill: 1990s Arnold Schwarzenegger, Sylvester Stallone, and Bruce Willis || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If you had to replace Pauly Shore with Rutger Hauer in a Pauly Shore movie, what Pauly Shore movie would you remake || x || 1*** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best Burt Reynolds performance? || x || || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: All three of these are on cable. Which do you watch: ''Rookie of the Year'', ''Little Big League'', ''Angels in the Outfield''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What's the best movie with "show" in the title? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: In honor of "The Martian" trailer directed by Ridley Scott, what is the best ''Tony'' Scott movie? || x || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Who would win in a fight to the death: John Rambo or John Matrix [from ["The"] ''Commando'']? || x || 1***** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''6''' || 5+ |} .*After Nick gave Kristian the point, Nick said it would probably be the only point he would get, and he was right. .**The twitter user who suggested the question had wanted to the question to specify that the future had to be on earth, but Nick didn't include that. .***Dilara and Jason each provided their opinion for the winner of the question (Hal and Scott respectively); Kristian had no say, and Nick went with Scott. .****Dilara picked Scott, but Kristian and Nick each picked Hal. .*****Scott incorrectly stated that in ''Rambo III'', Rambo fought the Iraqi army. He in fact fought in Afghanistan against the Soviet army. +Hal's score of 5 is the best second-place finish since episode 35. '''Episode 46: Han Solo vs Indiana Jones (8-30-15)'''<ref>Episode 46: Han Solo vs Indiana Jones (8-30-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ic8nZlFISBg</ref> Episode was filmed on 8-21-15 at Wizard World Chicago Comic Con, the same day as the previous episode. Andy and Andre (The Black Nerd) co-hosted. Andy read all the questions. Responses were prepared ahead of time. There were no coin toss situations as in the previous Comic Con episode. In the first four rounds, fighters fought against fans. Debut of John Flickinger. Two of the other three professionals competed in the previous Comic-Con fight. Winners were decided by the audience holding up signs. Tournament-style fight, single elimination with eight fighters. Fight is not counted towards official statistics. There is no designated Fact Checker. Two fighters (Dan and Chris) fought against each other in the previous Comic-Con fight, with Dan losing in the first round. Dan loses to Chris again in this fight, but in the final. Doug Walker (The Nostalgia Critic) appears despite only receiving one point in the regular fights. During the fight, Andy made it a point to say "Wow!" several times. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Winner |- | 1: Dan Murrell v. Jared McMorrow: Best Marvel Movie || Dan (''Captain America: The Winter Soldier'' over ''Guardians of the Galaxy'') |- | 2: Doug Walker v. Joe Armenta: Which of DC's future movies should be cut? || Doug (''Shazam'' over ''Suicide Squad'') * |- | 3: John Flickinger v. April O'Donnell: Who is the best working director today? || John (Martin Scorsese over Christopher Nolan) |- | 4: Chris Stuckmann v. Joe Simpson: Who is the best franchise hero? Luke Skywalker or Harry Potter? || Chris (Harry Potter)** |- | Semi-final 1: Dan Murrell v Doug Walker - Who’s better? Indiana Jones or Han Solo? || Dan (Han Solo)*** |- | Semi-final 2: John Flickinger v. Chris Stuckmann: Who wins in a fight? Captain America or Iron Man? || Chris (Iron Man) |- | Final: Dan Murrell v. Chris Stuckmann: Tell me the best Pixar movie.**** || '''Chris'''***** (''The Incredibles'' over ''Wall-E'') |} .*Joe only got 3 or 4 votes out of the entire audience. After Joe said ''Suicide Squad'', Doug declared himself the winner. .**Audience response was too close to call using the signs, so Andy had the fans scream. .***The audience overwhelmingly showed orange "S" signs, signaling Dan's win. .****Repeat question from episode 31 (CinemaSins vs. Honest Trailers). The same response (''The Incredibles'') won. The previous time this question was used, Dan was also part of the losing side (with Andy), but the answer the first time was ''Toy Story 2''. .*****Doing so twice, Chris is the only fighter in the episode to win a fight while sitting on Andy's right. '''Episode 47: Man of Steel Pitches (9-6-15)'''<ref>Episode 47: Man of Steel Pitches (9-6-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ad4T7c7T1So</ref> Loot Crate returns as sponsor. April O'Donnell from the previous episode accompanies Dan on the Dan Cam, but she does not play a role in judging Speed Round questions. Andy tells the audience that the fans in the last episode were not given time to prepare, and comments should not be so mean. Andy has been sent a shirt from Europe that says "This is tough." Seventh episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), 42, 44, and 45). Not counting the first episode, sixteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. In her seventh appearance in a regular episode, Alicia Malone finally comes in third place. Her single point is the only instance in which she has scored fewer than three points and one of two in which she has scored fewer than five points. Alicia's birthdate is revealed as September 4, 1981. First episode to be won by new fighter since episode 34, which itself came immediately after another such episode. All delivered by Max Landis (son of director John Landis), more f-bombs are featured in this episode than in all other episodes combined. At the end of the episode, Andy reveals that Elijah Wood will be competing in the next episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Landis Max Landis] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/5/1 || Second |- | Alicia Malone || 4/2/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Max !! Spencer !! Alicia |- | 1: What would be the ultimate movie crossover? * || || || 1 |- | 2: Pitch the ultimate ''Man of Steel'' sequel || 1 || || |- | 3: Cast the ultimate biopic movie** || || 1 || |- | 4: What standalone action film most deserves a sequel? || || 1*** || |- | 5: What superhero besides Deadpool would you like to get an R-Rated movie? || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the best movie toy? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would be the best director for a remake of the movie ''Speed''? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''The Mummy III: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor'' or ''Jurassic Park III''? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Please name the best movie with "girl" or "girls" in the title. || 1 || **** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What's the better movie location to visit: ''Harry Potter'' 's Hogwarts or ''Star Wars'' ' Jedi Temple? ***** || 1+ || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''+* || 3+** || 1 |} .*As mentioned in the episode by Andy, this question was previously used in episode 10. .**Though not exactly the same, a similar question was posed in episode 28. The one in the current episode stems from a March 11, 2015 tweet, so it is possible that the question in episode 28 also stemmed from that, but no tweet is shown in that episode. .***Spencer's winning response of ''The Rock 2: Rock Harder'' is a reference to ''Die Hard 2: Die Harder''. .****Despite several options, Spencer could not think of a choice and made up a movie ''Girls' Night Out'', which like ''Night Falls'', is actually the title of a real movie (it was released in 1982). Max raised an objection during Spencer's argument, and Dan put an end to Spencer's speech, resulting in Max's receiving of the point. .*****It is further specified after Max's asking that the temple is on Yavin (IV). However, the only Jedi Temple interior shown in any movie is on Coruscant. +Split decision. Alicia and Dan disagreed with Andy, who chose Spencer. Max received the point due to his pointing out that Muggles (non-magical people) cannot enter Hogwarts, despite Spencer's objection that if that is the case, it should not have been offered as an option in the question. +*Max’s performance in the Speed Round marks: - The sixth time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, 26, 34, and 43), - the third time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering four questions (instead of only three as done in episodes 18, 23, and 26), and - the fifth time someone has gotten four consecutive points in the Speed Round (previously done in a five-question Speed Round in episode 27, a seven-question Speed Round in episode 28, and the four-question Speed Rounds in episodes 34 and 43.) +**Spencer got swept in a four-question Speed Round despite sweeping an opponent (Brett Weiner) in a four-question Speed Round on his last appearance (episode 43). He was previously swept in a three-question Speed Round in episode 26. *He is swept a third time in episode 58. *He remained the only person to be swept in the Speed Round twice until July 22, 2016 when Dan Murrell was swept for both his first ''and'' second time ''on the same day'' in separate Movie Fights (episodes 93 and 94). '''Episode 48: Best Lord of the Rings Movie (9-13-15)'''<ref>Episode 48: Best Lord of the Rings Movie (9-13-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIxCIN1LZdI</ref> No sponsor in this episode. Alicia Malone as Fact Checker. There is a smaller couch chair shown on the Dan Cam. Andy has been sent a shirt from Europe that says "This is tough." Second episode in which a fighter (this time Nick) finishes an episode with a score of 0, after Jon Bailey's finish seven episodes earlier. Eighth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), 42, 44, 45, and 47). The finishers for first, second, and third place all sat in the same spots as the respective finishers from the previous episode. First regular episode since episode 33 (air date 5/31/15) to not feature a question asking for the best movie with a specific word in the title. Episodes 47 and 48 mark the fifth time two consecutive episodes have been won by new fighters (after episodes 1 and 2, 15 and 16, 29 and 30, and 33 and 34). These five pairs represent 10 of the 13 (77% of the) episodes that have been won by new fighters at this point. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Wood Elijah Wood] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 9/2/0 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 4/7/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Elijah !! Dan !! Nick |- | 1: What is the funniest horror movie of all time? || || 1* || |- | 2: What is the best fantasy franchise of all time? ** || || 1 || |- | 3: What Hobbit would win in a battle royale for the One Ring? || 1*** || || |- | 4: What is the best film from the ''Lord of the Rings'' trilogy? || 1 || || |- | 5: What's the best performance by a kid in a movie?**** || || 1 || ***** |- | 6: If you had to watch one movie for eternity, which movie would you choose? || || 1 || + |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 4 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are playing on cable. Which one should I watch: ''Jurassic World'' or ''Wayne's World 2''? || 1+* || +** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie starring Elijah Wood? || 1+*** || +**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should I buy: ''Big'' or ''Big Hero 6''? || +***** || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Tell me Hollywood's best Elizabeth/Elisabeth. || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock. || 1++ || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 || 0 |} .*Dan won with ''Evil Dead 2'', despite losing a coin toss to Elijah, who picked ''Shaun of the Dead''. .**Fighters were restricted to the following choices: ''Lord of the Rings'' (excluding the ''Hobbit'' trilogy), ''Harry Potter'', ''Star Wars'' ('''including''' the prequel trilogy), and ''Game of Thrones''. Nobody picked ''Harry Potter'', and ''Lord of the Rings'' was the winning response. .***Elijah's winning response was Smeagol (original identity of Gollum), who is not generally thought of as a Hobbit. This was not the response that Elijah originally submitted. .****Andy clarified that the performer had to be under 16 when they shot. .*****Nick's non-winning response was Elijah Wood in ''Radio Flyer''. Dan won with Haley Joel Osment in ''The Sixth Sense''. +Nick's non-winning response was his favorite film, ''Die Hard'', which along with Elijah's choice, ''Groundhog Day'', lost to ''The Princess Bride''. +*Split decision. Alicia and Nick overrode Andy. +**As Dan was not fast enough, he was forced to argue for a movie he disliked, ''Jurassic World'', which Elijah had not yet seen. +***Split decision. Nick would have chosen Dan, but Alicia agreed with Andy for ''The Ice Storm''. +****Dan picked ''Fellowship of the Ring'' despite choosing ''Return of the King'' for the fourth question, implying that he had lost another coin toss to Elijah. +*****Elijah had to rely on arguing against ''Big'' as he'd never seen ''Big Hero 6''. He also primarily used ''Big'''s alternate ending. Andy did not activate the panel, giving Dan his only Speed Round point. ++Split decision. Andy had to decide on Elijah after Alicia voted for Dan. '''Episode 49: Who Should Play Robin in the Next Batman Movie? (9-20-15)'''<ref>Episode 49: Who Should Play Robin in the Next Batman Movie? (9-20-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pItZ51GCPj4</ref> The bigger couch is back, and Dan is accompanied by Chris Zimmerman, host of Magnificent 7 Podcast. Scott Mantz previously won episode 45, which was the last episode that was not won by the fighter on the left (across from Andy). Starting in this episode, the Score Board during the Speed Round only includes the two remaining fighters. As of this episode, besides Dan, Scott Mantz now has the best record of all contestants who have appeared more than once based on percentage wins followed by points per game average. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Scott Mantz || 1/1/0 || '''Win''' |- | John Rocha || 0/1/0 || Third |- | Kim Horcher || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Scott !! John !! Kim |- | 1: Who should play Robin in a future Batman movie? || || || 1 |- | 2: Pitch M. Night Shyamalan's next movie. || || 1 || |- | 3: What is Johnny Depp's best performance? || 1 || || * |- | 4: Pitch your dream cast for the ''Charlie's Angels'' reboot? || ** || ** || 1*** |- | 5: What is the best ''Rocky'' fight?**** || 1***** || || |- | 6: If The ''Jungle Book'' [2016] starts a new live-action Disney universe - what other classic animated movie should join it? || 1+ || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both of these movies are in the bargain bin. Which should I buy: ''Transformers 4'' or ''Indiana Jones 4''? +* || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would be the best director for the remake of the movie ''Waterworld''? || 1 || x || +*** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Both of these graphic novels are playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''Watchmen'' or ''Sin City''? || || x || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with the word "game" or "games" in the title. || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Kim chose Jack Sparrow, which Andy should have known ahead of time. However, before asking the question, he (while apparently not realizing that she picked it) said he was glad Depp wasn't playing a pirate. Kim jokingly claimed bias to start and said she wanted a new judge. .**Scott and John each included Jennifer Lawrence and Zoe Saldana in their trio, but not in the same roles as each other. Scott also picked Emily Blunt, while John picked Haylet Atwell. .***Chris was activated for help in deciding the round (activating had previously only been done in the Speed Round). Chris chose Scott, but Andy had already chosen and written down Kim (who chose Anna Kendrick, Brittany Snow, and Rebel Wilson (all from ''Pitch Perfect'')) as the winner, nullifying Chris' input. .****Submitted by JTE (JT, the engineer). His question on twitter asked for best fight in the series, which wouldn't necessarily require Rocky to be part of it (for example, Apollo Creed vs Ivan Drago, which no one chose). .*****Andy asked JTE who he thought gave the best argument, and he chose Scott, whom Andy also chose. +Scott won the point despite having the characters in his movie (''Bambi'') not being able to talk despite the fact that they could in the original movie and that animals can talk in both the classic and new versions of ''The Jungle Book''. While he didn't do anything to directly tie it to the same universe, neither did the other contestants (John and Kim respectively chose ''The Little Mermaid'' and ''Aladdin''). +*''Transformers 4'' (''Age of Extinction'') is the only Transformers movie without Shia Labeouf, while ''Indiana Jones 4'' (Kingdom of the Crystal Skull) is the only Indiana Jones movie ''with'' him. +**Split decision. John picked Kim, but Andy disagreed. +***Kim, in describing ''Waterworld'', started talking about lawyers as characters, which confused everyone. +****Kim won the point for ''Sin City'' despite picking ''Watchmen'' (she wasn't fast enough though). '''Episode 50: Pacific Rim 2: Pitch the Dream Sequel (9-27-15)'''<ref>Episode 50: Pacific Rim 2: Pitch the Dream Sequel (9-27-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8jlXlXAX4w</ref> Credit Karma is a new sponsor. The Score Board once again during the Speed Round includes all of the fighters, not just the remaining ones, which was the case in the previous episode. Roger Barr returns after a 21 episode absence. Roger Barr claims he wishes losses were announced in the introductions as he wears them like a badge of honor. He stated that he hoped to become the first fighter to reach ten losses. However, using the true results of the first episode, Hal Rudnick has already beat him to it. Using the official results however, Hal is still at nine losses to Roger's six (as of the beginning of the episode). Nick Mundy is also beating Roger with eight losses. If championship fights are not counted, this is the first regular fight since episode 34 in which the person in the seat on the right has won. First episode since episode 38 in which the fighter who won the first point won the episode. Episode 38 had been the fourth episode in a row in which that had happened (in episode 35, two fighters got a point for the first question) before this temporarily stopped. Episode 50 is the first of three in a row in which it has happened. Fourth episode in a row to feature a new fighter (fifth if episode 46 (a Comic Con episode) is counted). Each of the four fighters has dropped the f-bomb at least once. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr || 1/6/0 || Second |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/3/0 || Third |- | Kofi Outlaw || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Roger !! Trisha !! Kofi |- | 1: Who[m] would you go back and recast as Anakin Skywalker in ''[Star Wars] Episodes 2'' and ''3''? || || || 1 |- | 2: Pitch ''Pacific Rim 2''. || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the best Robert De Niro performance? || 1 || || |- | 4: Who should direct the ''Gambit'' movie starring Channing Tatum? || || || 1 |- | 5: What's the best animated film not made by Disney or Pixar? || ** || || 1 |- | 6: What movie in the Top 50 of IMDB's Top 250 * movies list shouldn't be in the list? || || 1*** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would be the best director for a remake of the movie ''Gremlins''? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which one should we watch: Doom or Resident Evil? || || x || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tell me the best movie with the word "lost" in the title. || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which movie game show would you rather participate in: ''Running Man'' or ''The Hunger Games''? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie starring Kevin Bacon? || 1 || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: Who would win in a fight: Peter Jackson's King Kong or Roland Emmerich's Godzilla? || || || 1+*,+** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || 1+*** || '''6'''+**** |} .*Andy said 25 but meant 250. .**Roger said that ''The Transformers: The Movie'' (1986) was the ''Citizen Kane'' of animated films. In the previous episode, Scott Mantz said that ''Watchmen'' was the ''Citizen Kane'' of comic book movies. In both instances, Dan took issue with this. .***Trisha got the last regular round question despite being unable to proceed (short of double points). Besides Jon Bailey and Nick Mundy, who have each had a scoreless fight, she is the third person to not score until Round 6 (previously done in episodes 19 and 34 by Hal Rudnick and Michael Barryte). .****Split decision. Dan did not agree with Andy, but Trisha did. .*****Despite Roger's rebuttal's addressing Kofi's argument for ''Doom'', Kofi was granted a rebuttal after Roger's. +Even though Roger got the point, the scoreboard showed Kofi getting the point. This was corrected after the following question however. +*Kofi stated that there is a reason that lizards and dinosaurs aren't around anymore and apes are. However, lizards do still exist, and Godzilla is not a dinosaur. Further, apes did not appear on earth until more than 10 million years after the dinosaurs went extinct, so apes had nothing to do with their extinction, and they were not around for the extinction event so it is unknown if they would have survived. +**Split decision. Despite Kofi's flawed argument, Andy and Dan agreed with Kofi. However, Trisha did not. +***If the first episode is counted as a loss for Hal, Trisha is the third fighter to reach 0 wins and 4 losses after Hal and Roger. Roger would win his fifth fight, but Hal would not win until his ninth. Trisha, Roger, and Hal are also the only three fighters to lose in four consecutive appearances. +****Andy said that it was rare that a new fighter would win the episode. However, in the last four episodes, there has been one new fighter in each, and in three of those four, the new fighter won. Out of 21 regular fights that have featured exactly one new fighter, seven of them (episodes 8, 16, 29, 34, 47, 48, and 50) have been won by the newcomer. ==Movie Fights Episodes 51-100== '''Episode 51: Dream Avengers Phase 4 Lineup (10-4-15)'''<ref>Episode 51: Dream Avengers Phase 4 Lineup (10-4-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7nYbTWs4BU</ref> Fifth episode in a row to feature one new fighter (sixth if episode 46 (a Comic Con episode) is counted). The f-bomb tradition continues. Andre returns after a 17 episode absence (although he did co-host the last Comic Con episode). The collective previous experience of the panel is only two episodes (and five points collectively), the least since the fan episode (episode 25). If the fan episode is not counted, then it is the least since episode 20, which - like episode 25 - featured all new fighters. Third episode in which a fighter finishes an episode with a score of 0, just three episodes after Nick Mundy did the same. Second consecutive episode in which a fighter went into the sixth question with no points. The question style in the Speed Round very closely mirrored that of the previous episode. Although the new format seemed to appear in the previous episode, officially starting in this episode, Andy indicates that in the Speed Round, each fighter will have 15 seconds and then 5 second rebuttals (as opposed to 10 seconds for the first fighter, 15 seconds for the second, and a 5 second rebuttal for the first fighter [which had to specifically address what the second fighter said]). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Brett Weiner || 0/1/0 || Third |- | Andre Meadows || 0/1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Roxy Striar || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Brett !! Andre !! Roxy |- | 1: What's the best standalone movie set in space? || || 1 || |- | 2: What is the best movie directed by Robert Zemeckis? || || || 1 |- | 3: What is your dream line-up for the New Avengers? || || || 1 |- | 4: What is the ''Citizen Kane'' of comic book movies? * || || 1 || |- | 5: What iconic role do you wish had been played by Nicolas Cage? || || || 1** |- | 6: What TV show would have worked better as a movie? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 0 || 3 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would be the best director for a movie adaptation of He-Man? || x || 1*** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''Men in Black 2'' or ''Mission: Impossible 2''? || x || 1****|| |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with the word "day" in the title. || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Where would you rather spend a long weekend: Evil Biff's Hill Valley from ''Back to the Future II'' or Frank Miller's Sin City? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || '''6''' || 4 |} .*Asked by Brad Smoley in honor of Scott Mantz, who referred to ''Watchmen'' as the ''Citizen Kane'' of comic book movies, much to Dan's chagrin. .**An argument ensued for almost three minutes after Andy awarded the point to Roxy. Also Dan thought Brett should have gotten the point for picking Qui-Gon Jinn. .***Andy gave the point to Andre (who picked Steven Spielberg) just because he said more. However, Brett and Dan agreed. .****Split decision. Andy chose Roxy, but Brett and Dan then chose Andre. '''Episode 52: Best Movie Fight! (10-11-15)'''<ref>Episode 52: Best Movie Fight (10-11-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSQckEErMwE</ref> First anniversary episode. A montage of moments from the first year is shown before the fight begins. The panel used is the same from the first episode of Movie Fights. As no winner was declared in the first episode (and as Hal was officially declared to have tied Nick and Spencer), it was decided that the winner of this episode would also be declared the winner of the first episode. Also the first Movie Fights to air after the debut the previous day of The Review Crew, and the last episode to air before the Screen Junkies channel reached one billion views. First episode since episode 45 to not feature any new fighters. First episode since episode 45 (and second since episode 35) in which 12 (or more broadly, more than 11) points are awarded. Filming is now done in a new studio. Andy has returned to sitting on the left side of the table. Andy forgot to bring his gavel and bell with him. Andy wears a shirt depicting a scene from ''Jurassic World'', with the dinosaurs replaced with green Yoshis. While this is shown at the beginning of the sixth question to be a teaser for the next Honest Trailer, the question itself is unrelated. The scoreboard in this episode lists Spencer's name as Spence. It also lists the three names in reverse seating order. Dan is briefly shown with his belt. He wears a Pikachu hat from Loot Crate at two points in the episode. The regular questions are asked by different fighters from other episodes, as determined by twitter to be the fan favorites. These fighters would assist Andy in judging and agreed with him on all regular round questions except question 5. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 2/9/1 * || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 4/8/1 * || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/6/1 * || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Nick !! Spencer |- | 1: (Asked by Alicia Malone from the Dan cam couch) Which real-life person would you love to see Aaron Sorkin tackle next? || 1** || || |- | 2: (Asked by Jeremy Jahns by pre-recorded video) Can you name a situation where the sequel was better than the original? || || || 1 |- | 3: (Asked by Mike Carlson via Skype) Form a band using multiple movie musicians *** || || || 1 |- | 4: (Asked by Kristian Harloff **** and Mark Ellis by pre-recorded video) Pitch us your "Night Falls" movie ***** || || 1+ || +* |- | 5: (Asked by Chris Stuckmann via Skype) What director do you want to quit making films? || 1 || +** || |- | 6: (Asked by Dan Murrell +*** from the couch) What is the best movie fight? +**** || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What sequel would you rather see: ''Die Hard 6'' or ''Transformers 5''? +*****, ++ || 1++* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie directed by Stanley Kubrick. || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''The Land Before Time'' or ''An American Tail''? ++** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with the word "gun" in the title. || ++*** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best action movie made after the year 2001. || || x || 1 ++**** |- | TIE BREAKER: Whose powers would you rather have: Jim Carrey's The Mask or Robin Williams' The Genie? ++***** || 1+++ || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 1+++* || 5 |} .*Retroactively, after this episode, Hal's record going into this match is 3/9/0, while Nick's becomes 4/9/0 and Spencer's becomes 4/7/0. By percentage of games won, Spencer, Hal, and Nick and now respectively the #14 (two-way tie), 16, and 17 ranked fighters after Dan Murrell. .**Andy indicated he would have chosen Spencer, but Alicia swayed him. Dan agreed with Alicia. .***Mike required a vocalist, guitarist, and drummer; fighters could add more. Each band member had to be from a different movie. .****Kristian also joined in person on the couch. .*****Kristian required the movie to star Robert De Niro and feature a cameo with Al Pacino. He also said that there had to be a crime ring even though that requirement had not been given to the fighters previously for their preparation. +While Kristian chose Nick, Andy had wanted Hal to get the point. +*Spencer pitched a twist-ending movie in which De Niro played Bruce Wayne, and he said it was called Knight Falls. However, this apparently went against what was asked, and it also went against the Speed Round question from episode 38. Dan confirmed this during the arguments, disqualifying Spencer. +**Nick chose Christopher Nolan. Spencer indicated he did not want to be in the shot for this argument, so he got up and left the table, and Hal followed him. Andy said that Nick gave them the first moment of the next year's montage. *No montage of the second year was made. Rather, a Screen Junkies Plus-exclusive episode of the Screen Junkies show (titled Best Movie Fights Moments (2014 - 2016) (air date December 31, 2016)) was made, and this moment was #32 of 50. +***During Dan's introduction of the question, it is mentioned that there is a deleted scene of a vicious fight between him and Andy from episode 17, question 7, which Andy was assigned to answer. Andy said it was so bad that it would never be shown even though Dan still has a copy. *Audio of the fight was eventually aired on December 31, 2016 the aforementioned Best Movie Fights Moments (2014 - 2016), as moment #30 of 50. +****Clarified as a fight in a movie, not a question from the show. +*****Right after the answers were given and again after the arguments were made and Andy asked for Nick's opinion, Andy was confusing who said which movie (Hal said ''Die Hard 6''). ++By the time this episode aired, Hasbro had already announced that there would be four more ''Transformers'' movies, putting the total at eight. And three days after the airing, a ''Die Hard'' prequel, ''Die Hard: Year One'' was announced. ++*Split decision. Nick disagreed with Andy, but Dan agreed with Andy. ++**Initially, Andy again was confused about who said which (Spencer said ''The Land Before Time''). ++***Hal could not think of an answer after Spencer said ''Top Gun''. He said ''The Way of the Gun'', but he had not seen it and could not provide any real argument, and Andy gave the point to Spencer without asking Nick or Dan. ++****Spencer said ''The Raid 2'' right before Hal did, so Hal unsuccessfully argued ''The Raid''. These answers were given right after Andy told Dan that he might need his help (Dan argued in episode 25 for question 4 that ''The Raid 2'' was the best action sequel of all time), even though the help to which Andy was referring was likely fact-checking the years. ++*****Spencer said The Genie right before Hal did. Shortly after, Spencer said he would switch his answer and let Hal take The Genie. Andy said he'd allow this if Hal agreed, but Hal refused and went with The Mask, likely because The Genie spent most of his life trapped in a lamp. +++Split decision. Nick and Dan disagreed with Andy. +++*Officially, Nick is the first fighter to reach ten losses. He is also the first person to finish in third place three consecutive times (a record later tied by Scott Mantz in episode 73, but not before Nick beats it himself). '''Episode 53: Dream Back to the Future Sequel (10-18-15)'''<ref>Episode 53: Dream Back to the Future Sequel (10-18-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3n0dgyjeFQ</ref> First regular fight episode since episode 43 to feature a new fighter who didn't drop the f-bomb. Judged by Dan (as Andy was on a special unnamed assignment) with Spencer as remote Fact Checker. Miri Jedeikin returns after a 20 episode absence. The record for most consecutive points is set at five. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Miri Jedeikin || 0/1 || Third |- | Mike Carlson || 4/5 || '''Win''' |- | Adam Johnston || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Miri !! Mike !! Adam |- | 1: Pitch a ''Back to the Future'' sequel, prequel, or reboot worthy of the original. || || || 1* |- | 2: What is the best movie of 1985? || || 1 || |- | 3: Who should play the young John McClane? || || || 1** |- | 4: King Kong vs. Godzilla vs. ______? (Dan: If you could add a third contestant, a third combatant, into that King Kong/Godzilla heavyweight title bout, who would it be?) || || || 1 |- | 5: Who should be the first female ''Star Wars'' director? || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the best Coen Brothers comedy? ***, **** || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best movie directed by Christopher Guest? || x || 1***** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the worst movie starring Will Farrell? + || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who[m] would you pick to direct a remake of ''Top Gun''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two movies are on cable. Which one do I watch: ''Animal House'' or ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off''? || x || 1+* || +** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''6'''+*** || 3 |} .*Adam won by pitching a crossover with the cartoon ''Rick and Morty''. .**Adam won by choosing a black female, Quvenzhané Wallis, who is only 12 years old, and saying that she had an operation the day before ''Die Hard'', despite the fact that McClane already had children. .***Miri's and Adam's choices, respectively ''Fargo'' and ''Burn After Reading'', were not deemed comedic enough by Dan. .****Question did not relate to the following Honest Trailer (the ''Back to the Future'' trilogy), but the first two questions had already done so more explicitly. The Honest Trailer aired on the following Wednesday (rather than Tuesday), October 21, 2015 (''Back to the Future'' Day, the day to which Marty and Doc traveled in the beginning of the 1989 film ''Back to the Future II''). .*****Mike won as Adam could not name a Christopher Guest movie. He jokingly said Christopher Nolan's ''The Dark Knight''. +Adam's answer (the 2008 film ''Step Brothers'') upset Spencer. +*Mike and Adam both said ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off'', but Mike was faster, even though Adam claimed he said the whole title first. +**Adam was not able to argue for ''Animal House'' as he had never seen it. +***Mike’s performance in the Speed Round marks: - The seventh time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, 26, 34, 43, and 47, four of which Spencer had also been present for as either a winner (43), a second-place finisher (26, 47), or Fact Checker (18)), - the fourth time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering four questions (instead of only three as done in episodes 18, 23, and 26), and - the sixth time someone has gotten four consecutive points in the Speed Round (previously done in a five-question Speed Round in episode 27, a seven-question Speed Round in episode 28, and the four-question Speed Rounds in episodes 34, 43, and 47.) '''Episode 54: Luke Skywalker: Good or Evil? (10-25-15)'''<ref>Episode 54: Luke Skywalker: Good or Evil? (10-25-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sATnivgGifI</ref> Not counting the anniversary episode which brought back the original panel, this is the eighth fight in a row to feature a new fighter. Judged by Alicia (as Andy was still on a special unnamed assignment) with Spencer again as remote Fact Checker. Alicia is the sixth person and first female to judge Movie Fights. Spencer was accompanied by Stacey Howard, co-host (with past Fact Checker Miss Movies) of Six Degrees of Feature Film, who remained silent during fact checks. Scott's twitter was incorrectly shown as MoiveMantz throughout the episode. Also, Stacey's tag had Film spelled as Fiilm. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Scott Mantz || 2/1 || Third* |- | Grae Drake || New fighter || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 9/3 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Scott !! Grae !! Dan |- | 1: What was the best moment in the new ''Star Wars [Episode VII: The Force Awakens]'' trailer? || ** || || 1 |- | 2: What role in ''[The] Force Awakens'' should Luke Skywalker's role be? || 1*** || || |- | 3: What is the best Bill Murray performance? || || 1 || |- | 4: Who is the best horror movie villain of all time? || || || 1 |- | 5: Which director would you bring back from the dead to make one more film? || || 1 || |- | 6: Who is the best Australian actor? || **** || ***** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are in the bargain bin, and you have to buy one. Which do you choose: ''The Pacifier'' or ''The Tooth Fairy''? || x || 1 + || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with "Witch" in the title? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which is better: ''Back to the Future II'' or ''III''? || x || || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best movie featuring Chris Rock? || x || 1 || +** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is the best Mark in Hollywood? || x || 1 || +*** |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the most inspiring film? || x || +**** || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 5 || '''6''' |} .*Besides Dan, Scott becomes the first fighter to not come in second place in any of his first four fights. .**During arguments, Scott called ''The Empire Strikes Back'' the ''Citizen Kane'' of ''Star Wars'' movies. Alicia told him that doing so was against the rules. .***Alicia asked for affirmation from Spencer of her opinion before ruling for Scott. .****Scott chose Cate Blanchett, but, as Alicia pointed out, he didn't mention her musical capabilities when fighting against Dan, who chose Hugh Jackman and used his musical capabilities in his argument. .*****Though he lived in Australia for much of his life and had an Australian accent early on, Grae's choice, Mel Gibson, was born in the United States to non-Australian parents. +Split decision. Spencer disagreed with Alicia while Scott agreed with her. +*Spencer recused himself from judging due to personal dislike of both movies, but Scott agreed with Alicia, who was able to choose Dan's argument for ''III'' despite preferring ''II''. +**Dan argued for ''Pootie Tang'' and against ''Top Five''. After the ruling for Grae, Dan admitted he had never seen either movie. +***Despite being given a significant amount of time to choose Wahlberg before Grae did, Dan did not say his name in time and started to think of another Mark. Alicia offered him a chance to use a lifeline, but Spencer would not allow it ("Them's the rules"). Ultimately, Dan could not think of another Mark, including Hamill (whom Alicia suggested after Dan ran out of time), despite an earlier question about Luke Skywalker. +****As part of Grae's argument, she activated the race card and stated that if you don't vote for her choice (''Selma''), you hate black people. '''Episode 55: Wes Anderson: Horror Director?! (11-1-15)'''<ref>Episode 55: Wes Anderson: Horror Director?! (11-1-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVkwxjXb7CA</ref> Not counting the anniversary episode which brought back the original panel, this is the ninth fight in a row to feature a new fighter. *The new fighter drops the f-bomb once. Andy stated that the following week, there would be a big announcement for Screen Junkies. During this, he pointed to his shirt, which showed part of what looked like the S.H.I.E.L.D emblem. Dan stated that he would not be present for the following Movie Fight. Dan was accompanied by fan Meredith Loftus, who lives in Los Angeles. Mark Ellis appears in a big bright blonde wig. Not counting the first episode, seventeenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Ninth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), 42, 44, 45, 47, and 48). Scoring is the same as the previous week relative to the seating positions. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 1/2 || Third |- | Ben Begley || New fighter || Second |- | Mark Ellis || 1/4 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Marc A !! Ben !! Mark E |- | 1: Who should be the next James Bond? || 1 || || |- | 2: Pitch us a Wes Anderson horror movie * || || || 1 |- | 3: What is the strangest on-screen movie pairing? || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the best heist movie? || || 1** || |- | 5: What actor should be in a ''Transformers'' movie? *** || || 1 || |- | 6: What is the best ensemble comedy cast? || **** || ***** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie starring Bradley Cooper? || x || 1 + || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with the word "lost" in the title? +* || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should we buy: ''Gremlins 2'' or ''Alien 3''? || x || +** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which city would you rather visit: the Emerald City of ''The Wizard of Oz'' or Cloud City of ''[The] Empire Strikes Back''? || x || || 1 +*** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which director would you pick to remake ''Jaws''? || x || 1 +**** || +***** |- | TIE BREAKER: Hollywood's best Smith? || x || ++ || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 5 || '''6''' |} .*Question emailed by Nick Mundy .**The winning choice, ''Fast Five'', was the only one heavily listed on the internet as a heist movie. ''Die Hard'' (Marc's choice) and ''Inception'' (Mark's choice) were not. .***Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson was disallowed from the fight as an option .****Marc A's choice, ''Back to the Future'', was not considered by Andy to really be a comedy even though Marc showed him that on imdb, it was listed as an action/adventure comedy. During the argument, he briefly walked off after it became clear his choice would not win. .*****Meredith was asked during the arguments which movie she thought was better: ''Wet Hot American Summer'' (Ben's choice) or ''Caddyshack'' (Mark E's choice). She said ''Wet Hot American Summer'', but Ben did not win. Also, she was asked a different question than the question at hand. Near the end of arguments, even though it was not a Speed Round question, Andy asked Dan and Meredith for their opinions on a winner, but neither could give one. +Marc A recused himself from voting as he hated both choices: ''American Sniper'' (Ben's choice) and ''Silver Linings Playbook'' (Mark's choice). However, Andy voted for Ben, and Dan agreed with him. +*Repeat question from episode 50. Marc Andreyko stated that he should get a point, claiming that the answer should have been ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'', versus ''Lost World'' (Ben's choice) and ''Lost in Space'' (Mark's choice). +**Ben did not say ''Gremlins 2'' as fast as Mark did and got stuck with ''Alien 3'', which he stated was the only ''Alien'' film he never watched. However, he was still able to talk about it. +***Split decision. Marc voted for Ben, but Andy voted for Mark E. Dan agreed with Andy as Ben's argument points pertained to Oz as a whole and not to the Emerald City. +****Split decision. Only Andy voted for Mark, who chose Colin Trevorrow. Dan stated that he could not be impartial (likely because he didn't like ''Jurassic World'') and deferred to Meredith, who voted for Ben. Dan then stated that he too would have voted for Ben, just as Marc did (Marc also stated that he disliked ''Jurassic World''). +*****Even though Mark E did not win a point, the scoreboard did give him a point, showing him as beating Ben 6-4. However, it was corrected to 5-4, and then to 5-5. ++Ben stated that he could not think of anyone besides Will Smith, whom Mark E already chose. He wound up picking Will's wife Jada Pinkett Smith, but no one voted for him. '''Episode 56: Casting Shazam! opposite The Rock plus HUGE SJ NEWS!! (11-8-15)'''<ref>Episode 56: Casting Shazam! opposite The Rock plus HUGE SJ NEWS!! (11-8-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XEGNO6AMu8</ref> Andy announces in the beginning of the episode that the Screen Junkies channel is expanding, offering a $4.99/month subscription service called Screen Junkies Plus, featuring shows from several different fighters, plus a scripted internet series Interns of F.I.E.L.D. *In celebration, everyone in the video has a Coors Light beer. No new fighters appear. Excluding the anniversary episode (52) and the last Comic Con episode (46), this is the first episode since episode 45 to not feature any. Hal Rudnick hosts for the first time. Roxy Striar appears as the Fact Checker as Dan is attending his friend's wedding. Third consecutive episode to require a tie-breaker. Nick Mundy, already the only person to finish in third place in three consecutive fights, extends the record to four consecutive fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/8 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 4/10 || Third |- | Andy Signore || 0/3 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Nick !! Andy |- | 1: Who should play Shazam and go head to head with the Rock? || 1 || || * |- | 2: What video game franchise could legitimize video game movies? ** || || || 1 |- | 3: Pitch an all-female version of an existing movie or franchise *** || 1 || **** || |- | 4: Who should play Eric Draven, The Crow ***** || || || 1 |- | 5: Pitch the ultimate ''Hunger Games'' ride for the upcoming theme park || + || || 1 +* |- | 6: What is the worst action sequel of all-time? +** || || 1+*** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' +**** || 2 || 1+***** || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one do you buy: ''Speed 2 Cruise Control'' or ''XXX: State of the Union''? || || x || 1++ |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Jeff || ++* || x || 1++ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with the word "road" in it || 1 ++**, ++*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is the best actor or actress who is a sir or a dame? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Tell me the best movie starring Seth Rogan || 1++*** || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: ''Naked Gun'' or ''Hot Shots'' || || x || 1++ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5++**** || 1 || '''6'''++***** |} .*In his arguments, Andy stated that in ''GI Joe [Retaliation]'', The Rock's character (Roadblock) killed Channing Tatum's (Spencer's answer) character (Duke). However, this is not true. Their characters were allies. .**While normally, the first fighter to talk would rotate to the person next to the one who started the previous question, Hal skipped over Nick and started with Andy. .***Throughout this round, the bottom of the screen spelled the word "version" as "verison". .****Nick's cast for an all-female ''Lord of the Rings'', which included The Rock as Arwen, was created by Nick's wife Dilara. .*****Emailed by one-time fact checker Miss Movies +Spencer discussed a hijacking. In episode 13, he had proposed ''Speed'' the Ride, which involved a similar scenario. +*Andy discussed the show ''Wipeout'' as part of his proposal. He had once appeared on the show. +**Hal stated that the next Honest Trailer will be for ''Terminator: Genisys''. +***Nick stated that he walked out his choice ''A Good Day to Die Hard'' 45 minutes in. He won the point even though he was guaranteed to lose the episode. *Andy and Spencer claimed that they had more to their argument before Hal immediately decided to end the round and award the point. +****Hal specifically explains that in the Speed Round, each fighter gets 15 seconds with a 5 second rebuttal. Andy states that this is the way it has been, which is true, but it only officially began five episodes earlier. +*****Nick becomes the fourth fighter to lose in four consecutive appearances. He narrowly avoided becoming the first person to finish two fights with no points. He also becomes the first fighter to reach 11 losses, something not reached again until 15 episodes later by Spencer, who has the same number of wins (four (both at this point in time and also in episode 71)). ++For the first and second Speed Round questions and the tie-breaker, Hal gave Andy the point without asking for opinions from Nick or Roxy. *After the tie-breaker, Nick indicated that he disagreed with Hal's decision. ++*Spencer was unable to clearly demonstrate he could tell the difference between Daniels (his choice) and Bridges (Andy's choice). ++**Spencer said ''[Mad Max: The] Road Warrior'', but he then said its sequel ''Fury Road'' was better. However, no one pointed this out, and Spencer still got the point. *Had Hal ruled against Spencer for this, he would have finished with two points. Spencer is already the only fighter to finish in second place with only two points (see episode 26), so he would also have become the first person to ''twice'' finish in second place with only two points. ++***Split decision. Roxy voted for Andy for the third and fifth Speed Round questions. Roxy did not overrule either split decision. ++****Although Spencer's win percentage falls from 0.333 to 0.308, his points per game average slightly increases from 4.42 to 4.46. ++*****Andy narrowly avoided becoming the fifth fighter to lose in four consecutive appearances (right after Nick became the fourth) and the fourth to have a 0-4 record at any point (Trisha's current record, Roger's former record, and Hal's initial official record before he was retroactively awarded a win for episode 1. *Not counting Dan, Andy is now in 18th place, right below Nick, Hal, and Spencer, who are respectively 17th, 16th, and 15th. '''Episode 57: Best Stoner movie? with Doug Benson (11-15-15)'''<ref>Episode 57: Best Stoner movie? with Doug Benson (11-15-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_z1ems5fAkM</ref> The numbers in the scoreboard now have the same color-style as the names, with the grey shading in the middle. A fan-made belt is revealed and will be on the line the following week in a fight between Dan and the two contestants who have beaten him in Con fights, Spencer and Chris Stuckmann. Doug Benson, age 51, is the oldest contestant in the show's history, beating the previous record held by Scott Mantz. Scott wears a ''Jaws 19'' shirt from ''Back to the Future II''. Only nine points were awarded in this fight, the lowest since Episode 8. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Scott Mantz || 2/2 || Third* |- | Chloe Dykstra || 0/1 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Benson Doug Benson] || New Fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Scott !! Chloe !! Doug |- | 1: Best Stoner movie? ** || || || 1 |- | 2: Will the ''Warcraft'' movie be any good? || || || 1 |- | 3: What director would you like to see return to a franchise? || 1 || || |- | 4: What romantic comedy should get a sequel? || || 1 || |- | 5: What screenwriter would you like to see write a comic book and for which superhero should they write [for]? || || 1 || |- | 6: What movie would make the best Broadway musical? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie starring Amy Adams? || x || || 1 *** |- | SPEED ROUND B: The two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should I buy: ''Boogie Nights'' or ''Magnolia''? || x || **** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Excluding sequels, tell me the best movie with a number in the title. || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2***** || '''6''' + |} .*Besides Dan, Scott is the first fighter to fight five times without coming in second place. He also remains the only (besides Dan) to do it in his first four fights and one of only two (the other being Amy) to do it in his first three fights. .**Question submitted by JT the Engineer (JTE). .***Split decision. Scott agreed with Chloe for ''Junebug'', but Dan already agreed with Andy that Doug provided the better response (''The Fighter''). .****Chloe was stuck with ''Magnolia'', but she stated that she hadn't been able to see it yet but was going to the following weekend (despite its being released in 2000). .*****Chloe becomes the second person (after Spencer) to finish in second place with only two points. +Doug’s performance in the Speed Round marks: - The eighth time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, 26, 34, 43, 47, and 53) and - the first time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering only three questions (instead of four) since episode 26. '''Episode 58: Which Star Wars Character Would Win The Hunger Games? (11-21-15)'''<ref>Episode 58: Which Star Wars character Would Win The Hunger Games? (11-21-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tnk5VOwEZxc</ref> Fifth Title Belt fight. A new Belt is introduced. First episode aired after the introduction of Screen Junkies Plus. It aired live on Thursday 11-19-15 and was followed by the first episode of "After The Fight". Andy announces that Screen Junkies Plus will be free on 11-26-15 through 11-29-15. During the fight, Andy wore an Inspectre Gadget shirt. Andy correctly predicted that Chris Stuckmann would lose. First episode to be uploaded to youtube on a Saturday. Ken Napzok as Fact Checker, accompanied by Chris Stuckmann's wife Samantha The scoreboard has Spencer's name written as Spence. This may or may not be intentional. Only nine points were awarded this episode (fourth episode in which this has happened). This just happened the previous episode, after not having happened since 49 episodes before that. Dan's argument for "seaQuest DSV" in the second question of this episode was determined by Screen Junkies in late 2016 to be the greatest moment of the first 100 episodes. The table arrangement of first, second, and third place was the same as the previous episode. Fourteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Chris Stuckmann || 1/0 || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/9 || Second * |- | Dan Murrell || 10/3 || '''Win''' ** |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Chris !! Spencer !! Dan |- | 1: What movie made in the last 15 years should get a remake? || || 1 || |- | 2: What [other]*** 90s TV show should get a movie? **** || || || 1 |- | 3: Which ''Star Wars'' character would win a Hunger Games? || || 1***** || |- | 4: Pitch a ''Fast and Furious'' spin-off movie? || 1+ || || |- | 5: What movie in the last 5 years won't 'Hold Up'? || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the worst James Bond movie? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER +*: Best movie with the word "game" in it? +** || || 0 || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If you had to, which classic film would make a better remake: ''Casablanca'' or ''Gone With the Wind''? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which was the better performance: Richard Dreyfuss in ''What About Bob?'' or Joe Pesci in ''My Cousin Vinnie''? || x || || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should we buy: ''Hot Tub Time Machine 2'' or ''The Hangover 2''? || x || || 1+*** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2+***** || 2++ || '''5''' ++*, ++** |} .*Spencer becomes the second player to reach 10 losses, after Nick Mundy. He also becomes the fifth fighter to reach four consecutive losses, two weeks after Nick became the fourth. .**Dan has now won more Title Belt fights than any other contestant has won fights in general (not counting Spencer's victory at San Diego Comic-Con). .***Besides "Baywatch" .****Throughout the round, the bottom of the screen had the word "Whast" instead of "What". .*****In episode 7, Spencer also won the question of which major superhero would win the Hunger Games. His arguments for Wolverine and Yoda both revolved around survival versus combat as shown in the Plus-exclusive Screen Junkies Show episode titled Best Movie Fights Moments (2014 - 2016) as moment #38 of 50. +Chris won as his response was deemed to be the only true spin-off (versus a sequel). +*This is the first time since episode 29 that there has been a three-way tie at the end of the regular round. However, it happened just two days earlier on the first episode of TV Fights. Like episode 29, but unlike the TV Fights episode, no points were awarded for the tie-breaker. *Further, the first episode of TV Fights has since been determined by Billy A. Patterson and Ken Napzok to not be an actual episode of the show. +**Repeat question from episode 49. Spencer re-used Scott Mantz's winning answer ''The Game'' and was able to proceed. Chris was dropped after he could not defend ''The Game Plan'', which he knew was not a good movie and which he had never seen. +***Split decision. Chris voted for Spencer. +****Spencer twice accused Dan of never having watched Dan's choice (''Hot Tub Time Machine 2''). After the point was awarded, Dan admitted he had not seen either film. +*****Chris' two points represent the first time someone finished in third place with more than one point since episode 35 (more than 5 months earlier). ++Third episode in which the second-place finisher finishes with only two points. This just happened in the previous episode, after not having happened since 31 episodes earlier. *Spencer becomes the first person to do this twice and is one of only two people to do this even once. *Already the only person to be swept in the Speed Round twice (until Dan Murrell shares this with him after episode 94), Spencer becomes the first to do this three times, two of which happened against Dan in Belt Fights. ++*Dan's performance in the Speed Round marks: - The ninth time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, 26, 34, 43, 47, 53, and 57) and - the second time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering only three questions (instead of four) since episode 26 (which itself was the third time), with the first time having just happened in the previous episode. ++**Despite Dan's victory and increase in win percentage (to 78.6%), his points per game average falls slightly to 5.36 since his win only required five points. ++***Dan's five points represent the lowest winning score since episode 29 (the last episode in which the regular round ended with a three-way tie). '''Episode 59: Jessica Jones and MCU Team Up? (11-28-15)'''<ref>Episode 59: Jessica Jones and MCU Team Up? (11-28-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THEVg_U7XB8</ref> Blind fight. None of the fighters have been given any of the questions to prepare ahead of time. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 1/3 || Third* |- | Mike Carlson || 5/5 || '''Win''' |- | Roger Barr || 1/7 || Second* |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Marc A !! Mike !! Roger |- | 1: What is the best ''Star Wars'' movie? || || 1 || |- | 2: What character's origin story do we never ever need to see in a movie again? || || || 1 |- | 3: What MCU franchise should Jessica Jones team up with? || 1 || || |- | 4: If you could live inside any Disney movie, which one would you pick? ** || || 1 || |- | 5: I want you to pitch us a title and logline for the fourth new*** ''Planet of the Apes'' movie? || || 1 || |- | 6: What's the best Stallone movie ****? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: There are two movies in the bargain bin: 2014's ''Robocop'' or 2012's ''Total Recall''. Which do we buy? || x || || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Tell me the most over-the-top performance by Nicolas Cage. || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is the best superhero that does not wear a cape? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Name me an actor who[m] Quentin Tarantino should revitalize next. || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Excluding sequels, tell me the best movie with a number in the title. + || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''6''' || 4 |} .*Of all fighters who have won any fights, Marc A and Roger are now the two lowest ranked with win percentages of 0.200 and 0.111 respectively. .**Clarified to mean animated, but expanded to allow Pixar movies. .***The "new" series began with ''Rise of the Planet of the Apes'' (2011). .****Rocky and Rambo movies were not allowed, but the fighters were allowed to search online for movies. Roger didn't need to do this though, and he won. .*****Split decision. Marc disagreed with Andy, who chose Roger (''Total Recall''). +As mentioned by Andy, this is a repeat question (episode 57). '''Episode 60: Best Moment in the Batman v Superman Trailer? (12-5-15)'''<ref>Episode 60: Best Moment in the Batman v Superman Trailer? (12-5-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImLoGdczLU0</ref> Hosted by Dan Murrell Mark Reilley as Fact Checker {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Umberto Gonzalez || New fighter || Third |- | Andy Signore || 1/3 || Second |- | Kim Horcher || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Umberto !! Andy !! Kim |- | 1: Does the ''Batman [v] Superman'' trailer (released December 2, the night before filming) make you more or less excited for the movie? || || || 1 |- | 2: What was the best moment in the ''Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice'' trailer? || || 1 || |- | 3: Based on the trailers that we've seen, which movie do you think will be better: ''[Captain America:] Civil War'' or ''Batman v Superman''? || 1 || * || 1 |- | 4: What normally good character would you like to see turn evil in a movie? || || || 1 |- | 5: What is the best comedy franchise of all time? || || ** || 1 |- | 6: What is the most overrated superhero movie? *** || **** || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best movie starring a professional athlete? ***** || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who's the better first officer: Spock or Chewbacca? || x || || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: What director would you choose to do a live-action remake of ''The Iron Giant''? +* || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two movies are on cable at the same time. Which one of them do you watch: ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut'' or Team America [:World Police] || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''6''' |} .*Andy initially decided to attempt Devil's Advocate (last attempted in episode 33 and last argued successfully in episode 16) by choosing ''Batman v Superman'', but he then said he didn't need it (he could argue it straight) and would even let Umberto and Kim tag-team against him for one point a piece. He argued that he wanted more from the ''Civil War'' trailer (specifically why Captain American and Bucky Barnes were fighting against Tony Stark), but Umberto stated that in the previous two rounds, Andy was complaining that the ''Batman v Superman'' trailer showed too much. Dan agreed and ruled against Andy since he said he didn't even need Devil's Advocate. .**Andy attempted to only use the first three ''Vacation'' films for his franchise, but Dan would not ignore the subsequent films. .***The sixth question was a clue to the next Honest Trailer, ''Ant-Man''. This was also Kim's answer, but she did not win the point. .****Umberto answered ''X-Men: The Last Stand'', which was easily argued against as it was not widely liked, which he acknowledged immediately in his response. .*****Andy chose ''Fast Five'', and Kim chose ''Furious 7''. Umberto did not want to agree that Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson's sport, professional wrestling, was a professional sport. +Split decision. Umberto chose Andy (who chose Chewbacca). Mark agreed with Dan on Kim's answer, Spock, despite the fact that he was wearing a ''Star Wars'' shirt. +*Andy chose Brad Bird, who directed the 1999 original. '''Episode 61: Pitch a Solo Batman Movie with Kevin Smith (12-12-15)'''<ref>Episode 61: Pitch a Solo Batman Movie with Kevin Smith (12-12-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5u1mAMMIms</ref> Alicia Malone as Fact Checker, accompanied by Ben Goddard. Taped on a Tuesday (12-8-15). The fifth episode of TV Fights taped the following Thursday. Though Kevin Smith is sitting in the middle, he is treated as the third player in terms of asking questions. Fifteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 6/5 || Third |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Smith Kevin Smith] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 11/3 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Kevin !! Dan |- | 1: Best Harrison Ford movie? || || || 1 |- | 2: Pitch the ultimate Marvel vs DC movie (one-on-one character) || 1 || || |- | 3: Pitch the next Batman solo movie || * || 1** || |- | 4: Who is the greatest director who is also an actor? *** || || 1 || |- | 5: Pitch us the next ultimate Marvel movie villain. || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the best, as in least worst, ''Star Wars'' prequel? **** || || ***** || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Best Kevin Smith movie? + || || 0+* || 0+* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should I buy: ''Cop Out'' or ''Jersey Girl''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best movie with Shane Black attached as a writer? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Excluding any of our guests (Kevin Smith), if one was forced, which director would you hire to reboot ''Clerks''? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best black and white movie of all time? || x || 1+*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Mike wanted to pitch ''Batman Through the Looking Glass'', but found out that it already exists as a comic book. However, he continued to pitch an ''Alice in Wonderland''-type story. .**Kevin indicated that he could not give his original pitch (''Batman: Hush'') due to losing a coin toss to Dan, and Dan ultimately departed from the bulk of the idea anyway. He suggested allowing George Clooney to return as Batman. .***Rather than starting with Mike, Andy started with Dan for the fourth fight even though Dan had started the second fight. .****Each fighter had to draw a card with the name of a prequel and argue for it. The question also was a clue to the next Honest Trailer, ''Revenge of the Sith''. Dan chose ''Revenge of the Sith'', and then Mike chose ''Attack of the Clones'', leaving Kevin with ''The Phantom Menace''. It was during this time that Andy realized an error in the order (stemming from question 4). Dan later revealed that he had been hoping for ''The Phantom Menace'' but knew he’d be okay as long as he didn’t get ''Attack of the Clones''. .*****Kevin wanted to argue that ''The Empire Strikes Back'' was the best prequel. He stated that due to the upcoming sequel trilogy that all of the movies were prequels. However, the definition of prequel is that it must be released ''after'' a movie that takes place after it, and the film was not released subsequent to any other ''Star Wars'' film except the original. *During his argument for ''The Phantom Menace'', Kevin incorrectly stated that Qui-Gon Jinn was cut in half. While he was stabbed, he was not cut in half. Darth Maul, who stabbed him, was cut in half shortly afterwards. +Though Mike said ''Chasing Amy'' before Dan said ''Red State'', Andy had Dan argue before Mike. Andy chose Kevin to move on despite the fact that Kevin said he agreed with Mike and Dan. He conferred with Alicia and Ben, who agreed. +*The scoreboard inappropriately gave Kevin and Dan each a point for the tie-breaker. However, Andy did not, and the points on the leaderboard and for this fight do not reflect the points. +**Split decision. Ben chose Dan. +***Split decision. Mike chose Dan. '''Episode 62: Star Trek Beyond Trailer: Good or Bad? (12-19-15)'''<ref>Episode 62: Star Trek Beyond Trailer: Good or Bad? (12-19-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z68sNckphnk</ref> John Rocha appears, just two days after winning TV Fights. Despite winning that episode, he is shut out in this episode. JTE is replaced as engineer by Cody. Tenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), 42, 44, 45, 47, 48 (in which Nick got no points, and 55). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | John Rocha || 0/2 || Third |- | Doug Benson || 1/0 || Second |- | JTE || New fighter * || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! John !! Doug !! JTE |- | 1: Who[m] would you want to cast as Star-Lord's father for ''Guardians of the Galaxy [Vol.] 2''? || || 1 || |- | 2: Which of these trailers got us most excited? ** || || || 1 |- | 3: Based on the [new ''Star Trek Beyond''] trailer, should we be worried? || || 1 || |- | 4: What movie has most lived up to the hype? *** || || || 1 |- | 5: Pitch us the ultimate ''Barbie'' movie. || || || 1**** |- | 6: What other***** 90's movie would you like to see a sequel to, that doesn't already have one? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 0 || 2 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best movie with the word "spy" in the title? || x || || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which do we buy [: ''Transformers: Dark of the Moon'' or ''Star Trek Into Darkness''] +*? || x || 1 || +** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Andy Serkis motion capture performance? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || 3 || '''6''' |} .*Though JTE is listed as a new fighter, he participated briefly in the Schmoes Know fight, just like Tiffany Smith before him (and Ken Napzok in the subsequent episode). .**Options were trailers released in the previous week: ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows'', ''Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them'', ''X-Men: Apocalypse'', ''Star Trek Beyond'', and ''Independence Day: Resurgence.'' .***Andy started this round with Doug rather than John. Subsequently, he started the fifth round with John [rather than Doug]. This led to his starting with Doug again for the sixth round. .****Twitter followers were able to vote on a winner. While Doug slightly won the vote, Andy gave the point to JTE. John did not receive any votes. .*****Besides ''Independence Day: Resurgence'' (even though the originator of the question was referring to ''The Fugitive''). +Split decision. John picked Doug, who answered ''Spy''. +*The names of the movies were not spoken initially. A graphic was shown, and JTE picked ''Star Trek Into Darkness''. +**JTE took a second 5-second rebuttal, so Doug was given an extra one to make it even. '''Episode 63: Is The Force Awakens The Best Star Wars Movie? (12-26-15)'''<ref>Episode 63: Is The Force Awakens The Best Star Wars Movie? (12-26-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnsE3fkMLok</ref> Pre-recorded, ''Star Wars''-themed episode. The episode was not followed by an "After the Fight". Roxy Striar returns as Fact Checker. First regular episode to feature three new fighters (although Hector previously appeared on an episode of TV Fights and Ken appeared in the Schmoes Know Movie fight) since episode 20 (and the first in general since episode 25). Hector is the first fighter to first appear on TV Fights and then appear on Movie Fights (John Rocha appeared the previous week on TV Fights and then Movies Fights, but he had previously appeared on Movie Fights twice). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hector Navarro || New fighter || Second |- | Yancy Berns || New fighter || Third |- | Ken Napzok || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Hector !! Yancy !! Ken |- | 1: Where does ''[The] Force Awakens'' rank among the other ''Star Wars'' movies? || || || 1* |- | 2: What's the worst part of ''The Force Awakens''? ** || 1 || || |- | 3: Best new*** character in ''[The] Force Awakens''? || || 1 || |- | 4: Pitch us ''[Star Wars] Episode VIII''. || || || 1 |- | 5: What is the best Christmas movie?**** || 1 || || |- | 6: What's the worst movie to watch with your family? || 1 || || ***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie ever set in the snow? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie of all time based on a toy? || 1+* || x || +** |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are in the bargain bin: ''After Earth'' or ''A Million Ways to Die [in the West]''? +*** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best character from the ''Rocky'' series other than Rocky? +**** || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: These two movies are playing on cable. Which one do we watch: ''The Green Lantern'' or ''The Green Hornet''? || || x || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Best movie directed by Ron Howard? || || x || 1+***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || 1 || '''6''' |} .*The first point of the game is awarded at the 21:42 mark. .**Andy said this question came from Taylor Swift, but he was corrected. It came from someone named Taylor Smith (@TaylorSmith1986). Andy stated that he liked the album ''1989''. .***Although the originator of the question specified "new", and Andy also said "new," the screen did not say this in the question. Further, Ken's answer (Han Solo) would not have been consistent with this requirement. .****Repeat question from episode 8. .*****Ken picked ''Love Actually''; he acknowledged that he stated on the last episode of Screen Junkies Universe that it was one of his favorite movies. +Split decision. Yancy chose Hector (who picked ''Elf''). +*Split decision, reversed from previous fight. Yancy chose Ken (''Transformers'' (2007)) over ''Clue'' (1985). +**Ken originally picked ''Toy Story'', but Andy would not allow this as it was not based on an original toy, even though he acknowledged that Mr. Potato Head is in it. +***A visual aid was used. Andy never specified the question (which should we buy). Hector (who was left with ''After Earth'') initially appeared to think the question was which was worse and then appeared okay with being stuck with his answer. +****Both Ken and Hector picked Creeds (Apollo and his son Adonis respectively). Hector initially chose Apollo at the same time as Ken, but he said he meant to pick Adonis. +*****Split decision. Yancy chose Hector. Ken won despite doubting his answer (''Splash''). Hector incorrectly stated that Tom Hanks won an Oscar for ''Apollo 13,'' which Andy pointed out (he was only nominated). '''Episode 64: Pitch a Matrix Sequel - New Year's Eve 1999 (1-2-16)'''<ref>Episode 64: Pitch a Matrix Sequel - New Year's Eve 1999 (1-2-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RssOaO71px8</ref> Second consecutive pre-recorded episode. The episode was not followed by an "After the Fight". Judged by Alicia Malone. Ken Napzok returns as Fact Checker. Played and judged from the perspective of December 31, 1999. Spencer, Dan, Alicia, and Andy respectively give their ages as 14, 16, 18, and 20. However, Ken states he is from 2018. There are temporal errors made throughout the episode, mostly by Spencer. Very little preparation time was given for the fight. And correspondence given to fighters included Speed Round questions. This fight is not counted in the overall ranking/statistics. If the episode were counted, it would be the sixteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || Second |- | Spencer Gilbert || Third |- | Andy Signore || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Dan !! Spencer !! Andy |- | 1: Pitch a sequel to ''The Matrix''. * || 1 || || |- | 2: Which project should he [Will Smith] tackle in the new millennium to restore his box office supremacy? * || 1 || || |- | 3: Who[m] you would cast as Highland High's two worst students ** || || 1 || |- | 4: Who had the biggest breakout year in 1999? *** || || || 1 |- | 5: Who should direct ''Star Wars: Episode II''? *** || || || 1 |- | 6: Pitch a movie about the impending Y2K disaster. || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are playing at a theater. Which do you watch: ''Being John Malkovich'' or ''Fight Club''? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which performance was the best in ''Magnolia''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What would be the dream property in 1999 to give to Guy Ritchie? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best animated movie of the year: ''South Park: Bigger, Longer, & Uncut''; ''The Iron Giant''; or ''Toy Story 2''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the best movie featuring....?***** || 1 || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: You have to buy one of these Rob Schneider movies from the bargain bin[. Which do you buy]: ''Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo'', ''Big Daddy'', or ''Muppets from Space''? || || x || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || 1+* || '''6'''+** |} .*Spencer and Dan were the respective starters on questions 1 and 2, despite their seating arrangements. .**Who should be cast in a live-action movie of ''Beavis and Butthead''? .***Spencer started on question 4 (again skipping Dan). However, Spencer also started for question 5. .****Split decision. Both Spencer and Ken disagreed with Alicia, who overturned their votes and went with Dan's answer of ''James Bond'' (first overturn in Movie or TV Fights). .*****Drew Barrymore. Andy guessed who it was beforehand, as Alicia said the question was inspired by ''Never Been Kissed'', and said ''E.T.'', which lead to Dan stating that Andy cheated. +Split decision. Ken disagreed with Alicia and chose Dan (''Muppets from Space''). +*If this episode were to officially count, this would be Spencer's first episode in which he only received one point. While he has come in third place before, he received three points in that episode. +**If this episode were to officially count, Andy would be the first person to defeat Dan twice. In Dan's first loss (episode 35), while Andy didn't win, he still beat Dan, who finished in third. '''Episode 65: Best Movie of 2015? (1-9-16)'''<ref>Episode 65: Best Movie of 2015? (1-9-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3D_7HBPwt0</ref> Sixteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Throughout the fight and in the subsequent "After the Fight", Alison alluded to her loss to Hal (episode 41), but in "After the Fight", she stated that it ended with a tie breaker, while it actually ended with a fourth Speed Round question, with Hal already leading by one point. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alison Haislip || 0/2 || Third |- | Ben Begley || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_Decker Cody Decker] || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Alison !! Ben !! Cody |- | 1: What is the best movie of 2015? || || || 1 |- | 2: Best performce of 2015? || 1 || || |- | 3: What movie franchise would you like to see Leonardo [DiCaprio] join? || || 1 || |- | 4: Pitch us the story * for ''Creed''. || || 1 || ** |- | 5: What's the best movie quote of 2015? || || || 1 |- | 6: What's the greatest billion-dollar grosser of all time? || 1*** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Best live-action movie based on a cartoon? **** || || 0 ***** || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What character would you rather be: Leonardo DiCaprio in ''The Revenant'' + or Matt Damon in ''The Martian''? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would you rather team up with: Rey or Furiosa? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with the word "street" in the title? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which would you rather marathon: Fifteen Steven Segal movies or fifteen Chuck Norris movies? +*** || x || 1+*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Andy meant to say "sequel," not "story." .**Andy asked J.T. whether he liked Cody's or Ben's argument. J.T. chose Cody, but Andy still went with Ben. .***Alison stated that ''Jurassic Park'' made over a billion dollars after adjusting for inflation. While this is true, it made slightly about $1.03 billion without adjusting. At the time of the fight, it was 20th on a list of 24 films that had gross over a billion dollars worldwide. .****Points were given for the pre-Speed Round tie breaker. However, they are not shown here or counted in the rankings. In fact, Andy initially said that neither were given points, but he agreed right after to do so. .*****Ben originally said ''Batman'' (1989), but as this based more so on a comic, he was forced to pick something else. He eventually chose ''G.I. Joe: Retaliation'' after he and Alison both struggled to come up with answers and Dan started suggesting that Cody be allowed to automatically go forth to the Speed Round if Ben and Alison couldn't come up with answers. He was sent through without requiring a rebuttal, and Andy then had Cody and Alison each give rebuttals. +Although ''The Revenant'' had been given a limited release (four theaters in Los Angeles and New York City) in the United States on December 25, 2015 (before the fight was recorded on January 7, 2016), it did not receive a wide release until the day after the fight was recorded. Neither Alison nor Ben had seen it yet. +*Ben accidentally interrupted Cody in Cody's initial arguments for Leonardo DiCaprio, prompting Andy to allow Cody to start over. +**Split decision. Alison disagreed with Andy, who chose Ben (''Mean Streets'' over ''Street Fighter''). +***A graphic was shown with collections of fifteen films for each actor. However, the fighters were not given this graphic as it served no purpose in the question. +****Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy because he felt Cody had more passion for Chuck Norris while the arguments were similar. '''Episode 66: Biggest Oscar Snub? (1-16-16)'''<ref>Episode 66: Biggest Oscar Snub? (1-16-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcNdCAZbiic </ref> Loot Crate returns as sponsor. Ken Napsok as Fact Checker. Between TV Fights and Movie Fights during this week, Dan is the only male fighter out of six. Not counting the first episode, eighteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Eleventh episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the last one being episode 62). Normally, questions are given to fighters at least a day ahead of time for them to prepare. However, this wasn't fully possible for four of the six questions (1-3 and 6). Though it was known that the Oscars nominations would be announced that morning, it wasn't certain who the nominations would be, so answers couldn't be fully prepared ahead of time. Question 6 was given as a result of Alan Rickman's death, which happened earlier that day. A week after wearing an Avengers shirt, Andy wears a Revengers shirt ("A" logo replaced with an "R" logo), promoting the scripted Screen Junkies Plus series "Interns of F.I.E.L.D," which premiered on January 10, 2016. Between questions 2 (Dan) and 3 (Alicia and Amirose), each fighter chose to fight for some aspect ''The Revenant'' (Picture, Actor (Leonardo DiCaprior), and Cinematography). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 4/3 || Second |- | Amirose Eisenbach || New fighter || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 11/4 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Amirose !! Dan |- | 1: What is the biggest Oscar snub (for current year)? * || || 1 || |- | 2: What movie will win Best Picture? || || || 1 |- | 3: What or who is the surest best to win the Oscar this year? || || || 1** |- | 4: What category is missing from the Oscars and who should have won it? || || || 1 |- | 5: Who should play David Bowie in a biopic? || 1*** || || |- | 6: What is the best Alan Rickman performance? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Excluding his Academy Award nominated film from this year (''The Big Short''), what is the best film from Academy Award nominee Adam McKay? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two ***** are in the bargain bin. Which do we buy? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Since ''The Martian'' took a Golden Globe spot from an actual comedy, what's the funniest movie of 2015? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which movie should have earned [Leonardo] DiCaprio the Oscar? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''6''' |} .*The fighters were also required to take a nomination out of the respective category with which they would replace their snub. Alicia and Amirose each removed Adam McKay for director for ''The Big Short''. .**Dan won for choosing Brie Larson to win Best Actress for ''Room'', despite the fact that he didn't watch it until January 24 (11 days later) as shown on Mundy Night Raw. .***Alicia becomes the second fighter to win a point for choosing a female (Tilda Swinton) to play the role of a male. In episode 53, Adam Johnston did for choosing Quvenzhané Wallis to play a young John McClane. .****Alicia said ''Anchorman'' right before Dan did, leaving Dan to pick ''Anchorman 2''. Eventually, Dan gave up in his argument. .*****After the question was asked, a graphic was put up showing ''Shallow Hal'' and ''The Bounty Hunter''. .+Split decision. Amirose disagreed with Andy, who chose Dan (''Shallow Hal''). +*Dan picked ''What We Do in the Shadows''. Alicia had thought it was a 2014 movie since she saw it in 2014, but it didn't come out until 2015, which is why she said she didn't choose it. *Excluding Cons (for which points aren't awarded), this is Dan's 100th point between Screen Junkies' Movie and TV Fights (including a team fight against Cinema Sins and the 1999 fight, but not counting the Schmoes Know Movie Fight). '''Episode 67: Best Moment from the Suicide Squad Trailer? (1-23-16)'''<ref>Episode 67: Best Moment from the Suicide Squad Trailer? (1-23-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tKCcsh0mVw</ref> Twelfth episode (and second consecutive) in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. Fourth episode in which a fighter finishes with no points (the previous being episodes 41, 48, and 62). Erin Robinson returns after a 44 episode absence (breaking Alison Haislip's record of 31 episodes) and indicates that she will be on "The Amazing Race" starting February 12. Erin previously held the record for longest absence with 19 episodes, which by this time had been broken nine times (Michael Barryte (29), Alison Haislip (31), Tiffany Smith (23), Scott Mantz (21), Roger Barr (21), Miri Jedeikin (20), Andy Signore (20), Mark Reilly (26) in this episode, and herself). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 1/4 || '''Win''' |- | Erin Robinson || 0/2 || Second |- | Mark Reilly || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Marc A !! Erin !! Mark R |- | 1: What's the best moment in the (new) ''Suicide Squad'' trailer? || || 1 || |- | 2: What villain should fight Wonder Woman in her upcoming (2017) movie? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who should direct this ''[World War Z 2]''...and what should the movie focus on? * || 1 || || |- | 4: Who should play young Han Solo based on this short list that's going around town? **, *** || || 1**** || |- | 5: Pitch us the ultimate director's cut of the movie that you wish you could have seen. || 1 || || |- | 6: What's the best and most unexpected comedic performance from a usually dramatic actor? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 3 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which of these two movies in the bargain bin should we buy: ''The Smurfs 2'' or ''Madea Goes to Jail''....? ***** || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with the word "son/sun" in the title? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: I want you to pick the best song from any Disney movie. || || 1+*, +** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best sequel in the Marvel Cinematic Universe? || 1+*** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''+****|| 4 || 0 |} .*Andy indicated that the movies didn't really need pitches, and for the most part, the fighters did not pitch plots. .**The short list, which was not revealed to the audience before arguments included Emory Cohen (Erin's choice), Jack Reynor (Marc A's choice), and Scott Eastwood (Mark R's choice), Miles Teller, Ansel Elgort, Dave Franco, Blake Jenner, Logan Lerman. .***Erin gave her choice before Marc A did despite Marc being the first fighter (and hence the normal first fighter for the fourth question). Andy had Marc A go before Mark R gave his choice. .****Marc A's original choice was Emory Cohen, but he lost a coin toss to Erin. .*****A graphic was supplied. In addition to Andy speaking the titles after the graphic came up, there was a twitter caption shown, giving the movie titles. +Marc was faster than Erin at picking ''Madea Goes to Jail''. +*Erin's rebuttal was to have Marc sing a line from his pick ("Be Our Guest" from ''Beauty and the Beast'' (1991)). Marc sang the first line, but was not allowed to give any rebuttal outside of that line. +**Split decision. Mark disagreed with Andy. +***Marc was faster than Erin at picking ''[Captain America:] Winter Soldier'', leading Erin to pick ''Avengers: [Age of] Ultron''. +****Marc jumped to #21 on the leader board and is now higher on the leader board than Hal, Spencer, Nick, Andy, and Kristian, who were above him before this win. '''Episode 68: Best Animated Sequel? (1-30-16)'''<ref>Episode 68: Best Animated Sequel? (1-30-16)) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TsdfFTBXqUc</ref> Episode sponsored by Audible. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Erlich Brett Erlich] || New fighter || Second |- | Adam Hlavac || New fighter || Third |- | Hal Rudnick || 4/9 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Brett !! Adam !! Hal |- | 1: What is the best animated sequel that's not ''Toy Story''? || || || 1 |- | 2: What is the best parody movie of all time? * || 1 || || |- | 3: What other ** movie that's in color would look best in black and white? || || 1 || |- | 4: If you were doomed to be haunted by one movie ghost, who[m] do you pick? || 1 || || |- | 5: What's a better *** prequel movie from the '80s? **** || || || 1 |- | 6: What's a widely mocked movie that you secretly love? **** || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These ***** are both in the bargain bin. Tell us which one we should buy: ''Scooby-Doo'' or ''Alvin and the Chipmunks''? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What best actual movie title sounds most like a porno? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best Arnold Schwarzenegger comedy? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND D: Worst movie starring Bruce Willis? || +* || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie with the word "versus" in the title? || +** || x || 1+*** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''6''' |} .*besides ''Airplane'' .**besides ''Mad Max: Fury Road'' .***versus ''Die Hard'' .****Andy had Brett go first for a second question in a row after he went first in Round 4. For the last question, Adam went first. .*****A graphic was shown, and then Andy named the movies while it was still up. +Split decision. Adam disagreed with Andy, who chose Hal (''Twins'' over ''Junior''). +*Brett chose ''Hudson Hawk'', which was the movie he answered for Round 6 as one he secretly loves. Dan called this an unforced error. +**Brett picked ''[Ballistic] Ecks vs. Sever'', not realizing he was supposed to pick the best movie. Hal went along with this and argued for why his pick ''Alien vs. Predator,'' which he chose after Brett gave his answer, was the worst. Before rebuttals though, Andy clarified this. +***Seventh time someone has gotten four consecutive Speed Round points, and the first since episode 53. It is the first time since episode 28 in which someone did this without sweeping the Speed Round. '''Episode 69: Pitch The Next Big Fast & Furious Action Sequence (2-6-16)'''<ref>Episode 69: Pitch The Next Big Fast & Furious Action Sequence (2-6-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFDtdnBZIU0</ref> Loot Crate sponsors this episode. Only five questions are used prior to the Speed Round, just like in the last two TV Fights. Mike Carlson believed that the fight was the following day and hence did not arrive in time. He Skyped in when possible and eventually arrived. Dan Murrell fought for him, sometimes arguing pitches based on a single line answer. Dan did not score any points for Mike. To accommodate this problem, the normal order for asking questions was not followed. Ken Napzok as Fact Checker until Dan took over after Mike arrived. James Connery, creator of the current Championship Belt also appears on the Fact Checker couch. The ''Star Wars: The Force Awakens'' poster is no longer on the wall behind the couch. After this episode, there is once again a fighter who is 2-0, which Movie Fights has not had since Amy Nicholson lost episode 44. Interestingly, the next two episodes each produce a 2-0 fighter. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson* || 6/6 || Second |- | Rob Fee || New fighter || Third |- | Max Landis || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Rob !! Max |- | 1: Which movie remake would be better with adding zombies? || || || 1 |- | 2: Pitch us the next big action set piece in one of the future ''Fast and Furious'' franchise movies? || || || 1 |- | 3: What movie character do you wish most had their own Youtube channel? || || 1 || |- | 4: Pitch us the best ''Prometheus'' sequel?** || || || 1 |- | 5: If you could visit one restaurant or bar from any movie in real life, where do you go and what do you do, what do you have? || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Worst performance ever by any actor in a superhero movie? || 0 || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie with the word "old" in the title? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two movies are gonna be in the bargain bin. Which one should you buy?*** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the worst Coen Brothers movie?**** || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What would be the dream director for a good Power Rangers movie? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Ben Stiller comedy? || || x || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Dan Murrell appeared in Mike's place for much of the pre-Speed Round fighting. .**Mike did a pitch over Skype that was not very audible. Dan didn't have Mike's answer for this. While Mike gave his pitch, Dan lip-synched. Mike eventually arrived during this fight. .***A graphic was shown. Mike picked ''Couples Retreat'', leaving Max with ''Dinner for Schmucks''. Max would not argue for his answer and conceded the point. .****Both Mike and Max said ''Ladykillers'' at the same time. No one could tell who was first, so Andy skipped the question. .*****Split decision. Rob could not decide whose answer was better. James sided with Max (James Cameron), but Andy overruled him and went with Mike (Edgar Wright). +Max won despite indicating that ''Tropic Thunder'' was the best after he gave his initial answer ''Zoolander'' and Mike said ''Meet the Parents''. '''Episode 70: Will Batman v Superman Be Great? (2-13-16)'''<ref>Episode 70: Will Batman v Superman Be Great? (2-13-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-apyTyck7Ws</ref> Originally titled "Will Batman v Superman Suck?" Episode was delayed as Kristian was late arriving to the studio due to traffic as President Obama was in the Los Angeles area and Andy didn't want him Skyping in while driving as seen by Mike Carlson on the previous episode. Nick Mundy (who fought against Kristian and Mark in episode 38) was originally supposed to be on this episode, but as mentioned on "Screen Junkies Universe" the Wednesday before (2-10-16), he was letting Spencer fight in his place. However, so that he would have the change to fight his Schmoes Know brethren, Spencer allowed JTE to fight instead, launching the first ever Sneak Attack. JTE made a video predicting that he would win. The video featured scenes from ''The Karate Kid'' and ''The Matrix'' with characters (with JTE's face in place of the originals) fighting characters whose faces were respectively replaced with Kristian's and Mark's. A fan, Jeannine Brice accompanied Dan on the couch. She made some artwork of Andy, Dan, and Spencer, which was displayed on the wall behind the couch. She also wore a shirt with it. Even though Kristian sat between Andy and Mark, Kristian's and Mark's places on the scoreboard are switched when it is displayed. For the second week in a row, the fighter sitting next to Andy goes into the Speed Round against the one sitting across from Andy, behind by a score of 3-1. First of four consecutive episodes that finish with a score of 5-4-1. After this episode (just one week after Max Landis became a 2-0 fighter), there are two 2-0 fighters (with a third to come in the following episode), bringing the total number of fighters who have ever been 2-0 to five (after Dan Murrell, Mike Carlson, Amy Nicholson, and Max Landis), with a sixth to follow in the next episode.̈ *This marks the first time there have simultaneously been two undefeated fighters with more than one fight since Mike Carlson lost his third fight (episode 8). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Kristian Harloff || 1/4 || Second |- | Mark Ellis || 2/4 || Third |- | JTE || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Kristian !! Mark !! JTE |- | 1: What movie (trailer) won the Super Bowl? || || || 1 |- | 2: Based on all three trailers (for ''Batman V Superman: Dawn of Justice''), how excited should we be? * || || || 1 |- | 3: What other ** superhero that has already hit the big screen deserves a second chance? || 1 || || |- | 4: I want you guys to pitch a fictional movie.*** || || 1**** || |- | 5: What's the best fictional world for you to have a first date in?***** || + || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: What movie had the best Part III? || 0+* || +** || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which fictional singer or group from a movie would you have to perform the Halftime at a Super Bowl? || 1+***, +**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Bargain bin pic: Which of these two should we buy: The ''Tooth Fairy'' franchise or the ''Baby Geniuses'' franchise? +***** || 1 || x || ++ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie to "Netflix and Chill"? ++* || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What's the best movie to watch on Valentine's Day? || ++** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Tell me Hollywood's best Ryan. ++*** || ++**** || x || 1++***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*The answer needed to be quantified by giving other superhero films that have already been released and using their critical and financial response. Fighters were allowed to use separate movies for the critical and financial components, but only Kristian actually did that. *A poll of 263 tweeters gave 36% of the vote to JTE, 35% to Mark, and 29% to Kristian. Andy had already chosen JTE before the results were announced by Dan. .**Besides Deadpool, who previously appeared in ''X-Men Origins: Wolverine'' (also played by Ryan Reynolds). .***Blind question. In honor of Kristian's ''Night Falls'', each fighter needed to draw a fake movie title and three actors (one of whom the fighter would choose as being a cameo performance) out of mugs and make the pitch on the spot based on what they drew. .****Decided by twitter poll. Mark received 40% while Kristian and JTE received 29% and 31% respectively. .*****Asked by Brianne Chandler (@MissMovies), previously used in episode 26. Answers from that episode could not be used (Nick's Neverland, Dan's Chocolate Factory, and Spencer's Chicago from ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off''). .+Kristian, gave up early in his answer (which involved the film ''Major League'') and indicated he wished another question (ultimately the first Speed Round question) had made it to the final cut. He specifically said that JTE gets the point. However, he did continue arguing later, but JTE did in fact get the point after Andy cut the fight short (Andy did rule Kristian out for giving up) after JTE gave his argument against Mark. .+*Split decision. Jeannine disagreed with Andy, who chose Kristian (''Rocky III''). *This is the first ever split for a pre-Speed Round tie-breaker (for either Movie Fights or TV Fights). +**Mark chose ''Return of the Jedi'', which is technically Episode VI. +***The first Speed Round question was originally supposed to be a regular round question, but it was removed. Mark had chosen Wyld Stallyns, and Kristian had originally chosen Sexual Chocolate. This was mentioned right before this question was asked. However, when the question was asked, Kristian gave Mark's answer just over thirty seconds after Mark mentioned Wyld Stallyns. +****Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who chose Kristian over JTE, who chose Spinal Tap. +*****A graphic accompanied this question, showing the two 2-packs. Andy read the names after the graphic was shown. *Kristian (who answered second), in his rebuttal, asked JTE to defend ''Tooth Fairy 2'', leading to JTE's talking more, followed by Kristian's talking more. Eventually, Andy rang the bell to end it. ++Split decision. Jeannine disagreed with Andy, who chose Kristian (''Baby Geniuses'' franchise). ++*Andy said this question could be interpreted however the fighters wanted; however, Dan and Andy later pointed out that it could really mean only one thing (though they didn't specifically mention anything (sex)). ++**Kristian jokingly said ''Love Actually'', JTE's answer from the previous question. Andy made him stick with that answer, potentially costing him the game. ++***Originally, Andy was going to ask for the best movie with the word "Love" in the title, but as ''Love Actually'' was just mentioned in each of the last two questions, he declined to ask it. ++****Kristian mentioned that Meg Ryan has not been seen in a long time, but JTE mentioned that it was not required by the question that it be someone current. Andy mentioned this later in explaining his decision. ++*****Split decision. Jeannine disagreed with Andy, who chose JTE (Meg Ryan or Ryan Gosling). *Meg Ryan co-starred in ''When Harry Met Sally'' (which JTE mentioned), which was JTE's answer for the previous question. '''Episode 71: Pitch a Deadpool Sequel (w/ Kevin Smith) (2-20-16)'''<ref>Episode 71: Pitch a Deadpool Sequel (w/ Kevin Smith) (2-20-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2bws_gETGg</ref> Episode was delayed approximately fifteen minutes. Marc Andreyko appears dressed as Deadpool. Despite the order of sitting from Andy (Marc, Kevin, Spencer), for purposes of asking questions, Spencer is second, and Kevin is third. During "After the Fight", Kevin Smith had to leave. Andy left with him, and Dan took over hosting for the remainder of the show even though Andy came back. After this fight, for the first time ever, there are three undefeated two-fight competitors, the other two being Max Landis and JTE, who reached this in the last two fights respectively. The three are only the fourth, fifth, and sixth fighters to ever reach this. Spencer, already one of only five fighters to lose four consecutive fights, becomes the first fighter to lose five consecutive fights. He also becomes the second fighter to reach 11 losses (Nick had done it 15 episodes earlier). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 2/4 || Third |- | Kevin Smith || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/10 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 76%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Marc !! Kevin !! Spencer |- | 1: Pitch a ''Deadpool'' sequel and...cast Cable. || || 1* || |- | 2: Which existing property needs a Hard-R adaptation or reboot? || || || 1** |- | 3: What the one thing you want to see in ''[Star Wars] Episode VIII''? || || || 1 |- | 4: What is the best ''Batman'' movie? *** || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the worst job of any character in a movie? ****, ***** || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: Who is the best Ghostbuster? + || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND A2: Which one should we buy: ''The Bounty Hunter'' or ''The Ugly Truth''? +* || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Kurt Russell movie? +** || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Pick one: Ben Affleck or Matt Damon? || x || || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie featuring a mall? +**** || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Please tell me the best movie robot. || x || 1+*****, ++, ++* || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' ||4 |} .*A twitter poll agreed with Kevin's pitch. .**Spencer chose Wolverine, and that morning, it was confirmed that there would be an R-rated Wolverine film. .***Blind fight. Picking was done in the order of length of drawn straws (Spencer, then Kevin, then Marc). However, this was for naught, as according to the fighters, they each got to pick the one they wanted (''Batman Begins'', ''The Dark Knight'', and ''Batman Begins'', respectively). .****Spencer went first for the fifth question. While Spencer and Kevin opened, twitter followers voted for which choice Marc should pick. Similarly, Kevin changed to his second choice (Alfred from the ''Batman'' series) at the last minute. While Marc was talking, the twitter poll shifted, but he won anyway. .*****Round lasted slightly less than five minutes. +Question was tossed. After it was asked, Kevin hit the table and said "ding" to ring in. Very shortly afterwards, Spencer said [Dr. Peter] Venkman. Though Kevin had been on the show before, he thought he had to ring in. So Andy initially decided to modify the question to exclude Venkman. Kevin then said Egon [Spengler], and Spencer was unable to name another character, being only able to say Dan Aykroyd. To make things fair, Andy tossed the question. +*Bargain bin pick, graphic accompanied question, being shown right before the movies were named. +**Andy stated that he had asked this previously, meaning the fighters had time to think about their choices. Spencer chose ''Big Trouble in Little China'', which he recently reviewed on his show "Does it Hold Up?" Kevin stated ''Escape From New York'', but wanted to change his answer to ''Tombstone'', which he had previously submitted, but Andy wouldn't let him. +***Split decision. Marc disagreed with Andy, who chose Spencer (Matt Damon). +****Central to Kevin's winning argument was that in his choice (his own movie ''Mallrats''), the mall was central to the plot. That however was not the question (best movie featuring a mall). For example, Terminator 2: Judgement Day featured a mall and is widely acclaimed, but the mall was not central to the plot. +*****At the end of Spencer's initial argument, he mentioned that the Iron Giant (his choice) carried nuclear weapons. Kevin immediately used this against Spencer. ++After rebuttals, Kevin spoke again, saying he liked British people (his choice was C-3PO). Spencer was allowed to respond, saying he hated British people. ++*Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who chose Kevin. '''Episode 72: Who Should Join the Justice League? (2-27-16)'''<ref>Episode 72: Who Should Join the Justice League? (2-27-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJqSq7350ZQ</ref> Jason Inman returns after a 31 episode absence as a competitor. He states in the beginning that he has the longest time between appearances, but that is not true (Erin Robinson has an absence that is 13 episodes longer, and Alison Haislip has one that is just as long). Further, at the end of the episode, Roger Barr is said to have had the third-longest absence (after Andy said that Roger's absence was longer than Jason's), which is not true. Roger's absence was 21 episodes, a four-way tie for eighth longest (after Erin, Jason, Alison, Michael Barryte's 29, Mark Reilly's 26, Kristian Harloff's 24, and Tiffany Smith's 23 and tying with Trisha, who returns from a 21 episode absence in this episode, Scott Mantz, and Max Landis), and less than half of the longest. *Further, Jason was more recently on the fourth episode of TV Fights. **On the very next episode, Jeremy Jahns returns from a longer absence (33 episodes), and in episode 78, Jon Schnepp returns after a 41 episode absence, and in episode 80, Amy Nicholson returns after a 35 episode absence. So since the episode aired, Jason's absence went from being tied for the second-longest to tied for the fifth-longest. Just one week after Spencer Gilbert became the first fighter to lose five consecutive fights, Trisha becomes the second. This is Trisha's first appearance as a married woman. There is very little movement on the leader board with this fight, with Jason moving up only one spot and Trisha not moving at all. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jason Inman || 2/3 || '''Win''' |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/4 || Second |- | Ryan Right || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jason !! Trisha !! Ryan |- | 1: Which DC character should join the Justice League next? || 1* || || |- | 2: Pitch us the Zombieland sequel....and also, I wanna hear a celebrity cameo. || 1** || || |- | 3: What is a role that one actor was born to play? || || 1 || |- | 4: Now that Guillermo Del Toro is not directing Pacific Rim 2...what movie would you like to see Guillermo do next? || *** || || 1**** |- | 5: What franchise should crossover with ''Transformers''? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should we buy: ''Dirty Dancing'' or ''Ghost''? + || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Better J.J. Abrams reboot: ''Star Trek [2009]'' or ''Star Wars Episode VII]''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: If you've seen any of James Cameron's movies, which one should you watch first? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best movie with the word "movie" in the title? +** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: In honor of ''(The) Gods of Egypt'', best Gerard Butler movie? +*** || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4+**** || 1 |} .*Jason won despite losing a coin toss to Trisha, who chose Hal Jordan/Green Lantern and also despite choosing Vixen when only 20% of twitter respondents agreed. .**Andy chose Jason but said he's let twitter overrule him if the poll indicated otherwise; however, 56% of respondents agreed. .***During Jason's pitch for ''Justice League Dark'', he cast Ron Perlman as Swamp Thing, giving Movie Fights its third consecutive week with a mention of Swamp Thing after Dan earlier said that twitter expressed disappointment that he wasn't mentioned in the first fight and that he was in Justice League Dark. .****A plurality of twitter voters agreed with Andy by the time he called a winner. .*****Once again, Andy picked a choice (The Avengers) that was later revealed to have received only 20% of the twitter vote. +A graphic showed up before Andy named the movies. Jason said ''Ghost'' first, leaving Trisha with ''Dirty Dancing''. Andy said he heard Trisha first (to Trisha's surprise) and had her argue first. +*Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who chose Jason. Dan indicated that things Jason said didn't make sense. +**Repeat question from episode 17. The answer that lost last time ''Superman: The Movie'' won this time, with Dan agreeing this time. +***Trisha took 90 seconds to name ''[The] Phantom of the Opera'' (2004), despite being given a hint towards ''Olympus Has Fallen''. +****Trisha becomes to the first fighter to not win in any of his or her first five appearances. '''Episode 73: New Ghostbusters Trailer - Should We Be Worried? (3-5-16)'''<ref>Episode 73: New Ghostbusters Trailer - Should We Be Worried? (3-5-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5twEC1IDeHI</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Jeremy Jahns appears in his first official episode, 56 episodes after his first appearance (a team fight with Kristian Harloff as his teammate). He returns after a 33 episode absence (the last being the first Comic Con fight), the second-longest absence so far (after Erin Robinson's 44 episode absence). *In episode 78, Jeremy's absence becomes the third-longest after Jon Schnepp returns after a 41 episode absence. This is the inaugural episode of March Mania and features a rematch of a popular rivalry between Scott Mantz and John Rocha (watch episode 49; also watch episode 126 (the first episode of the following March) as well as the one-on-one Schmoedowns between them). Seventeenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jeremy Jahns || New fighter || Second |- | Scott Mantz || 2/3 || Third * |- | John Rocha || 0/3 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jeremy !! Scott !! John |- | 1: New ''Ghostbuster'' trailer: Should we be worried?... I want you to pick one moment from the trailer to help justify your argument.** || 1 || || |- | 2: What is the most badass action sequel of all time? *** || || 1 || |- | 3: Now that Leo[nardo DiCaprio] has won his Oscar, ....I want you guys to pitch us what next project he should tackle. || || || 1 |- | 4: With ''Whiskey Tango Foxtrox'' opening this weekend with Tiny Fey, ....what's the best film starring an "SNL" alum? **** || 1 || ***** || + |- | 5: ''Dark Tower'' was announced ....what's the best Stephen King adaptation? +*, +** || +*** || +**** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Pick the movie we should buy.+***** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Tell me the best movie with the word "bad" in the title. || || x || 1++ |- | SPEED ROUND C: If you've never seen any of Christopher Nolan's movies, which one would you watch first? || 1++* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Now that Leo[nardo DiCaprio] has won his Oscar, which actor who hasn't won an Oscar yet deserves to win?++** || ++*** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who gives the best performance in a bad movie?++**** || || x || 1++***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1+++ || '''5''' |} .*Already the only fighter besides Dan to appear in his first five fights (or any five fights in a row) without finishing in second place, Scott is now also the only besides Dan to do it in the first six. .**The trailer had been released less than six hours before this question was asked. All fighters indicated that they were worried, so Andy used the reasoning to decide the point. .***Pre-recorded question, asked by actor Gerard Butler. This question was previously used in episode 25 (the Fan episode). The answers from that episode (''Terminator 2'', ''Aliens'', and ''The Raid 2'') were not allowed to be used, .****Despite the question being asked due to a movie that was opening the following day, the twitter message asking the question was dated December 29, 2014 (over 14 months old). .*****During his arguments, Scott said that Tony Stark was the role that Robert Downey Jr. was born to play. The previous week, Trisha Hershberger, who was sitting in the same seat made the same argument and won. However Scott did not win this round (even though J.T.E initially gave him a point on the board before fixing it). +John called his choice (''Coming to America'') one of the penultimate comedies. "Penultimate" means second to last. +*The twitter message asking this question actually asked for the best film based on a Stephen King novel. This was different from the question for two reasons. First, many movies made from Stephen King stories are based off stories that are not novels. Further, when the question asks for adaptation, it is more so looking for the best translation rather than the best movie. This was said to be one of the reasons Scott was not successful despite the quality of his choice, ''The Shining''. +**Scott was skipped for starting this round. Andy started with John and then went backwards. +***During his arguments, Jeremy used the word "spectrums" twice. However, the plural of "spectrum" is "spectra." If he had used this word, it would have been the first instance in the history of Movie Fights of that word's being used properly. +****In his arguments, Scott called ''The Shining'' the ''Citizen Kane'' of scary movies. Calling a movie a ''Citizen Kane'' of something is an unofficial rule violation. +*****Bargain bin picture: ''Gremlins'' Special Edition and ''The Goonies''. ++Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who picked John (''Bad Boys'' over ''Bad Boys II''). ++*Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who picked Jeremy (''The Dark Knight'' over ''Inception''). ++**Andy referred to this as the last question and the subsequent question as a tie breaker. During his review during "After the Fight", when he got to this point, he realized that he skipped his fourth Speed Round question. ++***Jeremy responded with Tom Hanks initially. However, he has won an Oscar. He switched to Edward Norton, but he did not win. ++****Due to the broadness of this question, Andy told Dan to give the fighters ten seconds to come up with an answer. However, neither was able to come up with one that quickly, so Andy continued waiting. Jeremy was the first to answer, but he spent 40 seconds. ++*****Split decision. Scott disagreed with Andy, who chose John (Marlon Brando in ''The Island of Dr. Moreau'' (1996) over Tom Cruise in ''Mission: Impossible II''). +++Scott becomes the second person (after Nick Mundy) to finish in third place in three consecutive fights. However, Nick still holds the record with four consecutive fights and extends it to five in the next episode. '''Episode 74: Could Captain America: Civil War Suck?? (3-12-16)'''<ref>Episode 74: Could Captain America: Civil War Suck?? (3-12-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzBQSrGnqXA</ref> Squarespace returns as sponsor. To show there is no animosity from their previous match-up, Roger and Nick kiss each other in the beginning of this episode. After Round 2, a graphic of this is shown with the background from Nick's wedding, officiated by Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson. Eighteenth episode (and second consecutive episode) in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Only eight points are awarded in this episode, a record low for Movie Fights. Previously, there were four episodes (6, 8, 57, and 58) on which nine points had been awarded. *Only two days before this episode was recorded, on TV Fights episode 18, a record had been set for TV and Movie Fights with seven points. Movie Fights episode 74 is the first in which exactly eight points are awarded. No changes are made to the leaderboard after this fight. Even if Hal had finished second to Roger, his position would not have changed, and Roger would have only jumped one spot. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 5/9 || '''Win'''* |- | Roger Barr || 1/8 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 4/11 || Third** |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Roger !! Nick |- | 1: Now that we've seen the trailer, could ''[Captain America:] Civil War'' suck...and what is your scene to back your argument? *** || || 1 || |- | 2: What other**** popular live-action movie deserves an animated spin-off? || || || 1***** |- | 3: Pitch how you'd bring Arnold [Schwarzenegger] back to the ''Predator'' franchise. || 1+ || || |- | 4: What is the most annoying character in a movie you otherwise love? || 1+* || || |- | 5: In honor of ''10 Cloverfield Lane'', ....if you're stuck in an emergency survival bunker, which two movie characters would you pick? || 1+** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the best Michael Keaton movie? || x || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy....''[The] Amazing Spiderman 2'' or ''Spiderman 3''?+*** || || 1+**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best John Goodman movie? || 1 || +***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tougher old guy: Bruce Willis or Liam Neeson? || 1++ || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 2 || 1 |} .*Hal becomes the only person besides Dan Murrell to win three consecutive fights. .**Nick, already the only person to finish in third place in four consecutive fights, extends the record to five consecutive fights. He also becomes the first fighter to reach 12 losses. He is the third to lose five consecutive fights, after Spencer and Trisha. .***Question asked by Meredith Loftus, who has appeared as a couch guest (episode 55). During the round, the word "Captain" is spelled "Captian." .****Besides ''Ghostbusters (2016)''. .*****Nick's answer, ''Smokey and the Bandit'', won despite coming in third place (30% of 321 votes) in a twitter poll. Hal's answer, ''Aliens'', received 37%, and Rogers' answer, ''Nightmare on Elm Street'', received 33%. +Hal's pitch came in third in a twitter poll with 32% of the vote. Roger won with 35%. +*Hal's response of the Ewoks from ''Return of the Jedi'' finished in second place in a twitter poll with 33% of the votes, behind Nick's response (the grandchildren in ''Jurassic Park''), which received 42% of the votes. Roger's answer (John Connor from ''Terminator 2: Judgement Day'') received 25%. +**While it wasn't announced on the show, Hal's response (Genie from ''Aladdin'' and Black Widow from the MCU) received approximately 60% of the twitter vote. +***A DVD bargain bin picture accompanied the question. +****Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who picked Roger, who answered ''Spiderman 3'' faster than Hal. Had either Andy or Nick picked Hal, in the subsequent question, he would have tied the record for most consecutive points (five, set in episode 53). He also would have set the record for shortest Speed Round in Movie Fights and tied the record for both TV and Movie Fights, set only two days earlier by Maude Garrett. +*****Roger answered ''Uncle Buck'', which actually starred John Candy. He switched to ''Arachnophobia''. Hal, who chose ''Argo'', was given the opportunity to switch his answer, but he did not take it. ++Split decision. Nick disagreed with Andy, who picked Hal (Liam Neeson). '''Episode 75: Pitch Indiana Jones 5! (3-19-16)'''<ref>Episode 75: Pitch Indiana Jones 5! (3-19-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSlc7GBolH4</ref> John Flickinger returns after a 28 episode absence. Dan is accompanied on the couch by fans Galen White and Eli. Nineteenth episode (and third consecutive episode) in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Not counting the first episode, nineteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Thirteenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Chris Stuckmann || 1/1 || Second |- | Brett Erlich || 0/1 || Third |- | John Flickinger * || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Chris !! Brett !! John |- | 1: How would you cast the ultimate replacement for Tony Stark/Iron Man? Also, I want you guys to pitch us who would direct this new addition to the franchise. || || 1** || |- | 2: What film should have never spawned a sequel and should have remained stand-alone? *** || 1**** || || |- | 3: We want you guys to pitch us what should Indiana Jones 5 be. You must use Harrison Ford [and Steven] Spielberg. || || || 1***** |- | 4: In honor of the first ''Ben-Hur'' remake...I want you guys to pick a movie pre-1970 that should be remade in a fun way. || || || 1+ |- | 5: Which movie that has already come out would you want most to experience in virtual reality? || 1+* || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two DVDs were in the bin. Which one should we buy: ''Terminator: Genisys'' or ''Fantastic 4 (2015)''? +** || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Other than Wolverine, who's the best X-Man? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What movie has the best non-John Williams score? || || x || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND D: I'm gonna name two actors. You tell me who's better and why: Woody Harrelson or Matthew McConaughey. || 1+***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Jean Claude Van Damme movie? || || x || 1++ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*When John is introduced, his description lists him as a "youtubber." .**Brett's pitch, which involved Colin Farrell and director Martin McDonagh, also won the twitter vote with 37%. In addition to this being Brett's only point, it was the only twitter vote he won (and more broadly, in which he didn't finish in third). .***''Jaws'' was not allowed because in episode 9, Dan successfully argued that ''Jaws 2'' was the most unnecessary sequel of all time. .****Chris only got the second-highest portion of twitter votes. 41% voted for ''The Matrix'' (John), 33% voted for ''Speed'' (Chris), an 26% voted for ''Caddyshack'' (Brett). .*****John also won the twitter vote with 44%, followed by Chris (38%). +John only got the second-highest portion of twitter votes. 49% voted for ''Jason and the Argonauts'' (Chris), 31% voted for ''The Graduate'' (John), and 20% voted for ''Rashoman'' (Brett). +*Chris, who chose ''Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope'', also won the twitter vote with 43%, followed by John (''Avatar'') with 32%, and Brett (''A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)'') with 25%. +**A bargain bin pic accompanied this question. +***Chris was faster as saying the winning response, ''Terminator: Genisys''. +****Split decision. Galen chose Chris (''Interstellar''), but then Dan, Brett, and Andy all chose John (''The Dark Knight Rises''). +*****Chris was slower at saying McConaughey, but he still won by unanimous (4 vote) decision. ++Split decision. Dan chose Chris (''The Expendables 2''), while Galen, Brett, and Andy all chose John (''Bloodsport''). Andy did agree that ''The Expendables 2'' was the better movie, but not the better Van Damme movie. '''Episode 76: Which Superhero Would You Want To Be? (3-26-16)'''<ref>Episode 76: Which Superhero Would you Want to Be? (3-26-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luWszLI09R0</ref> Sponsored by Audible. Joe Starr as Fact Checker "Last Fighter Standing." Single-elimination tournament (Andy would pick the worst argument of three fighters). Fighters are seeded based on number of re-tweets. The lower one's seed, the earlier in the tournament he would need to enter. From highest to lowest, seeding was as follows: Dan Murrell, Alicia Malone, Mike Carlson, Hal Rudnick, Spencer Gilbert, JTE, Scott Mantz, and Marc Andreyko. Though Dan received the highest seeding, he volunteered to start in the first round, sparing JTE from having to participate. For this, Dan was awarded two opportunities to go first (order of answering was based on random drawing). The winner of the episode receives the Show Stopper (which takes the form of a film reel holder). At the end of the show, Andy stated that it allows the holder, some time within the next calendar year, to challenge the Belt holder (if present at a Movie Fight) to an immediate fight for the belt using five Speed Round questions that are locked inside. Fighters were not aware of each other's answers and therefore had to also prepare backup answers. There were not any known cases however of fighters who had to resort to backups. This episode is not counted in the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Fighters (in response order) !! Question !! colspan="2" | Eliminated |- | Dan, Scott, Marc || 1: Which actor has had the best performance in a bad movie? * || colspan="2" | Marc |- | Dan, JTE, Scott || 2: Which Sylvester Stallone movie would work better if you replaced him with Arnold Schwarzenegger? || colspan="2" | Scott |- | Dan**, JTE, Spencer || 3: What movie superhero would you most want to be for an entire year? || colspan="2" | JTE |- | Spencer, Hal, Dan || 4: If you could punch one actor in the face, who would it be? *** || colspan="2" | Spencer****, JTE |- | Hal, Dan, Mike || 5: What other***** movie character deserves its own Lego play-set and movie? || colspan="2" | Hal |- | Dan+, Mike, Alicia || 6: We'd like you guys to pitch a massive studio blockbuster that you'd want to remake as a low-budget indie. || colspan="2" | Mike+* |- ! colspan="2" | Speed Round Question !! Alicia !! Dan |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND A: You're gonna see two movies on screen. You're gonna have to tell me which movie you'd pick first. +** || 1+*** || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND B: Best Zack Snyder movie? || 1+**** || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND C: Worst Mark Wahlberg movie? || || 1+***** |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND D: Who will win an Oscar first: Tiny Fey or Kristen Wiig? || 1++ || ++* |- | colspan="2" | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''3''' || 1 |} .*Repeat question from episode 73's Speed Round .**Originally, Dan was third, but he used his advantage, pushing JTE and Spencer each back one spot. .***Repeat question from episode 25. .****As Spencer could not name one movie featuring his choice, Jenny McCarthy (for her anti-vaccination stance), Andy replaced him with JTE, who ultimately lost again. .*****Besides Batman. +Again, originally, Dan was third, but he used his second advantage. +*Mike was eliminated even though no one on the jury (Spencer, Scott, Marc, Hal, and JTE) felt Dan gave the best pitch (''Prometheus''). Marc, Scott, and JTE felt Alicia's pitch (''Terminator: Genisys'') was the best, and Hal and Spencer felt Mike's pitch (''The Truman Show'') was the best. A plurality (37%) of twitter voters voted for Mike's pitch, with Dan and Alicia in second and third respectively (though after the results were read, Andy declared Alicia the winner). After Andy asked the jury for their votes for weakest, Marc and Hal voted for Dan, Scott and JTE voted for Mike, and Spencer voted for Alicia. Andy didn't ask Spencer to pick between Mike and Dan, even though the answer would have been Dan as Spencer considered Mike's to be the best of the three. +**Bargain bin pic featuring the first four ''Superman'' movies and the first four ''Batman'' movies. +***Marc and Scott voted for Dan, but then Spencer abstained, and Mike, Hal, and JTE all voted for Alicia (''Superman''). Andy indicated that he agreed with the majority. +****Hal was the only one who chose Dan (''300''). Andy agreed with the other five voters (''The Watchmen''). +*****Unanimous decision (''Planet of the Apes (2001)'' over ''The Other Guys''). ++Andy was the only one who considered voting for Dan (Tiny Fey). He even then asked Joe, who felt Alicia did better. With seven people voting for Alicia, Andy felt he couldn't overturn such a majority. ++*Dan was the first to answer in all four Speed Round questions. '''Episode 77: Batman v Superman: Fun or Failure? (4-2-16)'''<ref>Episode 77: Batman v Superman: Fun or Failure? (4-2-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IB78yaPo6Os</ref> The third team fight. It focuses on the film ''Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.'' This fight is not counted in the official statistics. It is the eighth (and as of 8-20-2016, the most recent) such fight. The fight aired live on screenjunkies.com on Tuesday, March 29 rather than Thursday. Accordingly, this week's TV Fights aired Thursday (it was not live). Debut of John Campea and Harley Morenstein, who are the 12th and 13th fighters on Movie Fights to never appear in a regular fight before their debut (two of the prior eleven (Jeremy Jahns and John Flickinger) subsequently participated in regular fights). The previous week, John lost to Dan Murrell on the first episode of the current Schmoes Know "Schmoedown" trivia tournament. Trisha Hersherger as Fact Checker. Collectively, John and Marc Andreyko are called both "Team A Little Bit More Into Batman/Superman Than the Other Side" and eventually "Team Superman," while Harley and Dan Murrell are called "Team Batman" and "Team Didn't Like the Movie." Dan stated that he was on "Team Mixed to Negative." The scoreboard, which first pops up after the second question lists the teams as Team J&M and Team D&H. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campea John Campea]/Marc Andreyko (Superman) || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Morenstein Harley Morenstein]/Dan Murell (Batman) || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 83%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Superman (J&M) !! Batman (D&H) |- | 1: Was ''Batman v(s) Superman[:Dawn of Justice]'' fun or a failure? || 1 || |- | 2: What was your favorite part of ''Batman v(s) Superman[:Dawn of Justice]''? || || 1* |- | 3: Should Zack Snyder direct ''Justice League'', and if not, who should? || || 1 |- | 4: Pitch your ultimate trinity to stop a global threat. || 1** || |- | 5: Which Justice League member solo movie should we be most excited for? || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You have to tell us which movie in the bargain bin we should buy. (Marc vs Dan)*** || 1**** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best comic book movie villain? (John vs Harley) || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Better on-screen Batman: Val Kilmer or George Clooney? (Marc vs Dan) || || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND D1: Best Amy Adams movie? (John vs Harley) + || || |- | SPEED ROUND D2: Better Lex Luthor: Kevin Spacey or [Jesse] Eisenberg? (John vs Harley) || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 3 |} .*71% of twitter votes agreed with Andy's decision (Batman in the warehouse). .**In the end, the teams did one-by-one face-offs of picks to see which team could destroy the other. On "After the Fight", the order was switched, and it was agreed that D&H's team (Dr. Manhattan, Luke Skywalker, and Professor Charles Xavier) would have beaten J&M's team (God from ''Bruce Almighty'', the Hulk (2003 version), and Jason Voorhees). And in the twitter poll, 72% agreed with D&H's pick. .***An accompanying graphic showed the films ''Grown Ups 2'' and ''Dumb and Dumber To''. .****Marc won by saying that his pick, ''Grown Ups 2'', was shorter. Trisha confirmed that it was. .*****Dan was faster at saying Val Kilmer (''Batman Forever''). +John picked ''Enchanted'' while Harley picked ''Catch Me if You Can''. Andy and Trisha agreed that ''Catch Me if You Can'' was better but that ''Enchanted'' was a better movie for Adams. In the end, Andy decided to throw out the question. '''Episode 78: Best "Star Wars: Rogue One" Trailer Moment? (4-9-16)'''<ref>Episode 78: Best "Star Wars: Rogue One" Trailer Moment? (4-9-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heFafzlJATc</ref> The 100th Screen Junkies Fight. First episode since episode 65 in which none of the competitors had ever won a fight before. Squarespace returns as sponsor. Jon Schnepp returns after a 41 episode absence, the second-longest on record after Erin Robinson's 44 episode absence. Fourteenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. Fifth episode in which a fighter does not score (the last being episode 67). Trisha becomes the first fighter to lose six consecutive Movie Fights and the second fighter (after Nick Mundy) to lose six consecutive fights between Movie and TV Fights (Trisha herself had never appeared on TV Fights by this time but did subsequently appear on the show and win (and she later appeared on and won a Gamer Fight and a second episode of TV Fights, bringing her overall Fight record to 3-6, up from 0-6, which remains her Movie Fight record)). Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Karin Kirchner from Austria. Stephen's name appears on the scoreboard as "Glick". {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/5 || Second |- | Jon Schnepp || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Stephen Glickman || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! Jon !! Stephen |- | 1: What's the best moment in the ''Rogue One[: A Star Wars Story]'' trailer? * || || 1** || |- | 2: Pitch your standalone ''Star Wars'' story. || 1*** || || |- | 3: In honor of...Melissa McCarthy's ''[The] Boss'', what movie character would be the worst to have as your boss? || 1 || || |- | 4: In honor of ''The B.F.G''., ...what's the best [Steven] Spielberg movie released post-2000? || || 1 || |- | 5: In honor of [the new show, "After the Credits"], ...what's the best post-credits scene in a film?**** || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round'''***** || 2 || 3 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You're gonna have to tell me which one should I buy. + || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Please tell me the best scene...in any ''Star Wars'' movie. || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who's the most underutilized character in the ''Star Wars'' universe? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of ''Hardcore Henry'', pick any film character [for whom] it'd be fun to watch a movie through their POV. || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie starring Charlie Sheen? || || 1+*** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4+**** || '''6''' || 0 |} .*The trailer came out the morning that the episode was filmed (April 7). .**Jon only receive 36% of the twitter votes for his response ("I rebel"), while Trisha's response (the ending shot) received 37%. .***Trisha's winning answer for a Yoda story won 54% of the twitter vote, while Stephen's answer of IG-88 received 28%, and Jon's answer of Salacious Crumb received only 18%. .****All fighters initially submitted Marvel films. Andy then made them all submit non-Marvel movies. .*****When Andy explained the Speed Round rules to Trisha and Jon, he said they'd both done it before, but Jon had not. He had only seen one. +Bargain bin picture of ''Mean Girls'' and ''Clueless''. Both movies were part of a single DVD pack, so there's not really a choice to buy just one of them. +*Trisha was very slightly slower at saying ''Mean Girls'', but still won with ''Clueless'' by three-person unanimous decision. +**Split decision. Stephen disagreed with Andy, who chose Jon (Chewbacca over Yoda), while Dan and Karin both agreed with Andy. +***Jon won since Trisha could not think of a movie to say despite being given 74 seconds. +****Already the first fighter to not win any of her first five fights, Trisha becomes the first fighter to not win any of her first six fights. '''Episode 79: Spider-Man: Homecoming! Story Pitches (4-16-16)'''<ref>Episode 79: Spider-Man: Homecoming! Story Pitches (4-16-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXrkxKhlFmQ</ref> Alicia Malone returns as host. Andy was also not present to host Wednesday's "Screen Junkies Show." Meg McCarthy debuts as Fact Checker. All contestants were female (the second time this has happened on Movie Fights, the first being episode 42, and the fourth time this has happened between Movie and TV Fights). However, since this time the host is female, this is the first time in Movie Fights that all contestants, the host, and the fact checker were all female (Miss Movies was the fact checker last time). This has yet to happen on TV Fights as there has never been a female fact checker on that show. First episode to feature three new fighters since episode 63. However, all contestants have previously appeared on TV Fights. *Each fighter had debuted in a different episode of TV Fights, and each of those three episodes, just like this one, featured three new fighters. Two days earlier, on TV Fights, all contestants in that episode also came into the fight with the same record as each other (0-1). The scoreboard does not spell the fighters' names in all-caps (only the first letter of the name is capitalized). During the fight, Maude is wearing a Pokémon-themed dress. On "After the Fight", Maude is either wearing a different dress from the one she wears during the fight or she has put a black shirt over the top. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Maude Garrett || New fighter || Third |- | Roth Cornet || New fighter || Second |- | Clarke Wolfe || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Maude !! Roth !! Clarke |- | 1: Pitch the ''Spider-Man: Homecoming'' movie. || * || 1 || |- | 2: What is the best moment in the ''Doctor Strange'' trailer? ** || || 1 || |- | 3: In honor of all the blockbuster movie announcements this week,... who's a director who's never done a superhero film that you would like to see make one? || || || 1 |- | 4: In honor of the Hanna-Barbera shared universe that's been announced at CinemaCon, what property from your childhood do you most wish would become a new summer franchise? || 1 || || |- | 5: Which existing Disney animated film should never get a live-action adaptation? || || *** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If you went to the bargain bin, and you saw these two movies, which would you choose? **** || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the worst Kevin Costner movie? || x || 1***** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who gives the best performance in a ''Harry Potter'' film? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best movie with a color in the title? || x || || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the better James Cameron film: ''Aliens'' or ''Titanic''? || x || || 1+*, +** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1+*** || 4 || '''5'''+**** |} .*Maude revealed on "After the Fight" that she had to switch her pitch after submitting one as it would have spoiled ''Captain America: Civil War''. .**At the end of the fight, Meg said she was disappointed that people weren't commenting on twitter. After the subsequent question, she confessed that she was checking #moviefights and not #moviefightslive. .***Meg felt Roth's answer (''Snow White'') deserved to win, and Alicia seemed to indicate that that was proper, but she said she wanted to choose between Maude and Clarke, who were behind. .****The movies in the bargain bin picture were ''Labyrinth'' and ''Dark Crystal''. .*****Roth stated in her argument for ''Waterworld'' that it went up against ''Titanic''. That is not true as it came out almost two and a half years earlier than ''Titanic''. Nobody called this out, and Roth unanimously won. *Dan Murrell once ruled against Hal Rudnick in a Speed Round-type question for assigning it the wrong year. +Split decision. Meg disagreed with Alicia, who chose Clarke (''Black Swan'' over ''Blue Valentine''). +*Clarke was faster at saying ''Aliens'', leaving Roth to pick ''Titanic''. +**Split decision. Meg never voted, and Maude picked Roth. +***Before closing out the show, Alicia stated to Maude that she has had episodes where she only got one point or no points. However, Alicia has had only one episode where she's gotten only one point. Outside of the round-robin fighting at San Diego Comic Con, she has not had any fights where she finished with no points. +****Clarke becomes the first fighter to ever hold undefeated records in both Movie Fights and TV Fights simultaneously. Additionally, the day after this was filmed, Clarke would go on to defeat Josh Macuga in the Schmoedown, giving her a 1-0 record in all three shows. *Just five days later, Ken Napzok would become the second fighter to hold 1-0 records simultaneously on Movie Fights and TV Fights. This would also involve Maude finishing third in a 5-4-1 match. '''Episode 80: Best Movie Character Prom Date? (4-23-16)'''<ref>Episode 80: Best Movie Character Prom Date? (4-23-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwNMgmIYABU</ref> On screenjunkies.com, this episode had been called "Who Should Play Prince in a Biopic?" It was changed on the site and appeared on youtube with the title listed above. *Prince had died earlier in the day (April 21). The original fifth question was going to ask the contestants to pitch a film bringing any two historical figures -living or dead - together and cast them. Squarespace sponsors this episode. Amy Nicholson returns after a 35 episode absence, the third-longest absence yet. For the second consecutive week (but only the third time in the show's history), all contestants were female. *This is the first all-female panel to have a male fact checker (Dan). An Australian fan, Troy Loxton, joins Dan on the couch. Only eight points are awarded in this episode, which along with the eight points in episode 74 is the lowest number awarded in a Movie Fights episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jen Yamato || New fighter || Third |- | Amy Nicholson || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Kara Warner || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 71%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jen !! Amy !! Kara |- | 1: Which Marvel [Cinematic Universe] Phase 3 [movie] are you most excited for? * || || 1** || |- | 2: What is the best Matt Damon movie? || || || 1*** |- | 3: What fictional character would you most wanted [to have taken you] to your senior prom? || 1**** || || |- | 4: What's the most unnecessary sequel of 2016? ***** || || 1+ || |- | 5: What actor should portray Prince in a biopic? || +* || +** || 1+*** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy? +**** || x || 1+***** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie western? || x || 1 || ++ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie performance by a rock star? ++* || x || 1++** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5'''++*** || 2 |} .*Repeat question from episode 4, but this time there is further clarification of the slate. .**Amy won despite receiving only 16% of the twitter vote for ''Captain Marvel'', while Kara received 48% for ''Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2''. .***Kara also won 42% of the twitter vote for ''The Martian'', but Jen won 51% for ''The Bourne Identity''. .****Jen received only 12% of the twitter vote for Alien from ''Spring Breakers'', while Kara's choice of Steve Rogers received 59%. .*****Could be either a movie that has been released or one that will be released later in the year. +Amy also won the twitter vote for Zoolander 2. This was the only regular round question for which the poll winner also won the point. +*After Andy asked Jen whom she would pick, it took her two minutes and three seconds to give her response, Dave Chappelle. +**Amy pitched Rhianna to play Prince, making this the third pitch in Movie Fights history for a man to be played by a female. This was previously done in episodes 53 and 66. However, unlike both of those times, this pitch did not win. +***Dan stated that the poll was the closest one yet. Kara and Jen each got about 40% of the twitter vote, with Kara (Frank Ocean) receiving slightly fewer votes. +****Bargain bin picture featured ''After Earth'' and ''R.I.P.D.'' +*****Split decision. Jen chose Kara (''R.I.P.D'') while Troy and Andy chose Amy. *Only approximately 25% of twitter voters agreed with Amy's answer. On twitter, this was actually the least one-sided vote of the Speed Round. ++Kara chose ''Jeremiah Johnson'', but she said it was a Clint Eastwood movie, which it was not. Jen did not give a clear vote, but Troy and Andy once again chose Amy (''Blazing Saddles''), whose answer received approximately 84% of the twitter vote. ++*After Amy chose Madonna (in ''Dick Tracy'') and Kara had trouble thinking of a good answer, Andy allowed Kara to choose any music star, but she ultimately chose Prince (in ''Purple Rain''). While Kara's choice overwhelmingly won the twitter vote (approximately 85%), she didn't give much of an argument, and once again Andy and Troy voted for Amy without Andy asking Jen. ++**Tenth time someone has swept the Speed Round and the first time since episode 58. It is the second time a female has done so, the third time a female has been swept in the Speed Round, and the first in which a female has done it to another female. ++***Although this is Amy's third win, it is her first fight in which her score was never lower than anyone else's at any point in the game. '''Episode 81: What will be the best Live Action Disney Film? (4-30-16)'''<ref>Episode 81: What will be the best Live Action Disney Film? (4-30-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zqN2KfXpCM</ref> On screenjunkies.com, this episode had been called "Which upcoming live action Disney film will be the best?" It was changed on the site and appeared on youtube with the title listed above. Joe Starr returns as Fact Checker as Dan was on vacation. Names on the scoreboard are ''not'' written in all capitals (as was the case in episode 79). Starting this episode, Andy extends the Speed Round time to 20 seconds for initial arguments and ten seconds for rebuttals. Once again, only eight points are awarded, the lowest number so far in Movie Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | John Rocha || 1/3 || Third |- | Jeff Cannata || New fighter || Second |- | Hector Navarro || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 68%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! John !! Jeff !! Hector |- | 1: What will be the best summer movie of 2016? || || || 1* |- | 2: Which Disney upcoming live action film will be the best? || || 1** || |- | 3: Pitch a way to get us excited about these*** sequels? || || 1**** || |- | 4: What franchise that hasn't already crossed over should cross over with ''Alien''? || 1 || || ***** |- | 5: What movie would make for the best series of novels? || + || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which of these do you wanna buy? +* || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: You're gonna see two movies...+** || x || || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND C: You're gonna get two movies...+**** || x || || 1+***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Hector's choice (''Captain America: Civil War'') also won the twitter poll. .**Jeff's choice (''A Wrinkle in Time'') also won the twitter poll. .***Referring to ''Avatar''. .****Jeff's description also won the twitter poll. .*****Hector's choice (''Men in Black'') won the twitter poll. +John's choice (''Mad Max'') won the twitter poll, narrowing beating Jeff's choice (''Cloverfield''). +*Bargain bin picture with ''Jupiter Ascending'' and ''Robocop (2014)''. +**Bargain bin picture with ''Joe Dirt 2'' and ''Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2''. +***Split decision. Joe disagreed with Andy, who chose Hector (''Joe Dirt 2'') over Jeff. +****Bargain bin picture with ''The Bounty Hunter'' and ''The Ugly Truth'' (both with Gerard Butler). +*****Eleventh time someone has swept the Speed Round, only one episode after the tenth time, which itself was the first time in 22 weeks. '''Episode 82: Worst Marvel MCU Villian?-DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS (5-7-16)'''<ref>Episode 82: Worst Marvel MCU Villain?-DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS (5-7-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xwRxtM4wlE</ref> On screenjunkies.com, this episode is called "Worst MCU Villain to Date? ? DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS." The title above is the youtube title (note the incorrect spelling). Drinking rules: Everyone must take a drink if Andy says "This is tough" or gets really loud, Dan gets grumpy, Ken self-loathes, Spencer gets smug, Andy votes differently than his advisors or the twitter poll or says that someone wins based on the arguments, anyone purposely eggs Dan on, someone says "franchise," "come on," or "are you serious?", two people in the Speed Round answer the same, or anyone says "iconic." Through the regular round, there is a twitter poll asking who should have an extra drink (Power Shot) (detailed below). Squarespace returns as sponsor. Joe Starr acts as Fact Checker for a second week in a row. Andy has a larger Mjolnir for this episode. Fifteenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. After this episode, Amy Nicholson becomes the fighter with the highest win percentage among those who are not undefeated. Dan had held this for over 10 months. Retroactively, this was made the first fight in a Drunk Movie Fights tournament, which would have its own Belt. The second fight took place on June 23, 2016 (episode 89). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/11 || Third* |- | Ken Napzok || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 12/4 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 68%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Ken !! Dan |- | 1: What is the worst MCU villain to date? || || || 1** |- | 2: Pitch a ''Space Jam'' sequel and...I'm adding in cross it in with another franchise. || || 1*** || **** |- | 3: What movie character would be most fun to get drunk with? || ***** || || 1+ |- | 4: This is a blind movie pitch.+*, +** || || 1+*** || |- | 5: What's the best movie to "Netflix and Chill" to? +****, +***** || || 1++ || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 0 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which of these two movies should we buy? ++* || x || 1++** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who should play Dracula [in the Universal Monsters franchise]? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What movie should we all watch right now? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who's the hottest male celebrity? || x || 1++*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || '''6''' || 3 |} .*Spencer becomes the first fighter to lose six consecutive Movie Fights (he would also go on to finish in third place in the following Tuesday's TV Fight) and the second to reach 12 losses, eight weeks after Nick became the first. .**Dan, who chose Malekith from ''Thor: The Dark World'', also won the twitter poll and the Power Shot vote. .***Ken, who made a pitch with ''Back to the Future'', also won the twitter poll. .****Dan won the Power Shot vote again. .*****Spencer, who chose Tony Stark, won the twitter poll, prompting everyone to drink. Dan's choice, Bluto from ''Animal House'', was second. This was the only regular Speed Round question for which Andy voted differently than the twitter poll. Also, since there were no split decisions, this was the only question for which everyone needed to drink based on Andy's judging. +For a third time in a row, Dan won the Power Shot vote, but this was after "Everyone" won. Andy disallowed this option, leading to Dan since he came in second. +*From three cups, each fighter picks out a title and two actors. +**No winner was announced for the Power Shot. +***Ken, who pitched a movie called ''Off Off Off Broadway'', starring Rob Schneider and Samuel L. Jackson, also won the twitter poll. +****Previously used in the Speed Round in episode 70. +*****As was the case with the previous question, no winner of the Power Shot is announced. ++Ken's choice (''The 40 Year Old Virgin'') also won the twitter poll with 48%. ++*Bargain bin picture with ''Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005)'' and ''Spy Kids''. ++**Ken won despite being slower at saying ''Charlie and the Chocolate Factory''. Andy had thought Ken was faster, but he was shown the be incorrect. ++***Spencer voted for Ken since he knew that his choice, Brad Pitt was 52 years old. He said he would vote for Dan if Dan could guess how old Chris Hemsworth was. He guessed 34, but he was 32, so he lost, ending the game. *The twitter vote was for Chris Hemsworth. '''Episode 83: Where Does Civil War Rank in the MCU? (w/ Kevin Smithǃ) (5-14-16)'''<ref>Episode 83: Where Does Civil War Rank in the MCU? (w/ Kevin Smithǃ) (5-14-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbZ1rnJWk3c</ref> Joe Starr acts as Fact Checker for a third week in a row. He is accompanied by fan Sarah Tolley. Twentieth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. All Speed Round decisions are unanimous. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Kevin Smith || 2/0 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zack_Stentz Zack Stentz] || New fighter || Third |- | Hal Rudnick || 6/9 || '''Win'''* |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kevin !! Zack !! Hal |- | 1: What was the best moment in...''Captain Americaː Civil War''? ** || 1 || || |- | 2: What was your least favorite part or character or moment of....''Captain Americaː Civil War''? || *** || 1 || |- | 3: Where does ''[Captain Americaː] Civil War'' rank among all the MCU films to date? || 1 || || |- | 4: Pick a character from ''[Captain Americaː] Civil War'' and pitch us their next ultimate solo. || || || 1 |- | 5: Pitch your ultimate team of any four to five...characters that could take out an Avengers team. || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You're telling me which one we should buy.**** || || x || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which DC Cinematic Universe character should cameo on the "Flash" TV show? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best ''X-Men'' movie? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of ''Jumanji'', which franchise should [Dwayne] The Rock [Johnson] join next? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Hal, already the only fighter besides Dan to win three fights in a row, is now the only one besides Dan to win four in a row. .**Although Andy didn't specify exactly what qualified and what didn't, he stated that the "airport scene" was excluded. In fact, Kevin's winning answer involved a fight between Spider-Man and Captain America, which took place at the airport. .***Kevin won the twitter poll by 18% over an unspecified competitor by saying the credits. .****Bargain bin picture with ''The Neverending Story'' and ''The Goonies''. .*****Hal was faster at saying ''The Goonies'' than Kevin was. '''Episode 84: Who Should Play Female Wolverine (X-23)? (5-21-16)'''<ref>Episode 84: Who Should Play Female Wolverine (X-23)? (5-21-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2OAZYNbnbXQ</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan CJ Lindsey from Utah. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Germain Lussier || 1/0 || Third |- | Kim Horcher || 1/1 || Second |- | Samm Levine || New fighter || '''Win'''* |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Germain !! Kim !! Samm |- | 1: Who should play X-23? || || 1* || |- | 2: Which director should take over the ''Godzilla'' franchise? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: What Disney movie should get a darker reboot? || *** || 1****, ***** || 1 |- | 4: Pitch a ''Tetris'' movie....You must include at least two actors and a director. || 1+ || || |- | 5: What movie's existence makes you most angry? || || +* || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy? +** || x || || +***, +**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: If Paul Feig and Judd Apatow were both busy, who should direct a "Freaks and Geeks" movie? || x || +***** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What movie character would be most fun to have as a next door neighbor? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of ''The Nice Guys'', best Ryan Gosling movie? || x || 1++ || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What should be the title of ''Star Warsː Episode VIII''? || x || || 1++* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''6''' |} .*Kim (Summer Glau) finished in third in the twitter poll with 30% while Germain (Mary Elizabeth Winstead) and Samm (Emily Blunt) received 35% each. .**Kim (Guillermo del Toro) won the twitter poll with 49% while Samm (Jon Favreau) received 31%, and Germain (Sam Raimi) received 20%. .***Germain appeared to give up in his argument during the fight. .****After Andy awarded Samm a point, he gave Kim a secondary point after she said "I guess the native people lose again," referencing her choice, ''Pocahontas''. *Kim also received a point the last time two points were awarded for a single question. .*****Kim won the twitter poll with 46%, while Samm (''Honey, I Shrunk the Kids'') received 33%, and Germain (''The Mighty Ducks'') received 21%. +Andy chose Germain's pitch but deferred to twitter. The poll was 50% in favor of Germain, confirming his choice. +*Kim (''Minions'') narrowly won the twitter poll with 46%, followed by Samm (''Battleship'') at 45% and Germain (''The Boondock Saints'') at 9%. Dan pointed out that although Boondock Saints is the highest rated on imdb, it is the lowest rated on Rotten Tomatoes. +**Bargain bin picture with ''Transformersː Revenge of the Fallen'' and ''Green Lantern'' Extended Cut. +***Samm was faster at saying ''Transformersː Revenge of the Fallen''. +****Split decision. Germain disagreed with Andy, who chose Samm. +*****Kim, surprised that such a question would be asked with Samm on the show, felt she couldn't give an answer and asked Andy to give the point to Samm after he said Edgar Wright (a director commonly used as an answer on the show). ++Split decision. CJ disagreed with Andy, who chose Kim (''The Notebook'') over Samm (''Drive''). ++*Samm was first to answer all five Speed Round questions. '''Episode 85: Pitch Austin Powers 4 (5-28-16)'''<ref>Episode 85: Pitch Austin Powers 4 (5-28-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFXvdaTcnco</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Zac Parker. The seating positions of the third, second, and first place finishers are the same as the previous week. Although Sasha and Coy are both new to Movie Fights, the have each appeared on and won Movie Games and TV Fights; Sasha competed in the TV Fights Belt Championship final 12 days after this episode was filmed. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Cody Decker || 0/1 || Third |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || New fighter || Second |- | Coy Jandreau || New fighter || '''Win'''* |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 91%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Cody !! Sasha !! Coy |- | 1: Who is the best character so far in this new ''Star Trek'' world? || || || 1** |- | 2: What Tim Burton movie most deserves a sequel...that Tim Burton would direct? || *** || 1**** || |- | 3: If you could pitch us the ultimate fourth ''Austin Powers'' movie, what would it be? Include a title, a log line, like a little <br> about the movie,...who's the villain, who's the love interest, and of course, it's gotta have a celebrity cameo or two. || || || 1***** |- | 4: What director should return to save a franchise? || 1+ || || |- | 5: Pick two characters from any movies that you'd wanna see team up in a buddy movie. || || 1+* || +** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy?+*** || x || || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Better ''X-Men'' ensemble: classic or post-''First Class''? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tell me who's better and tell me why: Amy Adams or Jennifer Lawrence || x || 1+*****, ++ || |- | SPEED ROUND D: If you could have any ''X-Men'' movie character's power, which would you want? || x || ++* || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Coy becomes the first person to be undefeated (whether simultaneously or individually at any point) in all three Screen Junkies contests (Movie Fights, TV Fights, and Movie Games). .**Coy (Montgomery Scott) also won the fan vote with 44%. Sasha (James T. Kirk) came in second with 34%, and Cody (Khan) received 22%. .***Cody chose ''The Nightmare Before Christmas'', which he acknowledged Burton didn't actually direct. .****Sasha (''Beetlejuice)'' also won the twitter vote with 46%. Cody received 28%, and Coy (''Batman'') received 26%. .*****Coy (Groovy Never Dies) also won the twitter vote with 50%. Coy (Hymens are Forever) received 34%, while Sasha (Ladies and Gentleman) received 16%. +Cody, who chose for Christopher Nolan to return to ''Batman''/the DCU, won the twitter poll with 58%. Sasha (Ivan Reitman for ''Ghostbusters'') received 27%, and Coy (Richard Donner for ''Lethal Weapon'') received 15%. +*During Sasha's argument, she accidentally called Ryan Gosling "Ryan Reynolds." +**Coy's pitch for Spiderman and Deadpool won 74% of the twitter vote. Sasha (Holland March and John Wick) and Cody (Martin Riggs and Robocop) each received 13%. +***Bargain bin pic of ''The Amazing Spider-Man 2'' and ''Star Trek Into Darkness''. +****Split decision. Zac chose Sasha (''The Amazing Spider-Man 2''), and Cody couldn't make a decision quickly enough before Andy decided to choose Coy. +*****Sasha was faster at saying Amy Adams. ++Split decision. Zac disagreed with Andy, who chose Sasha. ++*At the end of Sasha's argument for Wolverine (and against Jean Grey), she gave up. Andy pointed out on the TV Fights Belt fight pre-show that he and twitter felt she should not have done this. '''Episode 86: Dream Ninja Turtles Movie Crossovers (6-4-16)'''<ref>Episode 86: Dream Ninja Turtles Movie Crossovers (6-4-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMd9RTsEcwg</ref> Matt Raub returns after a 65 episode absence, beating Erin Robinson's previous record by 21 episodes. The seating positions of the third, second, and first place finishers are the same for the third week in a row. Sixteenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. Not counting the first episode, twentieth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third (first since episode 75). Also the twenty-first episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. After the fight is over, Andy announces that Matt will be hosting a new show called Gamer Fights (later revealed to begin airing June 17, 2016). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Doug Jones || New fighter || Third |- | Brett Erlich || 0/2 || Second |- | Matt Raub || 0/1 || '''Win'''* |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Doug !! Brett !! Matt |- | 1: Which director is best equipped to step in and take over for the ''X-Men'' franchise? || 1* || || |- | 2: What franchise should cross over with the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles in an upcoming movie? || || 1 || ** |- | 3: What is the best movie mockumentary? || || 1*** || |- | 4: What would be a better group of inanimate objects or things for Pixar to make a movie about? || || || 1**** |- | 5: Which classic Disney film - live action or animated - most deserves a sequel? || ***** || || 1+, +* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy? +** || x || 1 || +*** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Based on the original movies,... who's the best Ninja Turtle? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which one of these would have been better: Sam Raimi's ''Spider-Man 4'' or Marc Webb's ''[The] Amazing Spider-Man 3''? || x || || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better movie adversary: zombies or vampires? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Doug (Guillermo del Toro) also won the twitter poll with 40%. Matt (Sam Raimi) received 36%, while Brett (Danny Boyle) received 24%. .**Matt's choice (''Street Sharks'') won the twitter poll with 41%, while Brett (''Fast and Furious'') received 38%, and Doug (''Twilight'') received 21%. .***Brett (''This is Spinal Tap'') won the twitter vote with 48% while Matt (''What We Do in the Shadows'') received 41%, and Doug (''Waiting for Guffman'') only received 11%. .****Andy chose Brett (home goods), but he decided to let Matt (ghosts) have the point if the twitter poll agreed with his argument. Matt did in fact win with 47% of the vote, and Doug (garden tools) came in second place. .*****Doug chose ''Hocus Pocus'', in which he appeared. +Matt chose ''Wreck-It Ralph'', which Brett argued was not a classic movie. +*Andy chose Matt, but he decided to let Doug have the point if the twitter poll agreed with his argument. However, Matt received 49% of the vote, so Andy stayed with him. +**Bargain bin pic with ''Little Nicky'' and ''Click''. +***Matt chose ''Little Nicky'', but he immediately regretted it. +****The scoreboard accidentally took a point away from Matt, but this was corrected shortly thereafter, bring him to 4 points. '''Episode 87: Who Should Join Black Panther? (6-11-16)'''<ref>Episode 87: Who Should Join Black Panther? (6-11-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8BCkJzo6to</ref> Sponsored by Watchable. A new movie poster is up this week, replacing the ''Iconic'' poster opposite from Andy (behind Roth). However, it is itself replaced the following week. All fighters are from the East Coast. For the fifth consecutive episode, the fighter across from Andy wins. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Will Strange, who, unlike previous fans on the couch, checked a computer through the episode. Coincidentally, this was just filmed two days after the TV Fights Belt fight, in which Josh Macuga and Mark Ellis checked twitter on their phones while sitting on the couch. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Stagmer || New fighter || Second |- | Erik Davis || New fighter || Third |- | Roth Cornet || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Erik !! Roth |- | 1: What's the best horror sequel ever? * || || ** || 1*** |- | 2: What Marvel character do you most want to show up in ''Black Panther''? || 1 || || **** |- | 3: Pitch another***** Tom Hanks movie that would be better to be reimagined or rebooted. || 1+ || || |- | 4: What franchise should Daisy Ridley join? || +* || 1+** || |- | 5: We want you to plan and execute a heist with any three movie characters. || +*** || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we all buy between these two movies?+**** || || x || 1+***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of Ghostbusters Day, who is the best Ghostbuster? || || x || 1++ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie featuring Scarlett Johansson? || ++* || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*For most of the argument time for this question, the bottom of the screen misspelled "what" as "whast." .**Andy eliminated Erik after he failed to defend against arguments that ''Aliens'' wasn't a horror movie. .***Roth stated in "After the Fight" that her choice wasn't ''New Nightmare'', but rather ''Nightmare on Elm Street 3''. However, she said she wouldn't have been able to come up with an argument. She also stated that she wanted to fight ''Evil Dead 2'', but she felt it was more of a retread than a sequel. .****Roth (the Winter Soldier) won the twitter poll with 40% while Matt and Erik (Storm and Wolverine respectively) each received 30%. .*****Besides ''Splash''. +Matt (''The Money Pit'') also won the twitter poll with 44% while Erik (''The Burbs'') received 35%, and Roth (''The Bonfire of the Vanities'') received 21%. +*Matt argued for Daisy to be X-23. Three weeks earlier, during the title fight that asked who should play X-23, none of the fighters chose her. +**Erik (''Fast and Furious'') finished in third on the twitter poll with only 18%. Matt won the poll with 43% while Roth (a Harley Quinn spinoff) received 29%. +***Matt instead pitched a movie rather than planning a heist, so Andy eventually eliminated him. +****Bargain bin picture with ''300'' and ''Watchmen''. +*****Roth won with ''Watchmen'' despite being slower at saying ''300''. ++Roth said Venkman, and Matt agreed and decided to fold rather than name another. ++*Matt argued for ''Iron Man 2'', but he folded a few seconds into his rebuttal. '''Episode 88: Pitch the 1990s Avengers! WEIRD MOVIE FIGHTS!! (6-18-16)'''<ref>Episode 88: Pitch the 1990s Avengers! WEIRD MOVIE FIGHTS!! (6-18-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffhPG8_ukDQ</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Pete Samoylo. Each contestant appeared in costume with individual introductory music. At the end of the fight, the lineup for the next episode, the second Drunk Movie Fights, was announced: Hal Rudnick, Alicia Malone, and her Profiles partner, Scott Mantz (who ultimately withdrew under pressure from Access Hollywood). The winner would fight Ken Napzok (the winner of the first Drunk Movie Fights) and one other person eventually for a Drunk Movie Fights Championship Belt. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 6/7 || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 4/12 || Third |- | Joe Starr || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Nick !! Joe |- | 1: Pitch the Marvel ''Avengers'' 2012 film...as if it [were] cast in the '90s.* || || || 1** |- | 2: Pitch a fast food franchise as a movie franchise. || || || 1*** |- | 3: Now that Helen Mirren has joined ''Furious 8'', which ''Fast and the Furious'' character should be her love interest? || 1 || || |- | 4: Which 1995-1996 movie role would have been better with The Rock as the lead? || 1**** || || |- | 5: Pitch ''Cars 6''.***** || || 1+ || |- | 6: Which two movie characters would have the best sex scene? || || 1 || |- | 7: What movie would have been better had it added a scene where a guy plays the saxophone in the rain?+* || 1 || +** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What director should make the Chewbacca mom movie? || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: If you had to eat any actor, who would it be? || || x || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Please pitch a new ''Look Who's Talking'' franchise. || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Make a movie better by casting Larry the Cable Guy in the title role. || 1+***** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 2 || 4 |} .*Captain America, Iron Man, Thor, Hulk, Black Widow, Hawkeye, and Nick Fury. Visual aids were provided when answers were given. The individual actors who were chosen were respectively Tom Cruise (Nick), Raúl Julia (Mike), Hulk Hogan (Nick), Gary Oldman (Joe), Uma Thurman (Mike and Joe), Steven Segal/Pauly Shore/Brandon Lee (all fighters), and Robert Redford (Joe). .**Despite winning the point, Joe lost the twitter vote with 27% to Mike's 35% and Nick's 38%. .***Joe (Wendy's) was second place in the twitter vote with 38%. Mike (Chuck E. Cheese) receive 41% while Nick (Jack in the Box) received 21%. .****Mike (''Showgirls'') also won the twitter poll with 38%. Joe (''Dragonheart'') received 37%, and Nick (''Jack'') received 25%. .*****Question supplied by contestant Mike Carlson. +Nick also won the twitter poll. +*A previously rejected question that the fighters had at least been made aware of. The question was added to decide a third-place finisher. +**Nick (''Philadelphia'') came in second on the twitter poll with 29%. Joe (''The Revenant'') received 56%, and Mike (''Roger and Me'') received 15%. +***Split decision. Pete picked Joe (Chris Columbus) while Dan, Nick, and Andy chose Mike (Edgar Wright). +****Split decision. Dan picked Mike (Brad Pitt) while Pete, Nick, and Andy chose Joe (Michael B. Jordan) after second rebuttals involving which wine they would pair with the actor. +*****Split decision. Andy and Dan chose Mike (''Showgirls'') while Pete and Nick chose Joe (''The Golden Child''). '''Episode 89: How Will Darth Vader Return in Rogue One? DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS (6-25-16)'''<ref>Episode 89: How Will Darth Vader Return in Rogue One? DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS (6-25-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGkFKRu7kwY</ref> Unlike the first Drunk Movie Fight, this fight is not sponsored. Marc Andreyko won a twitter poll to replace Scott Mantz, who was not allowed to compete. Drinking rules included Hal saying "iconic," "at the height of...powers," or "man," Alicia saying "Australia" or "Jake Gyllenhaal", Marc saying the game is rigged or biased, Andy saying "This is tough," or JTE making a gaffe (which coincidentally he did right as Andy was saying it). Further, Andy was to finish his drink is twitter disagreed with him, and anyone who is successfully fact-checked or the first person eliminated from a round was to finish his or her drink. A special montage was used to introduce the fight. Andy brought a breathalyzer, which he said he would use on everyone on "After the Fight", but this was not done. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 2/5 || Third |- | Alicia Malone || 4/4 || '''Win''' |- | Hal Rudnick || 7/9 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Marc !! Alicia !! Hal |- | 1: Pitch us how Vader should be introduced into ''Rogue One[: A Star Wars Story]''. || || 1 || * |- | 2: What film would be most improved by making Nic Cage the lead? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: BLIND FIGHT:...We're giving you a star, a co-star, and a movie title,...you're gonna have to pitch us the movie. || || *** || 1**** |- | 4: Which iconic movie speech would be [more] improved if the actor delivering it [were] drunk? || 1 || || |- | colspan="4" |COMMENTARY BY KEN NAPZOK AND DAN MURRELL DURING BATHROOM BREAK |- | 5: What movie is so bad that if your significant other loved it, you'd have to break up with them? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: This is a bargain bin:...''Paul Blart: Mall Cop'' or ''[Alvin and the Chipmunks: The] Squeakquel''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What movie would be the most fun to get sucked into ''Last Action Hero'' style? || x || || 1 |- | colspan="4" |COMMENTARY BY KEN NAPZOK, ANDY SIGNORE, AND HAL RUDNICK |- | SPEED ROUND C: Do your best celebrity impression right now. || x || 1***** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: This is F-/Marry/Kill...Pixar Edition; Mater from Cars, Dory, and Fear. || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Hal won the twitter poll despite being the first one that Andy eliminated. .**Alicia won the twitter poll with Willy Wonka in ''Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory.'' .***Alicia won 34% of the vote to do a Power Shot. .****Hal also won the twitter poll. .*****Alicia, who did an impersonation of Kim Kardashian, won despite receiving less than 20% of the immediate twitter vote, while Hal's impersonation of Christopher Walken from ''Pulp Fiction'' overwhelmingly won. Despite this, he lost the point unanimously. '''Episode 90: What is the Worst Part of Independence Day: Resurgence? (7-2-16)'''<ref>Episode 90: What is the Worst Part of Independence Day: Resurgence? (7-2-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjIJ-fm0uKI</ref> Sponsored by Comic Bento. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Christopher Spencer. Stephen Glickman's name on the scoreboard is GLICK. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Doug Benson || 1/1 || Second |- | Mark Ellis || 2/5 || '''Win''' |- | Stephen Glickman || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Doug !! Mark !! Stephen |- | 1: What was the worst part of ''Independence Day: Resurgence''? || || 1* || |- | 2: Cast a new actress and pitch a Batgirl movie. || 1 || ** || |- | 3: What is the best movie based on a children's book? || || 1 || *** |- | 4: Choose a movie with a legendary character, and place them in a completely different setting. || || 1**** || |- | 5: What actor would have to join the cast [of the fifth ''Transformers'' movie] to potentially make us actually see this movie and be excited for it?***** || || || 1+ |- | TIE BREAKER: Best prequel? || 0 || x || +* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which movie should we buy?+** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: If ''The Purge'' were real, what movie character would you want to kill the most? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What's a movie that's more than a decade old that you'd want to get a sequel for? || || 1+*** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Not including Independence Day: Resurgence, worst Roland Emmerich movie? || || 1+**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Mark actually lost the poll with 25%. Stephen's pick of the end of the movie won with 48%. .**Mark's pick of Maisie Williams won the twitter poll. This is the only poll Stephen didn't win and potentially (see question 3) the only one Mark didn't lose. .***Even though Andy ruled Stephen out early for picking the wrong ''Harry Potter'' movie (''Sorcerer's Stone'') and twitter comments indicated that he should have picked ''Prisoner of Azkaban'', he won the twitter poll with 45%. Doug (''Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory'') and Mark (''The Wizard of Oz'') were basically tied according to Dan. .****Mark (Norman Bates as a stand-up comedian) actually lost the twitter poll. Stephen (the original ''Ghostbusters'' cast in ''The Conjuring 2'') won the poll, followed by Doug (musical Predator in New York City). .*****Right before asking the question, Andy said he didn't believe anyone had ever gone into the Speed Round with 4 points. While this ''has'' been done, it has not been done in a five-question regular round. +Once again, Stephen won the poll with Vin Diesel (43%). He was followed by Doug (Bill Murray) with 33% and Mark (Sean Connery) with 24%. +*Stephen could not think of an answer he would allow himself to pick. +**Bargain bin pic with ''Dumb and Dumber To'' and ''Justin Bieber: Never Say Never''. +***Mark picked ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off''. Pitching the sequel eventually became the subject of the first episode of Doug's Screen Junkies Plus show "Pitch Off". +****Split decision. Andy and Christopher picked Mark (10,000 BC), while Dan and Stephen picked Doug (''The Day After Tomorrow''). '''Episode 91: What is the Best Movie of 2016 (So Far)? (7-9-16)'''<ref>Episode 91: What is the Best Movie of 2016 (So Far)? (7-9-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yduSuwU-MhI</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Hosted by Dan. Joe Starr returns as Fact Checker. Twenty-second episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Coy had previously also done this on TV Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | JTE || 2/0 || Third |- | Jon Schnepp || 1/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 97%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Coy !! JTE !! Jon |- | 1: What is the best movie of the first half of 2016? || || || 1* |- | 2: What is the most underrated superhero movie of the past decade? || || 1 || |- | 3: Who do you think, in honor of ''[The] Secret Life of Pets'', is the best cinematic talking animal of all time? || 1 || ** || |- | 4: I want you guys to pitch a movie, and the protagonists in the movie are famous side-kicks from other movies. || 1 || || |- | 5: What is Steven Spielberg's worst movie?***, **** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If these two movies were in the bargain bin, which one would you buy?***** || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which version is more improved: the ''Batman v Superman[: Dawn of Justice]'' Ultimate Edition or ''The Watchmen'': Director's Cut? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best movie featuring Mel Gibson? || 1+* || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 2 |} .*Jon (''Captain American: Civil War'') also won the twitter poll with 48%, followed by Coy (''Deadpool'') at 41% and JTE (''Sing Street'') at 11%. .**JTE (Caesar from ''Rise'' and ''Dawn of the Planet of the Apes'') won the twitter poll with 58%. .***Even though it had recently been asked on twitter, the question was previously asked in episode 22's Speed Round. The winning response was again ''1941'' (even though ''1942'' had been inadvertently said the first time). .****Each fighter chose Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, so each was forced to pick a different movie. .*****Bargain bin pic had ''Air Bud'' and ''Space Jam''. +Split decision. Joe chose Jon (''Air Bud''). +*Thirteenth time someone has swept the Speed Round, last done in episode 87. '''Episode 92: What is the Most Influential Film? - CLASSIC FILM FIGHTS!! (7-16-16)'''<ref>Episode 92: What is the Most Influential Film? - CLASSIC FILM FIGHTS!! (7-16-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yduSuwU-MhI</ref> Alicia Malone returns as host. Ken Napzok as Fact Checker. The episode is aired in black and white (though identification tags at the bottom of the screen and the scoreboard remain in their original color). All film answers in the regular round must be pre-1980 (but not in the Speed Round as noted by Amy's answer (''Eyes Wide Shut'') to the second Speed Round question). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Amy Nicholson || 3/1 || Second |- | Alonso Duralde || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Scott Mantz || 2/4 || Third * |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 81%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Amy !! Alonso !! Scott |- | 1: Which is the best classic movie that critics got wrong at the time? || || 1 || |- | 2: What classic film star would still be popular today if [he or she] were still making movies? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the one classic movie that is a must-see for any film fan? || || || 1** |- | 4: What is the most influential film on modern-day movies? || 1 || || *** |- | 5: What classic movie could actually be remade well? || || 1**** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best Western of all time? || 1***** || + || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is Stanley Kubrick's best movie? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best movie featuring Audrey Hepburn? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which is the better film: ''[The] Godfather (I)'' or ''[The] Godfather[: Part] II''? || || 1+* || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Scott becomes the second fighter after Dan to not finish in second place in any of his first seven appearances (back in episode 73, he had become the only one besides Dan to not do so in his first six). .**Ken indicated at this point that Alicia chose the twitter poll's choice on each of the first three questions. .***Scott (''Star Wars'') won the twitter poll. .****Alonso (''The Sweet Smell of Success'') actually lost the twitter poll with only 14%. Amy (''Metropolis'') won with 49%, followed by Scott (''Logan's Run'') with 37%. .*****Amy used her answer from question 4 again (''The Searchers'') and won again. +Even though Alonso answered first, to see how the Speed Round worked, he went second. +*Split decision. Ken picked Amy (''Part II''), while Scott and Alicia chose Alonso. '''Episode 93: All-Star Movie Fights! Feat. Kevin Smith (7-22-16)'''<ref>Episode 93: All-Star Movie Fights! Feat. Kevin Smith (7-22-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yduSuwU-MhI</ref> The first of three episodes filmed on the same day at San Diego Comic Con. Both of the first two episodes were released onto youtube shortly after their live airing on Screen Junkies Plus. The third did not air until September 1 on Screen Junkies Plus (and September 3 on youtube). On Screen Junkies Plus, the two episodes are not found under the show Movie Fights, but rather under Screen Junkies Central, and thus may not count towards the episode total as the 102nd episode is considered by Screen Junkies to be the 100th. Sponsored by Mafia III. Max Landis hosts in Kevin Smith's stead for the first two questions before Kevin arrived and they switched. Seventeenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. Alicia Malone as Fact Checker. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 7/10 || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 12/5 || Second |- | Andy Signore || 1/4 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 75%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Dan !! Andy |- | 1: We have put three action heroes in this bowl. They have to blind pick who is the best. * || 1 || || |- | 2: Most frustrating film ending?** || || 1 || |- | FIGHT BETWEEN KEVIN SMITH AND MAX LANDIS: Best fictional movie band?*** |- | 3: Who is the best bad guy? || || 1 || |- | 4: Best use of profanity in a movie? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best live-action talking animal movie? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two movies are playing on cable. Which do you watch: ''Mallrats'' or ''Dogma''? || 1**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Pitch your Chewbacca's revenge story. || 1***** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 3 || 0 |} .*Andy picked Bruce Willis, Dan picked Sylvester Stallone, and Hal picked Arnold Schwarzenegger. .**Question created by Max on the spot. .***Max (Josie and the Pussy Cats) won over Blues Brothers by audience vote. .****Hal was slightly faster at saying ''Mallrats''. Though Kevin appeared to feel that Dan had the stronger argument, since he was in the middle of making a "Mallrats" series, he felt he had to choose Hal. .*****Fourteenth episode in which a fighter sweeps the Speed Round. *Dan becomes the third fighter (after Alicia and Spencer) to both sweep a Speed Round and be swept in one. He is the only such fighter to sweep two Speed Rounds (he has actually done in three times, two against Spencer (26 and 58) and once against Alicia (18)). '''Episode 94: Best Star Trek Captain (7-22-16)'''<ref>Episode 94: Best Star Trek Captain (7-22-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKOho71qX0c</ref> The second of three episodes filmed on the same day at San Diego Comic Con. Sponsored by T-Mobile. Dan fights against two "Star Trek"-related writers in an all-blind fight about ''Star Trek'' (both movies and TV). Points are awarded based on audience reaction. Alicia Malone as Fact Checker. Throughout the fight, there are taped interview questions related to the fight with the cast of ''Star Trek Beyond''. Eighteenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brannon_Braga Brannon Braga] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_A._Altman Mark A. Altman] || New fighter || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 12/6 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Brannon !! Mark !! Dan |- | 1: Best ''Star Trek'' movie? || 1 || * || |- | 2: What's the best ''Star Trek'' alien species ever? || 1** || || |- | 3: Best ''Star Trek'' captain? || || || 1 |- | 4: If you're stuck on an alien planet, which ''Star Trek'' bridge crew member would you pick to be stranded with? No captains. || || || 1*** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Of all the TV series, what's the best "Star Trek" episode? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which piece of ''Star Trek'' tech do you most wish [were] real? || 1**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 0 || 2 |} .*Mark (who went first and picked ''II: The Wrath of Khan'') won the twitter poll, but came in second in the audience vote to Brannon (''IV: The Voyage Home''). .**Brannon (who went first and picked Vulcans) also won the twitter poll with 51% to Dan's 35% (the Borg). .***Decided by Andy, not the audience. .****Fifteenth time someone has swept the Speed Round, last done in the previous episode by Hal. *Dan, who was swept twice in the same day, becomes the second fighter to be swept in two different Speed Rounds, after Spencer, who's actually been swept in three (two by Dan (26 and 58)and one by Max Landis (47)). *This is the first time someone has been swept in Movie Fights in a two-question Speed Round. However, under proper rules regarding pre-Speed Round ttie-breakers, Trisha should have been swept in two questions in episode 15. '''Episode 95: Best Part of the Wonder Woman Trailer (7-30-16)'''<ref>Episode 95: Best Part of the Wonder Woman Trailer (7-30-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLdkLbLPn_4</ref> Dan Murrell is fighting in his third consecutive episode, a first for any fighter. Joe Starr returns as Fact Checker. Not counting the first episode, twenty-first episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. Nineteenth episode (and third in a row (coincidentally all featuring Dan)) in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. However, unlike the other two episodes, said fighter does score a point. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Casey || New fighter || Third |- | Roth Cornet || 1/1 || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 12/7 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 71%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Dan C !! Roth !! Dan M |- | 1: Who was the winner at this year's Comic Con? || 1* || || |- | 2: What was the biggest dissapointment of Comic Con? || ** || || 1 |- | 3: What was the best part of the ''Wonder Woman'' trailer? || || 1*** || |- | 4: Based on this ''Justice League'' trailer,...should nay-sayers be excited? || || || 1 |- | 5: Based on their panel, which Marvel movie will be the best? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You guys are gonna pick which movie we should watch and/or buy.**** || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Oliver Stone movie? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best sequel: ''Aliens'' or ''T2''? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best villain from any Spiderman movie? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: ''[The] Blair Witch [Project]'' or ''Paranormal Activity''? || x || || 1***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Dan Casey (Marvel) also won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Roth with ''Suicide Squad'', then Dan with Zack Snyder. .**Dan, who again chose Marvel, once again won the twitter poll. .***Roth (Wonder Woman blocking bullets with her shield) came in second in the twitter poll with 40%, just behind Dan (using the lasso), who got 41%. Dan Casey's pick of breaking a rifle on her back received 19%. .****Bargain bin pic with ''Top Gun'' and the original ''Point Break''. .*****Split decision. Dan Casey chose Roth (''Paranormal Activity'') while Joe and Andy chose Dan. '''SJ Extras Episode 10: Exclusive SJ Plus Movie Fights! (8-4-16)'''<ref>SJ Extras Episode 10: Exclusive SJ Plus Movie Fights! (8-4-16) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/exclusive-sj-plus-movie-fights-3039729</ref> This episode appears only on Screen Junkies Plus. In addition to not being considered an official fight for statistical purposes, the episode is not counted as even being a Movie Fights episode. Hence, the questions don't count towards the total, similar to the fight on the Schmoes Know show between episodes 10 and 11. Tournament-style fight, single elimination with eight fighters. Moderated by Andy initially, and later by Dan. Nathan Cross from Australia is on the fan cam and helps decide the winners. All questions are blind rounds, asked by Skype and twitter users. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Winner |- | 1: Ken Napzok v. Dan Murrell: What is the best scene in a ''Star Wars'' movie? || Ken * (''Episode VI'' light saber battle over ''Episode IV'' trench run) |- | 2: JTE v. Spencer Gilbert: What's the best Will Smith movie? || JTE (''The Pursuit of Happyness'' over ''I am Legend'') |- | 3: Joe Starr v. Roth Cornet: Pitch your Suicide Squad picking any three villains from any movie ever. || Joe** (Neville Sinclair and Deacon Frost over Keyser Söze and young Magneto) |- | 4: Andy Signore v. Adam Hlavac: What's the best Pixar movie that's not a ''Toy Story'' movie?*** || Andy**** (''Inside Out'' over ''The Incredibles'') |- | Semi-final 1: JTE v. Joe Starr: Best courtroom drama? || JTE***** (''A Few Good Men'' over ''The Judge'') |- | Semi-final 2: Andy Signore v. Ken Napzok: What's a movie someone you're otherwise not attracted to [would] have to love to make him or her appealing enough to hook up with? || Ken + (''The Big Lebowski'' over ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & and Uncut'') |- | Final: JTE v. Ken Napzok: Excluding the ''Back to the Future'' trilogy, what is the best time-travel movie?+* || '''JTE'''+** (''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'' over ''Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home'') |- | Bonus fight: Dan Murrell v. Andy Signore: Why should you watch this movie right now?+*** || Andy+**** |} .*Split decision. Nathan chose Dan, while the Skyper Matt chose Ken. The tie was broken with the twitter poll with 63%. .**Twitter voted approximately 3:1 in favor of Roth. .***Originally, a Skyper named Chandler asked what the greatest movie musical was. In the end, Andy decided to get a new question. .****Andy actually lost the twitter poll with only 37%. .*****Split decision. Skyper Andrew chose Joe, while Nathan chose JTE. The tie was broken with the twitter poll with 74%. +Dan indicated twitter was 50/50. +*Originally, JTE and Ken were going to pitch a movie that would cure superhero fatigue, but both said it was already done with ''Deadpool''. +**JTE also won the twitter poll with 71%. +***Dan had to argue for ''Jurassic World''. Andy initially had to argue for ''Terminator: Genisys'', but he picked ''Batman v Superman'', which he hates more, to make it more fair. +****Spencer, Roth, and Adam chose Andy while Nathan and Joe picked Dan. Twitter agreed with Dan, but the twitter vote did not count. '''Episode 96: Best Movie Sex Scene! (w/SETH ROGEN) R-RATED MOVIE FIGHTS!! (8-6-16)'''<ref>Episode 96: Best Movie Sex Scene! (w/SETH ROGEN) R-RATED MOVIE FIGHTS!! (8-6-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1J-PsF1I2w</ref> Seth Rogan appears before his film ''Sausage Party'' is released. The episode was filmed on Tuesday August 2. It was not aired live on Screen Junkies Plus and also was not aired on Thursday (rather, a bonus tournament fight (that was never put on youtube) was aired live during the normal time. On the scoreboard, as usual, Spencer's name is written as "Spence." Twentieth episode (and fourth in a row) in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. A fifth regular round question was thrown out. It asked for sexiest animated animal character. Seth misunderstood the question and answered Jessica Rabbit. This question was fought between Spencer, Joe, and Dan on "After the Fight." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Rogen Seth Rogen] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Joe Starr || 0/1 || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/12 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 76%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Seth !! style="width: 5%"|Joe !! Spencer |- | 1: What is the best use of the F Word in a movie? || 1 || || |- | 2: Best movie dick? || 1 || || |- | 3: We want you to pitch a reboot of a G or PG-rated movie as a hard-R reboot. || || || 1 |- | 4: What is the best sex scene in a movie? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which movie should we buy?* || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Based on their filmographies, who is the better lay: Zac Efron or James Franco? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the least appropriate movie to show a child under ten? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 0 || 2 |} .*Bargain bin pic with ''The Green Hornet'' and ''Spiderman 3''. .**Split decision. Dan chose Seth (Zac Efron), while Andy and Joe picked Spencer. '''Episode 97: Suicide Squad: Rotten or Fresh (8-13-16)'''<ref>Episode 97: Suicide Squad: Rotten or Fresh (8-13-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEtOqCyKBtI</ref> Hosted by Spencer Gilbert. Joe Starr as Fact Checker. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || 1/5 || Second |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/10 || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 13/7 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Andy !! style="width: 7%"|Hal !! style="width: 6%"|Dan |- | 1: ''Suicide Squad'': rotten or fresh? || || * || 1**, *** |- | 2: Pitch ''Suicide Squad 2.'' || || **** || 1 |- | 3: Who would be your ultimate ''Man of Steel 2'' director? || 1 || || |- | 4: What is the best Disney live-action movie?***** || + || 1+* || |- | 5: We have five terrible movies in a cup....You will each pick one and then be forced to defend it as if your life depends on it.+** || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What's the best Robin Williams movie?+*** || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who gives the better performance:...Patrick Stewart's Professor X or Ian McKellan's Magneto? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who's the better director: Clint Eastwood or Mel Gibson? || 1+**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which do you buy?+***** || ++ || x || 1++* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Hal did not participate. Rather, his receiving a point would be dependent on his correctly choosing the winner. He chose Andy, who defended the movie and lost, so he did not receive a point. .**The first point was awarded at 24:47. .***Dan (rotten) received 49% of the twitter vote. .****Hal's pitch won the twitter poll vote with 45%, followed by Dan's pitch with 37%. .*****Counting the 13 questions from the first two San Diego Comic Con 2016 fights (but not the ones from the Schmoes Know or the SJ Plus Exclusive fight), this is the 1000th Movie Fights question. +Joe stated that Andy's pick, ''Mary Poppins'', had an adjusted gross box office take of $102.3 million. This is actual take (un-adjusted), but including re-releases. +*Hal received the point despite factual errors in his argument for Pirates of the Caribbean, leading to more arguing. +**Blind fight. Dan received ''The Last Airbender''. Hal received ''Fantastic Four (2015)''. Andy received ''Transformers: Age of Extinction''. During After the Fight, Hal and Dan respectively fought the remaining choices, ''Jack and Jill'' and ''Terminator: Genisys''. Dan won by unanimous vote from Andy, Spencer, and a caller named Cory. +***Repeat question from episode 34's Speed Round. +****Split decision. Spencer chose Dan (Mel Gibson), but he was overruled by Hal and Joe. +*****Bargain bin pic of ''Just Go With It'' and ''Mortdecai.'' This was originally supposed to be the first question, but the graphic wasn't ready. ++Andy said that Kate Upton was in ''Just Go With It''. She was not. ++*Spencer gave the point to Dan without asking the panel. '''Episode 98: Who Will Be the Standout Character From Rogue One? (8-20-16)'''<ref>Episode 98: Who Will Be the Standout Character From Rogue One? (8-20-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6zFL6sy7gE</ref> Dan is joined on the couch by Chris Clinton, who brought a signed Wolverine picture by Hugh Jackman. After this fight, Coy is not longer undefeated on Screen Junkies, after having won a total of five games. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 2/0 || Second |- | Alicia Malone || 5/4 || '''Win''' |- | Brett Erlich || 0/3 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Coy !! Alicia !! Brett |- | 1: Who should direct the Pokémon movie? || || 1* || |- | 2: Based on the new ''Rogue One[: A Star Wars Story]'' trailer...who's the standout character...excluding Jyn Erso and Vader? || ** || 1 || |- | 3: We want you guys to pitch a better project [for Will Farrell and John C. Reilly]. || || || 1 |- | 4: In honor of ''Ben Hur''...what is the best film of the 1950's? || || 1*** || |- | 5: What's the best non-horror film from a horror movie director?**** || 1***** || || + |- | TIE BREAKER: Best movie featuring John Travolta? || 0 || x || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Here's two movies that are gonna pop up on the screen. [Which should we buy?]+ || || 1+* || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: If Disney does a live-action ''[The] Little Mermaid'', who should play Ariel? || +** || 1+***, +**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1+***** || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Alicia (Robert Zemeckis) also won the twitter poll with 45%, followed by Coy (Shane Black) with 36%, and then Brett (Anthony C. Ferrante) with 19%. .**Coy (K-2SO) won the twitter vote with 49%, followed by Alicia (Chirrut Imwe) with 30%, and Brett (Baze Malbus) with 21%. .***Alicia (''Seven Samurai'') also won the twitter vote with 47%, followed by Brett (''Singing in the Rain'') with 29% and Coy (''Rebel Without a Cause'') with 24%. .****Question submitted by Lon Harris. .*****Coy (''Spider-Man 2'') also won the twitter poll with 60%, followed by Brett (''Big Trouble in Little China'') with 29% and Alicia (''Eastern Promises'') with 11%. +Brett tried to boost Alicia to shut out Coy, but it did not work. +*Bargain bin pic featuring ''Planet of the Apes [2001]'' and ''X-Men Origins: Wolverine''. +*Split decision. Dan chose Coy (''Planet of the Apes'') while Andy, Brett, and Chris chose Alicia. +**Coy incorrect stated that Alicia's choice, Jessica Chastain, was in ''Drive''. Alicia corrected him; he was thinking of Christina Hendricks. +***Split decision. Andy chose Coy (Mia Wasikowska) over Alicia (Jessica Chastain), but was overruled by Dan and Chris (Brett abstained). +****Sixteenth time someone has swept the Speed Round in Movie Fights and the second time it has been done in just two questions (the first being episode 94). *It is the first sweep of a two-question Speed Round in which five points (rather than four) were required to win. *Alicia becomes the second fighter (after Dan) to sweep two Speed Rounds (also to sweep two Speed Rounds and be swept in one). *Simultaneously, Coy became the fourth fighter (after Alicia, Spencer, and Dan) to both sweep a Speed Round and be swept in one. +*****Coy sets the Movie Fights record for lowest second-place finish with one point (this has been done in TV Fights however). '''Episode 99: Cast the Justice League Dark Movie (8-27-16)'''<ref>Episode 99: Cast the Justice League Dark Movie (8-27-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVBpzd8-iA4</ref> Dan is joined on the couch by Bret Pendleton. At 20 years old, Tony Revolori is the youngest known fighter in Screen Junkies fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 2/6 || Third |- | Hector Navarro || 1/1 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Revolori Tony Revolori] || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Marc !! Hector !! Tony |- | 1: What director most owes a personal apology for making a bad movie? || || 1 || * |- | 2: Let's cast [Justice League Dark] and see if we get more excited.** || || || 1 |- | 3: Improve a movie by replacing any actor with Tommy Lee Jones. || || 1 || |- | 4: What supporting character from any movie deserves [his or her] own spin-off movie...in honor of (The) Jesus coming back? || 1 || || |- | 5: Pitch a new MCU hero or scene that could make the best Disneyland attraction. || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These are the two movies.*** || x || || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: What's the best movie with a one-word title? || x || ***** || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Wes Anderson or Paul Thomas Anderson? || x || || 1+*, +** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Tony (M. Night Shyamalan for ''The Last Airbender'') won the twitter poll with 70%, followed by Hector (Martin Campbell for ''The Green Lantern'') with 19% and Marc (Colin Trevorrow for ''Jurassic World'') with 11%. *This is the only poll revealed during the episode. .**To cast John Constantine, Swamp Thing, Deadman, Zatanna, an Etrigan. .***Bargain bin pic of the DVDs for ''Alvin and the Chipmunks'' and ''Garfield: The Movie''. .****Split decision. Marc chose Hector (''Garfield: The Movie''), while Andy and Bret chose Tony. .*****Hector chose ''Dope'', in which Tony appeared. +Split decision. Bret and Marc chose Hector, but then Andy and Dan chose Tony. +*Tony unanimously won with Wes Anderson, who directed one of his films, ''Grand Budapest Hotel''. +**Seventeenth and second consecutive time someone has swept the Speed Round. '''Episode 100: Best Comic Book Movie of All-Time? SDCC 2016! (9-3-16)'''<ref>Episode 100: Best Comic Book Movie of All Time (9-3-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Rm29tfSSNI</ref> The third of three episodes that were filmed on July 22. Hence, it is not aired live while the others were. The fight is filmed in a different room from the first two. Tournament-style fight, single elimination with eight fighters. No coin flips were required. Moderated by Andy, but winners are decided by audience vote. This episode does not count towards the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Winner |- | 1: Mike Carlson v. Spencer Gilbert: What movie could be most improved by adding the Minions? || Mike (''Showgirls'' over ''John Wick'') |- | 2: Zack Stentz v. Max Landis: The best movie line of all time? || Max ('You gotta be fucking kidding' from ''The Thing'' over 'Bitches, leave' from ''Robocop'') |- | 3: Alicia Malone v. Dan Murrell: Matt Damon or Ben Affleck? || Alicia (Matt Damon over Ben Affleck) |- | 4: Nick Mundy v. Doug Benson: Worst movie to watch stoned? || Nick (''Requiem for a Dream'' over ''The Tree of Life'') |- | Semi-final 1: Max Landis v. Mike Carlson: Which animated Disney movie would be better as R-rated? || Max (''The Rescuers Down Under'' over ''Aladdin'') |- | Semi-final 2: Alicia Malone v. Nick Mundy: Better director: James Cameron or [Quentin] Tarantino? || Alicia (Tarantino over Cameron) |- | Final: Alicia Malone v. Max Landis: What is the best comic book movie of all time? || Tie (respectively ''The Dark Knight'' and ''Blade'') |- | SPEED ROUND TIE BREAKER: Alicia Malone v. Max Landis: Best animal side-kick? || '''Max''' (Mighty Joe Young* over Baloo (named by Alicia as Baboo)) |- |} .*Max states that ''Mighty Joe Young'' is a 1930's film. It is actually from 1949. ==Movie Fights Episodes 101-150== '''Episode 101: Most Disapointing Movie of Summer 2016 (9-10-16)'''<ref>Episode 101: Most Disapointing Movie of Summer 2016 (9-10-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YR5dedmfQcI</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Joe Starr as Fact Checker. He is joined on the couch by Donald "Dizzle" Davis. Max returns in response to a request from Dan. Sixth Championship Belt Fight, and the first to not be an official fight. Andy indicated he did not want the Belt on the line right now as Max's spot wasn't earned. Max is in the fight for being undefeated despite never having fought Dan or won any tournament to get to this point. Max fought without knowing Dan's responses (he didn't read through the entire email). Eighth unofficial fight to feature Dan and his second such victory, his first after a string of six defeats. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Max Landis || Lose |- | Dan Murrell || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%"| Max !! style="width: 7%"| Dan |- | 1: What is the most disappointing movie of the summer of 2016? || || 1 |- | 2: What movie would have made a better TV show than a movie? || 1 || |- | 3: Pitch a better ''Jurassic World'' movie.*,** || || 1 |- | 4: What movie would be more improved by switching to a found footage format? || || 1 |- | 5: What is the most emotional animated Disney or Pixar death ever? || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Tom Hanks or Tom Cruise? || 1*** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best actor/director collaboration of all time? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Pitch two actors that we'd all wanna see make a buddy cop movie together. || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Not popcorn, best movie candy or snack? || || 1**** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''6''' |} .*Choosing this question to be in the fight was decided by fan vote on twitter, beating Star Wars Episode VIII, Matrix 4, and Aquaman. .**More than 26 minutes elapsed between the beginning of Rounds 3 and 4. .***Max won the point despite being slower at saying Hanks and getting stuck with Cruise. .****Split decision. Joe picked Max (M&Ms), while Donald and Andy picked Dan (Milk Duds). '''Episode 102: Which Pixar Movie Deserves a Live-Action Reboot? (9-17-16)'''<ref>Episode 102: Which Pixar Movie Deserves a Reboot? (9-17-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4bNxNuIcBI&t=334s</ref> Billed as the 100th episode. A new opening fight montage is debuted. Twenty-third episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. During After The Fight, Samm Levine stated that he'd be willing to judge a blended fight between Andy, Roxy Striar, and Matt Raub. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 7/7 || '''Win''' |- | Cody Decker || 0/2 || Third |- | Samm Levine || 1/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 97%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Cody !! Samm |- | 1: Pitch us a random movie that's better with a baby. || || * || 1 |- | 2: What other two actors should join [Benicio] Del Toro's team in the new [Shane Black] ''Predator'' film, and what role should they play? || || 1 || ** |- | 3: What should be the first Pixar movie that should be turned into a live-action movie? || || *** || 1 |- | 4: Pitch us a sports movie where the team and coach are played by other movie characters. || 1**** || || |- | 5: What is the best film that will stand the test of time 100 years from now? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: ''Wayne's World'' or ''Austin Powers[: International Man of Mystery]''? || 0 || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: We're gonna show you two DVDs. Which one should we buy?***** || 1+, +* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Where would you rather be a student: Hogwarts [School of Witchcraft and Wizardry] or Xavier's School for the Gifted? || 1+**, +*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of our hundredth episode, what movie would be easiest to watch 100 times in a row? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: [John] Malkovich or Gary Oldman? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What's the all-time most disappointing movie sequel? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Cody (who pitched a James Bond film ''Live and Let Cry'') won the twitter poll with 46%. Samm (''Three Amigos and a Baby'') received 38% while Mike (''Babyguard'', the sequel to ''Bodyguard'') received 16%. .**Samm (The Rock and Wesley Snipes) won the twitter poll with 46%. Cody (Michael B. Jordan and John Krasinski) received 40% while Mike (Rebecca Ferguson and Wallace Shawn) received 14%. .***Cody (''Up'') won the twitter poll with 45%. Samm (''Wall-E'') received 40% while Mike (''Cars'') received 15%. .****Mike's pitch won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Cody's with 30% and Samm's with 21%. .*****Bargain bin pic of ''21 Jump Street'' and ''Step Brothers''. +Mike won the point despite being slower at saying ''Step Brothers''. +*Split decision. Dan chose Samm (''Step Brothers''). +**Mike won the point despite being slower at saying Xavier's School. +***Split decision. Andy chose Samm (Xavier's). '''Episode 103: Ghost in the Shell – Will It Work? (9-24-16)'''<ref>Episode 103: Ghost in the Shell – Will It Work? (9-24-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uv5mYQnSnDw</ref> Dan is joined on the couch by Ian Candish. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 0/2 || Second |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Jay Washington || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 97%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Joe !! Sasha !! Jay |- | 1: What is the best movie starring Denzel Washington? || * || 1 || |- | 2: Who[m] should Eddie Murphy portray [in a superhero movie]? || 1 || ** || *** |- | 3: Is this movie [''Ghost in the Shell''] gonna be good, great, or awful? || **** || 1***** || |- | 4: What should ''Mission[: Impossible] 6'' [entail]? || 1+ || || |- | 5: Pitch a movie that actually deserves a $260 million or more budget. || || || 1+* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy?+** || 1+*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: I'm gonna give you two Hollywood names. Yell out who's better:...Jennifer Lawrence or Chris Pratt? || 1+**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who should star in the new ''Scarface''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie set in the jungle? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: I'm gonna give you two names. Who's better: Ethan Hunt or Jason Bourne? || || 1+***** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Joe (''Training Day'') won the twitter poll with 47%. Sasha (''Malcolm X)'' received 33% while Jay (''The Book of Eli'') received 20%. .**Sasha was knocked out in the middle of the round, leaving only Joe and Jay to fight. .***Jay (The Riddler) won the twitter poll with 47%. Joe (Aaron Davis, uncle of Miles Morales) received 43% while Sasha (The Joker) received 10%. .****Joe was stuck with picking great. He did not truly believe this. .*****Sasha (good) also won the twitter poll with 47%. Jay (awful) received 39% while Joe (great) received 14%. +Joe's pitch also won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Jay's with 33% and Sasha's with 28%. +*Jay (''Avengers vs. Justice League'') also won the twitter poll with 48%, followed by Sasha (''Deadpool 2'') with 34% and Joe (''Temeraire'') with 18%. +**Bargain bin pic of ''Talladega Nights'' and ''Zoolander.'' +***Split decision. Jay chose Sasha (''Talladega Nights'') while Ian, Dan, and Andy chose Joe. +****Split decision. Andy chose Sasha (Chris Pratt) while Ian, Dan, and Jay chose Joe. +*****Sasha was non-unanimously determined to be faster at saying Jason Bourne but was unanimously chosen as winner. '''Episode 104: Lion King Remake Must Haves? (10-1-16)'''<ref>Episode 104: Lion King Remake Must Haves? (10-1-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_tUI8rtO3Y&t=109s</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Jeff Kang. Below his name, it lists his twitter handle as @ScreenJunkies. Among all fighters who have won a Movie Fight, Trisha sets the record for longest time between first fight and first win (89 episodes). Trisha, who is undefeated in TV Fights (2-0) and Gamer Fights (1-0) becomes the first fighter to win in all three fights. *Coincidentally these were also Trisha's first four fights after she became pregnant. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Steve Zaragosa || 0/1 || Third |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/6 || '''Win''' |- | Lon Harris || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Steve !! Trisha !! Lon |- | 1: What is the worst Tim Burton movie? || || || 1* |- | 2: What two co-stars from a classic film would you like to see re-unite for another movie? || || 1** || |- | 3: What's the one thing that this movie [the ''Lion King'' remake] must have and...what's the thing they also have to avoid? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Which flop deserves a second chance sequel? || || || 1**** |- | 5: What's a film that you regret paying money to see? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: There will be two movies, and you need to tell us which one should we buy? + || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best song from a Disney animated film? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which of these would you rather remake: ''E.T. [the Extra-Terrestrial]'' or ''Back to the Future''? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best Mark Wahlberg movie? || x || || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who[m] would you rather fight: an alien [Xenomorph] or a Predator? || x || 1+*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 4 |} .*Lon (''Dark Shadows (2012)'') actually lost the twitter poll with 28%. Steve (''Planet of the Apes (2001)'') won with 40% while Trisha (''Alice in Wonderland (2010)'') received 32%. .**Trisha (John Travolta and Samuel L. Jackson from ''Pulp Fiction'') also won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Lon (Jeff Bridges and John Goodman from ''The Big Lebowski'') with 32% and Steve (Mike Myers and Dana Carvey from the ''Wayne's World'' movies) with 19%. .***Steve (making the movie scary but avoiding the music) actually lost the twitter poll with 14%. Trisha (keeping the music and avoiding bad CGI) won with 54% while Lon (keeping Jeremy Irons as Scar and avoiding the "Hakuna Matata" montage) received 32%. .****Lon (''Dredd (2012)'') also won the twitter poll with 56%, followed by Trisha (''John Carter'') with 29% and Steve (''Monster Squad'') with 15%. .*****Trisha (''Movie 43'') also won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Steve (''Independence Day: Resurgence'') with 33% and Lon (''Suicide Squad'') with 30%. +Bargain bin pic of ''Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull'' and ''Terminator: Genisys.'' +*Split decision. Steve chose Lon (''Back to the Future'') while Dan, Jeff, and Andy chose Trisha (''E.T.''). +**Split decision. Dan chose Trisha (''The Departed'') while Steve and Andy chose Lon (''Boogie Nights''). Jeff abstained. +***Split decision. Jeff chose Lon (Predator) while Dan, Steve, and Andy chose Trisha. '''Episode 105: How to Fix Pirates of the Caribbean (10-8-16)'''<ref>Episode 105: How to Fix Pirates of the Caribbean (10-8-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTdFfTnlnUM</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Zack as engineer since JTE is competing. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | John Rocha || 1/4 || Third |- | Graham Elwood || New fighter || Second |- | JTE || 2/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! John !! Graham !! JTE |- | 1: What movie would you want to see an extended edition of;...what would you extend? * || || || 1** |- | 2: If you could have a commute to work everyday with one movie character, who[m] would you pick? || *** || 1 || |- | 3: What could we do to rejuvenate this franchise [''Pirates of the Caribbean'']? || || || 1**** |- | 4: What children's movie should come back as a Netflix series? || || || 1***** |- | 5: If you could improve any movie by replacing the lead character with Wolverine, what would it be? || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Not including films by George Lucas or Steven Spielberg, best Harrison Ford film? || || 0 || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You're gonna see two DVDs.+ || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best superhero sequel movie title? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie featuring Kate Winslet in any role? || x || +** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better '90s Keanu [Reeves]: ''Speed'' or ''Point Break''? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Question supplied by Billy A. Patterson. .**JTE (''Godzilla (2014)'') actually lost the twitter poll with 24% (though Dan stated that the twitter comments mostly supported him). John (''The Force Awakens'') won with 44%, followed by Graham (''The Dark Knight Rises'') with 32%. .***John (Han Solo) won the twitter poll with 55%, followed by Graham (William Shatner's James T. Kirk) with 23% and JTE (Jules Winnfield) with 22%. .****JTE also won the twitter poll with 42%, followed by Graham with 37% and John with 21%. .*****Again, JTE (''Labyrinth'') lost the twitter poll despite winning the point with 21%. John (''Harry Potter'') won with 47%, followed by Graham (''Lord of the Flies'') with 32%. +Bargain bin pic of of ''Starship Troopers'' and ''The Princess Bride''. +*Graham won unanimously despite being slower at saying ''Starship Troopers'', which JTE also regretted choosing. +**Graham chose ''The Aviator'', which did not feature her. JTE pointed this out and won the point without arguments. '''Episode 106: Cast Aladdin's Live Action Genie! - DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS!! (10-15-16)'''<ref>Episode 106: Cast Aladdin's Live Action Genie! - DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS!! (10-15-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O81xSipISOk</ref> Third Drunk Movie Fight. The winner will fight against Ken Napzok and Alicia Malone. Judged by Marc Andreyko. Spencer Gilbert as Fact Checker. He was originally supposed to be the judge. He is accompanied by fan Danny Petruska. Rules for drinking (introduced after Round 1): Any time Andy burps, Roth "gets New York," Joe blanks on a movie or actor, Marc says "Andy's right, this ''is'' tough," any time JTE makes a gaffe, and any time Andy argues with Marc. Any time the fan poll chooses a winner different than Marc's choice, the winner of the point takes a shot. Anyone who is successfully fact-checked must finish his or her drink. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || 1/6 || '''Win''' |- | Roth Cornet || 1/2 || Third |- | Joe Starr || 0/3 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%"style="width: 7% "| Andy !! style="width: 7%"|Roth !! style="width: 7%"|Joe |- | 1: Who should play the Genie [in a live-action ''Aladdin'']? || 1* || || |- | 2: What movie villain ideally should fight the Power Rangers? || 1** || || |- | 3: What non-game smartphone app, not including Skynet, or feature would make the best film? || 1 || || *** |- | 4: Pitch me the movie.**** || || 1***** || |- | 5: What two actors who have never done a sex scene together would share the most memorable sex scene? || + || || 1+* |- | TIE BREAKER 1: Hollywood's best Dave or David?+** || x || || |- | TIE BREAKER 2: Best speech in a movie? || x || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Two DVDs are gonna pop up on the screen.+*** || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Your very first favorite movie as a child? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: You have to watch the same movie four times in a row. What movie do you pick? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie character, not actor,.... smells the best? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What movie character do you definitely ''not'' want as your uber driver home? || 1+**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Andy (Joaquin Phoenix) actually lost the twitter poll with 14%. Joe (Bill Hader) won with 47%, followed by Roth (Dwayne Johnson) with 39%. .**The twitter poll agreed. .***Joe (Postmates) won the twitter poll again. .****Blind fight. Fighters had to draw a traditional actor, a non-traditional actor, and a movie title out of cups. .*****Roth won despite drawing twice from the traditional actor cup and conceding in the middle of her pitching. +Andy (Brad Pitt and Channing Tatum) won the twitter poll, so Joe had to drink. +*After Joe received the point, JTE erroneously gave Roth a second point on the scoreboard. However, it was not called out, so there was no drinking. +**Marc moved past the question after Roth and Joe could not think of answers they wanted to give. +***Bargain bin pic of ''Supergirl'' and ''Howard the Duck''. +****Andy chose Patrick Bateman from ''American Psycho,'' which was also his choice for the previous question. Joe had argued in the previous question that Bateman would smell bad in an uber due to his cologne. '''Episode 107: Best Zombie Movie w/ Walking Dead Creator Robert Kirkman! (10-22-16)'''<ref>Episode 107: Best Zombie Movie w/ Walking Dead Creator Robert Kirkman! (10-22-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PwY2jR-c6M</ref> Not counting the first episode, twenty-second episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. Twentieth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Max Landis || 2/0 || '''Win''' |- | David Alpert || New fighter || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kirkman Robert Kirkman] || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 83%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Max !! David !! Robert |- | 1: Best zombie movie? || || || 1 |- | 2: What movie would be better if you added zombies? || 1* || || |- | 3: What is the best movie twist of all time? || || 1 || |- | 4: Leonardo DiCaprio is producing the Captain America [sic] movie. ...Who should play Captain Planet and tell us what...the premise of this movie should be. || 1 || || |- | 5: What is the best movie based on a graphic novel? || || 1** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which of these two DVDs should we buy?*** || 1**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie featuring Tom Hardy in any role? || || 1***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with the word..."devil" in the title? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of the election, what movie character would you be most intimidated to debate? || 1+ || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*In a first, Andy made his decision before the twitter poll was even released. .**David won with ''The Crow'' despite losing a coin toss to Max for ''Ghost World''. .***Bargain bin pic of and ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut'' and ''Team America: World Police''. .****Split decision. Robert chose David (''Team America: World Police'') while Dan and Andy chose Max. .*****Split decision. Robert decided to be kind to Max and voted for him (''Locke'') after Dan and Andy had already chosen David (''Inception''). +Split decision. Robert chose David (Denzel Washington in ''The Great Debaters'') while Dan and Andy chose Max (Leonardo DiCaprio in ''The Wolf of Wall Street''). '''Episode 108: Deadliest Horror Villain! (10-29-16)'''<ref>Episode 108: Deadliest Horror Villain! (10-29-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vz8oiKetEI4</ref> Jon Bailey introduces the episode "Live from Scream Junkies Studios in Haddonfield, Illinois, this is Horror Fights." Judged by Collider Nightmares host Clarke Wolfe. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. Ben Begley returns after a 42 episode absence, the third-longest absence yet, 2 episodes short of Erin Robinson's second-place 44 episodes and one episode longer than Jon Schnepp's 41 that he set in episode 78. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr * || 1/9 || Second |- | Josh Robert Thompson ** || New fighter || Third |- | Ben Begley || 1/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 75%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roger !! Josh !! Ben |- | 1: Pitch two iconic horror villains that you would like to see face off in a movie. || || || 1*** |- | 2: What is the best deadliest horror movie villain? || || 1 || **** |- | 3: What familiar horror trope should be permanently retired? || 1***** || || |- | 4: What horror movie death would you least want to experience? || 1 || || |- | 5: Who is the greatest horror film director? || + || || 2 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''I, Robot'' vs. ''Prometheus''?+* || 1 || x || +** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the most badass survivor from any horror movie? || +*** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: ''The Exorcist'' or ''The Shining''? || +**** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What non-horror director should make a horror film? || +***** || x || 1++ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Roger Barr's intro graphic names him as Roger S. Pumpkins. .**Josh Robert Thompson's intro graphic erroneously names him Josh Robertson Thompson. .***Ben (Critters vs. Gremlins) also won the twitter poll with 44%, followed by Josh (Jason Voorhies vs. Jaws) with 43% and Roger (Death Bed vs Robert the tire from ''Rubber'') with 12%. .****Ben (Freddy Krueger) again won the twitter poll with 38%, followed by Josh (The Thing) with 34% and Roger (Jason Voorhies) with 28%. .*****Roger (car won't start) also won the twitter poll with 42%. Josh (found footage) and Ben (final girl tripping) tied. +Roger (John Carpenter) again won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Ben (Wes Craven) with 46% and Josh (William Friedkin) with 7%. +*Bargain bin pic, with Clarke reading aloud. +**Ben, who was stuck with ''I, Robot'', actually won the twitter poll with 55%, but this is put out before arguments are heard. +***Roger (Nancy from ''A Nightmare on Elm Street'') won the twitter poll with 83%, beating Ben (Erin from ''You're Next''). +****Roger (''The Shining'') won the twitter poll with 59%. +*****In his rebuttal, Roger indicated that his choice (Harold Ramis) directed ''Ghostbusters''. The film was directed by Ivan Reitman. Ramis was one of the screenwriters. ++Ben (Wes Anderson) also won the twitter poll with 67%, the only time in the Speed Round that Clarke agreed with the poll. '''Episode 109: What Franchise Should Wonder Woman Join? (11-5-16)'''<ref>Episode 109: What Franchise Should Wonder Woman Join? (11-5-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIu8okjbbx4</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by Lindsey Pankhurst and Abe Saldana. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Stephen Glickman || 0/2 || Second |- | Coy Jandreau || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Scott Mantz || 2/5 || Third * |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 71%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Stephen !! style="width: 7%"|Coy !! Scott |- | 1: Who is the best movie President? || || 1 || **, *** |- | 2: What iconic role should Benedict Cumberbatch play next? || 1**** || **** || |- | 3: What retro game character deserves a solo movie? || || 1 || |- | 4: What other franchise should Wonder Woman join? || || ***** || 1 |- | 5: Of all the seven [dwarves], who is the best [dwarf]? || 1 || || + |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Yell out which one we should buy.+* || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie featuring this actor in any role:....Ewan McGregor? || 1+** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best song from ''Beauty and the Beast''? || || 1+***|| x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best dramatic performance by a comedian or comedic actor? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*In his fifth consecutive third place finish in a Movie Fight, Scott becomes the second fighter after Dan to not finish in second place in any of his first eight appearances (back in episode 92, he had become the only one besides Dan to not do so in his first seven). .**Scott (James Marshall) won 53% of the twitter poll, followed by Coy (Camacho) with 29% and Stephen (Dave) with 17%. .***Dan said that Camacho took the electoral vote, but James Marshall won the popular vote. In the Presidential election five days after the taping, Donald Trump won the electoral vote while Hillary Clinton won the popular vote. .****Stephen (Inspector Gadget) and Coy (Jafar) tied on the twitter poll with 35% each, followed by Scott (James Bond) with 30%. Coy pulled ahead shortly after Andy gave the point. .*****Coy (''The Expendables'') won the twitter poll with 36%, followed by Scott (''Star Trek'') with 34% and Stephen (''Jurassic Park'') with 30%. +During Scott's introduction of his choice Happy, a picture of Doc appeared. +*Bargain bin pic of ''Rookie of the Year'' and ''Major League''. +**Split decision. Scott chose Coy (''Trainspotting'') while Lindsey, Abe, and Andy chose Stephen (''Moulin Rouge''). +***Split decision. In a near reversal of the previous question, Scott chose Stephen (''Beauty and the Beast'') while Lindsey, Abe, Dan, and Andy chose Coy ("Be Our Guest"). *Coy actually answered "Be My Guest". '''Episode 110: What is the Best Movie Alien? (11-12-16)'''<ref>Episode 110: What is the Best Movie Alien? (11-12-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-C-0cxcaF4</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Alina Lewis. Jacqueline's name is displayed on the scoreboard as "Jac." The thumbnail picture for the episode features a Squeeze Toy Alien from the ''Toy Story'' films, but this does not feature in any answer. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Brett Erlich || 0/4 || Second |- | Lon Harris || 0/1 || Third |- | Jacqueline Coley || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Brett !! Lon !! Jacqueline |- | 1: What is the best movie alien? || || || 1* |- | 2: Who should direct ''The Flash''? || || 1 || |- | 3: What other** 80's movie deserves a remake?? || 1*** || || |- | 4: What classic or iconic movie character should never be recast or rebooted? || 1 || || |- | 5: What is the best closing shot of any movie? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | colspan="4" | BREAK: Alicia Malone activates the Show Stopper to challenge Dan Murrell for the Belt while Brett tends to his bloody nose. |- ! colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 82%;" |Question !! style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 8%;" |Alicia !! style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 11%;" |Dan |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND A: If you could only watch one director's movies for the rest of your life, who[m] do you choose:...[the] Coen brothers or [Quentin] Tarantino?|| style="background: #CEF2F2;"|1 || style="background: #CEF2F2;"|**** |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND B: What is the best remake of all time? || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| 1 |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND C: Worst movie from an Academy Award-nominated director? || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | 1*****, + || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND D: Most over-the-top Nicolas Cage performance? +* || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| 1 |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND E: Best non-John Williams film score? || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| 1 |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |'''FINAL SCORES''' || style="background: #CEF2F2;" |2 || style="background: #CEF2F2;" |'''3''' |- | colspan="4" | RESUME GAME |- ! Question !! Brett !! Lon !! Jacqueline |- | SPEED ROUND A: If you had to buy one, which would you pick? +** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who'd be the better friend: Ant-Man or Doctor Strange? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of his new Netflix movie, ''True Memoirs of an International Assassin'', what is the best Kevin James movie? || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best movie to watch after a break-up? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What movie had the most impact on Tom Hanks' career? || || x || 1+**** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Jacqueline (the first Xenomorph) also won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Lon (Superman) with 32% and Brett (The Thing) with 25%. .**Besides ''An American Werewolf in London''. .***Brett (''WarGames'') also won the twitter poll with 44%. Andy had Dan reveal this before his ruling. .****Dan was slower at saying the Coen brothers. .*****Split decision. Lon chose Dan (''The Last Airbender'') while Jacqueline and Andy chose Alicia (Oliver Stone's ''Alexander''). +There was disagreement on exactly what the question asked (worst movie from the collective body of nominated directors vs. worst movie for a particular director relative to the director's total body of work). Andy initially chose Dan but, but after Alicia described her interpretation, Andy changed his mind. Lon said that an asterisk would accompany the point. +*Question previously used in episode 59. +**Bargain bin pic of ''Murder, She Baked: A Chocolate Chip Cookie Mystery'' and ''The Dog Lover''. +***Split decision. Alina chose Jacqueline (''Grown Ups''), who hadn't even seen a Kevin James movie, while Dan, Lon, and Andy all chose Brett (''Paul Blart: Mall Cop''). +****Split decision. Dan chose Brett (''Forrest Gump'') while Lon and Andy chose Jacqueline (''Philadelphia''). '''Episode 111: What is the Best Harry Potter Movie? (11-19-16)'''<ref>Episode 111: What is the Best Harry Potter Movie? (11-19-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xC5yWVe6XZw</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Erika Ishii and Roth Cornet as Fact Checkers. Jon gives a different introduction in the style of ''Harry Potter'' commercials. Andy wears Harry Potter style glasses while judging. While Gina is listed as a new fighter, she competed on TV Fights two days earlier. As usual, Spencer's name is displayed on the scoreboard as Spence. First Movie Fights episode since October 2015 in which more than 11 points are awarded. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || 1/6 || Third |- | Gina Ippolito || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/13 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! Gina !! Spencer |- | 1: What is the best ''Harry Potter'' film? || || 1* || ** |- | 2: What element of the Wizarding World are you glad doesn't really exist? || 1 || || |- | 3: If you could own one magical item from any ''Harry Potter'' film, which one would it be? || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | 4: What is the most shocking moment in the ''Harry Potter'' series? || *** || || 1 |- | 5: What actor gives the best performance throughout the ''[Harry] Potter'' franchise? **** || ***** || || 1+ |- | TIE BREAKER: You're gonna pick a name, and you're gonna have to defend why [he or she is] the best? +*, +** || || 0 || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the worst Harry Potter movie? || x || 1+***, +**** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best Hogwart[s] House? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who wins in a direct match-up:...Voldemort or Dumbledore? || x || || 1+*****, ++ |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is the best Hogwarts student other than Harry, Ron, and Hermione? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Besides Ron, who's the best Weasley? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''6''' || 4 |} .*Gina (''Prisoner of Azkaban'') also won the twitter poll with 53%. Roth mentioned this before Andy rendered his decision. .**Spencer's first choice was ''Deathly Hallows part 2'', but he lost the coin toss to Trisha. He subsequently lost a coin toss to Gina and went with ''Sorcerer's [Philosopher's] Stone''. .***Once again, Roth announce the winner of the twitter poll before Andy made his decision. Trisha (Dumbledore's death) won with 44%, followed by Spencer (Cedric Diggory's death) with 33% and Gina (Hedwig's death) with 23%. .****After Andy read the question, he said he wanted the fighters to pick a specific movie since the number of movies in which the picks appeared varied greatly (as actor Richard Harris died). However, Spencer said that would cause his answer to change, and Trisha also appeared to feel the same. So Andy simply indicated that the fighters could not use the number of movies as part of the argument. .*****Trisha won a coin toss for Alan Rickman. Despite this, Andy felt she gave the weakest argument. +Despite losing the argument, Trisha (Alan Rickman) won the twitter poll (which Andy predicted) with 74%. Spencer (Maggie Smith) received 19% while Gina (Richard Harris) received 7%. +*Trisha and Gina had to blindly pick out of a sorting hat from Hermione Granger, Ron Weasley, and Harry Potter. They respectively chose Ron and Harry. +**Andy gave more time and rounds of arguments for this question than the normal Speed Round questions. +***Spencer said "the second one" before Gina said "''Chamber of Secrets''" (which is the second movie). So Gina had to go with her next choice, ''Deathly Hallows part 1''. +****Split decision. Trisha, Erika, and Roth all chose Spencer, but Andy indicated he would have gone with Gina. He asked Erika and Roth if they were on the fence, and they indicated that they were, so he gave the point to Gina. +*****Spencer was faster at saying Dumbledore. ++Split decision. Not counting the first question of the Speed Round, this is the second overturn of the game and the ''first by Andy''. Trisha and Roth picked Gina (Voldemort), but Andy wasn't convinced because the question asked about a direct match-up while Trisha and Roth were more so referring to the long-game. '''Episode 112: Dumbest Movie Premise of All Time? (11-26-16)'''<ref>Episode 112: Dumbest Movie Premise of All Time? (11-26-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9d3SFCids4</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by Tybee Diskin. Episode aired on Screen Junkies Plus on Thanksgiving. As the group was on break, this did not air live. Additionally, there was no "After the Fight" episode that followed it. "Last Fighter Standing." Single-elimination tournament. The fighters: JTE, Sasha Perl-Raver, Scott Mantz, Coy Jandreau, Marc Andreyko, Joe Starr, Spencer Gilbert, and Mike Carlson. This episode is not counted in the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Fighters (in response order) !! Question !! colspan="2" | Eliminated |- | JTE, Sasha, Scott || 1: What movie played on loop would you use to torture someone for information? || colspan="2" | Sasha |- | JTE, Coy, Scott || 2: What major Hollywood release has the all-time dumbest premise? || colspan="2" | JTE |- | Marc*, Coy, Scott** || 3: Recast a John Travolta role with Nicolas Cage.*** || colspan="2" | Coy |- | Marc, Joe, Scott || 4: If you had to build a religion around the philosophy of any movie character, which one would you pick? || colspan="2" | Scott |- | Marc, Joe, Spencer || 5: Improve a movie by swapping out a main character with a talking dog. || colspan="2" | Joe****, Scott |- | Marc, Mike, Spencer || 6: In honor of Thanksgiving, what movie family would you want to be part of? || colspan="2" | Marc |- ! colspan="2" | Speed Round Question !! Mike !! Spencer |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND A: Who will win an Oscar first:...Will Farrell or Seth Rogen? || 1***** || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND B: There will be two movies on the screen from our bargain bin...You will have to tell me which of these two we should buy. + || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND C: What is the worst Tom Hanks movie? || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather have a drink with: Michael Keaton or Kurt Russell? || 1+* || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND E1: More dissapointing: The ''Matrix'' sequels or the ''Hobbit'' prequels? || || +** |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND E2: What's the best movie with a title that's six words or longer? || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''3''' |} .*Marc chose ''Hairspray'', Sasha's pick for the first question. .**Scott chose ''Face/Off'', his answer to the second question. .***All three fighters originally chose ''Battlefield Earth''. .****Andy threw Joe out after his argument for replacing Pvt. Ryan similar to how he threw Spencer out in the fourth round of the first Last Fighter Standing episode. However, just as JTE was removed in the same round in which he returned, Scott also was removed right after coming back. .*****Split decision. Marc chose Spencer (Will Farrell) while Sasha, Scott, Coy, and JTE chose Mike. .+Bargain bin pics of ''Now You See Me 2'' and ''My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2''. +*Split decision. Coy, Scott, and Sasha chose Spencer (Kurt Russell) while JTE, Marc, and Andy chose Mike. +**Spencer was slightly faster at saying the ''Matrix'' sequels, but Andy decided to throw out the question and go on to another one. '''Episode 113: Worst Comic Book Movie (TRICK QUESTION) (12-3-16)'''<ref>Episode 113: Worst Comic Book Movie (TRICK QUESTION) (12-3-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZPDN3yKcrM</ref> Sponsored by Nature Box. On Screen Junkies Plus, the episode title is "Best Scorsese Movie?" Also, the title card features pictures of Hal, Dan, and Coy rather than the traditional action themed card, which ''is'' what is used on youtube. Joe Starr as Fact Checker Blind fight. Fighters had no time to prepare answers. This episode introduces the concept of the Trick Question in Round 5. Not counting the first episode, twenty-third episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. Twenty-first episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/11 || Third |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/1 || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 14/7 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%"| Hal !! style="width: 7%"| Coy !! style="width: 7%"| Dan |- | 1: What is the worst Robert DeNiro performance? || 1 || * || |- | 2: What is the best Martin Scorsese movie? || || || 1** |- | 3: What is the worst prequel of all time? || || || 1*** |- | 4: In honor of ''Moana'',... what is the best Disney animal sidekick? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the worst**** comic book movie? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: I'm gonna show you two movies, and you have to tell us which one should we buy? + || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie facial hair? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND C: For the rest of your life, you can only watch one of these actors' movies.... Who[m] would you pick: Keanu Reeves or Matt Damon? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie is most improved by a second viewing? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie whose title has four words? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Coy (''Dirty Grandpa'') won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Hal (''Rocky and Bullwinkle'') with 34% and Dan (Mary Shelley's ''Frankenstein'') with 23%. .**Dan (''Raging Bull'') actually lost the twitter poll again with 17%. Hal (''Goodfellas'') won with 48% while Coy (''The Departed'') received 35%. .***Dan (''Attack of the Clones'') tied Hal (''X-Men Origins: Wolverine'') for the twitter poll victory with 34%. Coy (''The Phantom Menace'') received 32%. .****Trick question. After the fighters gave their responses, Andy made them defend their picks as the ''best''. .*****Coy (''Fantastic Four (2015)'') also won the twitter poll, followed by Dan (''Superman IV: The Quest for Peace'') and then Hal (''Catwoman''). +Bargain bin pic of ''Independence Day: Resurgence'' and ''Alice Through the Looking Glass''. +*Split decision. Joe chose Dan (Hans Gruber), but Andy and Hal chose Coy (Tony Stark). +**Split decision. Hal chose Dan (Keanu Reeves) while Joe and Andy chose Coy. '''Episode 114: Greatest Lightsaber Fighter - Star Wars: MOVIE FIGHTS! (12-10-16)'''<ref>Episode 114: Greatest Lightsaber Fighter - Star Wars: MOVIE FIGHTS! (12-10-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1gPXC6ztDg</ref> Kristian returns after a 43-episode absence. A new introduction was created for this special episode. Emma Fyffe fights in place of Maude Garrett, who was originally scheduled to fight. Emma is listed as a new fighter, but she has fought in three TV Fights. In their introductions, each fighter has a Movie Poster featuring them as each character, except for Darth Vader, who is played by Ken Napzok. Kristian, Dan, and Emma's posters respectively feature ''The Empire Strikes Back'', ''A New Hope'', and ''Return of the Jedi''. Kristian's name is listed on the scoreboard as "Harloff." Dan is accompanied on the couch by "Bachelor in Paradise" star Jared Haibon. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Kristian Harloff || 1/5 || '''Win''' |- | Dan Casey || 0/1 || Second |- | Emma Fyffe || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kristian !! Dan !! Emma |- | 1: I wanna know who gave the best individual performance of any ''Star Wars'' film? || 1 || || |- | 2: If you could pick a single character from all of Star Wars, who would come out...on top in a lightsaber battle royale? || 1* || || |- | 3: Pitch a movie set in the Old Republic. || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the best line of dialogue from any ''Star Wars'' movie? || || 1** || |- | 5: If you had to spend a year on any ''Star Wars'' moon or planet, which one would you choose? || *** || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is the best ''Star Wars'' droid? || || 1**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the overall best...lightsaber fight? || 1***** || + || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tell me something in the Star Wars universe that's worse than Jar Jar? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Other than the Millenium Falcon, what's the best ship? || 1+*, +** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Kristian (Palpatine) actually lost the twitter poll with 23%. Emma (Obi-Wan Kenobi) won with 47%, followed by Dan (Mace Windu) with 30%. .**Dan ("I know" from ''The Empire Strikes Back'') also won the twitter poll with 55%. .***Kristian (Naboo) won the twitter poll with 72%. .****Split decision. Emma chose Kristian (R2-D2) while Dan, Jared, and Andy chose Dan Casey (BB-8). .*****Split decision. Emma and Jared chose Dan Casey while Dan and Andy chose Kristian. +Dan Casey chose Palpative vs Vader and Luke, which, as Dan Murrell pointed out, was not a lightsaber fight. +*Kristian had wanted to chose the Ghost, which had only appeared in "Star Wars: Rebels" at the time. However, it did briefly appear in ''Rogue One,'' which was released the following week. +**Split decision. Dan chose Dan Casey (Slave I), while Emma, Jared, and Andy chose Kristian (TIE Fighter). '''Episode 115: Rogue One: Did We Need It!? - DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS!! (12-17-16)'''<ref>Episode 115: Rogue One: Did We Need It!? - DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS!! (12-17-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAvSAGPJA6Y</ref> Drunk Movie Fights championship. The fight montage for Drunk Movie Fights is used. No drinking rules are stated or used. Hosted by Dan Murrell. He performs his first ''and second'' overturns in this episode. Each fighter had a specialized drink that he or she was regularly served, made by James Anderson, who used the "Dan's Labyrinth" desk. Joe Starr as Fact Checker. He is accompanied on the couch by Marc Andreyko. Twenty-fourth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Not counting the first episode, twenty-fourth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. Twenty-second episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 6/4 || Third |- | Ken Napzok || 2/0 || '''Win''' |- | Andy Signore || 2/6 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Ken !! Andy |- | 1: Ruin a belovèd film classic by adding on scene. || 1 || || |- | 2: What is the most annoying thing that people do in movies but not real life? || || || 1 |- | 3: [The] ''The Fate of the Furious'' trailer came out.... We want you guys to pitch ''Fast 20''. || || 1 || |- | 4: ''Rogue One[: A Star Wars Story]'': was it necessary; do we need it? * || || || 1 |- | 5: ''Collateral Beauty'', the latest Will Smith movie, is opening this week. It is currently sitting at an admirable 14% on Rotten Tomatoes.... We want you all to name what the worst film starring Will Smith is. ** || || 1*** || |- | colspan="4" | COMMENTARY BY HAL RUDNICK (WHO HAD NOT BEEN WATCHING, BUT WAS WORKING ON A SCREEN JUNKIES SHOW SPECIAL) DURING BATHROOM BREAK |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two are in the bargain bin. Which one do you buy?**** || x || || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: What would you rather be transformed into: a Gremlin or a Minion? || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Besides Brad Pitt, who is the hottest male celebrity? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie is the best movie to put on when you're drinking alone? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the best intoxicated movie performance? +**, +***, +**** || x || 1+***** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 4 |} .*Alicia did not fight. She cast a ballot ahead of time who would win. If she was correct, she would get a point. She incorrectly chose Ken. .**Trick question. After the Alicia, Ken, and Andy named their movies (''Wild Wild West'', ''Men in Black II'', and ''After Earth''), they were told that they had to defend them as the ''best'' Will Smith movie. .***Ken stated that ''Men in Black'' came out in 1996. It came out in 1997. .****The DVD sets were the two ''Paul Blart: Mall Cop'' films and the two ''Grown Ups'' films. .*****Split decision. Third overturn of Movies Fights, and the first by Dan, who did not feel Alicia's and Joe's reasons for Ken's argument for the ''Paul Blart: Mall Cop'' movies were strong enough. +Split decision. Fourth overturn of Movie Fights, and he second by Dan, who suddenly takes the lead over Andy and Alicia. He felt Ken gave the better argument for the Minions, even though Marc, Joe, and Alicia all chose Andy. +*Andy, who chose ''The Rock'', conceded after hearing Ken's initial argument for ''Casablanca''. +**Dan clarified ahead of time that he was asking for a character, not an actor, and that any substance - not just alcohol - would count for intoxication. +***Ken and Andy were given 30 seconds for initial arguments and 15 seconds for rebuttal. +****Question submitted by Dan's girlfriend, Mara Knopic. +*****Split decision. Alicia and Marc chose Andy (Brad Pitt in ''True Romance''), while Joe and Dan chose Ken (Benicio del Toro in ''Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas''). '''Episode 116: Best Movie Decade Of All Time? - Classic Movie Fights! (12-24-16)'''<ref>Episode 116: Best Movie Decade Of All Time? - Classic Movie Fights! (12-24-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eM5dcg-7agM</ref> Hosted by Alicia Malone, who hosted the first Classic Movie Fights. Once again, the episode is shown in black and white. However, no montage is shown this time. Jessie Maltin (Leonard's daughter) as Fact Checker. However, no fact checks were performed. Sponsored by NatureBox. A promo is given for 50% off one's first order. The episode features significant instances of fighters fighting on behalf of others. However, this was viewed favorably for the arguer in determining points, rather than favorably for the person whose argument was being boosted. Pre-recorded episode. A pre-recorded episode of the Screen Junkies Show (aired 12-28-16) was taped immediately afterwards. Only six points are awarded in this episode, the lowest of any Movie or TV Fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roth Cornet || 1/3 || Second |- | Leonard Maltin || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 1/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 66%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roth !! Leonard !! Sasha |- | 1: Which classic film director would have the best career in Hollywood today? || || 1 || |- | 2: What is the best pre-1980 animated film? || 1 || * || |- | 3: What is the best song-and-dance number from any musical? || || || 1 |- | 4: Which classic film remains the most relevant in (the) 2016? || 1 || || |- | 5: What is the best all-time decade for movies? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best ''film noir''?** || || 1*** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''3'''**** || 1 |} .*Leonard switched his answer from ''Dumbo'' to ''Pinocchio''. .**Leonard was slightly faster than Roth at saying ''Double Indemnity''. She conceded the point but still made Leonard give his argument. .***Technically, Leonard sets the record for shortest Speed Round sweep as the game was called after just the one Speed Round question. .****Leonard's finish with three points is the lowest winning score of any Movie or TV Fight. '''Episode 117: What Is The Best Movie of 1994? - 1994 MOVIE FIGHTS!! (12-31-16)'''<ref>Episode 117: What Is The Best Movie of 1994? - 1994 MOVIE FIGHTS!! (12-31-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMTAxFwvRUk</ref> Fought by Andy, Spencer, and Dan, who fought in the 1999 fight a year earlier. The seating is reversed from that fight. Sponsored by NatureBox. Hosted by Joe Starr. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. Unlike Ken, who fact checked from the future in the 1999 fight, Lon fact checks from the year 1994. At the end of the youtube video of this fight, there is an advertisement for the Plus-exclusive video of the 50 best moments from the first 100 episodes of Movie Fights. Like the 1999 fight a year earlier, the fight is pre-recorded fought from the perspective of New Year's Eve of 1994. Once again, there are several anachronisms, including the playing of the fight montage. Most of these come from Joe and include the O.J. Simpson murder trial, the North American Playstation, and Pizza Hut Stuffed Crust Pizza, which all were occurred/debuted in 1995. Fighters take turns answering in reverse order from normal. As the 1999 fight is not included in the official statistics, this fight is not included either. Ninth unofficial fight to feature Dan. His third, and second consecutive, such victory. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || Second |- | Dan Murrell || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Andy !! Spencer !! Dan |- | 1: What character should Jim Carrey play next? || || 1 || * |- | 2: ''Speed'' was an amazing movie.... Pitch the setting and villain for ''Speed 2''? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who should direct and star in the live-action Jetsons movie? || || ** || 1 |- | 4: ''Forrest Gump'' was a great movie.... What pre-1994 historical figure or event should Forrest Gump visit? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the best movie of 1994? || || || 1*** |- | 6: BLIND FIGHT: What is the better movie?**** || || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Most promising director: Quentin Tarantino or Kevin Smith? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who should play the next Batman? || x || ***** || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Better breakout Brad Pitt blockbuster:... ''Interview with a Vampire'' or ''Legends of the Fall''? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better child performance: [Kristen] Dunst [in] ''Interview with a Vampire'' or Natalie Portman in ''[Léon:] The Professional''? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Dan indicated that Deadpool breaks the fourth wall. As Lon pointed out, he didn't do this until after he got his own comic series years later. .**Spencer gets knocked out after casting too many people who are not well-known in 1994 and not choosing a director. .***Dan states that he's never heard of Samuel L. Jackson (one of the stars of Spencer's choice, ''Pulp Fiction'') despite wearing a ''Jurassic Park'' shirt. .****Andy drew ''Timecop'', Spencer drew ''Stargate'', and Dan drew ''The Crow.'' Without any arguments, Andy said Spencer and Dan could go to the Speed Round. .*****Before either Spencer or Dan answered, Spencer asked Dan if Brandon Lee was still alive despite the fact that Dan drew ''The Crow'' only minutes earlier. +Split decision. Fifth overturn of Movie Fights (but the fourth in only seven episodes). Andy and Lon chose Spencer (Steven Seagal) while Joe chose Dan (Jean Claude Van Damme). '''Episode 118: Best Movie of 2016 (1-7-17)'''<ref>Episode 118: Best Movie of 2016 (1-7-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RAEKsTDmkpM</ref> Dan is accompanied by Jonathan Youngblood, Maggie Baine, and Jack Shipley, all of whom competed on January 6, 2017 (the day after this episode was taped) in a fan fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 2/7 || '''Win''' |- | Roth Cornet || 1/4 || Second |- | Scott Mantz || 2/6 || Third * |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Marc !! Roth !! Scott |- | 1: What was the best scene from a movie in 2016? || || 1** || *** |- | 2: What is the best performance of 2016? || 1 || || **** |- | 3: What is the most overrated movie of 2016? || || || 1 |- | 4: What 2016 movie would you like to officially "do-over?" || 1 || || *****, + |- | 5: What is the best movie of 2016? || || 1+* || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: For this Blind Fight, you must add Minions to your selection to make your film even better. +** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Worst movie of 2016? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who gave the funniest performance of 2016? || || 1+*** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D1: Best movie villain of 2016? +**** || || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D2: ''Deadpool'' or ''[Captain America:]'' Civil War? || 1+***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Most useless member of the Suicide Squad? || 1++, ++* || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*In his sixth consecutive third place finish in a Movie Fight, Scott becomes the second fighter after Dan to not finish in second place in any of his first nine appearances (back in episode 109, he had become the only one besides Dan to not do so in his first eight). .**Roth (''Manchester by the Sea'') actually lost the twitter poll with 19%. Marc (Wonderwoman's introduction in ''Batman v. Superman: Dawn of Justice'') won the twitter poll with 41% while Scott (the final scene in ''La La Land'') received 40%. .***During Scott's initial description, he gave a spoiler warning. A graphic appeared at the bottom of the screen, but it was the one for After the Fight, telling the audience to watch Movie Fights first. .****Scott (Emma Stone in ''La La Land'') won the twitter poll with 56%. .*****Scott initially chose Marc's choice (''X-Men: Apocalypse''), but he had to pick another option. He stated that he almost went with ''The Girl on the Train'', which was Roth's choice. +Scott (''Suicide Squad'') won the twitter poll. +*After Roth won, she admitted that Marc's choice (''Moonlight'') was her favorite film of the year. +**Marc picked ''Moonlight'', and Roth picked ''Manchester by the Sea''. These were their respective choices for question 5. +***Split decision. Jonathan chose Marc (Zac Efron in ''Neighbors 2'') while Dan, Scott, and Andy chose Roth (Ryan Gosling in ''The Nice Guys''). +****Neither Marc nor Roth could come up with an answer in time. +*****Marc one despite being slower at saying ''Deadpool''. ++Marc was faster at choosing Slipknot. Roth initially agreed but eventually chose Enchantress, who was not a member of the Suicide Squad team despite being in the movie and originally part of the squad. Strangely, she had been unwilling to choose another ''film noir'' in the final question of the recent Classic Movie Fights after Leonard Maltin chose Double Indemnity despite there existing many other options for that question. ++*Split decision. Scott chose Roth while Dan and Andy chose Marc. '''Screen Junkies Plus Exclusive: Fan Fights: Who's the Biggest Movie Star? (1-6-17)'''<ref>Screen Junkies Plus Exclusive: Fan Fights: Who's the Biggest Movie Star? (1-6-17) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/whos-the-biggest-movie-star-3072786</ref> This episode is not available on youtube. The winners of this fight and the second fan fight a week later will be competing in an official fight at the end of January, which will be on youtube. Dan is joined on the couch by Maggie's fiancé Steven. Despite the episode being live (aired at 3:00 pm PST), it is not followed by an After the Fight. However, at the end of the episode, Andy took some time to speak with the fighters. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Jonathan Youngblood || '''Win''' |- | Maggie Baine || Third |- | Jack Shipley || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 74%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jonathan !! Maggie !! Jack |- | 1: What is the best movie featuring Vin Diesel? || 1 || || |- | 2: Who is the best supporting or character actor in Hollywood today? || 1 || || |- | 3: What's the best movie that's based on a true story? || || || 1 |- | 4: At this moment today, who is the biggest movie star in the world? || || 1 || |- | 5: BLIND FIGHT: Improve [your movie] by replacing an actor or actress with Kevin James.* || || || 1** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If Ben Affleck doesn't direct ''The Batman'', who should? || 1*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie set in Los Angeles? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best character from any Pixar film? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: [Robert] De Niro or [Al] Pacino? || 1**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Jonathan, Maggie, and Jack respectively picked ''The Revenant'', ''Gladiator'' (not specified which one, but assumed to be the 2000 film), and ''The Silence of the Lambs''. .**Jack (Buffalo Bill) won the twitter poll with 36% while Jonathan (Hugh Glass) and Maggie (Commodus) tied with 32% a piece. .***Split decision. Maggie chose Jack (Joss Whedon) while Dan and Andy chose Jonathan (David Fincher). .****Split decision. Maggie chose Jack (Pacino) while Dan and Andy chose Jonathan (De Niro). '''Episode 119: Best SNL Movie Star (1-14-17)'''<ref>Episode 119: Best SNL Movie Star (1-14-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTCELu2w6uY</ref> Dan is accompanied by Jorel Blu and Dan Hernandez, two of the three fighters who competed on January 13, 2017 (the day after this episode was taped) in a fan fight. Twenty-fourth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smosh Ian Hecox] || New fighter || Third |- | Jack Henry Robbins || New fighter || Second |- | Joe Starr || 0/4 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Ian !! style="width: 5%"|Jack !! style="width: 5%"|Joe |- | 1: In honor of [Ian's and Jack's] film ''Ghostmates'',... what movie character would make the best roommate? * || || 1** || |- | 2: In honor of [''Monster Trucks''],... we wanna know what movie seems... the most like it was a young child's idea? || 1*** || || |- | 3: What "SNL" alumn[us] has had the best movie career? || || || 1**** |- | 4: In honor of ''[The] Bye Bye Man'',... what's the best movie with the worst title? || || || 1 |- | 5: In honor of [youtube videos of scenes from the first two ''Home Alone'' movies with blood added],... we wanna know what movie would be better if it [were] really bloody and gory? || ***** || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What two characters... are the best on-screen duo? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Tim Burton may direct a live-action ''Dumbo''. Who should play Dumbo? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What movie should always be playing year-round in theaters? || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND D: I'm gonna name two actors. You gotta tell me who's better:... Christopher Walken or Nicolas Cage? || x || || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E1: Which movie inspired the all-time coolest toys? +** || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND E2: What's the most annoying movie performance? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Based on a twitter question submitted in April 2015. It is a rematch of sorts. .**Jack (Lara Croft) also won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Joe (Mr. Miyagi) with 33% and Ian (Mrs. Doubtfire) with 30%. .***Ian (''Pacific Rim'') also won the twitter poll with 44%. .****Joe (Robert Downey Jr.) also won the twitter poll. .*****Ian (''Captain America: Civil War'') won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Joe (''Jumanji'') with 42% and Jack (''Blue Crush'') with 9%. +Split decision. Jorel and Dan Murrell chose Joe (''The Wizard of Oz'') while Dan Hernandez, Ian, and Andy chose Jack (''It's a Wonderful Life''). +*Split decision. Ian chose Jack (Walken) while Dan Hernandez, Jorel, Andy, and [very slightly] Dan Murrell chose Joe. +**Neither Joe nor Jack provided an answer, so Andy moved on to another question. '''Screen Junkies Plus Exclusive: Fan Fights: Best Pixar Movie (1-13-17)'''<ref>Screen Junkies Plus Exclusive: Fan Fights: Best Pixar Movie (1-13-17) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/fan-fights-best-pixar-movie-3074275</ref> This episode is not available on youtube. The winner of this fight and Jonathan Youngblood (the winner of the first fan fight a week earlier) will be competing in an official fight at the end of January, which will be on youtube. Hosted by Dan Murrell. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. Despite the episode being live (aired at 12:00 pm PST), it is not followed by an After the Fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Jorel Blu || Third |- | Adry Sotolongo || '''Win''' |- | Dan Hernandez || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 74%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jorel !! style="width: 5%"|Adry !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: What is the all-time most disappointing movie sequel? || || 1 || |- | 2: What movie franchise is the most consistently good across all entries? || || || 1 |- | 3: What's the worst Christopher Nolan movie? || 1* || || |- | 4: What is the best Pixar movie? || || 1 || |- | 5: BLIND FIGHT: Who would be the best pick to fix ''Grown Ups 3''? ** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: As of right now, as of today, who is the best comedy star? || || *** || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: This year, what will be the best comic book movie of 2017? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best Bruce Willis movie that is not part of the ''Die Hard'' franchise? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best performance in any Quentin Tarantino movie? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: what is best movie featuring Leonardo DiCaprio? || x || 1***** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 4 |} .*Jorel (''Insomnia'') also won the twitter poll with 41%, followed by Dan (''Interstellar'') with 30% and Adry (''The Dark Knight Rises'') with 29%. .**Jorel, Adry, and Dan respectively pulled Alejandro Iñarritu, Clint Eastwood, and Martin Scorsese out of a hat. .***Despite the fact that he has been dead for over two years, Adry chose Robin Williams. .****Split decision. Jorel chose Adry while Lon and Dan chose Dan (Zac Efron). .*****Split decision. Jorel chose Dan (''Catch Me If You Can'') while Lon and Dan chose Adry (''The Wolf of Wall Street''). '''Episode 120: Ultimate G.I Joe/Transformers Crossover (1-21-17)'''<ref>Episode 120: Ultimate G.I Joe/Transformers Crossover (1-21-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDUSRIMRN1k</ref> Andre Meadows returns after a 68-episode absence from competing, the longest absence yet, 3 episodes longer than Matt Raub's 65 (set in episode 86). John Flickinger returns after a 44-episode absence from competing, tying Erin Robinson for the third-longest absence after Andre and Matt Raub. Relative to the seating arrangement, the finish placements were all the same as the previous Thursday's fight. Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Dylan Berry. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dr. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Iseman Matt Iseman] || New fighter || Third |- | Andre Meadows || 1/1 || Second |- | John Flickinger || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 93%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Andre !! style="width: 6%"|John |- | 1: In honor of ''Split'',... what is the worst M. Night Shyamalan * movie? || || ** || 1 |- | 2: In honor of ''[xXx:] The Return of Xander Cage'',... what's a character that's only been in one movie that deserves a comeback? || || 1 || |- | 3: What two actors should star in the ''White Men Can't Jump'' remake? || || 1 || *** |- | 4: Pitch us a G.I. Joe/Transformers crossover movie. || 1 || || |- | 5: What's the biggest name actor with the poorest filmography? || || 1**** || |- | TIE BREAKER: What movie villain should get [his or her] own spinoff series? || x || || 0***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What movie squad would do the best against the Power Rangers? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Mel Brooks movie? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Jake Gyllenhaal performance? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: I'm gonna list two movies. You tell me which one's better and why:... ''Batman Forever'' or ''Batman v. Superman[: Dawn of Justice]''? || x || || 1+, +* |- | SPEED ROUND E1: What's the best movie about a mean or unlikable protagonist? +** || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND E2: Best Jim Carrey movie? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*In both the title card and the bottom third throughout the question, the director's last name is misspelled as "Shymalan." .**Andre (''The Last Airbender'') won the twitter poll with 69%. .***John (Michael B. Jordan and Joseph Gordon-Levitt) won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Andre (Chris Evans an Anthony Mackie) with 40% and Matt (Seth Curry and Justin Timberlake) with 17%. .****Andre (Gerard Butler) won the point ''despite'' being knocked-out. After the knock-out, Matt (Ben Affleck) and John (Nicolas Cage) were told to alternate naming good movies for the other fighter's actor. Afterwards, Dan gave summaries of the filmographies of all three, and then Andy gave the point to Andre. .*****Split decision. Dan chose Matt (Moriarty) while Dylan and Andy chose John (Loki). +John won the point despite letting Andre take ''Batman Forever'', which John was actually slightly faster in saying. +*Split decision. Dan chose Andre while Dylan, Matt, and Andy chose John. +**Neither John nor Andre could come up with an answer, so Andy moved on to another question. '''SJ Universe: Fan Fights Big Reveal! (1-25-17)'''<ref>SJ Universe: Fan Fights Big Reveal! (1-25-17) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/fan-fights-big-reveal-3076722</ref> Wild card Speed Round fight between the two second-place finishers of the recent fan fights. The winner will fight Adry Sotolongo and Jonathan Youngblood. While the SJU episode was live, the competition portion was pre-taped. Dan Hernandez was revealed as the winner before the questions were shown. The fighters fought from home via Skype while Lon Harris asked questions. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Dan Hernandez || '''Win''' |- | Jack Shipley || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Dan !! style="width: 5%"|Jack |- | SPEED ROUND A: We need the best movie Chris. || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: They're in the bargain bin; which do you pick: ''Animal House'' or ''Ferris Bueller['s Day Off]''? || 1* || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best road trip movie? || 1** || |- | SPEED ROUND D1: Best performance in a Coen Brothers movie? *** || || |- | SPEED ROUND D2: The "Walking Dead" apocalypse just happened. What movie character do you want leading your group of survivors? || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''3''' || 1 |} .*Dan was faster at saying ''Ferris Bueller''. .**Dan won despite being slower at saying ''Road Trip'' and ultimately picking ''Dumb and Dumber''. .***Question was tossed after neither Dan nor Jack could name a Coen Brother movie role. Jack was disqualified for googling, which would have meant Dan would have won the point if he simply could have named a role, but he could not. The footage was cut. '''Episode 121: Fan Fights: Worst Performance of 2016 (1-28-17)'''<ref>Episode 121: Fan Fights: Worst Performance of 2016 (1-28-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HcdqgWGFno&t=7s</ref> Episode sponsored by NatureBox. In the original airing on Screen Junkies Plus, it was announced initially that the episode was sponsored by Squarespace, but this was changed later that night. The episode features the winners of two SJ Plus-exclusive fan fights and a wild-card winner. The winner receives a Belt. This episode appears on youtube and ''is'' considered in the official statistics (no coaching or pinch-hitting was allowed). Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Randall Sans. At 2:00:16, this is the longest episode of any Screen Junkies show ever. Once again, the placement based on seating arrangement is the same as that of the previous Thursday. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jonathan Youngblood || New fighter || Third |- | Adry Sotolongo || 1/1 || Second |- | Dan Hernandez || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 93%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jonathan !! style="width: 5%"|Adry !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: In honor of our newbies here, what is the best feature film debut role by any actor? || || 1* || |- | 2: If you had a time machine, what single change would you make to a movie? || 1** || *** || |- | 3: In honor of the Razzies,... we wanted to ask what is the worst**** performance of 2016? || || || 1***** |- | 4: In honor of the Oscar nominations that came out this week,... what was the most overlooked film not announced in the nine for the Best Picture slot of this year's Oscars? || || 1 || |- | 5: We wanna know what's the worst franchise with five or more films? || || || 1+ |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best movie animal? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best ''Star Wars'' episode title? || x || +** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the better movie that got fourteen Oscar nominations: ''Titanic'' or ''La La Land''? || x || || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie improves that most on repeat viewings? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Worst Michael Bay movie? +**** || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Adry (Alan Rickman in ''Die Hard'') also won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Jonathan (Natalie Portman in ''The Professional: Léon'') with 32% and Dan (Julie Andrews in ''Mary Poppins'') with 19%. .**Jonathan (casting Maggie Gyllenhaal as Rachel in ''Batman Begins'') actually lost the twitter poll with only 10%. Dan (recasting Anakin Skywalker in ''Star Wars Episodes II'' and ''III'') won with 47% (despite being the last choice for both Andy and Dan Murrell) followed by Adry (condensing ''The Hobbit'' trilogy into one movie) with 43%. .***Dan indicated that he felt Adry should have won as Jonathan's and Dan Hernandez's changes were minor and inconsequential. .****Trick question. After the fighters gave their answers, they had to defend their choices as the best. .*****Dan (Jared Leto in ''Suicide Squad'') also won the twitter poll with 46%, followed by Jonathan (Kevin Spacey in ''Nine Lives'') with 31% and Adry (Robert DeNiro in ''Dirty Grandpa'') with 23%. +Andy spent over six minutes to make the decision on the fifth point. Ultimately, Randall indicated that Dan made the better argument for the ''Step Up'' franchise even though he thought some of the movies were good, so Andy went along with him after leaning towards Jonathan. +*Split decision. Jonathan chose Dan (Willy from ''Free Willy'') while Dan, Randall, and Andy chose Adry (Simba). +**This question had previously been given to the fighters to prepare. Adry had forgotten what she said (''Revenge of the Sith'') and went with ''The Empire Strikes Back'' and unanimously lost to Dan (''The Force Awakens''). +***Dan was faster at saying ''Titanic'' and won. +****Andy gave each fighter an extra ten seconds after the rebuttals. '''Episode 122: Stoned Fights: Who Should Direct the Batman? (w/ Doug Benson, Greg Proops and Horatio Sanz) (2-4-17)'''<ref>Episode 122: Stoned Fights: Who Should Direct the Batman? (w/ Doug Benson, Greg Proops and Horatio Sanz) (2-4-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMmaCHPVSGc</ref> Billed on Screen Junkies Plus as "Who Should Direct the Batman? - MOVIE FIGHTS: Joint Edition!" Fourth Movie Fights team fight. The episode does not count in the statistics. Tenth unofficial fight to feature Dan. His fourth, and third consecutive, such victory following six straight defeats. Hosted by Doug Benson, whose show "The High Court" is about to premiere on Comedy Central. Joe Starr as Fact Checker. He is accompanied on the couch by Lon Harris. Answers were not shared beforehand by the competing teams. Also for the most part, answers were not previously discussed between the two members of a team. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Horatio Sanz/Andy Signore || Lose |- | Dan Murrell/Greg Proops || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 93%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Team Horatio !! Team Greg |- | 1: Who should direct ''The Batman''? || || 1 |- | 2: What film from the last five years will inspire the most irritating nostalgia in about 20 years? || 1* || |- | 3: Which two celebrities would you wanna see become gigantic and fight in a city King Kong vs. Godzilla style? || || 1** |- | 4: Who is the greatest living actor? || || 3 |- | 5: BLIND PITCH: Tell us why that would be better than the other team's combination.*** || 1**** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Most realistic stoned movie performance? || || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: What movie would be most improved if instead of guns, everyone fought with magic? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Channing Tatum or Zac Efron? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie featuring Vince Vaughn? || || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''6''' |} .*Horatio/Andy (''Minions'') also won the twitter poll with 68% over Dan/Greg (''Iron Man'' series). .**Dan/Greg (Meryl Streep and The Rock) also won the twitter poll with 71% over Horatio/Andy (Jennifer Lawrence and Mo'Nique) .***Each team picked an actor, a non-acting celebrity, and a genre out of hats. .****Horatio/Andy actually lost the poll (which was revealed before Doug made his decision). .*****Split decision. Joe chose Horatio/Andy (Matthew McConaughey in ''Dazed and Confused''), but Doug chose Dan/Greg (Jeff Bridges in ''The Big Lebowski''). +Dan/Greg (''Old School'') won without arguments over Horatio/Andy (''Swingers''). '''Episode 123: Who Should Get Their Own LEGO Movie? (2-11-17)'''<ref>Episode 123: Who Should Get Their Own LEGO Movie (2-11-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJbGJCathBY</ref> Episode sponsored by NatureBox. Backyard brawl. Though he is listed as a new fighter, Billy has won an episode of TV Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | JTE || 3/1 || '''Win''' |- | Lon Harris || 0/2 || Third |- | Billy A. Patterson || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 99%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! JTE !! style="width: 5%"|Lon !! Billy |- | 1: In honor of ''The Lego Batman Movie'',... we wanted to ask you guys: who's the next character that should get [his or her] own adventure? || || || 1* |- | 2: Who is the worst successful director? || 1 || || ** |- | 3: If you could cancel any upcoming or potential sequel, right now, any one on the deck, what would it be? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: What mainstream studio franchise would you most want to see Quentin Tarantino join? || || 1**** || |- | 5: What is the most overrated movie of all time? || 1***** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Best movie dad? || x || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would win in a fight: Rocky [Balboa] or [John] Rambo? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Since you all work on the show, what's the best Speed Round question we've ever asked, can be TV Fights or Movie Fights? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who[m] would you rather be in a hot tub with: Negan or [Donald] Trump? +* || 1+** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 2 |} .*Billy (Darth Vader) also won the twitter poll with 48%, followed by JTE (Spider-Man) with 36% and Lon (Roger Rabbit) with 16%. .**Once again, Billy (Zack Snyder) won the twitter poll with 53%, followed by JTE (McG) with 34% and Lon (Marc Forster) with 13%. .***Lon (''Die Hard Year One'') won the twitter poll with 52%, followed by JTE (''Space Jam 2'') with 39% and Billy (''Ant-Man and the Wasp'') with 9%. .****Lon (''Alien'') actually lost the twitter poll with 27%. Billy (James Bond) won with 37%, followed by JTE (''The Expendables'') with 36%. .*****JTE (''Avatar'') also won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by Billy (''E.T: The Extra-Terrestrial'') with 24% and Lon (''The Matrix'') with 18%. +JTE was faster at saying Rambo and unanimously won the point. +*This question, which was actually a TV Fights question, was Billy's winning answer to the previous question. +**Split decision. Lon chose Billy (Negan), while Dan and Andy chose JTE. '''Episode 124: What Schwarzenegger Character Would Win in a Battle Royale? (2-18-17)'''<ref>Episode 124: What Schwarzenegger Character Would Win in a Battle Royale? (2-18-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nXX8dR-tNLo</ref> Mike Carlson fights against his two friends, the writers of the film ''Fist Fight.'' Dan is accompanied on the couch by Shane Schlosser. Relative to the seating arrangement, the finish placements were all the same as the previous fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 8/7 || '''Win''' |- | Evan Susser || New fighter || Third |- | Van Robichaux || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 99%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Evan !! style="width: 5%"|Van |- | 1: What is the greatest all-time movie fist fight? || || || 1* |- | 2: Which Arnold Schwarzenegger character would kill all the others in a battle royale? || || 1 || ** |- | 3: Apparently, in the new Han Solo movie, they will be having a new droid introduced.... We want you to pitch your own ''Star Wars'' droid. || 1*** || || |- | 4: In honor of the Oscars,... we want you to pitch a sequel to one of this year's Best Picture nominees? || 1 || || |- | 5: What series should crossover with the ''Fifty Shades'' franchise? || || || 1**** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Give me the name of the character... who gave the worst ''Batman'' villain performance? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of ''Taken'' coming to TV, what's the greatest ever Liam Neeson performance? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of the new Team Thor short, which Avenger would make the best roommate? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What animated character should join [the] ''The Fast and the Furious'' franchise? || || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Van (''They Live'') actually lost the twitter poll with 26%. Mike (''Fight Club'') won with 38%, followed by Evan (''The Karate Kid'') with 36%. .**Van (The original Terminator) won the twitter poll with 77%, followed by Evan (real Arnold from ''Pumping Iron'') with 12% and Mike (John Kruger) with 11%. .***Mike also won the poll with 40%, followed by Van with 31% and Evan with 29%. .****Van (The LEGO universe) also won the poll with 44%, followed by Mike (the DCEU) with 41% and Evan (''The Avengers'') with 15%. .*****Split decision. Evan chose Van (Jeep Swenson as Bane from ''Batman and Robin''), but Andy, Shane, and Dan chose Mike (Uma Thurman as Poison Ivy, also from ''Batman and Robin''). +Split decision. Dan and Evan chose Mike (Oscar Schindler) (with Evan disqualifying himself), but Shane and Andy chose Van (Qui-Gon Jinn). '''Episode 125: Improve a Movie By Adding Predator! (2-25-17)'''<ref>Episode 125: Improve a Movie By Adding Predator! (2-25-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXO7owEIjXE</ref> Episode sponsored by T-Mobile. Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Patrick Cummings. On Screen Junkies Plus, the title fight was originally Best Batman Movie, complete with an associated title card. It is changed on both youtube and Screen Junkies Plus, but the SJ Plus web address still ends with "best-batman-movie-3083168." Grae sets the record for longest absence with 70 episodes, 2 episodes longer than the record set by Andre Meadows six episodes earlier. However, she did appear in an episode of Movie Games in early 2016. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Grae Drake || 0/1|| '''Win''' |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/12 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Kashian Jackie Kashian] || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 99%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Grae !! style="width: 5%"|Hal !! Jackie |- | 1: Uma Thurman... regretted turning down ''Lord of the Rings''.... What's the one role an actor passed on that you wish [he or she] had accepted? || || 1 || * |- | 2: We wanted you to improve any movie by making the villain a Predator. || || 1** || |- | 3: What is the best ''Batman'' movie? || 1 || || |- | 4: ''The Purge 4'' was announced.... What movie character would you most want with you on Purge Night? || 1 || || |- | 5: Off of the success of ''John Wick Chapters 1'' and ''2'', what franchise should he [Chad Stehelski] take on next? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: ? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: ? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: ? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: ? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Jackie (Will Smith vs Keanu Reeves in ''The Matrix'') won 44% of the twitter vote, followed by Hal (Molly Ringwald vs Julia Roberts in ''Pretty Woman'') with 31% and Grae (Tom Hanks vs Tom Cruise in ''Jerry Maguire'') with 25%. .**Hal (''The Hangover Part II'') won with 43%, followed by Grae (''Mean Girls'') with 38% and Jackie (''It's a Wonderful Life'') with 19%. '''Episode 126: Star Wars vs Star Trek! (3-4-17)'''<ref>Episode 126: Star Wars vs Star Trek! (3-4-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-u9Qxxkbjmg</ref> At 2 hours and 12 minutes, this is the longest episode of any Screen Junkies show ever. Due to its length, it is not followed by an After the Fight. Second episode with this title. Ironically, the first episode with this title (episode 8) was the shortest episodes of Movie Fights ever. One-on-one fight. The first of three quarter-finals matches for the Belt. John Rocha brings his Schmoedown Belt that he won from Dan in February. Names are displayed on the scoreboard as "MANTZ" and "ROCHA." Dan is accompanied by five fans: Jake, Brie, Antonio, Matthew, and Simone. This fight's results are not included in the overall statistics due to the nature of the fight (one-on-one). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Scott Mantz || '''Win''' |- | John Rocha || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 62%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Scott !! John |- | 1: What is the best Ridley Scott movie? || || 1* |- | 2: What is Steven Spielberg's ** most overrated movie? || || 1*** |- | 3: ''Star Wars'' vs. ''Star Trek''! ****, ***** || 1+ || |- | 4: We wanna know what is the best Bill Paxton performance? || || 1 |- | 5: What actress, currently thirty or under, will be the next Meryl Streep? || 1+* || |- | 6: Best film of the year? +** || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie featuring Jason Statham? || +*** || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: If Godzilla ever speaks in a movie, who should provide the voice? || 1+***** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best year in movies? || 1++ || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Worst movie where Matt Damon plays the lead? || || 1++* |- | SPEED ROUND E: Name a movie that features the best rivalry.++** || 1++*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 |} .*John (''Alien'') also beat Scott (''Blade Runner'') the twitter poll with 65%. .**The question card and the bottom third both misspell the name as "Speilberg." .***John (''Saving Private Ryan'') actually lost to Scott (''Minority Report'') in the poll with only 41%. .****In the question card, Trek is mispelled as Tek. .*****Question originally used for the second round of episode 8 in November 2014. +Scott (''Star Trek'') actually only received 22% of the twitter vote. +*Scott (Emma Stone) narrowly beat John (Brie Larson) 51% to 49% in the poll. +**Trick question. Scott and John had to respectively argue for ''Moonlight'' and ''La La Land'', the opposite of their initial choices. +***Scott was faster at saying ''Crank''. John tried to think of ''Snatch'', an although Scott offered to switch, John chose ''Spy''. +****Split decision. Jake and Antonio picked Scott while Simone, Dan, and Andy chose John. +*****After arguments, Andy asked John and Scott to give a line in the voice of their choices (respectively Vin Diesel and James Earl Jones). Based on this, Andy awarded the point to Scott. ++Split decision. Dan chose John (1994) due to his ability to name several movies while Andy chose Scott (1939) because John incorrectly stated that ''Chocolat'' was released in 1994 (the two movies with that title were released six years earlier and six years later). ++*Split decision. Dan chose Scott (''Jason Bourne'') while Andy and all five fans chose John (''The Great Wall''). ++**Previously asked to the fights on the phone, so they had time to prepare. ++***Split decision. All of the fans chose John (''The Empire Strikes Back'') while Dan, JTE, and Andy chose Scott (''Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan''). '''Episode 127: What Superhero Should Return When They're Old? w/ Paul Scheer & Kumail Nanjiani (3-11-17)'''<ref>Episode 127: What Superhero Should Return When They're Old? w/ Paul Scheer & Kumail Nanjiani (3-11-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GP7xokV7OBQ</ref> Sponsored by NatureBox. As usual, Spencer's name is on the scoreboard as "Spence." Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Michael Sugarman. Twenty-third episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Scheer Paul Scheer] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumail_Nanjiani Kumail Nanjiani] || New fighter || Second |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/14 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Paul !! Kumail !! Spencer |- | 1: This weekend, ''Kong: Skull Island'' opens.... Can you please improve a film by adding King Kong? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Best James Cameron movie? || 1 || || ** |- | 3: In honor of ''Logan'', which is amazing,... what actor/superhero should return for a final film where [he or she is] old? || || 1*** || |- | 4: Pitch a reboot of a Jean-Claude Van Damme movie. || 1 || || **** |- | 5: What's the nerdiest movie ever? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the most underrated action one-liner of all time? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Yell which one we should buy.***** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What's the worst ever movie based on a video game? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which one should we watch: ''Con Air'' or ''Air Force One''? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: If the remade the film ''Road House'', who should star? || || 1+ || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Who's the best member of [the] ''The Fast and the Furious'' crew? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 || 0+* |} .*Spencer (''The Lost World: Jurassic Park'') won the twitter poll with 50%. .**Once again, Spencer (''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'') won the poll with 46% while Paul (''Aliens'') received 31%, and Kumail (''Titanic'') received 23%. .***Kumail (Tobey Maguire's Spider-Man) also won the twitter poll with 50%. .****Spencer (''Bloodsport'') won the poll with 35%, followed by Paul (''Double Impact'') with 33% and Kumail (''Timecop'') with 32%. .*****Bargain bin pic of ''Air Bud'' Special Edition and ''Marley & Me''. +Split decision. Spencer chose Paul (The Rock) while Dan, Michael, and Andy chose Kumail (Michelle Rodriguez). +*Already the only person to reach 14 losses, Spencer becomes the first to reach 15 losses. '''Episode 128: Aladdin vs The Little Mermaid vs The Lion King!- DISNEY MOVIE FIGHTS (3-18-17)'''<ref>Episode 128: Aladdin vs The Little Mermaid vs The Lion King!- DISNEY MOVIE FIGHTS (3-18-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YlX5viLxuc</ref> Sponsored by Quidd.co Disney-themed episode due to the upcoming remake of ''Beauty and the Beast.'' Judged by Classic Movie Fights winner Leonard Maltin, but hosted by Andy. At the end of the episode, Dan announces the fighters for the next week's quarter-finals match (Champ's Choice): Hal Rudnick, JTE, and Coy Jandreau. Twenty-fourth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sarah Sterling || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Jenny Nicholson || New fighter || Third |- | Andre Meadows || 1/2 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 81%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Sarah !! Jenny !! Andre |- | 1: Who is the best Disney princess? * || 1** || || |- | 2: What Disney film not currently represented by [a] Disneyland or Disney World ride most deserves one? || || || 1*** |- | 3: What was the best movie from the Disney Renaissance? **** || || || 1***** |- | 4: What is the worst Disney song? + || 1 || || +* |- | 5: Who is the best Disney prince? || 1 || || +** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who's better:... Pumbaa or Timon? || || x || 1+***, +**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who gives the best-ever vocal performance in any Disney movie? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tell me [which is better:] ''Cinderella'' or ''Sleeping Beauty''? || || x || 1+*****, ++ |- | SPEED ROUND D: What pre-existing franchise or property should Disney buy next? || 1++* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What classic story, any story, most deserves an animated Disney version? || || x || 1++** |- | TIE BREAKER: Best Disney villain? || 1++*** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 0 || 5 |} .*Question previously fought in episode 45. .**Sarah (Mulan) also won the twitter poll with 51% while Andre (Jasmine) received 26%, and Jenny (Moana) received 23%. .***Andre (''Wreck-It Ralph'') also won the poll with 49% while Jenny (''The Lion King'') received 38%, and Sarah (''The Princess and the Frog'' taking over Splash Mountain from ''Song of the South'') received 13%. .****Defined as 1989 (''The Little Mermaid'') through 1999 (''Tarzan'' and ''Fantasia 2000''). .*****Andre (''The Little Mermaid'') actually lost the poll with only 11%. Sarah (''The Lion King'') won with 62% followed by Jenny (''Aladdin'') with 27%. +Question submitted by Jack Shipley. In his tweet, he included the hashtag #TrickQuestion, indicating that he may have wanted the fighters to be forced to subsequently argue their choices as being the ''best''. +*Andre ("Fixer Upper" from ''Frozen'') won the poll with 48%, followed by Sarah ("A Guy Like You" from ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame'') with 28% and Jenny ("Human Again," deleted from ''Beauty and the Beast''). Andy indicated he would have chosen Jenny. +**Andre (Aladdin) won the poll with 60%, followed by Sarah (Flynn Rider from ''Tangled'') with 32% and Jenny (Prince Naveen from ''The Princess and the Frog'') with 8%. +***Andre was slower at saying Pumbaa, but ultimately won. +****Split decision. Andy chose Sarah (Pumbaa) while Dan, Jenny, and Leonard all chose Andre. +*****Andre was slower at saying ''Cinderella'', but ultimately won. ++Split decision. Jenny chose Sarah (''Cinderella'') while Dan, Andy, and Leonard all chose Andre. ++*Split decision. Jenny chose Andre (DC) while Dan, Andy, and Leonard all chose Sarah (LEGO). ++**Split decision. Dan very slightly learned towards Sarah ("Hansel and Gretel") while Jenny, Andy, and Leonard chose Andre ("Super Mario Bros.") ++***Split decision. Dan chose Andre (Maleficent from ''Sleeping Beauty''), and then Andy, Jenny, and Leonard all chose Sarah (Scar from ''The Lion King''). '''Episode 129: What Superhero Movie Performance Deserves an Oscar? (3-25-17)'''<ref>Episode 129: What Superhero Movie Performance Deserves an Oscar? (3-25-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nO1N-Gdsefg</ref> Champ's choice fight. Second of three quarter-finals matches. The winner will fight Scott Mantz and one yet-to-be-determined fighter in a semi-final, which in turn will decide who takes on Dan one-on-one for the Belt. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Casey Erin Kinney and Conor Kinney. *Dan does not vote in the Speed Round as it could influence whom he'd face. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/2 || Second |- | JTE || 4/1 || '''Win''' |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/13 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Coy !! style="width: 5%"|JTE !! style="width: 5%"|Hal |- | 1: In honor of the legendary Dan Murrell "SeaQuest" fight and ''Power Rangers'' opening this weekend, we wanted to ask what '90s live-action TV show deserves a movie? || || 1* || |- | 2: What superhero movie performance that didn't win one deserved an Academy Award? || || || 1** |- | 3: What is the greatest [Sylvester] Stallone performance? ***, **** || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the greatest movie stunt sequence of all time? || 1***** || || |- | 5: BLIND FIGHT: In honor of Champ's Choice, we wanted to do something a little bit aimed at Dan, uh, so we wanted to ask this silly question: who should direct a remake of Dan's favorite film, ''Jaws''? + || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: It was recently revealed that we will learn Han Solo's real name in his standalone film. What should Han Solo's real name be? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie spaceship? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best movie featuring Wesley Snipes? || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What two other superheroes should get a film built around them fighting à la ''Batman v. Superman[: Dawn of Justice]''? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: You have to watch the same movie four times in one day. What movie do you pick? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*JTE ("Walker, Texas Ranger") actually lost the poll with only 20%. Coy ("The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air") won with 42%, followed by Hal ("Quantum Leap") with 38%. .**Hal (Michelle Pfeiffer as Catwoman in ''Batman Returns'') actually lost the poll with only 19%. JTE (Jack Nicholson as The Joker in ''Batman'') won with 45%, followed by Coy (Michael Fassbender as Magneto in ''X-Men: First Class'') with 35%. .***Trick question. Each had to argue why his choice was Stallone's ''worst'' performance. .****During the fight, the bottom of the screen misspelled "Sylvester" as "Slyvester" possibly due to his nickname Sly. .*****Coy (poll stunts in ''Mad Max: Fury Road'') also won the twitter poll. +Each fighter picked a name out of a hat. Coy drew Jordan Peele, JTE drew Darren Aronofsky, and Hal picked the Coen Brothers. +*Split decision. Hal picked JTE (''White Men Can't Jump''), but then Casey and Andy picked Coy (''Blade''). +**Split decision. Sixth overturn of Movie Fights (second by Andy). Hal and Conor chose Coy (Spider-Man and Venom), but Andy chose JTE (Dr. Strange and Loki). *Both fighters actually chose a superhero and a villain, but Andy allowed it. '''Episode 130: Who Should Play Joss Whedon's Batgirl? - Collider All Stars! (4-1-17)'''<ref>Episode 130: Who Should Play Joss Whedon's Batgirl? - Collider All Stars! (4-1-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JK-MAPJwYM</ref> The SJ Plus web address for this fight ended in "who-should-play-venom-collider-all-stars-3093619" even though Venom is not mentioned in this fight. "Sponsored" by Screen Junkies mugs. Third "Last Fighter Standing." Single-elimination tournament. The episode features Collider Video employees. The advertised fighters were Ken Napzok, Wendy Lee, Dennis Tzeng, Kristian Harloff, John Campea, Jon Schnepp, Perri Nemiroff, and Mark Reilly. *Wendy and Dennis are the only two who have never participated in a Screen Junkies fight (Perri has only competed on TV Fights). Coincidentally, they are also the only two who have not competed both individually and as part of a team in the Schmoedown (Wendy has not competed in the Schmoedown either individually or as part of a team while Dennis has appeared only as part of a team). *Campea was replaced by Josh Macuga, who has also competed in the Schmoedown in both singles and teams. While he has competed on TV Fights, this is his first Movie Fight. **Had Campea competed, this would have been his first fight not as part of a team. Unlike previous Last Fighter Standing fights, the winner does not receive any advantage. Order was determined by names drawn out of a hat. Perri was chosen first and got to choose the first question. Josh and Mark were the next two picked. The winner of each question was allowed to choose the next of the six questions. That person would also be the first to fight, followed by the second place finisher. *One of the questions below (6A) is absent from the youtube video, causing the video to be shorter. This episode is not counted in the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 9%|Winner !! style="width: 9%|Second !! style="width: 9%|Eliminated |- | 1: 3. Pitch Adam Sandler's next terrible Netflix movie. || Mark * || Perri || Josh |- | 2: 5. Who's the best all-time movie monster? || Perri ** || Kristian || Mark |- | 3: 4. Who should be Joss Whedon's... Batgirl? *** || Kristian || Perri || Wendy |- | 4: 2. What is Hugh Jackman's best non-Wolverine role? || Kristian **** || Perri || Jon ***** |- | 5: 1. What movie character you'd most want as your boss? || Dennis || Perri || Kristian + |- | 6A: 6. BLIND FIGHT: Eliminating sequels and TV movies, what's the worst Stephen King adaptation? +* || || || |- | 6B: 6. BLIND FIGHT: What movie should be always playing in Heaven's largest IMAX theater? || Ken || Perri || Dennis |- ! colspan="2" | Speed Round Question !! Perri !! Ken |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND A: What superhero should Aaron Sorkin adapt into a film? || 1 || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best movie featuring Russell Crowe? || 1 || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND C: What animated character would make the best imaginary friend? || || 1+** |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND D: Best ''Star Wars'' character who doesn't appear in the original trilogy of... films? || || 1+*** |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND E: Best comedy that never had a prequel or sequel? || || 1+**** |- | colspan="2" | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''3''' |} .*Mark actually lost the twitter poll with 23%, and Josh actually won the twitter poll with 45%. .**Once again, the poll winner was eliminated while the poll loser was Andy's choice for winner. Perri (The Fly) only won 7% of the vote. Mark (the Xenomorph Queen) won 64% while Kristian (the original King Kong) won 29%. .***Dan stated that the choices were nearly tied on twitter, 35% to 33% to 32%, not naming which was which. .****Twitter agreed with Andy's order. Kristian (''Prisoners'') received 53% of the poll while Perri (''Les Misérables'') received 35%, and Jon (''The Fountain'') received 12%. *Dan actually had indicated that he felt Jon gave the ''best'' argument of the three. .*****On After the Fight, Jon indicated his first choice was ''Les Misérables.'' +Kristian (Ferris Bueller) actually won the twitter poll with 54%, followed by Dennis (Mr. MacMillan from ''Big'') with 30% and Perri (Pat Finley from ''Heavyweights'') with 16%. +*Nobody could come up with an answer for this question, so Andy threw it out. It was edited from the youtube video of the fight. +**Split decision. Josh and Jon chose Perri (WALL-E) while Kristian, Dennis, Wendy, Mark, and Andy all chose Ken (Fievel). +***Split decision. Kristian, Wendy, Jon, and Josh all chose Perri (BB-8), but Mark, Dennis, Dan, and Andy chose Ken (Mace Windu). +****Split decision. Josh, Kristian, and Mark chose Perri (''Billy Madison''), but Dennis, Wendy, Jon, Dan, and Andy chose Ken (''Bridesmaids''). '''Episode 131: Biggest Summer Blockbuster of 2017?! Spider-Man: Homecoming v Guardians Vol 2! (4-8-17)'''<ref>Episode 131: Biggest Summer Blockbuster of 2017?! Spider-Man: Homecoming v Guardians Vol 2! (4-8-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33XxhKZ0Qs4&t=2261s</ref> On SJ Plus, this episode is simply titled "Biggest Summer Blockbuster of 2017?!" Lon Harris as Fact Checker. He accompanied by fan Travis Wladkowski. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | William Bibbiani || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Brett Erlich || 0/5 || Second |- | Adi Shankar || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! William !! Brett !! style="width: 5%"|Adi |- | 1: What non-''Terminator'' film/franchise should Arnold [Schwarzenegger] re-visit or take over? * || || 1 || |- | 2: Best movie featuring Morgan Freeman? || 1 || ** || |- | 3: What will be the biggest summer blockbuster of 2017? || || || 1*** |- | 4: [Sylvester] Stallone is apparently no longer doing ''The Expendables''.... So we wanna ask who should replace him... and what should [his or her] team be? || 1 || || |- | 5: In honor of ''It'', what's the best all-time horror reboot? || 1**** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Besides ''Alien 3'', what's the worst David Fincher movie? || x || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What movie would be improved if every character died in the end? || || 1***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: I'm gonna name two actors. You have to tell me who's better:... Meryl Streep or Daniel Day-Lewis? || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What animated film should Hollywood definitely never adapt to live-action? || 1+* || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 2 || 1 |} .*While Andy asked this question, the title card for the third question was displayed. Further, during discussion, "re-visit" is spelled "revist." .**Brett (''The Shawshank Redemption'') won the twitter poll with 57%, followed by William (''Se7en'') with 37% and Adi (''Deep Impact'') with 6%. .***Adi (''Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2'') also won the poll with 60%, followed by Brett (''Spider-Man: Homecoming'') with 34% and William (''Transformers: The Last Knight'') with 7%. .****William (''The Fly'') also won the poll with 47%, followed by Brett (''The Ring'') with 36% and Adi (''Let Me In'') with 17%. .*****Split decision. Travis chose William (''The Wizard of Oz''), while Lon, Adi, and Andy chose Brett (''The Avengers''). +Split decision. Adi chose Brett (Daniel Day-Lewis), but then Lon, Travis, and Andy all chose William. +*Split decision. Travis chose Brett (''Fantasia''), while Lon, Adi, and Andy chose William (''My Neighbor Totoro''). '''Episode 132: Who is the Greatest Director of The 1970s?! - CLASSIC FIGHTS!! (4-15-17)'''<ref>Episode 132: Who is the Greatest Director of The 1970s?! - CLASSIC FIGHTS!! (4-15-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tY8a1fxMyyE</ref> Alicia returns to host, as she has with the previous two Classic Fights. Lon returns as Fact Checker as Dan is fighting. He is accompanied by Australian fan Adam Horton. Twenty-fifth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. The regular montage is used in the beginning of this fight, albeit in black and white, like the rest of the show. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dave Karger || New fighter || Second |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/14 || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 15/7 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 73%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Dave !! style="width: 5%"|Hal !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: What is the greatest all-time "femme fatale" performance? || || || 1* |- | 2: BLIND FIGHT: Who is the best director of the '70s? ** || 1*** || || |- | 3: Which classic film star would you want to see in a present-day, violent, gritty, R-rated movie? || 1**** || || |- | 4: Which movie is the ultimate time capsule? || || || 1 |- | 5: What classic film genre should make a comeback? || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 0 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What classic film star's life would make the best biopic? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Bette Davis or Joan Crawford? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie directed by Billy Wilder? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best classic horror film? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 0 || '''6''' |} .*Dan (Barbara Stanwyck in ''Double Indemnity'') also won the twitter poll with 45%, followed by Hal (Rita Hayworth in ''The Lady from Shanghai'') with 36% and Dave (Jean Tierney in ''Laura'') with 19%. .**First time in Movie Fights history in which a new fighter participates in a Blind Fight. This was done because each fighter had chosen Francis Ford Coppola. Dave chose Steven Spielberg, Hal chose Martin Scorsese, and Dan chose Woody Allen. .***Dave also won the poll with 45%, followed by Hal with 42% and Dan with 13%. .****Dave (Steve McQueen) also won the poll with 59%, followed by Hal (Kirk Douglas) with 29% and Dan (Lee Marvin) with 12%. .*****Dan (hard-boiled detective movies) also won the poll with 53%, followed by Hal (slap-stick comedy) with 32% and Dave (women's pictures) with 15%. '''Episode 133: What Avengers Actor Is the Most Replaceable? (4-22-17)'''<ref>Episode 133: What Avengers Actor Is the Most Replaceable? (4-22-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsVJZ1xNHpA</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Tony Revolori || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Gina Ippolito || 1/0 || Third |- | Baron Vaughn || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Tony !! style="width: 5%"|Gina !! style="width: 7%"|Baron |- | 1: Of all the Avengers we know now, which Avenger actor is most replaceable? || 1 || * || |- | 2: What role would you most want to see an older actor re-visit using [de-aging] technology? || 1** || || |- | 3: What modern-day movie deserves the ["Mystery Science Theater 3000"] treatment? || || || 1***, **** |- | 4: What movie is the biggest improvement over its source material? || || 1***** || |- | 5: There's rumor of a ''Star Wars'' hotel spaceship that you could live in,... so we thought what would be the best movie to inspire a[n] awesome theme hotel? || + || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Worst movie featuring Harrison Ford? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What actor should play a ''Bond'' villain? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who's the best actor that has appeared in any ''Fast & (The) Furious'' film? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: I'm gonna name two actors. Tell me who's the best: Emma Thompson or Helen Mirren? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie featuring Will Smith? +* || 1+** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Gina (Jeremy Renner) won the twitter poll with 71%, but Dan indicates most of the comments agreed with Tony (Chris Evans). .**Tony (Clint Eastwood in the ''Man With No Name''/''Dollars'' trilogy) actually lost the twitter poll with 25%. Baron (Sean Connery in the ''Bond'' series) won with 40%, followed by Gina (Macauley Culkin in the ''Home Alone'' franchise) with 35%. .***Baron's winning choice of ''Suicide Squad'' was Gina's first choice. .****Baron (''Suicide Squad'') also won the poll with 51%, followed by Gina (''Twilight'') with 31% and Tony (''xXx: Return of Xander Cage'') with 19%. .*****Gina (''The Princess Bride'') also won the twitter poll with 43%. +Tony chose ''The Grand Budapest Hotel'', in which he appeared. +*As mentioned by Andy, this question was previously used in episode 20 (3-1-2015). +**Split decision. Gina chose Baron (''Six Degrees of Separation''), but then Dan and Andy chose Tony (''The Pursuit of Happyness''). '''Episode 134: Who Is The Best Car from Cars?? (4-29-17)'''<ref>Episode 134: Who Is The Best Car from Cars?? (4-29-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sytPCjqA_kk</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by Frankie Giannetto, who is introduced at the end of the first fight. A new, fan-made (Harry Lee) montage is debuted in this episode. "Debut Deathmatch" episode. The idea was that of Joe Star to get a new regular fighter on Movie Fights. None of the nine fighters have participated in Movie Fights previously. Three fighters will fight in each of three fights. The winner of each will participate in an additional fight with each other, and twitter's choice for the better fighter among each non-winner also will fight in an additional fight. The winners of those two fights will participate in a Speed Round. The winner and runner-up happen to respectively be the winners of the TV Fight from earlier the same week and the previous week. In the end, it is decided that most, if not all, of the fighters will be able to come back. This episode is not counted in the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior competition |- | DJ Wooldridge || TV Fights |- | Danielle Radford || TV Fights |- | Ed Greer || TV Fights |- | Stacy Howard || Schmoedown |- | Max Song || Gamer Fights |- | Eric Goldman || N/A |- | Victor Torres || N/A |- | Charley Feldman || TV Fights |- | Markeia McCarty || TV Fights |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! style="width: 16%"|Fighters (in </br> response order) !! Question !! Andy's choice !! twitter choice |- | DJ, Danielle, Ed || In honor of Baby Groot,... who is the most all-time adorable movie character ever? || Danielle || DJ* |- | Max, Eric, Stacy || In honor of... ''X-Men: Dark Phoenix'',... what's the worst ''X-Men'' movie? || Max || Stacy |- | Markeia, Victor, Charley || In honor of the final ''Cars 3'' trailer,... who is the best car... from the ''Cars'' franchise? || Charley || Markeia |- | Danielle, Charley, Max || SEMI-FINAL 1: In honor of this... Debut Deathmatch, we wanted to ask what was the best feature debut from a director from 2000 to today? ** || Charley || N/A |- | DJ, Stacy, Markeia || SEMI-FINAL 2: Not including ''Suicide Squad'',... what movie failed by introducing way too many characters? || DJ || N/A |- ! colspan="2" | Speed Round Question !! DJ !! Charley |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND A: Best Jeff Goldblum performance? || 1*** || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND B: Best M. Night Shyamalan movie? || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND C: You guys need to tell us which film should we buy? **** || 1***** || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND D: What classic video game franchise should The Rock take over next? + || 1 || |- | colspan="2" | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''3''' || 1 |} .*DJ (Gizmo) beat Ed (Wall-E) in the person-to-person vote despite Ed winning the three-way twitter poll during the fight with 49%. This was the only one of the fights for which Dan announced a twitter poll win. .**Answers were not previously given to Andy or Max Dionne. As a result, Max Song chose John Lasseter's ''Toy Story'', which was released in 1995 and hence not allowed. He instead chose Adam McKay's ''Anchorman'' (2004) after a suggestion. Charley chose Edgar Wright's ''Shaun of the Dead'' (2004), but technically that wasn't his first feature film, but rather his second, after 1995's ''A Fistful of Fingers'', which grossed $15,000 (approximately 0.05% of ''Shaun of the Dead'''s gross). However, her answer was allowed. .***Split decision. Frankie chose Charley (''The Fly''), but then Dan and Andy chose DJ (''Jurassic Park''). .****Bargain bin pic of ''Hott Fuzz'' and ''Tropic Thunder''. .*****Split decision. Frankie chose Charley, who was stuck with ''Tropic Thunder'', but then Dan and Andy chose DJ. +Question previously given to the fighters. '''Episode 135: Pitch the 1980s Guardians of the Galaxy - WEIRD MOVIE FIGHTS (5-6-17)'''<ref>Episode 135: Pitch the 1980s Guardians of the Galaxy - WEIRD MOVIE FIGHTS (5-6-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLAyeJgIyrc</ref> One question (number 2) regarding improving a Pixar film by adding a sex scene was removed from the episode on both youtube and on SJ Plus. Andy did not award anyone the point as he felt none of the answers deserved it. The SJ Plus version has Andy still mention the question in his introduction, but the youtube version does not. *As a result, there is clear instances of editing at the beginning of each question after the first one with Andy giving the new question numbers. As a result of this, question numbers after the first one do not match the seat positions for the initial fighter for the question. This episode was not followed by an After the Fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 9/7 || Second |- | Joe Starr || 1/4 || Third * |- | Scott Aukerman || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Mike !! style="width: 5%"|Joe !! Scott |- | 1: In honor of "Comedy Bang! Bang!,"... we wanted to ask what movie character would have the best podcast? || 1 || || |- | 3: Cast the main characters of ''Guardians of the Galaxy''... if it [were] made in the 80s? || || || 1** |- | 4: We wanna know what two movie characters from any franchise should get a spinoff movie where they solve mysteries? || 1 || || |- | 5: In a world where every Daniel Day-Lewis role is replaced with Sasha Baron Cohen's Borat, which of his movies would be </br> most watchable? || || || 1 |- | 6: Make a drama better by adding a montage [scene] to Smashmouth's "All Star" || || 2 || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which Best Picture [Oscar] winner should have the toilet scene from ''Dumb and Dumber'' added to it and why? || 0*** || x || 0**** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What movie character would you want to sit next to you on an international flight? || ***** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: If you could portal into any celebrity's head, à la ''Being John Malkovich'', who[m] would you choose? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of "Comedy Bang! Bang!," what movie would you want to replace the soundtrack with [one] composed completely by Weird Al? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie character should become one of the sharks on "Shark Tank?" || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which Oscar-nominated director should take over the ''Smurfs'' franchise? + || || x || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Despite finishing in third, Joe was declared the winner after Scott gave his win to Mike, and Mike subsequently gave the win to Joe. .**Scott ultimately changed most of his choices to Ronald Reagan. .***Mike was put through before rebuttals. Joe and Scott were each given 15 seconds to rebut/argue against each other. .****Initial, on the scoreboard, Mike and Scott were each given points for the tie-breaker. This was removed, and Andy had never counted the points. .*****After Scott chose Sully from ''Sully'', Mike chose Sully from ''Monsters, Inc.'' +As Scott was about to give his answer, the poster frame behind him starting sliding away, revealing DVDs shown on TV Fights. It can be seen partially detached throughout the entire episode. +*Split decision. Joe chose Mike (James Cameron) while Dan and Andy chose Scott (Martin Scorsese). '''Episode 136: Who's the Best Guardian of the Galaxy? (5-13-17)'''<ref>Episode 136: Who's the Best Guardian of the Galaxy? (5-13-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1d-deDvPSeA</ref> All fighters are hosts of Marvel Movie News. Despite the fact that Markeia and Matt are listed as new fighters, they have each fought on TV Fights previous. Further, Markeia previously fought in the Debut Deathmatch two weeks earlier. Andy announces that the following week's episode will focus on Nicolas Cage. Andy announces that viewers can vote for who will participate in the last quarter-finals Belt tournament match. Coy and John Rocha are each given second chances, and ultimately both are chosen, but neither of them wins the match. Andy also announces that Flick Bait will debut on Screen Junkies News the next day. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/3 || Third |- | Markeia McCarty || New fighter || Second |- | Matt Key || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Coy !! Markeia !! Matt |- | 1: Who is the best Guardian of the Galaxy? || || || 1* |- | 2: What is the best use of a song in either ''Guardians [of the Galaxy]'' movie? || ** || 1 || |- | 3: Pitch a ''Guardians [of the Galaxy]'' spinoff movie? || 1*** || || |- | 4: What '70s or '80s actor should pop in the next ''Guardians [of the Galaxy]'' movie; who[m] should [he or she] play? || || || 1**** |- | 5: In honor of Baby Groot..., what other film should introduce a baby version of one of its characters? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Better person to have a conversation with: Groot or Chewbacca? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would win in a fight to the death: Drax or Nebula? || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Baby, teen, or adult: best Groot? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which ''Guardians [of the Galaxy]'' film has the better soundtrack? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Matt (Rocket) also won the twitter poll with 36%, followed by Markeia (Groot) with 33% and Coy (Yondu) with 31%. .**Though he was Andy's last choice, Coy ("Hooked on a Feeling" from Vol. 1) won the twitter poll with 64%, followed by Matt ("Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)" from Vol. 2) with 21% and Markeia ("Fooled Around and Fell in Love" from Vol. 1) with 15%. .***Coy's pitch also won the poll with 50%, followed by Markeia's with 34% and Matt's with 16%. Dan announced the results right before Andy made his decision. .****Matt (Dolph Lundgren as Cosmo the Spacedog) actually lost the poll with only 15%. Coy (Keanu Reeves as the Surfer Surfer) wins his third poll in a row with 49%, followed by Markeia (Bill Murray as The Gardner) with 36%. .*****Markeia (''Puss in Boots'') actually lost the poll with 20%. Coy (''Deadpool'') wins the poll again with 49%, followed by Matt (The Hulk) with 30%. '''Episode 137: Best Nicolas Cage Performance?! - CAGE MATCH!! (5-20-17)'''<ref>Episode 137: Best Nicolas Cage Performance?! - CAGE MATCH!! (5-20-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJY-fSVp_u4&t=3259s</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by Brock Baker, who pretends to be Nicolas Cage. Mark Ellis returns after a 46-episode absence. This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. Andy announces that the fan choice poll results indicate that Coy Jandreau, Mike Carlson, and John Rocha will be playing the following week. Harry Lee, creator of the current montage, made a montage for this episode. During the live performance, the regular one was aired instead, and the proper one wasn't aired until the very end. It was fixed in editing for youtube. The fighters' reactions are fake as they had not yet seen it. Relative to the seating arrangement, the finish placements were all the same as the previous fight. Though she is listed as a new fighter, Charley was the runner-up in the Debut Deathmatch three weeks earlier. The week prior to that, she won on TV Fights in her second appearance on the show. John's name is shown on the scoreboard as "Flick." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | John Flickinger || 2/0 || Third |- | Charley Feldman || New fighter || Second |- | Mark Ellis || 3/5 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 97%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! John !! Charley !! Mark |- | 1: What performance best defines the essence of Nicolas Cage? * || || 1 || ** |- | 2: Seriously now, what is Nic Cage's best performance? || || *** || 1 |- | 3: What movie would be most improved by replacing the hero and the villain with Nicolas Cage in a dual role, à la ''Adaptation''? || 1 || || **** |- | 4: What's the best Nicolas Cage one-liner? ***** || || 1+ || |- | 5: What Nicolas Cage character would win a cage match, a bare-knuckle fight to the death? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: For ''National Treasure 3'', what relic, landmark, or item should Cage steal next? || x || || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND B: Not including the man himself, who should play Nicolas Cage in a biopic? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What Nicolas Cage film which has never had one most deserves a sequel? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: I'm gonna name two films; tell me what's better; let's do it: ''The Rock'' versus ''Face/Off''? +*** || x || || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND E: If you could recast any ''Star Wars'' role with Nicolas Cage, what would be the most effective swap? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*According to Andy, this question asks for best Nicolas Cage movie. .**Mark (''The Sorcerer's Apprentice'') won the twitter poll with 41%. .***Charley (''Leaving Las Vegas'') won the poll with 53%. Mark (''Joe'') and John (''Matchstick Men'') tied with each other. .****Mark (''Batman v. Superman: Dawn of Justice'') won the poll with 43%, followed by John (''The Matrix'') with 31% and Charley (''Jupiter Ascending'') with 26%. .*****As with the montage, the videos accompanying the answers to this question were mixed up with each other. They were fixed during airing. The youtube video is edited as though each video appeared when it was supposed to. +Charley ("You know, I can, uh, each a peach for hours" from ''Face/Off'') also won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by John ("Put the bunny back in the box" from ''Con Air'') with 43% and Mark ("Did I ever tell you that this here jacket represents a symbol of my individuality and my belief in personal freedom?" from ''Wild at Heart'') with 10%. +*Split decision. John chose Charley (the Ark of the Covenant), but then Brock, Dan, and Andy chose Mark (the Statue of Liberty). +**Split decision. John chose Mark (''The Rock''), but then Dan and Andy chose Charley (''Face/Off''). +***Each fighter chose the same movie he or she chose in the previous question. +****Split decision. Brock chose Charley after everyone else chose Mark (''The Rock''). '''Episode 138: Worst Movie of the Alien Franchise?! (5-27-17)'''<ref>Episode 138: Worst Movie of the Alien Franchise?! (5-27-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnuIYbkkU7c</ref> Fan pick quarter-finals episode. Coy and John previously fought in the second and first quarter-finals matches respectively. The winner will fight again in two weeks. *Dan is not allowed to vote in the Speed Round. All of the questions are also fan-submitted. Not counting the first episode, twenty-fifth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. It is the first since episode 115. Twenty-sixth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. Twenty-fifth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place, and the first since episode 119. The results of this episode had a negligible effect on overall rankings. On the leader board, Mike's ranking increases by one (getting back on top of Alicia Malone, the only person under whom he fell after his last loss), and Coy's and John's rankings do not change at all. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 9/8 || '''Win''' |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/4 || Second |- | John Rocha || 1/5 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Mike !! style="width: 5%"|Coy !! style="width: 6%"|John |- | 1: What is the worst movie of the ''Alien'' franchise? || || * || 1 |- | 2: Pitch a Venom [solo] movie. || || 1** || |- | 3: Improve any movie by adding Captain Jack Sparrow. || 1 || *** || |- | 4: What is the most unwatchable**** movie of all time? || 1 || || ***** |- | 5: What's the worst movie poster? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who[m] would you rather hang out with for a whole day: Rob Schneider or Pauly Shore? || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the best robot character in a movie? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best movie office to work in? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What actor should join Arnold [Schwarzenegger] and Danny DeVito in the upcoming ''Triplets'' movie? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Coy (''Alien: Resurrection'') won the twitter poll with 55%, followed by John (''Prometheus'') with 26% and Mike (''Alien³'') with 19%. .**Again, Coy also won the poll with 42%, followed by John with 39% and Mike with 19%. .***Coy (''Waterworld'') again won the poll with 54%, followed by Mike (''The Lone Ranger'') with 33% and John (''Captain Ron'') with 13%. .****Trick question. After Andy got all the contestants' answers, he made them argue for why their choices were the most re-watchable movies of all time? .*****John (''Batman and Robin'') won the twitter poll with 72%, followed by Mike (''Disaster Movie'') with 16% and Coy (''Jack and Jill'') with 12%. +Split decision. John chose Coy, while Andy chose Mike (Pauly Shore, who gave Mike his first job in Los Angeles). '''Episode 139: Best DC Movie?! (6-3-17)'''<ref>Episode 139: Best DC Movie?! (6-3-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aja16H_5wFQ</ref> All-DC fight. Ashley is the wife of Jason Inman. The two mark the first pair of married competitors to participate in Screen Junkies fights. Although DJ is listed as a new fighter, he has won on TV Fights and also the Movie Fights Debut Deathmatch. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Mike and Sammy Cappetto. This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. Every Speed Round question is won by Split Decision. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 3/7 || '''Win''' |- | Ashley V. Robinson || New fighter || Third |- | DJ Wooldridge || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Marc !! Ashley !! style="width: 6%"|DJ |- | 1: What is the best DC Comics movie adaptation? || 1* || || |- | 2: Best overall character: Batman vs. Superman vs. Wonder Woman? || || || 1 |- | 3: What's the worst ** DC movie? || || || 1 |- | 4: What DC Comic storyline that hasn't already been used would make the best movie? || || 1 || |- | 5: Of all the movie Batmans, which one would win in a fight? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who gives the best-ever performance as Bruce Wayne? *** || || x || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best ''Superman'' movie? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What DC character would you want to be stuck in an elevator with for several hours? + || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND D: Aside from Deadshot and Harley Quinn, who is the best member of the Suicide Squad? || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Joel Schumacher-directed ''Batman'' villain? || 1+*** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Marc's winning choice of ''Wonder Woman'' did not come out to wide release until later that night in the Pacific Time Zone. However, Marc had gotten to watch it three times already. .**Trick question. After Andy got the competitors' choices, he made them argue why the choices were the ''best'' DC movies. .***Marc and DJ respectively chose Michael Keaton and Ben Affleck, their same choices from the previous question. .****Split decision. Mike chose Marc (Keaton), but Ashley, Dan, and Sammy all chose DJ. .*****Split decision. Seventh overturn of Movie Fights (third by Andy). Ashley, Mike, and Sammy chose DJ (''Superman: The Movie'') while Dan and Andy chose Marc (''Superman II''). +The character cannot use powers, gadgets, or resources. +*Split decision. Ashley chose Marc (Batman), but then Dan, Mike, and Sammy chose DJ (Superman). +**Split decision. Andy chose DJ (Amanda Waller), but Ashley and Dan chose Marc (Katana). +***Split decision. Ashley chose DJ (The Riddler), but then Dan, Mike, Sammy, and Andy all chose Marc (Poison Ivy). '''Episode 140: What Monster Movie Could Save The Mummy's Dark Universe? (6-10-17)'''<ref>Episode 140: What Monster Movie Could Save The Mummy's Dark Universe? (6-10-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxCzwRk8sZw</ref> Belt Tournament semi-final match. The winner would later fight Dan Murrell on July 13. Dan does not vote. Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Andrew DiLuzio. This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. The third, fourth, and fifth questions are Advantage Round questions submitted respectively by Mike, JTE, and Scott. If a fighter wins his own question, he receives one point, but if someone else does, that other person receives ''two'' points. Also, each fighter is the first to fight his own question, prompting Mike to go first for two questions in a row. Not counting the first episode, twenty-sixth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third place. *First episode in which a fighter goes from third place to first and back to third. Scott was never solely in second place during the fight. Twenty-sixth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. This fight has minimal impact on rankings. Scott's rank falls by only one to #48, and Mike's and JTE's rankings do not change at all. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | JTE || 5/1 || Second |- | Mike Carlson || 10/8 || '''Win''' |- | Scott Mantz || 2/7 || Third * |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|JTE !! style="width: 6%"|Mike !! Scott |- | 1: We want you guys to pitch the actor and Universal monster... that should join and could save this Dark Universe. || 1** || || |- | 2: Who should direct ''Top Gun 2''? || *** || 1**** || |- | 3: What movie character would open the best chain restaurant? || ***** || || 2 |- | 4: What [Sylvester] Stallone character,... outside of Rocky [Balboa] and [John] Rambo, would win in [an] all-out battle royale? || 1 || || |- | 5: Pitch ''La La Land 2''. || || 2+ || |- | TIE BREAKER: Favorite movie? + || 0+** || x || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''Boss Baby'' or ''Captain Underpants''? || 1+*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie featuring Brendan Fraser? || || 1+**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best moment in a movie where a character says the movie's title? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: If Rick Moranis would return for just one new film, what role do you want him to revisit? || || 1+***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: In honor of ''The Pentagon Papers'', what movie has the best ensemble cast? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''6''' || 2 |} .*In his seventh consecutive third place finish in a Movie Fight, Scott becomes the first fighter to not finish in second place in any of his first ten appearances (back in episode 118, he had become the only one besides Dan to not do so in his first nine). Interestingly, in his only TV Fight, Scott finished in second place. .**JTE (Michael Fassbender as Dracula) also won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Mike (Jeff Goldblum as the Phantom of the Opera) with 29% and Scott (Margot Robbie as the Wolf) with 24%. .***In JTE's argument for Shane Black, he stated that he wrote 1987's ''Predator''. This is not true. We was asked to polish the script, but he refused. He only acts in the film. However, he is writing (and directing) 2018's ''The Predator''. .****Mike (Michael Bay) actually lost the poll with only 25%. JTE (Shane Black) won with 44%, followed by Scott (Justin Lin) with 31%. .*****JTE (Deadpool) won the poll with 47%, followed by Scott (Vito Corleone) with 37% and Mike (Richie Rich) with only 16%. +Mike also won the poll with 44%, followed by Scott with 37%. +*Scott and JTE were respectively given ''Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan'' and ''Rocky''. JTE chose to go second. Instead of 20 and 10 seconds, the fighters were given 30, 15, and 10 seconds. +**Split decision. Andrew chose Scott, but Andy chose JTE as he attached ''Star Trek II'' more. Also, Dan later said that he would have agreed. +***Split decision. Andrew chose Mike (''Boss Baby''), but Scott and Andy chose JTE. +****Split decision. Andrew chose JTE (''The Mummy''), but Scott and Andy chose Mike (''Encino Man''). +*****Split decision. Scott chose JTE (''Honey, I Shrunk the Kids''), but Andrew and Andy chose Mike (''Little Shop of Horrors''). '''Episode 141: Who is The Best Pixar Character? (6-17-17)'''<ref>Episode 141: Who is The Best Pixar Character? (6-17-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9HN6-1SId4</ref> All-Pixar fight. Hosted by Dan Murrell. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. He is accompanied on the couch by Richard Higinbotham. Although Ed and Perri are listed as new fighters, each has fought on both TV Fights and non-standard Movie Fights, respectively the Debut Deathmatch and Collider All-Stars Last Fighter Standing. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Ed Greer || New fighter || Third |- | Perri Nemiroff || New fighter || Second |- | Jon Negroni || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Ed !! style="width: 6%"|Perri !! style="width: 6%"|Jon |- | 1: Who is the best Pixar character? || || || 1* |- | 2: What is the best vocal performance in any Pixar movie? || 1** || || |- | 3: Which Pixar character should be the next to get [his/her/its] own spin-off film? || || || 1*** |- | 4: Explain to me the existence of the world of ''Cars''.**** || || || 1 |- | 5: Who is the best Pixar villain? || || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: You can only watch one of these movies. Which would you choose: ''Cars 2'' or ''The Good Dinosaur''? || || 0***** || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who's the better supporting character: Edna Mode from ''The Incredibles'' or Dug from ''Up''? || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What real-world toy should join the cast of ''Toy Story''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What famous person's brain should be the setting for ''Inside Out 2''? || x || || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND D: What Pixar movie would you want to live in? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Jon (Woody) also won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by Perri (Wall-E) with 32% and Ed (Carl Fredricksen from ''Up'') with 17%. .**Ed (Craig T. Nelson as Mr. Incredible) actually lost the poll with 28%. Jon (Ellen DeGeneres as Dory) won with 42%, followed by Perri (Amy Poehler as Joy from ''Inside Out'') with 30%. .***Jon (the Witch from ''Brave'') actually lost the poll with only 15%. Ed (Jack-Jack from ''The Incredibles''), whom Dan dismissed first, actually won with 50%, followed by Perri (the Tank Gang from ''Finding Nemo'') with 35%. .****At the end of the round, Dan had a follow-up question: Why do they have tongues? .*****Perri was faster at choosing ''Cars 2'' and won unanimously. +Split decision. Ed and Lon both chose Jon (Dug), but then Richard and Dan both chose Perri as she explained why Edna was a better ''supporting'' character. +*Split decision. Lon and Ed chose Perri (George Lucas), but Richard and Dan chose Jon (Jimmy Neutron). '''Episode 142: Is Star Wars in Trouble? (6-24-17)'''<ref>Episode 142: Is Star Wars in Trouble? (6-24-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CsNHcLs1mA</ref> This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. The only previous time Jay fought in Movie Fights (episode 103), he also came in third and Sasha ''also'' won. Not counting the first episode, twenty-seventh episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. Twenty-seventh episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. At the beginning and end of the episode, Roger makes light of the fact that he hasn't been on the show in eight months (33-episode absence). It has actually been ''nine'' since the last appearance of Jay who, as mentioned above, had a 38-episode absence. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr || 1/10 || Second |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 1/2 || '''Win''' |- | Jay Washington || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 98%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roger !! style="width: 6%"|Sasha !! style="width: 6%"|Jay |- | 1: What movie... character or franchise do you want to... incorporate time travel in a sequel that hasn't already? || || || 1* |- | 2: We want you guys on a scale of 1 to 10,... tell us is ''Star Wars'' in trouble? And how do we fix it? || || 1 || |- | 3: What box office disappointment would you like to be re-imagined for television? || 1 || || ** |- | 4: Daniel Day-Lewis is retiring from acting... What is the best Daniel Day-Lewis performance? *** || 1**** || || |- | 5: It's the 25th anniversary of ''Batman Returns''. So that made us wonder, what is the best film of 1992? || || 1***** || + |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: Who should play Carnage to Tom Hardy's Venom? +* || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND A2: In honor of the 20th anniversary of ''Face/Off'', who[m] would you rather swap faces with: [John] Travolta or Nicolas Cage? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of the 30th anniversary of ''Spaceballs'', [what is the] best Mel Brooks movie? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of ''War of the Planet of the Apes'',+*** what is the best motion capture performance of all time? || || 1+**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Jay (''The Transporter'') actually lost the twitter poll with only 13%. Sasha (''The Fast & The Furious'') received 50%, followed by Roger (''Friday the 13th'') with 37%. .**Jay (''Waterworld'') won the poll with 55%, followed by Roger (''The Big Lebowski'') with 36% and Sasha (''The Cotton Club'') with 9%. .***On the question card, the hyphen was incorrectly placed between "Daniel" and "Day." .****Roger (''There Will be Blood'') also won the poll with 70%, followed by Sasha (''My Left Foot'') with 18% and Jay (''The Boxer'') with 12%. .*****Sasha (Reservoir Dogs) also won the poll with 53%, followed by Jay (''A Few Good Men'') with 24% and Roger (''Batman Returns'') with 23%. +During his initial arguments, Jay called Nathan Jessup (Jack Nicholson) a "lieutenant colonel." He is in fact a full colonel. +*Neither Roger nor Sasha could come up with an answer. Dan incorrectly stated that there has never been an instance in which neither fighter could come up with an answer. +**Sasha unanimously won despite being slower at saying Nicolas Cage. +***The title is actually ''War ''for'' the Planet of the Apes,'' a departure from the previous two films. +****Sasha unanimously won with Caesar despite appearing to having wanted to give Roger's answer, Gollum, another Andy Serkis performance. '''Episode 143: Cast A Live-Action Minions Movie (w/ Rob Corddry!) (7-1-17)'''<ref>Episode 143: Cast A Live-Action Minions Movie (w/ Rob Corddry!) (7-1-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exAkhKwheYE</ref> Lon Harris as Fact Checker. This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. Twenty-eighth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/15 || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 16/7 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Corddry Rob Corddry] || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 98%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Hal !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! style="width: 6%"|Rob |- | 1: If you could put in one movie character, what movie character would make the best "Shark Tank" judge? || || || 1 |- | 2: In honor of our guest,.. who starred in... [''Hot Tub Time Machine''], what is the best time travel movie with the least realistic depiction of time travel? || || 1* || |- | 3: If there [was] ever a live-action ''Minion[s]'' reboot, what three performers should play the Minions? || || || 1 |- | 4: In honor of ''The House'', starring Will Farrell and... Amy Poehler,... what existing movie franchise deserves an installment in Las Vegas... that hasn't done it yet? || || || 1** |- | 5: With the news of ''The Accountant 2'', we want you to pitch us another Ben Affleck movie sequel. || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 0 || 1*** || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of "Ballers,"... what movie character would you hire to be your agent? || x || 1**** || ***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best movie with the word "baby" in the title? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of this week's new ''Jumanji'' trailer, what's the best movie featuring Jack Black? + || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: To commemorate... the twentieth anniversary,... what's the best single element of ''Batman and Robin''? || x || || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who[m] would you want to see return more: Wesley Snipes as Blade or Ron Perlman as Hellboy? || x || 1+** || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which one should we buy?+*** || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || 5 || '''6''' |} .*Dan (''Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure'') also won the twitter poll with 46% of the vote, followed by Hal (''Hot Tub Time Machine'') with 34% and Rob (''The Butterfly Effect'') with 20%. .**Rob (''Jurassic Park'') also won the twitter poll with 50%. Hal (''Planet of the Apes'') and Dan (''Transformers'') each received 25%. .***This is the lowest score with which Dan has ever gone into a Speed Round. .****Split decision. Hal chose Rob (Thor), but then Lon and Andy chose Dan (Ricky Roma from ''Glengarry Glen Ross''). .*****Initially, Rob wanted to choose Jerry Maguire, but he could not remember the name. +Rematch question from episode 24. +*Split decision. Hal chose Dan (Arnold Schwarzenegger), but then Andy and Lon chose Rob (Batman suit nipples). +**Split decision. Hal chose Rob (Snipes), but Lon and Andy chose Dan. +***Bargain bin pic of ''Norbit'' and the live action ''The Cat in the Hat''. '''Episode 144: Best Spider-Man Performance (7-8-17)'''<ref>Episode 144: Best Spider-man Performance (7-8-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2v0jnd794k</ref> Due to technical issues, this episode was not posted on Plus until July 8, two days after the fight. Throughout the episode, there are sound issues. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Tom Zambeno and DeVaughn Taylor. This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 6/5 || '''Win''' |- | Tony Revolori || 2/0 || Third |- | Jenny Nicholson || 0/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! style="width: 6%"|Tony !! style="width: 8%"|Jenny |- | 1: What is the best Spider-Man [character] performance? || || * || 1 |- | 2: What is the best scene from any Spider-Man movie? || || 1** || |- | 3: What unlikely film director should create and direct [his or her] own [TV] series? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: In honor of the ''[A] Bad Mom's Christmas'' trailer,... what movie should make a holiday-themed sequel? || || || 1****, ***** |- | 5: You've finally met the one,... when he or she tells you this is [his or her] favorite movie, what is the movie you wanna hear? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2+ || 1 || 2+ |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best movie to watch when you're tired and know you won't make it to the end? || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: You just got a new Blu-ray player. What movie do you buy first? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What franchise should Tony Revolori join next? || 1+** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 2 |} .*Tony (Tom Holland) also won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Jenny (Tobey Maguire) with 36% and Alicia (Andrew Garfield) with 17%. .**Tony (train fight in ''Spider-Man 2'') won the twitter poll again with 63%, followed by Alicia (Gwen Stacy's death in ''The Amazing Spider-Man 2'') with 21% and Jenny (the Bone-Saw fight in ''Spider-Man'') with 16%. .***Tony (Quentin Tarantino) won the poll again with 53%, followed by Jenny (Tim Burton) with 26% and Alicia (Kathryn Bigelow) with 21%. .****Alicia conceded the point. Andy stated that he would have chosen her if it were not for that. .*****Jenny (''Jurassic World'') also won the poll with 39%, followed by Alicia (''Bridesmaids'') with 36% and Tony (''Dazed and Confused'') with 25%. +This episodes marks the first since episode 80 (the third of three all-female panels) in which two females went to the Speed Round. It is the first since episode 32 in which two females defeated a male; Alicia also won that episode. +*Split decision. Andy chose Jenny (''Remember Me''), but Tony, DeVaughn, Tom, and Dan all chose Alicia (''Fight Club''). +**Split decision. Andy and Tom chose Jenny (Dark Universe), but Tony, DeVaughn, and Dan all chose Alicia (''Fast & Furious''). '''Episode 145: MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP! - E.T. vs Jaws - LIVE! (7-13-17)'''<ref>Episode 145: MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP! - E.T. vs Jaws - LIVE! (7-15-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jh_xTqrna9s</ref> This fight is not counted in the official statistics; however, due to the change of hands of the Belt, the ranking changes. The win/loss record shown below is not affected. This episode appears live on youtube. Due to sponsorship by t-mobile, more new content including live episodes of Movie Fights will appear on youtube. Fan vote is considered in making the selections for points in the regular round questions. The episode was preceded by a pre-show. This was not kept in the video that remains available. Had it been, the video would have been 2 hours and 49 minutes long. Without it, it remains 2 hours and 15 minutes. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. He is accompanied on the couch by Harvard debate coach Michael Bietz. Also, on the fan cam are Amar, Dakota, Donald "Dizzle" Davis, and Moodie. *This is Donald's fourth time appearing as a spectator in a Screen Junkies Fight. The first two questions are advantage questions, respectively from Dan and Mike. Had either won the other's question, it would have been worth two points. The next two questions were questions geared towards their respective strengths (one analytical and one creative). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 10/9 || Lose |- | Dan Murrell || 16/8 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Mike !! style="width: 6%"|Dan |- | 1: Best [Alfred] Hitchcock movie? || || 1* |- | 2: Pitch a Botanicus solo movie. || 1** || |- | 3: Best movie trilogy? || || 1*** |- | 4: Pitch a movie based on a commercial. || || 1**** |- | 5: ''E.T. [the Extra-Terrestrial]'' vs ''Jaws'': Which is the better film?***** || || 1+ |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You're gonna name the one you want.+* || 1+**, +*** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What movie character could win the Movie Fights Championship? || || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Liam Neeson movie?+***** || || 1++ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''6''' |- | colspan="3" | ADDITION: Spencer Gilbert (#49 contender) activates the Show Stopper to challenge Dan Murrell for the Belt. Initial arguments are 25 seconds long. Rebuttals are 15 seconds long. |- ! colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 82%;" |Question !! style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 6%;" |Spencer !! style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 6%;" |Dan |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND A: Best performance by an actor who only briefly appears in the movie? || style="background: #CEF2F2;"|1++* || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND B: Daniel Day-Lewis or Meryl Streep? || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | || style="background: #CEF2F2;"|1 |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND C: Worst part 2 to a great original movie?++** || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | || style="background: #CEF2F2;"|1 |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with a title that's six words or longer?++*** || style="background: #CEF2F2;" |1++**** || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND E: What movie vehicle do you most want in your garage?++***** || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | 1 || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |'''FINAL SCORES''' || style="background: #CEF2F2;" |'''3''' || style="background: #CEF2F2;" |2 |} .*Dan (''Rear Window'' over ''Notorious'') received 49% of the twitter vote (after the second round, this dropped to 46), Mike's vote, and the votes of Amar, Donald, and Moodie. .**Mike received 51% of the vote again, but he also received Mike's vote, and the votes of Amar, Donald, and Moodie. Dakota and Lon voted for Dan. .***Dan (''The Lord of the Rings'' over ''Toy Story'') received 53% and the votes of Mike, Amar, Donald, Dakota, and Moodie. .****Dan (Charmin Bears over the classic Tootsie Pop commercial) received 51% and the votes of Dakota, Donald, and Moodie. Amar and Mike voted for Mike. .*****Trick question. There was a fan poll asking if this question should be straight or a trick. 66% chose trick, prompting Mike to fight for ''Jaws'' and Dan for ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial''. +Dan received 51% of the poll, Mike's vote, and the votes of Amar, Donald, and Moodie. Only Dakota voted for Mike, and his rationale was not based on arguments. +*Bargain bin pic of ''Scooby Doo'' and ''The Master of Disguise'', submitted by Austin Grey, a fan who recently passed away. +**Mike was faster at saying ''Scooby Doo''. +***Split decision. Eighth overturn of Movie Fights (fourth by Andy). Mike, Moodie, Dakota, and Amar each chose Dan, but Dakota, Lon, and Andy chose Mike. +****Split decision. Dan (Randy from ''Scream'') received every vote except Amar's. +*****Rematch question from episode 13, where Mike and Dan first faced off. Andy states that it is from episode 11. Dan gave the same winning answer as before, but Mike did not pick ''The Grey'' again. ++Split decision. Dan (''Schindler's List'' over ''Batman Begins'') received every vote except Donald's. ++*Split decision. Mike and Donald voted for Dan (Alec Baldwin in ''Glengarry Glen Ross''), but Lon, Moodie, Dakota, and Amar voted for Spencer (Willem Dafoe in ''Boondock Saints''). ++**After initial arguments and rebuttals, Spencer and Dan each received an extra six seconds. ++***Question later changed to require the title to be ''exactly'' six words long. Andy was about to revert until Dan gave an answer. ++****Split decision. Donald voted for Dan (''Monty Python and the Holy Grail''), but Lon, Moodie, and Dakota voted for Spencer (''Star Wars [Episode VI]: Return of the Jedi''). ++*****Split decision. Spencer (Cameron's father's car from ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off'' over the DeLorean from the ''Back to the Future'' trilogy) received every vote except Donald's. '''Episode 146: Kevin Smith vs Elijah Wood! - CELEBRITY MOVIE FIGHTS LIVE! (7-27-17)'''<ref>Episode 146: Kevin Smith vs Elijah Wood! - CELEBRITY MOVIE FIGHTS LIVE! (7-27-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pI417jeeUNg</ref> Held at San Diego Comic Con. Alicia Malone as Fact Checker. Elijah Wood returns after a 97-episode absence. Winners were largely decided by audience vote. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 16/8 || Third |- | Kevin Smith || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Elijah Wood || 1/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! Kevin !! Elijah |- | 1: Who's the greatest living filmmaker? || || || 1 |- | 2: What comic book movie of all time will be most celebrated in 50 years? || || 1 || |- | 3: Scariest movie scene of all time? || || 1 || |- | 4: If you could permanently erase one movie from all of existence, which would it be? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 0 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Better movie sidekick: Samwise Gamgee or Jay? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: It's the... twentieth anniversary of Kevin's ''Chasing Amy'',... so... which other franchise would most benefit from the addition of Jay and Silent Bob? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Comic Con,... what classic or iconic movie would inspire the best Comic Con? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || '''4''' || 3 |} '''Episode 147: Pitch a Worse Movie Than The Emoji Movie!! (8-3-17)'''<ref>Episode 147: Pitch a Worse Movie Than The Emoji Movie!! (8-3-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBLubFSYyAY</ref> Sponsored by T-Mobile, who is now sponsoring Screen Junkies. So episodes will appear live on youtube, which has its own poll. Hosted by Dan Murrell. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/5 || Second |- | Charley Feldman || 0/1 || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/15 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Coy !! Charley !! Spencer |- | 1: There's a lot of revenge thriller-type things going around in the news right now, so we thought it'd be fun to ask what actor or actress who doesn't have one already should get [his or her] own ''Taken''-style action franchise? || * || || 1 |- | 2: I wanted you guys to pitch me a title for the next James Bond film... and why do you think it should be called that? || || 1 || |- | 3: If ''Ready Player One'' [were] real, what movie character would you want to use as your avatar? || 1** || || |- | 4: I wanted you guys to pitch me and the audience at home a worse movie idea than '''The Emoji Movie'''. || || || 1 |- | 5: "Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later" comes out...tonight.... We wanted to ask, what movie would you like to see a "Ten Years Later" TV series about? || 1*** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''Ant-Man and the Wasp'' is starting production. What is the best non-Marvel movie featuring Paul Rudd? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: ''The Dark Tower''... is hitting theaters.... Idris Elba or Matthew McConaughey? || || x || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: It was recently reported that ''Suicide Squad 2'' has lost its director.... Who should step in to direct ''Suicide Squad 2''? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: ''Detroit'' is hitting theaters this week. What's the best movie directed by Kathryn Bigelow? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND E: What movie monster would make the best pet? || || x || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5'''+** |} .*Coy (Tom Hardy) won the youtube poll with 51%, followed by Spencer (Jacob Tremblay) with 34% and Charley (Linda Hamilton) with 13%. .**Coy (Smaug) also won the twitter poll with 44% and youtube poll with 39%. .***Coy (''X-Men'') actually lost the twitter poll with 30%. Charley (''Inside Out'') and Spencer (''The Big Lebowski'') each received 35%. Similarly, Spencer received 35% of the youtube vote, while Charley and Coy received 34% and 30% respectively. .****Split decision. Charley chose Coy (Elba), but then Lon and Dan chose Spencer (McConaughey). .*****Split decision. Ninth overturn of Movie Fights (third by Dan). Charley and Lon both chose Spencer (Quentin Tarantino), but Dan chose Coy (Steven Soderbergh). +Split decision. Lon chose Coy (''The Hurt Locker''), but then Charley and Dan chose Spencer (''Zero Dark Thirty''). +*Split decision. Charley chose Coy (the Gremlins), but Lon and Dan chose Spencer (Jaws). +**This episode marks Spencer's first victory in an official fight in 104 episodes, the last time being in August 2015. He had lost his last nine official fights. His last victory in any fight was his second TV Fight in March 2016. '''Episode 148: What Wins: The Force vs The Hulk - MOVIE FIGHTS! Live from Comic-Con 2017 (8-10-17)'''<ref>Episode 148: What Wins: The Force vs The Hulk - MOVIE FIGHTS! Live from Comic-Con 2017 (8-10-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4Qbuhw6EnM</ref> Filmed at the last Comic Con. Hence, it is not live. ''Not'' mentioned as being sponsored by T-Mobile. Tournament-style fight, single elimination with eight fighters. Moderated by Andy, but winners are decided by audience vote. This episode does not count towards the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 65%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 35%;" | Winner |- | 1: Alicia Malone v. Mark Ellis: ''Star Wars'' prequels or ''The Hobbit'' trilogy? || Alicia (''The Hobbit'') |- | 2: Mike Carlson v. Tony Revolori: Better overall movie franchise: ''X-Men'' or ''Spider-Man''? || Mike (''X-Men'') |- | 3: Doug Benson v. Samm Levine: Worst movie character to cosplay as? || Doug (The Human Centipede over Johnny Storm (The Human Torch)) |- | 4: Spencer Gilbert v. Dan Murrell: What's more powerful: The Force or The Hulk? || Dan (The Hulk) |- | Semi-final 1: Alicia Malone v. Mike Carlson: What superhero's powers would you least want to have in real life? || Mike (Maggott * over Professor Charles Xavier) |- | Semi-final 2: Doug Benson v. Dan Murrell: Make a movie better by swapping out the lead with Groot. || Alicia (Tarantino over Cameron) |- | Final: Dan Murrell v. Mike Carlson: Best comic book movie performance? || Tie (respectively Heath Ledger in ''The Dark Knight'' and Adam West in ''Batman: The Movie'') |- | SPEED ROUND TIE BREAKER: Dan Murrell v. Mike Carlson: What character would be most fun to hang out with at Comic-Con? || '''Dan''' (Ant-Man over The Dude) |- |} .*Maggott is not a movie character. He only appears in comic books. '''Episode 149: What Movie Character Would Have the Best Instagram Account? (8-17-17)'''<ref>Episode 149: What Movie Character Would Have the Best Instagram Account? (8-17-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSi6gAiyrgk&t=4850s</ref> Hosted by Hal Rudnick. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. He is accompanied by Alex from Irvine. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | DJ Wooldridge || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Brett Erlich || 0/6 || Second |- | Darien Sills-Evans || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|DJ !! Brett !! Darien |- | 1: Besides ''Fast and Furious'', what earth-bound franchise should go to space? || 1* || || |- | 2: What movie character... would have the best Instagram account? || 1** || || |- | 3: What movie character's house would be the most fun to visit? || *** || || 1 |- | 4: What is the best comedy of the decade so far? || || 1**** || |- | 5: Who would be the worst possible actor to cast as James Bond? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You have to commute to work everyday with one movie character. Who[m] do you pick? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Better [Mark] Millar adaptation: ''Kingsman'' or ''Kick-Ass''? || 1***** || || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is the worst character from the new ''Star Wars'' franchise, ''[The] Force Awakens'' and ''Rogue One''? || || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which would you rather see: Joe Dante's ''Gremlins 3'' or James Cameron's ''Aliens 3''? || 1+* || || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What movie villain has the all-time most fiendish plan? || 1+** || || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*DJ (''Men in Black'') also won both the youtube and twitter polls with 65% and 52% respectively. Darien (''John Wick'') received 26% of the twitter poll while Brett (''Home Alone'') received 22%. .**DJ (Spider-Man) once again also won the youtube and twitter polls with 71% and 69% respectively. Brett (Ava from ''Ex-Machina'') received 17% of the twitter vote (but 0% of the youtube vote) and Darien (Nomi Malone from ''Showgirls'') received 14%. .***DJ (Bruce Wayne) once again won the youtube and twitter polls with 61% and 56%. Darien (Pee-Wee Herman) received 26% and 31% on youtube and twitter respectively, followed by Brett (Christian Grey) with 12% and 13%. .****Brett (''Bridesmaids'') also won the youtube and twitter polls with 69% and 47%. .*****Split decision. Darien chose Brett (''Kingsman''), but then Lon, Alex, and Hal all chose DJ. +Split decision. Darien chose DJ (Captain Phasma), but then Lon, Alex, and Hal all chose Brett (General Hux). +*Split decision. Alex chose Brett (''Aliens 3''), but then Lon, Darien, and Hal all chose DJ. +**Split decision. Alex chose Brett (Ava in Ex-Machina), but Lon, Darien. and Hall all chose DJ (Amy in ''Gone Girl''). '''Episode 150: Who Should Play The Joker? (8-24-17)'''<ref>Episode 150: Who Should Play The Joker? (8-24-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmIzH101Hgk</ref> Graham Elwood returns after a 44-episode absence. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 1/5 || Second |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/16 || Third |- | Graham Elwood || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 78%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Joe !! style="width: 6%"|Hal !! Graham |- | 1: What was the overall best movie of summer 2017? || 1* || || |- | 2: Who should play the next Joker? ** || || *** || 1**** |- | 3: We wanna hear you guys pitch a Jabba the Hutt standalone movie. || 1***** || || |- | 4: It's the ten-year anniversary of Superbad.... What Superbad actor has gone on to have the best career? || 1 || + || |- | 5: Which of Marvel's Defenders would make the best standalone film? +* || || || 1+** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best fantasy movie that's not set in Middle Earth? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of ''Terminator 3D'',... what 2D movie should get a 3D re-release? || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who should direct ''Bad Boys 3'' if Michael Bay doesn't? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of the ''Knight Rider'' movie, improve any movie by adding a talking car. || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: I'm gonna name two actors. Tell me which one's better:... Steve Carell or Will Farrell? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 0 || '''6''' |} .*Joe (Wonder Woman) also won the twitter poll with 36%, followed by Graham (Dunkirk) with 35% and Hal (Spider-Man: Homecoming) with 27%. .**Previously used in episode 3, but for a different movie. .***Hal, after Graham won, used the phrase "Book 'em, Dano" and said it was a 1950's TV reference. ''Hawaii Five-O'' ran from 1968-1980. The reboot, which has run since 2010 also uses the phrase. .****Graham (Paul Dano) also overwhelmingly won both the twitter and youtube polls. .*****Joe also won 70% of the youtube vote. +Hal (Emma Stone) won both polls. +*The players are offered the option of pitching an Iron Fist film with actor Finn Jones for double points. Joe and Graham both chose to try this while Hal chose Daredevil. +**Andy only gave Graham one point as his pitch didn't star Finn Jones +***Split decision. Dan chose Graham (''Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope''), but Hal and Andy chose Joe (''The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift''). ==Movie Fights Episodes 151-156== '''Episode 151: Worst Movie of Summer 2017? (8-31-17)'''<ref>Episode 151: Worst Movie of Summer 2017? (8-31-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VqUhHMt7Q4&t=4384s</ref> Lon Harris as Fact Checker. He is joined by Isaac and Will Robinson Smith. Although Danielle is listed as a new fighter, she has been on Debut Deathmatch and TV Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 16/9 || '''Win''' |- | Danielle Radford || New fighter || Third |- | Marc Andreyko || 4/7 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! Danielle !! Mark |- | 1: What is the worst movie of the summer of 2017? || || || 1* |- | 2: In honor of our ''Face/Off'' Honest Trailer, which was random,... what two actors should star in a ''Face/Off'' reboot? || 1** || || |- | 3: In honor of [Arnold] Schwarzenegger's upcoming film,... best Schwarzenegger comedy of all time? || || || 1*** |- | 4: In honor of Labor Day this weekend coming up, what movie character has the best job? || 1**** || || |- | 5: After ''It'' ruins clowns forever,... what other occupation should get its own horror movie? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of the fortieth anniversary of ''Close Encounters [of the Third Kind]'', what is the best movie about making contact with aliens? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which franchise is in better shape currently:... ''Transformers'' or ''Pirates [of the Caribbean]''? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Vince Vaughn's total makeover for ''Brawl in... Cell Block 99'', what's the best movie... featuring Vince Vaughn? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie would be improved if you added the Muppets? || 1+ || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Marc (''King Arthur: Legend of the Sword'') actually lost the twitter poll. Danielle (''Transformers: The Last Knight'') won with 51%, followed by Dan (''Baywatch'') with 30%. Marc also lost the youtube poll with 26%. .**Dan (Vin Diesel and The Rock) won the youtube and twitter polls with 67 and 39% respectively. Marc (Tom Hardy and Jake Gyllenhaal) received 21% and 34%, while Danielle (Ryan Reynolds and Chris Hemsworth) received 11% and 27%. .***Marc (''Kindergarten Cop'') also won the youtube poll with 55% but only came in second on twitter with 35%. Danielle (''True Lies'') lost the youtube poll with 16% but ''won'' the twitter poll with 39%, while Dan (Last Action Hero) received 26% of the youtube vote and 27% of the twitter vote. .****Dan (Indiana Jones) also won the youtube poll with 74% and the twitter poll with 54%. Danielle (God from ''Bruce Almighty'') received 34% of the twitter vote while Marc (Dr. Dolittle) received 12%. .*****Danielle (Vice Principals) actually lost the youtube and twitter polls with 25% and 21% respectively. Marc (politicians) won the twitter poll with 41% while Dan (carnival ride operators) received 38%. +Split decision. Danielle chose Marc (''The Silence of the Lambs''), but then Lon and Andy chose Dan (''The Fate of the Furious''). '''Episode 152: Who Should Direct Star Wars: Episode 9? (9-7-17)'''<ref>Episode 152: Who Should Direct Star Wars: Episode 9? (9-7-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzsiRE8XUi0</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Ben Begley || 2/1 || Third |- | Trisha Hershberger || 1/7 || Second |- | James Clement || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Ben !! Trisha !! James |- | 1: Colin Trevorrow is no longer directing ''[Star Wars] Episode IX''.... If you could pick any director aside from the ones already in the stable that may probably take this over, who[m do] we want to see direct ''Star Wars Episode IX''? || || 1* || |- | 2: With ''It'' receiving rave reviews,... we wanna know what's the worst Stephen King adaptation? || || || 1** |- | 3: Since Shia LaBeouf is not returning for ''Indiana Jones'',... we want you to pitch a totally new sidekick for Indy in his next adventure. || || || 1*** |- | 4: What's the best movie to watch with commentary from the director... sitting next to you? || 1 || || **** |- | 5: What movie would be better on mute? || ***** || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: In honor of ''mother!'', best Darren Arivnosky + movie? +* || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND A2: Who'd make the better ''Star Wars'' film: David Lynch or Wes Anderson? || x || || +** |- | SPEED ROUND B: What film features the best-ever Gary Oldman performance? || x || +*** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: We've had ''Bad Moms'', ''Bad Santa'', ''Bad Grandpa''. What other bad person should join the franchise? || x || +*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Trisha (Patty Jenkins) actually lost the twitter poll with 26%, but finished in second place on youtube with 28%. Ben (Steven Spielberg) won the twitter poll with 38% (but lost the youtube poll with 15%), followed by James (Matthew Vaughn) with 36%. .**James (''The Langoliers'') also won the twitter and youtube polls with 48% and 69% respectively. .***Once again, James (adult Short Round) also won the twitter and youtube polls with 53% and 72%. .****James (''Fantastic Four (2015)'') won the twitter and youtube polls with 44% and 46%. .*****Ben (''Transformers: Dark of the Moon'') won the twitter and youtube polls with 57% and 47%. +Andy mispronounced Aronofsky. +*Neither James nor Trisha named a movie. +**James was faster at saying Wes Anderson. +***Trisha could not name a movie. James had said Bram Stroker's ''Dracula''. '''Episode 153: Which Franchise Would Be Most Improved By Adding Pennywise? (9-14-17)'''<ref>Episode 153: Which Franchise Would Be Most Improved By Adding Pennywise? (9-14-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxohMmHFRUU</ref> Second "Debut Deathmatch" episode. None of the nine fighters have participated in Movie Fights previously. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Adam Theer. Meg McCarthy previously appeared as a Fact Checker on the 79th episode of Movie Fights in April 2016. This episode is not counted in the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior competition |- | Mary Risk || N/A |- | Matt Knost || TV Fights, Schmoedown |- | Brett Register || N/A |- | Meg McCarthy || N/A |- | Dave Child || N/A |- | Michelle Nguyen || TV Fights |- | Yael Tygiel || TV Fights |- | Andres "Ace" Cabrera || TV Fights |- | Eben McGarr || N/A |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! style="width: 16%"|Fighters (in </br> response order) !! Question !! Andy's choice !! twitter choice |- | Mary, Matt, Brett || What's the worst original movie to get multiple sequels? || Matt || Mary* |- | Meg, Dave, Michelle || What franchise would be most improved by adding Pennywise? || Dave || Meg* |- | Yael, Eben, Andres || Best surprise cameo in any movie not on poster or [in] opening credits? || Andres || Yael* |- | Matt, Dave, Andres || SEMI-FINAL 1: What was the worst movie to make one billion dollars at the box office? || Andres || N/A |- | Mary, Meg, Yael || SEMI-FINAL 2: What two actors have the worst on-screen chemistry? || Yael || N/A |- ! colspan="2" | Speed Round Question !! Andres !! Yael |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND A: What actor would be the worst possible choice to play Batman? || || 1** |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of ''mother!'', which [is] a film I did not like,... who's the best mom in movie history? || 1 || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND C: Which movie should Jim Carrey reboot: ''Ace Ventura[: Pet Detective]'' or ''The Mask''? || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie based on a TV cartoon series? || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''3''' |} .*The winner of each twitter poll was the person sitting next to Andy. .**Split decision. Adam chose Ace (Jesse Eisenberg), but then Dan and Andy chose Yael (Jamie Dornan). '''Episode 154: Marvel Phase 4 Movies We Want to See Most (w/ Max Landis) (9-21-17)'''<ref>Episode 154: Marvel Phase 4 Movies We Want to See Most (w/ Max Landis) (9-21-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpHp1Xp5oDo&t=1690s</ref> Lon Harris as Fact Checker (as Dan, along with Alicia Malone are at Florida State University). He is accompanied on the couch by fans Nico Lucero and Ian Candish. As usual, Spencer's name is on the scoreboard as "Spence." Spencer's two consecutive wins on regular episodes are his first since episodes 5 and 7 in 2014. Twenty-seventh episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Max Landis || 3/0 || Second |- | Roth Cornet || 1/5 || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 5/15 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Max !! style="width: 6%"|Roth !! Spencer |- | 1: In honor of ''Kingsman: The Golden Circle'', what country should get its own Kingsmen in a third film, and who should play the group's leader? || 1* || || |- | 2: Pitch a Marvel [Cinematic Universe] Phase 4 movie, post-''Avengers... Part 4''? || || 1** || |- | 3: What movie is the best improvement over its original source material? || || || 1*** |- | 4: In honor of The Lego Ninjago Movie,... we want you to improve a movie by turning it into a Lego Movie. || 1**** || || |- | 5: I want you each to pick a movie with great characters.... What movie's characters would you want as your prison gang? ***** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of James Gunn getting his own Funko figure, what unlikely actor or director that doesn't have one... deserves [his or her] own Funko? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of the upcoming documentary about him, improve any film by replacing the lead actor with Gilbert Gottfried? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Max's thesis "A Scar No One Else Can See," what movie should have a theme song written and performed by Carly Rae Jepsen? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which franchise should Linda Hamilton join post-''Terminator''? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Darren Aronofsky film? || || x || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Max (China/Jackie Chan) also won the twitter poll with 53%, followed by Spencer (Canada/Mike Myers) with 32% and Roth (Brazil/Gisele Bündchen). .**Roth (a romantic comedy led by Vision and The Scarlet Witch) also won the youtube poll with 44%, followed by Max (Wild Hulk) with 39% and Spencer (New Dawn/Secret War) with 15%. However, Spencer won the twitter poll with 42%, and Roth actually ''lost'' with only 28%. .***Spencer (''Die Hard'') also won the youtube and twitter polls with 42% and 43% respectively, followed closely by Max (''Fight Club'') with 40% and 34%, and Roth (''The Silence of the Lambs'') with 17%. .****Andy asked for the polls ahead of time and made his final decision based on that since he couldn't decide. The twitter poll was close; Spencer (''Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace'') received 35%, followed by Max (''2012'') with 34% and Roth (''Jurassic World'') with 31%. However, on youtube, Max received 58%, followed by Spencer with 28% and Roth with 13%. .*****Blind fight. After Andy asked the fighters to write their movies down, he gave them the question. Spencer chose ''The Wolf of Wall Street'', Roth chose ''Being John Malkovich'', and Max chose ''Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope''. +Split decision. Roth picked Max (''The Fast and the Furious''), but Lon, Nico, Ian, and Andy all then chose Spencer (''Mad Max''). +*Split decision. Lon and Roth picked Max (''The Wrestler''), but Nico, Ian, and Andy chose Spencer (''Requiem for a Dream''). '''Episode 155: Best Movie of the 80's!! - 80'S MOVIE FIGHTS!! (9-28-17)'''<ref>Episode 155: Best Movie of the 80's!! - 80'S MOVIE FIGHTS!! (9-28-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ozcY4lW4QI&t=4s</ref> Alicia Malone returns as Judge. Jack Hind from Fandango as Fact Checker. He is accompanied by fan Candace Smith. 1980's-themed episode. Era-style music is played in the beginning, and the fighters and Alicia dress in the style. Although Brianne is a new fighter, she has fought on TV Fights. Despite sitting in the third seat, Brianne went first on the second and fifth questions. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 2/2 || Second |- | Marc Andreyko || 4/8 || '''Win''' |- | Brianne Chandler || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Sasha !! style="width: 6%"|Marc !! Brianne |- | 1: What '80s movie which never got one actually deserved a sequel? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Which '80s movie would have the biggest success if it were released in its identical format as a new movie in theaters this year? || || 1** || |- | 3: What was the most influential popular movie of the '80s? || || || 1*** |- | 4: Which mediocre '80s movie has benefited the most from nostalgia? || **** || 1 || ***** |- | 5: Who gave the overall best performances from the 1980's? || || 1+ || |- | TIE BREAKER: Who is the best member of the Brat Pack? || 0 || x || +* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best John Hughes movie? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: If they remade ''Die Hard'' today, who should play Hans Gruber? || 1+*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which two present-day actors should star in a remake of ''Twins''? || 1+**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D1: Which '80s movie would be better if it were directed by Michael Bay? +***** || || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D2: Which two movie characters would you want to take a Ferris Bueller-style day off with? || || 1++ || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Brianne (''Big Trouble in Little China'') won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Sasha (''The Breakfast Club'') with 32% and Marc (''The Last Starfighter'') with 25%. .**Marc (''Aliens'') also won the poll with 43%, followed by Sasha (''The Shining'') with 30% and Brianne (''The Princess Bride'') with 27%. .***Brianne (''Blade Runner'') actually lost the twitter poll with 27%. Marc (''Die Hard'') won the poll with 42%, followed by Sasha (''Batman'') with 31%. .****Sasha (''A Christmas Story'') won the youtube poll with 45%, followed by Marc (''Ghostbusters'') with 36%, and Brianne (''The Little Mermaid'') with 17%. .*****Brianne had to go with her second choice, ''The Little Mermaid'', as Marc won the coin toss. +Marc (Robert DeNiro) also won the youtube poll, followed by Sasha (Michael J. Fox) with 25% and then Brianne (Meryl Streep) with 21%. +*Brianne (Emilio Estevez) said she agreed with Sasha (Molly Ringwald) and never gave a rebuttal. +**Split decision. Candace chose Sasha (''Ferris Bueller's Day Off''), but Brianne, Jack, and Alicia all chose Marc (''The Breakfast Club''). +***Split decision. Candace chose Marc (Gary Oldman), but Brianne, Jack, and Alicia all chose Sasha (Idris Alba). +****Split decision. Candace chose Marc (Kevin Hart and The Rock), but Brianne, Jack, and Alicia all chose Sasha (Dave Bautista and Zac Efron). +*****Both Sasha and Marc decided to abstain from answering. ++Split decision. Brianne and Candace chose Sasha (Johnny Castle (''Dirty Dancing'') and Gizmo (''Gremlins'')), but Jack and Alicia chose Marc (Emmett Brown (''Back to the Future'') and Bud Fox (''Wall Street'')). '''Episode 156: Best Harrison Ford Performance?! (10-5-17)'''<ref>Episode 156: Best Harrison Ford Performance?! (10-5-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aoLV2NDX7K8&t=18s</ref> Last Screen Junkies video to feature Andy Signore, who would be suspended the following morning and terminated two days later. Screen Junkies would not release another video for three weeks. Last Movie Fight in the current format and on the current set. A reboot would premiere on December 14. Joe Starr as Fact Checker. He is accompanied on the couch by Jared Diamond, a reporter from The Wall Street Journal. After this episode, Dan and JTE traded ranks with each other and are now respectively ranked #21 and #24. These ranks would remain permanent as records reset with the reboot. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 17/9 || '''Win''' |- | DJ Wooldridge || 1/1 || Third |- | JTE || 5/2 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! style="width: 6%"|DJ !! style="width: 6%"|JTE |- | 1: What movie should get a 2049 reboot à la ''Blade Runner''? * || || ** || 1 |- | 2: What movie features the best Harrison Ford performance? || 1 || *** || |- | 3: Best movie about surviving the wilderness? || || 1**** || |- | 4: What movie character should host "Saturday Night Live?" || 1 || || |- | 5: I need you guys to pick any Stephen King movie.... Which Stephen King movie would you most want to be trapped inside? ***** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which Ridley Scott film that doesn't already have one should get a sequel? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with the word "dead" in the title? + || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: If Scarlet Johanssen doesn't return, who should take her place in ''Lucy 2''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best Matthew Vaughn film? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: I'm gonna name two actors. Tell me who's better: Harrison Ford [or] Tom Hanks? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Originally, Andy read the first question from the previous week's episode. .**DJ (''Robocop'', Andy's last choice) won the twitter poll with 37%, beating Dan (''Running Man'') and JTE (''Evil Dead''). .***DJ (''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'') won the twitter poll with 48%, followed by Dan (''The Fugitive'') with 38% and JTE (''Regarding Henry'') with 14%. .****Once again, DJ also won the poll. .*****Blind (Backwards) fight. Before Andy asked the question, the fighters had to pick a movie. DJ chose ''It: Chapter One'', then JTE chose ''The Shining'', and Dan chose ''Carrie''. +Previously used in episode 37 (also as the second Speed Round question), which also featured Dan. This time however, Dan won the point and eventually the game. +*Split decision. Joe and Jared chose Dan (''Kingsman: The Secret Service''), but DJ and Andy chose JTE (''X-Men: First Class''). ==Movie Fights References== {{Reflist}} {{uncat|date=November 2015}} ==Movie Fights Reboot description and Fighter Rankings== This section is the leaderboards for Movie Fights starting December 14, 2017. The board does not include one-on-one fights from the first iteration of the show. As of February 8, 2018, there have been six "Movie Fights" (in this format) that have been hosted on the Screen Junkies YouTube channel. Though records do not carry over from the previous format, the Belt does. '''Current Movie Fights Reboot Standings''' (As of February 8, 2018) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ranking !! Contestant !! Record !! Win Percentage !! Total Points !! Points Per Game |- | Current Champion || Spencer Gilbert || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1 |- | 1 || Dan Murrell || 2-0 || 1.000 || 8 || 4 |- | T2 || Mike Carlson || 1-0 || 1.000 || 4 || 4 |- | T2 || Ed Greer || 1-0 || 1.000 || 4 || 4 |- | T2 || Jenny Nicholson || 1-0 || 1.000 || 4 || 4 |- | T2 || Danielle Radford || 1-0 || 1.000 || 4 || 4 |- | T6 || Mark Ellis || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3 |- | T6 || Coy Jandreau || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3 |- | 8 || Joe Starr || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2 |- | T9 || Rachel Cushing || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1 |- | T9 || Scott Mantz || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1 |- |} ==Movie Fights Reboot== '''Episode 1: Best Superhero Movie of 2017?? MOVIE FIGHTS SNEAK PEEK! (12-14-17)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Superhero Movie of 2017?? MOVIE FIGHTS SNEAK PEEK! |date=2017-12-14 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8MeW2r_qq0 |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> The debut of the reboot features the former and current Movie Fights champions. The one-on-one format debuts but is eventually abandoned after 11 episodes. A new set is temporarily used. Previous records do not carry over. A new montage is debuted. Some of the clips have been used previously. T-Mobile is still sponsoring. Hal Rudnick hosts. Roth Cornet as Fact Checker. She is accompanied by Social Media Ambassador Danielle Radford. The audience youtube poll results in a vote (only in regular round matches). The Fact Checker also gets a vote. The Judge/Host breaks a tie if there is one. The debut format is three regular round questions, followed by up to four Speed Round questions. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || New fighter || Lose |- | Dan Murrell || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! style="width: 6%"|Dan |- | 1: What is the best superhero movie of 2017? || * || 1** |- | 2: Pitch a non-superhero Disney/Fox crossover movie. *** || 1 || |- | 3: Which movie character would make the best Jedi Knight? **** || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''[Star Wars:] The Last Jedi'' hits theaters tonight.... What director who has not yet been asked to do a ''Star Wars'' film should get to do one? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of ''[The] Disaster Artist'', what is the best movie starring James Franco?+ || || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''4'''+** |} .*Spencer initially chose ''Logan'', but he lost a coin toss and went with ''Thor Ragnarok''. .**Split decision. Roth had chosen Spencer, but the audience (65%) and Hal chose Dan. .***Disney and Fox agreed to a purchase deal earlier in the day. Spencer won (55% on the poll) with ''Zootopia''/''Die Hard'' over ''Predator''/''Pirates of the Caribbean''. .****Backwards [character] fight. Spencer and Dan were asked to pick any character from any comedy film before the question was asked. .*****Dan (Ted Striker over Peter Venkman) received 72% of the vote. +First "Sabotage Round" question, in which fighters choose their opponents' answers. First to answer is answering on behalf of the opponent, so the opponent goes first. +*Dan was slightly faster at choosing ''Your Highness'' for Spencer. Spencer chose ''Howl'' for Dan. +**If this episode were counted as part of the previous series, Dan, already one of only two fighters to participate in and win two consecutive episodes (the other being Nick Mundy), becomes the first fighter to do so twice. '''Episode 2: Best/Worst Movies of 2017? (1-11-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best/Worst Movies of 2017? MOVIE FIGHTS (RADFORD vs STARR) |date=2018-01-11 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prXCYZsmfrQ |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> Dan Murrell becomes Fact Checker. Roxy Striar as Social Media Ambassador as Danielle is fighting. Hal did not vote in the regular round. Dan and the poll agreed with each other each time. During the second Speed Round question, Dan finally asked Hal to weigh in. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Danielle Radford || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Joe Starr || New fighter || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Danielle !! style="width: 6%"|Joe |- | 1: What was the best movie of 2017? || 1 || |- | 2: What was the worst movie of 2017? || || 1 |- | 3: Who was the best villain of 2017? || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who should direct ''Gambit'' now that Gore Verbinski has dropped out? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would you rather be in a relationship with: The Beast from ''Beauty and the Beast'' or Amphibian Man from ''[The] Shape of Water''? || 1* || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who should win the Oscar for Best Director [of] 2017? || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 2 |} .*Split decision. Roxy chose Joe (The Beast), but Hal and Dan chose Danielle. '''Episode 3: What Movie Would You Use To Ruin Movies Forever? (1-18-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Movie Would You Use To Ruin Movies Forever? MOVIE FIGHTS (CARLSON vs ELLIS) |date=2018-01-18 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1Xg1-5btvA |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> Also known as "How to Kill Movies Forever?" {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Mark Ellis || New fighter || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Mike !! style="width: 6%"|Mark |- | 1: Would would be the worst movie to use to introduce someone to the concept of movies?* || || 1** |- | 2: Pitch a fan edit you'd like to see from a popular movie. || || 1*** |- | 3: BLIND FIGHT: You have to choose one of these names: Chris Hemsworth or Michael Peña. **** ... ''12 Strong'', starring both Chris Hemsworth and Michael Peña hits theaters tomorrow.... If you were going into battle, which three movies characters would you want to bring with you? ***** || 1+ || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie starring Eddie Murphy? +* || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: What franchise should cross over with ''Pacific Rim''? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What mode of transportation should Liam Neeson save people on in his next movie? || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: More surprising hit: ''Jumanji[: Welcome to the Jungle]'' or ''The Greatest Showman''? || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 3 |} .*Question inspired by the upcoming release of English-language films in Saudi Arabia. The first movie will be ''The Emoji Movie'', which the fighters are not allowed to choose. .**Mark (''mother!'') received votes from Hal and Dan to win the point, but he lost the poll to Mike (''Disaster Movie'') who received 54% of the vote. .***After Hal gave his vote to Mike (placing prequel characters in ''Star Wars'' sequel trilogy films), Mark (removing Keanu Reeves from ''Bram Stoker's Dracula'') received Dan's vote and the youtube poll. .****At this point, Mike chose Hemsworth, leaving Mark with Peña. .*****Danielle had asked the actors the question. The fighters were required to use their choices. Mark had John Rambo, Jason Bourne, and a general Joe Pesci character. Mike had Frank Dux from ''Bloodsport'', the shark from ''Jaws'', and Chris Pratt as a T-Rex. +After Mike received a vote from Dan and Mark received a vote from Hal, he won 57% of the youtube poll. +*First Sabotage round. Fighters pick their opponent's answer. +**Split decision. Danielle chose Mark (space shuttle), but Hal and Dan chose Mike (Disney World monorail). '''Episode 4: The LAST Last Jedi Debate! (1-25-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=The LAST Last Jedi Debate! MOVIE FIGHTS (MANTZ vs NICHOLSON) |date=2018-01-25 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=If75XsbYCZw |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jenny Nicholson || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Scott Mantz || New fighter || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jenny !! Scott |- | 1: ''Star Wars[ Episode VIII]: The Last Jedi'': Great or not great? || 1 || |- | 2: What was the biggest snub from the 2018 Oscar nominations? || || 1* |- | 3: BLIND FIGHT: ** The Razzie nominations came out this week, and in the hat was every movie nominated for Worst Movie. You have to argue why the movie you chose should win Best Picture. || 1*** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''Jurassic World'' is getting its own Live Arena show joining ''Fast and the Furious'' Live. What other movie franchise should inspire a live stunt tour? || 1**** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Ryan Reynolds will be taking on a ''Clue'' remake for FOX. Which board game would best work as a feature film? || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 1 |} .*Jenny (Visual Effects for ''Justice League'') received Dan's vote, but Scott (Best Picture for ''The Big Sick'') received the votes of Hal and youtube. .**Before the question was asked, Jenny picked Baywatch and Scott picked Fifty Shades Darker. .***In a reversal from the previous round, Scott received Dan's vote, but Jenny received the votes of Hal and the youtube poll. .****Split decision. Dan voted for Scott (''Justice League''), but Danielle and Hal voted for Jenny (''Fifty Shades Darker''). '''Episode 5: What Marvel Villain Needs To Return For Infinity War? (2-1-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Marvel Villain Needs To Return For Infinity War? MOVIE FIGHTS! (GREER vs JANDREAU) |date=2018-02-01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccVzQYl3JTM |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> Also knows as "What Marvel Villain Needs to Return for a Sequel?" {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Ed Greer || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Coy Jandreau || New fighter || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Ed !! style="width: 6%"|Coy |- | 1: What dead/retired MCU [Marvel Cinematic Universe] villain should come back for one more film? || || 1 |- | 2: In honor of the Big Game [Super Bowl LII] this weekend, what's the best football movie? || || 1* |- | 3: BLIND FIGHT: Pick any character from an animated movie.... ** Which animated character would be the ultimate survivor in The Purge? || 1*** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Other than [the "Super] Mario [Bros." series], what classic Nintendo [NES] game would make the best animated movie? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: After Black Panther, what other famous cat should Chadwick Boseman play? || 1****, ***** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What two movie stars should be the new Men in Black? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What ''Star Wars'' supporting character would make the worst spin-off? || 1+, +* || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 3 |} .*Dan voted for Ed (''The Last Boy Scout''), but Hal and 63% of the youtube audience voted for Coy (''Remember the Titans''). .**Coy chose The Genie, then Ed chose Bugs Bunny. .***During the reading of the youtube voting, Danielle indicated that Ed received 79% and Coy received 20%, pointing out that the two percentages did not add up to 100%, but they never have in any reading she has done and she had not pointed it out previously. .****Ed chose Heathcliff, but his entire argument was for Riff-Raff of the Catillac Cats. Coy never pointed this out, and it was not brought up in fact-checking. Also Ed (and later Danielle) referred to Heathcliff picking up thick females, which was something neither Heathcliff nor Riff-Raff did. .*****Split decision. Dan voted for Coy (Tardar Sauce/Grumpy Cat), but then Danielle and Hal voted for Ed. +During the argument, Ed (and then Coy) stated that Coy's choice (Wedge Antilles) was dead, which is not true. +*Split decision. Danielle chose Coy, but Dan and Hal voted for Ed (Admiral Ackbar). '''Episode 6: The Craziest Star Wars Director Picks! (2-8-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=The Craziest Star Wars Director Picks! MOVIE FIGHTS (MURRELL vs CUSHING) |date=2018-02-08 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyLK6lT8qpA |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> Marc Andreyko was originally scheduled to fight, but due to car trouble, Dan Murrell steps in, making him the first competitor to fight twice in the new format. He did not get to prepare beforehand. Lon Harris takes over as Fact Checker. Rachel Cushing becomes to first fighter to appear in the new format without having fought in the previous format. First episode in the new format in which a fighter does not score after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Rachel Cushing || New fighter || Lose |- | Dan Murrell || 1-0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Rachel !! style="width: 6%"|Dan |- | 1: What movie should inspire an anthology series? || 1* || |- | 2: What's the best movie ever that's based on a children's book? || || 1** |- | 3: BLIND FIGHT: Each of you [is] going to pick a director [from a hat].... *** What director, who still hasn't gotten a shot, should get [his] own ''Star Wars'' trilogy? || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would be a better fictional character than Lobo for Michael Bay to adapt? || || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the overall best actor who has played a ''Spider-Man'' villain? || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''4''' |} .*Hal chose Dan (''It''), but then Lon and 53% of the youtube poll chose Rachel (''Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets''). .**In a reversal from the previous question, Hal chose Rachel (''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban'') while Lon and 71% of the poll chose Dan (''The Wizard of Oz'' (1939)). .***Rachel chose Joel Schumacher while Dan chose M. Night Shyamalan. .****Split decision. Lon chose Rachel (Uncle Sam), but Danielle and Hal chose Dan (Mojo). '''Episode 7: Best Comic Book Origin Movie Before Black Panther? (2-15-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Comic Book Origin Movie Before Black Panther? MOVIE FIGHTS (DJ vs MARKEIA) |date=2018-02-15 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pk_ENry8EzQ |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> '''Episode 8: Best Sci-fi Movie of the 21st Century? (2-22-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Sci-Fi Movie of the 21st Century? MOVIE FIGHTS (HOWARD vs MISS MOVIES) |date=2018-02-22 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lt-tS_4Wc8g |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 9: Should Disney Stop After Star Wars: Episode 9? (3-1-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Should Disney Stop After Star Wars: Episode 9? MOVIE FIGHTS (GILBERT vs NAPZOK) |date=2018-03-01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEJDA-SFqB4 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 10: What is the Most Badass Movie Scene Of All Time? (3-8-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What is the Most Badass Movie Scene Of All Time? MOVIE FIGHTS (JTE VS JAY) |date=2018-03-08 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_mlHABsnBw |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 11: Is the "Fantastic Beasts" Series A Bad Idea? (3-15-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Is the "Fantastic Beasts" Series A Bad Idea? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-03-15 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cE6RwwAoK4s |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> Final episode of the new two-person format with the fighters standing. However, the question format will remain. '''Episode 12: Which Director Will Be The Next Spielberg? (3-29-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Which Director Will Be The Next Spielberg? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-03-29 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJqoioY0q0Q |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 13: Best Science Fiction Movie Of All Time? (4-5-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Science Fiction Movie Of All Time? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-04-05 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmGAqU0sng0 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 14: The Ultimate Star Wars Spinoff! (4-12-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=The Ultimate Star Wars Spinoff! MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-04-12 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNTF9V4VCZg |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 15: What Will Be the Best Movie of Summer 2018? (4-19-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Will Be the Best Movie of Summer 2018? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-04-19 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNw3J52miA0 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 16: Recast the MCU Avengers - Marvel Movie Fights! (4-26-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Recast the MCU Avengers - Marvel Movie Fights! |date=2018-04-26 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7l7n2qukiE |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 17: MOVIE FIGHTS EXTRAVAGANZA!! (50+ All Star Fights) (5-3-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=MOVIE FIGHTS EXTRAVAGANZA!! (50+ All Star Fighters) |date=2018-05-03 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qRyFZsNTXlM |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> This episode benefits Women in Film '''Episode 18: Who's The Infinity War MVP? (5-10-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who's The Infinity War MVP? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-05-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khY8ncy41ck |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 19: Most Disappointing Superhero Sequel Ever? (5-17-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Most Disappointing Superhero Sequel Ever? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-05-17 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkQdTApKhLE |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 20: Who Should Play Boba Fett in the New Star Wars Spinoff? (5-24-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Should Play Boba Fett in the New Star Wars Spinoff? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-05-24 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VCCbT6_S58 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 21: What Should Disney Do with Star Wars Now? (5-31-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Should Disney Do with Star Wars Now? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-05-31 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbZndPjp1Lw |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 22: HONEST TRAILERS MOVIE FIGHTS ROUND 1 (6-7-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=HONEST TRAILERS MOVIE FIGHTS ROUND 1 |date=2018-06-07 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7a10a_D8nE |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 23: Worst Children's Show Host (6-14-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Worst Children's Show Host MOVIE FIGHTS!! |date=2018-06-14 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Ad5k5DD5b8 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 24: WORST MOVIE THAT CRITICS LOVED (6-21-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=WORST MOVIE THAT CRITICS LOVED |date=2018-06-21 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1muADPtsw10 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 25: RECASTING THE WATCHMEN!!!! (6-28-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=RECASTING THE WATCHMEN!!!! MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-06-28 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FceeToGt6bM |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 26: THE GREAT AMERICAN MOVIE FIGHTS!! (7-5-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=THE GREAT AMERICAN MOVIE FIGHTS!! |date=2018-07-05 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPuVkdnDttQ |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 27: Which Batman Villain Should Get Their Own Movie?! CONTENDER FIGHTS (7-12-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Which Batman Villain Should Get Their Own Movie?! CONTENDER FIGHTS |date=2018-07-12 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JASEeLBaqUE |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 28: Mission: Impossible vs. Fast and the Furious - MOVIE FIGHTS (SDCC 2018 Panel) (7-26-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Mission: Impossible vs. Fast and the Furious - MOVIE FIGHTS (SDCC 2018 Panel) |date=2018-07-26 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlEtxRP1a-w |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 29: Who Should Direct Guardians of the Galaxy 3? (8-2-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Should Direct Guardians of the Galaxy 3? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-08-02 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwOyj62XP_c |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 30: Who Should Play Supergirl? (8-9-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Should Play Supergirl? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-08-09 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHnPM1rNwI4 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 31: Who Is The Best Hollywood Chris? (8-16-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Is The Best Hollywood Chris? MOVIE FIGHTS! |date=2018-08-16 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtlZanp6hNw |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 32: Cast A Famous Animal As James Bond! MOVIE FIGHTS w/ NICK MUNDY (8-23-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Cast A Famous Animal As James Bond! MOVIE FIGHTS w/ NICK MUNDY |date=2018-08-23 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPJKtUbkZrA |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 33: Worst Movie of Summer 2018?! (8-30-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Worst Movie of Summer 2018?! MOVIE FIGHTS! |date=2018-08-30 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FGCpGNld0s |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 34: Greatest All Ages Film?! MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP! (9-6-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Greatest All Ages Film?! MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP! |date=2018-09-06 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQeCXccBcUU |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> Final episode of the Season 7 Playlist '''Episode 35: The Best & Worst of DC Movies! DCEU MOVIE FIGHTS (9-13-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=The Best & Worst of DC Movies! DCEU MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-09-13 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pw2dh6rUTOk |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 36: Which Marvel Hero Deserves a Streaming Show? (9-20-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Which Marvel Hero Deserves a Streaming Show? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-09-20 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSr5SRfK1XA |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 37: Best & Worst of Fall 2018 Predictions! (9-27-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best & Worst of Fall 2018 Predictions! |date=2018-09-27 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oofDaNaUgYo |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 38: Best Movies of The Year! (So Far) (10-4-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Movies of The Year! (So Far) |date=2018-10-04 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZwZbspyS90 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 39: How James Gunn Could Fix Suicide Squad (10-11-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=How James Gunn Could Fix Suicide Squad |date=2018-10-11 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuQDcrkltzA |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 40: How Should DC Move Justice League Forward? (10-18-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=How Should DC Move Justice League Forward? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-10-18 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GYOuZiNAPw |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 41: The Best of Horror! MOVIE FIGHTS HALLOWEEN (10-25-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=The Best of Horror! MOVIE FIGHTS HALLOWEEN |date=2018-10-25 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfIlAh15Il8 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 42: Who Should Make the Red Dead Redemption Movie? (11-1-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Should Make the Red Dead Redemption Movie? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-11-01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ks5Cu9uKbF4 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 43: BLIND MOVIE FIGHTS What 2018 Movie Will Win Best Picture (11-8-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=BLIND MOVIE FIGHTS What 2018 Movie Will Win Best Picture? |date=2018-11-08 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vf08NXm4wyI |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 44: Who's The Best Harry Potter Character? (11-15-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who's The Best Harry Potter Character? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-11-15 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-c1rBaK4TU |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 45: HONEST TRAILERS MOVIE FIGHTS ROUND 2 (11-22-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=HONEST TRAILERS MOVIE FIGHTS ROUND 2 |date=2018-11-22 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyhtnuKR_Rw |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> Final episode of the Season 8 Playlist '''Episode 46: Best Action Hero Ever? (11-29-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Action Hero Ever? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-11-29 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pR0Hi0HashE |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 47: Should Avengers 4 Even Have a Trailer? (12-6-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Should Avengers 4 Even Have a Trailer? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-12-06 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZGCpN7vQws |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 48: SPIDER-VERSE MOVIE FIGHTS (All Spider-Man Questions) (12-13-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=SPIDER-VERSE MOVIE FIGHTS (All Spider-Man Questions) |date=2018-12-13 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XN3TbgtHGjs |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 49: What Movie Should Aquaman Join? (12-20-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Movie Should Aquaman Join? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-12-20 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_vUvpSTMa0 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 50: Star Wars vs Marvel vs Lord of the Rings!! (FRANCHISE FIGHTS!) (12-27-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Star Wars vs Marvel vs Lord of the Rings!! (FRANCHISE FIGHTS!) |date=2018-12-27 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCG7ZDcH--Q |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 51: What Will Be The Best Movie Of 2019? (1-3-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Will Be The Best Movie Of 2019? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-01-03 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lSFqokNWxAY |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 52: What is the WORST M. Night Shyamalan movie? (1-17-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What is the WORST M. Night Shyamalan movie? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-01-17 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zxyHs1_ezGo |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 53: MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP (1-24-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP |date=2019-01-24 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUp-a_09mxo |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> Dan Murrell vs Greg Alba '''Episode 54: Who Should Be Wolverine? (2-7-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Should Be Wolverine? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-02-07 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5HxrqLSLEg |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 55: Worst Rom-Com Ever? (2-14-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Worst Rom-Com Ever? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-02-14 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogrybh-Qhxk |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 56: OSCARS 2019 PREVIEW (2-21-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=OSCARS 2019 PREVIEW MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-02-21 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQaRRJbVOMI |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 57: 2019 Oscars Best Moment? (2-28-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=2019 Oscars Best Moment? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-02-28 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eI70kDOLFHM |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 58: Which Avenger Should Be a Skrull? (3-7-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Which Avenger Should Be a Skrull? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-03-07 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oz6WmUSnCdM |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 59: Who's the Most Powerful Character in the MCU? (3-14-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who's the Most Powerful Character in the MCU? |date=2019-03-14 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSWmzdYVoGQ |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 60: What Horror Movie Should Jordan Peele Remake? (3-21-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Horror Movie Should Jordan Peele Remake? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-03-21 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2La01bkCP1E |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 61: Best Time Burton Movie? (3-28-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Tim Burton Movie? {{!}} MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-03-28 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJFfUH4X2mQ |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 62: What Was the BEST MOVIE of 1989? (4-4-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Was the BEST Movie of 1989? {{!}} MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-04-04 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqbvCuI73n0 |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 63: MOVIE FIGHTS: Hellboy, Hellfire, & Brimstone (4-11-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=MOVIE FIGHTS: Hellboy, Hellfire, & Brimstone |date=2019-04-11 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CMhg9eryvQ |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 64: Is the Emperor in Star Wars Episode 9 a Good Idea? (4-18-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Is the Emperor in Star Wars Episode 9 a Good Idea? {{!}} MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-04-18 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnANfZk3Io0 |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 65: What's the BEST Scene in the MCU? AVENGER MOVIE FIGHTS (4-25-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What's the BEST Scene in the MCU? {{!}} AVENGERS MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-04-25 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zm9q2ycbSpM |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 66: AVENGERS: ENDGAME MOVIE FIGHTS (SPOILERS) (5-2-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=AVENGERS: ENDGAME MOVIE FIGHTS (SPOILERS) |date=2019-05-02 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61OZAtKfYzU |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 67: Worst Movie Character Design? (5-9-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Worst Movie Character Design? {{!}} MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-05-09 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fB1HqpQRjAU |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 68: What Character Could Kill John Wick? (5-16-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Character Could Kill John Wick? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-05-16 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFOZFET1m5s |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 69: Greatest Animated Disney Musical of All-Time? (5-23-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Greatest Animated Disney Musical of All-Time? {{!}} MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-05-23 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApON6w9K0yo |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 70: Godzilla vs Stranger Things?! APOCALYPSE MOVIE FIGHTS (5-30-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Godzilla vs Stranger Things?! APOCALYPSE MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-05-30 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YphEKSDPwk8 |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 71: Best Performance in Any X-Men Movie? (6-6-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Performance in Any X-Men Movie? {{!}} MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-06-06 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=twCs_FPhirw |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 72: HONEST TRAILERS MOVIE FIGHTS ROUND 3 (6-13-19)''' '''Episode 73: Sinbad in Batman?! WEIRD MOVIE FIGHTS! (6-20-19)''' '''Episode 74: Best Performance in a Spider-Man Movie? (6-27-19)''' '''Episode 75: MOVIE FIGHTS LAST FIGHTER STANDING (7-4-19)''' Championship Fight Last weekly fight before switching to monthly '''Episode 76: COMIC-CON MOVIE FIGHTS 2019: Best Batman Movie + The Snyder Cut (8-3-19)''' '''Episode 77: Best Movie of Summer 2019?! (9-7-19)''' '''Episode 78: Best Joker Performance? (10-12-19)''' '''Episode 79: Best Animated Disney Villain? (11-21-19)''' '''Episode 80: 2020 OSCARS MOVIE FIGHTS (2-9-20)''' '''Episode 81: Movie Fights | We're Back (2-23-26)''' '''Episode 82: The REAL Best Picture Was...? (3-16-26)''' '''Episode 83: Project Hail Mary: The Movie Fight (3-23-26)''' '''Episode 84: Video Game Movies: The Movie Fight! (4-6-26)''' ==Movie Fights Reboot References== {{Reflist}} {{Uncategorized|date=November 2015}} ==TV Fights description and Fighter Rankings== "TV Fights" airs live on Tuesdays at 4:00 pm Pacific time on Screen Junkies Plus. It is hosted by Roxy Striar and adopts the format of Movie Fights (however, starting with Episode 12, there have been only five regular round questions instead of six (which Movie Fights later adopted)). Screen Junkies producer Ken Napzok appears as a Fact Checker and twitter comment reader (his position is replaced by Billy A. Patterson starting in the 51st episode). Episodes of TV Fights are generally slightly shorter than Movie Fights. Further, with one exception, they are not followed by an After the Fight episode as most Movie Fights episodes that were recorded after the advent of Screen Junkies Plus are. As of October 3, 2017, there have been 99 episodes, 97 of which are counted in the statistics. Additionally, there is a first "episode" that is not part of the episode count. '''Current TV Fights Standings''' (As of October 3, 2017) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ranking !! Contestant !! Record !! Win Percentage !! Total Points !! Points Per Game |- | Current Champion || Dan Murrell || 4-1 || 0.800 || 22 || 4.40 |- | 1 || Matt Key || 2-0 || 1.000 || 11 || 5.50 |- | 2 || Perri Nemiroff || 2-0 || 1.000 || 10 || 5.00 |- | 3 || Roxy Striar || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T4 || Brittany Ashley || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Jared Bauer || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Brannon Braga || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || David Futernick || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Jared Haibon || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Alan Kistler || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Samm Levine || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Edgar Momplaisir || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Ken Napzok || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Greg Nix || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Cameron Rice || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Stephanie Ritter || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Tehran Von Ghasri || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Clarke Wolfe || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | 18 || Lon Harris || 4-1 || 0.800 || 21 || 4.20 |- | T19 || Billy A. Patterson || 3-1 || 0.750 || 19 || 4.75 |- | T19 || Hal Rudnick || 3-1 || 0.750 || 19 || 4.75 |- | 21 || Sasha Perl-Raver || 6-2 || 0.750 || 35 || 4.38 |- | T22 || Mark Ellis || 2-1 || 0.667 || 15 || 5.00 |- | T22 || John Rocha || 2-1 || 0.667 || 15 || 5.00 |- | T22 || Andy Signore || 2-1 || 0.667 || 15 || 5.00 |- | 25 || Matt Lieberman || 4-2 || 0.667 || 29 || 4.83 |- | 26 || Charley Feldman || 2-1 || 0.667 || 14 || 4.67 |- | 27 || Ben Bateman || 2-1 || 0.667 || 11 || 3.67 |- | 28 || Coy Jandreau || 3-2 || 0.600 || 20 || 4.00 |- | 29 || Jay Washington || 3-2 || 0.600 || 19 || 3.80 |- | 30 || Cathy Kelley || 1-1 || 0.500 || 11 || 5.50 |- | 31 || Andres Cabrera || 1-1 || 0.500 || 9 || 4.50 |- | 32 || Trisha Hershberger || 2-2 || 0.500 || 17 || 4.25 |- | 33 || Spencer Gilbert || 2-2 || 0.500 || 17 || 4.25 |- | 34 || Gina Ippolito || 1-1 || 0.500 || 8 || 4.00 |- | 35 || DJ Wooldridge || 2-2 || 0.500 || 12 || 3.00 |- | 36 || Steve Zaragoza || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T37 || Jonathan Harris || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T37 || Maude Garrett || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T37 || Jennifer Landa || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T37 || Jonny Loquasto || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T41 || David Griffin || 1-1 || 0.500 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T41 || Nick Mundy || 1-1 || 0.500 || 5 || 2.50 |- | 43 || Roger Barr || 2-3 || 0.400 || 17 || 3.40 |- | 44 || Audrey Kearns || 2-3 || 0.400 || 12 || 2.40 |- | 45 || Jennifer Flack || 1-2 || 0.333 || 13 || 4.33 |- | 46 || Hector Navarro || 2-4 || 0.333 || 24 || 4.00 |- | 47 || Jack Conway || 1-2 || 0.333 || 12 || 4.00 |- | T48 || Vanessa Ragland || 1-2 || 0.333 || 11 || 3.67 |- | T48 || Roth Cornet || 1-2 || 0.333 || 11 || 3.67 |- | 50 || Jeff Galante || 1-2 || 0.333 || 9 || 3.00 |- | 51 || JTE (Josh "The Engineer" Tapia) || 1-2 || 0.333 || 7 || 2.33 |- | 52 || Yael Tygiel || 2-5 || 0.286 || 28 || 4.00 |- | 53 || Emma Fyffe || 1-3 || 0.250 || 9 || 2.25 |- | 54 || Zach Wilson || 1-4 || 0.200 || 19 || 3.80 |- | 55 || Joe Starr || 2-6 || 0.250 || 25 || 3.13 |- | 56 || Joseph Scrimshaw || 1-4 || 0.200 || 17 || 3.40 |- | 57 || Matt Knost || 1-4 || 0.200 || 11 || 2.20 |- | 58 || Michele Boyd || 1-5 || 0.167 || 20 || 3.33 |- | 59 || Josh Macuga || 1-6 || 0.143 || 25 || 3.57 |- | 60 || Michael Beatrice || 0-1 || 0.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T61 || Marc Andreyko || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Damian Beurer || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Kaycee Conlee || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Dan Feuerrigel || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || David A. Goodman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Angie Greenup || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Kim Horcher || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Ashley & Lauren Iaconetti (TMI) || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Erika Ishii || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Jesse Klein || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Scott Mantz || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Drew DiFonzo Marks || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || John McCracken || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Mary Risk || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Daniel Van Kirk || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | 76 || Andie Bolt || 0-2 || 0.000 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Kimia Behpoormia || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Kirk Bonacci || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Katy Dolle || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Ed Greer || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Adam Hann-Byrd || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Stacy Howard || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Matt Iseman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Marina Mastros || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Michelle Nguyen || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Justin Rupple || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Robert Peterson || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Max Song || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Trevor Stines || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Ele Woods || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T91 || Rob Cesternino || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T91 || Max Dionne || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T91 || Jason Inman || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T91 || Danielle Radford || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T91 || Ishmel Sahid || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T91 || Victor Torres || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T97 || Kamarra Cole || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T97 || Karl Hess || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T97 || Tiona Hobson || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T97 || Luke Kelly-Clynne || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T97 || Jason Mewes || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T97 || J.D. Zelman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | 103 || Bree Essrig || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | 104 || Mo Lightning || 0-2 || 0.000 || 3 || 1.50 |- | 105 || Aaron Pruner|| 0-3 || 0.000 || 3 || 1.00 |- | T106 || Dani Fernandez || 0-2 || 0.000 || 2 || 1.00 |- | T106 || Tony Kim || 0-2 || 0.000 || 2 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Nick Armstrong || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || William Bibbiani || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Lilan Bowden || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Kristen Brancaccio || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Robert Meyer Burnett || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Leo Camacho || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Brianne Chandler || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Mark David Christensen || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Amy Dallen || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Ryan Eleopouios || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Brooks Forester || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Stephen Glickman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Chris Hayner || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || KellyAnne Judd || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Cassie Keets || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Jaden LeBel || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || MeLissa Luna || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Markeia McCarty || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Kauser Mohammed || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Stephanie Michelle || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Ify Nwadiwe || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Grant Pardee || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Megan Salinas || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Eddie Ray Smith || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Katy Stoll || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Kaori Takee || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Anastasia Washington || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Damian Washington || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Jeremiah Watkins || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Mo Welch || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Ele Woods || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | 139 || Michael Truly || 0-2 || 0.000 || 1 || 0.50 |- | T140 || Barbara Gray || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |- | T140 || Jordan Morris || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |- | T140 || Charlie Schneider || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |- | T140 || Cesar Solorio || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |} Rankings have been determined first by Win Percentage. If a tie has resulted, then it is broken by Points Per Game (except in the case of an undefeated fighter, in which number of wins is the primary determinant, followed by Points Per Game). If a tie still remains, the two are separated by Total Points, then by rankings within the fights (second vs third). If they still remain tied, they are given the same ranking and put into alphabetical order. ==TV Fights Episodes 1-50== PER PRODUCER BILLY PATTERSON, THE FIRST EPISODE WAS NOT AN OFFICIAL EPISODE (even though some subsequent numbers do match up in the web addresses and episode full names with the episode numbers shown in the wiki (ie episodes 27 and 28)). HENCE, THE TRUE EPISODE NUMBERS OF EACH TV FIGHT ARE ONE LESS THAN WHAT IS WRITTEN IN THE SUMMARY OF TV FIGHTS EPISODES. <big>'''<big>Question and statistical summary</big>'''</big> (x during a tie breaker or Speed Round question denotes that the fighter did not participate in the question): '''Episode 1: Most Epic TV Death? (unknown date)'''<ref>Episode 1: Most Epic TV Death? (unknown date) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-episode-2-2969471</ref> PER PRODUCER BILLY PATTERSON, THIS IS NOT AN OFFICIAL EPISODE. ACCORDINGLY, THE LEADER BOARD DOES NOT INCLUDE THIS EPISODE. Episode was not aired live as subsequent episodes are, as evidenced by the fact that no twitter comments are read. This episode was uploaded sometime between the uploads of Episodes 2 and 3, hence the appearance of "episode-2" in the web address. Screenjunkies.com lists the air date as November 16, 2015, but it also lists this for episode 2, which is incorrect. In addition to the fact that it is called Episode 1, it is clear that this was taped before Episode 2 based on how the tie-breaker was handled (see below). Further, the background is different than in Episodes 2 and 3. Unlike in most episodes of Movie Fights, pre-speed Round tie-breaker questions result in points awarded. If it weren't for the fact that points were awarded for the pre-Speed Round tie-breaker questions, no fighter would have received points for two consecutive questions in this fight, something that has never been done in Movie Fights or any subsequent episode of TV Fights. And even though Andie got points for two of her consecutive questions, there was an intervening question in between them in which she didn't participate. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Josh Macuga || New fighter || Second |- | Andie Bolt || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Jonny Loquasto || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Josh !! Andie !! Jonny |- | 1: What show should be brought back? * || 1 || || |- | 2: What is the best adult themed animated show? || || 1 || |- | 3: What TV family do you want to be a part of? || 1 || || |- | 4: Most impactful death of a TV character? || || || 1 |- | 5: What should be the Season 6 setting of "American Horror Story"? || || 1 || |- | 6: Best TV show with the most ** ridiculous premise? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER A (Josh vs Andie): "Growing Pains" and "Family Matters" are re-running. Which do you watch? || || 1 || x |- | TIE BREAKER B (Josh vs Jonny): Monica or Rachel [from "Friends"]? || 1 || x || *** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Better Ed O'Neill show: "Married With Children" or "Modern Family"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best show with the word "show" in the title? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Next city that "The Real Housewives" should take place in? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best night for TV currently? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best vampire show: "Buffy" or "True Blood"? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || '''6''' || 2 |} .*It was stated that Judd Apatow never did anything on television after Josh's choice ("Freaks and Geeks"). However, the following year, he created "Undeclared" (also featuring Jason Segal and Seth Rogan), which also lasted only one season. .**Roxy later clarified that the contestants should be focusing on the best show, not the most ridiculous premise. In fact, the question card and the bottom of the screen said "a" rather than "the most". .***Jonny was eliminated despite only losing on one question, which Josh also did. While there is a round-robin way to do a tie-breaker, it was not done. In the following episode, Andy Signore pointed this out, and the modern Movie Fight rules were applied, in which two fighters advance on a single question. Also, points were given for the tie-breaker, which isn't done in Movie Fights. Hence, in this episode and the next, a total of 13 points per episode are given. '''Episode 2: The Best Simpsons Episode Ever? (11-17-2015)'''<ref>Episode 2: The Best Simpsons Episode Ever? (11-17-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-the-best-pilot-ever-2969325</ref> Second episode to be filmed, but first to air (aired on the first day of Screen Junkies Plus). Roxy refers to it as the first episode even though it is listed as Episode 2. As the previous episode is not considered an official episode, she is correct that this is the first. First episode to feature a participant from Movie Fights. First episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Lieberman || New fighter || Second |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || New fighter || Third |- | Andy Signore || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 78%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Sasha !! Andy |- | 1: What's the best pilot episode for a series ever? || || || 1 |- | 2: What is the best show to watch while doing other things? *, ** || || 1 || |- | 3: Pitch a TV crossover. || 1 || || |- | 4: What is the best show set in a high school? || || 1 || |- | 5: What [other]*** shows could have been saved by a showrunner change? || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the best "[The] Simpsons" episode ever? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the best catchphrase of all time? **** || 1 || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would win in a fight: Rick Grimes or Tony Soprano? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best show with "boy" or "girl" in the title? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Most painful death: Ned Stark or Jon Snow? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Two shows playing in re-runs, which are you gonna watch: "Frasier" or "Cheers"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Better Jimmy: Kimmel or Fallon? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5***** || 2 || '''6''' |} .*Even though it was the second question, Roxy started with Andy. For the third question, she started with Sasha. This was also repeated for the fifth and sixth questions. .**The bottom of the screen after the question was asked replaced "other things" with "nothing." .***Besides "The Muppets" (2015). .****Ken stated that there were never any three-way ties at the end of the regular round of Movie Fights. This is not true. It had happened in Episodes 16 and 29. It also happened two days later in Episode 58. .*****Matt would not lose another match until 64 episodes later. '''Episode 3: Best Thanksgiving TV Episode Ever? (11-24-2015)'''<ref>Episode 3: Best Thanksgiving TV Episode Ever? (11-24-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-ep-3-best-thanksgiving-tv-episode-ever-2981996</ref> First episode in which a fighter does not receive any points after the first round. First episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Second episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Third episode to feature three new fighters, which is already more than Movie Fights has had at this point. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joseph Scrimshaw || New fighter || Third |- | Cathy Kelley || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Hector Navarro || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 83%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Joseph !! Cathy !! Hector |- | 1: What is the best Thanksgiving episode of all time? || 1 || || |- | 2: Who is the most kick ass woman currently on TV? * || || || 1 |- | 3: Where is the best TV place to work? || || 1 || |- | 4: Pitch a TV show adaptation for any 80s movie? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who is the best TV villain ever? || || || 1 |- | 6: What show had the most promise and the least delivery? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would you rather come to your Thanksgiving dinner: Peter Griffin or Homer Simpson? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the better show: "American Idol" or "The Voice"? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best show with the word "family" in the title? || x || 1** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best HBO comedy; is it "Veep" or "Silicon Valley"? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best next-door neighbor; is it Kramer or Mr. Feeny? || x || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the best sport to watch on TV instead of going to the game? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''6''' || 5 |} .*During the debate of the second question, the bottom of the screen replaced "kick" with "Kisck". .**Split decision. Ken agreed with Hector for "Family Guy". '''Episode 4: Best 90s Sitcom? (12-1-2015)'''<ref>Episode 4: Best 90s Sitcom? (12-1-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-ep-4-best-90s-sitcom-2983937</ref> Out of Roxy, Jason, Aaron, and Hal, Jason is the only Gentile (non-Jew). Jason and Hal are the second and third fighters to have previously appeared on Movie Fights. First episode to not feature two male and one female contestants. First of four consecutive episodes in which the fighter who scored the first point ultimately won the game. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jason Inman || New fighter || Second |- | Aaron Pruner || New fighter || Third |- | Hal Rudnick|| New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jason !! Aaron !! Hal |- | 1: What is the best sitcom of the 90s? || || || 1 |- | 2: If you guys could cast your dream actor to play Iron Fist/Danny Rand in the upcoming Netflix TV show, who would it be? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the most rewatchable show ever? || * || || 1 |- | 4: What's the nicest hidden gem of a TV show, a show that didn't or doesn't receive the attention it deserves? || || 1 || |- | 5: What season cancelled in its their season should get another choice? || || || 1 |- | 6: What TV show deserves a better finale? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who has better shows on TV right now, DC or Marvel? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which TV show would you rather watch with your [hypothetical] 15-year old niece: "Pretty Little Liars" or "Vampire Diaries"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which show would you rather host: "SNL" for a night or "Survivor" for a season? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is the best TV actress or character named Kate (no spelling specified)? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: The "Cosby Show" is airing re-runs. Do you leave it on? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''6'''*** |} .*Jason lost the ability to argue for Aaron's choice "(M*A*S*H)" in a coin toss. He chose "The West Wing" instead. Neither answer won. .**Split decision. Aaron chose Jason, who picked "Survivor". .***As Hal was retroactively declared the winner of the first Movie Fight, he is the only fighter so far to win his first fights on each show. '''Episode 5: Best TV Villain in 2015? (12-10-2015)'''<ref>Episode 5: Best TV Villain in 2015? (12-10-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-ep-5-best-tv-villian-in-2015-2986683</ref> Aired on Thursday instead of Tuesday in order to accommodate the Movie Fights schedule so that Kevin Smith could appear on that show. The episode is only 63:36 long. Matt Lieberman is the first repeat fighter shown. Roxy actually states that it is his third appearance. He appeared on an unaired pilot. Matt becomes the first fighter to appear in two episodes without coming in third place. In episode 15, he would become the first to do this after three fights. Matt becomes the first fighter to win a fight while being the only person in the group to have ever lost (episode 2). He would do this again in episode 15 against fighters who had actually previously appeared. As recently started on Movie Fights, the scoreboard lists Spencer's name as "Spence". Spencer Gilbert is the fourth fighter to have previously fought in Movie Fights. Charlie becomes the first person to not score any points in a game, something that didn't happen in Movie Fights until he 41st episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Lieberman || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Charlie Schneider || New fighter || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Matt !! Charlie !! Spencer |- | 1: Who is the greatest fictional POTUS (President of the United States of America) on TV? || 1* || || |- | 2: You have the power to cancel a show that's been on for 2+ seasons. What show is it? || ** || || 1 |- | 3: Best TV villain of 2015? || 1 || || |- | 4: Best bromance on TV? || 1 || || |- | 5: What TV show has or had the best opening credits? || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the best running gag/joke in a series? || || || 1*** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 4 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who[m] would you rather sit next to on a plane: Bryan Cranston or Jon Hamm? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would win "Survivor": Hillary Clinton or Donald Trump? || || x || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Bigger Golden Globe snub in comedy: "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" or "The Grinder"? + || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better judge on "The Voice": Christina Aguilera or Gwen Stefani? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is the best TV dog? || 1+** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''+*** || 0 || 5 |} .*Matt incorrectly states that Richard Nixon served two full terms as US President. Ken pointed this out in the Fact Check. .**Matt was allowed to argue for "Gotham" despite the fact that it had not yet finished two seasons. However, Spencer won with "The Simpsons". .***Spencer, who won, was the only one to not pick from the show "How I Met Your Mother". .****Split decision. Charlie had chosen Spencer (Cranston). .*****Split decision, reversed from the previous fight. Charlie had chosen Matt (Trump). +At the end of the fight, Roxy called her gavel Mjolnir her "banger". +*Split decision. Charlie had chosen Matt (Stefani). +**Split decision, reversed from the previous fight. Charlie had chosen Spencer (Brian Griffin), while Ken and Roxy chose Matt (Porkchop Funnie). +***At the beginning of the episode, Matt had correctly predicted that he would win. '''Episode 6: Who is the Best Friends Character? (12-15-2015)'''<ref>Episode 6: Who is the Best Friends Character? (12-15-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-the-best-friends-character-tv-fights-2987660</ref> Jack Conway is introduced as a second-time fighter, but this is his first fight shown. Ken mentions that he was on the unaired pilot, which will eventually be released. John Rocha is the fifth fighter to previously compete in Movie Fights. He is the only one of them to win TV Fights without having previously won Movie Fights. First episode to only require four Speed Round questions, rather than five. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | John Rocha || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Jack Conway || New fighter || Second |- | Roth Cornet || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 71%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! John !! Jack !! Roth |- | 1: What TV cop/government agent would you want to be partnered with? || 1 || || |- | 2: What is the best time travel TV show? || || || 1 |- | 3: What is the best onscreen marriage or romance? || || 1 || |- | 4: Which other character from a popular TV show should have his own show? || 1 || || |- | 5: Out of the main cast, who is the best "Friends" character? || || 1 || |- | 6: What is the best "SNL" sketch * of all time? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which TV show's real-life holiday party would you want to crash? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would win at TV Fight[s]: Jessica Jones or Supergirl? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: HBO or Showtime? || 1** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better breaking of the fourth wall: "The Office" or "Modern Family"? || 1*** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Roxy deliberately asked the question using the word "sketch" instead of "skit" despite what the screen said. .**Roth recused herself from the third Speed Round fight, but Roxy and Ken agreed with each other. .***Split decision. Ken chose Jack based on Jack's arguments, despite his not agreeing with the answer ("Modern Family"). '''Episode 7: Best TV Show of 2015? (12-22-2015)'''<ref>Episode 7: Best TV Show of 2015? (12-22-2015) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZzzWuGaML4</ref> This episode appears on youtube (in addition to Screen Junkies Plus). The scoreboard lists Jason's name as "Jay" (as in Jay and Silent Bob). Dan Murrell is the fifth fighter to have previously fought in Movie Fights. He is also the second fighter (after Hal) to win both his first Movie Fight and his first TV Fight. This episode's title card does not feature Roxy. Not counting the Movie Fight fan fight, in which Dan participated unsuccessfully for one question, this is Dan's twentieth fight between TV Fights, Movie Fights, and Schmoes Know. This episode was followed by the first episode of After the (TV) Fight, in which Dan wore a Santa hat that he received for winning this episode. First episode to only require three Speed Round questions. Fourth consecutive episode in which the fighter to get the first point ultimately won the game. Only nine points are awarded in this episode, a record low (later beaten by a margin of two points in episode 18). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Cesternino Rob Cesternino] || New fighter || Third |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Mewes Jason Mewes] || New fighter || Second |- | Dan Murrell || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 67%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Rob !! Jason !! Dan |- | 1: What is the best Christmas episode of TV? || || || 1 |- | 2: Who is the worst TV mom? || || 1 || |- | 3: What is the best show of 2015? || || * || 1 |- | 4: What is the best TV show based in a hospital? || 1** || || |- | 5: What TV show home or apartment would you want to live in? || || 1 || |- | 6: Which 2016 TV show are you most anticipating?*** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best TV character or actor named George? || x || **** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which channel has better animated shows: Adult Swim or FOX? || x || ***** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best TV show with the word "day" in the title? + || x || || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2+** || '''6''' |} .*During the fight, Jason was confused on the question and tried to take pre-2015 episodes of shows [that existed before 2015] into consideration. Arguments involving these episodes were dismissed by Roxy. .**After Rob got the point, he wanted to make sure that Roxy wasn't going to change her mind like Steve Harvey. The previous night, Steve Harvey incorrectly announced Miss Colombia as Miss Universe rather than the first runner-up. .***Could be either a new or returning show. .****Jason essentially conceded that Dan's pick (Clooney) was better. .*****Jason picked Adult Swim [before Dan spoke], but he couldn't name any shows on the channel. He eventually indicated he couldn't argue against Dan. +A movie version of this question was used in the 51st episode of Movie Fights. +*Dan's performance marks the first Speed Round sweep in TV Fights. *Also, Dan sets the record for most points in a row (4) in TV Fights. This was also recently the record in Movie Fights (multiple times), but the record was set at five two months earlier by Mike Carlson. +**Jason's score of 2 is the lowest second-place finish in TV Fights so far (it would be beaten by Steve Zaragoza in episode 18). '''Episode 8: Best Current Comic Book TV Show? (12-29-2015)'''<ref>Episode 8: Best Current Comic Book TV Show? (12-29-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-episode-3-nov-10th-2967873</ref> Pre-recorded episode (November 10, 2015). The web address indicates it was originally episode 3. Second episode in which a fighter does not receive any points after the first round. Second episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Third episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round (after episode 3 and episode 5 (in which Charlie Schneider did not score)). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Key || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Audrey Kearns || New fighter || Third |- | Zach Wilson || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Audrey !! Zach |- | 1: What is the best MTV classic show? || || 1 || |- | 2: What TV lawyer would you want to represent you? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is your favorite comic book TV show on TV right now? || 1 || || |- | 4: Pitch a "Harry Potter" TV series || || || 1 |- | 5: What is the best spin-off of all time? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best pet in TV history || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is your favorite 90s cartoon: "Doug" or "Rugrats"? || * || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best TV actor named Kevin? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What do you turn off first: "Dance Moms" or "Bachelor in Paradise"? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV chef would you rather cook you dinner: Bobby Flay or Paula Deen? || 1 || x || *** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best TV block: TGI Friday [TGIF] or Snick? || 1 || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: What "Seinfeld" character do you most want to have lunch with? || 1****, ***** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''+ || 1 || 5 |} .*Matt, who was stuck with "Doug", was unable to come up with specific arguments and couldn't even convince Roxy that he'd ever seen the show. .**Roxy was about to call the game, but Ken told her Matt could make a comeback. .***Although Roxy did not activate the panel (she hadn't on previous questions either, but did on the last two), Audrey said she would have agreed with Zach (Paula Deen). .****Matt was the first to say Kramer, leaving Zach to pick Jerry. .*****Split decision. Audrey disagreed with Roxy, but Ken agreed. +While he is not the first to get the final three points (this was done in the previous episode), Matt makes the biggest comeback victory in TV Fights history thus far; it is repeated in episode 15 after Matt Lieberman defeats Andy Signore after being behind 4-2. This record would be broken in episode 17 when Spencer Gilbert defeated Roth Cornet after being behind 4-1. '''Episode 9: Most Iconic TV Kiss? (1-5-2016)'''<ref>Episode 9: Most Iconic TV Kiss? (1-5-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/most-iconic-tv-kiss-tv-fights-ep-9-2993237</ref> Relative to seating positions, the scores were the same as in episode 8. Josh and Jonny are the second and third repeat fighters on TV Fights. Josh, who previously appeared on episode 1, becomes the second fighter to appear twice without finishing in third place either time, the first being Matt Lieberman (episodes 2 and 5). Michael's name is displayed on the scoreboard as "Mike". Third episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Third episode in which a fighter does not receive any points after the first round. Third episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Fourth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round (after episodes 3, 5 (in which Charlie Schneider did not score), and 8). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Josh Macuga || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Jonny Loquasto || 0/1 || Third |- | Micheal Beatrice || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 83%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Josh !! Jonny !! Michael |- | 1: What is the best coming of age TV show? || || 1 || |- | 2: Who deserves a chance to host "SNL"? || || || 1 |- | 3: What is the most iconic TV kiss of all time? || || || 1* |- | 4: If you could punch one TV character in the face, who would it be? || 1** || || *** |- | 5: What was the most devastating TV couple break up of all time?**** || || || 1 |- | 6: Which movie would have benefited most from being made as a TV show instead? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If forced, which dating show would you go on? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Were Ross and Rachel (from "Friends") really on a break? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What show do you watch when you're home sick: "The Price is Right" or "Jerry Springer"? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather ring in New Year's with: Supergirl or Jon Snow? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the best show with a color in the title? || 1 || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which super power would you prefer: The Flash's speed or Luke Cage's unbreakable skin? || 1+,+* || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 1 || 5 |} .*Mike said that Capt. Kirk and Lt. Uhura's kiss was "under duress." However, their bodies were being controlled; they were not under threat. .**Josh's point in Round 4 is the latest first point for any winner in TV Fights history at this point (this would be repeated in episode 32). .***Mike unsuccessfully attempted to convince Roxy that Andy Samburg was always playing a character; hence, he just went with the actor, against the parameter of the question. -He also incorrectly inferred that the song "Don't Stop Believin'" by Journey started playing after the cut to black at the end of "The Sopranos". However, that is when the song stopped. .****Jonny used the break up of Kevin and Winnie from "The Wonder Years" (the show he used to win question 1). .*****Split decision. Ken and Jonny both disagreed with Roxy, but she overruled them both (first overturn in TV Fights, immediately after the first overturn in Movie Fights). +Josh's argument included more than simply the speed. Specifically, the rebuttal mentioned regenerative powers. Ken was questioning whether this (just like time travel) was related to the speed, and Roxy indicated it was. +*Split decision. Despite the clarification of the power relationship, Ken disagreed with Roxy. '''Episode 10: Funniest Woman on TV? (1-12-2016)'''<ref>Episode 10: Funniest Woman on TV? (1-12-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/funniest-woman-on-tv-tv-fights-2995475</ref> First all-female panel (something not done until the 42nd episode of Movie Fights). Cathy Kelley becomes the first previous winner to return to the show and the third fighter to appear twice without finishing in third place. Fourth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Fifth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round (after episodes 3, 5 (in which Charlie Schneider did not score), 8, and 9). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Boyd Michele Boyd] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Kelley Cathy Kelley] || 1/0 || Second |- | Bree Essrig || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Michele !! Cathy !! Bree |- | 1: Which female lead on a TV show would you want to be? || || 1 || |- | 2: Which TV high school/college would you have most liked to attend? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who is the funniest woman on TV? || || || 1* |- | 4: Who is the number one celebrity whose ** reality show you would want to watch? || || || 1 |- | 5: What is the best TV series set in a post-apocalyptic world? || 1 || || |- | 6: What TV character would you most like to bring home your parents? || || 1*** || |- | TIE BREAKER: What was the biggest Golden Globes surprise? || 1 || 1 || **** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which Savage brothers show is better: "Boy Meets World" or "[The] Wonder Years"? || 1***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which reboot are you more excited for: "Fuller House" or "[The] X-Files"? || || 1+ || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would make a better host of the 2017 Golden Globes: Amy Schumer or Melissa McCarthy? || +* || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Jeff Probst or Chris Harrison? || 1+** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: What's the best show with "America" or "American" in the title? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 || 2 |} .*Bree won because neither Michele nor Cathy argued that she should not have been allowed to argue for the combination of two women (Abbi Jacobson and Ilana Glazer). .**The question card and bottom of the screen during the duration of the round misspelled "whose" as "who's (who is)." .***Cathy was the only one who didn't assume that the question referred to dating, so she picked someone for her single mom (George Clooney's Doug Ross from "ER"). -Roxy called the end of the fight only 3 minutes and 56 seconds after finishing reading the question. .****Bree's answer was that she didn't watch it. .*****After Michele won the point, Cathy gave a second rebuttal indicating that "Winnie Cooper" (Danica McKellar) quit acting after Michele's choice ("The Wonder Years") ended. Michele correctly stated that this wasn't true (as she returned to acting after completing college), but she said that she got an advanced degree; Danica only possesses a bachelor's degree despite writing a paper with classmate Brandy Winn who did eventually obtain a Ph.D. +Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy and chose Michele. But Roxy pointed out that the question asked about excitement, so she judged based on this. +*Michele said Amy Schumer before Cathy did. However, Cathy won. +**Michele won despite not knowing who Chris Harrison was (host of "The Bachelor"). '''Episode 11: Cast the New Jack Bauer in the 24 Spin-off (1-19-2016)'''<ref>Episode 11: Cast the New Jack Bauer in the 24 Spin-off (1-19-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/cast-the-new-jack-bauer-in-the-24-spin-off-tv-fight-2997731</ref> One week after Cathy Kelley, Andie Bolt becomes the second winner to return to the show. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andie Bolt || 1/0 || Third |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Feuerriegel Dan Feuerrigel] || New fighter || Second |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Andie !! Dan !! Sasha |- | 1: What TV show premise shouldn't have worked, but did? || || 1 || |- | 2: Who is the best TV dad of all time? * || || || 1** |- | 3: Which actor should be our new 'Jack Bauer'? || *** || 1**** || |- | 4: Pitch me a "Friends" reunion episode. || 1 || || |- | 5: Which TV episode made you cry the most? || || ***** || 1+ |- | 6: Best celebrity cameo in a TV show? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which animated character would you want to punch in the face? || x || +* || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who wins in a fight: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles or Power Rangers? +*** || x || 1+**** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who[m] would you rather be stranded on a deserted island with: Rick Grimes or Khaleesi (Daenerys Targaryen)? || x || || 1+***** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best TV character or actor named Jack? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the better reality show phrase: "Survivor"'s 'The tribe has spoken' or "The Bachelor" 's/"Bachelorette" 's 'Will you accept this rose'? || x || || 1++ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''6''' |} .*Andie and Sasha both dropped the f-bomb during arguments. .**Sasha pointed out that Andie's choice (Eddard Stark) fathered a child (Jon Snow) out of wedlock, but Ken pointed out that there's a significant chance this isn't actually true. .***Andie picked Katee Sackhoff, who already appeared as a mole agent in Season 8. This was part of Roxy's rationale for ruling her out. .****Dan, the only male fighter, was the only one who chose a male to replace Jack Bauer. .*****Dan said "Jurassic Bark" from "Futurama." This is the third time this episode has been brought up (previously used in episodes 5 and 8, respectively for best dog and best pet). +Sasha does in fact cry during her argument for the series finale of "Lost". Andie puts some fake tears on her eyes for her choice while Sasha was giving her opening arguments. +*Dan said he'd punch Homer Simpson despite arguing for him earlier in the episode as best TV dad. Ken pointed this out. +**Sasha picked Judy Jetson and described her as a wife. She was George's daughter, not wife. +***Previously used in episode 28 of Movie Fights. +****Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who picked Dan (Power Rangers). Andie didn't pick a clear winner. +*****Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who picked Sasha (Khaleesi) but stated that it depends on what one would want to do on the island. Andie said it was even for her. ++While there was no split, Andie once again could not pick a winner, for the third time in five Speed Round questions. '''Episode 12: What TV Superhero or Villain Would Win the Hunger Games? (1-26-2016)'''<ref>Episode 12: What TV Superhero or Villain Would Win the Hunger Games? (1-26-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-hero-or-villain-would-win-the-hunger-games-2999610</ref> Only five questions are used in the regular round. Hector was predicted to win the fight, but he did not, becoming the second fighter to lose two fights. However, he becomes the fourth fighter to appear twice without finishing in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hector Navarro || 0/1 || Second |- | Joe Starr || New fighter || Third |- | Jennifer Landa || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Hector !! Joe !! Jennifer |- | 1: What is the best streaming only TV show? || || || 1 |- | 2: If you could end any TV show that went on too long,....which would it be, and where would you end it? || || 1 || |- | 3: What is the most quotable TV show? || 1 || || |- | 4: What actor are you hoping gets cast as the new lead on a show? *|| || || 1 |- | 5: What TV superhero or villain would win the Hunger Games? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What's the best TV show that starts with the letter "M"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the better show to watch with your grandparents: "Shameless" or "Girls"? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which "X-Files" agent would you rather have as your partner: Scully or Mulder? || 1 || x || *** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best TV character or actor named Jess; I'll also accept Jesse or Jessica? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which show do you turn off first: "Heroes Reborn" or "True Detective" season 2? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*The question displayed and answered actually asked for the lead on a ''new'' show. .**Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Jennifer ("Girls"). .***Jennifer, who was stuck with Mulder, argued more for the actor who played him (David Duchovny). '''Episode 13: Best Seinfeld Episode Ever? (2-2-2016)'''<ref>Episode 13: Best Seinfeld Episode Ever? (2-2-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-best-seinfeld-episode-ever-tv-fights-3001841</ref> Once again, only five questions are used in the regular round. It appears this will be permanent. Last appearance of the ''Star Wars: The Force Awakens'' poster. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mark Ellis || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Joseph Scrimshaw || 0/1 || Second |- | Zach Wilson || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mark !! Joseph !! Zach |- | 1: Who is the greatest best friend character on TV? || 1 || || |- | 2: What is the most romantic gesture between a TV couple? || || 1 || |- | 3: What is the best episode of "Seinfeld" ever? || 1* || || |- | 4: You're kidnapped. You can only call the characters of one TV show to save you. Who[m] do you call?**, *** || 1 || || |- | 5: Pitch the next [live musical event]. || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Which family game show would you want to go on with your family: "Family Feud" or "Family Double Dare"? || x || 1**** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Better part of the Super Bowl: commercials or Halftime Show? || ***** || 1+ || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would make a better student body president: Agent Carter or Supergirl? || +* || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Former "Apprentice" host Donald Trump came in second [among Republicans] in last night's Iowa caucus. Who should be the next TV host to run for President? || 1 || +** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather grab a beer with: Charlie Sheen or Amanda Bynes? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: "I Love Lucy" and "I Dream of Jeannie" are both rerunning. Which do you watch? || 1+*** || || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Who is the best "Sesame Street" character? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 || 1 |} .*Mark's answer ("The Contest") was also rated as #1 out of 169 episodes by the magazine Vulture. .**Question provided by fighter Cathy Kelley. .***Even though each fighter was allowed to utilize the whole cast of their respective shows, each fighter only used the main character. .****A point was awarded despite this question being a tie-breaker that was not game-ending and didn't involve all the fighters. Mark did not contest this, and as a result, the game went on longer than it should have (no tie breaker should have been necessary at the end). .*****Mark gave a second rebuttal that lasted two seconds, prompting Ken to give Joseph two extra seconds. +Split decision. Zach didn't agree with Roxy, who chose Joseph (the Halftime Show). +*Mark chose Supergirl and stated that Agent Carter was too old since she was 35. However, in her show's first season, she is only 24-25 years old, barely older than Supergirl. +**Joseph chose Alex Trebek, who wouldn't be eligible to run as he was not a natural-born citizen. Mark never mentioned this in his argument against Trebek. +***Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Mark ("I Dream of Jeannie"). She further clarified that the question was not necessarily asking for the better show, allowing for some subjectivity in the argument, which Ken was citing as the reason for going with Joseph. '''Episode 14: Worst TV Boss?! (2-9-2016)'''<ref>Episode 14: Worst TV Boss?! (2-9-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/most-tragic-love-story-on-tv-tv-fights-3003345</ref> Despite the web address for this episode, no question about tragic love stories appears. Second all-female panel, meaning the show already has had more all-female panels than Movie Fights, which has aired 55 additional episodes. Audrey becomes the second fighter to win while being the only one in the group to have lost a fight (after Matt Lieberman in episode 5). Of all the fighters who have won a fight, Audrey has the fewest total points at six. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Vanessa Ragland || New fighter || Third |- | Yael Tygiel || New fighter || Second |- | Audrey Kearns || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Vanessa !! Yael !! Audrey |- | 1: "So You Think You Can Dance - The Next Generation" features kids, so we want you guys to pitch the next junior version of a reality or competition show. || || || 1 |- | 2: Which show has suffered the most because of an actor's departure? || || 1 || |- | 3: Who is the worst TV boss? || 1 || * || |- | 4: If you were going on "The Amazing Race," which TV show character would you pick for your partner? || || || 1 |- | 5: Recently, there was an announcement that ''Brooklyn'' is getting a spinoff TV show,... so we want you to pitch an Oscar-nominated movie TV spinoff? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which post-apocalyptic situation would you rather be in: "The Walking Dead" or "The Leftovers"? || x || **,*** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Bang/Kill/Marry: O.J. Simpson, Cuba Gooding Jr., and John Travolta? || x || || 1****,***** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best TV high school cool guy: Zack Morris or Shawn Hunter? || x || 1 || + |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who had a worse week: Cam Newton after losing the Super Bowl or Donald Trump after losing the Iowa caucus? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: In honor of Valentine's Day, who's the best TV character or actor whose name starts with "V"? || x || || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*All three fighters submitted Yael's choice (Richard Morgan (played by Richard Burgi) from "Law and Order: Special Victims Unit" Season 11, Episode 15: 'Confidential') in their top two. However, this was the first choice that Roxy rejected. .**Audrey indicated that in "The Walking Dead," there was the possibility of dying right away, and that she'd be okay with that. Part of Yael's argument against that was that the question asked which she would rather ''live'' in, but it does not. Roxy never pointed this out. .***Ken stated that he felt the fighters tied, so he couldn't make a decision, but Vanessa agreed with Roxy that Yael's argument for "The Leftovers" was better. .****Audrey agreed with Yael that she could kill O.J. Simpson. Roxy stated she'd bang him and kill Travolta. .*****Once again, Ken could not provide an answer. Instead, he merely shrugged and gave a puzzled look. +Audrey's argument for Shawn Hunter was very vague and did not reference "Boy Meets World" or "Girl Meets World" at all. While Audrey answered second, she had the chance to pik Zack first as Yael took her time. +*Vanessa could not choose a winner, but Ken agreed with Roxy that Audrey provided the better argument (Victoria Principal over Victoria Justice). '''Episode 15: TV Show You Love to Hate Watch! (2-16-2016)'''<ref>Episode 15: TV Show You Love to Hate Watch! (2-16-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGCTuD1p9K4</ref> Although the selection card for this episode has the title displayed with the first letter of each word capitalized, the in-site title is not that way, the first time this has happened. Due to sponsorship from Hulu, this episode was also available live on youtube (under the title "What TV show do you love to hate watch?" (again without each first letter capitalized)), receiving a peak live viewership of approximately 3300. The episode title on Screen Junkies Plus was later changed to this title, with capitalization. Second episode to be available on youtube (after episode 7), but the first to be available live. First episode to feature only returning fighters. Mark Ellis had fought in Movie Fights prior to TV Fights episode 13, but that was his first TV Fight. Fourth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Also the first episode to feature only returning winners. They are the third, fourth, and fifth winners to return (Andy and Michele are the third and fourth undefeated fighters to return). Andy and Matt become the first pair to rematch each other (episode 2). Matt becomes the first fighter to participate in three fights ''and'' the first to win two. Matt has actually appeared in four fights, one of which did not air. Andy becomes the fifth fighter to appear twice without finishing in third place, and Matt (the first to appear twice without a third place finish) becomes the first to appear in three fights without a third place finish. Matt is the first fighter to appear in three fights without ever scoring fewer than five points. Matt was already the first of two fighters (the second being Audrey Kearns in the previous episode) to win a fight while being the only one in the group to have ever lost (achieving this in episode 5). In this episode, he does it against two fighters who had actually appeared previously. All the fighters finish the fight with one loss. Andy and Michele each fall from a seven-way tie for first place, to 10th place and a two-way tie for 12th place respectively. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || 1/0 || Second |- | Matt Lieberman || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Michele Boyd || 1/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Andy !! Matt !! Michele |- | 1: What's the best cult TV show to binge watch?? || 1 || || |- | 2: What live action show would be better if it was animated? || || || 1 |- | 3: After "The People v. O.J. [Simpson]", what real life crime should the show ["American Crime"] take on next? || || 1 || |- | 4: Who's the most badass non-human character of all time? || || 1 || * |- | 5: What is the best TV show to hatewatch? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best show that starts with the letter "F"? || 1** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the TV Jennifer you'd rather grab a drink with: Aniston or Lopez? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would win at "Survivor": Walter White or Don Draper? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: AMC or FX? || || 1*** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which villain would you rather go against: "Daredevil" 's Kingpin or "Smallville" 's Lex Luthor?**** || || 1***** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*During Andy's description of ALF, he stated that he had eight stomachs, to which Michele ultimately responded by saying that he was just two cows. Roxy asked if that was true, and Matt stated that it was. However, despite common misconception, cows only have one stomach. .**Split decision. Michele disagreed with Roxy, who chose Andy ("Fargo") or Matt ("Futurama"). .***Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Michele (FX). .****Matt was not quite as fast as Andy in saying Kingpin and was thus stuck with Luthor. After the arguments were made, Michele pointed out that the fighters would arguing for who was better while they should have been arguing to fight the weaker opponent. .*****Matt ties (2-way) for biggest comeback victory in TV Fights history, but this record is broken two episodes later. '''Episode 16: Best MTV Classic Show? (2-23-2016)'''<ref>Episode 16: Best MTV Classic Show? (2-23-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-mtv-classic-tv-show-tv-fights-3005297</ref> Roxy debuts a new hairstyle with highlighting. This episode only ran 55:45. Jonny fights as his alterego Clark Loquasto, a bespectacled reporter for the Daily Constellation. *Only at the end of the episode did KellyAnne figure out the Clark Kent reference. Only one week after Matt Lieberman, Jonny becomes the second fighter to compete three times. Relative to seating positions, the scores are the same as the prior episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jennifer Flack || New fighter || Second |- | Jonny (Clark) Loquasto || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | KellyAnne Judd || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jennifer !! Jonny !! KellyAnne |- | 1: What TV hangout spot would be the coolest to hang out at? || || 1 || |- | 2: Which current Oscar nominated actor should get their own TV show? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the best kids show that adults can enjoy? || || 1 || |- | 4: What show is or was the best at breaking the fourth wall? *, ** || 1 || || |- | 5: What's the best MTV classic TV show? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who had the better imagination: Tommy Pickles in "Rugrats" or Doug Funnie from "Doug"? ***|| || 1**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best TV show with a one-word title? ***** || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would win in a fight: Roseanne Barr or Rosie O'Donnell? +*, +** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two shows are on. Which one do you watch?: The 1990's "[The] Flash" or "Lois & Clark: The new Adventures of Superman"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which late-night host should host the Oscars? +*** || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*When the title card for this question was shown, the twitter screen shot for the previous question was sonw at the bottom. .**During fact checking, Ken called "Saved By the Bell" the 'first incarnation' when he stated that it debuted in 1989. However, while it had spinoffs, it is a spinoff of "Good Morning, Miss Bliss," which ran for 13 episodes starting in 1988 and featured Zack, Lisa, Screech, and Mr. Belding and several other charaters who did not appear again. In syndication however, it was retroactively retooled as early episodes of "Saved By the Bell." .***Asked by the same twitter user who asked the fourth regular round question. .****Jonny, who argued for Doug, said that all he remembers about "Rugrats" was that the soundtrack for the movie featured a song ("Take Me There") by Mýa. He then stated that he knew that Harlem World had a song on it too. However, it was two members of the group who were featured on the same song. .*****Jonny answered with "Sopranos," but the title is "The Sopranos," which is two words, so Roxy ruled against him even though Jennifer never mentioned this (only Ken and twitter users did). +Split decision (see immediately above). KellyAnne, who spoke before Ken did, disagreed with Roxy. +*Jonny answered Roseanne Barr immediately before Jennifer did, leaving her with Rosie O'Donnell. +**After being asked for her opinion, KellyAnne stated that she did not know who Roseanne Barr was. She also did not vote. +***Despite being the second one to answer, Jonny answered quickly and accidentally said Jimmy Kimmell when he meant to say Jimmy Fallon. Ken made him stick with his first answer. However, Jonny was still able to win. '''Episode 17: Worst TV Show Revival? (3-1-2016)'''<ref>Episode 17: Worst TV Show Revival? (3-1-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/worst-tv-show-revival-tv-fights-3006974</ref> Roth becomes the first person to score four regular round points in TV Fights. Roth becomes the first fighter in either TV or Movie Fights to win such a high portion (80%) of the pre-Speed Round points. The previous record holder was Alicia Malone, who scored 4 out of 6 (66.7%) of the pre-Speed Round points in episode 42 of Movie Fights. This is particularly notable since despite this, Roth ultimately finished in second. Spencer breaks the record for biggest comeback victory in TV Fights. While he didn't win all of the points in the Speed Round, Spencer becomes the first person in TV or Movie Fights to win a majority vote in five consecutive Speed Round questions (and first for six consecutive as well if the tie breaker question is included). Among the final six questions, Spencer received a total of 15 out of 18 votes. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Roth Cornet || 0/1 || Second |- | David Griffin || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Roth !! David |- | 1: For better or worse, which TV character changed the most? || || 1 || |- | 2: Which TV character should be on "What Not to Wear"? || 1 || || |- | 3: Besides Deadpool, which fictional character should be given a chance to host "SNL"? || || 1 || |- | 4: In honor of the god awful "Fuller House", what's the worst TV show revival? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the best TV technology? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 4 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which TV Kourtney/Courtney would you rather grab a drink with: Kardashian or Cox? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which show is less agonizing to watch: "[The] Big Bang Theory" or "Two and a Half Men"? || 1* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best TV show that starts with the letter "S"? || || 1**, *** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which weird family would you rather be a member of: "Family Guy" 's Griffins or "[It's] Always Sunny [in Philadelphia]" 's McPoyles"? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which fictional sports team do you want to play on: the Dillon Panthers or the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant softball team? || 1 || || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Who would you rather hold on to your wallet: Saul Goodman or Bojack Horseman? || 1****, ***** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 || 0 |} .*Split decision. David disagreed with Roxy, who chose Spencer ("[The] Big Bang Theory"). .**Roth answered with "Sopranos." This (as also mentioned on the previous episode) is not the title. Rather it is "The Sopranos." Since Spencer didn't bring it up in his arguments, Roxy allowed it. .***Split decision. Second overturn on TV Fights (and only the third overturn in TV and Movie Fights history (and still the second in an official fight)). Had it not been for this overturn by Roxy, Spencer would have become the first fighter in TV and Movie Fights to win all five questions in a Speed Round. .****Roth did not say Saul Goodman as quickly as Spencer did and was stuck with Bojack Horseman. .*****Split decision. David disagreed with Roxy, who chose Spencer (Saul Goodman). '''Episode 18: Most Hated TV Character? (3-8-2016)'''<ref>Episode 18: Most Hated TV Character? (3-8-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tvfi-030816-ep18-3007595</ref> All fighters are from SourceFed. First episode since episode 8 to feature three new fighters (even though Steve did appear on one episode of Movie Fights more than a year earlier). The record for largest margin of victory, set in episode 7 by Dan Murrell, is tied. The record for lowest second-place score in both TV and Movie Fights is set. The previous record of two had been set by Jason Mewes in TV Fights in episode 7 and was set three times in Movie Fights. Seventh episode in which a fighter does not score any points after the first round (after episodes 3, 5, 8, and 9, and 17 (in which David Griffin did not score)). However, it was the first time (both in TV and Movie Fights) that the fighter not scoring after the first round finishes in second place (as opposed to third place). Only seven points are awarded in this fight, a new record low for TV and Movie Fights by a margin of two. The previous record was nine points, which were awarded in TV Fights episode 7 as well as four episodes of Movie Fights (6, 8, 57, and 58). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maude_Garrett Maude Garrett] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Steve Zaragoza || New fighter || Second |- | DJ Wooldridge || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Maude !! Steve !! style="width: 4%"|DJ |- | 1: What is the best television cliffhanger ever? || || 1 || |- | 2: What TV show has the best use of voice over narration? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who is the best TV little sister? || || || 1 |- | 4: What classic TV series would benefit from a gritty HBO style reboot? || 1 || || |- | 5: Who is the most universally hated TV character? || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which 90s Nickelodeon show would you wanna be on? || x || 0* || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of International Women's Day, ....which female is more badass: Carrie Mathison or Dana Scully? || 1 || *** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best show based in a prison; is it "Prison Break" or "Orange is the New Black"? || 1** || *** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1**** || 1 |} .*First time in TV Fights that someone is ''not'' awarded a point for a pre-Speed Round tie-breaker (the proper rules). .**Maude pulls off the shortest Speed Round in the history of TV and Movie Fights and the second sweep of the Speed Round in TV Fights. However, had the proper rules regarding non-scoring for pre-Speed Round tie-breakers been used in the fifteenth episode of Movie Fights, this would be a tie for the record for the two shows as that episode would have also ended after two Speed Round questions (and also with a margin of four points). *She also ties Dan Murrell (the previous sweeper and record holder for shortest Speed Round) for most consecutive points (four) in TV Fights. .***Steve was not as fast as Maude in providing the answers that she used to win the two Speed Round questions (Dana Scully and "Orange is the new Black"). He also needed to ask DJ who Carrie Mathison was (Maude did not know either). .****Steve comes in second place despite not scoring any higher than DJ (the first time in TV Fights that the second place fighter did not score any higher than the third place scorer). His score is the lowest second-place score in all of TV and Movie Fights. '''Episode 19: Best TV Drunk? (3-15-2016)'''<ref>Episode 19: Best TV Drunk? (3-15-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-drunk-tv-fights-3008674</ref> First episode not hosted by Roxy Striar as she is competing. The episode is hosted by Ken Napzok. Since Ken is hosting, Dan Murrell acts as Fact Checker. This episode features the 1000th Screen Junkies Fight question. Eighth episode in which a fighter does not score any points after the first round, and the third in which a fighter finishes with no points. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Josh Macuga || 1/1 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || New fighter || Third* |- | Roxy Striar || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Josh !! style="width: 5%"|Nick !! style="width: 5%"|Roxy |- | 1: In honor of St. Patrick's Day, who is the best drunk on television? || || || 1 |- | 2: What is the best female friendship on television? || || || 1 |- | 3: What TV show would be a dating deal breaker if your significant other, boyfriend, or girlfriend, has never seen it? || 1 || || |- | 4: What is the best reality show on television? || 1 || || |- | 5: Who is the most universally loved TV character? ** || || || 1*** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 0 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would win in a fight: [Steve] Urkel from "Family Matters" or Sheldon [Cooper] from "[The] Big Bang Theory"? || 1 || x || **** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Bidding one dollar on "[The] Price is Right": good strategy or cheap trick? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which current late-night talk show host would you vote for President? || ***** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Would you rather work at Paddy's Pub or Cheers? || || x || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 0+* || '''6''' |} .*Between TV and Movie Fights, this is Nick's sixth consecutive third place finish. He is the only person to finish third even four consecutive times (Scott Mantz would later tie this) and one of only two fighters (the other being Mantz) to do it three consecutive times. *Between TV and Movie Fights, Nick also becomes the first person to ever lose six consecutive fights (either second or third place), surpassing Trisha Hershberger, and the first to lose thirteen fights in general, surpassing Spencer Gilbert. .**Between TV and Movie Fights (not counting the Schmoes Know show), the fifth round question was the 1000th. .***Roxy chose Jack Bauer from "24." After the point was awarded, Dan told Ken that twitter strongly disagreed with his choice. .****Josh answered Urkel immediately before Roxy, leaving her to choose Sheldon. Her argument was based heavily on his ability to logically argue, not actually participate in a physical confrontation. After the point was awarded, she mentioned that she's never watched "The Big Bang Theory." .*****After Josh answered [Jimmy] Fallon, he realized he should have answered Stephen Colbert. Roxy won with [Jimmy] Kimmel. .+Split decision. Ken overturned Nick and Dan's vote for Josh, who argued for Paddy's Pub (the third overturn in TV Fights). During Dan's explanation, he mentioned the Roxy's initial argument was more so for why she would want to ''go'' to Cheers versus Paddy's, not ''work'' there. +*Between TV and Movie Fights, Nick becomes the first fighter to finish with no points twice (having previously done this six months earlier in Movie Fights episode 48). '''Episode 20: Who is TV's Best Nerd? (3-22-2016)'''<ref>Episode 20: Who is TV's Best Nerd? (3-22-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-tvs-best-nerd-tv-fights-ep-20-3009788</ref> Roxy announced that in May, there will be a nine-fighter tournament for a TV Fights Championship Belt. Ken shows the Belt off. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Clarke Wolfe || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Roger Barr || New fighter || Second |- | Jeff Galante || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Clarke !! Roger !! Jeff |- | 1: Who is TV's best nerd? || 1* || || |- | 2: Since "Prison Break" revives Michael [Scofield] for a reboot, ...if you could raise a character from the dead, who would it be? ** || 1 || || *** |- | 3: What show would you use to torture your worst enemy by playing on repeat? || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the best show to take place right here in Los Angeles? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who is the best TV wingman? || || **** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is the best Kardashian or Jenner? || 1 || ***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who are the better roommates: the cast of "New Girl" or the cast of "Entourage"? || 1+ || +* || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is TV's better bald guy: Patrick Stewart or The Rock? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather spend the day with: "Gotham" 's Bruce Wayne or "Smallville" 's Clark Kent? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best TV character or actor named Jack? || 1 || +*** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*After Clarke won the first point, the scoreboard misspelled her name as "Clark." JT fixed it shortly afterwards. .**During the asking of this question, the title card and corresponding tweet for the third question appear. .***During Jeff's argument, he says that Maude Flanders needs to come back from the dead to break up Ned and his second wife Edna. However, Edna (just like her voice actress Marcia Wallace) has already died. .****Roger chose Spock, originally calling him Mr. Spock. He later incorrectly referred to him as Dr. Spock. .*****Roger refused to answer the question and forfeited the point. He stated that he still had his soul even though the "Star ''Trek'' Holiday Special" tried to steal it (Roger's winning response for question 3 was the "Star Wars Holiday Special"). Clarke said Khloé. +Clarke was faster at saying "Entourage". +*Roger had never seen "New Girl," even referring to the "New Girls" (only one of them was female) and saying he was confusing it with "2 Broke Girls." +**Split decision. Jeff disagreed with Roxy, who chose Roger (Bruce Wayne). +***While Jack Bauer was the winning answer the previous week for the most universally beloved character, Roger's choice of him for this question did not win against actor Jack McBrayer. '''Episode 21: Best TV Bully? (3-31-2016)'''<ref>Episode 21: Best TV Bully? (3-31-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-bully-tv-fights-ep-21-3011117</ref> Aired on a Thursday rather than Tuesday due to Movie Fights' airing on Tuesday. This episode was not live. Fifth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. First Screen Junkies victory from Coy Jandreau. As of July 23, 2016, Coy is 5-0 across the competitions (2-0 on Movie Fights and TV Fights and 1-0 on Movie Games). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dani Fernandez || New fighter || Third |- | Daniel Van Kirk * || New fighter || Second |- | Coy Jandreau || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Dani !! style="width: 5%"|Dan !! style="width: 5%"|Coy |- | 1: Who is the best TV bully? || || 1 || |- | 2: Which TV show that is still running did you once love and now hate? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the best TV character nickname? || || || 1 |- | 4: What is the best opposite sex friendship? || || 1 || |- | 5: In honor of "Daredevil" Season 2, ....which Marvel character, either hero or villain, deserves a Netflix show? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which "[The] Walking Dead" injury would you rather have: lose your eye like Carl [Grimes] or lose your leg like Hershel [Greene]? || x || || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which TV siblings would you rather have babysat: Mary Kate and Ashley Olsen or Ben and Fred Savage? || x || *** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Better female-drive show: "Girls" or "Broad City"? || x || 1**** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which Jon/John would you rather spend a night in a hotel with: Hamm or Stamos? || x || 1***** || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What daytime talkshow host should run for President? || x || || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Daniel's twitter handle is misspelled as @DanileVanKirk. On the scoreboard, his name is shown as "Dan". .**Split decision. Dani disagreed with Roxy, who chose Coy (leg). .***Daniel stated that he also would have picked Coy's choice (the Savages). .****Split decision. Dani disagreed with Roxy, who chose Daniel ("Broad City"). .*****Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Daniel (Jon Hamm). +Split decision. Fourth overturn on TV Fights (third by Roxy and fifth between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Dani each picked Daniel. Coy picked Jerry Springer and never mentioned that he was the mayor of Cincinnatti, which Ken pointed out. '''Episode 22: The Walking Dead (4-5-2016)'''<ref>Episode 22: The Walking Dead (4-5-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/the-walking-dead-tv-fights-ep-22-3011934</ref> This episode entirely focuses on the show "The Walking Dead." The sixth season finale aired two nights earlier. Rather than Mjolnir, Roxy has a grey replica of the Lucille bat which was shown in the season finale. This episode runs 1:30:30, the longest running time yet. Hector Navarro hosts Screen Junkies Plus' "Knocking Dead" commentary show. Third episode (after 10 and 19) in which a new fighter won against a previous winner. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hector Navarro || 0/2 || Third |- | John Rocha || 1/0 || Second |- | Ben Bateman || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Hector !! John !! Ben |- | 1: You're on "The Walking Dead" and you actually turn into a walker..., but we wanna know who would be your first victim? || || 1 || |- | 2: What is the most badass thing a character has ever done [in "The Walking Dead"]? || || || 1 |- | 3: What other character would you like to appear in "The Walking Dead"? || 1 || || |- | 4: Which character [in "The Walking Dead"] shouldn't have died? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who[m] do you think Negan kills? || * || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is or was the most annoying kid on "The Walking Dead"? || x || 1** || *** |- | SPEED ROUND B: "Fear the Walking Dead": yes or no? || x || || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Would you rather die by a Walker or Lucille? || x || || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which "[The] Walking Dead" location would you like to be your home? || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Better leader should Rick [Grimes] die: Carol [Peletier] or Michoanne? || x || || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*During the fight, Hector spoils that in the comics, Negan kills Glenn. .**Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose John (Carl) over Ben ("the girl who got knifed by Carol" (never named; called Lizzie, but Lizzie Samuels was shot, not knifed)). .***During Ben's argument, he stated that the actress who played his choice was going for the kid Oscar. While there is no Oscar specifically for children, Oscars are for movies, not TV shows. .****Ben was faster at saying yes. .*****Split decision. Fifth overturn on TV Fights (fourth by Roxy and sixth between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Hector each picked John, who chose by a Walker so that he could say goodbye to loved ones. However, Roxy felt Ben's argument for no pain was stronger. So far, by this point, throughout TV and Movie Fights, in all instances in which Andy has been outvoted, he went with the opinion of the other voters in awarding the point, but in all instances in which any other judge (Alicia, Ken, and Roxy) has been outvoted, he/she has overturned the vote. +If it were not for Roxy's overturn of the vote against her in the previous question, after this question, John would have become the first fighter to reach a 2-0 record on TV Fights. +*Ben was slower at picking Carol but still won with Michonne by unanimous decision. '''Episode 23: Best TV Sex Scene? (4-12-2016)'''<ref>Episode 23: Best TV Sex Scene? (4-12-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-sex-scene-tv-fights-ep-23-3013275</ref> Lucille returns in place of Mjolnir. Spencer Gilbert debuts as Fact Checker as Ken is on vacation. It is announced that he will be on next week as well since Ken will be fighting. The seating arrangement of placing (win, second, third) is the same as the previous week. The same holds true for the awarding of all five regular round points. Everyone comes into the fight with a 0-1 record. On the scoreboard, Jennifer's name is displayed as "Jen." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 0/1 || Third |- | Yael Tygiel || 0/1 || Second |- | Jennifer Flack || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 83%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Joe !! style="width: 7%"|Yael !! Jennifer |- | 1: Who is the best boss on TV? * || || 1 || |- | 2: Who is the best child actor currently on TV? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best show based in New York City? || 1 || || |- | 4: What TV show should get a board game based on it? || || 1 || |- | 5: What [is] the best sex scene ever on a TV show? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of today being National Grilled Cheese Day, which fictional restaurant would you want to go to: The Krusty Krab or Good Burger? ** || x || 1***, **** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best TV show that starts with the letter "G"? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which fifteen-year long show would you rather cancel: "Big Brother" or "Survivor"? || x || || 1*****, + |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which tatted TV character would you want to get a drink with more: "Sons of Anarchy" 's Charlie Hunnam or "Girls" 's Lena Dunham? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*The Movie Fight from five days earlier contained a question about the worst boss in a movie. .**Three days later, on Spencer Gilbert's show "Does it Hold Up?", Good Burger was compared to The Krusty Krab in evaluating the film ''Good Burger''. .***Yael was faster at saying Good Burger. .****Split decision. Joe (the first to judge) disagreed with Roxy and chose Jennifer (The Krusty Krab). .*****Jennifer was faster at saying "Big Brother". +Split decision. Spencer (the first to judge) disagree with Roxy and chose Yael ("Survivor"). '''Episode 24: Game of Thrones (4-19-2016)'''<ref>Episode 24: Game of Thrones (4-19-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/game-of-thrones-tv-fights-ep-24-3014503</ref> The episode is dedicated to the show "Game of Thrones," whose sixth season debuts on HBO five days later. Lucille has been replaced with a dragon, making this the third episode in a row in which Roxy has not used Mjolnir. Spencer Gilbert returns as Fact Checker as Ken is fighting. *If also happens to be Ken's 40th birthday. Each fighter has won one Movie or TV Fight before this episode. This is Maude's third fight. In each fight, she sits by the judge, on the viewer's left. Fifth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Ninth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round (after episodes 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, and 19 (with episodes 5, 17, and 19 having a fighter finish with no points)). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Maude Garrett || 1/0 || Third |- | Ken Napzok || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Michele Boyd || 1/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Maude !! style="width: 5%"|Ken !! Michele |- | 1: What is the best death on "Game of Thrones"? || 1 || || |- | 2: For better or worse, which "Game of Thrones" character has changed the most since the beginning of the show? || || 1 || |- | 3: Which family would you want to belong to? || || || 1 |- | 4: What is the most shocking moment on "Game of Thrones" so far? || || 1 || |- | 5: Which two "Game of Thrones" characters should be teamed up next? || || 1* || |- | TIE BREAKER: Would you rather die by dragon or White Walker? || || x || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who should sit on the Iron Throne? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Better ball-less character: Lord Varys or Grey Worm? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who[m] would you pick to fight for you in a trial by combat? || x || 1** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which "Game of Thrones" youth would you want to adopt? || x || || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who[m] would you rather punch for Tyrion: Shae or Cersei? || x || 1**** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5'''**** || 4 |} .*Ken won despite receiving only 5% of the twitter vote. Maude won a majority of the twitter vote but was the first one Roxy dismissed. Twitter polls were not read to Roxy either before or after she ruled. .**Split decision. Maude disagreed with Roxy, who chose chose Ken (Bronn) over Michele (Robert Strong). .***Split decision, reversed from previous fight. Maude disagreed with Roxy, who chose Michele (Bran) over Ken (Arya). .****Split decision. Spencer disagreed with Roxy, who chose Ken (Shae). .*****Just five days after Clarke Wolfe won a Movie Fight and became the first fighter to ever simultaneously hold undefeated records on both shows, Ken becomes the second. In both cases, Maude finished third in a 5-4-1 fight. '''Episode 25: Best TV Feud? (4-26-2016)'''<ref>Episode 25: Best TV Feud? (4-26-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-feud-tv-fights-ep-25-3015705</ref> Lucille has returned. It appears this is permanent. Jeff Galante states his record is 1-0, but it 0-1. This episode runs 1:32:55, the longest time yet for TV Fights. Ken Napzok returns as Fact Checker after Spencer took the spot the previous took weeks. Markeia wears a Triforce pendant, similar to, but not the same as, the one Trisha Hershberger has worn on Movie Fights. Andres' name appears on the scoreboard as "Ace." Sixth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Tenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jeff Galante || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Andres Cabrera || New fighter || Second |- | Markeia McCarty || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jeff !! Andres !! Markeia |- | 1: Who should replace Michael Strahan on "Live! with Kelly and Michael"? || * || || 1 |- | 2: If you could put any TV celebrity into the "Big Brother" house this summer, who[m] would you put in? || 1** || || |- | 3: What is the most underrated TV show currently on air? || 1 || || *** |- | 4: What is the best feud in TV? || || 1 || **** |- | 5: What is the best show based in another time period? || || 1 || ***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of National Hug an Australian Day,...which Australian TV actor would you rather hug: Portia de Rossi or Rebel Wilson? || || 1+ || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the best redhead on TV? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which of these two channels would you rather watch for 24 hours straight: Hallmark or Lifetime? +* || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV show would you choose out of the bargain bin? +** || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best show with a location in the title? || 1+*** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Jeff's choice, Hugh Jackman, won the twitter poll. .**Jeff's choice, Gary Busey, also won the twitter poll with 48%. .***Markeia's choice, "iZombie", won the twitter poll with 47%. .****Markeia's choice, Undertaker vs. Mankind in 1998, won the twitter poll with 48%. .*****Markeia's choice, "Game of Thrones", won the twitter poll with 64% despite the fact that arguments were made that it doesn't necessarily take place in another time period. +Split decision. Sixth overturn on TV Fights (fifth by Roxy and seventh between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Markeia both chose Jeff (Portia de Rossi). From how Ken gave his decision however, it appears Roxy might not have been aware that Ken and Markeia agreed with each other. +*Roxy accidentally let Andres (Ace) have a second rebuttal, so Jeff was also given one. +**The bargain bin picture showed "Home Improvement" Season 1 and "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" Season 3. +***Split decision. Markeia disagreed with Roxy, who chose Jeff ("Beverly Hills, 90210") over Andres (an unspecified "Hawaii Five-0"/"Hawaii Five-O"). '''Episode 26: TV's Best Weapon? (5-3-2016)'''<ref>Episode 26: TV's Best Weapon? (5-3-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tvs-best-weapon-tv-fights-ep-26-3016653</ref> Andie Bolt returns after a 14-episode absence. A different championship belt has been introduced. At the end of the episode, three fighters for the tournament, which starts the following week, are announced: Mark Ellis, Josh Macuga, and Sasha Perl-Raver. Eleventh episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andie Bolt || 1/1 || Second |- | Vanessa Ragland || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Michael Truly || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Andie !! Vanessa !! Michael |- | 1: Pitch a female historical figure for a mini-series. || 1 || || |- | 2: Since they fridged Black Canary on "Arrow," what's the most mishandled character death on TV? || || 1 || |- | 3: What is the most annoying TV trope? || 1 || || |- | 4: Which TV mom would you want as your own? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the best weapon on TV? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of Teacher Appreciation Day, which TV actor would you want to teach you sex ed in high school: Betty White or Larry King? || || 1* || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What TV actor would you most want to see on "Dancing with the Stars"? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which TV nickname would you rather have: Boner from "Growing Pains" or Big Pussy from "The Sopranos"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best Sunday night TV show? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who would make a better a better student body president: Oprah or Ellen? || || 1**, *** || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Which Joey would you rather have a dance party with: Tribbiani from "Friends" or Uncle Joey from "Full House"? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5**** || '''6''' || 0 |} .*Split decision. Michael disagreed with Roxy, who chose Vanessa (Betty White) over Andie. .**Split decision. Seventh overturn on TV Fights (sixth by Roxy and eighth between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Michael both chose Andie (Oprah). Had it not been for the overturn, Andie would have won at this point 6-4-1. .***Vanessa was slower at saying Oprah, so she was stuck with Ellen (both fighters sang their choice). However, she still won. .****Although Andie's ranking falls from 18th to 23rd, her point-per-game average increases from 3.50 to 4.00. '''Episode 27: Worst TV Parents? (5-10-2016)'''<ref>Episode 27: Worst TV Parents? (5-10-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/worst-tv-parents-tv-fights-ep-27-3018790</ref> First of four fights for the first TV Fights Championship Belt. On the scoreboard, Josh's name is displayed as "Macuga" and Spencer's is displayed as "Spence." Sasha indicated that one of her friends, who is a lawyer, helped her draft arguments for the regular round questions. At the end of the episode, Roxy announces that the fighters for the following week: Michele Boyd, Matt Lieberman, and Mark Ellis. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Josh Macuga || 1/2 || Second |- | Spencer Gilbert || 1/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Sasha !! Josh !! Spencer |- | 1: Who are the worst TV parents? || || 1 || |- | 2: What is the best TV show to debut this season? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the best workplace comedy? || || * || 1 |- | 4: What TV show has the best costumes? || 1** || || |- | 5: What is the greatest moment of victory on TV? || || 1 || *** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What "Fear Factor" challenge would you rather accept: eating an elk penis in a light testicle cream sauce or keeping your head in an enclosed box filled with cockroaches for ten minutes? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of National Clean Up Your Bedroom Day,...who is the best TV housekeeper? || || 1****, ***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What's the best Shonda Rhimes show? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV brand mascot would you rather have as a pet: the Geico gecko or the Charmin bears? || || + || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Josh's choice ("Parks and Recreation") won the twitter poll. .**Sasha's choice ("Game of Thrones") also won the twitter poll with 69% of the vote... .***Spencer's choice (Jim asking Pam out in "The Office (U.S.)" season 3 finale) won the twitter poll with 54% of the twitter poll. .****Josh picked Danny Tanner ("Full House") but tried to switch to Mr. Belvedere. However, this wasn't allowed. But he won anyway (his only Speed Round point). .*****Split decision. Eighth overturn on TV Fights (seventh by Roxy (and third consecutive episode) and ninth between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Spencer both picked Sasha (Marge Simpson) over Josh (Danny Tanner). +Josh gave his losing defense of the Geico gecko in the gecko's voice. '''Episode 28: Greatest Show to Never Win an Emmy? (5-17-2016)'''<ref>Episode 28: Greatest Show to Never Win an Emmy? (5-17-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/greatest-show-to-never-win-an-emmy-tv-fights-ep-28-3020538</ref> Second of four fights for the first TV Fights Championship Belt. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Lieberman || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Michele Boyd || 1/2 || Third |- | Mark Ellis || 1/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 81%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Michele !! Mark |- | 1: After all the network cancellations this week, what show deserves a second chance on Netflix or Hulu? || || || 1 |- | 2: What is the greatest show to never win an Emmy? || 1 || || |- | 3: Which TV show world would you want to live in for the rest of your life? || 1* || * || |- | 4: What is the best TV show with a comedian as the lead star? || ** || || 1 |- | 5: In 100 years, people should watch what show to understand people today? || || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is a better show: "Daredevil" or "Jessica Jones"? || || x || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would win in a mud wrestling match: Tobias Fünke or Milhouse (Van Houten)? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which reboot would you rather watch: "Prison Break" or "24"? || || x || 1*****, + |- | SPEED ROUND D: What summer show are you most excited for? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which TV character would you call to bail you out of jail: Ray Donovan or Tony Soprano? || 1+*, +** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5'''+*** || 1 || 4 |} .*Matt and Michele's answers, respectively "Star Trek" and "Friends" each received 44% of the twitter vote. .**Matt's answer "Louie," for which Mark argued in Round 2, won the twitter vote. .***Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Mark ("Daredevil"). .****Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Matt (Tobias). .*****In Mark's argument against "24", he stated that the show got a "re-release of a movie", which it did not (even though it got a 2-hour event shortly before Season 7 began). +*Matt said Ray Donovan before Mark, leaving Mark with Tony. +**Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Matt (Ray Donovan). +***Matt, already one of two fighters to win two fights and one of two to win two in a row becomes the first to win three fights and the first to win three in a row. '''Episode 29: Best TV Oddball? (5-24-2016)'''<ref>Episode 29: Best TV Oddball? (5-24-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-oddball-tv-fights-ep-29-3022221</ref> Third of four fights for the first TV Fights Championship Belt. After this fight, TV Fights finally has a 2-0 fighter. First episode in TV or Movie Fights in which two different fighters score four consecutive points each. Twelfth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round and the fifth in which a fighter scores no points (the last for each was episode 26). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Hector Navarro || 0/3 || Second |- | Audrey Kearns || 1/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Hector !! Audrey |- | 1: The networks have picked up a lot of new shows for next season. Which one is the most anticipated? || 1 || || |- | 2: Who's the best TV oddball? || 1 || || |- | 3: In honor of Fox's new show "Zorn", what cartoon [character] would you want to live with you? || || 1* || |- | 4: Who is the best TV actor to successfully do comedy and drama? || || 1 || |- | 5: Which TV character is the best role model for the young generation? || || 1** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would win a pie-eating contest: Homer Simpson or Joey Tribbiani? || || 1***, **** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: With summer coming up, where would you rather vacaion: on the "Lost" island or Gilligan's Island? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: The TV actor you would rather give your college graduation commencement speechː...Charlie Sheen or Shia LaBeouf? || 1***** || || x + |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best TV show that starts with the letter "A"? And the word "the" counts. || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which would you rather watchː "The Bachelor" or "The Bachelorette"? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 4 || 0 |} .*Hector (Booster Gold) lost the twitter vote with only 19% while Audrey's choice (Wonder Woman) received 55%. Hector (Rosie from "The Jetsons" ) received 26%. .**Hector's choice, Leslie Knope from "Parks and Recreation", received 51% of the twitter vote. .***Hector won the point despite being slower at saying Homer Simpson. .****Split decision. Audrey did not want to vote for Hector, but she did say Roxy should not use her vote as she wasn't familiar with Joey's eating. .*****Split decision. Audrey disagreed with Roxy, who chose Hal (Charlie Sheen). +Audrey requested and received from JTE a sympathy point after the third Speed Round question. However, it is not counted in this summary or the leader board. '''Episode 30: Best Comic Book Inspired TV Show? (5-31-2016)'''<ref>Episode 30: Best Comic Book Inspired TV Show? (5-31-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-comic-book-inspired-tv-show-3024258</ref> The episode was dedicated to comic book-related TV shows. Although Trisha is new to TV Fights, she infamously has been on Movie Fights, carrying a 0-6 record. Roxy states that a Drunk TV Fights is forthcoming. At 1ː36ː03, this is the longest episode yet. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Jason Inman || 0/1 || Third |- | Zach Wilson || 0/2 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! Jason !! Zach |- | 1: What is the best comic inspired TV show ever? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Which comic book property would you like to see adapted next? || || || 1 |- | 3: What TV comic character powers would be the best to have? || || 1** || |- | 4: Best character on a comic book adapted TV show? || 1*** || || |- | 5: Best animated comic book show? || **** || ***** || 1+ |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who currently has better TV showsː DC or Marvel? || +* || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best villain in comic book TV show history? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: It's time for a sing-off. Who[m] do pick for a duetː Flash or Supergirl? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather get a drink withː Adam West's Batman or Linda Carter's Wonder Woman? || || x || 1+**,+*** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which comic book cancellation would you rather bring backː "Constantine" or "Agent Carter"? || || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Zach ("Jessica Jones") won the twitter poll with 40%, followed by Trisha ("The Walking Dead") with 38% and Jason ("Smallville") with 22%. .**Jason (Martian Manhunter) also won the twitter poll with 56%. .***Trisha (Peggy Carter) also won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Jason (Harrison Wells) with 41% and Zach (Daisy Johnson/Quake/Skye) with 16%. .****After the point was awarded to Zach, Trisha indicated that his choice ("Batmanː The Animated Series") was her first choice. .*****Jason gave up during his argument for "Justice League," which was actually his second choice, and supported Trisha's argument for "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" (1987). +Zach also won the twitter poll with 57%, followed by Jason at 28% and Trisha at 15%. +*Trisha was faster at saying Marvel, but Zach won anyway. +**Zach was faster at saying Wonder Woman. +***Split decision. Ninth overturn on TV Fights (eighth by Roxy and tenth between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Jason both picked Trisha (who was stuck with Adam West's Batman) over Zach as Zach was giving his personal views. However, Roxy pointed out that the question asked for exactly that. To date, Roxy has not allowed the panel to overrule her decision. '''Episode 31: TV FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIPǃ (6-7-2016)'''<ref>Episode 31: TV FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIPǃ (6-7-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-championship-3025550</ref> The episode is preceded by a commentary live on Facebook hosted by Ken Napzok with tournament fighters Josh Macuga and Mark Ellis along with Roxy, Andy Signore, and Dan Murrell. During the fight, Ken is accompanied by Josh and Mark, who occasionally read tweets aloud and participate in Speed Round voting. The first Belt fight. The Belt is presented in the beginning of the episode by Movie Fights champion Dan Murrell. At 1ː45ː49, this is the longest episode yet, almost 10 minutes longer than the previous episode, which was previously the longest. This is the final episode of TV Fights to use the older Speed Round format of 15 second openings and 5 second rebuttals before adopting the updated Movie Fight format of 20 seconds and 10 seconds. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 2/0 || Third |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 2/1 || Second |- | Matt Lieberman || 3/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 4%"|Hal !! Sasha !! Matt |- | 1: What show has the best casting in the history of television? || * || || 1 |- | 2: Who is television's most lovable loser? || || 1** || |- | 3: In honor of Hodor, what is the most emotionally devastating death of a beloved character? || 1*** || || |- | 4: What is the best secondary character on "The Simpsons"? || || || 1**** |- | 5: If you could change one series finale, which show [would you change] and what would you change? || || 1 || ***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1+ || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is the California primary. Who would make a better presidentː "Parks and Rec[reation]"'s Leslie Knope or "Veep"'s Selina Meyer? || x || +* || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND B: "C" is for "champion." What is the best TV show that starts with the letter "C?" Keep in mind the word "the" counts as <br> a word. || x || +*** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: TV pet you would rather haveː Marcel the monkey from "Friends" or Mr. Ed, the talking horse? || x || || 1+****, +***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5'''++ |} .*Hal ("SNL") won the twitter poll with 42% followed by Matt ("Arrested Development") with 33% and Sasha ("Freaks and Geeks") at 25%. .**Sasha (George O'Malley from "Grey's Anatomy") came in third place in the twitter poll with only 14%, with Hal (George Costanza) at 36% and Matt (Butters from "South Park") at 50%. .***Hal (Robb Stark) also won the twitter poll with 49%, with Sasha (Charlie Pace from "Lost") at 30% and Matt (Rita Morgan from "Dexter") at 21%. .****Matt (Ned Flanders) also won the twitter poll with 44%, with Sasha (Ralph Wiggum) at 29% and Hal (Krusty) at 27%. Ken said that at some point, all fighters were in the lead. .*****Matt ("How I Met Your Mother") won the twitter poll with 53%, with Sasha ("True Blood") at 27% and Hal ("Seinfeld") at 20%. +Once again, there are no undefeated fighters who have fought in more than one fight. This is Hal's first loss in a Screen Junkies fight since August 23, 2015 as he had won his last four Movie Fights and his two TV Fights. +*Sasha had to argue for Selina Meyer despite never having watched "Veep". Ken stated during voting that he wasn't even sure she had seen it, and Sasha confirmed it afterwards. +**Split decision. Tenth overturn on TV Fights (ninth by Roxy and eleventh between TV and Movie Fights). Hal, Josh, and Mark picked Hal over Matt. +***Despite being told that the word "the" counts, Sasha, after much thinking said "The Cosby Show," but Roxy told her she couldn't use it. She eventually came up with "Californication". +****Split decision. Mark picked Sasha (Marcel). +*****Matt is the third fighter to sweep the Speed Round. As of September 13, 2016, when the fourth Speed Round sweep occurred, Matt's is the only sweep that featured any split decision. ++Already the only fighter to win three fights and three in a row, Matt extends these to four. '''Episode 32: Who Should Be Superman? (6-14-2016)'''<ref>Episode 32: Who Should Be Superman? (6-14-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-should-be-superman-3027510</ref> Effective this episode, Speed Round argument times adopt the 20 second intro/10 second rebuttal format. On the scoreboard following the first two questions, Joseph's name is spelled JOESPH. All twitter vote winners in this episode won by ''majority''. Sixth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Seventh episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Eleventh episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joseph Scrimshaw || 0/2 || Third |- | David Griffin || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Justin Rupple || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Joseph !! David !! Justin |- | 1: Which TV character would you pick to be your best man? || 1* || || |- | 2: If one has not seen any sitcom ever,...what's the best show for him or her to start with? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: Who is the best comic relief on a dramatic show? || || || 1*** |- | 4: What is the least deserving Emmy-winning show? || **** || 1***** || |- | 5: What is your dream casting? Who should Superman be? || || 1+ || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of Matt Lieberman winning [the] TV Fight Championship,...who's the best TV character or actor named Matt or Matthew? || x || +* || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who are better best friends: Ren and Stimpy or Beavis an Butt-Head? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which TV narrator would you rather narrate your life: Ron Howard from "Arrested Development" or Bob Saget from "How I Met Your Mother"? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best show with the word "and" in the title? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Joseph (Captain Jean-Luc Picard) also won the twitter poll with 56%, followed by David (Bender Bending Rodríguez) with 38% and Justin (Joe Hackett) with 8%. .**David ("Seinfeld") won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by Justin ("Cheers") with 31% and Joseph ("The Dick Van Dyke Show") with 11%. .***Justin (Saul Goodman) also won the twitter poll with 54%, followed by Joseph (The Hound) with 38% and David (Lady Violet Crawley) with 8%. .****Joseph ("The Tonight Show with Jay Leno") won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by David ("Modern Family") with 30% and Justin ("Mad Men") with 12%. .*****David's point in round 4 ties for latest first point for a winner of a TV Fights episode (previously done by Josh Macuga in episode 9). +David (Matt Bomer) also won the twitter vote with 53%, followed by Justin (Adam Driver) with 24% and Joseph (Nicholas Hoult) with 23%. +*David could not think of an answer, letting Justin receive his only Speed Round point. +**Split decision. Ken chose Justin (Bob Saget) while Roxy an Joseph chose David. '''Episode 33: TV Character You'd Like to be Your Life Coach? (6-21-2016)'''<ref>Episode 33: TV Character You'd Like to be Your Life Coach? (6-21-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-character-youd-like-to-be-your-life-coach-3029146</ref> Ken is joined on the coach by fans Tawny Burgess and Jenna Dodson. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr || 0/1 || Second |- | Emma Fyffe || New fighter || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 86%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 6%;" | Roger ! scope="col" style="width: 4%;" | Emma ! scope="col" style="width: 4%;" | Dan |- | 1: Who is the best TV game show host of all time? || || || 1* |- | 2: What is the best TV version of a worn-in pair of old jeans...comforting, familiar, and rewatched often? || 1 || || |- | 3: If you could have any TV character/actor/personality as a life coach, who[m] would you pick? || || || 1** |- | 4: What show should be erased from TV show history? || || 1 || |- | 5: What movie franchise would you like to see be adapted for TV? || || || 1*** |- | TIE BREAKER: In honor of National Selfie Day, who would you rather take a selfie with: Wilson Fisk from "Daredevil" or Benjamin Linus from "LOST"? || 0**** || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: After Sunday's "Game of Thrones", Sansa: yea or nea? || 1*****, + || x +* || |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of International Yoga Day, who would you rather have in front of you during a yoga class: Kim Kardashian or Sofia Vergara? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which TV dad would you rather tell you about the birds and the bees: Michael Bluth from "Arrested Development" or Tony Soprano from "The Sopranos"? || || x || 1+** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Dan (Jeff Probst) also won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Emma (Anne Robinson) with 32% and Roger (Guy Smiley) with 31%. .**Dan (Eric Taylor) actually lost the twitter poll with 18%. Emma (Ron Swanson) won with 42%, followed by Roger (Tyrion Lannister) with 40%. .***Dan (''Men in Black'') also won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Emma (''The Matrix'') with 30% and Roger (''Ghostbusters'') with 23%. .****Roger argued that he'd be famous if he took a selfie with his choice Benjamin because he had been lost. However, as pointed out in the episode by Roxy, he was not one of those who got marooned. .*****Roger was quicker to say "yea." +Split decision. Emma, Ken, and Jenna ''all abstained''. Tawny voted for Dan, but Roxy overruled. +*Temporarily, Emma was given a point on the scoreboard, but it was corrected to reflect a point for Roger. +**Split decision. Emma voted for Roger (Michael Bluth) while Ken, Jenna, Tawny, and Roxy all voted for Dan. '''Episode 34: Which Superhero Would Take the Iron Throne? (6-28-2016)'''<ref>Episode 34: Which Superhero Would Take the Iron Throne? (6-28-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-superhero-would-take-the-iron-throne-3031365</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jeff Galante || 1/1 || Second |- | Coy Jandreau || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Matt Knost || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 82%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 6%;" | Jeff ! scope="col" style="width: 7.5%;" | Coy ! scope="col" style="width: 4.5%;" | Matt |- | 1: What superhero would take the Iron Throne? || 1 || || |- | 2: Of all the new shows of 2016 so far, who is your favorite new character? || *, ** || 1 || |- | 3: Who is the best TV "creator"? || || *** || 1 |- | 4: Worst long-running [5+ seasons] TV show? || || 1**** || |- | 5: Who[m] is the most intelligent TV character? || 1*****, + || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of the Fourth of July, who would you rather man your grill: Tracy Jordan from "30 Rock" or Andy Dwyer from "Parks and Rec[reation]"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: After Sunday's episode, who is the most kick-ass female on "Game of Thrones"? || +* || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two shows are on re-run, and there are no other options. Which do you watch: "[Here Comes] Honey Boo-Boo" or "Newlyweds: Nick (Lachey) and Jessica (Simpson)"? || 1+** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather roadtrip with: Dexter or Walter White? || || 1+***, +**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Jeff (The Punisher) won the twitter poll with 76%, followed by Coy (Cassidy from "Preacher") with 19% and Matt (Maria Bamford) with 5%. .**Jeff's answer technically does not follow the question. While The Punisher debuted in 2016, the show in which he appears, "Daredevil," debuted in April 2015. .***Coy (Matt Groening) won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by Matt (Larry David) with 31% and Jeff (Miller-Boyett) with 11%. .****Coy ("The Big Bang Theory") also won the the twitter poll with 48%, followed by Matt ("Girls") with 28% and Jeff (Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives) with 24%. .*****Jeff (Jean Luc Picard) actually lost the twitter poll with 14%. Matt (Sherlock Holmes from "Sherlock") won with 50%, followed by Coy (Charles Xavier) with 36%. +Jean Luc Picard was a winning answer just two episodes earlier. Both when Joseph won the point, and in this episode, after being awarded the points, both fighters said "Engage!" +*Jeff chose Daenerys, but since he had not ever seen "Game of Thrones" (despite winning the question about who would take the Iron Throne), he argued for what Emilia Clarke's character Sarah Connor had done. However, Coy had chosen Cersei, who is played by Lena Headey, who also has portrayed Sarah Connor. The panel was not activated. *Ken indicated that when Jeff started talking about Daenerys coming from the future that he was going deep and referring to Quaithe from Season 2, who is theorized to be Daenerys from the future. +**Split decision. Ken chose Coy ("Newlyweds") while Matt and Roxy chose Jeff. +***Coy was faster at picking Walter White. +****Coy indicated that Dexter accidentally killed three innocent people. While not everyone Dexter has killed was a murdered, it is unclear to which three non-killers he's referring that were innocent and killed under accidental circumstances. '''Episode 35: Best Summer TV Show? (7-5-2016)'''<ref>Episode 35: Best Summer TV Show? (7-5-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-summer-tv-show-3033548</ref> Roxy opened the show with a rap, during which she introduced all the fighters. Throughout the show, she wears a "Game of Thrones"-style fur coat. Ken may silently have been accompanied on the couch by Liz, the producer. Ken says she doesn't wish to be on camera. Stephanie's name is displayed on the scoreboard as "STEPH". {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Yael Tygiel || 0/2 || Second |- | Michael Truly || 0/1 || Third |- | Stephanie Ritter || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Yael !! Michael !! Stephanie |- | 1: If you could omit one character from ever existing on any TV show, who would it be? || 1 || || |- | 2: Which two characters from different shows would you love to see face off? || || || 1* |- | 3: Which character would you choose to be a diplomat to an alien species? || 1 || || ** |- | 4: What is the best summer TV show? || || 1*** || |- | 5: In honor of the "Dead of Summer" premiere last week, what is the best horror genre television series? || || **** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of National Workaholics Day, which is today, who[m] would you rather hire: Rory Gilmore or Lisa Simpson? || ***** || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best TV character or actor that's name starts with the letter "J"? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would you rather clean up your Fourth of July party: Danny Tanner from "Full House" or Monica Geller from "Friends"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which redhead would you rather grab a beer with: Kimmy Schmidt from "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" or Grace from "Will & Grace"? || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the best show with a character's name in the title? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Stephanie (Buffy and Jessica Jones) also won the twitter poll with 65%, followed by Yael (Flynn Carsen and The Doctor) 23% and Michael (Robert Durst and Steven Avery) with 12%. .**Stephanie (April Ludgate) won the twitter poll with 41%, followed closely by Yael (Olivia Pope), who occasionally was winning the poll. .***Michael ("Rick and Morty") also won 77% of the twitter poll. .****Michael ("The Twilight Zone) won the twitter poll with 40%, followed by Stephanie ("The Walking Dead") with 35% and Yael ("American Horror Story") with 30%. .*****Yael might have said Rory faster; however, without a ruling, she changed her answer to Lisa Simpson. +Split decision. Michael chose Yael (Lisa), but Ken and Roxy chose Stephanie. +*Split decision. Michael chose Stephanie (Kimmy), but Ken and Roxy chose Yael. '''Episode 36: Best Ensemble Cast? (7-12-2016)'''<ref>Episode 36: Best Ensemble Cast? (7-12-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-ensemble-cast-3035249</ref> Nick's third place steak between Movie and TV Fights finally comes to an end! Nick has a "Slayer Rules" sign, which he once showed in Movie Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jennifer Flack || 1/1 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Ify Nwadiwe || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 84%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 6%;" | Jennifer ! scope="col" style="width: 6%;" | Nick ! scope="col" style="width: 4%;" | Ify |- | 1: For the return of "Mr. Robot", which TV character is the best computer specialist/hacker? || || 1 * || |- | 2: Who is the best ensemble cast of a TV show? || || || 1** |- | 3: What TV spouse would be best to be married to? || 1 || || |- | 4: Pitch a buddy cop series featuring two existing TV characters from different shows. || 1 || || |- | 5: What child TV actor do you wish still acted? || || 1 || *** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of [Roxy's birthday tomorrow], whose birthday party would you rather attend: Ryan Seacrest or Betty White? || 1**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which Olympic sport is the most fun to watch? || || 1*****, + || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tomorrow is "Embrace Your Geekness" Day. Who lets [his] geek flag fly the hardest: Chris Hardwick or Kevin Smith? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best TV show that starts with "the"? || || 1+*, +** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who would win in a bar fight: Danny DeVito or Peter Dinklage? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5'''+*** || 1 |} .*Nick (Penny) also won the twitter poll with 52%, followed by Jennifer (Bertram Gilfoyle) with 37% and Ify (The Laughing Man) with 11%. .**Ify ("Arrested Development") also won the twitter poll with 54%, followed by Nick ("The People vs. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story") with 35% and Jennifer (Veep) with 11%. .***Ify (Macaulay Culkin) won the twitter poll "by a large margin." .****Split decision. Ify chose Nick (Betty White) while Ken and Roxy chose Jennifer. .*****Nick was faster at saying "women's gymnastics," leaving Jennifer to pick pole vault. +Split decision. Ify chose Jennifer (pole vault) while Ken and Roxy chose Nick. +*Split decision. Ken chose Jennifer ("The Sopranos") while Ify and Roxy chose Nick ("The Brady Bunch"). +**Nick implied that "The Sopranos" copied "The Wire," which actually, as Ken pointed out, began later. +***Nick becomes the second TV Fighter to win after having previously been shut out (17 episodes earlier). The first was David Griffin, who won episode 32, fifteen episodes after his first appearance. '''Episode 37: What is the Sexiest TV Show!? (7-19-2016)'''<ref>Episode 36: What is the Sexiest TV Show!? (7-19-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-sexiest-tv-show-3036111</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 0/2 || Second |- | Roth Cornet || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | DJ Wooldridge || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 87%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 4%;" | Joe ! scope="col" style="width: 5%;" | Roth ! scope="col" style="width: 4%;" | DJ |- | 1: What's the sexiest series to watch, currently or from the past? || || 1 || |- | 2: What kids show needs a dark gritty Power Rangers type of reboot? || || || 1* |- | 3: What TV show panel would be the most fun to watch at San Diego Comic Con? || 1 || || |- | 4: Best siblings on a TV show? || 1 || ** || |- | 5: Who's the best TV butler or housekeeper?*** || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which Emmy-nominated blonde actress would you rather see win for outstanding lead actress in a drama: Claire Danes for "Homeland" or Robin Wright for "House of Cards"? || || 1**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would you rather be cuffed to for a week: Elliot from "Mr. Robot" or Crazy Eyes from "Orange is the New Black"? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, and Maisie Williams are all nominated for best supporting actress in a drama. Who gets it? || || 1***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of National Ice Cream Month, which "Sesame Street" character do you want to go on an ice cream date with? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: NBC or ABC? || || 1+ || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*DJ ("Freakazoid!") actually lost the twitter poll with 19%. Roth ("ThunderCats") won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Joe ("Sailor Moon") with 32%. .**Roth (the Stark children) won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Joe (the Elrics from "Full Metal Alchemist: Brotherhood") and then DJ (the Danvers "sisters"). .***Submitted by Nick Mundy. However, at the bottom of the screen for the question was a tweet asking the previous question. .****Roth was faster at saying Robin Wright. Joe stated afterwards that he had never watched "Homeland." .*****Split decision. DJ chose Joe (Lena Headey), while Ken and Roxy chose Roth (Maisie Williams). +Roth was faster at saying NBC. '''Episode 38: Best Netflix Original Series? (7-26-2016)'''<ref>Episode 38: Best Netflix Original Series? (7-26-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-netflix-original-series-3036099</ref> Pre-taped episode due to Comic Con. Eighth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twelfth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Rob Cesternino || 0/1 || Second |- | Dani Fernandez || 0/1 || Third |- | Audrey Kearns || 1/2 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Rob !! Dani !! Audrey |- | 1: Who is the best reality TV star? || || 1 || |- | 2: What's the best Netflix original series? || || || 1 |- | 3: What fictional TV character would you like to have as a driving instructor? || || || 1 |- | 4: What "Game of Thrones" character would win "Survivor"? || 1 || || |- | 5: What is the most overused character trope in TV? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best TV character or actor named Charlie? || || x || 1* |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which catchphrase is more fun: "Full House"'s 'How rude!' or "Friends"' 'How you doin'?'? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Better superhero love interest: "[The] Flash"'s Iris West or "Arrow"'s Felicity Smoke? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who would be a better host of the Emmys: Kanye West or T[aylor](-)Swift? || 1** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Disney or Nickelodeon? || || x || 1*** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Split decision. Ken chose Rob (Charlie Brown), while Roxy and Dani chose Audrey (Charlie Cox). .**Split decision. Ken chose Audrey (Kanye West), while Roxy and Dani chose Rob. .***Split decision. Ken chose Rob (Nickelodeon), while Roxy and Dani chose Audrey. '''Episode 39: Most Annoying TV Sidekick? (8-2-2016)'''<ref>Episode 39: Most Annoying TV Sidekick? (8-2-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/most-annoying-tv-sidekick-3038981</ref> Jack Conway returns after a 32-episode absence. At the beginning of the show, Andy says he has a big announcement for the end of the show. However, in the middle of the show, JTE accidentally spoils that Seth Rogen is fighting on Movie Fights (the episode was filmed earlier that day). Relative to seating positions, the scores are the same as the previous episode. Jennifer's name is listed on the scoreboard as "JEN". {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jack Conway || 0/1 || Second |- | Jennifer Landa || 1/0 || Third |- | Billy Patterson || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jack !! Jennifer !! Billy |- | 1: Who is the best dysfunctional couple on television? || 1 || || |- | 2: What TV bar would be the best to drink in? || || || 1 |- | 3: What was the most satisfying "will they, won't they" kiss on television? * || || || 1** |- | 4: In honor of "Roadies" and "Ballers," what is the best TV show diving "behind the scenes"? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who is the most annoying TV sidekick? || 1*** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of National Ice Cream Sandwich Day,...would you rather share an ice cream sandwich with Joffrey or Wilson Fisk? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who[m] would you rather babysit: [Eric] Cartman from "South Park" or Stewie from "Family Guy"? || **** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of ''Suicide Squad'''s opening this week, which ''Suicide Squad'' character deserves [his or her] own Netflix series? || 1***** || x+ || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which show would you rather compete on: "American Ninja Warrior" or "Legends of the Hidden Temple"? || || x || 1+*, +** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is TV's best Bob? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Temporarily the question listed at the bottom of the screen misspelled "won't" as "won'." .**Billy (Ross and Rachel) also won the twitter poll with 55%, followed by Jack (Buffy and Spike) and then Jennifer (Michonne and Rick). .***Jack (Scrappy Doo) also won the twitter poll with 62%, followed by Billy (Steve Urkel) with 32% and Jennifer (The Ropers) with 6%. .****Jack answered Cartman before Roxy mentioned Stewie's name. He said he knew that's who the other choice would be. .*****Jack answered with Deadshot slightly before Billy, but he then switched answers to Harley Quinn, allowing Billy to argue Deadshot. +Despite taking notes, Jennifer could not give an answer. But Ken and Roxy both voted for Jack +*Billy was faster at answering with "Legends of the Hidden Temple." +**Split decision. Ken chose Jack ("American Ninja Warrior"), while Roxy and Jennifer chose Billy. '''Episode 40: Which 90's Disney Character Would Help You Bury The Body? (8-9-2016)'''<ref>Episode 40: Which 90's Disney Character Would Help You Bury The Body? (8-9-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-90s-disney-character-would-he-3040500</ref> Ken is joined on the couch by Tom Turner from Canada. On the scoreboard, Michele's last name is used. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | Michele Boyd || 1/3 || Second |- | Tony Kim || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roger !! Michele !! Tony |- | 1: Which TV office would be the most fun to work in? || 1* || || |- | 2: Which character from the Disney Afternoon would help you bury the body? ** || *** || 1 || |- | 3: Which TV show had the worst PSA [Public Service Announcement] episode? || || 1**** || |- | 4: What TV drama would you like to see re-written as a comedy?***** || || || 1 |- | 5: Most surprising TV hook-up? || 1+ || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of National Book Lovers Day, which show adapted from a book is better: BBC's "Sherlock" or Netflix's <br> "Orange is the New Black?" || 1+*, +** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Since they've been on our TV sets everyday, who do you think would be the worst kisser: Hillary [Clinton] or <br> [Donald] Trump? || +*** || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of [Screen Junkies' Emmy nomination], which of these two Emmy-nominated shows is weirder: "Unbreakable <br> Kimmy Schmidt" or "Mr. Robot"? || 1+**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D1: What is the best TV show that starts with the letter "N"? And the word "the" counts as a word.+***** || || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D2: Which TV Melissa would you rather be stuck in a bunker with: McCarthy or Joan Hart? || || 1++, ++* || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: For Taco Tuesday,...which character from the HBO universe would be the worst to share a taco with? || 1++** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Roger (Dunder Mifflin) also won the twitter poll with 40%, while Michele (Sacred Heart Hospital from "Scrubs") and Tony (30 Rock) each received 30%. .**It is notable that the question is different from the episode title, and important as well since only eight of the 100 episodes of "Duck Tales" and 16 of the 65 episodes of "Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers" first aired in the 1990's. However, both were part of the Disney Afternoon, which was broadcast entirely in the 1990's. .***Roger (Scrooge McDuck) won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Michele (Owen from "Gargoyles") at 26% an Tony (Chip 'n Dale) at 25%. .****Roxy stated that she didn't want to know what twitter thought. .*****Roxy started with Michele for Round 4, but then with Roger for Round 5. +Roger (Capt. Kirk and Lt. Uhura) actually lost the twitter poll with 28%. Tony (Joey and Rachel from "Friends") won with 40% followed by Michele (Monica and Chandler) with 32%. +*Roger was faster at saying "Sherlock." +**Split decision. Tony voted for Michele ("Orange is the New Black") while Ken, Tom, and Roxy all chose Roger. +***Roger was faster at choosing Hillary. Despite this, he lost the point. +****Split decision. Tony chose Michele ("Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt") while Ken, Tom, and Roxy all chose Roger. +*****Neither Roger nor Michele could think of a show that began with "N." ++Michele was faster at saying McCarthy. ++*Split decision. Tony chose Roger (Melissa Joan Hart), but Tom, Ken, and Roxy all chose Michele. ++**Split decision. Tony chose Michele (Joffrey Baratheon), but Tom, Ken, and Roxy all chose Roger ([Vernon] Schillinger). '''Episode 41: TV Sitcom With The Most Memorable Opening Sequence? (8-16-2016)'''<ref>Episode 41: TV Sitcom With The Most Memorable Opening Sequence? (8-16-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-sitcom-with-the-most-memorable-opening-sequence-3042105</ref> Leo becomes the second fighter to appear on TV Fights and Gamer Fights without also appearing on Movie Fights, 11 days after Jack Conway became the first. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Yael Tygiel || 0/3 || '''Win''' |- | Leo Camacho || New fighter || Third |- | Robert Peterson || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Yael !! style="width: 5%"|Leo !! Robert |- | 1: What TV detective would you want to help solve your murder? || 1 || || |- | 2: Which TV sitcom had the most memorable sequence/intro? || || 1* || |- | 3: Who is the best TV spaceship crew of all time? || || ** || 1 |- | 4: What is the most satisfying TV wedding? || 1*** || || |- | 5: What was the dumbest way someone has died on a television show? || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: In honor of National Rum Day,...which Frank would you rather sip piña coladas with on a beach: Frank Gallagher from "Shameless" or Frank Reynolds from "It's Always Sunny [in Philadelphia]" ? || x || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of [National Roller Coaster Day], which TV relationship has had the bumpier ride: Walter and Skylar White or Jaime and Cersei Lannister? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which TV family would you rather belong to: the Munsters or the Addams Family? || || x || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who do you think would win in a robot fight: Bender from "Futurama" or Rosie from "The Jetsons"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who would be a better roommate: Big Bird or Kermit the Frog? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Leo ("The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air") also won the twitter poll with 76%, followed by Robert ("Cheers") with 15% and Yael ("The Brady Bunch") with 9%. .**Leo's choice (the crew of the Serenity) was Robert's second choice. .***Yael (the Purple Wedding (''including the reception'') from "Game of Thrones" episode 32) also won the twitter poll with 45%, followed by Robert (Pam and Jim from "The Office (US)") with 42% and Leo (Zack Morris and Kelly Kapowski) with 13%. .****Split decision. Leo chose Yael (the Addams Family) while Ken and Roxy chose Robert. '''Episode 42: Best TV Cartoon Romance? (8-23-2016)'''<ref>Episode 42: Best TV Cartoon Romance? (8-23-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-cartoon-romance-3043513</ref> Ken is accompanied on the couch at the end of the show by Matt's fiancée, Brittany, a temporary producer who was leaving Screen Junkies. Ninth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Thirteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Key || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Joseph Scrimshaw || 0/3 || Second |- | Nick Armstrong || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Joseph !! Nick |- | 1: Aliens had just made contact with Earth, and you have been chosen to represent the best in humanity. What one television show would <br> you show them? || || * || 1 |- | 2: If you could keep one animal from any TV show as your pet in the real world, what would it be? || 1** || || |- | 3: What is the best TV cartoon romance? || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the greatest acting performance in any TV drama? || 1*** || || |- | 5: Which TV's show's popularity just makes no sense? || || 1**** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of National Waffle Day tomorrow, which TV mom do you think makes the better waffles: Carol Brady or June Cleaver? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Pitch a fictional TV city to host the 2020 Summer Olympics. || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who[m] would you trust more to catch you in a trust fall exercise: the Governor from "The Walking Dead" or Kilgrave <br> from "Jessica Jones?" || 1***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is TV's best dog? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which TV family would win Family Feud: the Sopranos or the Bluths from "Arrested Development?" || 1+, +* || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Joseph ("Sesame Street") won the twitter poll with 56%, followed by Nick ("Wonder Years") with 32% and Matt ("NOVA") with 12%. .**Matt (Jake from "Adventure Time") also won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Nick (Kermit) with 31% and Joseph (Drogon) with 30%. .***Matt (Bryan Cranston in "Breaking Bad") also won the twitter poll with 74%, followed by Joseph (Tatiana Maslany in "Orphan Black") with 15% and Nick (Kyle Chandler in "Friday Night Lights") with 11%. .****Nick ("Two and a Half Men") won the twitter poll with 50%, followed by Matt ("Cake Boss") with 33% and Joseph ("Wheel of Fortune") with 17%. .*****Matt was faster at saying Kilgrave and won unanimously. +Matt was faster at saying the Soprano. +*Split decision. Ken chose Joseph (the Bluths) while Nick and Roxy chose Matt. '''Episode 43: Which TV Doctor Would You Want To Treat You? (8-30-2016)'''<ref>Episode 43: Which TV Doctor Would You Want To Treat You? (8-30-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-doctor-would-you-want-to-treat-you-3045429</ref> Trisha's name is spelled on the scoreboard as "Trish." Fourteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Emma Fyffe || 0/1 || Third |- | Vanessa Ragland || 1/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! Emma !! Vanessa |- | 1: If I [were] struck ill and had to miss a TV Fights, which TV court judge would you want to fill in that episode? || 1* || || |- | 2: What is the best TV show to make a drinking game around? || || || 1 |- | 3: For National Matchmak[er] Day on August 31,..which two characters from two different shows would make a good couple? || 1** || || |- | 4: What current TV drama deserves to have a musical episode? || 1 || || |- | 5: In a medical emergency, what TV doctor would you want to treat you? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best TV show that starts with the letter "B"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which female-driven show was harder to say good-bye to: "Sex and the City" or "Desperate Housewives?" || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What was the bigger 'must-see' show of the summer: "Stranger Things" or "The Night of"? || *** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who needs a shower more: Daryl Dixon from "The Walking Dead" or The Hound [from] "Game of Thrones? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which private eye do you trust to get the answers you need: Veronica Mars or Jessica Jones? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 0 || 4 |} .*Trisha (Judge Judy) also won the twitter poll with 63%. .**Trisha (Joey Tribbiani and Elaine Benes) also won the twitter poll. .***Trisha was not fast enough at giving an answer and was stuck with "The Night Of." However, she could not give an argument for the show as she knew nothing about the show. Hence, she conceded the point. .****After Trisha received her fifth point, the applause noise accompanied the scoreboard even though the fight wasn't over. '''Episode 44: Which TV School Would You Want To Teach In? (9-6-2016)'''<ref>Episode 44: Which TV School Would You Want To Teach In? (9-6-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-school-would-you-want-to-teach-in-3046645</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Zach Wilson || 0/3 || Second |- | Matt Knost || 0/1 || Third |- | Steve Zaragosa || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 84%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 5%;" | Zach ! scope="col" style="width: 5%;" | Matt ! scope="col" style="width: 6%;" | Steve |- | 1: What TV character would you want to throw you a surprise birthday party? * || 1** || || |- | 2: What is the best celebrity cameo/guest appearance in TV history? || *** || || 1 |- | 3: Which TV neighbor would be the worst to live across from (other than Justin Bieber)? || || 1**** || |- | 4: What is the best TV soundtrack of all time? || 1 || || |- | 5: Which TV school would you guys want to teach at? || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Tomorrow is National Beer Lovers Day: Who[m] would your rather go bar-hopping with: Meredith Palmer from "The Office" or Lucille Bluth from "Arrested Development? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is TV's best Jesse/Jessie or Jessica? || 1 || x || +*, +** |- | SPEED ROUND C: The NFL Season Opener is this Thursday. What is the best TV sports show? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV family would you rather have a barbecue with: the Thompsons from "Here Comes Honey Boo Boo" or the Averys from "Making a Murderer? || || x || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Today is...National Read A Book Day, so who[m] would you rather have read you a bedtime story: Fran Drescher or Roseanne? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*During the round, the question at the bottom of the screen had "surprise" misspelled as "suprise." .**Zach (Leslie Knope) also won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Matt (Tyrion Lannister) with 37% and Steve (Gonzo) with 24%. .***Zach ("Star Trek [Original Series]" crew in "Futurama") won the twitter poll with 53%, followed by Steve (Patrick Stewart in "Extras") with 26% and Matt (Justin Bieber in "CSI:") with 21%. .****Matt (Steve Urkel) also won the twitter poll with 42%, followed by Steve (Newman from "Seinfeld") with 37% and Zach (Joey Tribbiani and Chandler Bing) with 21%. .*****Steve (Bayside High) actually lost the twitter poll with 16%. Zach (Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters from "X-Men: Evolution") won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by Matt (Greendale from "Community"). +Steve was faster at choosing Lucille. +*Steve chose Jessie Spano and then argued for Jesse from "Full House." ''Nobody'' (outside of twitter) pointed this out. +**Split decision. Despite Steve's breaking of the rules, Ken voted for him. +***Split decision. Matt chose Zach (the Averys), while Ken and Roxy chose Steve. '''Episode 45: Which TV Character Deserves To Be Roasted? (9-13-2016)'''<ref>Episode 45: Which TV Character Deserves To Be Roasted? (9-13-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-deserves-to-be-roasted-3047942</ref> On the scoreboard, Josh is listed as "MACUGA." Mark Ellis receives all nine votes during the Speed Round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Josh Macuga || 1/3 || Second |- | JTE || New fighter || Third |- | Mark Ellis || 1/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 97%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Josh !! JTE !! Mark |- | 1: What is the best action sequence in any television series? || 1 || || |- | 2: Who is the most annoying kid TV character of all time? || || || 1* |- | 3: Which TV character deserves to be roasted? || 1 || || |- | 4: What is the best televised moment in sports history? || || 1 || |- | 5: What do you think will be the breakout new series this fall? || || || 1** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who has the best original shows: HBO or Netflix? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which is...the better show that was never nominated for best series:..."The Wire" or "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia?" || || x || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best show with the word "house" or "home" in the title? || || x || 1**** |- |'''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Mark (Sophia from "The Walking Dead") also won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by ('the daughter' [Dana Brody] from "Homeland") with 25% and JTE (Seven from "Married... with Children") at 24%. **Mark ("Designated Survivor") actually lost the twitter poll with 20%. JTE ("Westworld") won with 48%, followed by Josh ("Atlanta") with 32%. .***Mark was faster at saying "The Wire." He won despite never having seen a single episode. .****Mark is the fourth fighter to sweep the Speed Round. '''Episode 46: What Was The Best Show In TGIF's Entire History? (9-20-2016)'''<ref>Episode 46: What Was The Best Show In TGIF's Entire History? (9-20-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-was-the-best-show-in-tgifs-entire-history-3048985</ref> As of this episode, all of the Fight shows' regular fact checkers have competed on a different show (but not yet their own show). Billy A. Patterson as Fact Checker. Roxy wears a Drive Shaft shirt and has FATE written on her right fingers, in support of Hector's choice of "LOST" for the fifth question. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hector Navarro || 0/4 || '''Win''' |- | Erika Ishii || New fighter || Second |- | Kristen Brancaccio || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hector !! Erika !! Kristen |- | 1: Which unsuccessful superhero movie character could be reborn as a TV series? || 1* || ** || |- | 2: Pitch the 2016 version of "Battle of the Network Stars." || || 1 || |- | 3: What was the best show in TGIF's Friday night history? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Which director would you want to see remake [his or her] own film, but as a TV show? || || **** || 1 |- | 5: What is the best debut season for any TV show ever? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best 2016 Emmy moment? || 1*****, + || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who do you think would make a better motivational speaker: Michael Scott or Ron Swanson? || || 1+*, +** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is the best female host in TV history? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which franchise would make a better TV show: ''Harry Potter'' or ''Lord of the Rings''? || 1+*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: In honor of fall TV starting back up, which returning show are you most excited for? || 1+**** || +***** || x |- |'''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Hector (The Green Hornet) also won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by Erika (Fantastic Four) with 44% and Kristen (Captain Zoom) with 5%. *While Kristen's 5% vote is not the lowest in TV Fights history, it is the lowest that has been announced on the show. *Coincidentally, it is also the lowest non-winning vote as Ken Napzok received 5% for the fifth question of the "Game of Thrones" episode (24), but still won. .**Erika's original choice was also The Green Hornet, but Hector got his email in faster. .***Hector ("Boy Meets World") also won the twitter poll with 45%, followed by Kristen ("Full House") with 35% and Erika ("Family Matters") with 20%. .****Erika (Zack Snyder/''Watchmen'') won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Kristen (Brad Bird/The Incredibles) with 38% and Hector (Quentin Tarantino/''Reservoir Dogs'') with 23%. .*****Hector won the point despite being slower at completely answering with Alan Yang's speech and then switching to Jeffrey Tambor's speech. +Split decision. Kristen chose Erika while Billy and Roxy chose Hector. +*Erika won despite not knowing who Hector's choice (Michael Scott) was. She thought he was from "Silicon Valley" rather than "The Office." +**Split decision. Eleventh overturn on TV Fights (tenth by Roxy and twelfth between TV and Movie Fights). Kristen and Billy both picked Hector, but Roxy felt Erika gave a better argument for Ron Swanson. +***Hector was faster at saying ''Harry Potter.'' forcing Erika to choose ''Lord of the Rings.'' +****JTE displayed the point/win for Hector before Roxy even commented or asked for anyone's opinions. +*****Erika initially answered with "Jessica Jones," but that doesn't return until 2018. She then said "Luke Cage," but that's not a returning show. Roxy gave her a ten second time limit while she tried to think of a returning show, and she answered with "Green Arrow" (actually simply titled "Arrow). She was not familiar with the show however. '''Episode 47: Star Trek Edition! (9-27-2016)'''<ref>Episode 47: Star Trek Edition! (9-27-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/star-trek-edition-3050055</ref> For the second week in a row, the fighters in the middle chair and the chair across from Roxy are both new. Although Scott and Brannon are listed as new fighters, they have each fought in and won Movie Fights (as has Dan). Roxy wore her Starfleet uniform. Present at the table were Milky Way Rice Krispie Treats, made by Dan's girlfriend Mara. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 2/0 || Third * |- | Scott Mantz || New fighter || Second ** |- | Brannon Braga || New fighter || '''Win''' *** |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 78%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Dan !! Scott !! Brannon |- | 1: What is the best time travel episode from any "Star Trek" series? || || 1 || |- | 2: Who made the best guest starring appearance on a "Star Trek" TV show? || || || 1**** |- | 3: Best "Star Trek" fight scene? || 1***** || || |- | 4: For people who have never seen anything "Star Trek",...what is the one episode that you would show [him or her] in order to get into it? || || 1 || + |- | 5: Which "Star Trek" character deserves [his or her] own solo spin-off show? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which "Star Trek" character would be the best debater? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who do you think would win in a fight: Tasha Yar from ["The Next Generation"] or T'Pol from "Enterprise"? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which captain would you have more confidence in: Kirk or Picard? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best "Star Trek" show? || x || || 1 |- |'''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*In Dan's 24th official Screen Junkies fight, he finishes in third place for the first time since his ninth official fight in June of 2015 (his first non-win). .**In Scott's eighth official Screen Junkies fight, he finishes in second place for the first time (his five Movie Fights losses were all third place finishes). As of January 15, 2017, he has subsequently fought twice, both in Movie Fights, and again finished in third place both times. .***Brannon becomes the sixth fighter to ever (and the fifth to currently) simultaneously hold undefeated records in two different Screen Junkies fights. He is the fourth ever (and the third currently) to do so for Movie and TV Fights after Ken Napzok, Clark Wolfe, and formerly Coy Jandreau. .****Brannon (Stephen Hawking) also won the twitter poll. .*****Dan (Kirk vs. Khan in "Space Seed") also won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Scott (Kirk vs. Spock in "Amok Time") with 38% and Brannon (Hirogen Hunters vs. Klingons and Starfleet in "The Killing Game" from "Voyager") with 19%. +Brannon ("The Inner Light" from "The Next Generation") won the twitter poll with 43%. Scott ("The Doomsday Machine") received 39% while Dan ("The Devil in the Dark") received 18%. +*Split decision. Dan chose Brannon (Picard) while Ken and Roxy chose Scott. '''Episode 48: Which DC Super Hero Should Join the CW Arrowverse? (10-4-2016)'''<ref>Episode 48: Which DC Super Hero Should Join the CW Arrowverse? (10-4-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-dc-super-hero-should-join-the-cw-arrowverse-3051177</ref> For the third week in a row, the fighters in the middle chair and the chair across from Roxy are both new (all three are new). First episode since episode 21 in which all fighters are new. However, Lon has previously fought on both Gamer Fights and [the previous week] Movie Fights. Seventh episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place and first since episode 32. Tenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Fifteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Lon Harris || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | John McCracken || New fighter || Second ** |- | Jeremiah Watkins || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Lon !! John !! Jeremiah |- | 1: Who is the best "SNL" cast member of all time? || || || 1 |- | 2: What was the most jarring recast of a character on a TV show? || || 1 || |- | 3: In honor of "The Flash" season premiere,...which DC character, other than Batman, do you wanna see join the CW Arrowverse? || 1* || || |- | 4: Which game show should be brought back to TV? || || 1** || |- | 5: With the recent "Adventure Time" announcement, what cartoon should end next? || 1*** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: It is the first TV Fights in October, so what's the best show that starts with the letter "O"? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which is the better Superman TV series: "Lois & Clark" or "Smallville"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which TV Michael would you rather grab a drink with: Michael B. Jordan or Michael C. Hall? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best TV show that starts with the letter "D"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: What was the better sketch show: "Key and Peele" or "The Chappelle Show"? || 1****, ***** || || x |- |'''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Lon (Adam Strange) actually lost the twitter poll with 15%. Jeremiah (The Green Lantern) won with 53%, followed by John (Batwoman) with 32%. .**John ("Double Dare") also won the twitter poll with 54%, followed by Jeremiah ("Next") with 26% and Lon ("Press Your Luck") with 20%. .***Again, Lon ("Robot Chicken") actually lost the twitter poll with 20%. John ("The Simpsons") won with 45%, followed by Jeremiah ("Family Guy") with 35%. .****Lon won despite being slower at saying "The Chappelle Show" and thus being stuck with "Key and Peele." .*****Split decision. Jeremiah chose John ("The Chappelle Show") while Ken and Roxy chose Lon. '''Episode 49: Best Crime Drama of All Time? (10-11-2016)'''<ref>Episode 49: Best Crime Drama of All Time? (10-11-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-crime-drama-of-all-time-3052721</ref> For the fourth week in a row, the fighters in the middle chair and the chair across from Roxy are both new (all three are new). Second consecutive episode in which all fighters are new, even though the previous was the first such episode in 27 episodes. However, Mo has previously fought on Movie Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jay Washington || New fighter || Third |- | Mo Lightening || New fighter || Second |- | Jared Baur || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jay !! style="width: 4%"|Mo !! Jared |- | 1: Who's the worst TV friend? || || || 1* |- | 2: Who's the best supporting character from any Marvel or DC TV Show? || || || 1** |- | 3: What is the best crime drama of all time? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: What is the best commercial of all time? || || 1 || |- | 5: If Disney starts doing ''Star Wars'' Netflix series à la Marvel, what character/story would you like to see? || || **** || 1**** |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the best TV show with a direction in the title? || || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Tomorrow is National "Take Your Parents to Lunch" Day. Would you rather take to lunch Kim Kardashian and Kanye West or Donald and Melania Trump? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Coming Out Day. Which TV LGBTQ character would you want to grab a drink with the most? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Childhood favorite "Fraggle Rock" is returning after thirty years on HBO. Which HBO Show would be the worst for your kid to watch? || x || || 1***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Jared (Kenny Powers) actually lost the twitter poll with 11%. Jay (Eric Cartman) won with 56%, followed by Mo (Shane Walsh) with 33%. .**Jared (The Punisher) also won the twitter poll with 72%, followed by Mo (Edwin Jarvis) with 18% and Jay (Fish Mooney) with 10%. .***Mo ("Breaking Bad") won the twitter poll with 59%, followed by Jay ("The Wire") with 24% and Jared ("The Sopranos") with 17%. .****As Ken checked the twitter poll, it moved to tying between Mo (Cloud City) and Jared (Young Yoda) with 40% each, followed by Jay (Wookies) with 20%. .*****Split decision. Jay chose Mo ("Game of Thrones") while Ken and Roxy chose Jared ("Oz"). '''Episode 50: Friends vs Seinfeld! (10-18-2016)'''<ref>Episode 50: Friends vs Seinfeld! (10-18-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/friends-vs-seinfeld-3054525</ref> Roxy Striar steps out of the hosting chair to take on Spencer Gilbert in a TV Fights special. On each question, Roxy will be fighting for "Friends" and Spencer for "Seinfeld". This fight is not counted in the statistics. It is the first such fight since "Episode 1", which is not counted as an actual episode. Judged by Joe Starr. As revealed at the end of the episode, this is Ken Napzok's last episode as Fact Checker and producer for Screen Junkies. *During his speech at the end, Ken states that Ryan Elliot (known as Handsome) would never appear on camera. He eventually did appear on the Drunk Movie Fights Championship "After the Fight" on December 14 to comment on Ken's victory. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roxy Striar || N/A || '''Win''' |- | Spencer Gilbert || N/A || Lose |- |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roxy !! Spencer |- | 1: Better Hangout: Monks vs Central Perk? || 1* || |- | 2: Who would make a better financial planner: Phoebe or [Cosmo] Kramer? || || 1** |- | 3: Better bottle episode: "Seinfeld: The Chinese Restaurant" vs "Friends: The One Where No One's Ready"? || || 1 |- | 4: Best use of a guest star in any episode: "Friends" vs "Seinfeld"? || 1*** || |- | 5: Who[m] would you swap from your show's ensemble with one character from the other show's ensemble? || || 1 |- | 6: In 100 years, which show will stand the test of time better: "Seinfeld" vs "Friends"? || 1 || |- | 7: From either show, who's the best character****? || 1***** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4'''|| 3 |} .*Roxy (Central Perk) also won the twitter poll with 72%. .**Spencer (Kramer) also won the twitter poll with 55%. .***Roxy (Bruce Willis) narrowly lost the twitter poll with to Spencer (Bryan Cranston) with 49%. .****Original question was: What is the best episode of your show that does NOT take place in New York CIty? However, Andy Signore interrupts with an impromptu Speed Round question (using the 30/20 seconds Gamer Fights format) since contestants are tied. Granted, had the fighters not been tied at this point, the seventh question never would have been asked. .*****As Joe gave his ruling, the twitter poll went to a 50/50 tie between Roxy (Chandler) and Spencer (George). ==TV Fights Episodes 51-100== '''Episode 51: What Is The Most Horrifying Death In TV History? (10-25-2016)'''<ref>Episode 51: What Is The Most Horrifying Death In TV History? (10-25-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-most-horrifying-death-in-tv-history-3056625</ref> Halloween-themed episode (TV Frights). Billy A. Patterson takes over as Fact Checker. As opposed to her appearances on Schmoes Know shows and other fights, Emma does not wear her glasses. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Tony Kim || 0/1 || Third |- | Emma Fyffe || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | Damian Beurer || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Tony !! Emma !! Damian |- | 1: What is the best Halloween-themed episode from any sitcom? || || 1 || * |- | 2: What is the most horrifying death in TV history? || 1 || ** || |- | 3: Turn a family-friendly show into an R-rated horror show. || *** || 1 || |- | 4: What's the scariest moment in TV history? || **** || || 1 |- | 5: You're stuck in the zombie apocalypse. Which TV character would you choose to protect you? || || || 1**** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who was the scarier 2016 TV villain: the Demogorgon from "Stranger Things" or Zoom from "The Flash?" || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would be the best TV parent to take you trick-or-treating? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which spooky TV character would you rather have as a roommate: Dexter or Walter White? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the better kids' horror show: "Goosebumps" or "Are You Afraid of the Dark?" || x || || 1+*, +** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which TV-themed haunted house would you rather spend the night in: "American Horror Story" or "The Twilight Zone"? || x || 1+*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 4 |} .*Damian ("The Slutty Pumpkin" from "How I Met Your Mother") won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Emma ("Greg Pikitis" from "Parks and Recreation") with 37% and Tony ("The One with the Halloween Party" from "Friends") with 24%. .**Emma (Oberyn Martell) won the twitter poll with 41%, narrowly beating Tony (Glenn Rhee, whose death was shown the previous Sunday's "The Walking Dead"). Damian (Rita Bennett from "Dexter") received 19%. .***Emma ("Transformers: Rescue Bots") actually lost the twitter poll with 15%. Tony ("Sesame Street") won the twitter poll with 53%, followed by Damian ("Married... with Children") with 32%. .****Tony (Pennywise the Clown from "It") won the twitter poll with 46%, followed by Damian (the Peacock family in "The X-Files") with 33% and Emma (The Gentlemen from "Buffy the Vampire Slayer") with 21%. .*****Damian (Superman) also won the twitter poll with 40%, followed by Tony (Luke Cage) with 31% and Emma (Ash Williams) with 29%. +Split decision. Twelfth overturn on TV Fights (eleventh by Roxy and thirteenth between TV and Movie Fights). Tony and Billy both picked Damian (the Demogorgon), but Roxy felt Emma gave a better argument for world domination by Zoom. +*Split decision. Tony chose Emma ("Goosebumps") before Billy and Roxy chose Damian. +**Damian won his argument despite not having seen a single episode of either show. +***Split decision. In a reverse from the previous question, Tony chose Damian ("The Twilight Zone") before Billy and Roxy chose Emma. '''Episode 52: What Is The Worst TV Love Triangle? (11-1-2016)'''<ref>Episode 52: What Is The Worst TV Love Triangle? (11-1-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-worst-tv-love-triangle-3057951</ref> Roxy dresses up as Negan from "The Walking Dead." All-female panel. As Billy mentions, two days earlier, the WWE pay-per-view (Hell in a Cell) had a women's match as the main event. Michele's name is listed on the scoreboard as "Boyd." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Michele Boy || 1/4 || Second |- | Megan Salinas || New fighter || Third |- | Perri Nemiroff || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Michele !! Megan !! Perri |- | 1: What is the best TV show that represents millennials? || || * || 1 |- | 2: What is the best use of a flashback in a series? || ** || 1 || |- | 3: What is the worst TV love triangle? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: We want you guys to pitch a sequel series where a former child star resurrects [his or her] child character. || || || 1**** |- | 5: Which TV character would you like to be in a prank war with? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of Halloween yesterday, what is the best vampire show? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Where would you rather go on vacation: Westworld or the island on "Lost"? || ***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best show that starts with the letter "A"? || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best predominantly female ensemble show? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Today is National Authors' Day. Which TV character's autobiography would be the best read? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Megan ("Broad City") won the twitter poll with 41%, followed by Perri ("Girls") with 35% and Michele ("Selfie") with 24%. .**Michele ("How I Met Your Mother") won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by Megan ("Lost") with 38% and Perri ("Orphan Black") with 11%. .***Michele (Blair, Serena, and Nate from "Gossip Girl") actually lost the twitter poll with 15%. Megan (Ross, Rachel, and Joey from "Friends) won with 69%, followed by Perri (Elena, Damon, and Stefan from "The Vampire Diaries") with 16%. .****Perri ("The Secret World of Alex Mack") actually lost the twitter poll with 24%. Megan ("Eerie, Indiana") won with 39%, followed by Michele ("Clarissa Explains it All") with 37%. .*****Michele erroneously stated that the characters in her choice ("Lost") were in purgatory. +Split decision. Billy chose Perri ("Ash vs Evil Dead") while Megan and Roxy chose Michele ("Angel"). '''Episode 53: Which TV Character Would Make the Best POTUS? (11-8-2016)'''<ref>Episode 53: Which TV Character Would Make the Best POTUS? (11-8-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-best-potus-3059819</ref> Billy is accompanied on the couch by Donald "Dizzle" Davis, who appeared with Joe Starr on Movie Fights two months earlier. Aaron Pruner returns after a 48-episode absence. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jack Conway || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | Aaron Pruner || 0/1 || Third |- | Ed Greer || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%" |Jack !! Aaron !! style="width: 4%" |Ed |- | 1: Who is TV's most endearing underdog? || 1 || || |- | 2: Which TV character would make the best President of the United States? || * || || 1 |- | 3: We want you guys to pitch a gritty HBO series based on any other** film from the 1970's.*** || **** || 1 || |- | 4: Best band from a TV series? || 1***** || || |- | 5: Which TV character would you want to be your wingman? || || + || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If you were forced to vote for one, would you rather vote for Mayor Adam West from "Family Guy" or Mayor Oliver Queen from "Arrow"? || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: "Stranger Things" has just cast some familiar faces for Season 2. Which actor would you want to see added to the "Stranger Things" cast? || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best TV show with a number in the title? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: After being cancelled in 2013, DC's "Young Justice" is coming back for a Season 3. Which animated superhero show should be brought back for one more season: "Batman: The Animated Series" or "X-Men(: The Animated Series)"? || 1+*, +** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Jack (Optimus Prime) won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Ed (Matt Murdock/Daredevil) with 35% and Aaron (Daenerys Targaryen) with 28%. .**Besides ''Westworld''. .***Billy pointed out that all three fighters' choices were based on movies from the year 1971. .****Jack ("A Clockwork Orange") won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Aaron ("Dirty Harry") with 32% and Ed ("Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory") with 31%. .*****Jack (Jem and the Holograms) actually lost the twitter poll with 17%. Aaron (Blues Brothers) won with 63%, followed by Ed (Paper Boi) with 20%. +Aaron (Arthur "Fonzie" Fonzarelli) won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Ed (K.I.T.T) with 33% and Jack (Schmidt from "New Girl") with 30%. +*Jack won despite being slower at saying "Batman: The Animated Series." +**Split decision. Billy and Dizzle chose Ed while Aaron and Roxy chose Jack. '''Episode 54: What is the Best Disney Show of All Time? (11-15-2016)'''<ref>Episode 54: What is the Best Disney Show of All Time? (11-15-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-best-disney-show-of-all-time-3061408</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 2/2 || '''Win''' |- | Gina Ippolito || New fighter || Second |- | Chris Hayner || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Sasha !! Gina !! Chris |- | 1: What TV show has the best sex scenes? || 1 || || * |- | 2: What dark R-rated movie should be made into a sitcom? || 1 || || |- | 3: This Friday is Mickey Mouse's birthday.... We wanna know what is the best Disney-related TV show of all time? || || 1 || |- | 4: "Star Trek: Discovery" has been delayed..... Pitch a starship crew using only TV characters from other shows. We're looking for the captain, first officer, doctor, [and] head of security. || || || 1** |- | 5: What is the most memorable moment in live television history?***, **** || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Marvel has officially announced they are bringing the Inhumans to ABC next fall, and the pilot will be screened in IMAX theaters.... Which TV pilot would be the best to see in IMAX: "Lost" or "The Walking Dead"? || 1***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: "SNL" brought in season high ratings with Dave Chappelle as the guest host last weekend. What is the best "Chappelle['s] Show" skit/character? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Like it or not, Donald Trump will be the next President of the United States. Which TV reality star or host should run for President in 2020? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Big congrats to Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson for being announced as People Magazine's Sexiest Man Alive.... Which show would benefit the most from having The Rock on it: HBO's "True Detective" or CW's "Arrow?" || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Chris ("Shameless") won the twitter poll with 41%, followed by Sasha ("Sons of Anarchy") with 30% and Gina ("Buffy the Vampire Slayer") with 29%. .**Chris also won the twitter poll with 48%, followed by Gina with 28% and Sasha with 24%. .***The 9/11 attacks were disallowed as an answer to this question so that nobody would have to argue against it. .****During the arguments, it was argued that Chris' choice wasn't memorable, Gina's wasn't a moment, and Sasha's wasn't live. However, all answers were allowed. .*****Sasha was faster at saying "Lost" and won unanimously. '''Episode 55: Which TV Character Would You Want To Marry? (11-22-2016)'''<ref>Episode 55: Which TV Character Would You Want To Marry? (11-22-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-you-want-to-marry-3063273</ref> Pre-taped episode. After a year on Screen Junkies Plus, the show finally debuts an opening montage. Eleventh episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Sixteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger|| 2/0 || Second |- | Joe Starr || 0/3 || '''Win''' |- | Amy Dallen || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! Joe !! Amy |- | 1: We're just two days away from Thanksgiving, so we wanna know what is the best Thanksgiving episode of any TV show ever? * || || || 1** |- | 2: The 2Pac/Biggie Smalls true crime pilot "Unsolved" was just picked up at USA Network.... Pitch a TV series based around a famous musician/band. || || 1 || |- | 3: If you had to marry a TV character,...which one do we choose? || 1 || || |- | 4: What TV character would you least want to get a dinner party invite from? || || 1*** || |- | 5: What video game would make the best TV series? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is TV's best Sara(h)? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which family would you rather spend Thanksgiving with: the Lannisters from "Game of Thrones" or the Whites [from] "Breaking Bad"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which WWE superstar, past or present, would you wanna grab a beer with? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV chef would you wanna cook your Thanksgiving dinner? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Previously used as the first question of episode 3. .**After awarding the point, Roxy accidentally asked Billy for the results of the twitter poll despite being aware the episode was pre-taped. .***Joe won with Hannibal Lecter from "Hannibal" despite never having seen the show. '''Episode 56: Best TV Grandparent Of All Time? (11-29-2016)'''<ref>Episode 56: Best TV Grandparent Of All Time? (11-29-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-grandparent-of-all-time-3064868</ref> As Zach points out in his opening, he has the most points (14) of any fighter who has never won, something he learned by looking at the leaderboard. Though Stephen is listed as a new fighter, he has appeared on Movie Fights three times. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Zach Wilson || 0/4 || '''Win''' |- | Stephen Glickman || New fighter || Third |- | Tiona Hobson || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Zach !! Stephen !! Tiona |- | 1: Best TV grandparent of all time? || 1* || || |- | 2: Who would be the worst character to sit next to on a 9 hour flight? || || || 1** |- | 3: Which character from the ''Harry Potter'' universe should get its own Netflix series? || 1 || || |- | 4: What's the most annoying on-and-off relationship in TV history? || || || 1*** |- | 5: What TV show most deserves a movie to wrap everything up? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: This is a bargain bin.... Season 1 of both shows. You guys are gonna tell me which one you would pick.**** || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: This week is the historic four-part DC crossover event on the CW.... We wanna know what is the best DC TV show of all time? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is TV's best Ed, Eddie/Eddy, or Edward? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 2 |} .*Zach (Lucille Bluth) also won the twitter poll with 60%, followed by Tiona (Ruby Johnson) with 21% and Stephen (Marie Barone) with 19%. *Marie Barone was the only one of the three grandmothers who appeared on the title card for this episode, which also featured Abraham Simpson and Estelle Winslow. .**Tiona (Ted Mosby) also won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Zach (Hurley Reyes) with 35% and Stephen (Niles Crane) with 22%. .***Tiona (Olivia and Fitz from "Scandal") actually lost the twitter poll with 15%. Stephen (Ross and Rachel from "Friends") won with 56%, followed by Zach (Clark and Lana from "Smallville") with 29%. .****Picture was shown of box sets of the first seasons of "Game of Thrones" and "Lost." .*****Split decision. Thirteenth overturn on TV Fights (twelfth by Roxy and fourteenth between TV and Movie Fights). Stephen and Billy both picked Tiona ("Game of Thrones"), but Roxy felt Zach gave a better argument. '''Episode 57: What TV Show Would Make The Best VR Experience? (12-6-2016)'''<ref>Episode 57: What TV Show Would Make The Best VR Experience? (12-26-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-tv-show-would-make-the-best-vr-experience-3066130</ref> The fight montage is inadvertently skipped in this episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | JTE || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Kamarra Cole || New fighter || Second |- | Barbara Gray || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! JTE !! Kamarra !! Barbara |- | 1: "Sons of Anarchy" is getting a spin-off pilot, "Mayans MC".... Which supporting character from any drama should get a spin-off? || 1* || || |- | 2: "Gilmore Girls" made its triumphant return to Netflix and got rave reviews.... What is the best revival series of a show? || 1** || || |- | 3: Which TV show has done the most damage to society? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Virtual reality is the new hot tech toy this holiday season.... I wanna know what TV show would make the best VR experience? || || 1**** || |- | 5: "The Walking Dead"...has hit a four-year series low in the ratings. Which once-great show had the hardest fall from grace? || 1***** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 4 || 1 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: "Westworld"'s first season finale just aired on Sunday. Who is TV's best robot? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of yesterday being "National Bathtub Party Day," who[m] would you rather have a bathtub party with: Negan or Donald Trump? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: "The Leftovers" is coming back for a third and final season next year.... Which show should have their final season next year: "Grey's Anatomy" or MTV's "The Real World"? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 2 || 0 |} .*JTE (Jesse Pinkman from "Breaking Bad") also won the twitter poll with 59%, followed by Kamarra (Rupert Giles from "Buffy the Vampire Slayer") with 30% and Barbara (Guy MacKendrick from "Mad Men") with 11%. .**JTE ("Family Guy") once again won the twitter poll with 63%, followed by Kamarra ("The X-Files") with 32% and Barbara ("The Comeback") with 5%. .***JTE ("My Super Sweet 16") wins both the point and the twitter poll for the third question in a row with 48%, followed by Kamarra ("Sex and the City") with 31% and Barbara ("Fuller House") with 21%. .****Point was awarded to Kamarra as Barbara helped argue on her behalf. .*****After the point was awarded, the scoreboard still showed JTE with only three points instead of four. *Further, it was initially stated that JTE was only one point away from victory. However, as later pointed out, he needed to obtain six points (standard for a five-question pre-Speed Round in which one of the fighters does not receive any points). '''Episode 58: Which Star Wars Character Should Host SNL? (12-13-2016)'''<ref>Episode 58: Which Star Wars Character Should Host SNL? (12-13-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-star-wars-character-should-host-snl-3067368</ref> Joseph Scrimshaw had become the new fighter who had the most points of those who have never won after Zach Wilson's victory two weeks earlier. Kim is listed as a new fighter, but she has appeared on Movie Fights three times. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joseph Scrimshaw || 0/4 || '''Win''' |- | Kim Horcher || New fighter || Second |- | Cesar Solorio || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Joseph !! style="width: 7%| Kim !! Cesar |- | 1: Take a finished series and one that is on now and pitch your ideal crossover episode. || || 1 || |- | 2: Which ''Star Wars'' character should be the host of "SNL"? || 1* || || |- | 3: What is the best show that appeals equally to men and women? || 1 || || ** |- | 4: What is the worst pilot from an otherwise great show? || 1*** || || |- | 5: Netflix is allowing you to download shows on your phone through its app.... Which show would you want to have with you at all times? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: The Golden Globe nominations are out, and a lot of favorites...were nominated, but there were some surprise snubs. Which was the bigger snub for best TV show: "Luke Cage" or "Mr. Robot"? || || 1****, ***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Nielsen has revealed that "The Big Bang Theory" and "NCIS[: Naval Criminal Investigative Service]" are the two most-watched prime-time shows in 2016. You could only watch one of them for the rest of your life. Which one do you choose: "[The] Big Bang Theory" or "NCIS"? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the better genre of show to watch curled up next to a fire: sci-fi horror or feel-good drama? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: HBO's "Vice" is coming back for a fifth season and will see its episode number increase to 30 episodes. Which show would benefit most from having more episodes per season? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is TV's best John/Jon or Jonathan? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 4 || 0 |} .*Joseph (General Leia) actually lost the twitter poll with 14%. Cesar (Lando Calrissian) won with 56% while Kim (C-3PO) received 30%. .**Cesar ("How I Met Your Mother") won the twitter poll with 45%, followed by Joseph ("Dr. Who") with 30% and Kim ("Westworld) with 25%. .***Joseph ("Castle") again lost the twitter poll despite receiving the point, with 20%. Kim ("The Simpsons") won with 42%, followed by Cesar ("Seinfeld") with 38%. .****Kim was faster at saying "Luke Cage." .*****Split decision. Fourteenth overturn on TV Fights (thirteenth by Roxy). Cesar and Billy both picked Joseph, but Roxy felt that because Joseph gave a reason for "Mr. Robot" being snubbed, it was actually less of a snub. '''Episode 59: Which TV Character Would Make The Worst Mall Santa? (12-20-2016)'''<ref>Episode 59: Which TV Character Would Make The Worst Mall Santa? (12-20-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-worst-mall-santa-3068970</ref> Lucille and Billy are each dressed up in green tinsel. Jordan is the only Gentile at the table, just as Jason Inman was the only Gentile at the table in episode 4. In terms of order of asking questions, J.D. is actually second, and Jordan is third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Yael Tygiel || 1/3 || '''Win''' |- | Jordan Morris || New fighter || Third |- | J.D. Zelman || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Yael !! Jordan !! J.D. |- | 1: Which TV character would decorate the best tree on a budget? || 1 || || * |- | 2: What TV character would make the worst mall Santa? || 1** || || |- | 3: What show that doesn't have a holiday episode deserves to have one? || 1 || || *** |- | 4: What is the best Christmas gift ever given on a TV show? || **** || ***** || 1 |- | 5: A lot of networks tend to run marathons of different shows...during the holidays.... What TV show deserves an annual marathon all of their own? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which is the quintessential Christmas special: "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" or "A Charlie Brown Christmas"? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: It's the holidays! What's the best TV show that starts with the letter "H"? || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who most deserves a lump of coal in [his] stocking: Joffrey [Baratheon] or Negan? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 0 || 2 |} .*J.D. (Leslie Knope) won the twitter poll with 44%, followed by Yael (Sabrina the Teenage Witch) with 39% and Jordan (George Costanza) with 17%. .**Yael (Herbert the Pervert) also won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by J.D. (Pierce Hawthorne) with 27% and Jordan (Don Draper) with 15%. .***J.D. ("American Horror Story") won the twitter poll with 40% even though the show already has a holiday episode and was disqualified, followed by Yael ("Luke Cage") with 39% and Jordan ("Jeopardy!") with 21%. .****Yael (regenerations for Dr. Who) won the twitter poll with 46%, followed by J.D. (Santa's Little Helper) with 39% and Jordan (the Life Day Mind Evaporator) with 15%. .*****Even though Jordan was sitting in the middle seat, he was supposed to go third for question 4 (as reiterated by Roxy), but he instead went second. +Yael won despite being slower at choosing "Rudolph the Red-Nose Reindeer" and never having seen either show. +*Split decision. Jordan chose J.D. ("Harry and the Hendersons") while Billy and Roxy chose Yael ("House, M.D."). '''Episode 60: What Was The Best Episode of TV in 2016? (12-27-2016)'''<ref>Episode 60: What Was The Best Episode of TV in 2016? (12-27-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-was-the-best-episode-of-tv-in-2016-3068686</ref> Pre-recorded due to the Christmas break. It is likely that this episode was recorded before episode 59 as in that episode, Billy mentions that it is the second time someone has brought up "Harry and the Hendersons" in the Speed Round in recent history. Billy is accompanied on the couch by JTE. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mo Lightning || 0/1 || Second |- | Matt Knost || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | Marina Mastros || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 4%| Mo !! style="width: 5%|Matt !! Marina |- | 1: What is the best New Year's episode of a TV show ever? || || || 1 |- | 2: What show has the most ridiculous use of fake science? || || 1 || |- | 3: What was the best episode of TV in 2016? || 1 || || |- | 4: What was the best new show of 2016? || || 1 || |- | 5: As a New Year's resolution, people should strive to be more like what TV character? || || * || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: Which character from any CW show would you want to kiss when the ball drops at midnight? ** || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND A2: Who is TV's best Mike or Michael? || x || 1 || *** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which is the better show... with the word "new" in the title: "[The] Newsroom" or "Orange is the New Black"? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of the late Florence Henderson, what is the best TV show with a family name in the title? || x || 1 || **** |- | SPEED ROUND D: The "Big Bang Theory" is eyeing a spin-off featuring a young Sheldon. Which young version of a TV character would make the better spin-off: Charlie from "It's Always Sunny [in Philadelphia]" or Titus from "[Unbreakable] Kimmy Schmidt"? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Matt stated that when he makes a resolution, it is altruistic, but he states that he wants it to have a positive impact on himself. .**Both fighters had trouble naming a CW show, even though Roxy hosts "Flash and Friends," which discusses the different shows of the Arrowverse. Ultimately, Marina asked if "7th Heaven" was on the CW, which it was for its final season (when the WB switched to CW). However, neither could name a character, and after arguments by both for nameless characters from the show, Roxy tossed the question. .***Marina named Michael Douglas without knowing a show that he did. Billy named for her "The Streets of San Francisco." While she correctly guessed that he played law enforcement in the show, she was arguing more for what his character did than what the actor did. .****Marina couldn't think of a qualifying answer, but ultimately, she named "The Hendersons," (possibly due to Florence Henderson (and Matt did name "The Brady Bunch")) which is not a show. Rather "Harry and the Hendersons" is. However, she couldn't make any argument as she didn't know anything about the show. '''Episode 61: Which TV Character Would Make the Best Babysitter? (1-3-2017)'''<ref>Episode 61: Which TV Character Would Make the Best Babysitter? (1-3-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-best-babysitter-3071839</ref> First live show of 2017. The Speed Round chart made by fan Nicki Baldwin is debuted at the beginning of the Speed Round; it shows how many points are needed in order to win based upon the score going into the Speed Round (for a standard five question pre-Speed Round game). The title card include William Daniels (George Feeny) an Bob Saget (Danny Tanner), but they did not feature into the title fight question or any other question. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Lon Harris || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Alyssa Onofreo|| New fighter || Third |- | Jesse Klein|| New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%" |Lon !! Alyssa !! Jesse |- | 1: Who was the best TV villain of 2016? || || * || 1 |- | 2: What is the best show that was filmed/broadcast(ed) in black and white? || 1** || || |- | 3: Who is the best physical comedian in TV history? || || || 1*** |- | 4: Which TV character would make the best babysitter? || || 1 || **** |- | 5: What TV show has the best fandom? || 1 || || ***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: The new "Celebrity Apprentice" with Arnold Schwarzenegger premiered last night on NBC. Which TV character deserves </br> to be fired from their job: Homer Simpson or Michael Scott? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best TV Show that starts with the letter "W"? || 1+*, +** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Last night was the season premiere of "The Bachelor".... Which TV character should be the next Bachelor? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Today is "National Drinking Straw Day." Which TV character would you rather share a straw with: Steven Avery, from </br> "Making a Murderer" and also his life, or Ramsey [Bolton] from "Game of Thrones"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is TV's better Jason: Jason Bateman from "Arrested Development" or Jason Alexander...."Seinfeld?" || 1+*** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Alyssa (Cersei Lannister from "Game of Thrones") won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by Jesse (Dr. Ford from "Westworld") with 32% and Lon (Chuck McGill from "Better Call Saul") with 10%. .**Lon (The Twilight Zone") also won the twitter poll with 65%, followed by Alyssa ("The Addams Family") with 33% and Jesse ("The Sid Caesar Show") with 2%. .***Jesse (Rowan Atkinson) also won the poll with 42%, followed by Lon (John Cleese) with 34% and Alyssa (Bill Hader) with 24% (closest poll between the three fighters of the five questions). .****Jesse (Miss Frizzle from "The Magic School Bus") won the twitter poll with 44%, followed by Alyssa (Ann Perkins from "Parks and Recreation") with 41% and Lon (Balki from "Perfect Strangers") with 15%. .*****Jesse ("Firefly") won the twitter poll with 57%, followed by Lon ("Hannibal") with 22% and Alyssa ("Steven Universe") with 21%. +Jesse was slightly faster at saying Homer Simpson, leaving Lon with Michael Scott. +*Lon was slightly faster at saying "Westworld." +**Split decision. Alyssa chose Jesse ("The West Wing") while Billy and Roxy chose Lon ("Westworld"). +***Split decision. Billy chose Jesse (Alexander) while Alyssa and Roxy chose Lon (Bateman). '''Episode 62: What TV Character Would Have the Best Stand Up Comedy Special? (1-10-2017)'''<ref>Episode 62: Which TV Character Would Have the Best Stand Up Comedy Special? (1-10-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-standup-comedy-specia-3073597</ref> As of this fight, 92 people have fought in TV Fights. Despite the fact that Movie Fights has run almost twice as long (almost 27 months vs. almost 14 months), this is one more than the 91 who have fought in official episodes of Movie Fights and marks the first time the number of TV Fighters has exceeded the number who have fought in official Movie Fights. The title card featured Dave Coulier (Joey Gladstone) and Tim Allen (Tim Taylor), who did not feature in the title question or any other question. The previous week, Dave Coulier's "Full House" co-star Bob Saget also appeared on the card despite not featuring in the show. At the end of the show, self-proclaimed TV Fights champion Joe Starr (record 1-3) appeared. He and Matt Lieberman (last seen 31 episodes ago when he won the Belt) will be fighting on January 31 along with a wild-card fighter, who will be chosen in the January 17 fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jay Washington || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Anastasia Washington || New fighter || Third |- | Michelle Nguyen || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jay !! Anastasia !! Michelle |- | 1: What current TV show should be completely rebooted? || || || 1* |- | 2: Who's TV most misunderstood villain? || 1** || || |- | 3: What TV character would have the best standup comedy special? || || 1*** || |- | 4: If you were to build a religion based on the teachings of any TV character who[m] would you chose? || 1 || **** || |- | 5: What is your most anticipated show of 2017? || ***** || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What was the more deserving show that got shut out at the [Golden] Globes? Was it "Westworld" or "Stranger Things?" || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is TV's best vampire? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of 2017, which show geared towards 17-year-olds would you rather watch: "The O.C." or "Gossip Girl?" || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which is the more iconic TV catch phrase: Steve Urkel's "Did I do that?" or Arnold's "Whatchu talking 'bout Willis?" || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Michelle ("The Walking Dead") also won the twitter poll with 53%, followed by Anastasia ("American Horror Story: Roanoke") with 27% and Jay ("Empire") with 20%. .**Jay (Eli Pope) actually lost the twitter poll with 19%. Michelle (the Demogorgon) won the poll with 57%, followed by Anastasia ("Rachel Duncan") with 24%. .***Again the lowest poller won the round. Anastasia ("Rebecca Bunch") received only 18% while Michelle (Titus Andromedon) received 48% and Jay (Curtis Holt) received 36%. These numbers do not add up to 100%, and Billy, who didn't have his glasses, had to put his computer screen right up to his face, so he may have mispoken. .****Anastasia (Lyanna Mormont) won the poll with 46%, followed by Michelle (Liz Lemon) with 34% and Jay (Dre Johnson) with 20%. .*****Jay ("The Punisher) won the twitter poll with 59%, followed by Michelle ("American Gods") with 21% and Anastasia ("Legion") with 20%. +Jay (Angel) won the round due to Michelle's pick (Vampire Hunter D) was fact-checked by Joe Starr to be a movie (not a TV) character. Further, the question asked for a vampire, not a show or another character in a show. '''Episode 63: What Was the Worst Sitcom of the 90's? (1-17-2017)'''<ref>Episode 63: Which was the worst sitcom of the 90's? (01-17-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-was-the-worst-sitcom-of-the-90s-3075031</ref> The third panelist was supposed to be Sasha Pearl Raver but she was not able to attend, so Emma Fyffe stepped in. The fight determines who will face Matt Lieberman and Joe Starr in the TV Fights Championship match on January 31, 2017. During the fight, there was a twitter poll to decide what the theme of the following week's episode would be. Netflix beat out 1990's and Classic (pre-1990). Relative to seating positions, the fighters all finished in the same places as the fighters from the previous week. Despite finishing in third place, Coy won four of the five twitter polls. Roxy wears a Muhammad Ali shirt in honor of his birthday. However, his name is misspelled as "Muhammed." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Coy Jandreu || 2/0 || Third |- | Emma Fyffe || 1/2 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Andy !! style="width: 4%"| Coy !! Emma |- | 1: What show that takes place on Earth should have a season set in outer space? * || 1** || || |- | 2: What show would benefit from using a "24" style season with a one day period shown chronologically? || || 1*** || |- | 3: What was the worst TV sitcom of the '90's? || 1**** || || |- | 4: "The People v. O. J. [Simpson]" cleaned up at the Golden Globes. What real life true crime story would inspire the best TV series?***** || || || 1+ |- | 5: What TV show would be most improved by adding the Muppets? || || || 1+* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What's the better competition show: "Survivor" or "Big Brother?" || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is Betty White's birthday.... Which female comedian would be better in a modern-day "Golden Girls": Sarah Silverman </br> or Amy Schumer? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: It's also Muhammad Ali's birthday.... Who would win in a fight: Brienne from "Game of Thrones" or Xena: Warrior Princess? || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which was the better revival: "Arrested Development" or "Gilmore Girls?" || 1+**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Originally, Roxy asked the first question from the previous episode, leading to confusion. .**Andy ("Fargo") actually lost the twitter poll with 19%. Coy ("Parks and Recreation") won with 44%, followed by Emma ("Supergirl") with 37%. .***Coy ("Jessica Jones") also won the twitter poll with 40%, followed by Andy ("Homeland") with 31% and Emma ("Westworld") with 29%. .****At the time of the awarding of the point, Billy indicated that Andy ("The Diary of Desmond Pfeiffer") also won the twitter poll. .*****A variation of this question was also asked in episode 15, in which Andy also fought. +Emma (Ervil LaBaron murders) actually lost the twitter poll with 14%. Coy (H.H Holmes murders) won the poll with 54%, followed by Andy (Tanya Harding/Nancy Kerrigan) with 32%. +*Emma ("Galavant") once again lost the twitter poll with 19% despite receiving the point. As before, Coy ("It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia") won the poll with 41%, followed closely by Andy ("The Voice") with 40%. +**Split Decision. Billy chose Emma (Xena) while Roxy chose Andy. Coy had sided with Andy until the end of Emma's argument, ultimately claiming they were tied. +***Andy ("Gilmore Girls") won despite the fact that, even before the ruling, he indicated that he had never seen the show (nor had Emma). '''Episode 64: What Is The Best Netflix Original Series? (1-24-2017)'''<ref>Episode 64: Which is the best Netflix original series? (1-24-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-best-netflix-original-series-3076473</ref> Billy's name in the lower third is misspelled as Billy Buisness. He is accompanied on the couch by Dan Thom. A new TV Fights logo is debuted. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Pearl Raver || 3/2 || '''Win''' |- | Danielle Radford || New Fighter || Second |- | Stephanie Michelle || New Fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Sasha !! Danielle !! Stephanie |- | 1: Netflix is enjoying success with "A Series of Unfortunate Events."... What movie should... next Netflix turn into a TV series? || 1 || || * |- | 2: What cancelled TV show needs to be revived by Netflix? || ** || 1 || |- | 3: What is the best Netflix original series? || 1 || || *** |- | 4: Best original character from a Netflix exclusive? || 1 || || **** |- | 5: We're looking for a crossover pitch. So you can use any two original Netflix shows. || || ***** || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Who would win in a fight: Jessica Jones or Eleven from "Stranger Things"? || x || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the worst Netflix original show? || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What genre does Netflix nail better: drama or comedy? || || 1+* || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Marvel Netflix show? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of our new President being sworn in, what Netflix character would you want to see as our next President? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which show featuring a TV magic woman should be rebooted into a Netflix series: "I Dream of Jeannie" or "Bewitched"? || 1+** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Stephanie (''Mad Max: Fury Road'') won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Sasha (''Mean Girls'') with 40% and Danielle (''The Last Dragon'') with 17% .**In the closest twitter poll in TV Fights history, Sasha ("Penny Dreadful") won with 34% while Danielle ("Veronica Mars") and Stephanie ("Pushing Daisies") tied at 33% each. .***Stephanie ("Stranger Things") won the twitter poll with 50%, followed by Sasha ("House of Cards") with 31% and Danielle ("BoJack Horseman") with 19% . .****Stephanie (Barb) once again wins the Twitter poll with 49%, followed by Sasha (Crazy Eyes) with 35% and Danielle (Tastyee) with 16%. .*****Danielle ("Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt"/"Jessica Jones") won the twitter poll with 52%, followed by Stephanie ("Fuller House"/"Orange is the New Black") with 26% and Sasha ("The Get Down"/"Narcos") with 22%. +Split decision. Stephanie chose Danielle ("Hemlock Grove") while Billy, Dan, and Roxy agreed with Sasha ("The OA"). +*Split decision. Billy chose Sasha (drama) while Dan and Roxy agreed with Danielle (comedy). Stephanie could not give a decision. +**Sasha was faster at saying "I Dream of Jeannie" won based on votes from Billy, Dan, and Roxy (Stephanie abstained). '''Episode 65: Who Is The Best TV Character Of All Time? (PART 1) (1-31-2017)'''<ref>Episode 65: Who is the best TV character of all time (Part 1)? (1-31-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-the-best-tv-character-of-all-time-3077760</ref> Second Championship Match. Matt Lieberman appears after a 33-episode absence. Joe Starr was supposed to be the third fighter but he claimed he could not make it due to the ''John Wick 2'' after-party and invoked a "Trial by Combat" to have Dan Murrell fight in his place. Andy states a "trial by combat" is in the rule book. Once again Billy's lower third is spelled incorrectly (Buisness instead of Business). He is joined on the couch by fan Donald "Dizzle" Davis. This is the second episode of TV Fights to not be counted in the official statistics (however, prior records are shown below for reference; these records do not change after this fight). The day after the fight, Billy announced on SJ Universe that he and Roxy ruled that the match would be stricken and the title vacated. Another fight for the Belt would take place the following Tuesday between Matt, Joe, and Dan (Andy, who won the wildcard spot was disqualified). As a result of the problem that it caused, Trial by Combat has been removed from all fights (however, it is invoked in the Schmoedown that takes place three days later). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Lieberman || 4/1 || Second |- | Andy Signore || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 2/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! style="width: 6%"|Andy !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: Who is the best TV trash-talker of all time? || || 1 || * |- | 2: In honor of the champ throwdown, what is the best rivalry in all of TV history? || 1 || || ** |- | 3: Who is the best TV character of all time? || 1*** || || |- | 4: "Charmed" is getting a reboot set in the '70s.... We want you guys to pick a show to reboot and set it in a different decade. || || || 1**** |- | 5: Who is the worst couple in TV history? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2+ || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both of you guys are gunning to be number one. What is the best show with a number in the title? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Ben Affleck has said he will not direct ''The Batman.'' What superhero TV show would you want to see Ben </br> Affleck direct an episode of? || || 1+* || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: You guys are fighting for the TV Fights Belt. Which is the cooler TV accessory: Daryl Dixon's crossbow or </br> Jon Snow's Valyrian steel sword? || 1+** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of Mary Tyler Moore, who is the best TV actor or character with three names? || || 1 || x |- |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5'''+*** || 1 |} .*Dan (Gordon Ramsay) won the poll with 51%, followed by Andy (The Rock) with 38% and Matt (Malcolm Tucker) with 13% (adds up to 102%, so it is possible that the Rock had 36%). .**Matt (Raylan Givens and Boyd Crowder) actually lost the twitter poll with 7%. Dan (Jim Halpert and Dwight Schrute) won with 53%, followed by Andy (Eric Cartman and Kyle Broflovski) with 40%. .***In a reversal from the previous question, Matt (Walter White) won the poll with 40%, followed by Andy (Homer Simpson) with 38% and Dan (Jean-Luc Picard) with 22%. .****Dan ("The West Wing") won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Matt ("Buffy the Vampire Slayer") with 35% and Andy ("24") with 28%. .*****Andy (Spencer Pratt and Heidi Montag) actually lost the poll with 21%. Matt (Rachel Green and Joey Tribbiani) won with 50%, followed by Dan (Nikki and Paulo) with 29%. +Andy elected to have Dan fight on his behalf for the Speed Round (any points Dan wins go to Andy (shown as "Andy?" on the scoreboard), which ultimately lead to the decision to have a new match. Andy was ultimately disqualified. +*Split decision. Billy chose Matt ("Jessica Jones"), while Dizzle and Roxy chose Dan ("Daredevil"). +**Matt was faster at saying the Valyrian steel sword and won unanimously. +***As Andy, Dan, and Joe all laid claim to the title, Roxy stated that there would be a twitter poll to decide the winner (choices would also include Matt), but this is not the method that was ultimately used. '''Episode 66: What is the Biggest TV Betrayal? (PART 2) (2-7-2017)'''<ref>Episode 66: What is the Biggest TV Betrayal (Part 2)? (2-7-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-championship-part-ii-what-was-the-biggest-3079013</ref> Part II of the Championship Title fight. Promised without shenanigans. Matt Lieberman insisted on having Joe Starr be 3rd panelist (who also showcases a handmade TV Fights championship belt "representing the people"). Billy's lower third has finally been corrected to the right spelling of "Business". {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Lieberman || 4/1 || Second |- | Joe Starr || 1/3 || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 2/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! style="width: 6%"|Joe !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: In honor of what happened last week, what is the most controversial ending to a TV show episode of all time? || * || || 1 |- | 2: After last week's shenanigans, what is TV's biggest betrayal? ** || 1*** || || |- | 3: Pitch a crossover of one cartoon show and one live action show, done in a ''Who Framed Roger Rabbit?'' style. || **** || || 1 |- | 4: In a reverse from last week, who is the worst TV character of all time? || || || 1***** |- | 5: What TV series had the best final season? || || 1+ || |- | TIE BREAKER: Who was the best Super Bowl commercial from this year? || 0+* || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: After last week's shenanigans, which TV character would you choose to fight for you in a life-or-death "Trial By Combat"? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Periodic Table Day. Which TV scientist would you rather have tutor you: Neil deGrasse Tyson or Bill Nye? || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Tom Brady's miraculous win..., who is TV's best Tom, Thomas, or Tommy, character or actor? || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Look at the DVD case behind you. What is the best show on your side? || || x || 1+**** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3+***** || 1 || 5 |} .*Dan (the censoring in the "South Park" episode "201") actually lost the twitter poll with 24%. Matt ("The Sopranos"'s cut to black in the finale) won the poll win with 48%, followed by Joe (Ned Stark's death in the ninth episode of "Game of Thrones") with 28%. .**Question read by Billy. Roxy accidentally started reading the first Speed Round question. .***Matt (Walder Frey/Red Wedding in "Game of Thrones") also won the poll with 56%, followed by Joe (Hulk Hogan joins NWO) with 31% and Dan (Nina Meyers in "24" season 1) with 13%. .****Matt ("Rick and Morty"/"Community") and Dan ("The Flash"/"Batman: The Animated Series") each received 45% of the twitter vote while Joe ("Robotech"/"House of Cards") received 10%. .*****Dan (Lori Grimes) also won the poll with 63%, followed by Matt (Cousin Oliver) with 23% and Joe (Carrie Mathison) with 15%. However, at the time, Billy indicated that twitter was not working. +Joe ("Breaking Bad") also won the poll with 75%, followed by Dan ("The Wire") with 15% and Matt ("Friday Night Lights") with 10%. +*Split decision. Billy had chosen Joe (Audi) since Matt's choice (84 Lumber) didn't air in its entirety during the game (also, Billy needed to tell Matt the name of the company). +**Both fighters said Tyson at the same time, but Matt agreed to take Billy Nye and unanimously won the point. +***Split decision. Fifteenth overturn on TV Fights (fourteenth by Roxy). Billy and Joe chose Dan (Tom Brokaw), but Roxy felt Matt (Tom Selleck) gave the stronger argument. +****Dan was faster at choosing "Breaking Bad." Matt chose "Seinfeld," a show that also appeared on Dan's side. +*****Matt's loss marks the first instance in Screen Junkies history in which a champion loses a Belt. '''Episode 67: TV's Best Valentine's Day Episode? (2-14-2017)'''<ref>Episode 67: TV's Best Valentine's Day Episode? (2-14-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-valentines-day-tv-episode-30809783</ref> Although this is Brianne Chandler (aka Miss Movies)'s first time fighting on Screen Junkies, she has fact checked for Movie Fights twice in the past. She has also competed on Movie Games. Billy reveals during this episode that he has never watched an episode of "The Simpsons". {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Perri Nemiroff || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Brianne Chandler || New Fighter || Third |- | Charley Feldman || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Perri !! Brianne !! Charley |- | 1: If you had to pull of a bank robbery, what TV character would you want as your accomplice? || || || 1* |- | 2: Pick an African-American historical figure and pitch a Netflix show based on them. || || || 1** |- | 3: What is the best Valentine's Day episode of any TV Show? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Who is the best female lead of a TV show? || 1 || **** || |- | 5: What is the best decade for TV? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which TV character would you hire to take out John Wick? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What was the most memorable moment from the Grammy's this past weekend? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What TV character, past or present, desperately needs to stay single? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Nick Cannon has said he wants to leave his hosting gig at "America's Got Talent." Who should take over as host: Mario Lopez or Kelly Osbourne? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: What show makes you yell at your TV more: "The Walking Dead" or "Game of Thrones?" || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Charley (the eleventh Doctor from "Dr. Who") also won the twitter poll with 36%, closely followed by Brianne (Jack Bauer) with 35% and Perri (Elliot from "Mr. Robot") with 29%. .**Charley (Shirley Chisholm) actually lost the twitter poll with 13%. Perri (Martin Luther King Jr.) won the poll with 48%, followed by Brianne (Micheal Jackson) with 39%. .***Perri ("My Funny Valentine" from "Modern Family") actually lost the poll with 18%. Charley ("I Love Lisa" from "The Simpsons") won with 58%, followed by Brianne ("Anna Howard Day" from "30 Rock") with 24%. .****Brianne (character Buffy Summers from Buffy the Vampire Slayer) won the poll with 44% followed by Perri (Lucille Ball in "I Love Lucy") with 37% and Charley (Tatiana Maslany in "Orphan Black") with 19%. .*****Brianne (1960's) actually lost the poll with 7%. Charley (2010's) won the majority of the twitter poll with 76%, followed by Perri (1970's) with 17%. +Split decision. Brianne sided with Charley (Buffy Summers) while Billy and Roxy chose Perri (Ash Williams). +*Split decision. Brianne sided with Perri (Mario Lopez) while Billy and Roxy chose Charley. '''Episode 68: Which X-Men Character Should Get A TV Spin-off? (2-21-2017)'''<ref>Episode 68: Which X-Men Character Should Get A TV Spin-off? (2-21-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-x-men-character-should-get-a-tv-spinoff-3082439</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr || 1/2 || '''Win''' |- | Jaden LeBel || New Fighter || Third |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Greenup Angie Greenup] || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roger !! Jaden !! Angie |- | 1: After the success of The LEGO Batman Movie, which I loved, what show should get a LEGO-themed episode? || * || || 1 |- | 2: Which ''X-Men'' character should get a TV spin-off? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: Now that "Girls," and subsequently Lena Dunham's nudity, is coming to an end, what show would benefit the most from adding nudity to it? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: With the Oscars coming up this weekend, we want you guys to pitch a TV show based on any [2016] film nominated for an Academy Award. It can be in any category. || || 1 || **** |- | 5: Who is TV's all-time greatest writer? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is National... Sticky Buns Day. Who has TV's best buns? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best show that has a location as or in the title? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best show that starts with the letter "E'? || + || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND D: "Britney Ever After" ...just had a controversial debut. What pop star should have a Lifetime TV movie made about [him or her]? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Jimmy Kimmel is considering retiring after fourteen years. Who[m] would you rather see take over his late-night talk show: Louis C.K. or Aziz Ansari? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Roger ("Game of Thrones") won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Angie ("It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia") with 36% and Jaden ("Law & Order: SVU") with 17%. .**Jaden (Rogue) won the poll with 43%, followed by Angie (Storm) with 31% and then Roger (Mystique) with 26%. .***Jaden ("Modern Family") won the twitter poll with 57%, followed by Roger ("Martha & Snoop's Potluck Dinner Party") with 22% and Angie ("You're the Worst") with 21%. .****Angie (''Arrival'') also won the poll with 58%, followed by Jaden (''La La Land'') with 28% and then Roger (''Sully'') with 14%. .*****Roger (Martha Stewart) unanimously won over Angie (Kim Kardashian) due to his unique argument. +Roger asked if "Evergreen Terrace" was a show. After fact checking, Billy told him that is was a band. As Billy has never seen "The Simpsons," he was unable to tell Roger that that was where the show took place. +*Split decision. Jaden chose Roger ("Everybody Hates Chris) due to his ability to come up with an answer in the last minute, but Billy and Roxy voted for Angie ("Everybody Loves Raymond"). '''Episode 69: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Bachelor? - BACHELOR FIGHTS! (2-28-2017)'''<ref>Episode 69: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Bachelor? - BACHELOR FIGHTS! (2-28-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-best-bachelor-ba-3083939</ref> This is an all "The Bachelor"/"The Bachelorette" fight. The contestants are from the shows (Lauren has only appeared on "Bachelor in Paradise"). Each time someone receives a point, he/they receive a rose. First time there is a team fighting as one in a singles panel (per Billy, this is still an official fight). Ashley and Lauren refer to themselves as Team TMI. Andy Signore's first time as Fact Checker on TV Fights. Billy, who has never seen the shows, remains on the couch checking social media. Jared Haibon appeared as a couch guest in December 2016 on the Star Wars episode of Movie Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Brooks Forester || New Fighter || Third |- | Jared Haibon || New Fighter || '''Win''' |- | Ashley & Lauren Iaconetti || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Brooks !! Jared !! style="width: 8%"|Team TMI |- | 1: What is the most shocking "[The] Bachelor"/"[The] Bachelorette" moment in the shows' history? || || 1 || * |- | 2: Which TV character would make the best Bachelor? || || ** || 1*** |- | 3: We want you guys to pitch a crossover between "The Bachelor"/"[The] Bachelorette" and any other reality TV show. || || || 1**** |- | 4: We wanna know what real life single celebrity/athlete/personality... should become the next Bachelor or Bachelorette? || 1 || ***** || |- | 5: Who is the best Bachelor/Bachelorette of all time? || + || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Should you have sex in the fantasy suite? || || 0+* || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which contestant should get a second chance as the next Bachelor or Bachelorette? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: If host Chris Harrison died, who would be the next best host? || x || || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is the worst Bachelor or Bachelorette of all time? || x || 1+**** +***** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What other reality show needs to add the fantasy suite? || x || 1++ || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the best TV location to take a date to? || x || 1++* || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 4 |} .*TMI (Brad Womack not choosing anyone) won the twitter poll with 64%, followed by Jared (Jason Mesnick changes mind after picking a winner) with 25% and then Brooks (Kaitlyn Bristowe and Nick Viall hook-up) with 11%. .**Roxy originally picked Jared, but Andy overruled her with his "1 Rose Overrule" point for TMI. This rule was not stated to everyone in the beginning. .***The poll agreed with Andy and voted for TMI (Uncle Jesse Stamos) with 48%, followed by Brooks (Cosmo Kramer) with 34% and Jared (Jack Shepherd) with 18%. .****Once again, TMI ("Survivor") won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Jared ("The Amazing Race") with 30% and Brooks ("The Biggest Loser") with 23%. .*****Poll results are skewed since the Screen Junkies twitter mistakenly put TMI's choice choice of Mindy Kaling instead of Kourtney Kardashian. Jared (Taylor Swift) won with 44%, followed by Brooks (Amy Schumer) with 27%. +Brooks (Juan Pablo) won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by TMI (Kaitlyn Bristowe) with 29% and then Jared (Ben Higgins) with 28% +*After extended arguments (Andy gave each fighter ten extra seconds), Jared unanimously won despite being slower at saying yes. +**Both contestants (Ashley argues all of the Speed Round questions for TMI) chose themselves. Jared unanimously won. +***Split decision. Brooks sided with Jared (Ashley Iaconetti), and Andy couldn't decide. Billy and Roxy choose Ashley (Wells Adams). +****Jared was faster at saying Juan Pablo. +*****Split decision. Billy chose Ashley (Desiree Hartsock) while Brooks, Roxy, and Andy sided with Jared. ++Split decision. Billy and Brooks sided with Ashley ("American Idol"), but Andy and Roxy chose Jared ("Big Brother"). ++*Split decision. Brooks chose Ashley (Seattle Grace Hospital), but Billy, Andy, and Roxy sided with Jared (the "Cheers" bar), giving him the win. '''Episode 70: Which celebrity should be on the next season of DWTS? (3-7-2017)'''<ref>Episode 70: Which TV Celebrity Should Be on the Next Season of DWTS? (3-7-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-celebrity-should-be-on-the-next-season-of-dwts-3086822</ref> For the second week in a row, all fighters are new (not just to TV Fights, but to all Screen Junkies competition shows). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alan Kistler || New Fighter || '''Win''' |- | Ryan Eleopouios || New Fighter || Third |- | Kirk Bonacci || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Alan !! style="width: 6%"|Ryan !! style="width: 6%"|Kirk |- | 1: Which episode of "The Simpsons" should Billy Business watch first to get him hooked? || 1* || || |- | 2: What is the most frustrating unsolved mystery from a scripted TV show that is no longer on the air? || ** || 1 || |- | 3: What is the all-time best TV prom episode? || *** || || 1*** |- | 4: The new cast of "Dancing with the Stars" has been announced.... What celebrity should be on the next season of "Dancing with the Stars?" || 1**** || || |- | 5: What is the greatest ensemble cast TV show of all time || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Today, it was announced that Jason Isaacs will be the new captain on "Star Trek: Discovery." What TV actor or actress would you cast as a Star Trek Captain? || x || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: The new "DuckTales" trailer dropped.... Which Disney cartoon deserves a modern-day makeover: "Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers" or "Darkwing Duck?" || || x || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Cereal Day. What cereal mascot should get a TV cartoon spinoff? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tomorrow is International Women's Day.... What TV show would suffer the most from losing its female cast members? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Tomorrow is the season premiere of "Survivor."... Now you must argue why your character would be the best contestant to win "Survivor?" + || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Alan ("Radioactive Man" from season 7) also won the twitter poll with 57%. Ryan ("Lisa the Vegetarian" from season 7) received 29% while Kirk (the series premiere, "Roasting on an Open Fire") received 14%. .**Ryan ("Twin Peaks") actually lost the twitter poll with 18%. Alan ("Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles) won with 48%, followed by Kirk ("Pinky and the Brain") with 37%. These percentages total 103%. Billy does not wear his glasses in this episode. .***Kirk ("Prom Night" from "That 70's Show") actually lost the poll with only 7%. Once again Alan ("The Prom" from "Buffy the Vampire Slayer") won with 57% while Ryan ("Underage Drinking: A National Concern" from "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia") received 38%. This adds up to 102%, but there is possible rounding error as the number of twitter voters was smaller because it was put out by Billy himself rather than the Screen Junkies twitter. .****Ryan (Arnold Schwarzenegger) won the poll with 57%, followed by Alan (Conan O'Brien) with 38%. Once again, Kirk (Donald Trump) only received 7%. Again, this totals 102%. .*****Split decision. Sixteenth overturn on TV Fights (fifteenth by Roxy). Ryan and Billy picked Alan ("Darkwing Duck"), but Roxy went with Kirk. +Character fight. First time this is used outside of Gamer Fights. Alan unanimously won by choosing The Master from "Dr. Who." Kirk had chosen Scooby-Doo. '''Episode 71: What TV Show Has the Best Fake Death? (3-14-2017)'''<ref>Episode 71: What TV Show Has the Best Fake Death? (3-14-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-tv-show-has-the-best-fake-death-3088969</ref> Andres returns to TV Fights after a 45-episode absence, 3 episodes short of the record set by Aaron Pruner. His name appears on the scoreboard as "ACE." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andres Cabrera || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Max Dionne || New Fighter || Second |- | Eddie Ray Smith || New Fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 8%"|Andres !! style="width: 5%"|Max !! Eddie |- | 1: What show has the best fake death? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Pitch any episode of TV with a mostly silent episode. || || 1** || |- | 3: In honor of ''Logan'', what TV character would you want to see a mini-series about 30 years into their future? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: What other news story, besides the elections from 2016, would make the best mini-series? || 1**** || || |- | 5: What is the best episode of the series ["Game of Thrones"] to date? || 1 || ***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 4 || 1 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: This Friday is St. Patrick's Day. If you were an Uber driver, which TV character[s] would be worse to pick up after a long night of them drinking?... Would it be the gang from "It's Always Sunny [in Philadelphia]" or the Gallaghers from "Shameless?" || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best TV show that stars with the letter "J"? || + || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: It's Pi Day, 3.14.... Which character would you rather have tutor you in math? +* || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best new show of 2017 so far? || 1+***, +**** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 0 |} .*Eddie ("Game of Thrones"-Jon Snow) won the twitter poll with 59%, followed by Ace ("Buffy the Vampire Slayer"-Angel) with 25% and Max ("Mad Men"-Don Draper) with 18%. This adds up to 102%. .**Max ("Seinfeld") also won the poll with 48%, followed by Ace ("Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) with 41% and Eddie ("Sliders") with 11%. .***Max (Eleven) won the poll with 38%, followed by Ace (Avatar Aang) with 33% and Eddie (Carl Grimes) with 29%. .****Ace (Deflategate) actually lost the twitter poll with 25%. Max (Brexit) won again with 40%, followed by Eddie (the fight in Aleppo) with 35%. .*****In his arguments for "Blackwater," Max stated that it was the only episode that all took place in one location. This is not true. Season 4's "The Watchers on the Wall" (also a ninth episode like Season 2's "Blackwater" and Ace's choice, "Battle of the Bastards" from Season 6) took place entirely at Castle Black. +After Max answered "Jeopardy!," Ace could not think of one in time. Roxy pointed out that a copy of "Jackass" was present on the case across the table from her. +*Character fight. Right before the question was asked, Ace chose Jon Snow, and Max chose Walter White. +**Split decision. Eddie chose Ace, but Billy and Roxy then both chose Max. +***Split decision. Eddie chose Max ("Big Little Lies"), Billy could not decide, and Roxy chose Ace ("Crashing"). *Both shows debuted on HBO on February 19. +****Billy called the game despite the fact that there was one question remaining for a possibly tie. He had earlier correctly stated that it was not game point, but before he indicated that he could not choose, he stated that it ''was''. '''Episode 72: What is the Worst Comic Book TV Show on Air? (3-21-2017)'''<ref>Episode 72: What is the Worst Comic Book TV Show on Air? (3-21-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-worst-comic-book-tv-show-on-the-air-3090855</ref> Relative to seating position, the fighters finished in the same places as last week. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Gina Ippolito || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Katy Stoll || New Fighter || Third |- | Ishmel Sahid || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 98%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Gina !! style="width: 5%"|Katy !! Ishmel |- | 1: There are a lot of annoying trends that really bug us.... So we want you guys to pitch a show based on an annoying trend. || 1* || || |- | 2: What is the best non-American produced TV show? || 1** || || |- | 3: In honor of "Iron Fist" - congratulations "Iron Fist" - what is the worst comic book show that is currently airing? || || 1*** || |- | 4: What is the best (of) all-time live-action Nickelodeon TV show? || || || 1**** |- | 5: With "Feud: Bette and Joan" airing now on FX,... we wanna know which feud do you wanna see as a mini-series on TV for "Feud?" || 1***** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: ''Power Rangers'' hits theaters this Friday. Who is the best Power Ranger of all time? || || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: "The Flash" and "Supergirl" have a musical crossover this week; I think it's tonight. What TV show should have a musical episode: "The Walking Dead" or "Game of Thrones?" || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which TV game show would you rather see a reboot of: "Deal or No Deal" or "Who Wants to be a Millionaire?" || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National Fragrance Day. Which TV character would inspire the best fragrance? + || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Take a look at the DVDs behind you.... Which is the worst show on your side? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which series finale should get a do-over: "Dexter" or "How I Met Your Mother?" || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Gina (e-cigarettes) also won the twitter poll with 40%, followed closely by Ishmel (Instagram selfies) with 38% and Katy (crystals) with 22%. .**Once again, Gina ("Dr. Who") wins both the point and the poll with 60%. Katy ("Peaky Blinders") received 32% while Ishmel ("Schitt$ Creek") received only 8%. .***In the closest poll of the game, Katy ("Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.") also won the poll with 37%, followed by Gina ("Legends of Tomorrow") with 33% and Ishmel ("Riverdale") with 30%. .****Ishmel ("The Adventures of Pete & Pete") actually lost the twitter poll with 23%. Gina ("Are You Afraid of the Dark?") won with 52%, followed by Katy ("Clarissa Explains it All") with 25%. .*****Gina (Bill Murray and Chevy Chase) also won the twitter poll for the fourth time with 46%, followed by Ishmel (Taylor Swift and Kanyé West) with 29% and Katy (Donald Trump and Rosie O'Donnell") with 25%. +Character fight. Gina chose Lisa Simpson, and Ishmel then chose Sansa Stark (originally "Cersei Stark," but later clarified). +*Possibly a split decision. Katy appeared to be leaning towards Gina ("T.J. Hooker") for her arguments against Ishmel's choice of "Jackass" but did not give a final decision. Billy and Roxy each chose Ishmel. '''Episode 73: Who is The Greatest WWE Superstar of All Time? - Wrestling Fights! (3-28-2017)'''<ref>Episode 73: Who Is The Greatest WWE Superstar of All Time? - Wrestling Fights! (3-28-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-the-greatest-wwe-superstar-of-all-time-wre-3092959</ref> This is a specialized "Wrestling Fights." The DVD cases are filled with wrestling-related DVDs. Each competitor got intro music. The replacement Fact Checker is Jonathan Bowles from Wrestle Crate. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 1/4 || Second |- | Danielle Radford || 0/1 || Third |- | Billy Patterson || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 69%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Joe !! Danielle !! Billy |- | 1: What is the most controversial wrestling angle/storyline ever? || 1 || * || |- | 2: What is the all-time best wrestling faction or stable? || ** || || 1 |- | 3: Pick any two characters to participate in a tag-team championship bout! || 1*** || || |- | 4: Who is the greatest WWE superstar of all time? || || **** || 1 |- | 5: What will be the stand-out match from Wrestlemania 33? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You can only watch the matches of one wrestler forever; who is it? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Worst reveal ever: The Shockmaster or Gobbledy Gooker? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Aside from Jim Ross, who is the greatest wrestling announcer ever? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best Finisher of all time? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: Pitch me your own wrestling gimmick. +** || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Danielle (Katie Vick funeral) won the twitter poll in a "landslide." .**Joe (N.W.O. (New World Order)) won the poll in a "landslide." .***Joe (Supergirl and Jessica Jones) also won the poll in a "big landslide." .****Danielle (The Rock) won the poll with 63%, followed by Billy (John Cena) with 22% and Joe (Eddie Guerrero) with 15%. .*****Split decision. Jonathan chose Billy (Shawn Michaels), but Danielle and Roxy chose Joe (Eddie Guerrero). +Split decision. Jonathan chose Joe (Gobbledy Gooker), but Danielle and Roxy chose Billy. +*Split decision. Danielle chose Joe (Hulk Hogan's leg drop), but Jonathan and Roxy chose Billy (Stone Cold Stunner). +**Billy's was simply called "Billy Business," and Joe's was called "Joe Starr." '''Episode 74: Pitch Us How Jason Blossom Died on Riverdale (4-4-2017)'''<ref>Episode 74: Pitch Us How Jason Blossom Died on Riverdale (4-4-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/pitch-us-how-jason-blossom-died-on-riverdale-3094753</ref> Trevor Stines plays Jason Blossom on Riverdale {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Pearl-Raver || 4/2 || '''Win''' |- | Ben Bateman || 1/0 || Third |- | Trevor Stines || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Sasha !! style="width: 5%"|Ben !! Trevor |- | 1: Which famous TV home would you like to live in? || * || || 1 |- | 2: What is the best use of fourth wall break in [a] TV show? || 1 || || ** |- | 3: With "Feud: Bette and Joan" airing now on FX..., what feud do you want to see on a mini-series? *** || || 1 || **** |- | 4: We want you guys to pitch us how Jason Blossom should have died [on "Riverdale"], killer and all. || || || 1***** |- | 5: What show in danger of getting cancelled deserves another chance for a new season? || 1 || || + |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Betty or Veronica? || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Hug a Newsperson Day. Which TV news personality would you want to give a hug to most? || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which Marvel Netflix character should go to the big screen? || || x || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Today is Ben & Jerry's "Free Cone Day".... What character should have an ice cream flavor based on them and what is in it? || 1+*** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Trevor (the Banks house) actually lost the twitter poll with 22%. Sasha (Rachel and Monica's place) won the poll with 55%, followed by Ben (Herb Simpsons's house) with 23%. This was revealed after the results of the second question's poll. .**Trevor ("Rick and Morty") won the poll with 44%, followed by Sasha ("House of Cards") with 40% and Ben ("30 Rock") with 18%. .***Rematch from episode 72. Roxy had forgotten that the question was asked. .****Trevor (Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla) won the poll with 50%, followed by Ben (Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant) with 38% and Sasha (Debbie Reynolds andElizabeth Taylor) with 12%. .*****Trevor (Jason mistaken for Archie), who plays Jason, also won the poll with 66%, followed by Ben (rivalry with Polly) with 18% and Sasha (affair with Chuck Clayton) with 16%. +Sasha ("Pitch") actually lost the poll with 21%. Trevor ("Marvel's Agents of Shield") won his fourth poll in a row with 53%, followed by Ben ("Fear the Walking Dead") with 26%. +*Split decision. Billy voted for Trevor (Betty), but Roxy and Ben chose Sasha. +**Ben liked Trevor's (unspecified Mexican weather lady) entertainment argument. However, Billy and Roxy picked Sasha (John Oliver). +***Character fight, but the flavor was chosen during arguments. Sasha (Hannah Horvath/Girls Gone Wild: chocolate with cereal and pretzels) unanimously won over Trevor (Dr. Gregory House/Everybody Lies: pistachio with walnuts and marshmallow). '''Episode 75: What Standup Comic Needs Their Own Scripted TV Show? (4-11-2017)'''<ref>Episode 75: What Standup Comic Needs Their Own Scripted TV Show? (4-11-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-standup-comedian-needs-their-own-tv-show-3097090</ref> Twelfth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. First since episode 55. Seventeenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Kausar Mohammed || New Fighter || Third |- | Kimia Behpoormia || New Fighter || Second |- | David Futernick || New Fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kausar !! Kimia !! David |- | 1: What director/actor should re-team for a TV show? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Which stand-up comic needs [his or her] own scripted TV show (not a stand-up special)? || || || 1** |- | 3: Everyone is still talking about the Undertaker retiring at WrestleMania 33 last week.... Which TV character currently on air needs to be retired from [his or her] show? || || 1*** || |- | 4: Who is the best non-human TV character of all time? **** || || || 1***** |- | 5: What '80s or '90s sitcom needs an "Unauthorized Story" TV movie on Lifetime made about it? || + || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Who is the best TV actor or character [whose name] starts with the letter "T"? || || 0 || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is National Pet Day.... What TV character would you want to do some heavy petting with? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: It was announced today that Superman will be returning for the Season 2 finale of "Supergirl," which is awesome. Which Netflix show would benefit the most from adding Superman to it? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Because of the events surrounding United Airlines, what TV character would be the worst customer service representative? +* || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather be in a prank war with: Jim from "The Office" or Barney from "How I Met Your Mother?" || x || || 1+** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*David (Cohen Brothers/Steve Buscemi) won the twitter poll with 50%, followed by Kausar (Tim Burton/Johnny Depp) with 27% and Kimia (Wes Anderson/Jason Schwartzman) with 23%. .**David (Dave Chappelle) also won the twitter poll with 67%, followed by Kausar (Ally Wong) with 28% and Kimia (Fortune Feimster) with 7%. .***Kimia (Bobby Flay) actually lost the poll with 26% for the third time in a row. David (Meredith Grey) won with 39%, followed by Kausar (Ice T) with 35%. .****Submitted by Billy's mother. .*****David (ALF) actually lost the poll with 28%. Kimia (Perry the Platypus) won with 37%, followed by Kausar (Salem the cat) with 35%. +Kausar ("Friends") won the poll with 46%, followed by David ("Family Matters") with 28% and Kimia ("Golden Girls") with 26%. +*Character fight. Before the question was read, David chose Tony Soprano, and Kimia chose Tommy Pickles. +**Kimia was faster at saying Jim, leaving David with Barney. Despite this, David unanimously won. '''Episode 76: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Jedi Knight? (4-18-2017)'''<ref>Episode 76: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Jedi Knight? (4-18-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-best-jedi-knight-3098954</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Charley Feldman || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | MeLissa Luna || New Fighter || Third |- | Adam Hann-Byrd || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 93%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Charley !! MeLisaa !! Adam |- | 1: Which show should get an off-Broadway musical? || 1 || * || |- | 2: What TV show would be improved by adding time travel? || || || 1** |- | 3: What TV character would be the best Jedi Knight? || 1 || || *** |- | 4: ["13 Reasons Why"] is doing very well, so we want from you guys what YA novel should get a TV adaptation next? || || 1 || **** |- | 5: Which current TV actor or actress is a future Oscar winner? || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Fresh off his new movie, King Kong is coming to TV and will explore some more of Skull Island.... What is the best TV show that is based on a movie? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which TV character is the better Bostonian: Ray Donovan or Sam Malone? || +* || x || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND C: "Girls" just wrapped up their series finale this last Sunday after six seasons of being on air.... Which is the better six-season show: "The Sopranos" or "Lost?" || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Netflix just announced a new animated series based on Carmen Sandiego. What TV character would you enlist to help you track down Carmen Sandiego? +*** || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*MeLissa ("That 70's Show") won the twitter poll with 40%, followed closely by Charley ("Hannibal") with 38% and then Adam ("The Wire") with 22% .**Adam ("Fargo") and Charley ("Survivor") tied in the poll with 34%. MeLissa ("Breaking Bad") received 32% .***Adam (Eleven) won the poll with 68%, followed by Charley (Steven Universe) with 17% and MeLissa (Marry Barry) with 15% .****MeLissa ("Miss Peregrine") actually lost the twitter poll with only 17%. Adam ("Ender's Game") won with 44%, followed by Charley ("The Golden Compass") with 39%. .*****Adam (Jordan Peele) also won the poll with 67%, followed by Charley (Kate McKinnon) with 23% and MeLissa (Dylan Minnette) with 10%. +Split decision. Roxy and Billy chose Charley ("Buffy the Vampire Slayer"). MeLissa initially picked Charley but then changed her mind to Adam ("Fargo"). +*Charley indicated after the point was awarded that she had never seen either show ("Cheers" or "Ray Donovan"). This may explain why she neglected to mention that Sam used to be a relief pitcher for the Red Sox. *Further, she stated that a good Bostonian is someone with whom you'd want to have a drink. Though Sam was a bartender, he actively avoided alcohol. +**Adam was slightly slower at saying Sam. Despite this, he unanimously won the point. +***Character fight. Charley chose Dana Scully, and then Adam chose Vincent Adultman. '''Episode 77: Which TV Character Should Join The Cast Of Fast and Furious 9? (4-25-2017)'''<ref>Episode 77: Which TV Character Should Join The Cast Of Fast and Furious 9? (4-25-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-should-join-the-cast-of-fast-and-3101149</ref> DJ would also go on to win the Movie Fights Debut Deathmatch two days later, beating runner-up Charley Feldman, who won the previous TV Fight. When Roxy introduces Matt, she states that it is his fourth time on the show, which she states is a record. While it is his fourth time on the show, that is not a record. Sasha Perl-Raver has been on seven times with a record of 5-2. Former champion Matt Lieberman has a record of 4-2. There are several other fighters who have been on four or more times. Eighth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place and first since episode 48. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Knost || 1/2 ||Second |- | DJ Wooldridge || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | Cassie Keets || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"| Matt !! style="width: 5%"|DJ !! Cassie |- | 1: Pitch a new animal-human buddy cop TV show. || 1 || || * |- | 2: What '60s or '70s sitcom could be rebooted for today's audience? || 1 || || ** |- | 3: What is the best FX show of all time? || *** || || 1 |- | 4: What's the best animated show of the 2010's? || **** || 1 || |- | 5: Which TV character should join the cast of ''Fast and Furious 9''? || ***** || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: NBC's "Powerless" doesn't look like it's coming back for another season.... Which superhero show should be cancelled next? || || 1+ || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National DNA Day. Who is the best TV scientist? || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: "Bates Motel" had its series finale. Now that she's done "Bates Motel," what TV show should Rihanna join next? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: This last Saturday was Tax Day. Which TV character would you trust to do your taxes for you? +*** || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Cassie (Spiderman/Charlotte the spider) won the twitter vote with 47%, followed by Matt (Ice-T/Bubbles the Chimp) with 41% and DJ (Gorilla/Police officer) with 12%. .**Again, Cassie ("Happy Days") won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Matt ("The Brady Bunch") with 34% and DJ ("Hogan's Heroes") with 29%. .***Matt ("It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia") won the poll with 52%, followed by Cassie ("Fargo") with 34% and DJ ("The Shield") with 14%. .****DJ ("The Legend of Korra") actually lost the twitter poll with 23%. Matt ("Rick and Morty") won the poll again with 52%, followed by Cassie ("Archer") with 23%. .*****Matt (Fresh Prince/Will Smith) won the vote with 44%, followed by DJ (Michael Knight) with 31% and then Cassie (Jessica Jones) with 25%. +Split decision. Billy sided with Matt ("Iron Fist"), but Cassie and Roxy chose DJ ("Gotham"). +*Split decision. Billy chose DJ (Dr. Ravi Chakrabarti) while Cassie and Roxy chose Matt (Gil Grissom). +**Split decision. Cassie picked Matt ("Game of Thrones") while Billy and Roxy chose DJ ("The Flash"). +***Character fight. Matt chose Sherlock Holmes while DJ chose MacGyver. '''Episode 78: Who Is The Most Controversial Animated TV Character? (5-2-2017)'''<ref>Episode 78: Who Is The Most Controversial Animated TV Character? (5-2-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-the-most-controversial-animated-tv-character-3102912</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Drew DiFonzo-Marks || New Fighter || Second |- | Lilian Bowden || New Fighter || Third |- | Tehran Von Gharasi || New Fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 93%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"| Drew !! Lilian !! Tehran |- | 1: Which dead character on any show would you resurrect from the dead? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Who is the most controversial TV animated character? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: What is the best single year in TV history (can be from any decade) || *** || || 1 |- | 4: Who should take over for Peter Capaldi as the new Doctor on "Doctor Who?" || || || 1**** |- | 5: With a looming Writers Guild strike, pitch a currently-running scripted show that could turn into a reality show. || || 1 || ***** |- | TIE BREAKER: Fox cancelled the show "Pitch." What female lead-driven show would you bring back? || 0+ || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is Life Insurance Day. What TV character needs life insurance the most? || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the best... TV actor or character that starts with the letter 'M'? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: One, two, three, four. I declare a thumb war. Who wins? +** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which nursery rhyme should be made into a TV show: "Jack and Jill" or "Humpty Dumpty?" || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: You can only recommend one of these shows to someone. Which one do you recommend: "Breaking Bad" or "The Wire?" || || x || 1+****, +***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Tehran (Chef from "South Park") won the twitter poll with 46% Closely followed by Lilian (Glenn from "The Walking Dead") with 41% and Drew (Starbuck from "Battle Star Galactica") with 14% .**Lilian (Speedy Gonzalez) won the poll with 42%, followed by Tehran (Harley Quinn) with 41% and Drew (Leela) with 17%. .***Drew (2017) won the poll win with 46%, followed by Lilian (1997) with 40% and Tehran (1989) with 15%. .****Drew (Wil Wheaton) conceded his point to Tehran (Lupita Nyong'o) which aided in his getting his point over Lilian (Olivia Coleman). .*****Tehran ("Veep") won the twitter poll with 41%, followed by Drew ("Game of Thrones") with 38% and Lillian ("13 Reasons Why") with 21% +Billy and Roxy chooses Drew's ("Party Over Here") argument over Lilian ("Daria") due to Lilian's lack of supportive reasons in her rebuttal +*Split decision. Billy sided with Tehran (Jack Bauer), but Lilian and Roxy sided with Drew (David Palmer). +**Character fight. Drew chose Jean-Luc Picard. Tehran chose Jerry Seinfeld. +***During Drew's argument, he stated Humpty Dumpty was an egg. As Billy points out, while that's a popular belief, that is never specified in the nursery rhyme. +****Tehran was slightly slower at saying "Breaking Bad." +****Split decision. JTE chose Drew ("Breaking Bad"), but Lilian, Billy, and Roxy sided with Tehran. '''Episode 79: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Imaginary Friend? (5-9-2017)'''<ref>Episode 78: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Imaginary Friend? (5-9-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-the-most-controversial-animated-tv-character-3102912</ref> Second week in a row with all new fighters. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mo Welch || New Fighter || Third |- | Brittany Ashley || New Fighter || '''Win''' |- | Luke Kelly-Clynne || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Mo !! Brittany !! style="width: 5%"|Luke |- | 1: Which season of a great show could you skip? || 1 || * || |- | 2: Which TV show could've still worked in the time before TV as a radio serial? || || 1** || |- | 3: Which TV character, real-life or animated, would make the best imaginary friend? || || || 1*** |- | 4: What is the most complicated TV relationship? || **** || 1 || |- | 5: What TV character's will and testament would you most want to be named in, and what would you most want from [him or her]? || || 1***** || |- | TIE BREAKER: It's being reported that Jennifer Morrison is leaving "Once Upon a Time." What current TV show would have the best chance of surviving if its lead actor or actress left the show? || || x || 0+ |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best TV show that has four or more words in the title? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Teacher Day. Who[m] would you rather have your kid have for a teacher: Mr. Feeny from "Boy Meets World" or (Ms.) Frizzle from "The Magic School Bus?" || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: ABC is picking up "American Idol." Which TV character would do best in "American Idol?" || x || 1+* || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 2 |} .*Brittany (Season 1 of "Sex and the City") won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Mo (Season 9 of "Roseanne") with 34% and Luke (Season 6-B "The Sopranos") with 23%. .**Brittany ("Jessica Jones") also won the twitter poll with 46%. Luke ("Arrested Development") received 38% while Mo ("Big Little Lies") received with 16%. .***Luke (George Costanza) also won the poll with 42%, closely followed by Brittany (Daria Morgendorffer) with 41% and then Mo (the Cynthia doll from "Rugrats") with 17%. .****Mo (Cersei and Jamie Lannister) won the poll with 49%, followed by Brittany (Buffy and Spike) with 33% and Luke (Jerry Seinfeld and Elaine Benes) with 18%. .*****Brittany (Jessica Jones and her super strength) also won the poll with 41%, followed by Luke (Frasier and his apartment) with 32% and Mo (The Fresh Prince and his jersey collection) with 27%. +Roxy and Billy chose Luke (Richard of "Silicon Valley") as Mo ("Homeland") gave up half way through her argument. +*Character fight. Luke chose Jesse Pinkman while Brittany chose Buffy Summers. '''Episode 80: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Wedding Officiant? (5-16-2017)'''<ref>Episode 80: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Wedding Officiant? (5-16-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-best-wedding-offic-3106567 </ref> Today is Stacy Howard's birthday. Although she is listed as a new fighter, Stacy has participated in a Movie Fights Debut Deathmatch. In addition to this being Jay's second win, it is oddly his second win against a fighter with the last name Washington, which also happens to be ''his'' last name. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jay Washington || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Stacy Howard || New fighter || Second |- | Damian Washington || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Jay !! Stacy !! Damian |- | 1: Who is the biggest playboy/player in TV history, male or female? || || 1 || * |- | 2: Pitch an amusement park ride based around a TV show. ** || || || |- | 3: We are re-booting a classic (pre-2000) TV show by gender-swapping the lead. || 1 || || *** |- | 4: Which TV character would make the best wedding officiant? || || || 1**** |- | 5: Which TV character would be the most fun to body swap with for 24 hours? || ***** || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: "Timeless" was cancelled and then un-cancelled.... Which show would you rather have un-cancelled: "2 Broke Girls" or "Powerless?" || 0 || x || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both "Dancing With the Stars" and "The Bachelor" surprisingly are getting spin-offs. What other reality competition show should get a spin-off? || 1 || + || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: ABC is getting in the live-action musical special game with "The Little Mermaid".... Which musical should be a live TV special next: "The Lion King" or "Beauty and the Beast?" || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National Piercing Day. Which character would you trust the most to give you a piercing? +* || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: "Roseanne" has been picked up for a revival at ABC. Is this good idea, yes or no? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: You could only recommend one of these shows to someone; which do you recommend: "Breaking Bad" or "The Wire?" +** || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Damian (Blanche Devereaux from "Golden Girls") won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Stacy (Samantha Jones) with 34% and Jay (Ron Johnson) from "A Different World") with 27%. .**Roxy awarded no points. Jay ("Diners, Drive-ins and Dives") won the poll with 40%. .***Damian ("The A-Team") won the poll with 51%, followed by Jay ("Quantum Leap") with 27% and Stacy ("Cheers") with 22%. .****Damian (Stephen Colbert) also won the poll with 43%, followed by Stacy (Leslie Knope) with 40% and Jay (Titus Andromedon) with 17%. .*****Jay (Luke Cage) won the poll with 43%. Stacy (Jimmy Neutron) and Damian (Daenerys Targaryen) tied with 29% each. +Split decision. Seventeenth overturn on TV Fights (sixteenth by Roxy). Damian and Billy picked Stacy ("Iron Chef"), but Roxy chose Jay ("The Voice"). +*Character fight. Stacy chose Russ from "True Detective," and then Jay chose Oliver Queen from "Arrow." +**Also used as the fifth Speed Round question just two episodes earlier. '''Episode 81: Which TV character Would You Choose to Help You Defeat a Xenomorph? (5-23-2017)'''<ref>Episode 81: Which TV character Would You Choose to Help You Defeat a Xenomorph? (5-23-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-you-choose-to-help-you-defe-3108206</ref> Thirteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Fifteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. In the beginning of the episode, Billy states that Max's premature loss to Ace Cabrera was the reason that the chart was created showing how many points were needed to win. This is not true. Billy had the chart for more than two months before Max's loss. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || 2/1 || Second |- | Lon Harris || 2/0 || '''Win''' |- | Max Dionne || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! style="width: 6%"|Lon !! style="width: 5%"|Max |- | 1: Pitch original game shows. We want the concept, the host, the grand prize, whatever ya got. || || || 1* |- | 2: What TV show that got renewed should not have? || || 1** || |- | 3: ''Alien: Covenant'' is king of the box office this weekend.... Which TV character would you choose to help you defeat a Xenomorph? Superheroes and superpowers are banned. || 1 || || *** |- | 4: Who is TV's best LGBTQ character? || 1 || **** || |- | 5: Last week, we asked which show would make the best theme park ride, and now we're revisiting that! Which theme park ride would inspire the best TV show? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is National Lucky Penny Day. Which TV character needs the penny's luck more: George Michael from "Arrested Development" or Jesse Pinkman from "Breaking Bad?" || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the best actor or character whose name starts with the letter "D"? || 1***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which new season should you binge over the three-day weekend that's coming up: "Master of None" Season 2 or "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" Season 3? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which movie monster would make the better TV series spin-off: Alien or Predator? || || 1+ || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 5 || 1 |} .*Max also won the twitter poll with 41%, followed by Trisha with 40% and Lon with 19%. .**Lon ("13 Reasons Why") also won the poll with 58%, followed by Max ("Lethal Weapon") with 30% and Trisha ("The O.A.") with 12%. .***Max (Daryl Dixon) won the poll with 44%, followed by Trisha (Dr. Harry Wells) with 32% and Lon (Dexter Morgan) with 24%. .****Lon (Titus Andromedon) won the poll with 49%, followed by Trisha (Sophia Burset) with 34% and Max (Max Blum) with 17%. .*****Split decision. Billy chose Lon (Daredevil), but then Max and Roxy chose Trisha (Daria Morgendorffer), whom she originally referred to as Darla. +When Trisha and Lon previous fought each other [on Movie Fights], more than seven months earlier, the final speed round question asked which they would rather fight. Trisha won in a split decision with Alien. She chose Predator this time around and unanimously lost, giving Lon the victory for the episode. '''Episode 82: What Is The Best Non-Netflix Streaming Show? (5-30-2017)'''<ref>Episode 82: What is the Best Non-Netflix Streaming Show? (5-30-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-best-non-netflix-streaming-show-3109744</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hector Navarro || 1/4 || '''Win''' |- | Kaycee Conley || New fighter || Second |- | Mark David Christensen || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 98%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hector !! Kaycee !! style="width: 5%"|Mark |- | 1: What is the best non-Netflix streaming show? || 1* || || |- | 2: Because of the return of "Twin Peaks" on Showtime instead of ABC,... which previously network show... should have a revival on a premium channel... or streaming service? || 1** || || |- | 3: Pitch a drama with any sitcom character... as the lead. || || *** || 1 |- | 4: Which TV character would you hire to be your personal trainer/fitness coach? || **** || 1 || |- | 5: Schools are out across the country, and millions of seniors are finally graduating. Which TV would you show a high school senior to best prepare [him or her] for real life? || 1***** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: In honor of current events, which TV character... deserves to have a dog urinate on [him or her]? || x || 0 || + |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Steven Spielberg is rebooting "Animaniacs." Which cartoon should be rebooted next: "Hey Arnold!" or "Recess?" || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Hole in [My] Bucket Day.... What TV theme song is more annoying than the "Hole in My Bucket" song? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Memorial Day, which TV character would make the best drill sergeant? +*** || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which comedian should get a reality TV show? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: "[The] Simpsons" or "Family Guy?" || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Though there were streaming issues, Hector ("The Handmaid's Tale") also won the twitter poll with 54%, followed by Kaycee ("Transparent") with 24% and Mark ("Catastrophe") with 22%. .**Once again (and still with streaming issues), Hector ("Hannibal") also won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by Kaycee ("Lost") with 36% and Mark ("The Cosby Show") with 13%. .***Kaycee (Dwight from "The Office") won the poll with 74%, followed by Mark (Joey from "Full House") with 18% and Hector (Paula from "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend") with 8%. .****Hector (Chris Traeger) won the poll with 59%, followed by Kaycee (A.C. Slater) with 24% and Mark (Tracy Jordan) with 17%. .*****Hector ("Master of None") won the poll with 70%, followed by Kaycee ("The Apprentice") with 22% and Mark (Nathan Barley) with 8%. +Mark couldn't think of an answer, so he ran out of time. +*Split decision. Mark chose Kaycee ("Hey Arnold!"), but then Billy and Roxy chose Hector. +**Split decision. Mark chose Hector ("Barney & Friends" (but the incorrect song)), but then Billy and Roxy chose Kaycee ("Friends"). +***Character fight. Hector chose Samurai Jack, then Kaycee chose Xena: Warrior Princess. '''Episode 83: Who is TV's Most Badass Woman? (6-6-2017)'''<ref>Episode 83: Who is TV's Most Badass Woman? (6-6-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-tvs-most-badass-woman-3111911</ref> Second week in a row in which the winner scores the first two points of the game. Due to a second week of streaming issues, this episode also was shown live on youtube. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alex Weber || New fighter || Third |- | Ele Woods || New fighter || Second |- | Edgar Momplaisir || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Alex !! style="width: 5%"|Ele !! Edgar |- | 1: What is the worst show your significant other could be binge-watching that you have to suffer through? || * || || 1 |- | 2: Our favorite shows have wrapped for the season, so we wanna know from you guys, what was the best season finale for any show this year? || ** || || 1 |- | 3: In honor of ''Wonder Woman'', who is TV's most badass woman (actress)? || || 1*** || |- | 4: If you could be on a desert island with one TV character for the rest of your life, who would it be? || || 1 || **** |- | 5: It is the fiftieth anniversary of one of the most famous albums of all time, "Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"... by the Beatles.... Which Beatles song would inspire the best TV series and then you guys have to pitch what that series would be. || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: It's been reported that Nicolas Cage turned down a chance to cameo as himself in "Master of None" Season 2. Which TV show would benefit the most from a Nicolas Cage cameo? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Jerry Seinfeld awkwardly declined to hug Ke$ha on the red carpet, and it's cringe-worthy.... Based on that, which TV character needs a hug the most? || x || 1***** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: L.A. traffic is the worst.... Who would be the worst TV character to be stuck in traffic with? Is it Kimmy Gibbler or Kimmy Schmidt? || x || || 1+, +* |- | SPEED ROUND D: Today happens to be my boyfriend's birthday.... Which TV character's birthday party would you want to attend most? +** || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Alex ("The O.A.") won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Edgar ("Chuck") with 33% and Ele ("Game of Thrones") with 24%. *This was announced after the fighting for the second round finished as the poll hadn't been posted during the first round. .**Alex ("Master of None") won the poll with 38%, followed by Edgar ("The Leftovers") with 33% and Ele ("The Last Man on Earth") with 29%. .***Ele (Angela Lansbury) actually lost the poll with 26%. Alex (Julia Louis-Dreyfus), who is yet to score a point, once again won the poll with 44%, followed by Edgar (Claire Danes) with 30%. .****Edgar (Sterling Archer) won the poll with 61%, followed by Ele (Magnum, P.I.) with 25% and Alex (Dinesh Chugtai) with 14%. .*****Split decision. Billy chose Edgar (Oscar the Grouch), but then Alex and Roxy chose Ele (Bette Davis). +Edgar was faster at saying Schmidt. +*Split decision. Billy chose Ele (Gibbler), but Alex and Roxy chose Edgar. +**Character fight. Edgar chose Tom Haverford, then Ele chose Rory Gilmore. '''Episode 84: Which Superhero Alum Should Guest Star On a Super Hero Show? (6-13-2017)'''<ref>Episode 84: Which Superhero Alum Should Guest Star On a Superhero Show? (6-13-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-superhero-alum-should-guest-star-on-a-su-3113636</ref> Fourteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Nineteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Although Victor is listed as a new figher, he has briefly fought once on Movie Fights' "Debut Deathmatch" in April 2017. Greg wins the episode despite not winning any of the pre-Speed Round audience polls. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Victor Torres || New fighter || Third |- | Greg Nix || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Katy Dolle || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 94%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Victor !! style="width: 5%"|Greg !! style="width: 5%"|Katy |- | 1: In the same vein of Linda Carter on "Supergirl" or John Wesley Shipp on "[The] Flash," what superhero alum would you like to see make a guest appearance and on what superhero show? Pitch what the episode would look like. || 1* || || |- | 2: Improve a TV show by adding Wonder Woman in it... and we want you guys to do this with no superhero shows allowed. || ** || 1 || |- | 3: What's the most satisfying TV villain death? || *** || 1 || |- | 4: If you were in jail, what TV character would you want as your cellmate? || || || 1**** |- | 5: Who is the most underrated character in TV history? || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which TV character is least likely to swear in front of [his or her] parents? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best TV show with an adjective in the title? || x || || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Father's Day,... what TV dad would you want as your own? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better TV show editing room to sit in? +* || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Victor (Kevin Conroy on "Gotham") also won the poll with 51%, followed by Katy (Jennifer Garner on "Daredevil") with 25% and Greg (Val Kilmer on "Gotham") with 23%. .**Victor ("Game of Thrones") won the poll again with 62%, followed by Greg ("Veep") with 23% and Katy ("Big Little Lies") with 15%. .***Victor (Joffrey Baratheon) won the poll with 58%, followed by Greg (Gus Fring) with 37% and Katy (Ralph Cifaretto) with 5%. .****Katy (Jessica Jones) won the poll with 51%, followed by Greg (MacGyver) with 38% and Victor (Wilfred) with 11% .*****Katy (Geoffrey Butler) won the poll with 49%, followed by Victor (Jean Belcher) with 26% and Greg (Frasier Crane) with 25%. +Split decision. Billy chose Greg ("The Good Place"), but then Victor and Roxy chose Katy ("Breaking Bad"). +*Show round. Before the question was asked, Katy answered "13 Reasons Why", then Greg answered "The Simpsons." '''Episode 85: Reboot a "Rotten" Movie Into a TV Series! (6-20-2017)'''<ref>Episode 85: Reboot a "Rotten" Movie Into a TV Series! (6-20-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/reboot-a-rotten-movie-into-a-tv-series-3114733</ref> Josh Macuga returns after a 39-episode absence. Hal Rudnick returns after a 53-episode absence, not having fought since the first Belt fight. This is the new record. Twentieth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. After winning, Hal advances to Tag Team Turmoil, along with Jay Washington and Lon Harris. At the end of the episode, Sasha Perl-Raver is also announced. *In the previous episode, it had been stated that the winning team would face off against Dan Murrell for the Belt. However, at the end of this episode, Billy states that the two members will face off against each other, and only the winner will go up against Dan. In addition to winning, Hal wins all the twitter polls in the first five rounds. In addition to being shut out, JTE finishes in third place in four of the five twitter polls. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Josh Macuga || 1/4 || Second |- | JTE || 1/1 || Third |- | Hal Rudnick || 2/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Josh !! style="width: 5%"|JTE !! style="width: 5%"|Hal |- | 1: In honor of Adam West, who should play Batman next on TV? || || || 1* |- | 2: We want you guys to take film rated "rotten" on Rotten Tomatoes and pitch it as a TV show reboot. || 1** || || |- | 3: What is the greatest MTV show of all time? || || || 1*** |- | 4: Who is the best TV sister? || 1 || || **** |- | 5: Pitch a TV show based on any athlete. || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 0 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who in the digital space... should there be a TV show based around? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Production on "Bachelor in Paradise" has resumed. Should alcohol be limited on reality shows, yes or no? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What show should have an episode in black and white? || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV character would you volunteer to be tickled by? +* || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Today is National "Hike With a Geek" Day. Which TV geek would you rather take a hike with: Carlton from "[The] Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" or Ross from "Friends?" || 1 || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the better central location for a show: coffee shop or bar? || || x || 1+** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || 0 || '''6''' |} .*Hal (Bruce Campbell) also won the poll with 49%, followed by Josh (Patrick Dempsey) with 30% and JTE (David Harbour) with 21%. .**Josh (''The Phantom'') actually lost the poll with 25%. Hal (''Alien vs. Predator'') won the poll again with 44%, followed by JTE (''MacGruber'') with 31%. .***Hal ("Beavis and Butt-Head") also won the poll with 54%, followed by Josh ("Spring Break") with 24% and JTE ("Yo! MTV Raps") with 12%. However, this only adds up to 90%. .****Hal (Arya Stark) won the poll for the fourth time in a row with 42%, followed by Josh (Monica Geller) with 32% and JTE (Mona Lisa) with 26%. .*****Hal (Muhammed Ali) also won the poll with 53%, followed by Josh (Rob Gronkowski) with 27% and JTE (George Foreman) with 20%. +Split decision. Billy chose Hal (no), but JTE and Roxy chose Josh. +*Character fight. Hal chose Cosmo Kramer, the Josh chose George Costanza. +**Hal was faster at saying bar and unanimously won. '''Episode 86: What Movie Monster Should The Stranger Things Kids Fight?! (6-27-2017)'''<ref>Episode 86: What Movie Monster Should The Stranger Things Kids Fight?! (6-27-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-movie-monster-should-the-stranger-thin-3115698</ref> Fifteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-first episode (and third consecutive) in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Coy Jandreau advances to Tagteam Turmoil with his win. *He was the only one of the the competitors in this match who would have been eligible, but a win was required for him to advance. Coy's record is announced to be 3-1 in the beginning of the episode, but it is actually 2-1. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Grant Pardee || New fighter || Third |- | Karl Hess || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 94%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Coy !! Grant !! style="width: 5%"|Karl |- | 1: What is the best TV marriage proposal? || || 1* || |- | 2: Who is the all-time worst TV character?... (bad conceptually) || 1** || || |- | 3: If the Emmy Awards had a lifetime achievement award, which actor or actress would you pick to get it? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Best comic relief character in any superhero series? || 1 || **** || |- | 5: What movie monster do you want to see the "Stranger Things" kids fight? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: What TV character would you trust the most to be on lifeguard duty when your kid is playing in the pool? || x || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: June Gloom is almost over. Who is TV's gloomiest character? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which show's cast would you most want to have help you assemble IKEA furniture? || || x || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National Sunglasses Day. Which TV character would inspire the best sunglasses? + || 1+* || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 2 |} .*Grant (Jim and Pam in "The Office (US)") also won the poll with 62%, followed by Coy (Joey and Rachel in "Friends") with 25% and Karl (Jerry and Elaine in "Seinfeld") with 13%. .**Coy (Sheldon Cooper) also won the poll with 49%, followed by Karl (the fly in "Breaking Bad") with 29% and Grant (Sonia the Hedgehog) with 23%. .***Coy (Bryan Cranston) also won the poll with 69%, followed by Grant (Christina Applegate) with 16% and Karl (Walton Goggins) with 15%. .****Grant (Alfred from "Batman: The Animated Series") won the poll with 51%, followed by Coy (Proinsias Cassidy) with 28% and Karl (Felicity Smoak) with 21% .*****Split decision. Grant chose Coy ("X-Men: The Animated Series"), but then Billy and Roxy chose Karl ("Game of Thrones"). +Character round. Karl chose Vic Mackey, then Coy chose Walter White. +*Split decision. Grant chose Karl, but Billy and Roxy chose Coy. '''Episode 87: What Is The Most Patriotic TV Series Of All Time? (7-4-2017)'''<ref>Episode 87: What Is The Most Patriotic TV Series Of All Time? (7-4-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-most-patriotic-tv-series-of-all-time-3115719</ref> Pre-taped in late June due to the Fourth of July holiday. Jonathan Harris is Lon's brother. Ninth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Sixteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-second episode (and fourth consecutive) in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Including this episode, both of Joe Starr's TV Fights wins are on pre-taped episodes. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 1/5 || '''Win''' |- | Max Song || New fighter || Second |- | Jonathan Harris || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Joe !! style="width: 5%"|Max !! Jonathan |- | 1: What is the most patriotic TV series of all time? || || || 1 |- | 2: Which show is the best representation of America, good or bad? || || 1 || |- | 3: Which TV dad would throw the best July Fourth barbecue? || 1 || || |- | 4: What TV show's setting would be best if moved to a beach? || 1 || || |- | 5: Pitch a Fourth of July episode for a current TV show. || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which TV couple has the most fireworks between them? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Because we are in July,... best character or actor (or actress)... that's name starts with the letter "J?" || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which show better embodies the American Dream? Is it "Shark Tank" or "America's Got Talent?" || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV character is most likely to injure [his or her self] on the Fourth of July? * || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Character round. Joe picked Jessica from "Fresh off the Boat," then Max chose Luke Cage. '''Episode 88: Which TV Character Would Be The Worst House Guest? (7-11-2017)'''<ref>Episode 88: Which TV Character Would Be The Worst House Guest? (7-11-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-be-the-worst-house-guest-3117754</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jay Washington || 2/1 || Second |- | John Rocha || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Kaori Takee || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Jay !! style="width: 6%"|John !! Kaori |- | 1: Which TV character... needs to go on vacation the most? || || 1* || |- | 2: What three TV characters would make the best summer road trip companions? || 1 || ** || |- | 3: In honor of "Big Brother," what TV character would you least want as your house guest for three months? || *** || || 1 |- | 4: The team behind "Sherlock" is doing a Dracula show. Who should play Dracula? || **** || 1 || |- | 5: What is the most evil corporation from any TV show? || 1 || ***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What would be the better basis for a conspiracy theory show: 2Pac still being alive or us never landing on the moon? || || 1+, +* || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of ''Baby Driver'', what TV show should Edgar Wright guest direct an episode of? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National "Cheer Up the Lonely" Day. Which TV character would you want to cheer you up the most? || 1+** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: This Thursday is my birthday. Who would be the best character to have a joint birthday party with? +*** || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*John (Rick Grimes) also won the twitter poll with 60%, followed by Kaori (Lois Griffin) with 29% and Jay (Olivia Pope) with 11%. .**John (K.I.T.T., Kermit the Frog, and Fozzie) won the poll with 59%, followed by Jay (Barney Stinson, Mork, and Charlie Harper) with 39% and Kaori (Carrie, Miranda, and Samantha from "Sex and the City") with 11%. .***Jay (Sheldon Cooper) won the poll with 45%, followed by Kaori (Peter Griffin) with 40% and Jay (George Costanza) with 15%. .****Jay (Jon Hamm) won the poll with 48%, followed by John (Matt Bomer) with 37% and Kaori (Julian McMahon) with 15%. .*****John (Sweetums) won the poll with 37%, followed by Jay (MomCorp) with 36% and Kaori (the Corporation from WWE) with 27%. +John was faster at saying 2Pac. +*Split decision. Kaori chose Jay, but then Billy and Roxy chose John. +**Split decision. Kaori chose John (Big Bird), but then Billy and Roxy chose Jay (Pee-wee Herman). +***Character fight. Jay chose Bart Simpson, then John chose Tony Soprano. '''Episode 89: Who Is TV's Most Offensive Character? (7-18-2017)'''<ref>Episode 89: Who Is TV's Most Offensive Character? (7-18-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-tvs-most-offensive-character-3118896</ref> Pre-taped episode due to Comic-Con. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. Aaron Pruner returns after a 35-episode absence. Aaron previously held the record for longest absence with 48 episodes until it was broken by Hal Rudnick by five episodes, four episodes ago. Tenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Seventeenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. *Aaron actually finishes in third place in all three of his matches so far. Twenty-third episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Aaron Pruner || 0/2 || Third |- | Victor Torres || 0/1 || Second |- | Billy Patterson || 2/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 94%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Aaron !! Victor !! Billy |- | 1: What is the biggest snub of this year's Emmys? || 1 || || |- | 2: What TV character would make the best Emmy host? || || 1 || |- | 3: Who is TV's most offensive character? || || || 1 |- | 4: If Syfy did another... miniseries based on a fairytale, i.e "Alice" [or] "Tin Man," what tale should they do? || || || 1 |- | 5: "Game of Thrones"... aired last night.... What TV character would you pick as your Hand of the King or Queen? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What TV show panel would you be most excited to see at Comic-Con, which is coming up this week? || x || 1* || |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of the Thirteenth Doctor announcement, what iconic TV character should be gender-swapped? || x || || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Rob Kardashian just released nudies of Blac Chyna. Which TV character would you not trust with nudies of you? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What surviving "Game of Thrones" character should die next? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which TV character would make the best Emmys acceptance speech? *** || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Split decision. Aaron chose Billy ("The Flash"), but then Lon and Roxy chose Victor ("Rick and Morty"). .**Split decision. Aaron chose Victor (Tim Taylor), but then Lon and Roxy chose Billy (Jesse Katsopolis). .***Character fight. Victor chose Rick Sanchez from "Rick and Morty," then Billy chose Carl Winslow from "Family Matters." '''Episode 90: What Celebrity Should Have A Scripted Series About Their Life? (7-25-2017)'''<ref>Episode 90: What Celebrity Should Have A Scripted Series About Their Life? (7-25-2017) (7-18-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-celebrity-should-have-a-scripted-series-3120149</ref> Last episode to be solely on Screen Junkies Plus. Lon Harris as Fact Checker for second week in a row. He does not read any twitter poll results. The scoreboard lists the order of names in reverse order of the seating. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Yael Tygiel || 2/3 || Second |- | Ishmel Sahid || 0/1 || Third |- | Cameron Rice || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Yael !! Ishmel !! Cameron |- | 1: What Pixar movie should get its own TV show? || || || 1 |- | 2: ABC is adapting ''A Few Good Men'' as a live play on the network. Whether you like that move or not, we wanna know from you what other musical/play should be adapted for TV? || || 1 || |- | 3: Mariah Carey is executive producing a TV show based on her life.... What other celebrity should have a scripted series about [his or her] life? || || || 1 |- | 4: "Star Trek: Discovery" is coming up very soon. What TV actor would you want to see have a guest role as a "Star Trek" role? || 1 || || |- | 5: What TV show would inspire the best fan convention? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What should we be more excited for: "Westworld" Season 2 or "Stranger Things" Season 2? || || x || 1* |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of... "Teen Wolf" being turned into a podcast, what TV character would have the best podcast? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Steven Soderbergh's new movie was shot entirely on an iPhone. What show should shoot an episode entirely on an iPhone? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of the "Bob's Burgers"/"Archer" crossover, what two animated series would make the best crossover episode? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Cameron was slower at saying "Westworld," but still unanimously won. .**Split decision. Ishmel chose Yael ("Game of Thrones"), but then Lon and Roxy chose Cameron ("Cops"). '''Episode 91: What TV Show Should Christopher Nolan Direct an Episode of? (8-1-2017)'''<ref>Episode 91: What TV Show Should Christopher Nolan Direct an Episode of? (8-1-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LDSF74F_SQ&t=3061s</ref> Last episode catalogued in SJ Plus and the first to appear on the Screen Junkies News channel (ClevverMovies) due to sponsorship from T-Mobile. Though he is listed as a new fighter, Marc has appeared several times on Movie Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 5/2 || '''Win''' |- | Roger Barr || 2/2 || Third |- | Marc Andreyko || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Sasha !! Roger !! style="width: 6%"|Marc |- | 1: What TV series should have Christopher Nolan direct an episode? || 1* || || |- | 2: True Detective [Season] 3 will star Mahershala Ali. What actor or actress should co-star with him? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: We want you guys to pitch a TV show based on a TV commercial. || || 1*** || |- | 4: In honor of "GLOW," what TV show would inspire the best series focused on the making of that show? || || || 1**** |- | 5: What TV show's cast would make the best season of "Survivor?" ***** || 1 || + || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: "[The] Big Bang Theory" is getting a "Young Sheldon" spin-off.... What TV sitcom character should have a spinoff focusing on [his or her] younger years? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Unfortunately, some asshole hackers broke into HBO's system and stole some "Game of Thrones" script. What show would be the worst to have spoiled for you? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National Girlfriends Day. Why would your character be the best girlfriend? +* || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: The producers of "Stranger Things" almost didn't get the right to use the song "Thriller" in the Season 2 trailer. What other song could have fit for the "Stranger Things" trailer? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What current scripted series would have the best all-improvised episode? || || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Sasha ("Westworld") also won the twitter poll with 40%, followed by Marc ("Game of Thrones") with 38%, and Roger ("Mr. Robot") with 22%. .**Roger (Jake Gyllenhaal) won the poll with 46%. Marc (Jessica Chastain) and Sasha (Andy Serkis) each received 27%. .***Roger (outpost.com) also won the poll with 41%, followed by Marc (Progressive Insurance with Flo) with 32% and Sasha (anti-marijuana PSA) with 25%. .****Marc ("Star Trek: The Original Series") also won an unspecified poll with 45%, followed by Roger ("Twin Peaks: The Return") with 32% and Sasha (Pee-Wee's Playhouse) with 22%. .*****Question supplied by Lon Harris. +Roger ("The Walking Dead") won a poll with 42%, followed by Sasha ("Beverly Hills, 90210") with 40% and Marc ("Gilligan's Island") with 17%. +*Character fight. Marc and Sasha had to pick a female character. '''Episode 92: What 80's Movie Needs a TV Series?! (8-8-2017)'''<ref>Episode 92: What 80's Movie Needs a TV Series?! (8-8-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcyKRpKH000</ref> Billy is accompanied by producer Parker, whose last week is this week. Although William Bibbiani is listed as a new fighter, he fought and won one Movie Fight in April 2017 (and previously won an episode of Movie Games. Eighteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-fourth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Going into this episode, Lon and Billy were both tied for number one contender. But afterwards, Lon takes sole possession as he becomes 4-0. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/1 || Second |- | William Bibbiani || New fighter || Third |- | Lon Harris || 3/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 94%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Coy !! William !! style="width: 6%"|Lon |- | 1: Pitch another * TV series based on an '80s movie. || || 1** || |- | 2: Tina Fey will join the new NBC Comedy "Great News".... What current TV show would most benefit from Tina Fey joining the cast? || || || 1*** |- | 3: Whoopi Goldberg has signed on for Season 21 of "The View".... Which TV character would make the best addition to "The View?" || 1**** || || |- | 4: If you had to choose, which TV show's character death would you choose for yourself? || || || 1***** |- | 5: We got a trailer for "Mr. Robot" Season 3 this week. What show had the biggest drop in quality from Season 1 to Season 2? + || +* || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: "King of the Hill" might be revived at Fox.... Which Mike Judge-created show would you rather be revived: "King of the Hill" or "Beavis and Butt-Head?" || 0 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best TV show with a number in the title? || || x || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today... is National "Sneak Some Zucchini onto Your Neighbor's Porch" Day.... Which TV character's porch do you most want to sneak zucchini onto? || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today, I had to go bridesmaid dress shopping.... [For] which TV character's wedding would you wanna be a part of the wedding party? +**** || 1+***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: There are a lot of different streaming services and a lot exclusive shows on each service.... Which current show would get you to subscribe to a service you didn't have if... it moved there exclusively? || 1++ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Better comic ++* adaptation: "Preacher" or "American Gods?" || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Other than ''The Karate Kid''. .*William (Indiana Jones) also won an unspecified poll with 50%, followed by Lon (''Wall Street'') with 27% and Coy (''The Lost Boys'') with 21%. .***Lon ("Veep") also won an unspecified poll with 49%, followed by Coy ("Arrested Development") with 33% and William ("Daredevil") with 17%. .****Coy (Daria Morgendorffer) won the poll with 48%, followed by Billy (Lord Varys) with 29% and William (Harley Quinn) with 22%. .*****Lon (Claire Fisher from "Six Feet Under") also won the poll with 72%, followed by William (Kenny McCormick from "South Park") with 20% and Coy (Barbara Holland from "Stranger Things") with 6% *Billy states that Coy's 6% is the lowest polling he's ever seen, but there have been at least two previous instances of a fighter receiving 5%, including Ken Napzok for a question for which he was awarded the point. +Question written by Lon. +*Coy's first and second choices were respectively "True Detective" and "Heroes," which were the choices fought respectively by Lon and William. Coy went with his third choice, Prisonbreak, of which he's never watched an episode. +**Split decision. Parker chose Coy ("3rd Rock from the Sun"), but William, Billy, and Roxy chose Lon ("Three's Company"). +***Split decision. Billy and Parker chose Billy (Joe Bluth), but William and Roxy chose Coy (Joey Tribbiani). *It is unclear who Joe Bluth is, but Billy did refer to "Arrested Development." +****Character fight. +*****Split decision. Billy chose Lon (Dale Cooper), but the Parker, William, and Roxy all chose Coy (Batman from "Batman: The Animated Series"). ++Split decision. Parker chose Lon ("Game of Thrones"), but Billy and Roxy chose Coy ("This is Us"). ++*As Roxy pointed out, "American Gods" is not from a comic. '''Episode 93: Which TV Character Should Join the Defenders? (8-15-2017)'''<ref>Episode 93: Which TV Character Should Join the Defenders? (8-15-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifUaKyzhE7M&t=652s</ref> Superhero TV show-themed episode. Eleventh episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. This is Jay Washington's fifth appearance on TV Fights. In each appearance, he has sat in the chair next to the Judge's chair. *It is also the first episode of TV Fights that he has won in which he did not defeat someone else with his own last name. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jay Washington || 2/2 || '''Win''' |- | Yael Tygiel || 2/4 || Second |- | Ed Greer || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 73%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%"|Jay !! style="width: 6%"|Yael !! style="width: 6%"|Ed |- | 1: Which non-superhero TV character should join "The Defenders?" || || 1* || |- | 2: What TV superhero's power would be the worst to have? || || 2** || |- | 3: Best villain performance on any superhero show? || || || 1*** |- | 4: What current TV superhero would win in a massive battle royale? || 1 || || **** |- | 5: Pitch a cross-over between any two superhero shows. || 1***** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which company has the better shows of all time:... Marvel or DC? || +, +* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best animated superhero show ever? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is the best Defender? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which superhero would get the furthest on "Big Brother?" +*** || 1+**** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Yael (the tenth Doctor) also won an unspecified poll with 41%, followed by Jay (Jack Bauer) with 32% and Ed (K.I.T.T.) with 25%. .**Yael (Maya Herrera) also won the poll with 61%, followed by Ed (Daredevil) with 19% and Jay (Firestorm) with 18%. .***Ed (Killgrave/The Purple Man) also won the poll with 65%, followed by Yael (The Shadow King from "Legion") with 19% and Jay (Cottonmouth) with 15%. .****Ed (Supergirl) won the poll with 47%, followed by Jay (The Flash) with 44%, and Yael (Luke Cage) with 7%. .*****Ed ("The Greatest American Hero" and "Legends of Tomorrow") actually lost the poll with 19%. Yael ("Supergirl" and "Jessica Jones") won the poll with 53%, followed by Ed ("Daredevil" and "Iron Fist" prequel) with 26%. +Split decision. Ed chose (Yael) DC, but then Billy and Roxy chose Jay. +*Jay won the point despite being slower at saying DC. +**Split decision. Billy chose Jay (Daredevil), but then Ed and Roxy chose Yael (Jessica Jones). +***Character fight. Fighters had to pick a superhero before the question was asked. Yael chose first. +****Split decision. Ed chose Yael (White Canary), but then Billy and Roxy chose Jay (Oliver Queen). '''Episode 94: Best TV Cast to Help You Pull Off a Heist? (8-22-2017)'''<ref>Episode 94: Best TV Cast to Help You Pull Off a Heist? (8-22-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hys2c5EaQJc</ref> Ryan O'Toole as fact checker. Originally, Gina Ippolito was supposed to fight. She wasn't able to come to the studio, so Billy stepped in and used her answers. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Billy Patterson || 3/0 || Second |- | DJ Wooldridge || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Stacy Howard || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 8%"|Billy !! style="width: 6%"|DJ !! style="width: 6%"|Stacy |- | 1: In anticipation of "Star Trek: Discovery," what's the best TV show found behind a pay wall? || 1* || || |- | 2: Which TV character would you want to help you assemble your IKEA furniture? || || 1** || |- | 3: What actor traditionally associated with film has the best television performance? || || 1 || *** |- | 4: What Disney princess should join the Arrowverse? || || || 1**** |- | 5: In honor of ''Logan Lucky'', which TV cast would you enlist to help you pull of a heist? || || 1***** || |- | TIE BREAKER: Today is National Tooth Fairy Day. Which TV character would make the ''worst'' + Tooth Fairy? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: "Friends From College" just got renewed for a second season, and I will say that most people didn't seem to love the show. What next season of a Netflix show are you least looking forward to? || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: The last episode of "Game of Thrones" has been divisive amongst fans, so this season of "Game of Thrones," yea or nay? || 1+**, +*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would win TV Fights? +**** || || 1+***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is TV's best Rob or Bob? || 1++ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is the best primary character on a superhero TV show ? || || 1++* || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Billy ("Game of Thrones") also won the polls on youtube and twitter, receiving 66% on youtube. .**DJ (MacGyver) also won the youtube poll with 71%, followed by Stacy (Sherlock (Benedict Cumberbatch)) with 17% and Billy (the Twelfth Doctor) with 10%. .***Stacy (Matthew McConaughey in "True Detective") won the youtube and twitter polls, receiving 42% on youtube. Billy (Kevin Spacey in "House of Cards") and DJ (Eva Green in "Penny Dreadful") each received 28%. .****Stacy (Mulan) also won both polls, followed by DJ (Moana) and then Billy (Sleeping Beauty). .*****DJ ("The Defenders") won the youtube poll with 70%, beating Stacy ("The Magic School Bus") and Billy ("Veronica Mars") who received 13%. +Presumably, the question originally was to ask for the best. It is later revealed that every Speed Round question was changed since Billy had already seen them. +*Split decision. Stacy chose DJ ("Stranger Things" Season 2), but then Ryan and Roxy chose Billy ("Iron Fist" Season 2). +**Billy was faster at saying "yea." +***Split decision. Ryan chose DJ, but then Stacy and Roxy chose Billy. +****Character fight. Billy chose Danny Tanner, then DJ chose Daredevil. +*****Split decision. Ryan chose Billy, but Roxy chose DJ. ++Split decision. Eighteenth overturn on TV Fights (seventeenth by Roxy). Stacy and Ryan chose DJ (Bob from "Bob's Burgers"), but Roxy chose Billy (Bob Saget). ++*Split decision. JTE chose Billy (Supergirl) as Stacy couldn't decide, but Ryan and Roxy chose DJ (Arrow/Oliver Queen). '''Episode 95: What is the Best Episode of Game of Thrones? (8-29-2017)'''<ref>Episode 95: What is the Best Episode of Game of Thrones? (8-29-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpQFSParfbg&t=4123s</ref> Second "Game of Thrones" edition. At the end of the episode, Billy states that he and Lon have the same record again. This is incorrect as Lon is now 4-1 while Billy is 3-1. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 1/2 || '''Win''' |- | Michele Boyd || 1/5 || Second |- | Lon Harris || 4/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Michele !! style="width: 6%"|Lon |- | 1: What is the best episode of "Game of Thrones" so far? || 1* || || |- | 2: Which "Game of the Thrones" character needs a spinoff sitcom? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: Who is the best supporting character in the show? || *** || 1 || |- | 4: Which TV family from another show could take over Westeros? || 1 || || **** |- | 5: Who is the most badass character of all time on "Game of Thrones?" || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What House would you rather be from: Lannister or Targaryen? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who[m] would you rather have as your sister: Sansa or Arya? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Jon and Dany's incestuous relationship: yea or nay? || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is best fit to sit on the Iron Throne? +* || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: If you could bring back one character from the dead, who[m] would you pick... on "Game of Thrones" of course? || 1+*** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Spencer ("The Mountain and the Viper") actually lost the twitter poll with only 20%. Lon ("Battle of the Bastards") won the twitter (55%) and youtube polls while Michele ("Hardhome") received 20%. .**Michele (Ser Davos) won an unspecified poll with 47%, followed by Lon (Bran the Builder) with 45% and Spencer (Dolorous Edd) with 5% (these total to 97%). .***Spencer (Bronn) won the twitter and youtube polls with 46% and 34% respectively, followed by Michele (Brienne of Tarth) with 29% and 33% and Lon (Tormund Giantsbane) with 25% and 30% (youtube polls total to 97%). .****Spencer (the Cartmans from "South Park") actually lost the youtube poll with only 9% but received 34% of the twitter vote. Lon (the Addams family) won the youtube and twitter polls with 54% and 36% respectively while Michele (the Winchesters from "Supernatural") received 36% and 30%. .*****Michele (Cersei Lannister) also won the twitter poll with 41% (but lost the youtube poll with only 18%), followed by Spencer Oberyn Martell) with 40% (but 60% on youtube) and Lon (Wun Wun) with 19% (21% on youtube). +Split decision. Lon chose Michele (nay), but Billy and Roxy chose Spencer. +*Character fight. The fighters had to choose a living character. Michele responded first. +**Split decision. Nineteenth overturn on TV Fights (eighteenth by Roxy). Billy and Lon chose Spencer (Bran) (mainly because he sits a lot), but then Roxy chose Michele (Tyrion). +***Split decision. Lon chose Michele (Tywin), but then Billy and Roxy chose Spencer (Lady Olenna). '''Episode 96: Who Has the Best TV Superhero Suit of All Time? (9-5-2017)'''<ref>Episode 96: Who Has the Best TV Superhero Suit of All Time? (9-5-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRxLqVkpwrA&t=3471s</ref> Nineteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-fifth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Twelfth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 2/5 || Second |- | Josh Macuga || 1/5 || Third |- | Ben Bateman || 1/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Joe !! style="width: 6%"|Josh !! style="width: 6%"|Ben |- | 1: What show had the best time jump during its run? || || 1* || |- | 2: Which TV show do you never want to see made into a movie? || 1** || || |- | 3: With the new news of NBC developing a new police drama,... who is the best law enforcement character in TV history? || || || 1*** |- | 4: What is the best superhero TV costume of all time? || || || 1**** |- | 5: In honor of ''It'' hitting theaters on Friday, what show would be most improved if you added a clown to the main cast? || 1***** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is National Cheese Pizza Day. Who is TV's cheesiest character? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Football season is upon us. What TV character would do best at fantasy football? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: The full cast list for the upcoming season of "Dancing With the Stars" will be announced tomorrow morning. What current TV star should join the next season of "Dancing With the Stars?" || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: In "Game of Thrones," Arya Stark can take anyone's face she wants. Which TV character's face would be the most fun to take and wear around? +**, +*** || || x || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which is the better premise for a show: A: Long-lost twins reuniting or B: One twin murdering another? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Josh ("Halt and Catch Fire") actually lost an unspecified poll with only 6% (by the end of the second question, this would fall to 5%). Joe ("Parks and Recreation") won with 63%, followed by Ben ("Lost") with 31%. .**Joe ("Friends") also won the poll with 41%, followed by Ben ("Seinfeld" with 36%) and Josh ("The Sopranos") with 23%. .***Ben (Chief Clancy Wiggum) also won the poll with 52%, followed by Joe (Carl Winslow) with 31% and Josh (Andy Sipowicz) with 17%. .****Ben (Batman from "Batman: The Animated Series") with 73%, followed by Joe (Gizmoduck) with 18% and Josh (Superman from "Lois and Clark") with 9%. .*****Joe ("The Walking Dead") also won the poll with 53%, followed by Josh (nothing) with 28% and Ben ("Workaholics") with 19%. *As Roxy pointed out, this was the only poll in which Josh didn't finish in last. +Split decision. Billy chose Ben (Jack Donaghy), but then Josh and Roxy chose Joe (Abed Nadir). +*Joe unanimously won with Tom Bergeron, the host of the show. Tom was also Joe's answer to the first Speed Round question. +**Character fight. Before the question was asked, Ben chose Coach Eric Taylor, while Joe once again chose Tom Bergeron. +***After the arguments, Roxy clarified that the question wasn't which face ''Arya specifcally'' should take, but rather which face is general would be better to take. +****Split decision. Billy chose Joe, but Josh and Roxy chose Ben. '''Episode 97: What Show Will be the Breakout Hit of 2017? - TV Fights: Fall TV Fights! (9-12-2017)'''<ref>Episode 97: What Show Will be the Breakout Hit of 2017? - TV Fights: Fall TV Fights! (9-12-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yx3o6zzybko&t=306s</ref> Though Samm and Matt are listed as new fighters, they have each fought on Movie Fights previously. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Audrey Kearns || 2/2 || Third |- | Samm Levine || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Matt Iseman || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Audrey !! style="width: 6%"|Samm !! style="width: 5%"|Matt |- | 1: Which returning fall show do you think will have the best season? || || 1* || |- | 2: What will be the new breakout show of the fall season? || || || 1** |- | 3: What 90's TV show would you reboot to debut this fall? Pitch it. || || 1*** || |- | 4: What is the best new show to debut in the last five years? || 1 || **** || |- | 5: What is the best reality competition show of all time? || || 1 || ***** |- | TIE BREAKER: ''L.A. Confidential'' is going to become a show on CBS.... What other Oscar-nominated movie should become a CBS show? || || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Apple unveiled the iPhone 8 and iPhone X today. Which TV character's phone would be the most interesting to go through for an hour? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of "Freaks and Geeks," who is TV's biggest geek? || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would perform the best on "American Ninja Warrior?" +* || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who would be a worse roommate to have: Joey from "Friends" or [Cosmo] Kramer from "Seinfeld?" || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Samm ("South Park") also won the poll with 59%, followed by Matt ("This is Us") with 23% and Audrey ("Outlander") with 18%. .**Matt ("Rise") actually lost the poll with 15%. Audrey ("The Gifted") won with 48%, followed by Samm ("The Deuce") with 37%. .***Samm ("Quantum Leap") also won the poll with 55%, followed by Matt ("Star Trek: The Next Generation") with 31% and Audrey ("Space: Above and Beyond") with 14%. .****Samm ("Better Call Saul") won the twitter poll with 64%, followed by Audrey ("Orphan Black") with 31% and Matt ("The Profit") with 5%. .*****Matt also wanted to choose Samm's pick of "Big Brother," but Samm responded first. He then chose "Project Runway." +Samm was slightly fast at saying Sheldon (Cooper), leaving Matt to pick (Steve) Urkel. +*Character fight. Matt chose Adrian Monk, then Samm chose Ray Donovan. '''Episode 98: What Is The Best South Park Episode Ever?? (9-19-2017)'''<ref>Episode 98: What Is The Best South Park Episode Ever?? (9-19-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bITO-XIO5FQ</ref> Yael won the Movie Fights Debut Deathmatch 2 the previous Thursday. Twentieth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-sixth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. At the end of the episode, Roxy announced that the show would no longer be weekly after its 100th episode (three episodes after this one), which is scheduled for October 10. However, due to the changes stemming from Andy Signore's October 5 suspension and subsequent dismissal, this did not happen. Following Roxy's announcement, Billy announced that the next episode would be another "Star Trek"-themed one, with Brannon Braga and Scott Mantz returning to fight Robert Meyer Burnett, with Dan Murrell as Fact Checker (see the next episode's remarks for the changes; had this happened as scheduled, it would have set the record for oldest age for the youngest fighter in a panel (Scott Mantz at 49) in Fights history). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Yael Tygiel || 2/5 || Second |- | Danielle Radford || 0/1 || Third |- | Jonathan Harris || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Yael !! Danielle !! Jonathan |- | 1: Which new fall show is likely not to survive a full season? || || 1* || |- | 2: What was the biggest snub of the 2017 Emmys? || || || 1** |- | 3: "South Parks"'s twenty-first season premiere made people's Amazon Alexas go crazy.... What is the best "South Park" episode to date? || *** || || 1 |- | 4: It was recently revealed that Jennifer Lawrence originally auditioned for the role of Serena on "Gossip Girl."... Which TV show should Jennifer Lawrence join the cast of? || 1**** || || |- | 5: What TV show's world would you want to visit for a weekend the most à la Westworld? || 1***** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What was the best moment from the Emmys? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: James Corden is taking a lot of heat for kissing Sean Spicer at the Emmys. Who would be the worst TV character to kiss? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which TV character's lawn would you want to take a crap on the most? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND D: What TV character should host the Emmys? +* || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Today is #TalkLikeAPirateDay. Which TV show would be most improved by adding a pirate? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Danielle ("Ghosted") actually lost the poll with only 28%. Jonathan ("The Good Doctor") won with 40%, followed by Yael ("9JKL") with 32%. .**Jonathan ("West World") also won the poll with 46%, followed by Yael (Millie Bobby Brown) with 40% and Danielle ("Insecure") with 14%. .***Yael ("Make Love, Not Warcraft") won the poll with 45%, followed by Jonathan ("Return of the Fellowship of the Ring to the Two Towers") with 30% and Danielle ("Trapped in the Closet" with 25%. .****Yael ("Orange is the New Black") also won the poll with 42%. Danielle ("Saturday Night Live") and Jonathan ("The Handmaid's Tale") tied with 29% each. .*****Yael ("The Magician") actually lost the poll with 21%. Danielle ("Dr. Who") won with 50%, followed by Jonathan ("Mad Men") with 29%. +Split decision. Danielle chose Yael (Marcia Brady), but then Roxy chose Jonathan (Danny Tanner). +*Character fight. Before the question was asked, Yael said Olivia Benson, then Jonathan said Fin Tutuola, both from "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit." '''Episode 99: What TV Character Would Make the Best Star Trek Captain? - TV Fights: Star Trek Fights! (9-26-2017)'''<ref>Episode 99: What TV Character Would Make the Best Star Trek Captain? - TV Fights: Star Trek Fights! (9-26-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDMsLtsltTU</ref> Fight held on the thirtieth anniversary of the premiere of "Star Trek: The Next Generation." Dan also created an Honest Trailer for the show which debuted on youtube earlier in the day. Dan was originally to be the Fact Checker, but he is fighting instead. Billy fact checks instead. Brannon Braga and Scott Mantz are not fighting as originally scheduled. Robert Meyer Burnett is the only one of the three originally scheduled who does appear. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 3/1 || '''Win''' |- | Robert Meyer Burnett || New fighter || Third |- | David A. Goodman || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! Robert !! David |- | 1: What TV character would make the best Starfleet captain? || 1* || || |- | 2: What "Trek" character should host [his or her] own talk show? || ** || || 1 |- | 3: What was the best episode or moment that went deep and dealt with social issues? || || 1*** || |- | 4: Pitch an episode that sees two characters from different #"Star Trek" series team up. || 1**** || || |- | 5: What was the most stand-out moment from the "Star Trek: Discovery" series premiere? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: "Star Trek: Discovery"... is only available by paying a fee for CBS All Access: yea or nay? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who[m] would you rather have treat you: [Leonard] McCoy or [Beverly] Crusher? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best space ship in "Star Trek" that is not named ''Enterprise''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: "Young Sheldon" just premiered last night on CBS. Which "Star Trek" character should get a spin-off focusing on [his or her] younger days? ***** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who are the better villains: the Klingons or The Borg? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Dan (Jed Bartlet) actually lost the twitter poll with 20% (but won overwhelmingly on youtube). David (Daenerys Targaryen) won with 46%, followed by Robert (Don Draper) with 34%. .**David (Trelane from "The Squire of Gothos") actually lost the poll. Dan (Guinan) both the twitter poll with 50% as well as the youtube poll, followed by Robert (Elim Garak). .***Robert ("Arena") actually lost the twitter poll with 21%. Dan ("The Outcast") won with 49% (64% on youtube), followed by David ("Let That Be Your Last Battlefield"). .****Dan (Q and Trelane) actually lost the twitter poll with 23%. David (Data and Dax) won with 40%, followed by Robert (James Kirk and Seven of Nine)with 37%. .*****Character fight. Before the question was asked, David picked Spock, then Dan chose Geordi LaForge. '''Episode 100: Best Cartoon of the 90's! - 90'S TV FIGHTS!! (10-3-2017)'''<ref>Episode 100: Best Cartoon of the 90's! - 90'S TV FIGHTS!! (10-3-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_H8DtTfMOfg&t=135s</ref> Last episode of TV Fights before the suspension of Screen Junkies creator Andy Signore on October 6 and his termination two days later. While Screen Junkies would partially return on October 26 (21 days after the October 5 Movie Fight), Fights would not return until December. Twenty-first episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-seventh episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Thirteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Although Mary is listed as a new fighter, she participated in a Debut Deathmatch on Movie Fights 19 days earlier. Throughout the Speed Round, JTE always had Charley's score as one more than it should have been. This was not fixed until right before the final question. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Charley Feldman || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Matt Knost || 1/3 || Third |- | Mary Risk || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Charley !! style="width: 6%"|Matt !! style="width: 6%"|Mary |- | 1: What was the best cartoon of the 90's? || * || 1 || |- | 2: What 90's TV show would work just as well completely unchanged if it aired today? || || || 1** |- | 3: What TV show best encapsulates the 90's? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Pitch a cross-over of a 90's show that's no longer on the air today with a currently-running TV show. || || **** || 1 |- | 5: Who was the best TV character from the '90s? || ***** || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Should 90's shows be revived today, in general: yea or nay? || 0 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best 90's Nickelodeon cartoon? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best 90's character to grab a beer with? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National Boyfriend's Day. Who would make the better boyfriend? +* || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best 90's theme song? || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What show would you rather compete on: Nickelodeon's "Guts" or "Legends of the Hidden Temple?" || 1+***, +**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Charley ("Batman: The Animated Series") won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Matt ("The Simpsons") with 38% and Mary ("Animaniacs") with 15%. .**Mary ("The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air") won the poll with 65%, followed by Charley ("3rd Rock from the Sun") with 26% and Matt ("Mad About You"). .***Charley ("Friends") also won the poll with 51%, followed by Mary ("Seinfeld") with 34% and Matt (MTV's "Real World") with 15%. .****Matt ("Quantum Leap" and "Sherlock") won the poll with 56%, followed by Mary ("Saved by the Bell" and "The Good Place") with 25% and Charley ("Singled Out" and "Game of Thrones") with 19%. .*****Charley (Bart Simpson) won the poll with 47%, followed by Mary (Buffy Summers) with 38% and Matt (Zack Morris) with 15%. +Split decision. Matt chose Mary (Joey Tribbiani), but then Billy and Roxy chose Charley (Dana Scully). +*Character fight. Each fighter had to name a male character from the 90's. +**Split decision. Matt chose Mary ("The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air"), but Billy and Roxy chose Charley ("Friends"). +***Charley ties Spencer Gilbert (episode 17) for biggest comeback, after having been down 4-1. However, unlike in episode 17, at this point, Charley was in a must-win situation throughout the remainder of the episode. +****Charley ties Dan Murrell (episode 7) and Maude Garrett (episode 18) for most consecutive points (four). ==TV Fights References== {{Reflist}} {{Uncategorized|date=November 2015}} ==Fan Friction Episodes 1-8== "Fan Friction" appears live on Sundays on the The TUFF Channel youtube channel. It debuted on April 10, 2016 and has fans fight via Skype. It is hosted by Screen Junkies fan Jack Shipley, with default Fact Checker Ashley Davis. Like Movie Fights and TV Fights (current formats), there is five questions followed by a Speed Round (called the Lightning Round) in which two of the three fighters will compete. Each regular round consists of questions with the following names and descriptions: Round 1: Topic Thunder – In Today’s Movie News Round 2: Superhero Movie – Everything Marvel/DC and Beyond Round 3: Pitch Perfect – Creating Something Out of Nothing Round 4: Hollywood Shuffle – The Random Round Round 5: Personal Best – Simply the Best, Better Than All the Rest Tie breakers are not settled by debate but with a movie date trivia question. In the Lightning Round, fighters are given 20 seconds to initially argue with 10 second rebuttals. '''Episode 1: May the Farce Be with You (4-10-2016)'''<ref>Episode 1: May the Farce Be with You (4-10-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqL6uVTxf5E</ref> In this episode, the score resets going into the Lightning Round. Brian Hurst as Fact Checker. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Raul Rodriguez || New fighter || Third |- | Ashley Davis || New fighter || Second |- | Tom Bennis || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 78%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Raul !! Ashley !! Tom |- | 1: Which ''Star Wars'' original trilogy cast member should die next? || || 1* || |- | 2: Which DC supervillain should join ''The Suicide Squad'' besides the Joker? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: Pitch the film that returns Johnny Depp to greatness. And we're looking for a director of the film and any co-stars as well as the plot of the movie. || || 1*** || |- | 4: What is the best movie soundtrack featuring licensed music to listen to on a roadtrip? || 1**** || ***** || + |- | 5: Who is the best character in a Kevin Smith movie? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Closest without going over: What year was ''The Flintstones'' released? || || x || 0+* |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: Who is the best movie Batman? || x || 1+** || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: Who[m] would you rather be stuck in an elevator with: Jay or Silent Bob? || x || || 1+*** |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: These two movies are playing on cable. Which do you watch: ''Star Wars [Episode IV]: A New Hope'' or ''Star Wars [Episode VII]: The Force Awakens''? || x || || 1+**** |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: Hollywood's best Kate/Cate? || x || 1+***** || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND E: Excluding sequel numbers, what is the best movie with the word "four/for" in the title? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || x || 2 || '''3''' |} .*Ashley (who chose Leia) actually finished in third in the twitter poll. Raul (Chewbacca) won, with Tom (the Millenium Falcon) close behind. .**Ashley (Poison Ivy) won the twitter poll. .***Ashley's pitch won the twitter poll. .****Raul won despite picking a soundtrack that is original music, not licensed. .*****Jack started the round with Ashley, rather than with Raul. +According to Brian, even though he couldn't find it, Tom (''Guardians of the Galaxy'') won the twitter poll. +*Both Raul and Tom guessed 1995, which was over (the year was 1994). However, Jack didn't have another movie prepared, so he ignored this. Tom was slightly faster, so he won. +**Split decision. Brian disagreed with Jack, who chose Ashley (Michael Keaton) over Tom (Ben Affleck). +***Split decision. Brian disagreed with Jack, who chose Tom (Silent Bob) over Ashley. +****Split decision. Raul disagreed with Jack, who chose Tom (''A New Hope'') over Ashley. +*****Split decision. Brian disagreed with Jack, who chose Ashley (Winslet) over Tom (Hudson). '''Episode 2: Yippie Ki-yay, Mother Humper (4-17-2016)'''<ref>Episode 2: Yippie Ki-yay, Mother Humper (4-17-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUbdlFv85Lc</ref> In this episode, the score again resets going into the Lightning Round. However, the two going into the Lightning Round were tied going in, so it did not effect the outcome. Amy Awesome was originally supposed to appear, but she could not make it, so Langley stepped in. Early in the episode, Langley's live-stream picture disappeared and was replaced by a still. In contrast to the last episode, which saw four out of five Lightning Round questions with split decision, none of the five Lightning Round questions in this episode were split (even though the panel was only activated four times). First episode in which a fighter never receives a point after the first round. First episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. First episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Brian Hurst || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Langley Neely || New fighter || Second |- | Joseph Davis || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 91%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Brian !! Langley !! Joseph |- | 1: Who should be the supervillain in [the next solo Batman movie]? || || || 1* |- | 2: Recast a hero or villain from the Marvel Cinematic Universe by gender swapping them, and then tell us why that one's better. || || 1**, *** || ** |- | 3: Pitch an R-rated version of a G-rated movie. || 1**** || || |- | 4: What is the best chick flick that a guy would also enjoy? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is Bruce Willis' best non-''Die Hard'' role? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: Which do you watch: ''After Earth'' or ''Battlefield Earth''? || || 1 || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: What was Pierce Brosnan's best Bond film? || || 1 || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: Who's the coolest Turtle: Leonard, Michaelangelo, Donatello, or Raphael? || 1*****,+ || || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: Best movie with the word "gun" in the title? || 1 || || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND E: Which is the best movie of ''The Hobbit'' trilogy? || 1+*,+** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''3''' || 2 || x |} .*Joseph lost the twitter poll with only 14% voting for Ra's al Ghul. Brian won 57% with Manbat and Hush while Langley received 29% with Talon and the Court of Owls. .**Langley and Joseph each picked Loki, respectively swapped with Eva Green and Helena Bonham Carter. .***Langley also won the twitter poll with 60%, while Brian won 40% of the vote with Jennifer Lawrence/Katniss Everdeen as Hawkeye. .****Brian also won the twitter poll with 63% for ''Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory'', while Langley received 24% for ''Beauty and the Beast'', and Joseph received 13% for ''Star Trek: The Motion Picture''. *Due to time constraints, the polls were not read for the fourth or fifth questions. .*****Brian chose Raphael before Langley picked Donatello. Langley said after the fight that he wanted to pick Raphael. +Jack didn't activate the panel. +*Jack was going to come back to Joseph since he was having trouble deciding. However, since Ashley and Jack both chose Brian (''Battle of the Five Armies''), he didn't need to come back to him. +**Biggest comeback yet (deficit of three points). '''Episode 3: We're Not Worthy! (5-1-2016)'''<ref>Episode 3: We're Not Worthy! (5-1-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-n-D_D5VgQM</ref> No episode aired the previous week. Starting this episode, points earned in the regular round carry over into the Lightning Round. Once again, a tie breaking question is required before the Lightning Round; however, Jack dropped the rule regarding not going above on the year, which was helpful as once again, both fighters guessed too high. At the end of the episode, Jack indicates that the show will not be on the following week due to Mother's Day. He indicates that the following week, there will be a championship fight between the three winners. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Ronnie Williams || New fighter || Third |- | Kimber Barrett || New fighter || Second |- | Samuel Caitlin || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Ronnie !! Kimber !! Sam |- | 1: What is the best film about a musician or band? || || 1 || |- | 2: What is best movie with Hugh Jackman's version of Wolverine? || 1* || || |- | 3: What other** movie franchise should have a spinoff film? || || || 1 |- | 4: What's the best movie that features a "Saturday Night Live" character? || *** || **** || 1 |- | 5: Real or fictitious, what is the best movie featuring an American President? || || || 1***** |- | TIE BREAKER: What year was ''The Maltese Falcon'' released? || || 0 || x |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: These two movies are playing on cable. Which one do we watch: ''Kindergarten Cop'' or ''Twins''? || x || 1+ || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: Who is Hollywood's best James? || x || || 1+* |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: What is the best horror movie? || x || || 1+** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Ronnie, who chose ''X2: X-Men United'', also won the twitter poll with 89% of the vote. Kimber (''X-Men: The Last Stand'') received 11%. Sam (''X-Men'') received no votes. .**Besides ''Harry Potter'' and ''Star Wars''. .***Ronnie, who chose ''Office Space'', was eliminated by Jack due to "tenuous" connections to "Saturday Night Live", even though the question didn't ask for any level of connection beyond one existing. .****Kimber (''Blues Brothers'') won 70% of the twitter vote, while Sam (''A Night at the Roxbury'') received 20%, and Ronnie (''Office Space'') received 10%. .*****Sam received the point for ''Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter'' despite not receiving any of the twitter vote. Ronnie (''Air Force One'') won with 67% despite being the first fighter eliminated, and Kimber (''Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure'') received 33%. +Split decision. First overturn in Fan Friction. Ronnie and Ashley each had chosen Sam, who chose ''Twins''. +*Sam said James Cameron, but Kimber couldn't think of an answer in time, so Sam automatically won the point. +**Split decision. Ronnie and Ashley both disagreed with Jack, who again chose Kimber (''The House on Haunted Hill (1959)'') over Sam (''The Exorcist''). However, Jack let them overrule him. '''Episode 4: This Time It's Personal (5-15-2016)'''<ref>Episode 4: This Time It's Personal (5-15-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hfx8pZ0bMtY</ref> No episode aired the previous week due to Mother's Day. In this episodes, points do not carry over to the Lightning Round. However, as the two fighters going into the Lightning Round were tied, this did not matter. However, had a fighter earned three points in the regular round, there would have been a bonus. The first Belt Fight. Brian made a Belt. Further, the winner of this fight and the winner of Episode 5 will go on to compete in Episode 6 with Hector Navarro. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Samuel Caitlin || 1/0 || Second |- | Tom Bennis || 1/0 || Third |- | Brian Hurst || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Sam !! Tom !! Brian |- | 1: What is the best monster from a monster movie? || || || 1* |- | 2: What is Ryan Reynolds' best role aside from Deadpool? || 1** || || |- | 3: Pitch the sequel to ''Beetlejuice''. || || 1 || *** |- | 4: What movie flopped at the box office but should not have? || 1**** || || |- | 5: What is Sean Bean's death scene in film? || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 2|| 1 || 2 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: What is the best Nicolas Cage movie? || || x || 1 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: These two movies are playing on cable. Which do we watch: ''Red Dawn (1984)''... or ''Road House''? || || x || 1+ |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: What is the best movie based on a video game? || 1 || x || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: Who was better: Steven Segal or Jean-Claude Van Damme? || || x || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || x || 3 |} .*Brian, who chose The Thing, also won the twitter poll with 75% of the vote. Tom (Pan (the Faun/the Pale Man)) received 25%. Sam (Jaws) did not receive any votes. .**Sam, who chose ''Buried'', also won the twitter poll with 62%. Brian (''The Voices'') received 25%, and Tom (''The Nines'') received 13%. .***Brian, who pitched a satire, won the twitter poll with 57%. Tom's pitch for a film taking place in the Netherworld received 43%. Sam, who pitched a ''Ghostbusters'' crossover, did not receive any votes. .****Despite winning the point, Sam, who pitched ''Doctor Dolittle (1967)'', lost the twitter poll with only 18% of the vote. Tom (''Treasure Planet'') received 45%, and Brian (''Cowboys and Aliens'') received 37%. .*****Brian, who chose ''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'', also won the twitter poll with 80% of the twitter vote. Sam and Tom each received 10% for ''Goldeneye'' and ''The Field'' respectively. +Brian chose ''Road House'', leaving Sam with ''Red Dawn''. Sam could not come up with a legitimate argument (even mentioning submarines), and he admitted that he had not seen either movie. Jack gave Brian the point without activating the panel. +*Split decision. Tom disagreed with Jack, who chose Brian (Steven Segal). '''Episode 5: Web Show for the Recently Deceased (5-22-2016)'''<ref>Episode 5: Web Show for the Recently Deceased(5-22-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=La1AG8ymA8o</ref> Tom Bennis returns as Fact Checker as Ashley is fighting. Like the last episode, all fighters come in with the same record. However, that is 0-1 in this fight. The "seating" order (order in which the fighters fight) had the same finish placements as the last episode. The themes for questions 3 and 4 in this fight have become Fight Club and The Sound of Music. Although the same themes, for questions 1 and 5, the themes are called Newsies and As Good as It Gets. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Kimber Barrett || 0/1 || Second |- | Raul Rodriguez || 0/1 || Third |- | Ashley Davis || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kimber !! Raul !! Ashley |- | 1: Which was [Tim Burton and Johnny Depp's] best collaboration? || 1* || || |- | 2: What other** villain, DC or Marvel, should get their own movie? || 1*** || || |- | 3: Who was the best action film star in the 1990s? || || 1**** || |- | 4: What is the best original score composed by Danny Elfman? It does not have to be a Tim Burton movie. || || || 1***** |- | 5: Who was the best movie villain of all time? || || || 1+ |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 2|| 1 || 2 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: These two movies are playing on cable. Which one do we watch: ''Space Jam'' or ''Scooby-Doo''? || || x || 1+* |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: What is the best movie starring Clint Eastwood? || || x || 1+** |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: Who is Hollywood's best Margaret/Maggie? || || x || 1+*** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || x || 3 |} .*Kimber, who chose ''Edward Scissorhands'', also won the twitter poll with 71% of the vote. 29% chose Ashley (''Ed Wood''), while Raul (''Sleepy Hallow'') received no votes. .**Besides Harley Quinn. .***Kimber (The Riddler) and Ashley (The Mandarin) each received 50% of the twitter vote. Jack then went ahead and voted on twitter to give Kimber the twitter poll win. .****Despite winning the point, Raul (Keanu Reeves) lost the twitter poll with 22%. Ashley (Sylvester Stallone) won the twitter poll with 44%. Kimber (Bruce Willis) received 34%. .*****Ashley (''Batman (1989)'') also won the twitter poll with 60%. Kimber, who again chose ''Edward Scissorhands'', and Raul (''Spiderman'') received 20% each. +Ashley (Captain Vidal from ''Pan's Labyrinth'') also won the twitter poll with 45% of the vote. Kimber (Alex de Large) received 33%, while 22% chose Raul (Ghostface). +*Split decision. Second overturn of the series. Jack disagreed with Raul and Tom and chose Ashley, who chose ''Space Jam'', because she gave more information about the movie. +**Kimber could not name a Clint Eastwood movie. She was later given some titles, but chose not to fight, so Jack gave her the point. +***Kimber chose Margaret Cho but couldn't say anything about her other than that she was cool and had tattoos. She conceded to Ashley, even though Ashley still gave an argument. However, Jack did not activate the panel. '''Episode 6: Bring Out Your Dead (6-5-2016)'''<ref>Episode 6: Bring Out Your Dead (6-5-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=re00MPGdBaA</ref> Tom Bennis and Kimber Barrett, the hosts of Odd Shaped Panel, and both two-time fighters, as Fact Checkers. At 2:12:50, this is the longest episode of any Fight series at this point. Although Hector is listed as a new fighter, he has appeared in Movie Fights twice and TV Fights four times. Before the Lightning Round, it is revealed that the bonus for getting three points in the regular round is that one time during the Lightning Round, the person with the bonus can steal the other fighter's choice one time during the round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Ashley Davis|| 1/1 || Second |- | Hector Navarro || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Brian Hurst || 2/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Ashley !! Hector !! Brian |- | 1: What's the best direct-to-DVD/Netflix sequel? || 1 || * || |- | 2: If you were Apocalypse, who[m] would you have chosen as your Four Horsemen? ** || || 1*** || |- | 3: What would you all say is the best zombie movie of all time? || 1**** || || |- | 4: What's the best black and white movie of all time? || 1***** || || |- | 5: It seems a safe bet that ''Captain America: Civil War'' is probably gonna be the number one highest-grossing movie of the summer, so I wanna know what's number two? || || 1+ || |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 3 || 2 || 0 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: What's the best movie one-liner? || || 1 || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: Who is the best movie detective? || || 1 || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: What is the best movie about baseball? || 1+* || || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: Who should play the next James Bond? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''3''' || x |} .*Hector, who chose ''Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero'', won the twitter poll with 60% of the vote, while Ashley (''Hellraiser: Hellseeker'') received 30%, and Brian (''Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny'') received 10%. .**There was a stipulation that the fighters could not use anyone from the MCU (Marvel Cinematic Universe). .***Hector, who chose Gambit, Caliban, Sunfire (all of whom were Horsemen in the comics), and Deathbird, won the twitter poll with 63%. Ashley (Deadpool, Iceman, Elixir, and Colossus) received 25%, and Chris (Daken, Sunfire, Polaris, and Mikhail Rasputin) received 13%. .****Ashley (''Shaun of the Dead'') also won the twitter poll with 58%. Brian (''Dawn of the Dead (1978)'') received 33%, while Hector (''World War Z'') only received 8%. .*****Ashley (''To Kill a Mockingbird'') actually lost the twitter poll with 27%. Brian (''Citizen Kane'') and Hector (''Sin City'') each received 36%. +Hector, who chose Suicide Squad, also won the twitter poll with 58% of the vote, while Brian (''Finding Dory'') received 42%. Ashley (''The Secret Life of Pets'') received no votes. +*Hector chose ''The Sandlot'', but Ashley stole the answer. He then chose ''A League of Their Own''. '''Episode 7: Young Guns (6-12-2016)'''<ref>Episode 7: Young Guns (6-12-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6NqprL8AOM</ref> Tom Bennis and Kimber Barrett acted as Fact Checkers even though Ashley was not competing. The "seating" order (order in which the fighters fight) had the same finish placements as the last episode. Episodes 6 and 7 mark the second consecutive pair in which that happened as it also happened for Episodes 4 and 5. A different bonus for getting three points before the Lightning Round is introduced. The topic titles are all changed again. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Austin Singleton || New fighter || Second |- | Garrett McDowell || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Billy Pollihan || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Austin !! Garrett !! Billy |- | 1: What's the best order to show her [Jack's 6-year-old daughter] [''Star Wars Episodes I-VI'']? || 1* || || |- | 2: What's the best movie that's set in outer space that isn't a ''Star Wars'', ''Star Trek'', or ''Aliens'' movie? || || 1** || |- | 3: What's the best space battle scene that's ever been in a movie? || || 1*** || *** |- | 4: Who is the coolest Marvel or DC character, hero or villain, that comes from outer space? **** || || || 1***** |- | 5: What is the coolest space ship from any movie? || || 1+ || |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: What year was the film ''Close Encounters of the Third Kind'' released? || 0+* || x || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: Who was the better captain: [James T.] Kirk or [Jean-Luc] Picard? || 1+** || || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: What's the best M. Night Shyamalan movie? || || 1 || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: These two movies are playing on cable. Which do I watch: ''Mad Max [2]: The Road Warrior'' or ''Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome''? || || 1+***,+**** || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: Who is Hollywood's best medical professional? || || 1+***** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''3''' || x |} .*Austin, who chose only ''Episode VII'', actually lost the twitter poll with 11%. Garrett (''Episodes IV-VII'' plus the prequels optionally) and Billy (''Episodes IV-VI'' followed by ''I-III'' and ''VII'') each received 44%. .**Garrett, who chose ''2001: A Space Odyssey'', also won the twitter poll with 60%, while Billy (''Guardians of the Galaxy'') received 30%, and Austin (''The Martian'') received 10%. .***Garrett, who chose the trench run in ''Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope'', and Billy (the Battle of Endor minus Luke vs. Vader) tied in the twitter poll as they did for Round 1 with each receiving 40% of the vote. Austin, who chose the introductory scene from ''Star Trek (2009)'', lost the poll again. .****Question not specific to movies. .*****Billy, who chose Superman, also won the twitter vote with 50%. Garrett (Martian Manhunter) received 40%, while Austin (Nova) received 10%. +Garrett, who chose the Millenium Falcon, also won the twitter poll with 63% of the vote. Austin (the Milano from ''Guardians of the Galaxy'') received 25%, and Billy (the Nostromo from ''Alien'') received 13%. *After the twitter vote was read, Jack pointed out that Billy and Austin both chose the Enterprise. He had them go with their second choices rather than debate which Enterprise from which ''Star Trek'' movie was better. **Though he didn't win the poll, this was the only poll in which Austin did not come in last place. +*Austin waited for Billy to say 1983 and then said 1982. The correct answer was 1977, bring Austin to the Lightning Round. +**Split decision. Billy disagreed with Jack, who chose Austin (Kirk). +***Garrett used his bonus, which was to choose to argument second even though he answered first (though this does not appear to have affected the outcome in any way). +****Jack didn't activate the panel as Austin could not give a legitimate argument for the choice he was forced to take, ''Beyond Thunderdome'', after Garrett picked ''The Road Warrior''. +*****After Garrett picked Dr. Strange (even though the character has not been in a theatrically-released film as of the date of the fight), Austin could not think of a choice and eventually ran out of time, giving Garrett the victory. '''Episode 8: Hail to the King, Baby (6-26-2016)'''<ref>Episode 8: Hail to the King, Baby (6-26-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zq0FyWC5cjY</ref> At 2:24:00, this is the longest episode of any Fight. Jack competes. Initially, his slot is billed as a mystery fighter. Brian judges in Jack's place. Tom and Kimber act as Fact Checkers again, even though Ashley is not fighting. The "seating" order (order in which the fighters fight) had the same finish placements for the third consecutive episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jack Shipley || New fighter || Second |- | Langley Neely|| New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Amy Awesome || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jack !! Langley !! Amy |- | 1: What is the best biographical movie about a musician? || 1* || || |- | 2: Best comic book movie from the "Dark Ages" [between ''Batman'' (1989) and ''Blade'' (1998)]? || 1** || || |- | 3: Pitch a good movie that you wouldn't mind seeing a remake of? || || 1*** || |- | 4: What is a successful movie that you wish would have bombed? || || 1**** || |- | 5: ?***** || || || |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 2 || 2 || 0 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: The best Nicolas Cage performance? || || 1+ || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: What is the best comedy sequel? || || 1+* || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C1: I'm gonna show you guys two movies. I want you to pitch which one should be an episode of [Brian's show] "The DVD Bunker" and why? +** || +*** || || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C2: Hollywood's best Martin...first or last name? || 1 || || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: What is the best book-to-movie adaptation? || || 1+**** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''3''' || x |} .*Jack, who picked What's Love Got to Do With It, also won the twitter poll with 57% of the votes. Amy (''Sid and Nancy: Love Kills'') received 29% while Langley (''Immortal Beloved'') received 14%. .**Jack, who picked ''The Crow'', actually lost the twitter poll with 11% of the vote. Langley (''Batman Returns'') received 67%, while Amy (''Men in Black'') received 22%. Even Jack voted for Langley as he originally wanted to pick a ''Batman'' movie but decided not to so that there could be more of a fight. .***Langley, who picked ''Fantastic Voyage'', also won the twitter poll with 63%. Jack (''Predator'') received 38%, while Amy (''Badlands'') received no votes. .****Langley, who picked ''Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen'', also won the twitter poll with 78%. Amy (''Minions'') received 22% while Jack (''Jurassic World'') did not receive any votes. .*****The question was supposed to be "What is the best movie of 1994?" However, as points reset for the Lightning Round and Amy was already eliminated and the fight was already running two hours, Jack had Brian skip the question. Therefore, the only effect was that no one could go in with a [non-specified] bonus. +Split decision. Amy disagreed with Brian, who chose Langley (''Leaving Las Vegas'') over Jack (''Con Air''). +*Split decision. Amy disagreed with Brian, who chose Langley (''Beverly Hills Cop II'') over Jack (''Ghostbusters II''). +**The movies shown were ''Blues Brothers 2000'' and ''Nothing But Trouble''. +***Question was tossed as Jack had argued for ''Blues Brothers'', not realizing that the movie shown was ''Blues Brothers 2000''. +****Brian did not activate the panel due to Langley's arguments for ''Gone Girl'' over ''Jaws''. ==Fan Friction References== {{Reflist}} {{Uncategorized|date=November 2015}} ==Gamer Fights== "Gamer Fights," hosted by Matt Raub, debuted on June 17, 2016 and airs every Friday. The first six episodes were pre-taped and Fact Checked by Nikole Z. Subsequently, episodes mostly aired live and were Fact Checked by Kristen Brancaccio. Starting with episode 6, approximately once monthly, episodes would also be available on Smosh Games, with whom the show in made in collaboration. On the twentieth episode, it was announced that the show would be moving to a once-monthly format. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Episode # !! Title !! Date !! Host/Judge !! Fact Checker !! Fighter !! Placement |- | 1 || What Was the Biggest Surprise of E3? || June 17, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Miller_(Internet_celebrity) Greg Miller] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smosh David "Lasercorn" Moss] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MatPat Matthew Patrick] || Second <br> Third <br> '''Win''' |- | 2 || Worst Video Game Based on a Movie? || June 24, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsauce Jake Roper] <br> Joshua "Jovenshire" Ovenshire <br> Spencer Gilbert || '''Win''' <br> Third <br> Second |- | 3 || Which N64 Game Still Holds Up? || July 1, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2012#October Pamela Horton] * <br> Leo Camacho <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smosh Matt Sohinki] || '''Win''' <br> Second <br> Third |- | 4 || Best Water Level? || July 8, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || Malik Forte <br> Maude Garrett ** <br> Max Song || '''Win''' <br> Second <br> Third |- | 5 || Pokémon GO Meets Assassin's Creed! || July 15, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || (Michael) Davis <br> Jesse Cox <br> Ashley Esqueda || '''Win'''*** <br> Second <br> Third |- | 6 || What Character Should be Playable in Injustice 2? || July 22, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || Dan Casey <br> Jovenshire**** <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalo.com Lon Harris] || '''Win''' <br> Second <br> Third |- | 7 || Most Memorable Gaming Rivalry? || July 29, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Trisha Hershberger <br> Jimmy Wong <br> (Michael) Schroeder || '''Win''' <br> Third <br> Second |- | 8 || Which villain deserves his own game? || August 5, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Jack Conway <br> Maddox <br> Paris Lay || Second***** <br> '''Win''' <br> Third |- | 9 || Which Game Deserves an Open World Sequel? || August 12, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smosh Amra "Flitz" Ricketts] <br> Jessica Blum <br> Roger Barr + || '''Win''' <br> Third <br> Second |- | 10 || Best Kick Ass Female Character? || August 19, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Vernon Shaw <br> Erika Ishii+* <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Scrimshaw#Podcasts Mark Donica] || Second <br> '''Win''' <br> Third |- | 11 || Best Side Scroller of All Time? || August 26, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Lasercorn <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev3Games Anthony Carboni] <br> Britanni Johnson || Second <br> '''Win''' <br> Third |- | 12 || Best Employee in a Video Game? || September 2, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Albrecht Alex Albrecht] <br> Alison Haislip <br> Jeff Cannata || Second <br> Third <br> '''Win''' |- | 13 || Pitch a TV Show Turned Video Game! || September 9, 2016 || Matt Raub || Alex Hluch || (Michael) Schroeder <br> Brandon Jones <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Unicorn Milynn Sarley]+** || '''Win''' <br> Third <br> Second |- | 14 || Which Children’s Cartoon Deserves a Horror <br> Game Reboot? <br> '''Championship Semi-Finals Round 1''' || September 16, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Matt Patrick <br> Maddox <br> Erika Ishii || '''Win''' <br> Second <br> Third |- | 15 || Tabletop Gamer Fights! || September 23, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Hector Navarro+*** <br> Ivan Van Norman <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Mercer Matthew Mercer] || Second <br> Third <br> '''Win''' |- | 16 || Pitch a Game Based on a Literary Main <br> Character! +**** || September 30, 2016 || Matt Raub || Alex Hluch || Paola Alejandra +*****<br> Stephen Lemieux +*****<br> Ashley Esqueda ++ || Tie for Second <br> Tie for Second <br> '''Win''' |- | 17 || Most Replayable Game of All Time? ++* || October 7, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Woody Tondorf <br> Max Song <br> Jack Conway || Tie for Second <br> Tie for Second <br> '''Win''' |- | 18 || Pitch the Video Game Version of an Unlikely <br> Movie ++** || October 14, 2016 || Matt Raub || Alex Hluch || Lasercorn <br> Max Song ++*** <br> Jovenshire || '''Win''' <br> Third ++**** <br> Second |- | 19 || What Unlikely Character Should Be in Mortal <br> Kombat? ++***** || October 21, 2016 || Matt Raub || Alex Hluch || OMGitsfirefoxx (Sonja Reid) <br> Milynn Sarley <br> Pamela Horton +++|| Second <br> '''Win''' <br> Third +++*, +++** |- | 20 || What Character Should Be President? +++*** <br> '''Championship Semi-Finals Round 2'''+++**** || October 28, 2016 || Matt Raub || Sarah Whittle || Ashley Esqueda <br> Anthony Carboni <br> Dan Casey || Tie for Second <br> '''Win''' <br> Tie for Second |- | 21 || What Will Be The Hottest Console This Holiday Season?+++***** || November 25, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Marisha Ray <br> JD Zelman <br> Adam Murphy || '''Win''' <br> Third <br> Second |- | 22 || Pitch A Holiday Themed Game For An Existing Franchise++++ || December 23, 2016 || Spencer Gilbert || Kristen Brancaccio <br> ++++* || Roger Barr <br> Erika Ishii <br> Cesar Solario || Second <br> '''Win''' <br> Third |} .*Pamela is the second Playboy Playmate (after Nikki Leigh, also from 2012) to compete on Screen Junkies. .**Maude (whose name is displayed as Muade) becomes the second fighter (after Spencer) to appear in Movie, TV, and Gamer Fights. .***Davis is simultaneously undefeated in Movie Fights and Gamer Fights, which no one else has pulled off. However, that is only two fights total. *Previously, Clarke Wolfe, Ken Napzok, and Coy Jandreau have each simultaneously held undefeated records in Movie Fights and TV Fights with respective records of 1-0/1-0, 2-0/1-0, and 2-0/2-0. *Subsequently, Coy would lose a Movie Fight to Alicia Malone; Trisha Hershberger would become the only person to be simultaneously undefeated in TV Fights and Gamer Fights, eventually attaining a 2-0/1-0 record (despite also having a Movie Fights record of 0-6 (shortly afterwards, she would win an episode of Movie Fights, making her the first to win all three fights)); and Brannon Braga would become simultaneously undefeated in Movie Fights and TV Fights with a 1-0 record in each. .****Matt refers to scoring 0 points (which Lon did) as "pulling a Joven." However, Joven has never scored 0 points on Movie Fights or Gamer Fights. The first to do this was Jon Bailey on Movie Fights, and Joven's only appearance on Movie Fights was several months prior. .*****First time since the premiere episode that the person sitting next to Matt didn't win. +Roger is the fourth fighter to appear in Movie, TV, and Gamer Fights, after Spencer, Maude, and Trisha. +*Matt introduced Erika as having appeared on fights on Screen Junkies before, but that is not accurate. *She would eventually appear on TV Fights (coming in second to Hector Navarro), four days after her second Gamer Fights appearance, which itself was still four weeks in the future. +**Milynn is the second member of Team Unicorn to appear on Gamer Fights, the week after Alison Haislip. Former member Michele Boyd has appeared on TV Fights, but not yet Gamer Fights. +***Hector, who just fought his fifth TV fight (and won) three days earlier, becomes the fifth fighter (after Spencer, Maude, Trisha, and Roger) to appear in Movie, TV, and Gamer Fights. So far, nobody has won in all three, though all except Maude have won in two. *Trisha would later win the 104th episode of Movie Fights, making her the first to win all three. *Lon Harris would become the sixth fighter to appear in all three, but unlike the other five, Gamer Fights was his ''first'' (rather than third) show. He would reach this during a TV Fights appearance, just five days after his first appearance (a victory) on Movie Fights. +****First pre-taped episode since the sixth episode. Accordingly, it is also the first to not be fact checked by Nikole Z. +*****Paola and Stephen are the first pair to tie in a Screen Junkies fight since the eighth episode of Movie Fights, 22 months earlier. ++Though scores aren't always displayed in Gamer Fights, especially during the Boss Battle (Speed Round), it would appear that since there was no such battle in this episode, Ashley sets the record for the lowest winning score in any Screen Junkies fight ever with three points. ++*All the contestants plus Matt wore ties. However, since Kristen did not, Matt took his off at the beginning of the show. ++**Redemption fight as all contestants have lost at least once and never won. ++***Max is the first fighter to appear in back-to-back episodes. ++****Max is the first fighter to finish in third twice. ++*****First all-female fighter panel in Gamer Fights. +++Pamela sets the record for longest absence between two episodes in Gamer Fights with 15 weeks. +++*Pamela is the first fighter to go from 1-0 to 1-1 outside of the Belt Tournament. +++**Pamela is the third fighter in Gamer Fights (after Ashley Esqueda in episode 5 and Brandon Jones in episode 13) to get the first point but finish in third place. Pamela actually got the first point in both of her fights. +++***First pre-taped episode since the sixthteenth episode. *At the end of the episode, Matt announced that the show would be moving to a monthly format. +++****Unlike the first tournament fight, which consisted solely of 1-0 fighters, this fight included Ashley Esqueda, who was 1-1. +++*****Pre-taped due to the Thanksgiving break. ++++Pre-taped due to the Christmas break. ++++*Accompanied on the couch by Donald "Dizzle" Davis, who has now appeared on the couch for all three Fight formats. ==Movie Games== "Movie Games," hosted by Jeremy Jahns, debuted on November 21, 2015 and airs every other Saturday, alternating with Chris Stuckman's "F1rst and Worst" (it continued to air every other Saturday following the end of "F1rst and Worst" in November 2016). {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Episode !! Winning Team !! Winner !! Runner-up !! Score !! Losing Team !! Losing Team Members |- | 1 || Screen Junkies || Andy Signore || Dan Murrell || 8-7 || Schmoes Know || Mark Ellis and Kristian Harloff |- | 2 || Cinenerds || Chris Stuckmann || Alicia Malone || 5-4* || Belated Media || Zan Alda and Michael Barryte |- | 3 || Green || JTE || Jason Inman || 7-6** || Unpopular Kids || Matt Raub and Jovenshire |- | 4 || Superhero News || Hector Navarro || Adam Hlavac || 8-3*** || Six Degrees || Stacy Howard and Brianne Chandler |- | 5**** || Rebels Without Applause || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Lipnicki Jonathan Lipnicki] || Benita Robledo || 4-2 || Masters of Fun || Joe Burke and Dayton Sinkia |- | 6 || Screen Junkies || Dan Murrell || Andy Signore || 9-7 || Rico's Roughnecks || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_Van_Dien Casper Van Dien] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Neumeier Ed Neumeier] |- | 7 || Roadhouse || Sasha Perl-Raver***** || Jejuan Guillory || 9-5 || Hershbarger || Roger Barr + and Trisha Hershberger+ |- | 8 || Geek Nation || Mark Reilly || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Kramer Clare Kramer] || 5-1+* || TV Fights || Ken Napzok and Roxy Striar |- | 9 || Sword and Shell || Andre Meadows || Katie Wilson || 6-3 || Rotten Tomatoes || Grae Drake and Matt Atchity |- | 10 || Wild Bunch || Pat Healy || Hal Rudnick || 6-5 || Elf Shield || JTE+** and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2012#May Nikki Leigh] |- | 11 || #FILMGEEK (Profiles) || Scott Mantz || Alicia Malone+*** || 6-5 || Star-Spangled Schmoe || Mark Ellis+*** and Josh Macuga |- | 12+**** || Club 33 || Andy Signore+*****, ++ || Mike Carlson || 6-4 || Team 80s || JTE+***** and Dan Murrell+***** |- | 13 || Superhero News || Adam Hlavac ++* || Hector Navarro ++* || 7-4 || No Expectations || Matt Raub++* and Joe Bereta |- | 14 || Merry Marvelites || Coy Jandreau || Matt Key || 7-6 || Nerd Alert || Francis Maxwell and Kim Horcher |- | 15 || Doom Bunnies || Michele Boyd || Ken Napzok++** || 3-2 || Huey Lewis and the Newts || Lee Newton and Andrew Delman |- | 16 || David Beckham || Brice Beckham|| David Fickas || 8-7 || Red Halen || Alicia Malone++*** and Mark Ellis++*** |- | 17 || Cravescape || William Bibbiani|| Jonathan London || 10-8 || Swayze|| Sasha Perl-Raver++**** and <br> Jejuan Guillory++**** |- | 18 || House Griffinlink || Will Link || David Griffin || 9-6 || Dos Padres|| Brent Lydic and Bill Posley |- | 19++***** || Flaming Hamlets || John Rocha || Lindsey Pankurst || 7-7+++ || Streets Ahead || Matthew Ness and Jenny West |- | 20 || Cinema Twins || Joshua Chavez || Peter Chavez || 4-2 || Max Effort || Matt Knost and Shane Bierley |- | 21 || Silver Screen || Chris Michael Smith || T.J. Heath || 10-7 || Shadow Council || Teddy Cecil and Nicolas Sato |- | 22 || Biggie and Little || Lucas Popowitz || Alex Guez || 9-9+++* || Cut the Check || Jason Fugh and Kyle Bingham |- | 23 || Flash || Trevor Reece || Chris Fimbres || 10-6 || R&R || Robert Torres and Roger Barr+++** |- | 24 || Coulson || Greg Blanchard || Clarke Wolfe|| 10-10 <br>+++*** || Buscemi || Brad Alkire and AJ Alkire |- | 25 || Lifelong Best Friends || Keith Carey || Rob Fee || 9-6 || Los Angeles <br> Brainsaw Massacre || Roger Barr+++**** and John Bower |- | 26+++***** || Cuba Gooding <br> Missile Crisis || Andy Signore++++, <br> ++++* || JTE++++* || 6-5 || Freak & Geek || Doug Benson and Samm Levine++++** |- | 27 || Study Breakers || Kyle Hayashida || Ryan O'Flaherty || 10-9 || Brosive Bears || Daniel Camacho and Louie Guerrero |- | 28 || Sameron || Cameron Rice || Sam Brown || 9-8 || Superhero News || Hector Navarro++++*** and <br> Adam Hlavac++++*** |- | 29 || Yule Regret This || Joe Starr || Spencer Gilbert++++**** || 7-4 || Blonde Inferno || Sasha Perl-Raver++++***** and <br> Roth Cornet |- | 30 || Normal || James Kirkland || Mike (no last name) || 7-7+++++ || Jar Jar Rises || Andy Fiedler and Rob Torres |- | 31 || Rocket Buddies || Joshua Staman || Christian Spicer || 7-7+++++* || Black Cats || Brandon Swofford and <br> Jennifer Wenger+++++** |- | 32 || Serenity || Iran Quijano || Jade Kim || 5-3 || Spyridon || Josué Silva and Keegan Dunlap |- | 33 || The Good and the Ugly || Kyle McFadden || Ify Nwadiwe || 5-2 || Cruise Control || Ben Bateman and Andrew Ghai |} .*While the questions for Alicia and Chris were both the same, they were not all asked in the same order. Further, the show did not explicitly state whether the contestants' answers were correct or not or even how many points each contestant got. As such, the correct answers to the questions that were wrong as never revealed, such as Vito Corleone's daughter being named Connie, the clocks in ''Pulp Fiction'' being set to 4:20, or the first place in a sales contest in ''Glengarry Glen Ross'' being a Cadillac Eldorado. .**Jason was initially ruled to have received only five points as he said that the "E" in the MCU's S.H.I.E.L.D stood for Enforcement, which it does. He was told it stood for Espionage, but that is not true. .***As Hector had already beaten Adam on points and time, Jeremy did not re-read Adam's passed questions. .****This episode features the actors who play the interns in the Screen Junkies Plus show "Interns of F.I.E.L.D" .*****As of March 26, 2016, Sasha is the only competitor on the show who has been on TV Fights and not on Movie fights. All others have been on both (8, though not all had appeared on TV Fights yet by the time of their Movie Games appearances), neither (14), or only Movie Fights (14). (edit: in episode 11 (air date April 9, 2016), Josh Macuga becomes the second such fighter; he would later be followed by Matt Key, Coy Jandreau very briefly, Michele Boyd, and David Griffin) (subsequent edit: Sasha appears in the 85th episode of Movie Fights (youtube air date May 28, 2016), pushing her into the "both" category; Coy Jandreau, who had very briefly been in the "TV Fights only" category since May 21, also moved to "both" after winning the 85th Movie Fight, the third of five undefeated Screen Junkies victories). +Roger and Trisha would eventually become the first two people to compete in Movie Fights, TV Fights, Gamer Fights, and Movie Games. +*Clare had passed on four questions, but Jeremy didn't go back through them as she would need to get all of them right to tie, but there was only a matter of seconds left before she would reach Mark's time. +**Although JTE is the third repeat competitor (after Andy and Dan), he is the first to play on two different teams. +***Alicia and Mark are the fourth and fifth repeat competitors and the second and third to play on two different teams. *Mark is also the first to be on the losing team twice. +****In this episode: -JTE was asked what his last name was, but he wouldn't reveal it (Tapia). It is in the title of the episode. -JTE and Dan set the record for the longest movie chain yet with 12. However, it was beaten by Andy and Mike moments later with 14. *It was also beaten in episode 26 by JTE and Andy with 13. -Between the two teams, going into the Twenty Questions round, the teams had a combined 5600 points (2800 each). -Recently, before Twenty Questions, Jeremy started giving a clue, but due to the skill level of the competitors, he decided not to. +*****Andy, Dan, and JTE are the first three competitors to appear three times. *Andy and Dan are the fourth and fifth to play on two different teams (this is the first time they play against each other). *JTE is the first to play on three different teams and the second to be on the losing team twice. ++Andy becomes the first two-time winner. He also becomes the first person to be on a winning team three times. ++*Hector, Adam, and Matt are the sixth, seventh, and eighth repeat competitors. *Matt is the sixth to play on two different teams. ++**Ken is the ninth repeat competitor and the seventh to play on two different teams. Each time, he was on the same team as a co-host of one of his shows (TV Fights, Watching Thrones). ++***Alicia and Mark are the fourth and fifth competitors (after Andy, Dan, and JTE in episode 12) to appear three times and the second and third (after JTE) to play on three different teams. *They are also the first two to lose three times. *Alicia is the third to be on the losing team twice. *Mark is the first to be on the losing team three times. ++****Sasha and Jejuan are the tenth and eleventh repeat competitors. Although they appear together again, their team name is changed from Roadhouse to Swayze, after Patrick Swayze, the star of the film ''Roadhouse''. ++*****Besides John Rocha, all of the participants are fans. Similar style episodes would later feature Matt Knost and Roger Barr, both of whom would be on the losing teams. +++John took 1:34 while Lindsey took 1:58. Since John was faster, he won. +++*Lucas took 1:03 while Alex took 1:14. +++**Roger is the twelfth repeat competitor. *He is the eighth to appear on two different teams and the fourth to be on the losing team twice. +++***This is the first time both members of the winning team answered all questions correctly in the Third Act. Greg took 1:06 while Clarke took 1:22. +++****Roger is the sixth competitor to appear three times. *He is the fourth to play on three different teams. *He is the third (after Alicia and Mark in episode 16) to lose three times. *He is the second (after Mark) to be on the losing team three times. +++*****Episode 26 is the first since episode 12 to feature four Movie Fights veterans. ++++Already the only two-time winner, Andy becomes the first three-time winner. He also becomes the first person to be on a winning team four times. *He is the fifth to play on three different teams. ++++*Andy and JTE are the first two competitors to appear four times. *Their third time was also in the same episode as each other. *JTE is the first to appear on four different teams. ++++**In a bonus episode with Doug and Samm competing with each other in the Final Act, Samm beat Doug 8-6. ++++***Hector and Adam are the seventh and eighth competitors to appear three times. *They are the first two to appear on the same team for three different episodes. ++++****Spencer becomes the fourth person to appear on Movie Fights, TV Fights, Gamer Fights, and Movie Games (after Roger, Trisha, and Hector). ++++*****Sasha is the ninth competitor to appear three times **She is the ninth to appear on two different teams (if Roadhouse and Swayze are considered the same team) and the fifth to be on the losing team twice. +++++James took 1:31 while Mike took 1:32. Both ended by answering the same question incorrectly. +++++*Joshua took 2:18 while Christian took 3:16. Both ended with wrong answers, but to different questions. +++++**While this episode (like the previous) was a fan episode, Jennifer is the girlfriend of former competitor Casper Van Dien. 8hq65xs4pmtbzl4u1j4vmsz56krs9jz 4635653 4635652 2026-05-14T03:41:52Z ~2026-21344-85 3574365 /* Movie Fights Reboot */ citations 4635653 wikitext text/x-wiki This page displays the box scores and summaries of Screen Junkies' "Movie Fights" and Screen Junkies Plus' "TV Fights". The page does not include impromptu fights as seen on the shows "After the Fight," "Honest Trailer Commentary," or "Screen Junkies Universe (SJU)". Newly added below are summaries of the episodes of "Fan Friction" (Episodes 1-8), hosted by Jack Shipley; "Gamer Fights", hosted by Matt Raub; and "Movie Games", hosted by Jeremy Jahns. ==Movie Fights description and Fighter Rankings== "Movie Fights", typically hosted by Andy Signore, typically featured debates between three other people outside of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Junkies Screen Junkies], such as other YouTube reviewers, on various movie-related questions. Some "Movie Fights" featured people from Screen Junkies, such as Rudnick, Dan Murrell (who typically acts as Fact Checker when not competing), and even Signore himself, in the debate. Each video's title highlights a specific debate about a recent event involving movies, such as the Oscars. Before the switch to the five pre-Speed Round format, the last question of each "Movie Fights" video before the Speed Round, save a rare few, contained a clue to the upcoming Tuesday's "Honest Trailer" video. As of October 4, 2017, there have been 156 "Movie Fights" that have been hosted on the Screen Junkies YouTube channel. In addition, there is a single "Movie Fight" that has been hosted on the Schmoes Knows YouTube channel between six members of the Schmoes Know Team (three at any given time) and The Screen Junkies team of Nick, Hal, and Dan. Screen Junkies won the fight. Further, there is a tournament fight that is exclusive to Screen Junkies Plus. '''FINAL Movie Fights Standings''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ranking !! Contestant !! Record !! Win Percentage !! Total Points !! Points Per Game |- | Current Champion || Spencer Gilbert || 6-15 || 0.286 || 80 || 3.81 |- | 1 || Ken Napzok ** || 3-0 || 1.000 || 17 || 5.67 |- | T2 || Rob Corddry ** || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T2 || Davis || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T2 || Kofi Outlaw || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T2 || Paul Scheer || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T2 || Sarah Sterling || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T7 || Scott Auckerman || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || William Bibbiani || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || James Clement || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Jacqueline Coley || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Alonso Duralde || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Dan Hernandez || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Matt Key || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Jon Negroni || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Seth Rogen || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T7 || Clarke Wolfe || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | 17 || Brannon Braga **|| 1-0 || 1.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | 18 || Leonard Maltin || 1-0 || 1.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | 19 || Max Landis || 3-1 || 0.750 || 20 || 5.00 |- | 20 || Kevin Smith **|| 3-1 || 0.750 || 17 || 4.25 |- | 21 || Dan Murrell || 18-9 || 0.667 || 128 || 4.74 |- | T22 || John Flickinger || 2-1 || 0.667 || 11 || 3.67 |- | T22 || Tony Revolori || 2-1 || 0.667 || 11 || 3.67 |- | 24 || JTE (Josh "The Engineer" Tapia) || 5-3 || 0.625 || 35 || 4.38 |- | 25 || Amy Nicholson **|| 3-2 || 0.600 || 21 || 4.20 |- | 26 || Alicia Malone || 7-5 || 0.583 || 53 || 4.42 |- | 27 || Mike Carlson ** || 11-8 || 0.579 || 87 || 4.58 |- | T28 || Grae Drake || 1-1 || 0.500 || 10 || 5.00 |- | T28 || Samm Levine || 1-1 || 0.500 || 10 || 5.00 |- | T30 || ComicBookGirl19 || 1-1 || 0.500 || 9 || 4.50 |- | T30 || Graham Elwood || 1-1 || 0.500 || 9 || 4.50 |- | T30 || Elijah Wood **|| 1-1 || 0.500 || 9 || 4.50 |- | 33 || Ben Begley || 2-2 || 0.500 || 16 || 4.00 |- | 34 || Jason Inman || 3-3 || 0.500 || 22 || 3.67 |- | T35 || Gina Ippolito || 1-1 || 0.500 || 7 || 3.50 |- | T35 || Germain Lussier || 1-1 || 0.500 || 7 || 3.50 |- | 37 || Matt Raub || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | 38 || Mark Ellis || 4-5 || 0.444 || 36 || 4.00 |- | 39 || Sasha Perl-Raver || 2-3 || 0.400 || 17 || 3.40 |- | 40 || Marc Andreyko || 5-8 || 0.385 || 41 || 3.15 |- | 41 || Kim Horcher || 1-2 || 0.333 || 13 || 4.33 |- | T42 || Doug Benson || 1-2 || 0.333 || 12 || 4.00 |- | T42 || Hector Navarro || 1-2 || 0.333 || 12 || 4.00 |- | 44 || Chris Stuckmann || 1-2 || 0.333 || 12 || 4.00 |- | 45 || Coy Jandreau ***|| 3-6 || 0.333 || 32 || 3.56 |- | 46 || DJ Wooldridge || 1-2 || 0.333 || 10 || 3.33 |- | 47 || Jon Schnepp † || 1-2 || 0.333 || 9 || 3.00 |- | 48 || Hal Rudnick ** || 8-17 *|| 0.320 || 82 || 3.28 |- | 49 || Kristian Harloff || 2-5 || 0.286 || 25 || 3.57 |- | 50 || Andre Meadows || 1-3 || 0.250 || 17 || 4.25 |- | 51 || Nick Mundy || 4-13 || 0.235 || 53 || 3.12 |- | 52 || Andy Signore || 2-7 || 0.222 || 34 || 3.78 |- | 53 || Scott Mantz || 2-8 || 0.200 || 22 || 2.20 |- | 54 || Joe Starr || 1-6 || 0.143 || 23 || 3.29 |- | 55 || Roth Cornet || 1-6 || 0.143 || 21 || 3.00 |- | 56 || John Rocha || 1-6 || 0.143 || 14 || 2.00 |- | 57 || Trisha Hershberger || 1-8 || 0.111 || 30 || 3.33 |- | 58 || Roger Barr || 1-11 || 0.083 || 44 || 3.67 |- | 59 || Kumail Nanjiani || 0-1 || 0.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T60 || Jeremy Jahns || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T60 || Jack Henry Robbins || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T60 || Adry Sotolongo || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T60 || Roxy Striar || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T60 || Baron Vaughn || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T60 || Kara Warner || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | 66 || Erin Robinson || 0-3 || 0.000 || 9 || 3.00 |- | T67 || Tiffany Smith || 0-2 || 0.000 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T67 || Steve Zaragoza || 0-2 || 0.000 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T69 || David Alpert || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Adam Johnston || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Dave Karger || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Kassem G || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Markeia McCarty || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Perri Nemiroff || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T69 || Van Robichaux || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | 76 || Brett Erlich || 0-7 || 0.000 || 19 || 2.71 |- | 77 || Alison Haislip || 0-3 || 0.000 || 8 || 2.67 |- | 78 || Chloe Dykstra || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T79 || Charley Feldman || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T79 || Miri Jedeikin || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | 81 || Michael Barryte || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | 82 || Lon Harris || 0-3 || 0.000 || 6 || 2.00 |- | 83 || Dan Casey || 0-2 || 0.000 || 4 || 2.00 |- | T84 || Jeff Cannata || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T84 || Matt Stagmer || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T84 || Billy A. Patterson || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | 87 || Cody Decker || 0-3 || 0.000 || 5 || 1.67 |- | 88 || Brett Weiner || 0-2 || 0.000 || 3 || 1.50 |- | 89 || Stephen Glickman || 0-3 || 0.000 || 4 || 1.33 |- | T90 || Jenny Nicholson || 0-2 || 0.000 || 2 || 1.00 |- | T90 || Jay Washington || 0-2 || 0.000 || 2 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Yancy Berns || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Brianne Chandler || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Erik Davis || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Amirose Eisenbach || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Rob Fee || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Emma Fyffe || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Maude Garrett || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Umberto Gonzalez || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Ed Greer || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Pat Healy || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Ian Hecox || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Adam Hlavac || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Matt Iseman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Doug Jones || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Jovenshire || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Jackie Kashian || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Robert Kirkman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Danielle Radford || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Ryan Right || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Ashley V. Robinson || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Adi Shankar || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Darien Sills-Evans || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Zack Stentz || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Evan Susser || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Josh Robert Thompson || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Doug Walker || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Jen Yamato || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T92 || Jonathan Youngblood || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | 120 || Mark Reilly || 0-2 || 0.000 || 1 || 0.50 |- | T121 || Mark A. Altman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |- | T121 || Jon Bailey || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |} Rankings have been determined first by Win Percentage. If a tie has resulted, then it is broken by Points Per Game (except in the case of an undefeated fighter, in which number of wins is the primary determinant, followed by Points Per Game). If a tie still remains, the two are separated by Total Points, and then by rankings within the fights (second vs third). If they still remain tied, they are given the same ranking and put into alphabetical order. For the purpose of rankings, team fights and elimination tournaments (San Diego Comic-Cons, Wizard World Chicago, Last Fighter Standing, and Debut Deathmatches) have been removed from consideration. Also, the participants in one fan episode are also not considered, and the New Year's Eve 1999 and 1994 episodes are not counted, nor are the one-on-one fights between Dan Murrell and Max Landis or Scott Mantz and John Rocha. Screen Junkies Plus Exclusive fights are also not counted. This leaves 123 fighters who have participated in a total of 136 fights as of October 4, 2017. .*Further, the chart uses Hal's record as 8-17 (the official record) rather than 7-18, which is what his record would be based on the points from episode 1. .**These fighters have defeated Dan Murrell in an official fight (Kevin Smith and Elijah Wood have done so twice). Further, Andy Signore defeated Dan during Dan’s first loss, but Andy only came in second place; Andy also beat Dan in the New Year's Eve 1999 episode (episode 64), which is not officially counted. .***After the 98th episode (aired 8-20-2016), Coy fell to 14th place, one spot below JTE due to his having only 11 points total versus 12 from JTE. Despite this, Coy had an overall better record at this point (two wins and a second-place finish versus two wins and a third-place finish). †Passed away from complications of a stroke on July 19, 2018. The series began with a non-competitive debate (Did Godzilla Suck?!, May 22, 2014)<ref>Did Godzilla Suck? (May 22, 2014) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVOzAXC891M</ref> featuring Andy Signore, Dan Murrell, and Nick Mundy, with Hal Rudnick moderating. It took place in the discussion room that Hal uses for discussions he moderates such as in The Screen Junkies Show. In the debate, Andy and Dan argued for why the movie was good, while Nick and Hal argued against it. ==Movie Fights Episodes 1-50== <big>'''<big>Question and statistical summary</big>'''</big> (x during a tie breaker or Speed Round question denotes the fighter was not competing in that portion, whereas 0 denotes the fighter won the tie breaker but did not receive a point for it (in the case of being pushed on to the Speed Round))'''<big>:</big>''' '''Episode 1: Should They Reboot Ghostbusters? (10-12-14)'''<ref name=":0">Episode 1: Should They Reboot Ghostbusters? (10-12-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofcGAAf_QDc</ref> Although he technically would lose this episode, Hal would later be determined to be the winner of this episode after winning episode 52 on 10-11-2015. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || New fighter || '''Tie for win''' (officially*) |- | Spencer Gilbert || New fighter || '''Tie for win''' |- | Nick Mundy || New fighter || '''Tie for win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%"|Hal !! Spencer !! Nick |- | 1: Should ''Ghostbusters'' be rebooted? || 1 || || |- | 2: Should Sony’s Spider-Man join Marvel’s ''The Avengers''? || || 1 || |- | 3: Sam Raimi’s ''Spider-Man'' vs. Marc Webb’s ''Spider-Man''? || 1 || || |- | 4: ''Gone Girl'' – great or overrated? || || 1 || |- | 5: What’s David Fincher’s Best Film? || || || 1** |- | 6: Should William Shatner be in ''Star Trek 3''? || || || 1 |- | 7: Should we be excited for ''Tomorrowland''? || || 1 || |- | 8: Could ''Rush Hour'' be a decent TV show? || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | 9: Does an ''Iron Man 4'' need Robert Downey Jr.? || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | 10: What is the best comic book TV show on the air right now? || || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4*''' || '''5''' || '''5''' |} .*Though the game was called as a three-way tie, Hal did not receive enough points to tie and should have finished in third. .**Despite tying for the win, Nick didn't score any points during the first four rounds. Not until episode 14 would a fighter again not score any points during the first four rounds. This would be repeated in episode 16. In episode 19, Hal Rudnick would not score any during the first five rounds. *Not counting this episode (as it was a tie, and also the tie was later vacated after episode 52), the record for latest first point for an episode winner is Round 4 (performed three times: episode 20 by Marc Andreyko, episode 28 by Dan Murrell, and episode 45 by Scott Mantz). '''Episode 2: Captain America vs Ironman (10-19-14)'''<ref>Episode 2: Captain America vs Ironman? (10-19-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXNiM2lDvSE</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Erin Robinson || New fighter || Second |- | Dan Murrell || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 0/0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question!! Erin !! Dan !! Nick |- | 1. Can DC's new movies be as popular as Marvel's? || || 1 || |- | 2: When will Marvel fail? || || || 1 |- | 3: Which standalone DC Movie should we be most excited for? || 1 || || |- | 4: Which DC character should have its own movie? * || || 1 || |- | 5: Which Marvel character should have its own movie? || 1 || || 1 |- | 6: Who should be Dr. Strange? **, *** || 1 || || |- | 7: Captain America vs. Iron Man **** || 1 || 1 || |- | 8: Who is our dream director for ''Justice League''? || || || 1***** |- | 9: Who is the best Batman? + || || 1 || |- | 10: Best ''X-Men'' cast: old vs. new. || || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Dan went first in this round instead of Erin. For the subsequent question, Nick went first. .**Dan went first in this round, again skipping over Erin. .***Andy named the possibilities Ewan McGregor, Ethan Hawke, Jared Leto, Ryan Gosling, and Joaquim Phoenix. None of these wound up being correct (it wound up being Benedict Cumberbatch). .****Erin started this round, skipping over Nick. However, this is how it should have been. .*****Nick won with Tony Scott, even though he died in 2012. +Included movie and TV (both animated and live action). '''Episode 3: Age of Ultron Trailer Debate (10-26-14)'''<ref>Episode 3: Age of Ultron Trailer Debate (10-26-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaoSYqjPY7s</ref> First episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/0/1 || Tie for second |- | Dan Murrell || 1/0/0 || '''Win''' |- | Spencer Gilbert || 0/0/1 || Tie for second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 91%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Hal !! style="width: 5%"|Dan !! Spencer |- | 1: Who do you think will dominate the 2015 box office - ''Star Wars'' or ''Avengers[:Age of Ultron]''? || || 1 || 1 |- | 2: Best Keanu Reeves movie: ''Point Break'', ''Speed'', or ''[The] Matrix''? || 1 || || 2 |- | 3: Can we take Johnny Depp seriously anymore? || 2 || || |- | 4: ''Terminator Genisys'':... Should Arnold [Schwarzenegger] be in it? || || 1 || |- | 5: Do we want a new ''Pee-Wee'' movie? || || 1 || |- | 6: ''[The] Nightmare Before Christmas'':... Is this a Christmas or a Halloween film? || || || 1 |- | 7: Can a movie based on a board game be any good? || || 1 || |- | 8: Best slasher franchise: ''Halloween'' vs. ''Nightmare on Elm Street'' vs. ''Friday the 13th'' vs. ''Scream'' vs. ''Child's Play'' ...[vs.] ''Saw''? || 1 || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 4 |} '''Episode 4: Best Marvel Phase 3 Movie (11-2-14)'''<ref>Episode 4: Best Marvel Phase 3 Movie (11-2-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFYYlksNdkk</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/1/1 || Second (officially***) |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Barryte Michael Barryte] || New fighter || Third (officially***) |- | Mike Carlson || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Hal !! Michael !! Mike |- | 1: Which (Phase 3 MCU movie) are we most excited about? || 1 || || 1 |- | 2: ''Avengers: Infinity War'' is gonna be split into two parts? Is this a good or a bad idea? || || || 1 |- | 3: Who should play Captain Marvel? || .5 || || 1 |- | 4: Which Avenger should retire first? || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | 5: Which Marvel villains should appear in Phase 3? || || 1 || |- | 6: Should ''[Captain America: The] Winter Soldier'' be nominated for a Best Picture [Oscar]? || 1 || || |- | 7: Who should play Joker in a potential Batman solo film? * || .5 || 1 || |- | 8: Can Seth Rogen pull off a dramatic role?** || || 1 || 1 |- | '''Scores going into tie breaker''' || 4 || 4 || 5 |- | TIE BREAKER: Most Overrated Movie Of The Last Decade? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4*** || 4 || '''6''' |} .*Though Andy initially said he'd start with Hal, he quickly changed to Michael B. Mike Carlson started on the subsequent question. .**Since everyone gave reasons for why Seth Rogen could pull off a dramatic role, Andy took it to the sub-fight of the question, "Who...is the best comedic actor in a dramatic role?" .***Hal and Michael each scored 4 points, but Hal was incorrectly determined to be tied with Mike Carlson at the end of question 8, so Hal and Mike went into a Tie Breaker. However, Mike should have won at the end of question 8, while Hal and Michael should have tied each other. '''Episode 5: Does Interstellar Suck? (11-9-14)'''<ref>Episode 5: Does Interstellar Suck? (11-9-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyHgAPTsBJY</ref> Dan Murrell starts as Fact Checker {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 0/1/1 || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Mockery Roger Barr] || New fighter || Tie for second |- | Nick Mundy || 0/1/1 || Tie for second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 77%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Roger !! Nick |- | 1: Do we like The ''Star Wars Episode 7'' title; what would you have wanted to call it? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Does ''Interstellar'' live up to the hype? || 1 || 1 || |- | 3: Best director in the world today? || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the best movie trilogy of all time? ** || || || 1 |- | 5: Should ''Fast & The Furious'' end with #7? || || || 1 |- | 6: Should Andy Serkis, or any other motion capture actor, be nominated for a Best Actor Oscar? || 1 || 1 || |- | 7: Do we actually need ''Toy Story 4''? || 1 || || |- | 8: What is the best Disney animated movie? || || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 3 || 3 |} .*Although jokingly, Andy said Nick got a negative point for the first question. However, he clarified that he was joking when Nick got his first point in question 4. .**A picture appeared showing scenes from famous movie franchises that had more than three films. In fact, some of the pictures were fourth movies in the series such as ''Breaking Dawn: part 1'', ''A Good Day to Die Hard'', and ''Rambo (2008)''. '''Episode 6: Best Quentin Tarantino Movie (11-16-14)'''<ref>Episode 6: Best Quentin Tarantino Movie (11-16-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddSrvv7dU-8</ref> Dan Murrell hosts in Signore's absence. Jason Inman takes Murrell's place as Fact Checker. Unless one counts the first episode, in which Hal was ruled to have tied, this episode marks the first example of a competitor taking an early lead and finishing in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/2/1 || Third |- | Mike Carlson || 1/0/0 || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 0/2/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 60%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Mike !! Nick |- | 1: What do you think of this rumored cast of (the) ''Suicide Squad''? || || || 1 |- | 2: Is there any hope for the new ''Fantastic Four''? || 1 || 1 || * |- | 3: What other** movie should live on as... a cable TV show? || 1 || || |- | 4: Can M. Night Shyamalan make a return? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who is the best Chris: Pine, Hemsworth, Evans or Pratt? || || || 1 |- | 6: What is the best Quentin Tarantino movie? || || 1 || |- | 7: Who is the best sidekick of all time? *** || || || 1 |- | 8: What movie has the best soundtrack of all time? || || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''4''' || 3 |} .*First attempt of using Devil's Advocate. It was not successful. Hal and Nick both stated that the movie would be bad. .**Besides ''Evil Dead''. .***Dan had Nick go first a second time in a row rather than have Hal start. Hal started on the subsequent question. '''Episode 7: Which Superhero Wins the Hunger Games? (11-23-14)'''<ref>Episode 7: Which Superhero Wins the Hunger Games? (11-23-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OP4Lhj2Y3xU</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 1/1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Roger Barr || 0/1/0 || Tie for second (officially*) |- | Mark Ellis || New fighter || Tie for second (officially*) |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 68%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Roger !! Mark |- | 1: Does the ''Hunger Games'' [franchise] suck? || 1 || 1** || 1 |- | 2: Which major superhero would win the Hunger Games? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the best third installment in a franchise? || 1 || || 1 |- | 4: Do we need a young Cyclops and Jean Grey in ''X-Men: Apocalypse''? || || || 1 |- | 5: What's the ultimate dream [Arnold] Schwarzenegger sequel? *** || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | 6: Can the CGI ''Peanuts Movie'' be good? || 1 || || |- | 7: Which Disney animated movie should be made into a live-action film? **** || || || |- *** | 8: What is the best movie with an ensemble cast? || 1 || || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 2* || 4 |} .*Andy called the score as 6-4-4, but Roger only got two points (the two that everyone got) and thus finished in third. .**Roger wasn't initially awarded a point for question 1, but after Spencer said that he should have mentioned that ''Mockingjay'' was being spread thin by being split into two movies, Andy pointed out that Roger had said that and then awarded Roger a point, giving each fighter a point. *None of the fighters felt that the movies were bad (based on the two movies that had been released by the time the episode was filmed). .***After the fifth round, Dan says that 11 points have been given out so far. In fact, only 10 have been given out. .****No points were awarded as Andy felt none of the responses were appropriate, but he took blame, indicating that he shouldn't have asked the question. *In the 79th episode, a question asked which Disney animated movie should ''never'' be given a live-action adaptation. On that episode's After the Fight, the fighters did discuss which one should be. '''Episode 8: Star Wars VS Star Trek (11-30-14)'''<ref>Episode 8: Star Wars VS Star Trek (11-30-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Sxk2MJANXQ</ref> The episode only ran 38:41 as various shows were filming in the studio that day. The final four questions ''collectively'' were given five and a half minutes. Jason and Mike were sitting in the wrong spots, so the order of asking questions appears incorrect throughout the episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/3/1 || Tie for second |- | Mike Carlson || 2/0/0 || Tie for second |- | Jason Inman || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 63%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Mike !! Jason |- | 1: What should a ''Star Wars'' spinoff film be based on? || 1 || || |- | 2: ''Star Wars'' or ''Star Trek''? || || || 1 |- | 3: If you had to pick one movie to represent humanity to aliens, which would it be? || || 1 || |- | 4: Which director could make a good ''Transformers'' movie? || || || 1 |- | 5: Best Christmas movie? || 1* || || |- | 6: Best movie trailer of all time? || || || 1 |- | 7: Which movie character would you want to be best friends with? || ** || || 1 |- | 8: Which movie would you reboot? *** || || 1 || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2**** || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Hal won with ''A Christmas Story'' after only opening arguments. All subsequent questions were also called after only opening arguments. .**Hal spent too much time saying his answer (Bill Murray from ''Lost in Translation''). Andy immediately went to Jason and never let Hal give any argument before Andy chose Jason's answer (Agent Phil Coulson). .***Short of Hal winning two points for question 8 (with Jason not winning any), it would not have been possible after question 7 to even tie Jason. .****Andy incorrectly said that Hal got a third point for question 8, but he was corrected by Dan. '''Episode 9: New Star Wars Lightsaber - Awesome or Useless? (12-7-14)'''<ref>Episode 9: New Star Wars Lightsaber - Awesome or Useless? (12-7-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FB3YjXV33D4</ref> Jason Inman is the Fact Checker. Not counting the first episode, second example of someone taking the lead early and finishing in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Haislip Alison Haislip] || New fighter || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 2/0/0 || '''Win''' |- | Kassem G || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Alison !! style="width: 5%"|Dan !! Kassem |- | 1: What was the best moment in the ''Star Wars: [The] Force Awakens''...trailer? || 1 || 1 || |- | 2: The new ''Star Wars: Episode VII'' lightsaber: like or dislike? || 1 || || |- | 3: Does the new ''Terminator: Genisys'' trailer excite us? || || || 1 |- | 4: What's the most unnecessary sequel of all time? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who is the best James Bond? * || || 1 || 1 |- | 6: What's our favorite movie death? || || 1 || |- | 7: Best actor to join a superhero franchise? || || || 1 |- | 8: Which property should Marvel Studios get back: ''Spider-Man'', ''Fantastic Four'', or ''X-Men''? || || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*During the asking of this question, Andy calls the upcoming movie ''Spectre'' "Spectra." Other discussions led to a delay of approximately two minutes before Andy finally got to ask the question. '''Episode 10: Should Marvel Fire Andrew Garfield as Spider-Man? (12-14-14)'''<ref>Episode 10: Should Marvel Fire Andrew Garfield as Spider-Man? (12-14-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kw1nKk2c2Z0</ref> In the introduction to this episode, Andy refers to ''Mad Max: Fury Road'' as ''Mad Max: Road Fury''. Second episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Third example of someone taking the lead and ultimately finishing in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Kristian Harloff || New fighter || Second |- | Mark Ellis || 0/1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/4/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 68%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kristian !! Mark !! style="width: 6%"|Hal |- | 0: Should Sony fire Andrew Garfield so we can get Spider-Man in the Marvel Universe? * || 1 || || 1 |- | 1: Best Ridley Scott movie? || || 1 || 1 |- | 2: Who should direct ''Star Trek 3 (2016)''? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who else** do we wanna see in [the upcoming Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles movie? || || 1 || |- | 4: Will ''Mad Max: Fury Road'' be better than the old ''Mad Max'' movies? || 1 || || 1 |- | 5: What would be the ultimate movie crossover? || || 1 || |- | 6: If he came in the Marvel Universe, who[m] would you want to see [Al Pacino] play? *** || || || |- | 7: Best Paul Thomas Anderson movie? || 1 || || |- | 8: Best film adaptation of a book? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into tie breaker''' || 4 || 4 || 3 |- | TIE BREAKER: Which action star do you want to be taken hostage with? || || 1**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Audible pulled. The fight does not appear in the title cards. .**Besides Bebop and Rocksteady. .***Andy did not award any points. .****Mark won by saying John McClane; Kristian immediately conceded. '''Schmoes Know Movies Show Episode #176 (12-18-14)'''<ref>Schmoes Know Movies Show Episode #176 (12-18-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae2XdJa6UL0</ref> Live from the Schmoes Know Movie Show, starting 34 minutes into the video. Judged by Andy Signore No Fact Checker Fight between the Screen Junkies crew (Nick, Hal, and Dan) vs seven different members of the Schmoes Know crew (Kristian Harloff, Tiffany Smith, Alicia Malone, Mark Reilly, Ken Napzok, J.T. (Josh the Engineer/JTE), and an unnamed member; three members of the Schmoes for any given question). Some questions were provided live over twitter. For some questions, there was pre-preparation, whereas for others, there wasn't. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Teams !! Finish |- | Schmoes Know || Lose |- | Movie Fights/Screen Junkies || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 81%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question (with Schmoes Know members chosen after reading the question; pre-prepared question?) !! style="width: 5%"|SK !! MF/SJ |- | 1: Who played the best Batman (Tiffany, Mark, Alicia; yes) || 1 || |- | 2: Should ''Back to the Future'' get a reboot? (unknown, Kristian, Alicia; yes) || 2* || |- | 3: Better reboot: Peter Jackson's ''King Kong'' or Gareth Edwards' ''Godzilla''? (unknown, Kristian, Alicia; yes) ** || || |- | 4: Who would win between Alien, Predator, or a Colon[i]al Marine? (unknown, Kristian, Alicia; yes) ** || || |- | 5: What's the most influential 90's movie? (J.T., Kristian, Alicia; no) *** || || 1 |- | 6: What is the best 80's film of all time? (J.T., Kristian, Alicia; no) ** || || |- | 7: Which new actor will have the biggest impact on the new films? (Mark, Kristian, Alicia; no) **** || || 1 |- | 8: Best movie villain of all time? (Mark, Ken, Alicia; no) || || 1 |- | 9: Movie that most deserves a sequel (Tiffany, Kristian, Alicia; no) ***** || 1 || |- | 10: Michael Bay vs. M Night Shyamalan: Who's the worst [director]? (Tiffany, Kristian, Alicia; no) || || 1 |- | 11: Best plot twist in any movie? (Tiffany, Kristian, Alicia; no)** || || |- | 12: Best Scorsese-directed movie? (Tiffany, J.T., Alicia; no)** || || |- | 13: Should they make more ''Lord of the Rings Hobbit'' movies? (Tiffany, J.T., Alicia; no)** || || |- | 14: Best Marvel Movie? (Tiffany, Kristian, Alicia; no) || || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Schmoes Know won after Kristian came back and played Devil's Advocate, arguing for why there should be a reboot. However, it was not until later (after question 10) that Andy (after being called out on twitter) credited them with the bonus point (it was not clear as Schmoes never specifically stated they were playing Devil's Advocate; rather, Kristian simply stepped in for Mark). .**Six questions were skipped (both teams chose ''Godzilla'' for question 3; neither team wished to answer questions 4 or 11; both teams chose Die Hard for question 6; both teams chose ''Goodfellas'' for question 12; even though Tiffany appeared to want to answer yes to question 13, she didn't, so neither team would say yes) .***Screen Junkies initially went with ''Pulp Fiction'', the choice of Schmoes Know. SJ switched to ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'' and won. .****Kristian heavily argued that Andy Serkis would be Darth Plagueis, even though that was never confirmed (which Andy pointed out) and it was already known at the time that Darth Plageuis died around the time of ''Episode I''. The character he plays is Supreme Leader Snoke. Kristian later stated that he read that his followers were telling him that he was saying incorrect information. .*****Tiffany started arguing for ''Dredd'' before Screen Junkies even gave their answer (''True Lies''). +To help decide this game-winning question, Andy looked for live responses on twitter. '''Episode 11: Magneto vs. Gandalf - Best Ian McKellen movie (12-21-14)'''<ref>Episode 11: Magneto vs. Gandalf - Best Ian McKellen movie (12-21-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qE38V0wXnk</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smosh Jovenshire] || New fighter || Third |- | Roger Barr || 0/2/0 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 0/3/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jovenshire !! Roger !! Nick |- | 1: Do you agree with Sony's decision to cancel ''The Interview''? || || || 1 |- | 2: Best movie that bombed at the box office? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best movie marathon? || || 1 || |- | 4: What video game should made into a movie? || 1 || || 1 |- | 5: Best movie musical? || || 1* || |- | 6: Best Ian McKellan movie? || || 1 || |- | 7: Who should play Spider-Man if the rights revert to Marvel? || || || 1 |- | 8: What franchise should Michael Bay produce? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into tie breaker speed round''' || 1 || 4 || 4 |- | TIE BREAKER A: Could two Batman take out a Wolverine? || x || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER B: Who is the best movie archer: Legolas, Katniss, Susan from ''Narnia'', or <br> Hawkeye, or the girl from ''Brave'' [Merida], I'll throw her in too? || x || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER C: Rick Moranis or Steve Guttenberg? || x || || 1** |- | TIE BREAKER D: ''White House Down'' or ''Olympus Has Fallen''? || x || || 1*** |- | TIE BREAKER E: Best Adam Sandler film? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1**** || 6***** || '''7''' |} .*Andy originally did not want to give any points, but he reluctantly gave a point to Roger. .**Nick said Rick Moranis first, and Roger agreed .***Nick and Roger both said ''White House Down'', then Nick switched to ''Olympus Has Fallen'' and immediately won the point. .****First episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point. .*****First of two episodes (the other being episode 15) in which a fighter scores 6 points and only comes in second place. *However, in episode 15, this was based on Trisha Hershberger's receiving a point for a pre-Speed Round tie breaker question, in which the winner of the episode (ComicBookGirl19) was not involved. Under the revised rules, Trisha would have finished with only 2 points. '''Episode 12: Best & Worst of 2014 (12-28-14)'''<ref>Episode 12: Best & Worst of 2014 (12-28-14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JGGOEgKLig0</ref> Hosted by Dan Murrell Jason Inman as Fact Checker First regular episode of the show in which there are no questions for which more than one fighter gets any points. Nick becomes the second competitor to appear on and win two consecutive episodes (the first was Dan Murrell in episodes 2/3). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/5/1 || Second |- | Andy Signore || New fighter || Third |- | Nick Mundy || 1/3/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Andy !! Nick |- | 1: Best movie of 2014? || || || 1 |- | 2: Worst movie of 2014? || || || 1* |- | 3: Best performance of 2014? || || 1 || |- | 4: Which actor/actress are we tired of? || 1 || || |- | 5: Best movie weapon of all time? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best movie catch phrase? || || 1 || |- | 7: Best opening scene from a movie? || || || 1 |- | 8: Worst movie ending? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into tie breaker speed round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | TIE BREAKER A: Best Arnold Schwarzenegger movie || || x || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER B: Coolest female protagonist || 1** || x || |- | TIE BREAKER C: Most depressing movie ever || || x || *** |- | TIE BREAKER D: Better Spoof: ''Space Balls'' or ''Galaxy Quest'' || || x || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER E: If you could unsee what movie, what would it be? || || x || 1**** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 2 || '''6'''***** |} .*Nick stated that this was the first time he won two [questions] in a row, yet he did this in the first two questions of the previous episode. .**Hal got the second tie breaker question for naming a character (Ripley) rather than an actress (Linda Hamilton). .***Dan would not give anyone the point for either response (''Closer'' by Nick and ''The Fault in our Stars'' by Hal). .****Nick won on a technicality as Hal answered 1999's ''Godzilla'', when it was in fact from 1998. Oddly, Nick's answer was ''Zach Braff''. .*****After Nick won, Dan said Nick won his first Movie Fight. However, Nick's first victory was the previous week. '''Episode 13: What's the Best Year in Movies EVER? (1-11-15)'''<ref>Episode 13: What's the Best Year in Movies EVER? (1-11-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRUCuLUfl8E</ref> Jason Inman as Fact Checker Speed Round is added starting in this episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 2/1/1* || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 3/0/0 || '''Win''' |- | Mike Carlson || 2/1/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 66%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Dan !! Mike |- | 1: Are we excited by the ''Ant-Man'' trailer? || 1 || || |- | 2: Best Liam Neeson movie? || || 1 || |- | 3: Do we want a Gambit solo film with Channing Tatum? || || || 1 |- | 4: Best year in the history of cinema? || || 1 || |- | 5: What would be a great movie ride? || || 1 || |- | 6: What TV show would you want to see on an IMAX screen? || 1 || || |- | 7: Best Tim Burton Movie? || || || 1 |- | 8: Worst Ben Affleck Movie? || 1 || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 4 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''Dante's Peak'' or ''Volcano''? || 1** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Movie actors or directors: ...name me the best Christopher. || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best ''Die Hard'' Sequel || || 1*** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who wins in a fight: Judge Dredd or Robocop? || || 1**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''7''' || 2 |} .*Spencer is introduced as having a 2-2 record. If his tie for the win is counted as a win, he should have been 3-1 (or at least 2-1-1). *After episode 52, when Hal was declared the winner of episode 1, Spencer's 2-2 record coming into this fight actually is retroactively made accurate. However, the issue still remains that Hal only received four points in episode one, and he should not have been declared as having been part of the tie. .**Spencer said ''Dante's Peak'' first. .***Both answered with the third movie, but based on how Dan said it (''3'', rather than ''Vengeance''), Andy ruled in favor of him. .****When Spencer started his argument for Judge Dredd, he said he should have picked Robocop. Andy ruled for Dan. '''Episode 14: Oscar Snub's 2015: Who Got Screwed?! (1-18-15)'''<ref>Episode 14: Oscar Snub's 2015: Who Got Screwed?! (1-18-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AK85kH5s2zc</ref> The Fan Cam (rather than Dan Cam) is used in this episode, with Miss Movies as Fact Checker. Dan Murrell is given the Title Belt at the beginning of this episode. He agrees to make the episode a Title Bout, allowing the possibility for him to lose the Belt. Dan becomes the second fighter (after Nick) to appear on and win two consecutive episodes. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Jason Inman || 1/0/0 || Third |- | Mark Ellis || 1/1/0 || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 4/0/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jason !! Mark !! Dan |- | 1: Worst 2015 Oscar Snub? || || 1* || |- | 2: What film should win Best Picture? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best performance from a 2015 Oscar nominated actor or actress? || || 1 || |- | 4: Do we really need more Avatar sequels? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is our best biographical movie? || 1 || || |- | 6: Pitch Chris Hemsworth’s next movie || || || 1 |- | 7: Worst Johnny Depp performance? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: The worst film starring Adam Sandler? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who[m] would you save in a fire first? Ben Affleck or Matt Damon? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are both playing on cable....Which do you watch: ''Mean Girls'' or ''Clueless''? || x || || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two movies are also both on cable. Which do you choose: ''The Last Airbender'' or ''After Earth''? || x || 1*** || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Hollywood's best Kevin? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1**** || 5 || '''6''' |} .*According to Jason, he also chose the lack of nomination for ''The Lego Movie'', but he lost a coin loss and couldn't use the response that resulted in Mark's point. .**Dan said ''Clueless'' first. .***Mark said ''After Earth'' first. .****Second episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point. '''Episode 15: Should Star Wars Ditch George Lucas? (1-25-15)'''<ref>Episode 15: Should Star Wars Ditch George Lucas? (1-25-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68BILWRS8ac</ref> Third episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Fourth example of someone taking the lead and ultimately finishing in third (second time for Nick). Nick got points for the first two questions and pulled into an early lead but failed to earn any points beyond question 2, a repeat of something previously done by Alison Haislip in episode 9; Nick had six more opportunities (including a tie breaker against only one competitor), just as Alison did. First of two episodes in which a total of 15 points were awarded. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || New fighter|| Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Girl_19 ComicBookGirl19] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 2/3/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! CBG19 !! Nick |- | 1: Recast a comic book movie role || || || 1 |- | 2: Should George Lucas have any say in the new ''Star Wars''? || 1 || || 1 |- | 3: Which film would have been better if its original director had made it? || || 1 || |- | 4: Best performance by a musician-turned-actor? || || 1 || |- | 5: What’s the best movie of 1995? || || 1 || |- | 6: Best use of product placement in a film? || 1 || || |- | 7: What film do you wish had bombed? || || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: Best twist ending of all time (asked by Dan) || 1 || x || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3* || 4 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''Kick-Ass'' or ''Super''? || || 1** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with "American" in the title? || || 1*, *** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Hollywood Jennifer || 1**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best ''National Lampoon's Vacation'' sequel? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which should I watch: ''Speed 2: Cruise Control'' or ''Under Siege 2: Dark Territory''? || 1***** || || x |- | TIE BREAKER: What was the last good movie with Bruce Willis? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 6 || '''7'''* || 2 |} .*Trisha was given a point for the tie breaker between her and Nick to go to the Speed Round. This was removed in subsequent episodes involving just two fighters as CBG19 was at a disadvantage since she wasn't part of the tie break. Using the proper rules, CGB would win after the second Speed Round question with a score of 6-2. Dan even needed to clarify how many points Trisha had. .**Trisha didn't both fighting. .***Trisha ran out of time. .****ComicBookGirl19 had no argument. .*****ComicBookGirl19 gave up. '''Episode 16: Should Indiana Jones be Rebooted w/Chris Pratt? (2-1-15)'''<ref>Episode 16: Should Indiana Jones be Rebooted w/Chris Pratt? (2-1-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvT91FX7Hx4</ref> In this episode, it was determined that the winner and ComicBookGirl19 would be moving on in a tournament to win Dan Murrell's belt. Not counting the first episode, fifth episode in which a competitor takes a the lead and ultimately finishes in third. Not counting the first episode, this is the second of [as of January 16, 2017] two episodes (coincidentally consecutive as well) in which 15 total points are awarded. No episode has yet featured the awarding of more than 15 points. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 2/2/1 || Third |- | Alicia Malone || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Roger Barr || 0/3/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Alicia !! Roger |- | 1: Did the ''Fantastic Four'' trailer get us excited about the new movie? || || 1 || |- | 2: Should a ''Fantastic Four'' movie be so serious? || 1 || 1 || |- | 3: ''Ghostbusters'' cast – What do you think of the cast – exciting or expected? || 1 || || |- | 4: What's the best reboot of all time? || 1 || || |- | 5: Who should play the Beast? || || || 1 |- | 6: What's the best sports movie of all time? || || 1 || |- | 7: Do we want an ''Indiana Jones'' Reboot? || || || 2* |- | TIE BREAKER A: Best movie voice: Morgan Freeman or James Earl Jones? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER B: Best Michael Mann-directed film that isn't ''Heat''? || || 1** || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 4 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: A movie is playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''Beverly Hills Cop 2'' or ''Ghostbusters 2''? || x || || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Tom? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which movie star would it be more fun to share an Uber with: Meg Ryan or Reese Witherspoon? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What's the best Christmas movie that's okay to watch during the rest of the year? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''7''' || 5 |} .*Roger was able to tie by using the Devil's Advocate argument. His successful argument lead to double points. As of January 16, 2017, this is the last successful Devil's Advocate point. .**Spencer gave up after Alicia said ''Collateral''. .***Alicia didn't say ''Ghostbusters 2'' fast enough. '''Episode 17: Does The Hobbit Suck (2-8-15)'''<ref>Episode 17: Does The Hobbit Suck (2-8-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1sqp71MzqU</ref> The Screen Junkies team (Andy Signore, Hal Rudnick, Spencer Gilbert, and Nick Mundy) did a tag-team rotation. Only one was allowed to fight at a time, even though Jeremy and Kristian were allowed to fight as a pair. This team fight episode is not counted in overall statistics. Hosted by Dan Murrell Jason Inman as Fact Checker {| class="wikitable" |- ! Teams !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Jeremy Jahns and Kristian Harloff || N/A || Lose |- | Screen Junkies Team || N/A || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jeremy, Kristian !! SJ Team |- | 1: Do the ''Hobbit'' movies suck? (vs Hal) || 1 || |- | 2: Best action movie franchise (vs Nick) || || 1 |- | 3: Best Nic Cage movie since ''The Rock''? (vs Spencer) || 1 || |- | 4: Who is the best action star since the 1980s? (vs Andy) || || 1 |- | 5: What is the best Steven Spielberg film? (vs Hal) || 1 || |- | 6: Best movie with "movie" in the title? (vs Nick) || || 1 |- | 7: Should ''Back to the Future'' get a reboot? (vs Andy) * || || |- | 8: Worst movie to win the Oscar for Best Picture? (vs Spencer) || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round (Jeremy vs Andy)''' || 3 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the worst Marvel Cinematic Universe movie? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two movies are on cable at the same time... Which one do you pick? ''The Blair Witch Project'' or ''Cloverfield''? || 1** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is Hollywood's best Jon/John? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two movies are on cable at the same time... Which one do you watch? ''Die Hard 5'' or ''Pirates of the Caribbean 4''? || *** || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''7''' |} .*Fight was skipped due to argument over what the question was asking. On the 52nd episode of the show, Dan indicated that there was a deleted scene in which Andy and Dan argue. Audio of it was eventually shown in a PLUS-exclusive episode of the Screen Junkies Show aired on December 31, 2016. .**Jeremy said ''Cloverfield'' first. .***Jeremy answered ''Die Hard 5'' thinking he heard ''Die Hard 4''. He couldn't make an argument. '''Episode 18: Who Should Marvel's Spider-Man Fight Next? (2-15-15)'''<ref>Episode 18: Who Should Marvel's Spider-Man Fight Next? (2-15-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFnP4dLUxpk</ref> This is the second Title Belt Fight. Spencer Gilbert acts as Fact Checker {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | ComicBookGirl19 || 1/0/0 || Third |- | Alicia Malone || 1/0/0 || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 5/0/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! CBG19 !! Alicia !! Dan |- | 1: Pitch the next Spider-Man solo film || || || 1 |- | 2: Besides Wolverine, which X-Men character should join the MCU? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best SNL skit turned into a movie? || 1 || || |- | 4: Worst first date movie? || || 1 || |- | 5: Movie character for President? || 1 || || |- | 6: Should there be a ''Spaceballs 2''? || || 1 || |- | 7: Best comedy sequel? || || 1 || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which sequel would be better: ''Austin Powers 4'' or ''Rush Hour 4''? || x || || 1* |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who wins in a fight: Darth Vader or Batman? || x || || 1* |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are playing on cable. Which should we watch: ''Passenger 57'' or ''Money Train''? || x || ** || 1* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || 3 || '''6''' |} .*All three of Dan's Speed Round points essentially came from his being faster. .**Alicia didn't even bother trying to argue the third question. '''Episode 19: Zack Snyder's Aquaman: Awesome or Awful? (2-22-15)'''<ref>Episode 19: Zack Snyder's Aquaman: Awesome or Awful? (2-22-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgt1VN5VZos</ref> The first-, second-, and third-place finishers all sat in the same seats as the previous episode's respective finishers. It was announced that fighters would need to win 2 fights to take on Dan Murrell for the belt. The winner of this fight would go against Nick Mundy (2/4/1 record), who was given a first round bye, and one person yet to be determined (see episode 20) in a semi-final (episode 21). Spencer Gilbert (2/3/1 record) was also shown to be a fighter in the other semi-final match. As seen in episode 21, Spencer had to take Nick's place in the first semi-final. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/6/1 || Third |- | Tiffany Smith || New fighter* || Second |- | Mike Carlson || 2/2/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Tiffany !! Mike |- | 1: Best movie of 2014 that didn’t receive any Oscar nominations? || || || 1 |- | 2: Best film never nominated for Best Picture || || 1 || |- | 3: Thoughts on new Aquaman costume || || || 1 |- | 4: Ultimate DC/Marvel Crossover Movie || || 1 || |- | 5: Actor/Actress that should be in Neill Blomkamp’s ''Alien'' || || || 1 |- | 6: Best Time Travel Movie || 1** || || |- | 7: Best movie world to be trapped in for a month || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which of these two movie sequels do we want to see with its original cast: ''The Mask 2'' or ''Wayne's World 3''? || *** || 0 || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' **** || 2 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both of these movies are playing on cable. What should we watch: ''Demolition Man'' or ''Cliffhanger''? || x || 1 || ***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Many many years from now, which of these will be rebooted...first: ''Forrest Gump'' or ''The Shawshank Redemption''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with the word "three" in the title? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better Pixar Movie: ''Cars 2'' or ''Monsters University''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: These two movies are playing on cable. Pick one: ''Fifty Shades of Grey'' or ''Jupiter Ascending''? || x || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Who is the best Hollywood Michael? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || 5 || '''6''' |} .*Though Tiffany is listed as a new fighter, she previously competed in the team competition that aired on the Schmoes Know channel (Dec 18, 2014). .**Hal broke the record for latest first point in a match by not scoring until the sixth round. Previously, three people (Nick Mundy in episode 1 (tie for first), Jason Inman in episode 14 (third place), and Roger Barr in episode 16 (second place)) had held the record with the fifth round. Hal’s record would be tied by Michael Barryte in episode 34. .***Even with a few seconds to think, Hal gave the same response as Tiffany (''The Mask 2''), sealing his loss. From this point on, doing so is referred to as "pulling a Hal Rudnick." .****First episode to contain 4 binomial Speed Round questions even though episode 11 had three binomial questions and one multiple choice. .*****Mike used Sylvester Stallone as an arguing point for ''Cliffhanger'', but ''Demolition Man'' also has Stallone. Granted, Mike did not get the point. '''Episode 20: Which Kids' Franchise Needs a Gritty Reboot? (3-1-15)'''<ref>Episode 20: Which Kids' Franchise Needs a Gritty Reboot? (3-1-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SXYYDSAZZY</ref> First episode shot at Screen Junkies Studios. It also is the first episode where the fighters are given voice-over introductions by Jon Bailey with their pictures and records (even though all the fighters are new in this episode). New Speed Round music is introduced. The first-, second-, and third-place finishers all sat in the same respective seats for a third episode in a row. Sixth episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Fourth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. It is the first in which a fighter gets no points after question 1. Jason Inman and Dan Murrell gave a dedication to Leonard Nimoy who passed away on 2-27-2015. The winner of this fight would go against Nick Mundy (2/4/1 record) and Mike Carlson (winner of episode 20) in a semi-final to take Dan Murrell's title belt. However, as seen in episode 21, Nick was replaced by Spencer, with Nick being pushed back to episode 24. First episode since episode 1 to feature three new fighters. Excluding the fan episode (25), this did not happen again until December 26, 2015, 43 episodes later. Dan specifically references this episode by contestants and date in the post-Round 1 cleanup of episode 67. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Matt Raub || New fighter || Third |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Zaragoza Steve Zaragoza] || New fighter || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Andreyko Marc Andreyko] || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Steve !! Marc |- | 1: Should the Power Rangers movie be like the short film? || 1 || || |- | 2: Kids' property that needs a hard edged reboot? || || 1 || |- | 3: Best film starring Will Smith? || || 1 || |- | 4: Best movie tagline? || || || 1* |- | 5: Bring back one movie star from the dead? || || || 1 |- | 6: Best movie with the character's name in the title? || || 1 || |- | 7: Best movie heroine? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 4 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which of these do we watch: ''X-Men: The Last Stand'' or ''Spiderman 3''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best voice performance in a Disney movie || x || || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best spoof movie || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Excluding ''Die Hard'', best Bruce Willis movie || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Hollywood Jason *** || x || || 1**** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1***** || 5 || '''6''' |} .*No one attempted to argue against Marc's answer ("In space, no one can hear you scream," from ''Alien''). .**Mark was faster than Steve in saying Robin Williams as Genie. .***Upon questioning by Mark, specified as an actor, not a director etc. or character. .****Initially, Andy called Steve the winner, but quickly changed his mind. This also marks the first time that someone has been behind by three points in the Speed Round and ultimately won. .*****Third episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point. Also the first episode in which a fighter never received any points after the first round. '''Episode 21: Avengers: Age of Ultron End Credits Scenes! (3-8-15)'''<ref>Episode 21: Avengers: Age of Ultron End Credits Scenes! (3-815) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdWkmcVbG4o</ref> Tournament semi-final match #1. Nick Mundy was supposed to appear in this episode, but he could not due to illness. Instead of Mundy-mania, there was Spenny Slam. Fifth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 3/2/0 || Second |- | Marc Andreyko || 1/0/0 || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 2/3/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Marc !! Spencer |- | 1: Have we seen too much of ''Avengers Age of Ultron'' from the trailers? || 1 || || |- | 2: Pitch the perfect end credits scene for ''Avengers 2'' * || || || 1 |- | 3: Who would win in a fight: Spider-Man or Iron Man? || 1 || 1 || |- | 4: What is the best movie robot? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the best movie with Jeff Goldblum in it? || 1 || || |- | 6: Pitch a new action franchise with The Rock as the star. || || || 1 |- | 7: Best Disney villain? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who wins in a fight: Chuck Norris or Danny Trejo? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Both of these movies are playing on cable. What do we watch: ''Batman and Robin'' or ''Twilight: New Moon''? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Hollywood's best Steven/Stephen? *** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best John Williams score that's not ''Star Wars''? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 2 || '''6''' |} .*Dan gives his own idea of what should have happened in a post-credits scene. .**Spencer was faster at saying ''Batman and Robin''. .***Spencer conceded on this question. His losing answer was Stephen Colbert (while Mike said Spielberg). In episode 17, in a similar question for Jon/John, Jeremy Jahns answered Jon Stewart and also lost. '''Episode 22: Star Wars Spinoffs - Good Idea or Bad Idea? (3-15-15)'''<ref>Episode 22: Star Wars Spinoffs - Good Idea or Bad Idea? (3-15-2015) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wW6ncUY-8ZA</ref> The winner of this fight would move on in a tournament to fight against Nick Mundy and another fighter in the second semi-final. Erin Robinson returns after a 19 episode absence (a record at the time, which would be broken nine times (but not each time a new record) before she would take it back in her next appearance in episode 67). Andy announces in this episode that fans can send videos in a competition to come watch a taping of Movie Fights. He also announces that ''Leprechaun 4'' will be Screen Junkies' first live viewing video. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Jason Inman || 1/1/0 || Second |- | Roger Barr || 0/4/0 || '''Win''' |- | Erin Robinson || 0/1/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jason !! Roger !! Erin |- | 1: ''Star Wars'' Spinoffs: Good idea or Bad idea? || || 1 || |- | 2: Are we excited for ''Tomorrowland''? || 1 || || |- | 3: Pitch a Tim Burton dream project || 1 || || |- | 4: Which movie character should get a comeback? || || || 1 |- | 5: Best revenge film of all time? || || 1 || |- | 6: Best movie villain of the 1990s? || || 1 || |- | 7: Lamest movie monster of all time? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 4 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is Steven Spielberg's worst film? * || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: You have to listen to one movie song for the rest of your life on repeat. Which one do you pick: "My Heart Will Go On" from ''Titanic'' by Celine Dion or "Let it Go" from ''Frozen''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Whose next movie are you more excited for: Michael Bay or M. Night Shyamalan? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''6'''** || 1*** |} .*Jason answered ''1942''. Roger agreed and gave the point to Jason, but the film was called ''1941'', which Dan pointed out. .**Roger finally gets a win after four losses. .***Fourth episode in which a fighter scores only one point. '''Episode 23: Iron Man VS Darth Vader (3-22-15)'''<ref>Episode 23: Iron Man VS Darth Vader (3-22-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQkf3jHEpqY</ref> The winner of this fight would move on in a tournament to fight against Nick Mundy and Roger Barr (winner of episode 22) in the second semi-final. Sixth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Not counting the first episode, seventh episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 1/1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Kristian Harloff || 0/1/0 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Hollywood Scott Mantz] || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Kristian !! Scott |- | 1: Does the trailer for Adam Sandler's ''Pixels'' excite us? || 1 || 1 || |- | 2: What movie trailer revealed too much of the movie? || || || 1 |- | 3: What movie do we never want a sequel/remake to? || || || 1 |- | 4: What actor could take over an action franchise? || || 1 || |- | 5: Which actor should come out of retirement? || 1 || || |- | 6: ''Star Wars'' VS Marvel - best fight! || 1 || || |- | 7: What's the best final film of a film series? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is Hollywood's best Robert? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie starring Jaden Smith? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are playing on cable. Which should we watch: ''XXX: State of the Union'' or ''2 Fast 2 Furious''? || 1* || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''** || 3 || 2 |} .*Alicia was faster at saying ''2 Fast 2 Furious''. .**This is the second time a fighter has swept the Speed Round. Alicia was previously swept in episode 18. She thus is the first fighter to have both swept a Speed Round and be swept. This would subsequently happen to Spencer Gilbert (episodes 26 (loss) and 43 (win)), Dan Murrell (episodes 18, 26, and 58 (wins) and 93 (and 94) (loss)), and Coy Jandreau (episodes 91 (win) and 98 (loss)). '''Episode 24: Better Franchise: Mission: Impossible or Fast & Furious (3-29-15)'''<ref>Episode 24: Better Franchise: Mission: Impossible or Fast & Furious (3-29-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irlyF7MskC8</ref> Semi-final #2. The winner of this fight would move on in a tournament to fight against Spencer Gilbert (winner of episode 21) and Dan Murrell in the final (episode 26) to claim the belt. Not counting the team battle in episode 17, the first appearance of Nick Mundy since episode 15. Eighth episode in which a competitor takes an early lead (at end of Round 3) and ultimately finishes in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 2/1/0 || Second |- | Roger Barr || 1/4/0 || Third |- | Nick Mundy || 2/4/1 * || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Roger !! Nick |- | 1: Will Jesse Eisenberg be a good Lex Luthor? || || 1 || 1 |- | 2: Tom Cruise: Great actor or popular movie star? || 1 || || |- | 3: ''Mission Impossible'' vs ''Fast & Furious'' || || 1 || |- | 4: Which cast should reunite for a sequel? || || || 1 |- | 5: Could Arnold Schwarzenegger be a dramatic actor? || || || 1 |- | 6: Best American remake of a foreign film? || 1 || || |- | 7: Best movie cameo? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are both playing at the same time on cable. Which do you watch: The ''Robocop'' remake or the ''Psycho'' remake? || 1** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Worse villain; Arnold Schwarzenegger's Mr. Freeze or Jamie Foxx's Electro? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Discounting the movies, who would win in a fight: Alien or Predator? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with Jack Black in it? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Hollywood James || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || 2 || '''6''' |} .*Nick's record is incorrectly listed as 3 wins, 3 losses. He actually has 4 losses. This under-reporting by 1 loss carries over into future episodes (26, 30), but it is not reported in episode 36 as no voice-over introductions were used, and starting in episode 38 [in which Nick appears], losses are no longer reported in the introductions. .**Alicia was faster at saying ''Robocop''. '''Episode 25: Who Should Be the Next Wolverine? (4-5-15)'''<ref>Episode 25: Who Should Be the Next Wolverine? (4-5-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cg7vgiDcHcg</ref> Fan episode. Three winners of the video competition who thought they would be spectating actually compete and are coached by Screen Junkies employees, specifically, the three who will be competing in the finals for the belt. The winner was given a Fan Fights belt. Each coach is allowed to chime in three times during the episode. Also, each competitor is allowed to have the coach substitute in for one fight. Loot Crate is introduced as Movie Fights' new sponsor. Andy mispronounces the upcoming ''James Bond'' film ''Spectre'' as "Spectra" for a second time, having previously done so while introducing the fifth round of episode 9. This episode is not counted in the overall ranking/statistics. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters/Coach !! Finish |- | Mika Valleau/Spencer Gilbert || Second |- | Bryan Chambers/Dan Murrell || '''Win''' |- | Tony Tubes Zerr/Nick Mundy || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mika !! Bryan !! Tony |- | 1: Who do you cast as the new Wolverine? || || 1 || |- | 2: What property should have a movie universe? || || 1 || |- | 3: What actor should join the ''Fast and the Furious'' franchise? *|| || || 1 |- | 4: Best action sequel of all time? || 1 || || |- | 5: Best ''James Bond'' movie? || || || 1 |- | 6: If you could punch one actor in the face, who would it be? || 1 || || |- | 7: Worst casting in movie history? || || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which one [Michael Bay movie] should I watch: ''Transformers 1'' or the 2014 ''Ninja Turtle'' movie? || 0 || x || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would win in a fight: Chewbacca or Groot? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Hollywood Paul || 1** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the worst movie starring Vince Vaughn? || || 1*** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which remake would you rather see: ...''Speed'' or ''Under Siege''? || 1**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which movie is better: Bill Murray's ''Garfield'' or Dan Akroyd's ''Yogi Bear''? ***** || || || x |- | SPEED ROUND F: Best movie with "Revenge" in the title || 1 || + || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Both of these movies are also on cable. Which do we watch: ''Battlefield Earth'' or ''The Last Airbender''? || || 1+* || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || '''6''' || 2 |} .*Dan stepped in for Bryan, the only time this was done in the episode. .**Bryan didn't attempt to argue against Mika's response of Newman. .***Mika was trying to think of ''Delivery Man'', but she couldn't. .****Mika was faster at saying ''Speed''. .*****Skipped because it was too close to call who said ''Garfield'' first. +Bryan said ''Die Hard 2'', which doesn't contain "Revenge." +*Mika was about to say ''The Last Airbender'', but Bryan beat her. '''Episode 26: Ultimate Game of Thrones Spin-off Movie? (4-12-15)'''<ref>Episode 26: Ultimate Game of Thrones Spin-off Movie? (4-12-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rygbTpOokZU</ref> Third championship fight for the belt. Scott Mantz as Fact Checker Dan wore a ''The Raid'' 2 t-shirt in response to the call against him the previous week that ''The Raid 2'' was not the greatest action sequel of all time. Rule changes regarding tie breakers and Speed Round: If someone repeats the first responder's answer, the first response does not automatically win. Rather, the second person gets a chance to pick something else (or the ''other'' option if there are only two choices), and the two will argue. Further, the host does not choose the winners in Speed Rounds but rather acts as a tie-breaking vote if the Fact Checker and third-place fighter don't agree on who should win. None of the competitors fought in the first round of the tournament (Spencer and Nick had first round byes and Dan held the belt). All four winners from the first round were eliminated in the second round. Nick's reported record remains short by 1 loss and is still that way as of the writing of this (May 14, 2015). The record listed below going into this episode (4 wins (3 wins and a tie), 4 losses) is correct. Seventh episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place (though only during the time between the ends of questions 5 and 6), and the second time for Dan. As of November 8, 2015, this is the only episode (besides the Comic-Con episodes) in which only one fighter managed to get more than 2 points (Edit: In Episode 57 (11-15-15), this occurred again). However, as shown below in the second note, in episode 15, this should have also been the case using the appropriate rules for a pre-Speed Round tie breaker question. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 3/3/1 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 3/4/1 || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 6/0/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Nick !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: Pitch the ultimate ''Game of Thrones'' movie! || || || 1 |- | 2: What movie franchise should be R-rated? || 1 || || |- | 3: What should Joss Whedon's next project be? || || 1 || |- | 4: Best fictional world to have a first date in? || 1 || || |- | 5: Which movie character should have a prequel? || || 1 || |- | 6: Best movie of the 2000s (2000-2015)? || || || 1 |- | 7: Pitch the perfect remake movie? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Who is the worst Batman: George Clooney or Val Kilmer? || 0 || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both of these films are on cable. Which do I watch: ''Mortal Kombat'' or ''Street Fighter''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Worst movie starring Robert Downey Jr. || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Hollywood William || || x || 1* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2** || 2 || '''6''' |} .*Decided by Andy after additional argument as Nick sided with Spencer. .**Although Spencer's score was no higher than Nick's, he beats Nick. Excluding episode 4, in which Andy incorrectly indicated that Hal had five points (leading to Hal finishing in second rather than a tie for second), this is the first time that two fighters had the same scores but different finishes. Accordingly, Spencer's score of 2 is the lowest second-place score so far (as of November 8, 2015 (edit: tied by Chloe Dykstra in Episode 57 (11-15-15) and again by Spencer himself a week later). However, in episode 15, had Trisha not been given a point for her tie breaker against Nick (which didn't involve ComicBookGirl19) to go to the Speed Round, this ''would'' have been another example. '''Episode 27: Batman v. Superman Trailer - Awesome or Awful? (4-19-15)'''<ref>Episode 27: Batman v. Superman Trailer - Awesome or Awful? (4-19-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvPAqP6mBYk</ref> As of January 16, 2017, this episode remains the last in which more than 13 total points were awarded. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 0/7/1 || '''Win''' |- | Jason Inman || 1/2/0 || Third |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/1/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Hal !! Jason !! Trisha |- | 1: ''Batman V Superman'' trailer - Love it or hate it? || || || 1 |- | 2: Best moment from the ''Force Awakens'' trailer || 1 || || |- | 3: Best order to watch ''Star Wars'' in? || || || 1 |- | 4: New ''Ant-man'' trailer - Love it or hate it || || 1 || 1 |- | 5: Are you worried about ''Wonder Woman''? || || || 1 |- | 6: ''Terminator Genisys'' Trailer - Love it or hate? || 1 || 1 || |- | 7: Best second movie in a trilogy || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round * ''' || 3 || 2 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both of these movies are playing at the same time on cable. Which one do we watch: Ben Affleck's ''Daredevil'' or Ryan Reynolds' ''Green Lantern''? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Matthew/Matt || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie directed by Michael Bay? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Hollywood's best Kate/Cate? || 1*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Both of these movies are on cable at the same time. Which do we watch: ''Lady in the Water'' or ''The Happening''? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''7''' || 2 || 5 |} .*Trisha says that she does not do well in the Speed Round. However, she did just as well as ComicBookGirl19 did when they fought each other (though again it should be pointed out that had Trisha not received a point for the tie breaker, she would have lost after the second Speed Round question). Hal responds that he did something stupid in the Speed Round, but it was actually a tie breaker to go into the Speed Round. .**Split decision. Jason did not vote for Trisha, who was faster at picking ''Green Lantern''. .***Split decision. Jason did not vote for Hal, who was faster as picking Winslet. '''Episode 28: Will Jurassic World Suck? (4-26-15)'''<ref>Episode 28: Will Jurassic World Suck? (4-26-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQJhbD4kCHo</ref> Hosted by Nick Mundy as a birthday gift to him. However, the episode was introduced by Andy Signore. Jason Inman as Fact Checker with help from Nick's father, Dennis Mundy. Dollar Shave Club is the new sponsor. Eighth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place, and the third time for Dan. Ninth episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. The second episode in which a fighter gets no points after question 1. As of August 9, 2015, this is the last fight Dan has won (he has since lost twice) and the last one in which a fighter has scored 7 points. (Update: On August 16, 2015, Dan won again, retaining the Belt, with 6 points). There are only six questions prior to the Speed Round, which for this episode has been extended to nine potential questions, though there was later argument over how many there would be; in future episodes, the number would revert to five even though the number of questions prior to the Speed Round would remain at six. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 7/0/0 || '''Win'''* |- | Roger Barr || 1/5/0 || Third |- | Andy Signore || 0/1/0 || Second* |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Dan !! Roger !! Andy |- | 1: ''Fantastic Four'' trailer: Should we see the movie? || || 1 || |- | 2: Are we excited for ''Jurassic World''? || || || 1 |- | 3: Pitch the ultimate Batman/Superman movie || || || 1 |- | 4: Team up 2 actors for the best buddy cop movie || 1 || || |- | 5: What real life person needs a biopic made of them? || 1 || || |- | 6: Can a solo ''Hulk'' movie work? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Hollywood's best Richard || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What's the worst movie starring Arnold Schwarzenegger || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which of these two is the better disaster movie: ''Twister'' or ''The Day After Tomorrow''? || 1** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best ''Rocky'' sequel || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which do you watch: ''Max Payne'' or ''Major Payne''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND F: Who would win in a fight: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles or the Power Rangers? || || x || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND G: Better love story: Anakin and Padmé or Bella and Edward? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''7''' || 1**** || 5* |} .*If there were in fact to be nine Speed Round questions, Jason called the game too early as Andy could have gotten the next two questions to force a tie breaker (a tenth Speed Round question). It was Dan, not Andy, who would have needed five out of nine Speed Round questions to tie. .**Andy couldn't argue for his choice (''The Day After Tomorrow''). .***Split decision. Dennis chose Dan (Power Rangers) over Andy. .****Fifth episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point. '''Episode 29: Avengers: Age of Ultron - Overhyped? (5-3-15)'''<ref>Episode 29: Avengers: Age of Ultron - Overhyped? (5-3-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDaeZE0cBls</ref> Loot Crate once again becomes the Movie Fights sponsor. Not counting the first episode, tenth episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 3/3/0* || Second |- | Amy Nicholson || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Kristian Harloff || 0/2/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Amy !! Kristian |- | 1: ''Age of Ultron'' - Does it live up to the hype? || || 1 || |- | 2: Who gave the best performance in ''Age of Ultron''? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best Marvel Cinematic Universe Director so far? || || || 1 |- | 4: Do we like Jared Leto's Joker pic? || || 1 || |- | 5: What franchise deserves its own day like ''Star Wars''? || 1 || || |- | 6: What movie needs an all female spinoff movie? || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER **: Best movie directed by M. Night Shymalan || 0 || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which do you watch: ''Avatar'' or ''Titanic''? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Jai Courtney role || *** || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which movie do we watch on cable if they're both playing at the same time: ''The Mighty Ducks'' or ''The Sandlot''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who wins in a fight out of these three: Christopher Reeve's Superman, Brandon Routh's Superman, or Henry Cavill's Superman? || 1 || **** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which of these songs from a movie soundtrack should I listen to: Seal's "Kiss From a Rose" or Aerosmith's "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing"? || || 1***** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5'''+,+* || 2 |} .*Mike's record is under-reported during the voice-over introduction by one loss (similar to the case for Nick Mundy). This carries over to episode 35. .**Andy indicated that there had never been a three-way tie breaker before, but Dan corrected him (it was done in episode 16). It was done differently in this episode however, as only one question was used and Andy picked two fighters to advance. Amy was picked first, and then Mike and Kristian had to give further argument; Kristian eventually conceded to Mike. .***Mike could not think of a role to answer. .****Amy did not bother to argue this question. .*****Split decision. Kristian chose Mike ("Kiss from a Rose") over Amy. +Andy said that Amy took out two champs; however, Kristian has never won (he has only come in second twice). Kristian would later point this out to Andy in episode 31. +*Not counting fights with three new fighters, Amy becomes the first new fighter to win since episode 16 when Alicia Malone beat two returners. '''Episode 30: Who Should Play the Punisher? (5-10-15)'''<ref>Episode 30: Who Should Play the Punisher? (5-10-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCVtb1Cgud0</ref> No sponsor is advertised. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Pat Healy || New fighter || Third |- | Chris Stuckmann || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 3/5/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Pat !! Chris !! Nick |- | 1: Pitch a Boba Fett ''Star Wars'' spinoff movie || || 1 || |- | 2: Which ''Suicide Squad'' member looked the best in their pic? || || 1* || |- | 3: Erase a sequel from any franchise || 1 || || |- | 4: Who should direct the new ''Spider-Man'' movie? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who should play the Punisher in the MCU? || || || 1 |- | 6: Worst movie mom? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best Hollywood Ben || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Better franchise: ''Rocky'' or ''Rambo''? || x || || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which do you watch: ''Star Trek V: The Final Frontier'' or ''Star Wars Episode I[: The Phantom Menace]''? || x || || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Worse movie song to hear on repeat: Prince's Bat Dance or Vanilla Ice's Turtle Rap? || x || 1**** || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Worst movie starring Julia Roberts || x || || 1***** |- | TIE BREAKER: Which '80's remake would we rather see: ''Crocodile Dundee'' or ''Ferris Bueller['s Day Off]''? || x || 1+ || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1+* || '''6''' || 5 |} .*This is the fifth time a fighter has won the point for both of the first two questions without anyone else getting any points. This was previously done in episodes 11 (Nick Mundy), 12 (Nick again), 18 (Dan Murrell), and 25 (Bryan Chambers). In all five cases, the person to do this ultimately won the fight. .**Split decision. Pat chose Chris' argument for ''Rambo''. After the point is awarded, Andy says that how the franchises are different will be discussed someday on "After the Movie Fight." More than six months later, "After the Fight" premiered. .***Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, but Pat agreed. Nick won despite not saying ''Star Wars Episode I'' fast enough and getting stuck with ''Star Trek V''. .****Split decision. Pat chose Nick's argument. Nick wasn't fast enough and got stuck with Bat Dance. .*****Split decision. Pat chose Chris' argument for ''Full Frontal'' versus ''The Mexican''. Andy didn't want to give Chris the point as he considered both arguments weak and wanted someone to win the fight right in a tie breaker. +Split decision. Pat chose Nick's argument. Chris won despite not saying ''Crocodile Dundee'' fast enough. .+*Sixth episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point. '''Episode 31: Best Pixar Movie (CinemaSins vs. Honest Trailers) (5-17-15)'''<ref>Episode 31: Best Pixar Movie (CinemaSins vs. Honest Trailers) (5-17-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1bYCCTF6Zk</ref> In response to fan demand, the CinemaSins crew has been brought in to take on the Honest Trailers crew. This team fight is not counted in the overall statistics. Hosted by Kristian Harloff of Schmoes Know as Andy didn't want a Screen Junkies employee judging. Brit Fofana as Fact Checker {| class="wikitable" |- ! Teams !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Jeremy Scott, Chris Atkinson (CS) || N/A || Lose |- | Dan Murrell, Andy Signore (HT) || N/A * || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|CS !! style="width: 6%"|HT |- | 1: Pitch Spider-Man's introduction to the MCU || || 1 |- | 2: Worst cinema sin || 1 || |- | 3: Best movie chase scene || || 1 |- | 4: Best Pixar movie || 1 || |- | 5: Dream versus movie || || 1 |- | 6: Most sinful movie || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' ** || 2 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the worst Tom Hanks movie: ''Dragnet'' or ''Turner and Hooch''? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who wins in a fight: Chris Evans' Captain America or Chris Evans' Human Torch? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which do we watch: ''Paul Blart'' or ''Observe and Report''? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who wins in a fist fight: Ripley or Sarah Connor? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: ''Jurassic Park III'' or ''Lethal Weapon 4''? || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || '''6''' *** |} .*While it was mentioned that the CinemaSins fighters were both first-time fighters, the Honest Trailers team was introduced as having a combined record of 8-2 (all wins from Dan and both losses from Andy). The record does not include the team fight from episode 17. .**First Speed Round to contain five binomial questions. .***Screen Junkies/Honest Trailers is now 2-0 for its team fights (3-0 if the fight on the Schmoes Know Show is counted). '''Episode 32: McConaughey in the Marvel Universe?! (5-24-15)'''<ref>Episode 32: McConaughey in the Marvel Universe?! (5-24-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96DC11xve18</ref> Eleventh episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. The third episode in which a fighter gets no points after question 1 (previously happened in episodes 20 and 28). Starting this episode, Andy is sitting across the table from where he usually sits. As of August 9, 2015, last episode (besides Comic-Con) to not feature a Speed Round question asking for the best person in Hollywood of a specific first name. (Update: On August 16, 2015, no such question was asked. The same goes for the following week's episode). Also the first and only episode in which Dan can be seen without his cap; he removes it for approximately 10 seconds. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 2/2/0 || '''Win''' |- | Mark Ellis || 1/2/0 || Third |- | Miri Jedeikin || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 67%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Mark !! Miri |- | 1: Worst post-apocalyptic future to live in || || 1 || |- | 2: What superhero or villain should Matthew McConaughey play? || 1 || || |- | 3: Best fictional movie band || || || 1 |- | 4: What director should return to a franchise? || 1 || || |- | 5: What villain should get an origin movie? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best disaster movie || 1 || || 1* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 4 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: Better director: Roland Emmerich or Michael Bay? ** || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND A2: Best movie directed by Martin Scorsese || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which should we watch: ''The Lion King'' or ''Toy Story''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Worst movie starring Robert De Niro || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who would win in a fight between these two: Legolas or Hawkeye? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 1*** || 4 |} .*Miri got a secondary point after Alicia was already given a point and Miri and Mark further argued the same question. .**Skipped because it was too close to call who said Michael Bay first. .***Seventh episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point and the third time this happened in four three-fighter fights with only six pre-Speed Round questions. '''Episode 33: Which Disney Character Needs a Spin-Off? (5-31-15)'''<ref>Episode 33: Which Disney Character Needs a Spin-Off? (5-31-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjJf-CNUYVs</ref> Ninth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Speed Round rules are slightly modified so that the first person to argue gets a five-second rebuttal after the second person argues. Andy announces that Movie Fights t-shirts are available for order. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 3/4/1 || Second |- | Germain Lussier * || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Andre Meadows || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Germain !! Andre |- | 1: ''Point Break'' Trailer - Love or Hate it? || ** || 1 || 1 |- | 2: ''Tomorrowland'': See it, Rent it, or Skip it? || 1 || || |- | 3: Which Disney character deserves a spin-off? || 1 || || |- | 4: Which movie flop needs to be remade? || || || 1 |- | 5: Which movie needs a tie-in video game? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best High School Movie? || || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: Hollywood's best Sean/Shawn || x || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best Steven Spielberg movie made after 2000? || *** || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best DC Superhero movie not starring Batman || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with "American" in the title? **** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Hollywood's best Tom ***** || || 1+ || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Both of these movies are on cable....Which do you watch: ''Grown Ups 2'' or ''Blues Brothers 2000''? || || 1 || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Best ''Mission: Impossible'' sequel? || || 1+* || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || '''6''' || 2 |} .*In the introductory cards announcing the fights and their records, Germain's first name has an "e" added to the end. .**As all fighters didn't like the trailer, Spencer attempted Devil's Advocate for double points, but he was unsuccessful. Had he ultimately won, he would be the only person besides Dan Murrell to twice win after being in third place. Had Spencer gotten the first question, he would have gone into the Speed Round with a four-point lead (the first person to go in leading by even three points (later done by Alicia Malone in episode 42), let alone four), allowing him to win after the second Speed Round question. .***Spencer initially said ''Super 8'', which was not a Spielberg movie. He was given another chance but ultimately didn't submit an answer. .****Question previously used in episode 15's Speed Round. The same answer (''American Beauty'') received the point. However, unlike in this episode, in episode 15, Trisha did not give an answer. .*****Question previously used in episode 16's Speed Round. The answer that won in episode 16 (Hanks) was used again, but it did not win the point this time. +Split decision. Andre disagreed with Andy, who chose Germain (Cruise over Hanks). +*Spencer chose III, but was thinking of IV, which Germain picked. '''Episode 34: Dream Superhero Movie Director (6-7-15)'''<ref>Episode 34: Dream Superhero Movie Director (6-7-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evCymu92ZNs</ref> Loot Crate returns as the show's sponsor. Andy is wearing the very first Movie Fights t-shirt, which is available for order. Michael Barryte returns after a 29 episode absence, the longest absence (at the time) by a margin of 10 episodes. As of September 6, 2015, this is the last episode (excluding the Comic-Con episodes) to not feature a tie breaker or Speed Round question asking for the best movie with a specific word in the title. (Update: In episode 48 (air date 9/13/15), no such question was asked). The Screen Junkies Wikipedia page (the Movie Fights section in particular) is mentioned in the beginning of this episode, but the Movie Fights material is removed within four hours of the airing of the episode. Andy also asks for an Honest Trailers Wikipedia page to be created, and the page is created later that same day with a link to the Screen Junkies main page. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 1/7/1 || Second |- | Michael Barryte || 0/1/0 || Third |- | [Michael] Davis|| New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! style="width: 4%"|Hal !! Michael !! Davis |- | 1: Which director should make a superhero movie? || 1 || || |- | 2: What star should reboot an 80s movie?|| 1 || || |- | 3: Best spy movie not including James Bond?|| || || 1 |- | 4: Best singular film made from a TV Show?|| 1 || || |- | 5: Best inspirational speech made from a film?|| || || 1 |- | 6: Best first movie from any director?|| || 1* || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is Hollywood’s best Andy/Andie? ** || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which one do we watch:... ''Angels in the Outfield'' or ''Rookie of the Year''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie starring Robin Williams? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Worst movie starring Tom Cruise? *** || || x || 1****,***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1***** || '''6''' |} .*Michael becomes the second person to not score until Round 6. This was previously done by Hal in episode 19. Short of a Devil's Advocate situation (not really applicable to the situation), Michael could not avoid third place after the fifth question. .**Hal could not think of anyone and said “Signore”. Andy was not willing to listen to an argument for that. .***Andy requested help from Michael and Dan Murrell to judge this question. They both chose Davis (for ''Legend'' rather than ''Jack Reacher''), which was not what Andy was choosing. .****Split decision. Andy was the only one who chose Hal (who chose ''Jack Reacher'') over Davis (''Legend''). .*****Davis’ performance in the Speed Round marks: - The fourth time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, and 26), - the first time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering four questions (instead of only three as done in episodes 18, 23, and 26), and - the third time someone has gotten four consecutive points in the Speed Round (previously done in a five-question Speed Round in episode 27 and a seven-question Speed Round in episode 28) .*****Michael becomes the first person to come in third place on both his first and second appearances. However, his first appearance (episode 4) technically should have been a tie for second place as Hal was ruled to have received five points rather than four. The closest anyone else has come to this ''is'' Hal, who (using true scores) either came in third place or tied for second in each of his first six appearances. '''Episode 35: Jurassic World - Fun or Failure (6-14-15)'''<ref>Episode 35: Jurassic World - Fun or Failure (6-14-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4W5DUKMBIQ</ref> Squarespace sponsors this episode. Spencer Gilbert hosts. Jason Inman as Fact Checker Not counting the first episode, twelfth episode in which a competitor takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Until August 23, 2015, this was the last episode in which more than 11 points were awarded. As of January 16, 2017, it remains the last in which more than 12 were awarded and until November 21, 2015 was the last in which the third place finisher finished with more than one point. Dan drops his first f-bomb. Dan is no longer undefeated after this fight, but he retains the Belt. As of January 16, 2017, this is his only third place finish in a Movie Fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || 0/2/0 || Second |- | Mike Carlson || 3/4/0* || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 8/0/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 71%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Andy !! Mike !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: ''Jurassic World'' - Fun or Failure || 1 || 1** || |- | 2: Pitch the next ''Jurassic Park'' movie || || || 1 |- | 3: Best fourth film in a movie franchise *** || || || 1 |- | 4: Who should play Bullseye & Elektra on Daredevil? || || 1 || |- | 5: Best fake movie in a movie? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best movie poster of all time? || || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the best movie with "Man" in the title? || 0 || x || **** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Better spoof franchise: ''Naked Gun'' or ''Austin Powers''? || 1***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Hollywood Daniel || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best pre-Marvel Cinematic Universe Marvel movie? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best Tom Hanks movie after the year 2000? + || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the worst Colin Farrell movie? || || 1 || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Who would win in a fight: Dumbledore or Gandalf? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || '''6''' || 2 |} .*Mike's record again is under-reported by one loss (carried over from episode 29). .**Mike did not fight in Round 1. Rather, he was given the opportunity to predict the winner of the fight ahead of time to win a point. He correctly guessed that Andy would win. .***During this fight, there was discussion of remembering ''Mission: Impossible: Ghost Protocol'' from ''Mission: Impossible 3''. After the fight, Jason referenced the time Spencer lost an episode (episode 33) because he could not remember the difference. .****Andy and Spencer jokingly indicated that perhaps Dan's loss isn't canon since Andy wasn't judging, and Spencer said there should be an asterisk by his loss. .*****Spencer said Andy took the lead at this point, but Andy tied. This was corrected later. +Andy was allowed to answer ''Cast Away'' even though it came out ''in'' 2000, instead of ''after''. '''Episode 36: Most Traumatizing Kid's Movie? (6-21-15)'''<ref>Episode 36: Most Traumatizing Kid's Movie? (6-21-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bBHeRobiI8</ref> Squarespace again sponsors this episode. In honor of Fathers' Day, Andy's dad Steve sits with Dan and is allowed to overrule Andy on questions prior to the Speed Round. He also takes Dan's place in the Speed Round judging panel. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campea John Campea] and Tiffany Smith were initially both set to fight with Jon Schnepp, but they were ill. Due to short-notice replacements, no voice-over introductions were used. First appearance of Jon Schnepp, who would eventually become the first Movie Fights competitor to die, passing away on July 19, 2018. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Nick Mundy || 3/6/1 || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Schnepp Jon Schnepp] || New fighter || Third |- | John Rocha || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Nick !! style="width: 6%"|Jon !! style="width: 6%"|John |- | 1: Which actor should join ''Star Wars''? || 1 || || |- | 2: Most traumatizing kids movie? || || 1* || |- | 3: Which movie character would make the best dad? || 1 || || |- | 4: Most disappointing summer blockbuster || || || 1 |- | 5: Canceled movie you'd like to see? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best movie death ** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' *** || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: Best Hollywood Emma **** || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND A2: Best Hollywood Josh || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Please tell me the best movie with the word "good" in the title? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Worst movie starring Robert Downey Jr? ***** || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND D: Name the celebrity that gave us the best voice in an animated feature after the year 2000? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E1: Tell me the best film from the year 2013 +* || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E2: Better first franchise film: ''Alien'' or ''Predator''? +** || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 1+*** || 4 |} .*Steve overruled Andy, who had originally chosen Rocha's argument for ''The Transformers: The Movie'' (1986), and went with ''Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory'' (1971), which Andy had indicated was better but had declined to choose based on arguments. This would be the only point Schnepp would receive. Further, Schnepp and Steve both incorrectly indicated that Violet Beauregarde had turned into a ''grape'' rather than a blueberry. .**A repeat question from episode 9. The winning answer to the question from episode 9 (T-800 from ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'' (1991)) was not said in the episode (as it was a spoiler for the next Honest Trailer), but it was indicated that that answer was disqualified. .***As Andy said that they were into the Speed Round, Nick held up a sign saying "SLAYER RULES" .****Question disregarded. After Nick said "Stone", John kept thinking. Steve eventually shouted out "Watkins" (likely meant to be Watson), leading Andy to disregard the question even though Nick was okay with John taking Watson (It is possible that Nick figured John would talk heavily about the eight films that featured Hermione Granger and would have rebutted by saying ''Harry Potter'' films aren't Hollywood films, so technically, anything mentioned regarding Hermione Granger should be disregarded in considering the argument). .*****A repeat question from episode 26; new answers were given. +Split decision. Jon chose Nick (''Air America'') over John (''The Pick Up Artist''). +*was the only one who could give a movie from 2013 (''Iron Man 3''), but he didn't want to win on a technicality, so he allowed the question to be waived. +**Was originally set to be the tie-breaker question. +***Ninth episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point and the fifth time this happened in eight three-fighter fights with only six pre-Speed Round questions. '''Episode 37: Who Should Play Green Lantern? (6-28-15)'''<ref>Episode 37: Who Should Play Green Lantern? (6-28-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjWzPiz4i54</ref> NatureBox is a first-time sponsor in this episode. No voice-over introductions were used; no explanation is given. Dan once again is unsuccessful, but he improved his performance from his previous appearance and retains his belt. Later in the day on Periscope, he announces that the next tournament will be in the [Northern Hemisphere] fall. As a result of his loss to Amy, he owes her a drink. The Nostalgia Critic (Doug Walker) has been one of the most requested guests for the show. Although he previously announced it on twitter, Andy announces that Movie Fights will be at the upcoming San Diego Comic-Con (film date July 9, 2015). Spencer Gilbert as Fact Checker The scoreboard is introduced. Although Dan lost two weeks earlier, this is the first time he finishes in second. The final score distribution is the same as the previous episode, but in a different left-to-right order. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 8/1/0 || Second |- | Amy Nicholson || 1/0/0 || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgia_Critic Doug Walker] || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! style="width: 6%"|Amy !! style="width: 7%"|Doug |- | 1: Which MCU character would you want to see in a ''Spider-Man'' movie? || || 1 || |- | 2: Who should play Green Lantern? || || || 1* |- | 3: What's the best movie recasting ever? || 1 || || |- | 4: Best James Horner film score? || 1 || || |- | 5: Worst movie of the 1990s? || || 1 || |- | 6: Best R-rated comedy of all time? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Hollywood's best Peter? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with the word "dead" in the title? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which do you buy: ''Inception'' or ''The Departed''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Worst movie starring Christian Bale? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Tell me Disney's best animated human character. || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''6'''** || 1*** |} .*Spencer initially gave Dan the point, but he corrected the sign and later clarified that it was Doug who got the point. .**Amy, who previously won episode 29, becomes the third fighter to obtain a 2-0 record, after Dan Murrell (episodes 2 and 3) and Mike Carlson (episodes 4 and 6). So currently, she is the only undefeated fighter to win more than one fight. .***Tenth episode in which a fighter finishes with only one point and the sixth time this happened in nine three-fighter fights with only six pre-Speed Round questions. As of November 15, 2015 (eighteen regular fights later), no third-place finisher has received more than one point, and two of them have receive no points (Edit: In the episode aired 11-21-15, Chris Stuckmann finished in third place with two points). '''Episode 38: Worst Terminator Sequel? (7-5-15)'''<ref>Episode 38: Worst Terminator Sequel? (7-5-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNQz7azzSzk</ref> LootCrate again returns as a sponsor in this episode. Voice-over introductions now only mention wins (or number of previous appearances if there are no wins). The score remains the same for a third week in a row, but again in a different seating order. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Kristian Harloff || 0/3/0 || '''Win''' |- | Mark Ellis || 1/3/0 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 4/6/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 64%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kristian !! Mark !! Nick |- | 1: Worst ''Terminator'' Sequel? || 1 || || |- | 2: Pitch Arnold [Schwarzenegger]'s next movie. || 1 || || |- | 3: Best movie explosion? || || 1 || |- | 4: Best movie of 2015 so far? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the best movie sequel title? || || || 1 |- | 6: Best superhero costume/uniform used in a movie? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Tell me the best movie Captain. || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with the word "night" [not Knight] in the title? || * || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Worst movie starring Scarlett Johansson? || 1 || ** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which do we buy: ''American History X'' or ''American Beauty''? || 1*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Hollywood Gene? || 1**** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Kristian attempted to use a movie he made up on the spot, ''Night Falls'', starring Robert DeNiro, but he lost the point to Mark. He revealed what he did after Andy gave the point to Mark. .**Kristian won with ''Lucy'' without argument as Mark attempted to come up with ''He's Just Not That Into You'', but couldn't think of the title. .***Split decision. Kristian confused Menu Suvari with Mira Sorvino but still got the point. Though Nick and Dan were activated, Andy had to break the tie as Dan sided with Mark. .****Kristian won the point despite saying Gene Hackman was in ''The Client'', even though he was not. '''Episode 39: Justice League vs. Avengers (7-12-15)'''<ref>Episode 39: Justice League vs. Avengers (7-12-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YeLcsWB5K_I</ref> Episode was filmed on 7-10-15 at San Diego Comic-Con. Andy and Hal co-hosted, with Hal getting audience members to choose and read questions (except final question which was pre-determined, but still read by audience member Isabella). After each question was asked, the fighters would whisper their answer into Andy's ear to determine whether or not he would need to flip a coin to determine who could argue his or her original choice. Winners were decided by audience applause. Tournament-style fight, single elimination with eight fighters. Fight is not counted towards official statistics. There is no designated Fact Checker, but Hal does do one minor fact check. Jeremy Jahns becomes the first fighter to appear in two fights without being in a regular-style fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Winner |- | 1: Mark Ellis v. Nick Mundy: Best Movie Batman? *, ** || Mark (Christian Bale over Michael Keaton) |- | 2: Mike Carlson v. Jeremy Jahns: What's better: ''Star Trek'' or ''Star Wars''? *, ** || Mike (''Star Trek'') |- | 3: Chris Stuckmann v. Dan Murrell: What franchise should Michael Bay take over? || Chris (''GI: Joe'' over ''Terminator'') |- | 4: Alicia Malone v. Spencer Gilbert: Hollywood's best Chris: Pine, Hemsworth, Evans, or Pratt ** || Spencer (Evans over Pratt) |- | Semi-final 1: Mark Ellis v. Mike Carlson: Which one of the X-Men would win the Hunger Games? * || Mike (Wolverine over Jean Grey) |- | Semi-final 2: Chris Stuckmann v. Spencer Gilbert: Who wins in a fight: Hulk vs Darth Vader? * || Spencer (Hulk) |- | Final: Mike Carlson v. Spencer Gilbert: Who wins in a fight: DCU's Justice League vs MCU's The Avengers? || '''Spencer''' (Avengers) |} .*Coin flips were necessary as Michael Keaton, ''Star Wars'', Wolverine, and Darth Vader were each initially chosen by both fighters. In all cases except Wolverine, the person who lost the coin toss won the fight. .**Questions 1, 2, and 4 were previously used respectively in episodes 2, 8, and 6. '''Episode 40: Batman v Superman v Wonderwoman: Who Wins? (7-19-15)'''<ref>Episode 40: Batman v Superman v Wonderwoman: Who Wins? (7-19-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7jFY8SORPE</ref> The episode heavily focuses on DC-related movies and the recent Comic Con in San Diego. There is now a digital scoreboard, which is shown occasionally throughout the episode. Marc Andreyko returns after an 18 episode absence. Tenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Jason Inman || 1/3/0 || '''Win''' |- | Marc Andreyko || 1/1/0 || Second |- | Mark Reilly || New fighter* || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jason !! Marc A !! Mark R |- | 1: Which movie stole the show at Comic Con this year? || || 1 || |- | 2: Best moment in the ''Batman v Superman'' trailer? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best part of the Suicide Squad trailer? || 1 || || |- | 4: Pitch the Ben Affleck solo ''Batman'' movie || 1 || || |- | 5: Who wins in a fight: Batman, Superman, or Wonder Woman? **|| || 1 || |- | 6: Are we excited for a ''Deadpool'' movie? ***, **** || 1 || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' ***** || 3 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If these two movies are playing on cable, which do you watch: ''Goodfellas'' or ''The Godfather''? || || 1 + || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Ben? || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: All of these movies are in the bargain bin. Which ''Mission: Impossible'' movie do I buy? +** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with the word "rain" [or any other spelling] in the title? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''+*** || 4 || 1 |} .*Mark R. competed briefly during the team fight between the Schmoes Know crew and the Screen Junkies crew during a live fight on the Schmoes Know show on December 18, 2014. .**Andy and Dan indicated that the discussion for this question holds the record for nerdiest fight yet, beating out which X-Man would win the Hunger Games. .***Jason and Marc A were not excited. Andy gave them an option to team up against Mark. If they agreed and won, they would each get a point, but if they lost, Mark R would get two points and go into the Speed Round ahead by one point. While Andy was excited for a ''Deadpool'' movie, based on arguments, he ultimately chose Jason and Marc, eliminating Mark R. .****The question was not related to the upcoming Honest Trailer, which is for the 1993 film ''Super Mario Bros''. .*****Andy mentioned that there was a tie-breaker question available for the Speed Round in case of a tie, but a tie was not possible. +Andy ruled Marc's argument for ''The Godfather'' was better and did not use the help of Dan and Mark R. +*Split decision. Even though Andy and Dan already agreed with Jason, Mark R said Marc had the better argument. +**Andy did not get a chance to finish the question, when Jason said ''III'' and Marc said ''Ghost Protocol(IV)''. +***Fourth fight in a row in which the final score was 6-4-1. '''Episode 41: Who Should Play Young Han Solo? (7-26-15)'''<ref>Episode 41: Who Should Play Young Han Solo? (7-26-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CR2PAHnJ7QA</ref> Squarespace returns as sponsor First episode in which a fighter finishes with no points. Alison Haislip returns after an 31 episode absence, a new record at the time. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 1/8/1 || '''Win''' |- | Jon Bailey || New fighter || Third |- | Alison Haislip || 0/1/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Jon !! Alison |- | 1: Who gave the best performance in ''Ant-Man''? || || || 1 |- | 2: Do we want ''Ant-Man 2''? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who should play young Han Solo in the ''Star Wars'' spinoff? || || || 1 |- | 4: Which ''X-Men Apocalypse'' character looks promising? || 1 || || |- | 5: Worst Adam Sandler Movie? * || 1 || || |- | 6: Who should direct the next ''James Bond'' movie? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are both in the bargain bin. Which should I buy: ''Spider-Man 3'' or ''The Amazing Spider-Man 2''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Brian [or Bryan]? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best movie starring Shia LaBeouf? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with the word "space" in the title? ** || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 0*** || 4 |} .*Used as the first Speed Round question in episode 14. The same answer (''Jack and Jill'') won. Alison had tried fighting using the movie ''Click'', which she had not actually watched. .**Split decision: Dan voted for Alison, but Andy and Jon went with Hal. Alison did not provide an argument however, the way Hal did. .***Jon becomes the first fighter to finish with no points. '''Episode 42: What Should Wolverine's Last Movie Be About? (8-2-15)'''<ref>Episode 42: What Should Wolverine's Last Movie Be About? (8-2-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrIqNayLHSs</ref> No sponsor for this episode. The first all-female Fight panel. Brianne Chandler (Miss Movies) appears as Fact Checker, having previously performed the function in episode 14. First episode in which a fighter gets four consecutive points in the regular round. Fourth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being the previous episode (in which Jon got no points), episode 28, and episode 20). Eleventh episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Not counting the first episode, thirteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 3/2/0 || '''Win''' |- | Chloe Dykstra || New fighter || Second |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/2/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Chloe !! Trisha |- | 1: Cast the male ''Ghostbusters'' reboot movie || || || 1 |- | 2: Who should direct the next ''Mission: Impossible'' film? || || 1 || |- | 3: Best movie starring Tom Cruise? || 1 || || |- | 4: What star would you like to see remake an old TV show as a movie? || 1 || || |- | 5: Best road trip movie? || 1 || || |- | 6: Pitch the final Hugh Jackman ''Wolverine'' movie? || 1 || * || |- | TIE BREAKER: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which do you buy: ''Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls'' or ''Dumb and Dumber Too''? || x || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 4** || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Tell me Hollywood's best George? || 1*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two movies are playing on cable. Which should we watch: ''Super 8'' or ''8 Mile''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tell me the best movie with the word "time" in the title. || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie starring Kristen Stewart? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''**** || 3 || 1 |} .*Chloe started pitching ''Les Misérables'' with X-Men characters, claiming it was an original storyline, tricking Trisha into thinking she had in fact never seen the movie. .**Alicia becomes the first fighter to head into the Speed Round ahead by three points. .***At this point, Alicia was ahead 5-1-1. She would reach this again after the second Speed Round question of episode 98, at which point victory was declared over runner-up Coy Jandreau (who was previously victorious in all five of his Screen Junkies appearances) and Brett Erlich (who lost his fourth consecutive fight). .****Alicia becomes the fourth fighter to ''win'' (not win or tie) at least 4 episodes (the others being Dan Murrell, Mike Carlson, and Nick Mundy). She also becomes the only fighter besides Dan Murrell to fight at least six episodes without ever coming in third place. '''Episode 43: What Franchise Should Die Forever (8-9-15)'''<ref>Episode 43: What Franchise Should Die Forever (8-9-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpWA_hRECxc</ref> Loot Crate returns again as sponsor. A ''Night Falls'' poster has been hung up behind Spencer It is announced that Mike Carlson and Amy Nicholson will be battling Dan LIVE the following Sunday for the Belt. Twelfth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. In terms of seating placement, the points for the first four questions matched those of the previous episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 3/5/1 || '''Win''' |- | Tiffany Smith || 0/1/0 || Third |- | Brett Weiner || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Tiffany !! Brett |- | 1: Best moment in the [Red Band] ''Deadpool'' trailer || || || 1 |- | 2: Which character from a bad movie deserves a second chance? || || 1 || |- | 3: What would be a better ''Harry Potter'' spin-off than ''Fantasic Beasts''? || 1 || || |- | 4: What movie did critics get wrong? || 1 || || |- | 5: Who should be the third Bad Boy? || || || 1 |- | 6: What franchise or series of movies should go away forever? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are playing on cable. Which should I watch: ''Jackass: The Movie'' or ''Superman: The Movie''? * || 1** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Jack? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with "black" in the title? || 1 || x || *** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie starring Bruce Willis released after 2005? || 1**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''*****, + || 1 || 3 |} .*Both chose ''Jackass'', but Spencer got in more quickly. .**In episode 35, which Spencer hosted, Dan lost a pre-Speed Round tie-breaker to Andy for not choosing Superman as the best movie with the word "man" in the title, leading to his first loss. .**Also, in episode 17, the Screen Junkies team (which included both Spencer and Andy) beat the Schmoes Know team (with Dan as judge) by choosing ''Jackass: The Movie'' over ''Superman: The Movie'' as the best film to have "movie" in the title. In the current episode, Dan commented that he still gets negative comments about that decision. .***Brett said ''Back in Black'', incorrectly giving it as the title to an Amy Winehouse documentary. Dan indicated that there is an unrelated Greek movie with that title. .****Spencer’s performance in the Speed Round marks: - The fifth time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, 26, and 34), - the second time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering four questions (instead of only three as done in episodes 18, 23, and 26), and - the fourth time someone has gotten four consecutive points in the Speed Round (previously done in a five-question Speed Round in episode 27, a seven-question Speed Round in episode 28, and the four-question Speed Round in episode 34.) .*****For the second week in a row, the fighter on the left won with 6 points, with the others getting 3 and 1, after becoming the last one to score a first point. +Spencer becomes the fifth fighter to win at least four episodes, just one week after Alicia Malone became the fourth. '''Episode 44: Disney World’s Star Wars Land: Dream Ride!? - Movie Fights LIVE! (8-16-15)'''<ref>Episode 44: Disney World’s Star Wars Land: Dream Ride!? - Movie Fights LIVE! (8-16-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCvFUE6dNnA</ref> Fourth battle for the Title Belt, held live at 10:00 PDT, between Dan and the two winners of fights against him. The episode was preceded by live commentary by Spencer Gilbert, Alicia Malone, Ken Napzok (who is a new producer) and Jason Inman. The pre-show included the first appearances on Movie Fights of JT (the engineer) and Ken Napzok. Both previously appeared in the Schmoes Know Movie Fight as competitors. Fact checker Alicia Malone, with Spencer Gilbert reading live audience commentary. The ''Night Falls'' poster (which is shown to be Part Deux) has been moved to behind Andy. It is revealed that the studio is not air-conditioned on the weekends. Fifth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), and 42). Not counting the first episode, fourteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. After this episode, there are no undefeated fighters who have appeared in more than one episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 4/4/0 || Second |- | Amy Nicholson || 2/0/0 || Third* |- | Dan Murrell || 8/2/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Amy !! Dan |- | 1: What ''Captain America: Civil War'' character should we be we most excited for? || || 1 || ** |- | 2: Is Colin Trevorrow the right choice to direct ''Star Wars Episode IX''? *** || || || 1 |- | 3: Design your dream Disney ''Star Wars'' ride || 1 || || |- | 4: Best return of a character to a movie franchise? || || || 1 |- | 5: Best performance in a [Quentin] Tarantino film? || 1 || || |- | 6: What would make the best movie marathon? **** || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which director would be perfect for a reboot of the movie ''Goonies''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Please tell me the best movie with the word "love" in the title. || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two trilogies are in the bargain bin. Which one should we buy on Blu-Ray: ''Star Wars Episodes I-III'' or ''The Hobbit''? || ***** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which is the better movie location to visit: ''Robocop's'' Detroit or ''Mad Max's'' Fury Road? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: The two movies are both playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''Divergent'' or ''The Maze Runner''? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''6''' |} .*Amy becomes the first contestant besides Dan to not come in second place in her first three fights. Scott Mantz would follow five episodes later. .**The majority of the live audience who gave commentary supported Dan. .***All of the fighters had indicated that Trevorrow was not the right choice, so the fight was over whom they would rather see. .****A repeat question from episode 11, in which the winner answer was ''Friday the 13th'' (provided by Roger Barr). This response was not allowed for this episode and was not related to the upcoming Honest Trailer (''Kingsman: The Secret Service'') .*****Split decision. Amy liked Mike's argument for the ''Star Wars'' prequel trilogy better. '''Episode 45: How to Fix Fantastic Four (8-23-15)'''<ref>Episode 45: How to Fix Fantastic Four (8-23-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSkVUBvpQIQ</ref> Hosted by Nick Mundy and branded Mundy Fights. Posters were replaced with ones of Nick with Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson. Andy and Dan were away at Chicago Comic Con, where another Movie Fight was being filmed. Fact checker Jason Inman, with Nick's wife Dilara sitting beside him. Scott Mantz returns after a 21 episode absence from competing. Nick is sitting in the seat next to where Andy normally sits (between Scott Mantz and Hal Rudnick). Sixth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), 42, and 44). Not counting the first episode, fifteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Thirteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Kristian Harloff || 1/3/0 || Third |- | Scott Mantz || 0/1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Hal Rudnick || 2/8/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Kristian !! Scott !! Hal |- | 1: Pitch a good ''Fantastic Four'' movie || 1* || || |- | 2: What is the coolest movie future? ** || || || 1 |- | 3: Which future comic book movie would you kill? || || || 1 |- | 4: Best Disney princess || || 1 || |- | 5: Pitch a buddy movie starring Nick Mundy || || || 1 |- | 6: Bang-Marry-Kill: 1990s Arnold Schwarzenegger, Sylvester Stallone, and Bruce Willis || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If you had to replace Pauly Shore with Rutger Hauer in a Pauly Shore movie, what Pauly Shore movie would you remake || x || 1*** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best Burt Reynolds performance? || x || || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: All three of these are on cable. Which do you watch: ''Rookie of the Year'', ''Little Big League'', ''Angels in the Outfield''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What's the best movie with "show" in the title? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: In honor of "The Martian" trailer directed by Ridley Scott, what is the best ''Tony'' Scott movie? || x || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Who would win in a fight to the death: John Rambo or John Matrix [from ["The"] ''Commando'']? || x || 1***** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''6''' || 5+ |} .*After Nick gave Kristian the point, Nick said it would probably be the only point he would get, and he was right. .**The twitter user who suggested the question had wanted to the question to specify that the future had to be on earth, but Nick didn't include that. .***Dilara and Jason each provided their opinion for the winner of the question (Hal and Scott respectively); Kristian had no say, and Nick went with Scott. .****Dilara picked Scott, but Kristian and Nick each picked Hal. .*****Scott incorrectly stated that in ''Rambo III'', Rambo fought the Iraqi army. He in fact fought in Afghanistan against the Soviet army. +Hal's score of 5 is the best second-place finish since episode 35. '''Episode 46: Han Solo vs Indiana Jones (8-30-15)'''<ref>Episode 46: Han Solo vs Indiana Jones (8-30-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ic8nZlFISBg</ref> Episode was filmed on 8-21-15 at Wizard World Chicago Comic Con, the same day as the previous episode. Andy and Andre (The Black Nerd) co-hosted. Andy read all the questions. Responses were prepared ahead of time. There were no coin toss situations as in the previous Comic Con episode. In the first four rounds, fighters fought against fans. Debut of John Flickinger. Two of the other three professionals competed in the previous Comic-Con fight. Winners were decided by the audience holding up signs. Tournament-style fight, single elimination with eight fighters. Fight is not counted towards official statistics. There is no designated Fact Checker. Two fighters (Dan and Chris) fought against each other in the previous Comic-Con fight, with Dan losing in the first round. Dan loses to Chris again in this fight, but in the final. Doug Walker (The Nostalgia Critic) appears despite only receiving one point in the regular fights. During the fight, Andy made it a point to say "Wow!" several times. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Winner |- | 1: Dan Murrell v. Jared McMorrow: Best Marvel Movie || Dan (''Captain America: The Winter Soldier'' over ''Guardians of the Galaxy'') |- | 2: Doug Walker v. Joe Armenta: Which of DC's future movies should be cut? || Doug (''Shazam'' over ''Suicide Squad'') * |- | 3: John Flickinger v. April O'Donnell: Who is the best working director today? || John (Martin Scorsese over Christopher Nolan) |- | 4: Chris Stuckmann v. Joe Simpson: Who is the best franchise hero? Luke Skywalker or Harry Potter? || Chris (Harry Potter)** |- | Semi-final 1: Dan Murrell v Doug Walker - Who’s better? Indiana Jones or Han Solo? || Dan (Han Solo)*** |- | Semi-final 2: John Flickinger v. Chris Stuckmann: Who wins in a fight? Captain America or Iron Man? || Chris (Iron Man) |- | Final: Dan Murrell v. Chris Stuckmann: Tell me the best Pixar movie.**** || '''Chris'''***** (''The Incredibles'' over ''Wall-E'') |} .*Joe only got 3 or 4 votes out of the entire audience. After Joe said ''Suicide Squad'', Doug declared himself the winner. .**Audience response was too close to call using the signs, so Andy had the fans scream. .***The audience overwhelmingly showed orange "S" signs, signaling Dan's win. .****Repeat question from episode 31 (CinemaSins vs. Honest Trailers). The same response (''The Incredibles'') won. The previous time this question was used, Dan was also part of the losing side (with Andy), but the answer the first time was ''Toy Story 2''. .*****Doing so twice, Chris is the only fighter in the episode to win a fight while sitting on Andy's right. '''Episode 47: Man of Steel Pitches (9-6-15)'''<ref>Episode 47: Man of Steel Pitches (9-6-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ad4T7c7T1So</ref> Loot Crate returns as sponsor. April O'Donnell from the previous episode accompanies Dan on the Dan Cam, but she does not play a role in judging Speed Round questions. Andy tells the audience that the fans in the last episode were not given time to prepare, and comments should not be so mean. Andy has been sent a shirt from Europe that says "This is tough." Seventh episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), 42, 44, and 45). Not counting the first episode, sixteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. In her seventh appearance in a regular episode, Alicia Malone finally comes in third place. Her single point is the only instance in which she has scored fewer than three points and one of two in which she has scored fewer than five points. Alicia's birthdate is revealed as September 4, 1981. First episode to be won by new fighter since episode 34, which itself came immediately after another such episode. All delivered by Max Landis (son of director John Landis), more f-bombs are featured in this episode than in all other episodes combined. At the end of the episode, Andy reveals that Elijah Wood will be competing in the next episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Landis Max Landis] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/5/1 || Second |- | Alicia Malone || 4/2/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Max !! Spencer !! Alicia |- | 1: What would be the ultimate movie crossover? * || || || 1 |- | 2: Pitch the ultimate ''Man of Steel'' sequel || 1 || || |- | 3: Cast the ultimate biopic movie** || || 1 || |- | 4: What standalone action film most deserves a sequel? || || 1*** || |- | 5: What superhero besides Deadpool would you like to get an R-Rated movie? || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the best movie toy? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would be the best director for a remake of the movie ''Speed''? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''The Mummy III: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor'' or ''Jurassic Park III''? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Please name the best movie with "girl" or "girls" in the title. || 1 || **** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What's the better movie location to visit: ''Harry Potter'' 's Hogwarts or ''Star Wars'' ' Jedi Temple? ***** || 1+ || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''+* || 3+** || 1 |} .*As mentioned in the episode by Andy, this question was previously used in episode 10. .**Though not exactly the same, a similar question was posed in episode 28. The one in the current episode stems from a March 11, 2015 tweet, so it is possible that the question in episode 28 also stemmed from that, but no tweet is shown in that episode. .***Spencer's winning response of ''The Rock 2: Rock Harder'' is a reference to ''Die Hard 2: Die Harder''. .****Despite several options, Spencer could not think of a choice and made up a movie ''Girls' Night Out'', which like ''Night Falls'', is actually the title of a real movie (it was released in 1982). Max raised an objection during Spencer's argument, and Dan put an end to Spencer's speech, resulting in Max's receiving of the point. .*****It is further specified after Max's asking that the temple is on Yavin (IV). However, the only Jedi Temple interior shown in any movie is on Coruscant. +Split decision. Alicia and Dan disagreed with Andy, who chose Spencer. Max received the point due to his pointing out that Muggles (non-magical people) cannot enter Hogwarts, despite Spencer's objection that if that is the case, it should not have been offered as an option in the question. +*Max’s performance in the Speed Round marks: - The sixth time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, 26, 34, and 43), - the third time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering four questions (instead of only three as done in episodes 18, 23, and 26), and - the fifth time someone has gotten four consecutive points in the Speed Round (previously done in a five-question Speed Round in episode 27, a seven-question Speed Round in episode 28, and the four-question Speed Rounds in episodes 34 and 43.) +**Spencer got swept in a four-question Speed Round despite sweeping an opponent (Brett Weiner) in a four-question Speed Round on his last appearance (episode 43). He was previously swept in a three-question Speed Round in episode 26. *He is swept a third time in episode 58. *He remained the only person to be swept in the Speed Round twice until July 22, 2016 when Dan Murrell was swept for both his first ''and'' second time ''on the same day'' in separate Movie Fights (episodes 93 and 94). '''Episode 48: Best Lord of the Rings Movie (9-13-15)'''<ref>Episode 48: Best Lord of the Rings Movie (9-13-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIxCIN1LZdI</ref> No sponsor in this episode. Alicia Malone as Fact Checker. There is a smaller couch chair shown on the Dan Cam. Andy has been sent a shirt from Europe that says "This is tough." Second episode in which a fighter (this time Nick) finishes an episode with a score of 0, after Jon Bailey's finish seven episodes earlier. Eighth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), 42, 44, 45, and 47). The finishers for first, second, and third place all sat in the same spots as the respective finishers from the previous episode. First regular episode since episode 33 (air date 5/31/15) to not feature a question asking for the best movie with a specific word in the title. Episodes 47 and 48 mark the fifth time two consecutive episodes have been won by new fighters (after episodes 1 and 2, 15 and 16, 29 and 30, and 33 and 34). These five pairs represent 10 of the 13 (77% of the) episodes that have been won by new fighters at this point. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Wood Elijah Wood] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 9/2/0 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 4/7/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Elijah !! Dan !! Nick |- | 1: What is the funniest horror movie of all time? || || 1* || |- | 2: What is the best fantasy franchise of all time? ** || || 1 || |- | 3: What Hobbit would win in a battle royale for the One Ring? || 1*** || || |- | 4: What is the best film from the ''Lord of the Rings'' trilogy? || 1 || || |- | 5: What's the best performance by a kid in a movie?**** || || 1 || ***** |- | 6: If you had to watch one movie for eternity, which movie would you choose? || || 1 || + |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 4 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are playing on cable. Which one should I watch: ''Jurassic World'' or ''Wayne's World 2''? || 1+* || +** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie starring Elijah Wood? || 1+*** || +**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should I buy: ''Big'' or ''Big Hero 6''? || +***** || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Tell me Hollywood's best Elizabeth/Elisabeth. || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock. || 1++ || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 || 0 |} .*Dan won with ''Evil Dead 2'', despite losing a coin toss to Elijah, who picked ''Shaun of the Dead''. .**Fighters were restricted to the following choices: ''Lord of the Rings'' (excluding the ''Hobbit'' trilogy), ''Harry Potter'', ''Star Wars'' ('''including''' the prequel trilogy), and ''Game of Thrones''. Nobody picked ''Harry Potter'', and ''Lord of the Rings'' was the winning response. .***Elijah's winning response was Smeagol (original identity of Gollum), who is not generally thought of as a Hobbit. This was not the response that Elijah originally submitted. .****Andy clarified that the performer had to be under 16 when they shot. .*****Nick's non-winning response was Elijah Wood in ''Radio Flyer''. Dan won with Haley Joel Osment in ''The Sixth Sense''. +Nick's non-winning response was his favorite film, ''Die Hard'', which along with Elijah's choice, ''Groundhog Day'', lost to ''The Princess Bride''. +*Split decision. Alicia and Nick overrode Andy. +**As Dan was not fast enough, he was forced to argue for a movie he disliked, ''Jurassic World'', which Elijah had not yet seen. +***Split decision. Nick would have chosen Dan, but Alicia agreed with Andy for ''The Ice Storm''. +****Dan picked ''Fellowship of the Ring'' despite choosing ''Return of the King'' for the fourth question, implying that he had lost another coin toss to Elijah. +*****Elijah had to rely on arguing against ''Big'' as he'd never seen ''Big Hero 6''. He also primarily used ''Big'''s alternate ending. Andy did not activate the panel, giving Dan his only Speed Round point. ++Split decision. Andy had to decide on Elijah after Alicia voted for Dan. '''Episode 49: Who Should Play Robin in the Next Batman Movie? (9-20-15)'''<ref>Episode 49: Who Should Play Robin in the Next Batman Movie? (9-20-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pItZ51GCPj4</ref> The bigger couch is back, and Dan is accompanied by Chris Zimmerman, host of Magnificent 7 Podcast. Scott Mantz previously won episode 45, which was the last episode that was not won by the fighter on the left (across from Andy). Starting in this episode, the Score Board during the Speed Round only includes the two remaining fighters. As of this episode, besides Dan, Scott Mantz now has the best record of all contestants who have appeared more than once based on percentage wins followed by points per game average. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Scott Mantz || 1/1/0 || '''Win''' |- | John Rocha || 0/1/0 || Third |- | Kim Horcher || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Scott !! John !! Kim |- | 1: Who should play Robin in a future Batman movie? || || || 1 |- | 2: Pitch M. Night Shyamalan's next movie. || || 1 || |- | 3: What is Johnny Depp's best performance? || 1 || || * |- | 4: Pitch your dream cast for the ''Charlie's Angels'' reboot? || ** || ** || 1*** |- | 5: What is the best ''Rocky'' fight?**** || 1***** || || |- | 6: If The ''Jungle Book'' [2016] starts a new live-action Disney universe - what other classic animated movie should join it? || 1+ || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both of these movies are in the bargain bin. Which should I buy: ''Transformers 4'' or ''Indiana Jones 4''? +* || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would be the best director for the remake of the movie ''Waterworld''? || 1 || x || +*** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Both of these graphic novels are playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''Watchmen'' or ''Sin City''? || || x || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with the word "game" or "games" in the title. || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Kim chose Jack Sparrow, which Andy should have known ahead of time. However, before asking the question, he (while apparently not realizing that she picked it) said he was glad Depp wasn't playing a pirate. Kim jokingly claimed bias to start and said she wanted a new judge. .**Scott and John each included Jennifer Lawrence and Zoe Saldana in their trio, but not in the same roles as each other. Scott also picked Emily Blunt, while John picked Haylet Atwell. .***Chris was activated for help in deciding the round (activating had previously only been done in the Speed Round). Chris chose Scott, but Andy had already chosen and written down Kim (who chose Anna Kendrick, Brittany Snow, and Rebel Wilson (all from ''Pitch Perfect'')) as the winner, nullifying Chris' input. .****Submitted by JTE (JT, the engineer). His question on twitter asked for best fight in the series, which wouldn't necessarily require Rocky to be part of it (for example, Apollo Creed vs Ivan Drago, which no one chose). .*****Andy asked JTE who he thought gave the best argument, and he chose Scott, whom Andy also chose. +Scott won the point despite having the characters in his movie (''Bambi'') not being able to talk despite the fact that they could in the original movie and that animals can talk in both the classic and new versions of ''The Jungle Book''. While he didn't do anything to directly tie it to the same universe, neither did the other contestants (John and Kim respectively chose ''The Little Mermaid'' and ''Aladdin''). +*''Transformers 4'' (''Age of Extinction'') is the only Transformers movie without Shia Labeouf, while ''Indiana Jones 4'' (Kingdom of the Crystal Skull) is the only Indiana Jones movie ''with'' him. +**Split decision. John picked Kim, but Andy disagreed. +***Kim, in describing ''Waterworld'', started talking about lawyers as characters, which confused everyone. +****Kim won the point for ''Sin City'' despite picking ''Watchmen'' (she wasn't fast enough though). '''Episode 50: Pacific Rim 2: Pitch the Dream Sequel (9-27-15)'''<ref>Episode 50: Pacific Rim 2: Pitch the Dream Sequel (9-27-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8jlXlXAX4w</ref> Credit Karma is a new sponsor. The Score Board once again during the Speed Round includes all of the fighters, not just the remaining ones, which was the case in the previous episode. Roger Barr returns after a 21 episode absence. Roger Barr claims he wishes losses were announced in the introductions as he wears them like a badge of honor. He stated that he hoped to become the first fighter to reach ten losses. However, using the true results of the first episode, Hal Rudnick has already beat him to it. Using the official results however, Hal is still at nine losses to Roger's six (as of the beginning of the episode). Nick Mundy is also beating Roger with eight losses. If championship fights are not counted, this is the first regular fight since episode 34 in which the person in the seat on the right has won. First episode since episode 38 in which the fighter who won the first point won the episode. Episode 38 had been the fourth episode in a row in which that had happened (in episode 35, two fighters got a point for the first question) before this temporarily stopped. Episode 50 is the first of three in a row in which it has happened. Fourth episode in a row to feature a new fighter (fifth if episode 46 (a Comic Con episode) is counted). Each of the four fighters has dropped the f-bomb at least once. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr || 1/6/0 || Second |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/3/0 || Third |- | Kofi Outlaw || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Roger !! Trisha !! Kofi |- | 1: Who[m] would you go back and recast as Anakin Skywalker in ''[Star Wars] Episodes 2'' and ''3''? || || || 1 |- | 2: Pitch ''Pacific Rim 2''. || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the best Robert De Niro performance? || 1 || || |- | 4: Who should direct the ''Gambit'' movie starring Channing Tatum? || || || 1 |- | 5: What's the best animated film not made by Disney or Pixar? || ** || || 1 |- | 6: What movie in the Top 50 of IMDB's Top 250 * movies list shouldn't be in the list? || || 1*** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would be the best director for a remake of the movie ''Gremlins''? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which one should we watch: Doom or Resident Evil? || || x || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tell me the best movie with the word "lost" in the title. || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which movie game show would you rather participate in: ''Running Man'' or ''The Hunger Games''? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie starring Kevin Bacon? || 1 || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: Who would win in a fight: Peter Jackson's King Kong or Roland Emmerich's Godzilla? || || || 1+*,+** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || 1+*** || '''6'''+**** |} .*Andy said 25 but meant 250. .**Roger said that ''The Transformers: The Movie'' (1986) was the ''Citizen Kane'' of animated films. In the previous episode, Scott Mantz said that ''Watchmen'' was the ''Citizen Kane'' of comic book movies. In both instances, Dan took issue with this. .***Trisha got the last regular round question despite being unable to proceed (short of double points). Besides Jon Bailey and Nick Mundy, who have each had a scoreless fight, she is the third person to not score until Round 6 (previously done in episodes 19 and 34 by Hal Rudnick and Michael Barryte). .****Split decision. Dan did not agree with Andy, but Trisha did. .*****Despite Roger's rebuttal's addressing Kofi's argument for ''Doom'', Kofi was granted a rebuttal after Roger's. +Even though Roger got the point, the scoreboard showed Kofi getting the point. This was corrected after the following question however. +*Kofi stated that there is a reason that lizards and dinosaurs aren't around anymore and apes are. However, lizards do still exist, and Godzilla is not a dinosaur. Further, apes did not appear on earth until more than 10 million years after the dinosaurs went extinct, so apes had nothing to do with their extinction, and they were not around for the extinction event so it is unknown if they would have survived. +**Split decision. Despite Kofi's flawed argument, Andy and Dan agreed with Kofi. However, Trisha did not. +***If the first episode is counted as a loss for Hal, Trisha is the third fighter to reach 0 wins and 4 losses after Hal and Roger. Roger would win his fifth fight, but Hal would not win until his ninth. Trisha, Roger, and Hal are also the only three fighters to lose in four consecutive appearances. +****Andy said that it was rare that a new fighter would win the episode. However, in the last four episodes, there has been one new fighter in each, and in three of those four, the new fighter won. Out of 21 regular fights that have featured exactly one new fighter, seven of them (episodes 8, 16, 29, 34, 47, 48, and 50) have been won by the newcomer. ==Movie Fights Episodes 51-100== '''Episode 51: Dream Avengers Phase 4 Lineup (10-4-15)'''<ref>Episode 51: Dream Avengers Phase 4 Lineup (10-4-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7nYbTWs4BU</ref> Fifth episode in a row to feature one new fighter (sixth if episode 46 (a Comic Con episode) is counted). The f-bomb tradition continues. Andre returns after a 17 episode absence (although he did co-host the last Comic Con episode). The collective previous experience of the panel is only two episodes (and five points collectively), the least since the fan episode (episode 25). If the fan episode is not counted, then it is the least since episode 20, which - like episode 25 - featured all new fighters. Third episode in which a fighter finishes an episode with a score of 0, just three episodes after Nick Mundy did the same. Second consecutive episode in which a fighter went into the sixth question with no points. The question style in the Speed Round very closely mirrored that of the previous episode. Although the new format seemed to appear in the previous episode, officially starting in this episode, Andy indicates that in the Speed Round, each fighter will have 15 seconds and then 5 second rebuttals (as opposed to 10 seconds for the first fighter, 15 seconds for the second, and a 5 second rebuttal for the first fighter [which had to specifically address what the second fighter said]). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Brett Weiner || 0/1/0 || Third |- | Andre Meadows || 0/1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Roxy Striar || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Brett !! Andre !! Roxy |- | 1: What's the best standalone movie set in space? || || 1 || |- | 2: What is the best movie directed by Robert Zemeckis? || || || 1 |- | 3: What is your dream line-up for the New Avengers? || || || 1 |- | 4: What is the ''Citizen Kane'' of comic book movies? * || || 1 || |- | 5: What iconic role do you wish had been played by Nicolas Cage? || || || 1** |- | 6: What TV show would have worked better as a movie? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 0 || 3 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would be the best director for a movie adaptation of He-Man? || x || 1*** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''Men in Black 2'' or ''Mission: Impossible 2''? || x || 1****|| |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with the word "day" in the title. || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Where would you rather spend a long weekend: Evil Biff's Hill Valley from ''Back to the Future II'' or Frank Miller's Sin City? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || '''6''' || 4 |} .*Asked by Brad Smoley in honor of Scott Mantz, who referred to ''Watchmen'' as the ''Citizen Kane'' of comic book movies, much to Dan's chagrin. .**An argument ensued for almost three minutes after Andy awarded the point to Roxy. Also Dan thought Brett should have gotten the point for picking Qui-Gon Jinn. .***Andy gave the point to Andre (who picked Steven Spielberg) just because he said more. However, Brett and Dan agreed. .****Split decision. Andy chose Roxy, but Brett and Dan then chose Andre. '''Episode 52: Best Movie Fight! (10-11-15)'''<ref>Episode 52: Best Movie Fight (10-11-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSQckEErMwE</ref> First anniversary episode. A montage of moments from the first year is shown before the fight begins. The panel used is the same from the first episode of Movie Fights. As no winner was declared in the first episode (and as Hal was officially declared to have tied Nick and Spencer), it was decided that the winner of this episode would also be declared the winner of the first episode. Also the first Movie Fights to air after the debut the previous day of The Review Crew, and the last episode to air before the Screen Junkies channel reached one billion views. First episode since episode 45 to not feature any new fighters. First episode since episode 45 (and second since episode 35) in which 12 (or more broadly, more than 11) points are awarded. Filming is now done in a new studio. Andy has returned to sitting on the left side of the table. Andy forgot to bring his gavel and bell with him. Andy wears a shirt depicting a scene from ''Jurassic World'', with the dinosaurs replaced with green Yoshis. While this is shown at the beginning of the sixth question to be a teaser for the next Honest Trailer, the question itself is unrelated. The scoreboard in this episode lists Spencer's name as Spence. It also lists the three names in reverse seating order. Dan is briefly shown with his belt. He wears a Pikachu hat from Loot Crate at two points in the episode. The regular questions are asked by different fighters from other episodes, as determined by twitter to be the fan favorites. These fighters would assist Andy in judging and agreed with him on all regular round questions except question 5. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins/ties) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 2/9/1 * || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 4/8/1 * || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/6/1 * || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Nick !! Spencer |- | 1: (Asked by Alicia Malone from the Dan cam couch) Which real-life person would you love to see Aaron Sorkin tackle next? || 1** || || |- | 2: (Asked by Jeremy Jahns by pre-recorded video) Can you name a situation where the sequel was better than the original? || || || 1 |- | 3: (Asked by Mike Carlson via Skype) Form a band using multiple movie musicians *** || || || 1 |- | 4: (Asked by Kristian Harloff **** and Mark Ellis by pre-recorded video) Pitch us your "Night Falls" movie ***** || || 1+ || +* |- | 5: (Asked by Chris Stuckmann via Skype) What director do you want to quit making films? || 1 || +** || |- | 6: (Asked by Dan Murrell +*** from the couch) What is the best movie fight? +**** || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What sequel would you rather see: ''Die Hard 6'' or ''Transformers 5''? +*****, ++ || 1++* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie directed by Stanley Kubrick. || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Both of these movies are playing on cable. Which one should we watch: ''The Land Before Time'' or ''An American Tail''? ++** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with the word "gun" in the title. || ++*** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best action movie made after the year 2001. || || x || 1 ++**** |- | TIE BREAKER: Whose powers would you rather have: Jim Carrey's The Mask or Robin Williams' The Genie? ++***** || 1+++ || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 1+++* || 5 |} .*Retroactively, after this episode, Hal's record going into this match is 3/9/0, while Nick's becomes 4/9/0 and Spencer's becomes 4/7/0. By percentage of games won, Spencer, Hal, and Nick and now respectively the #14 (two-way tie), 16, and 17 ranked fighters after Dan Murrell. .**Andy indicated he would have chosen Spencer, but Alicia swayed him. Dan agreed with Alicia. .***Mike required a vocalist, guitarist, and drummer; fighters could add more. Each band member had to be from a different movie. .****Kristian also joined in person on the couch. .*****Kristian required the movie to star Robert De Niro and feature a cameo with Al Pacino. He also said that there had to be a crime ring even though that requirement had not been given to the fighters previously for their preparation. +While Kristian chose Nick, Andy had wanted Hal to get the point. +*Spencer pitched a twist-ending movie in which De Niro played Bruce Wayne, and he said it was called Knight Falls. However, this apparently went against what was asked, and it also went against the Speed Round question from episode 38. Dan confirmed this during the arguments, disqualifying Spencer. +**Nick chose Christopher Nolan. Spencer indicated he did not want to be in the shot for this argument, so he got up and left the table, and Hal followed him. Andy said that Nick gave them the first moment of the next year's montage. *No montage of the second year was made. Rather, a Screen Junkies Plus-exclusive episode of the Screen Junkies show (titled Best Movie Fights Moments (2014 - 2016) (air date December 31, 2016)) was made, and this moment was #32 of 50. +***During Dan's introduction of the question, it is mentioned that there is a deleted scene of a vicious fight between him and Andy from episode 17, question 7, which Andy was assigned to answer. Andy said it was so bad that it would never be shown even though Dan still has a copy. *Audio of the fight was eventually aired on December 31, 2016 the aforementioned Best Movie Fights Moments (2014 - 2016), as moment #30 of 50. +****Clarified as a fight in a movie, not a question from the show. +*****Right after the answers were given and again after the arguments were made and Andy asked for Nick's opinion, Andy was confusing who said which movie (Hal said ''Die Hard 6''). ++By the time this episode aired, Hasbro had already announced that there would be four more ''Transformers'' movies, putting the total at eight. And three days after the airing, a ''Die Hard'' prequel, ''Die Hard: Year One'' was announced. ++*Split decision. Nick disagreed with Andy, but Dan agreed with Andy. ++**Initially, Andy again was confused about who said which (Spencer said ''The Land Before Time''). ++***Hal could not think of an answer after Spencer said ''Top Gun''. He said ''The Way of the Gun'', but he had not seen it and could not provide any real argument, and Andy gave the point to Spencer without asking Nick or Dan. ++****Spencer said ''The Raid 2'' right before Hal did, so Hal unsuccessfully argued ''The Raid''. These answers were given right after Andy told Dan that he might need his help (Dan argued in episode 25 for question 4 that ''The Raid 2'' was the best action sequel of all time), even though the help to which Andy was referring was likely fact-checking the years. ++*****Spencer said The Genie right before Hal did. Shortly after, Spencer said he would switch his answer and let Hal take The Genie. Andy said he'd allow this if Hal agreed, but Hal refused and went with The Mask, likely because The Genie spent most of his life trapped in a lamp. +++Split decision. Nick and Dan disagreed with Andy. +++*Officially, Nick is the first fighter to reach ten losses. He is also the first person to finish in third place three consecutive times (a record later tied by Scott Mantz in episode 73, but not before Nick beats it himself). '''Episode 53: Dream Back to the Future Sequel (10-18-15)'''<ref>Episode 53: Dream Back to the Future Sequel (10-18-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3n0dgyjeFQ</ref> First regular fight episode since episode 43 to feature a new fighter who didn't drop the f-bomb. Judged by Dan (as Andy was on a special unnamed assignment) with Spencer as remote Fact Checker. Miri Jedeikin returns after a 20 episode absence. The record for most consecutive points is set at five. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Miri Jedeikin || 0/1 || Third |- | Mike Carlson || 4/5 || '''Win''' |- | Adam Johnston || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Miri !! Mike !! Adam |- | 1: Pitch a ''Back to the Future'' sequel, prequel, or reboot worthy of the original. || || || 1* |- | 2: What is the best movie of 1985? || || 1 || |- | 3: Who should play the young John McClane? || || || 1** |- | 4: King Kong vs. Godzilla vs. ______? (Dan: If you could add a third contestant, a third combatant, into that King Kong/Godzilla heavyweight title bout, who would it be?) || || || 1 |- | 5: Who should be the first female ''Star Wars'' director? || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the best Coen Brothers comedy? ***, **** || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best movie directed by Christopher Guest? || x || 1***** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the worst movie starring Will Farrell? + || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who[m] would you pick to direct a remake of ''Top Gun''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two movies are on cable. Which one do I watch: ''Animal House'' or ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off''? || x || 1+* || +** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''6'''+*** || 3 |} .*Adam won by pitching a crossover with the cartoon ''Rick and Morty''. .**Adam won by choosing a black female, Quvenzhané Wallis, who is only 12 years old, and saying that she had an operation the day before ''Die Hard'', despite the fact that McClane already had children. .***Miri's and Adam's choices, respectively ''Fargo'' and ''Burn After Reading'', were not deemed comedic enough by Dan. .****Question did not relate to the following Honest Trailer (the ''Back to the Future'' trilogy), but the first two questions had already done so more explicitly. The Honest Trailer aired on the following Wednesday (rather than Tuesday), October 21, 2015 (''Back to the Future'' Day, the day to which Marty and Doc traveled in the beginning of the 1989 film ''Back to the Future II''). .*****Mike won as Adam could not name a Christopher Guest movie. He jokingly said Christopher Nolan's ''The Dark Knight''. +Adam's answer (the 2008 film ''Step Brothers'') upset Spencer. +*Mike and Adam both said ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off'', but Mike was faster, even though Adam claimed he said the whole title first. +**Adam was not able to argue for ''Animal House'' as he had never seen it. +***Mike’s performance in the Speed Round marks: - The seventh time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, 26, 34, 43, and 47, four of which Spencer had also been present for as either a winner (43), a second-place finisher (26, 47), or Fact Checker (18)), - the fourth time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering four questions (instead of only three as done in episodes 18, 23, and 26), and - the sixth time someone has gotten four consecutive points in the Speed Round (previously done in a five-question Speed Round in episode 27, a seven-question Speed Round in episode 28, and the four-question Speed Rounds in episodes 34, 43, and 47.) '''Episode 54: Luke Skywalker: Good or Evil? (10-25-15)'''<ref>Episode 54: Luke Skywalker: Good or Evil? (10-25-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sATnivgGifI</ref> Not counting the anniversary episode which brought back the original panel, this is the eighth fight in a row to feature a new fighter. Judged by Alicia (as Andy was still on a special unnamed assignment) with Spencer again as remote Fact Checker. Alicia is the sixth person and first female to judge Movie Fights. Spencer was accompanied by Stacey Howard, co-host (with past Fact Checker Miss Movies) of Six Degrees of Feature Film, who remained silent during fact checks. Scott's twitter was incorrectly shown as MoiveMantz throughout the episode. Also, Stacey's tag had Film spelled as Fiilm. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Scott Mantz || 2/1 || Third* |- | Grae Drake || New fighter || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 9/3 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Scott !! Grae !! Dan |- | 1: What was the best moment in the new ''Star Wars [Episode VII: The Force Awakens]'' trailer? || ** || || 1 |- | 2: What role in ''[The] Force Awakens'' should Luke Skywalker's role be? || 1*** || || |- | 3: What is the best Bill Murray performance? || || 1 || |- | 4: Who is the best horror movie villain of all time? || || || 1 |- | 5: Which director would you bring back from the dead to make one more film? || || 1 || |- | 6: Who is the best Australian actor? || **** || ***** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are in the bargain bin, and you have to buy one. Which do you choose: ''The Pacifier'' or ''The Tooth Fairy''? || x || 1 + || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with "Witch" in the title? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which is better: ''Back to the Future II'' or ''III''? || x || || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best movie featuring Chris Rock? || x || 1 || +** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is the best Mark in Hollywood? || x || 1 || +*** |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the most inspiring film? || x || +**** || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 5 || '''6''' |} .*Besides Dan, Scott becomes the first fighter to not come in second place in any of his first four fights. .**During arguments, Scott called ''The Empire Strikes Back'' the ''Citizen Kane'' of ''Star Wars'' movies. Alicia told him that doing so was against the rules. .***Alicia asked for affirmation from Spencer of her opinion before ruling for Scott. .****Scott chose Cate Blanchett, but, as Alicia pointed out, he didn't mention her musical capabilities when fighting against Dan, who chose Hugh Jackman and used his musical capabilities in his argument. .*****Though he lived in Australia for much of his life and had an Australian accent early on, Grae's choice, Mel Gibson, was born in the United States to non-Australian parents. +Split decision. Spencer disagreed with Alicia while Scott agreed with her. +*Spencer recused himself from judging due to personal dislike of both movies, but Scott agreed with Alicia, who was able to choose Dan's argument for ''III'' despite preferring ''II''. +**Dan argued for ''Pootie Tang'' and against ''Top Five''. After the ruling for Grae, Dan admitted he had never seen either movie. +***Despite being given a significant amount of time to choose Wahlberg before Grae did, Dan did not say his name in time and started to think of another Mark. Alicia offered him a chance to use a lifeline, but Spencer would not allow it ("Them's the rules"). Ultimately, Dan could not think of another Mark, including Hamill (whom Alicia suggested after Dan ran out of time), despite an earlier question about Luke Skywalker. +****As part of Grae's argument, she activated the race card and stated that if you don't vote for her choice (''Selma''), you hate black people. '''Episode 55: Wes Anderson: Horror Director?! (11-1-15)'''<ref>Episode 55: Wes Anderson: Horror Director?! (11-1-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVkwxjXb7CA</ref> Not counting the anniversary episode which brought back the original panel, this is the ninth fight in a row to feature a new fighter. *The new fighter drops the f-bomb once. Andy stated that the following week, there would be a big announcement for Screen Junkies. During this, he pointed to his shirt, which showed part of what looked like the S.H.I.E.L.D emblem. Dan stated that he would not be present for the following Movie Fight. Dan was accompanied by fan Meredith Loftus, who lives in Los Angeles. Mark Ellis appears in a big bright blonde wig. Not counting the first episode, seventeenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Ninth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), 42, 44, 45, 47, and 48). Scoring is the same as the previous week relative to the seating positions. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 1/2 || Third |- | Ben Begley || New fighter || Second |- | Mark Ellis || 1/4 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Marc A !! Ben !! Mark E |- | 1: Who should be the next James Bond? || 1 || || |- | 2: Pitch us a Wes Anderson horror movie * || || || 1 |- | 3: What is the strangest on-screen movie pairing? || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the best heist movie? || || 1** || |- | 5: What actor should be in a ''Transformers'' movie? *** || || 1 || |- | 6: What is the best ensemble comedy cast? || **** || ***** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie starring Bradley Cooper? || x || 1 + || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with the word "lost" in the title? +* || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should we buy: ''Gremlins 2'' or ''Alien 3''? || x || +** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which city would you rather visit: the Emerald City of ''The Wizard of Oz'' or Cloud City of ''[The] Empire Strikes Back''? || x || || 1 +*** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which director would you pick to remake ''Jaws''? || x || 1 +**** || +***** |- | TIE BREAKER: Hollywood's best Smith? || x || ++ || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 5 || '''6''' |} .*Question emailed by Nick Mundy .**The winning choice, ''Fast Five'', was the only one heavily listed on the internet as a heist movie. ''Die Hard'' (Marc's choice) and ''Inception'' (Mark's choice) were not. .***Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson was disallowed from the fight as an option .****Marc A's choice, ''Back to the Future'', was not considered by Andy to really be a comedy even though Marc showed him that on imdb, it was listed as an action/adventure comedy. During the argument, he briefly walked off after it became clear his choice would not win. .*****Meredith was asked during the arguments which movie she thought was better: ''Wet Hot American Summer'' (Ben's choice) or ''Caddyshack'' (Mark E's choice). She said ''Wet Hot American Summer'', but Ben did not win. Also, she was asked a different question than the question at hand. Near the end of arguments, even though it was not a Speed Round question, Andy asked Dan and Meredith for their opinions on a winner, but neither could give one. +Marc A recused himself from voting as he hated both choices: ''American Sniper'' (Ben's choice) and ''Silver Linings Playbook'' (Mark's choice). However, Andy voted for Ben, and Dan agreed with him. +*Repeat question from episode 50. Marc Andreyko stated that he should get a point, claiming that the answer should have been ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'', versus ''Lost World'' (Ben's choice) and ''Lost in Space'' (Mark's choice). +**Ben did not say ''Gremlins 2'' as fast as Mark did and got stuck with ''Alien 3'', which he stated was the only ''Alien'' film he never watched. However, he was still able to talk about it. +***Split decision. Marc voted for Ben, but Andy voted for Mark E. Dan agreed with Andy as Ben's argument points pertained to Oz as a whole and not to the Emerald City. +****Split decision. Only Andy voted for Mark, who chose Colin Trevorrow. Dan stated that he could not be impartial (likely because he didn't like ''Jurassic World'') and deferred to Meredith, who voted for Ben. Dan then stated that he too would have voted for Ben, just as Marc did (Marc also stated that he disliked ''Jurassic World''). +*****Even though Mark E did not win a point, the scoreboard did give him a point, showing him as beating Ben 6-4. However, it was corrected to 5-4, and then to 5-5. ++Ben stated that he could not think of anyone besides Will Smith, whom Mark E already chose. He wound up picking Will's wife Jada Pinkett Smith, but no one voted for him. '''Episode 56: Casting Shazam! opposite The Rock plus HUGE SJ NEWS!! (11-8-15)'''<ref>Episode 56: Casting Shazam! opposite The Rock plus HUGE SJ NEWS!! (11-8-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XEGNO6AMu8</ref> Andy announces in the beginning of the episode that the Screen Junkies channel is expanding, offering a $4.99/month subscription service called Screen Junkies Plus, featuring shows from several different fighters, plus a scripted internet series Interns of F.I.E.L.D. *In celebration, everyone in the video has a Coors Light beer. No new fighters appear. Excluding the anniversary episode (52) and the last Comic Con episode (46), this is the first episode since episode 45 to not feature any. Hal Rudnick hosts for the first time. Roxy Striar appears as the Fact Checker as Dan is attending his friend's wedding. Third consecutive episode to require a tie-breaker. Nick Mundy, already the only person to finish in third place in three consecutive fights, extends the record to four consecutive fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/8 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 4/10 || Third |- | Andy Signore || 0/3 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Nick !! Andy |- | 1: Who should play Shazam and go head to head with the Rock? || 1 || || * |- | 2: What video game franchise could legitimize video game movies? ** || || || 1 |- | 3: Pitch an all-female version of an existing movie or franchise *** || 1 || **** || |- | 4: Who should play Eric Draven, The Crow ***** || || || 1 |- | 5: Pitch the ultimate ''Hunger Games'' ride for the upcoming theme park || + || || 1 +* |- | 6: What is the worst action sequel of all-time? +** || || 1+*** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' +**** || 2 || 1+***** || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one do you buy: ''Speed 2 Cruise Control'' or ''XXX: State of the Union''? || || x || 1++ |- | SPEED ROUND B: Hollywood's best Jeff || ++* || x || 1++ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with the word "road" in it || 1 ++**, ++*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is the best actor or actress who is a sir or a dame? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Tell me the best movie starring Seth Rogan || 1++*** || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: ''Naked Gun'' or ''Hot Shots'' || || x || 1++ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5++**** || 1 || '''6'''++***** |} .*In his arguments, Andy stated that in ''GI Joe [Retaliation]'', The Rock's character (Roadblock) killed Channing Tatum's (Spencer's answer) character (Duke). However, this is not true. Their characters were allies. .**While normally, the first fighter to talk would rotate to the person next to the one who started the previous question, Hal skipped over Nick and started with Andy. .***Throughout this round, the bottom of the screen spelled the word "version" as "verison". .****Nick's cast for an all-female ''Lord of the Rings'', which included The Rock as Arwen, was created by Nick's wife Dilara. .*****Emailed by one-time fact checker Miss Movies +Spencer discussed a hijacking. In episode 13, he had proposed ''Speed'' the Ride, which involved a similar scenario. +*Andy discussed the show ''Wipeout'' as part of his proposal. He had once appeared on the show. +**Hal stated that the next Honest Trailer will be for ''Terminator: Genisys''. +***Nick stated that he walked out his choice ''A Good Day to Die Hard'' 45 minutes in. He won the point even though he was guaranteed to lose the episode. *Andy and Spencer claimed that they had more to their argument before Hal immediately decided to end the round and award the point. +****Hal specifically explains that in the Speed Round, each fighter gets 15 seconds with a 5 second rebuttal. Andy states that this is the way it has been, which is true, but it only officially began five episodes earlier. +*****Nick becomes the fourth fighter to lose in four consecutive appearances. He narrowly avoided becoming the first person to finish two fights with no points. He also becomes the first fighter to reach 11 losses, something not reached again until 15 episodes later by Spencer, who has the same number of wins (four (both at this point in time and also in episode 71)). ++For the first and second Speed Round questions and the tie-breaker, Hal gave Andy the point without asking for opinions from Nick or Roxy. *After the tie-breaker, Nick indicated that he disagreed with Hal's decision. ++*Spencer was unable to clearly demonstrate he could tell the difference between Daniels (his choice) and Bridges (Andy's choice). ++**Spencer said ''[Mad Max: The] Road Warrior'', but he then said its sequel ''Fury Road'' was better. However, no one pointed this out, and Spencer still got the point. *Had Hal ruled against Spencer for this, he would have finished with two points. Spencer is already the only fighter to finish in second place with only two points (see episode 26), so he would also have become the first person to ''twice'' finish in second place with only two points. ++***Split decision. Roxy voted for Andy for the third and fifth Speed Round questions. Roxy did not overrule either split decision. ++****Although Spencer's win percentage falls from 0.333 to 0.308, his points per game average slightly increases from 4.42 to 4.46. ++*****Andy narrowly avoided becoming the fifth fighter to lose in four consecutive appearances (right after Nick became the fourth) and the fourth to have a 0-4 record at any point (Trisha's current record, Roger's former record, and Hal's initial official record before he was retroactively awarded a win for episode 1. *Not counting Dan, Andy is now in 18th place, right below Nick, Hal, and Spencer, who are respectively 17th, 16th, and 15th. '''Episode 57: Best Stoner movie? with Doug Benson (11-15-15)'''<ref>Episode 57: Best Stoner movie? with Doug Benson (11-15-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_z1ems5fAkM</ref> The numbers in the scoreboard now have the same color-style as the names, with the grey shading in the middle. A fan-made belt is revealed and will be on the line the following week in a fight between Dan and the two contestants who have beaten him in Con fights, Spencer and Chris Stuckmann. Doug Benson, age 51, is the oldest contestant in the show's history, beating the previous record held by Scott Mantz. Scott wears a ''Jaws 19'' shirt from ''Back to the Future II''. Only nine points were awarded in this fight, the lowest since Episode 8. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Scott Mantz || 2/2 || Third* |- | Chloe Dykstra || 0/1 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Benson Doug Benson] || New Fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Scott !! Chloe !! Doug |- | 1: Best Stoner movie? ** || || || 1 |- | 2: Will the ''Warcraft'' movie be any good? || || || 1 |- | 3: What director would you like to see return to a franchise? || 1 || || |- | 4: What romantic comedy should get a sequel? || || 1 || |- | 5: What screenwriter would you like to see write a comic book and for which superhero should they write [for]? || || 1 || |- | 6: What movie would make the best Broadway musical? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie starring Amy Adams? || x || || 1 *** |- | SPEED ROUND B: The two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should I buy: ''Boogie Nights'' or ''Magnolia''? || x || **** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Excluding sequels, tell me the best movie with a number in the title. || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2***** || '''6''' + |} .*Besides Dan, Scott is the first fighter to fight five times without coming in second place. He also remains the only (besides Dan) to do it in his first four fights and one of only two (the other being Amy) to do it in his first three fights. .**Question submitted by JT the Engineer (JTE). .***Split decision. Scott agreed with Chloe for ''Junebug'', but Dan already agreed with Andy that Doug provided the better response (''The Fighter''). .****Chloe was stuck with ''Magnolia'', but she stated that she hadn't been able to see it yet but was going to the following weekend (despite its being released in 2000). .*****Chloe becomes the second person (after Spencer) to finish in second place with only two points. +Doug’s performance in the Speed Round marks: - The eighth time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, 26, 34, 43, 47, and 53) and - the first time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering only three questions (instead of four) since episode 26. '''Episode 58: Which Star Wars Character Would Win The Hunger Games? (11-21-15)'''<ref>Episode 58: Which Star Wars character Would Win The Hunger Games? (11-21-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tnk5VOwEZxc</ref> Fifth Title Belt fight. A new Belt is introduced. First episode aired after the introduction of Screen Junkies Plus. It aired live on Thursday 11-19-15 and was followed by the first episode of "After The Fight". Andy announces that Screen Junkies Plus will be free on 11-26-15 through 11-29-15. During the fight, Andy wore an Inspectre Gadget shirt. Andy correctly predicted that Chris Stuckmann would lose. First episode to be uploaded to youtube on a Saturday. Ken Napzok as Fact Checker, accompanied by Chris Stuckmann's wife Samantha The scoreboard has Spencer's name written as Spence. This may or may not be intentional. Only nine points were awarded this episode (fourth episode in which this has happened). This just happened the previous episode, after not having happened since 49 episodes before that. Dan's argument for "seaQuest DSV" in the second question of this episode was determined by Screen Junkies in late 2016 to be the greatest moment of the first 100 episodes. The table arrangement of first, second, and third place was the same as the previous episode. Fourteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Chris Stuckmann || 1/0 || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/9 || Second * |- | Dan Murrell || 10/3 || '''Win''' ** |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Chris !! Spencer !! Dan |- | 1: What movie made in the last 15 years should get a remake? || || 1 || |- | 2: What [other]*** 90s TV show should get a movie? **** || || || 1 |- | 3: Which ''Star Wars'' character would win a Hunger Games? || || 1***** || |- | 4: Pitch a ''Fast and Furious'' spin-off movie? || 1+ || || |- | 5: What movie in the last 5 years won't 'Hold Up'? || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the worst James Bond movie? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER +*: Best movie with the word "game" in it? +** || || 0 || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If you had to, which classic film would make a better remake: ''Casablanca'' or ''Gone With the Wind''? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which was the better performance: Richard Dreyfuss in ''What About Bob?'' or Joe Pesci in ''My Cousin Vinnie''? || x || || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should we buy: ''Hot Tub Time Machine 2'' or ''The Hangover 2''? || x || || 1+*** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2+***** || 2++ || '''5''' ++*, ++** |} .*Spencer becomes the second player to reach 10 losses, after Nick Mundy. He also becomes the fifth fighter to reach four consecutive losses, two weeks after Nick became the fourth. .**Dan has now won more Title Belt fights than any other contestant has won fights in general (not counting Spencer's victory at San Diego Comic-Con). .***Besides "Baywatch" .****Throughout the round, the bottom of the screen had the word "Whast" instead of "What". .*****In episode 7, Spencer also won the question of which major superhero would win the Hunger Games. His arguments for Wolverine and Yoda both revolved around survival versus combat as shown in the Plus-exclusive Screen Junkies Show episode titled Best Movie Fights Moments (2014 - 2016) as moment #38 of 50. +Chris won as his response was deemed to be the only true spin-off (versus a sequel). +*This is the first time since episode 29 that there has been a three-way tie at the end of the regular round. However, it happened just two days earlier on the first episode of TV Fights. Like episode 29, but unlike the TV Fights episode, no points were awarded for the tie-breaker. *Further, the first episode of TV Fights has since been determined by Billy A. Patterson and Ken Napzok to not be an actual episode of the show. +**Repeat question from episode 49. Spencer re-used Scott Mantz's winning answer ''The Game'' and was able to proceed. Chris was dropped after he could not defend ''The Game Plan'', which he knew was not a good movie and which he had never seen. +***Split decision. Chris voted for Spencer. +****Spencer twice accused Dan of never having watched Dan's choice (''Hot Tub Time Machine 2''). After the point was awarded, Dan admitted he had not seen either film. +*****Chris' two points represent the first time someone finished in third place with more than one point since episode 35 (more than 5 months earlier). ++Third episode in which the second-place finisher finishes with only two points. This just happened in the previous episode, after not having happened since 31 episodes earlier. *Spencer becomes the first person to do this twice and is one of only two people to do this even once. *Already the only person to be swept in the Speed Round twice (until Dan Murrell shares this with him after episode 94), Spencer becomes the first to do this three times, two of which happened against Dan in Belt Fights. ++*Dan's performance in the Speed Round marks: - The ninth time someone has swept the Speed Round (previously done in episodes 18, 23, 26, 34, 43, 47, 53, and 57) and - the second time someone has swept the Speed Round by answering only three questions (instead of four) since episode 26 (which itself was the third time), with the first time having just happened in the previous episode. ++**Despite Dan's victory and increase in win percentage (to 78.6%), his points per game average falls slightly to 5.36 since his win only required five points. ++***Dan's five points represent the lowest winning score since episode 29 (the last episode in which the regular round ended with a three-way tie). '''Episode 59: Jessica Jones and MCU Team Up? (11-28-15)'''<ref>Episode 59: Jessica Jones and MCU Team Up? (11-28-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THEVg_U7XB8</ref> Blind fight. None of the fighters have been given any of the questions to prepare ahead of time. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 1/3 || Third* |- | Mike Carlson || 5/5 || '''Win''' |- | Roger Barr || 1/7 || Second* |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Marc A !! Mike !! Roger |- | 1: What is the best ''Star Wars'' movie? || || 1 || |- | 2: What character's origin story do we never ever need to see in a movie again? || || || 1 |- | 3: What MCU franchise should Jessica Jones team up with? || 1 || || |- | 4: If you could live inside any Disney movie, which one would you pick? ** || || 1 || |- | 5: I want you to pitch us a title and logline for the fourth new*** ''Planet of the Apes'' movie? || || 1 || |- | 6: What's the best Stallone movie ****? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: There are two movies in the bargain bin: 2014's ''Robocop'' or 2012's ''Total Recall''. Which do we buy? || x || || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Tell me the most over-the-top performance by Nicolas Cage. || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is the best superhero that does not wear a cape? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Name me an actor who[m] Quentin Tarantino should revitalize next. || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Excluding sequels, tell me the best movie with a number in the title. + || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''6''' || 4 |} .*Of all fighters who have won any fights, Marc A and Roger are now the two lowest ranked with win percentages of 0.200 and 0.111 respectively. .**Clarified to mean animated, but expanded to allow Pixar movies. .***The "new" series began with ''Rise of the Planet of the Apes'' (2011). .****Rocky and Rambo movies were not allowed, but the fighters were allowed to search online for movies. Roger didn't need to do this though, and he won. .*****Split decision. Marc disagreed with Andy, who chose Roger (''Total Recall''). +As mentioned by Andy, this is a repeat question (episode 57). '''Episode 60: Best Moment in the Batman v Superman Trailer? (12-5-15)'''<ref>Episode 60: Best Moment in the Batman v Superman Trailer? (12-5-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImLoGdczLU0</ref> Hosted by Dan Murrell Mark Reilley as Fact Checker {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Umberto Gonzalez || New fighter || Third |- | Andy Signore || 1/3 || Second |- | Kim Horcher || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Umberto !! Andy !! Kim |- | 1: Does the ''Batman [v] Superman'' trailer (released December 2, the night before filming) make you more or less excited for the movie? || || || 1 |- | 2: What was the best moment in the ''Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice'' trailer? || || 1 || |- | 3: Based on the trailers that we've seen, which movie do you think will be better: ''[Captain America:] Civil War'' or ''Batman v Superman''? || 1 || * || 1 |- | 4: What normally good character would you like to see turn evil in a movie? || || || 1 |- | 5: What is the best comedy franchise of all time? || || ** || 1 |- | 6: What is the most overrated superhero movie? *** || **** || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best movie starring a professional athlete? ***** || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who's the better first officer: Spock or Chewbacca? || x || || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: What director would you choose to do a live-action remake of ''The Iron Giant''? +* || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two movies are on cable at the same time. Which one of them do you watch: ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut'' or Team America [:World Police] || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''6''' |} .*Andy initially decided to attempt Devil's Advocate (last attempted in episode 33 and last argued successfully in episode 16) by choosing ''Batman v Superman'', but he then said he didn't need it (he could argue it straight) and would even let Umberto and Kim tag-team against him for one point a piece. He argued that he wanted more from the ''Civil War'' trailer (specifically why Captain American and Bucky Barnes were fighting against Tony Stark), but Umberto stated that in the previous two rounds, Andy was complaining that the ''Batman v Superman'' trailer showed too much. Dan agreed and ruled against Andy since he said he didn't even need Devil's Advocate. .**Andy attempted to only use the first three ''Vacation'' films for his franchise, but Dan would not ignore the subsequent films. .***The sixth question was a clue to the next Honest Trailer, ''Ant-Man''. This was also Kim's answer, but she did not win the point. .****Umberto answered ''X-Men: The Last Stand'', which was easily argued against as it was not widely liked, which he acknowledged immediately in his response. .*****Andy chose ''Fast Five'', and Kim chose ''Furious 7''. Umberto did not want to agree that Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson's sport, professional wrestling, was a professional sport. +Split decision. Umberto chose Andy (who chose Chewbacca). Mark agreed with Dan on Kim's answer, Spock, despite the fact that he was wearing a ''Star Wars'' shirt. +*Andy chose Brad Bird, who directed the 1999 original. '''Episode 61: Pitch a Solo Batman Movie with Kevin Smith (12-12-15)'''<ref>Episode 61: Pitch a Solo Batman Movie with Kevin Smith (12-12-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5u1mAMMIms</ref> Alicia Malone as Fact Checker, accompanied by Ben Goddard. Taped on a Tuesday (12-8-15). The fifth episode of TV Fights taped the following Thursday. Though Kevin Smith is sitting in the middle, he is treated as the third player in terms of asking questions. Fifteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 6/5 || Third |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Smith Kevin Smith] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 11/3 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Kevin !! Dan |- | 1: Best Harrison Ford movie? || || || 1 |- | 2: Pitch the ultimate Marvel vs DC movie (one-on-one character) || 1 || || |- | 3: Pitch the next Batman solo movie || * || 1** || |- | 4: Who is the greatest director who is also an actor? *** || || 1 || |- | 5: Pitch us the next ultimate Marvel movie villain. || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the best, as in least worst, ''Star Wars'' prequel? **** || || ***** || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Best Kevin Smith movie? + || || 0+* || 0+* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should I buy: ''Cop Out'' or ''Jersey Girl''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best movie with Shane Black attached as a writer? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Excluding any of our guests (Kevin Smith), if one was forced, which director would you hire to reboot ''Clerks''? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best black and white movie of all time? || x || 1+*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Mike wanted to pitch ''Batman Through the Looking Glass'', but found out that it already exists as a comic book. However, he continued to pitch an ''Alice in Wonderland''-type story. .**Kevin indicated that he could not give his original pitch (''Batman: Hush'') due to losing a coin toss to Dan, and Dan ultimately departed from the bulk of the idea anyway. He suggested allowing George Clooney to return as Batman. .***Rather than starting with Mike, Andy started with Dan for the fourth fight even though Dan had started the second fight. .****Each fighter had to draw a card with the name of a prequel and argue for it. The question also was a clue to the next Honest Trailer, ''Revenge of the Sith''. Dan chose ''Revenge of the Sith'', and then Mike chose ''Attack of the Clones'', leaving Kevin with ''The Phantom Menace''. It was during this time that Andy realized an error in the order (stemming from question 4). Dan later revealed that he had been hoping for ''The Phantom Menace'' but knew he’d be okay as long as he didn’t get ''Attack of the Clones''. .*****Kevin wanted to argue that ''The Empire Strikes Back'' was the best prequel. He stated that due to the upcoming sequel trilogy that all of the movies were prequels. However, the definition of prequel is that it must be released ''after'' a movie that takes place after it, and the film was not released subsequent to any other ''Star Wars'' film except the original. *During his argument for ''The Phantom Menace'', Kevin incorrectly stated that Qui-Gon Jinn was cut in half. While he was stabbed, he was not cut in half. Darth Maul, who stabbed him, was cut in half shortly afterwards. +Though Mike said ''Chasing Amy'' before Dan said ''Red State'', Andy had Dan argue before Mike. Andy chose Kevin to move on despite the fact that Kevin said he agreed with Mike and Dan. He conferred with Alicia and Ben, who agreed. +*The scoreboard inappropriately gave Kevin and Dan each a point for the tie-breaker. However, Andy did not, and the points on the leaderboard and for this fight do not reflect the points. +**Split decision. Ben chose Dan. +***Split decision. Mike chose Dan. '''Episode 62: Star Trek Beyond Trailer: Good or Bad? (12-19-15)'''<ref>Episode 62: Star Trek Beyond Trailer: Good or Bad? (12-19-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z68sNckphnk</ref> John Rocha appears, just two days after winning TV Fights. Despite winning that episode, he is shut out in this episode. JTE is replaced as engineer by Cody. Tenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the prior ones being episodes 20, 28, 41 (in which Jon got no points), 42, 44, 45, 47, 48 (in which Nick got no points, and 55). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | John Rocha || 0/2 || Third |- | Doug Benson || 1/0 || Second |- | JTE || New fighter * || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! John !! Doug !! JTE |- | 1: Who[m] would you want to cast as Star-Lord's father for ''Guardians of the Galaxy [Vol.] 2''? || || 1 || |- | 2: Which of these trailers got us most excited? ** || || || 1 |- | 3: Based on the [new ''Star Trek Beyond''] trailer, should we be worried? || || 1 || |- | 4: What movie has most lived up to the hype? *** || || || 1 |- | 5: Pitch us the ultimate ''Barbie'' movie. || || || 1**** |- | 6: What other***** 90's movie would you like to see a sequel to, that doesn't already have one? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 0 || 2 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best movie with the word "spy" in the title? || x || || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which do we buy [: ''Transformers: Dark of the Moon'' or ''Star Trek Into Darkness''] +*? || x || 1 || +** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Andy Serkis motion capture performance? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || 3 || '''6''' |} .*Though JTE is listed as a new fighter, he participated briefly in the Schmoes Know fight, just like Tiffany Smith before him (and Ken Napzok in the subsequent episode). .**Options were trailers released in the previous week: ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows'', ''Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them'', ''X-Men: Apocalypse'', ''Star Trek Beyond'', and ''Independence Day: Resurgence.'' .***Andy started this round with Doug rather than John. Subsequently, he started the fifth round with John [rather than Doug]. This led to his starting with Doug again for the sixth round. .****Twitter followers were able to vote on a winner. While Doug slightly won the vote, Andy gave the point to JTE. John did not receive any votes. .*****Besides ''Independence Day: Resurgence'' (even though the originator of the question was referring to ''The Fugitive''). +Split decision. John picked Doug, who answered ''Spy''. +*The names of the movies were not spoken initially. A graphic was shown, and JTE picked ''Star Trek Into Darkness''. +**JTE took a second 5-second rebuttal, so Doug was given an extra one to make it even. '''Episode 63: Is The Force Awakens The Best Star Wars Movie? (12-26-15)'''<ref>Episode 63: Is The Force Awakens The Best Star Wars Movie? (12-26-15) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnsE3fkMLok</ref> Pre-recorded, ''Star Wars''-themed episode. The episode was not followed by an "After the Fight". Roxy Striar returns as Fact Checker. First regular episode to feature three new fighters (although Hector previously appeared on an episode of TV Fights and Ken appeared in the Schmoes Know Movie fight) since episode 20 (and the first in general since episode 25). Hector is the first fighter to first appear on TV Fights and then appear on Movie Fights (John Rocha appeared the previous week on TV Fights and then Movies Fights, but he had previously appeared on Movie Fights twice). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hector Navarro || New fighter || Second |- | Yancy Berns || New fighter || Third |- | Ken Napzok || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Hector !! Yancy !! Ken |- | 1: Where does ''[The] Force Awakens'' rank among the other ''Star Wars'' movies? || || || 1* |- | 2: What's the worst part of ''The Force Awakens''? ** || 1 || || |- | 3: Best new*** character in ''[The] Force Awakens''? || || 1 || |- | 4: Pitch us ''[Star Wars] Episode VIII''. || || || 1 |- | 5: What is the best Christmas movie?**** || 1 || || |- | 6: What's the worst movie to watch with your family? || 1 || || ***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie ever set in the snow? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie of all time based on a toy? || 1+* || x || +** |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two movies are in the bargain bin: ''After Earth'' or ''A Million Ways to Die [in the West]''? +*** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best character from the ''Rocky'' series other than Rocky? +**** || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: These two movies are playing on cable. Which one do we watch: ''The Green Lantern'' or ''The Green Hornet''? || || x || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Best movie directed by Ron Howard? || || x || 1+***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || 1 || '''6''' |} .*The first point of the game is awarded at the 21:42 mark. .**Andy said this question came from Taylor Swift, but he was corrected. It came from someone named Taylor Smith (@TaylorSmith1986). Andy stated that he liked the album ''1989''. .***Although the originator of the question specified "new", and Andy also said "new," the screen did not say this in the question. Further, Ken's answer (Han Solo) would not have been consistent with this requirement. .****Repeat question from episode 8. .*****Ken picked ''Love Actually''; he acknowledged that he stated on the last episode of Screen Junkies Universe that it was one of his favorite movies. +Split decision. Yancy chose Hector (who picked ''Elf''). +*Split decision, reversed from previous fight. Yancy chose Ken (''Transformers'' (2007)) over ''Clue'' (1985). +**Ken originally picked ''Toy Story'', but Andy would not allow this as it was not based on an original toy, even though he acknowledged that Mr. Potato Head is in it. +***A visual aid was used. Andy never specified the question (which should we buy). Hector (who was left with ''After Earth'') initially appeared to think the question was which was worse and then appeared okay with being stuck with his answer. +****Both Ken and Hector picked Creeds (Apollo and his son Adonis respectively). Hector initially chose Apollo at the same time as Ken, but he said he meant to pick Adonis. +*****Split decision. Yancy chose Hector. Ken won despite doubting his answer (''Splash''). Hector incorrectly stated that Tom Hanks won an Oscar for ''Apollo 13,'' which Andy pointed out (he was only nominated). '''Episode 64: Pitch a Matrix Sequel - New Year's Eve 1999 (1-2-16)'''<ref>Episode 64: Pitch a Matrix Sequel - New Year's Eve 1999 (1-2-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RssOaO71px8</ref> Second consecutive pre-recorded episode. The episode was not followed by an "After the Fight". Judged by Alicia Malone. Ken Napzok returns as Fact Checker. Played and judged from the perspective of December 31, 1999. Spencer, Dan, Alicia, and Andy respectively give their ages as 14, 16, 18, and 20. However, Ken states he is from 2018. There are temporal errors made throughout the episode, mostly by Spencer. Very little preparation time was given for the fight. And correspondence given to fighters included Speed Round questions. This fight is not counted in the overall ranking/statistics. If the episode were counted, it would be the sixteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || Second |- | Spencer Gilbert || Third |- | Andy Signore || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Dan !! Spencer !! Andy |- | 1: Pitch a sequel to ''The Matrix''. * || 1 || || |- | 2: Which project should he [Will Smith] tackle in the new millennium to restore his box office supremacy? * || 1 || || |- | 3: Who[m] you would cast as Highland High's two worst students ** || || 1 || |- | 4: Who had the biggest breakout year in 1999? *** || || || 1 |- | 5: Who should direct ''Star Wars: Episode II''? *** || || || 1 |- | 6: Pitch a movie about the impending Y2K disaster. || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are playing at a theater. Which do you watch: ''Being John Malkovich'' or ''Fight Club''? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which performance was the best in ''Magnolia''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What would be the dream property in 1999 to give to Guy Ritchie? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best animated movie of the year: ''South Park: Bigger, Longer, & Uncut''; ''The Iron Giant''; or ''Toy Story 2''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the best movie featuring....?***** || 1 || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: You have to buy one of these Rob Schneider movies from the bargain bin[. Which do you buy]: ''Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo'', ''Big Daddy'', or ''Muppets from Space''? || || x || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || 1+* || '''6'''+** |} .*Spencer and Dan were the respective starters on questions 1 and 2, despite their seating arrangements. .**Who should be cast in a live-action movie of ''Beavis and Butthead''? .***Spencer started on question 4 (again skipping Dan). However, Spencer also started for question 5. .****Split decision. Both Spencer and Ken disagreed with Alicia, who overturned their votes and went with Dan's answer of ''James Bond'' (first overturn in Movie or TV Fights). .*****Drew Barrymore. Andy guessed who it was beforehand, as Alicia said the question was inspired by ''Never Been Kissed'', and said ''E.T.'', which lead to Dan stating that Andy cheated. +Split decision. Ken disagreed with Alicia and chose Dan (''Muppets from Space''). +*If this episode were to officially count, this would be Spencer's first episode in which he only received one point. While he has come in third place before, he received three points in that episode. +**If this episode were to officially count, Andy would be the first person to defeat Dan twice. In Dan's first loss (episode 35), while Andy didn't win, he still beat Dan, who finished in third. '''Episode 65: Best Movie of 2015? (1-9-16)'''<ref>Episode 65: Best Movie of 2015? (1-9-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3D_7HBPwt0</ref> Sixteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Throughout the fight and in the subsequent "After the Fight", Alison alluded to her loss to Hal (episode 41), but in "After the Fight", she stated that it ended with a tie breaker, while it actually ended with a fourth Speed Round question, with Hal already leading by one point. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alison Haislip || 0/2 || Third |- | Ben Begley || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_Decker Cody Decker] || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Alison !! Ben !! Cody |- | 1: What is the best movie of 2015? || || || 1 |- | 2: Best performce of 2015? || 1 || || |- | 3: What movie franchise would you like to see Leonardo [DiCaprio] join? || || 1 || |- | 4: Pitch us the story * for ''Creed''. || || 1 || ** |- | 5: What's the best movie quote of 2015? || || || 1 |- | 6: What's the greatest billion-dollar grosser of all time? || 1*** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Best live-action movie based on a cartoon? **** || || 0 ***** || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What character would you rather be: Leonardo DiCaprio in ''The Revenant'' + or Matt Damon in ''The Martian''? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would you rather team up with: Rey or Furiosa? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with the word "street" in the title? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which would you rather marathon: Fifteen Steven Segal movies or fifteen Chuck Norris movies? +*** || x || 1+*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Andy meant to say "sequel," not "story." .**Andy asked J.T. whether he liked Cody's or Ben's argument. J.T. chose Cody, but Andy still went with Ben. .***Alison stated that ''Jurassic Park'' made over a billion dollars after adjusting for inflation. While this is true, it made slightly about $1.03 billion without adjusting. At the time of the fight, it was 20th on a list of 24 films that had gross over a billion dollars worldwide. .****Points were given for the pre-Speed Round tie breaker. However, they are not shown here or counted in the rankings. In fact, Andy initially said that neither were given points, but he agreed right after to do so. .*****Ben originally said ''Batman'' (1989), but as this based more so on a comic, he was forced to pick something else. He eventually chose ''G.I. Joe: Retaliation'' after he and Alison both struggled to come up with answers and Dan started suggesting that Cody be allowed to automatically go forth to the Speed Round if Ben and Alison couldn't come up with answers. He was sent through without requiring a rebuttal, and Andy then had Cody and Alison each give rebuttals. +Although ''The Revenant'' had been given a limited release (four theaters in Los Angeles and New York City) in the United States on December 25, 2015 (before the fight was recorded on January 7, 2016), it did not receive a wide release until the day after the fight was recorded. Neither Alison nor Ben had seen it yet. +*Ben accidentally interrupted Cody in Cody's initial arguments for Leonardo DiCaprio, prompting Andy to allow Cody to start over. +**Split decision. Alison disagreed with Andy, who chose Ben (''Mean Streets'' over ''Street Fighter''). +***A graphic was shown with collections of fifteen films for each actor. However, the fighters were not given this graphic as it served no purpose in the question. +****Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy because he felt Cody had more passion for Chuck Norris while the arguments were similar. '''Episode 66: Biggest Oscar Snub? (1-16-16)'''<ref>Episode 66: Biggest Oscar Snub? (1-16-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcNdCAZbiic </ref> Loot Crate returns as sponsor. Ken Napsok as Fact Checker. Between TV Fights and Movie Fights during this week, Dan is the only male fighter out of six. Not counting the first episode, eighteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Eleventh episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round (the last one being episode 62). Normally, questions are given to fighters at least a day ahead of time for them to prepare. However, this wasn't fully possible for four of the six questions (1-3 and 6). Though it was known that the Oscars nominations would be announced that morning, it wasn't certain who the nominations would be, so answers couldn't be fully prepared ahead of time. Question 6 was given as a result of Alan Rickman's death, which happened earlier that day. A week after wearing an Avengers shirt, Andy wears a Revengers shirt ("A" logo replaced with an "R" logo), promoting the scripted Screen Junkies Plus series "Interns of F.I.E.L.D," which premiered on January 10, 2016. Between questions 2 (Dan) and 3 (Alicia and Amirose), each fighter chose to fight for some aspect ''The Revenant'' (Picture, Actor (Leonardo DiCaprior), and Cinematography). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 4/3 || Second |- | Amirose Eisenbach || New fighter || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 11/4 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Amirose !! Dan |- | 1: What is the biggest Oscar snub (for current year)? * || || 1 || |- | 2: What movie will win Best Picture? || || || 1 |- | 3: What or who is the surest best to win the Oscar this year? || || || 1** |- | 4: What category is missing from the Oscars and who should have won it? || || || 1 |- | 5: Who should play David Bowie in a biopic? || 1*** || || |- | 6: What is the best Alan Rickman performance? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Excluding his Academy Award nominated film from this year (''The Big Short''), what is the best film from Academy Award nominee Adam McKay? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two ***** are in the bargain bin. Which do we buy? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Since ''The Martian'' took a Golden Globe spot from an actual comedy, what's the funniest movie of 2015? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which movie should have earned [Leonardo] DiCaprio the Oscar? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''6''' |} .*The fighters were also required to take a nomination out of the respective category with which they would replace their snub. Alicia and Amirose each removed Adam McKay for director for ''The Big Short''. .**Dan won for choosing Brie Larson to win Best Actress for ''Room'', despite the fact that he didn't watch it until January 24 (11 days later) as shown on Mundy Night Raw. .***Alicia becomes the second fighter to win a point for choosing a female (Tilda Swinton) to play the role of a male. In episode 53, Adam Johnston did for choosing Quvenzhané Wallis to play a young John McClane. .****Alicia said ''Anchorman'' right before Dan did, leaving Dan to pick ''Anchorman 2''. Eventually, Dan gave up in his argument. .*****After the question was asked, a graphic was put up showing ''Shallow Hal'' and ''The Bounty Hunter''. .+Split decision. Amirose disagreed with Andy, who chose Dan (''Shallow Hal''). +*Dan picked ''What We Do in the Shadows''. Alicia had thought it was a 2014 movie since she saw it in 2014, but it didn't come out until 2015, which is why she said she didn't choose it. *Excluding Cons (for which points aren't awarded), this is Dan's 100th point between Screen Junkies' Movie and TV Fights (including a team fight against Cinema Sins and the 1999 fight, but not counting the Schmoes Know Movie Fight). '''Episode 67: Best Moment from the Suicide Squad Trailer? (1-23-16)'''<ref>Episode 67: Best Moment from the Suicide Squad Trailer? (1-23-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tKCcsh0mVw</ref> Twelfth episode (and second consecutive) in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. Fourth episode in which a fighter finishes with no points (the previous being episodes 41, 48, and 62). Erin Robinson returns after a 44 episode absence (breaking Alison Haislip's record of 31 episodes) and indicates that she will be on "The Amazing Race" starting February 12. Erin previously held the record for longest absence with 19 episodes, which by this time had been broken nine times (Michael Barryte (29), Alison Haislip (31), Tiffany Smith (23), Scott Mantz (21), Roger Barr (21), Miri Jedeikin (20), Andy Signore (20), Mark Reilly (26) in this episode, and herself). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 1/4 || '''Win''' |- | Erin Robinson || 0/2 || Second |- | Mark Reilly || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Marc A !! Erin !! Mark R |- | 1: What's the best moment in the (new) ''Suicide Squad'' trailer? || || 1 || |- | 2: What villain should fight Wonder Woman in her upcoming (2017) movie? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who should direct this ''[World War Z 2]''...and what should the movie focus on? * || 1 || || |- | 4: Who should play young Han Solo based on this short list that's going around town? **, *** || || 1**** || |- | 5: Pitch us the ultimate director's cut of the movie that you wish you could have seen. || 1 || || |- | 6: What's the best and most unexpected comedic performance from a usually dramatic actor? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 3 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which of these two movies in the bargain bin should we buy: ''The Smurfs 2'' or ''Madea Goes to Jail''....? ***** || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with the word "son/sun" in the title? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: I want you to pick the best song from any Disney movie. || || 1+*, +** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best sequel in the Marvel Cinematic Universe? || 1+*** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''+****|| 4 || 0 |} .*Andy indicated that the movies didn't really need pitches, and for the most part, the fighters did not pitch plots. .**The short list, which was not revealed to the audience before arguments included Emory Cohen (Erin's choice), Jack Reynor (Marc A's choice), and Scott Eastwood (Mark R's choice), Miles Teller, Ansel Elgort, Dave Franco, Blake Jenner, Logan Lerman. .***Erin gave her choice before Marc A did despite Marc being the first fighter (and hence the normal first fighter for the fourth question). Andy had Marc A go before Mark R gave his choice. .****Marc A's original choice was Emory Cohen, but he lost a coin toss to Erin. .*****A graphic was supplied. In addition to Andy speaking the titles after the graphic came up, there was a twitter caption shown, giving the movie titles. +Marc was faster than Erin at picking ''Madea Goes to Jail''. +*Erin's rebuttal was to have Marc sing a line from his pick ("Be Our Guest" from ''Beauty and the Beast'' (1991)). Marc sang the first line, but was not allowed to give any rebuttal outside of that line. +**Split decision. Mark disagreed with Andy. +***Marc was faster than Erin at picking ''[Captain America:] Winter Soldier'', leading Erin to pick ''Avengers: [Age of] Ultron''. +****Marc jumped to #21 on the leader board and is now higher on the leader board than Hal, Spencer, Nick, Andy, and Kristian, who were above him before this win. '''Episode 68: Best Animated Sequel? (1-30-16)'''<ref>Episode 68: Best Animated Sequel? (1-30-16)) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TsdfFTBXqUc</ref> Episode sponsored by Audible. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Erlich Brett Erlich] || New fighter || Second |- | Adam Hlavac || New fighter || Third |- | Hal Rudnick || 4/9 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Brett !! Adam !! Hal |- | 1: What is the best animated sequel that's not ''Toy Story''? || || || 1 |- | 2: What is the best parody movie of all time? * || 1 || || |- | 3: What other ** movie that's in color would look best in black and white? || || 1 || |- | 4: If you were doomed to be haunted by one movie ghost, who[m] do you pick? || 1 || || |- | 5: What's a better *** prequel movie from the '80s? **** || || || 1 |- | 6: What's a widely mocked movie that you secretly love? **** || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These ***** are both in the bargain bin. Tell us which one we should buy: ''Scooby-Doo'' or ''Alvin and the Chipmunks''? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What best actual movie title sounds most like a porno? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best Arnold Schwarzenegger comedy? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND D: Worst movie starring Bruce Willis? || +* || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie with the word "versus" in the title? || +** || x || 1+*** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''6''' |} .*besides ''Airplane'' .**besides ''Mad Max: Fury Road'' .***versus ''Die Hard'' .****Andy had Brett go first for a second question in a row after he went first in Round 4. For the last question, Adam went first. .*****A graphic was shown, and then Andy named the movies while it was still up. +Split decision. Adam disagreed with Andy, who chose Hal (''Twins'' over ''Junior''). +*Brett chose ''Hudson Hawk'', which was the movie he answered for Round 6 as one he secretly loves. Dan called this an unforced error. +**Brett picked ''[Ballistic] Ecks vs. Sever'', not realizing he was supposed to pick the best movie. Hal went along with this and argued for why his pick ''Alien vs. Predator,'' which he chose after Brett gave his answer, was the worst. Before rebuttals though, Andy clarified this. +***Seventh time someone has gotten four consecutive Speed Round points, and the first since episode 53. It is the first time since episode 28 in which someone did this without sweeping the Speed Round. '''Episode 69: Pitch The Next Big Fast & Furious Action Sequence (2-6-16)'''<ref>Episode 69: Pitch The Next Big Fast & Furious Action Sequence (2-6-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFDtdnBZIU0</ref> Loot Crate sponsors this episode. Only five questions are used prior to the Speed Round, just like in the last two TV Fights. Mike Carlson believed that the fight was the following day and hence did not arrive in time. He Skyped in when possible and eventually arrived. Dan Murrell fought for him, sometimes arguing pitches based on a single line answer. Dan did not score any points for Mike. To accommodate this problem, the normal order for asking questions was not followed. Ken Napzok as Fact Checker until Dan took over after Mike arrived. James Connery, creator of the current Championship Belt also appears on the Fact Checker couch. The ''Star Wars: The Force Awakens'' poster is no longer on the wall behind the couch. After this episode, there is once again a fighter who is 2-0, which Movie Fights has not had since Amy Nicholson lost episode 44. Interestingly, the next two episodes each produce a 2-0 fighter. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson* || 6/6 || Second |- | Rob Fee || New fighter || Third |- | Max Landis || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Rob !! Max |- | 1: Which movie remake would be better with adding zombies? || || || 1 |- | 2: Pitch us the next big action set piece in one of the future ''Fast and Furious'' franchise movies? || || || 1 |- | 3: What movie character do you wish most had their own Youtube channel? || || 1 || |- | 4: Pitch us the best ''Prometheus'' sequel?** || || || 1 |- | 5: If you could visit one restaurant or bar from any movie in real life, where do you go and what do you do, what do you have? || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Worst performance ever by any actor in a superhero movie? || 0 || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie with the word "old" in the title? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two movies are gonna be in the bargain bin. Which one should you buy?*** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the worst Coen Brothers movie?**** || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What would be the dream director for a good Power Rangers movie? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Ben Stiller comedy? || || x || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Dan Murrell appeared in Mike's place for much of the pre-Speed Round fighting. .**Mike did a pitch over Skype that was not very audible. Dan didn't have Mike's answer for this. While Mike gave his pitch, Dan lip-synched. Mike eventually arrived during this fight. .***A graphic was shown. Mike picked ''Couples Retreat'', leaving Max with ''Dinner for Schmucks''. Max would not argue for his answer and conceded the point. .****Both Mike and Max said ''Ladykillers'' at the same time. No one could tell who was first, so Andy skipped the question. .*****Split decision. Rob could not decide whose answer was better. James sided with Max (James Cameron), but Andy overruled him and went with Mike (Edgar Wright). +Max won despite indicating that ''Tropic Thunder'' was the best after he gave his initial answer ''Zoolander'' and Mike said ''Meet the Parents''. '''Episode 70: Will Batman v Superman Be Great? (2-13-16)'''<ref>Episode 70: Will Batman v Superman Be Great? (2-13-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-apyTyck7Ws</ref> Originally titled "Will Batman v Superman Suck?" Episode was delayed as Kristian was late arriving to the studio due to traffic as President Obama was in the Los Angeles area and Andy didn't want him Skyping in while driving as seen by Mike Carlson on the previous episode. Nick Mundy (who fought against Kristian and Mark in episode 38) was originally supposed to be on this episode, but as mentioned on "Screen Junkies Universe" the Wednesday before (2-10-16), he was letting Spencer fight in his place. However, so that he would have the change to fight his Schmoes Know brethren, Spencer allowed JTE to fight instead, launching the first ever Sneak Attack. JTE made a video predicting that he would win. The video featured scenes from ''The Karate Kid'' and ''The Matrix'' with characters (with JTE's face in place of the originals) fighting characters whose faces were respectively replaced with Kristian's and Mark's. A fan, Jeannine Brice accompanied Dan on the couch. She made some artwork of Andy, Dan, and Spencer, which was displayed on the wall behind the couch. She also wore a shirt with it. Even though Kristian sat between Andy and Mark, Kristian's and Mark's places on the scoreboard are switched when it is displayed. For the second week in a row, the fighter sitting next to Andy goes into the Speed Round against the one sitting across from Andy, behind by a score of 3-1. First of four consecutive episodes that finish with a score of 5-4-1. After this episode (just one week after Max Landis became a 2-0 fighter), there are two 2-0 fighters (with a third to come in the following episode), bringing the total number of fighters who have ever been 2-0 to five (after Dan Murrell, Mike Carlson, Amy Nicholson, and Max Landis), with a sixth to follow in the next episode.̈ *This marks the first time there have simultaneously been two undefeated fighters with more than one fight since Mike Carlson lost his third fight (episode 8). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Kristian Harloff || 1/4 || Second |- | Mark Ellis || 2/4 || Third |- | JTE || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Kristian !! Mark !! JTE |- | 1: What movie (trailer) won the Super Bowl? || || || 1 |- | 2: Based on all three trailers (for ''Batman V Superman: Dawn of Justice''), how excited should we be? * || || || 1 |- | 3: What other ** superhero that has already hit the big screen deserves a second chance? || 1 || || |- | 4: I want you guys to pitch a fictional movie.*** || || 1**** || |- | 5: What's the best fictional world for you to have a first date in?***** || + || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: What movie had the best Part III? || 0+* || +** || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which fictional singer or group from a movie would you have to perform the Halftime at a Super Bowl? || 1+***, +**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Bargain bin pic: Which of these two should we buy: The ''Tooth Fairy'' franchise or the ''Baby Geniuses'' franchise? +***** || 1 || x || ++ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie to "Netflix and Chill"? ++* || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What's the best movie to watch on Valentine's Day? || ++** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Tell me Hollywood's best Ryan. ++*** || ++**** || x || 1++***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*The answer needed to be quantified by giving other superhero films that have already been released and using their critical and financial response. Fighters were allowed to use separate movies for the critical and financial components, but only Kristian actually did that. *A poll of 263 tweeters gave 36% of the vote to JTE, 35% to Mark, and 29% to Kristian. Andy had already chosen JTE before the results were announced by Dan. .**Besides Deadpool, who previously appeared in ''X-Men Origins: Wolverine'' (also played by Ryan Reynolds). .***Blind question. In honor of Kristian's ''Night Falls'', each fighter needed to draw a fake movie title and three actors (one of whom the fighter would choose as being a cameo performance) out of mugs and make the pitch on the spot based on what they drew. .****Decided by twitter poll. Mark received 40% while Kristian and JTE received 29% and 31% respectively. .*****Asked by Brianne Chandler (@MissMovies), previously used in episode 26. Answers from that episode could not be used (Nick's Neverland, Dan's Chocolate Factory, and Spencer's Chicago from ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off''). .+Kristian, gave up early in his answer (which involved the film ''Major League'') and indicated he wished another question (ultimately the first Speed Round question) had made it to the final cut. He specifically said that JTE gets the point. However, he did continue arguing later, but JTE did in fact get the point after Andy cut the fight short (Andy did rule Kristian out for giving up) after JTE gave his argument against Mark. .+*Split decision. Jeannine disagreed with Andy, who chose Kristian (''Rocky III''). *This is the first ever split for a pre-Speed Round tie-breaker (for either Movie Fights or TV Fights). +**Mark chose ''Return of the Jedi'', which is technically Episode VI. +***The first Speed Round question was originally supposed to be a regular round question, but it was removed. Mark had chosen Wyld Stallyns, and Kristian had originally chosen Sexual Chocolate. This was mentioned right before this question was asked. However, when the question was asked, Kristian gave Mark's answer just over thirty seconds after Mark mentioned Wyld Stallyns. +****Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who chose Kristian over JTE, who chose Spinal Tap. +*****A graphic accompanied this question, showing the two 2-packs. Andy read the names after the graphic was shown. *Kristian (who answered second), in his rebuttal, asked JTE to defend ''Tooth Fairy 2'', leading to JTE's talking more, followed by Kristian's talking more. Eventually, Andy rang the bell to end it. ++Split decision. Jeannine disagreed with Andy, who chose Kristian (''Baby Geniuses'' franchise). ++*Andy said this question could be interpreted however the fighters wanted; however, Dan and Andy later pointed out that it could really mean only one thing (though they didn't specifically mention anything (sex)). ++**Kristian jokingly said ''Love Actually'', JTE's answer from the previous question. Andy made him stick with that answer, potentially costing him the game. ++***Originally, Andy was going to ask for the best movie with the word "Love" in the title, but as ''Love Actually'' was just mentioned in each of the last two questions, he declined to ask it. ++****Kristian mentioned that Meg Ryan has not been seen in a long time, but JTE mentioned that it was not required by the question that it be someone current. Andy mentioned this later in explaining his decision. ++*****Split decision. Jeannine disagreed with Andy, who chose JTE (Meg Ryan or Ryan Gosling). *Meg Ryan co-starred in ''When Harry Met Sally'' (which JTE mentioned), which was JTE's answer for the previous question. '''Episode 71: Pitch a Deadpool Sequel (w/ Kevin Smith) (2-20-16)'''<ref>Episode 71: Pitch a Deadpool Sequel (w/ Kevin Smith) (2-20-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2bws_gETGg</ref> Episode was delayed approximately fifteen minutes. Marc Andreyko appears dressed as Deadpool. Despite the order of sitting from Andy (Marc, Kevin, Spencer), for purposes of asking questions, Spencer is second, and Kevin is third. During "After the Fight", Kevin Smith had to leave. Andy left with him, and Dan took over hosting for the remainder of the show even though Andy came back. After this fight, for the first time ever, there are three undefeated two-fight competitors, the other two being Max Landis and JTE, who reached this in the last two fights respectively. The three are only the fourth, fifth, and sixth fighters to ever reach this. Spencer, already one of only five fighters to lose four consecutive fights, becomes the first fighter to lose five consecutive fights. He also becomes the second fighter to reach 11 losses (Nick had done it 15 episodes earlier). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 2/4 || Third |- | Kevin Smith || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/10 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 76%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Marc !! Kevin !! Spencer |- | 1: Pitch a ''Deadpool'' sequel and...cast Cable. || || 1* || |- | 2: Which existing property needs a Hard-R adaptation or reboot? || || || 1** |- | 3: What the one thing you want to see in ''[Star Wars] Episode VIII''? || || || 1 |- | 4: What is the best ''Batman'' movie? *** || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the worst job of any character in a movie? ****, ***** || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: Who is the best Ghostbuster? + || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND A2: Which one should we buy: ''The Bounty Hunter'' or ''The Ugly Truth''? +* || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Kurt Russell movie? +** || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Pick one: Ben Affleck or Matt Damon? || x || || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie featuring a mall? +**** || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Please tell me the best movie robot. || x || 1+*****, ++, ++* || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' ||4 |} .*A twitter poll agreed with Kevin's pitch. .**Spencer chose Wolverine, and that morning, it was confirmed that there would be an R-rated Wolverine film. .***Blind fight. Picking was done in the order of length of drawn straws (Spencer, then Kevin, then Marc). However, this was for naught, as according to the fighters, they each got to pick the one they wanted (''Batman Begins'', ''The Dark Knight'', and ''Batman Begins'', respectively). .****Spencer went first for the fifth question. While Spencer and Kevin opened, twitter followers voted for which choice Marc should pick. Similarly, Kevin changed to his second choice (Alfred from the ''Batman'' series) at the last minute. While Marc was talking, the twitter poll shifted, but he won anyway. .*****Round lasted slightly less than five minutes. +Question was tossed. After it was asked, Kevin hit the table and said "ding" to ring in. Very shortly afterwards, Spencer said [Dr. Peter] Venkman. Though Kevin had been on the show before, he thought he had to ring in. So Andy initially decided to modify the question to exclude Venkman. Kevin then said Egon [Spengler], and Spencer was unable to name another character, being only able to say Dan Aykroyd. To make things fair, Andy tossed the question. +*Bargain bin pick, graphic accompanied question, being shown right before the movies were named. +**Andy stated that he had asked this previously, meaning the fighters had time to think about their choices. Spencer chose ''Big Trouble in Little China'', which he recently reviewed on his show "Does it Hold Up?" Kevin stated ''Escape From New York'', but wanted to change his answer to ''Tombstone'', which he had previously submitted, but Andy wouldn't let him. +***Split decision. Marc disagreed with Andy, who chose Spencer (Matt Damon). +****Central to Kevin's winning argument was that in his choice (his own movie ''Mallrats''), the mall was central to the plot. That however was not the question (best movie featuring a mall). For example, Terminator 2: Judgement Day featured a mall and is widely acclaimed, but the mall was not central to the plot. +*****At the end of Spencer's initial argument, he mentioned that the Iron Giant (his choice) carried nuclear weapons. Kevin immediately used this against Spencer. ++After rebuttals, Kevin spoke again, saying he liked British people (his choice was C-3PO). Spencer was allowed to respond, saying he hated British people. ++*Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who chose Kevin. '''Episode 72: Who Should Join the Justice League? (2-27-16)'''<ref>Episode 72: Who Should Join the Justice League? (2-27-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJqSq7350ZQ</ref> Jason Inman returns after a 31 episode absence as a competitor. He states in the beginning that he has the longest time between appearances, but that is not true (Erin Robinson has an absence that is 13 episodes longer, and Alison Haislip has one that is just as long). Further, at the end of the episode, Roger Barr is said to have had the third-longest absence (after Andy said that Roger's absence was longer than Jason's), which is not true. Roger's absence was 21 episodes, a four-way tie for eighth longest (after Erin, Jason, Alison, Michael Barryte's 29, Mark Reilly's 26, Kristian Harloff's 24, and Tiffany Smith's 23 and tying with Trisha, who returns from a 21 episode absence in this episode, Scott Mantz, and Max Landis), and less than half of the longest. *Further, Jason was more recently on the fourth episode of TV Fights. **On the very next episode, Jeremy Jahns returns from a longer absence (33 episodes), and in episode 78, Jon Schnepp returns after a 41 episode absence, and in episode 80, Amy Nicholson returns after a 35 episode absence. So since the episode aired, Jason's absence went from being tied for the second-longest to tied for the fifth-longest. Just one week after Spencer Gilbert became the first fighter to lose five consecutive fights, Trisha becomes the second. This is Trisha's first appearance as a married woman. There is very little movement on the leader board with this fight, with Jason moving up only one spot and Trisha not moving at all. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jason Inman || 2/3 || '''Win''' |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/4 || Second |- | Ryan Right || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jason !! Trisha !! Ryan |- | 1: Which DC character should join the Justice League next? || 1* || || |- | 2: Pitch us the Zombieland sequel....and also, I wanna hear a celebrity cameo. || 1** || || |- | 3: What is a role that one actor was born to play? || || 1 || |- | 4: Now that Guillermo Del Toro is not directing Pacific Rim 2...what movie would you like to see Guillermo do next? || *** || || 1**** |- | 5: What franchise should crossover with ''Transformers''? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which one should we buy: ''Dirty Dancing'' or ''Ghost''? + || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Better J.J. Abrams reboot: ''Star Trek [2009]'' or ''Star Wars Episode VII]''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: If you've seen any of James Cameron's movies, which one should you watch first? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best movie with the word "movie" in the title? +** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: In honor of ''(The) Gods of Egypt'', best Gerard Butler movie? +*** || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4+**** || 1 |} .*Jason won despite losing a coin toss to Trisha, who chose Hal Jordan/Green Lantern and also despite choosing Vixen when only 20% of twitter respondents agreed. .**Andy chose Jason but said he's let twitter overrule him if the poll indicated otherwise; however, 56% of respondents agreed. .***During Jason's pitch for ''Justice League Dark'', he cast Ron Perlman as Swamp Thing, giving Movie Fights its third consecutive week with a mention of Swamp Thing after Dan earlier said that twitter expressed disappointment that he wasn't mentioned in the first fight and that he was in Justice League Dark. .****A plurality of twitter voters agreed with Andy by the time he called a winner. .*****Once again, Andy picked a choice (The Avengers) that was later revealed to have received only 20% of the twitter vote. +A graphic showed up before Andy named the movies. Jason said ''Ghost'' first, leaving Trisha with ''Dirty Dancing''. Andy said he heard Trisha first (to Trisha's surprise) and had her argue first. +*Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who chose Jason. Dan indicated that things Jason said didn't make sense. +**Repeat question from episode 17. The answer that lost last time ''Superman: The Movie'' won this time, with Dan agreeing this time. +***Trisha took 90 seconds to name ''[The] Phantom of the Opera'' (2004), despite being given a hint towards ''Olympus Has Fallen''. +****Trisha becomes to the first fighter to not win in any of his or her first five appearances. '''Episode 73: New Ghostbusters Trailer - Should We Be Worried? (3-5-16)'''<ref>Episode 73: New Ghostbusters Trailer - Should We Be Worried? (3-5-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5twEC1IDeHI</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Jeremy Jahns appears in his first official episode, 56 episodes after his first appearance (a team fight with Kristian Harloff as his teammate). He returns after a 33 episode absence (the last being the first Comic Con fight), the second-longest absence so far (after Erin Robinson's 44 episode absence). *In episode 78, Jeremy's absence becomes the third-longest after Jon Schnepp returns after a 41 episode absence. This is the inaugural episode of March Mania and features a rematch of a popular rivalry between Scott Mantz and John Rocha (watch episode 49; also watch episode 126 (the first episode of the following March) as well as the one-on-one Schmoedowns between them). Seventeenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jeremy Jahns || New fighter || Second |- | Scott Mantz || 2/3 || Third * |- | John Rocha || 0/3 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jeremy !! Scott !! John |- | 1: New ''Ghostbuster'' trailer: Should we be worried?... I want you to pick one moment from the trailer to help justify your argument.** || 1 || || |- | 2: What is the most badass action sequel of all time? *** || || 1 || |- | 3: Now that Leo[nardo DiCaprio] has won his Oscar, ....I want you guys to pitch us what next project he should tackle. || || || 1 |- | 4: With ''Whiskey Tango Foxtrox'' opening this weekend with Tiny Fey, ....what's the best film starring an "SNL" alum? **** || 1 || ***** || + |- | 5: ''Dark Tower'' was announced ....what's the best Stephen King adaptation? +*, +** || +*** || +**** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Pick the movie we should buy.+***** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Tell me the best movie with the word "bad" in the title. || || x || 1++ |- | SPEED ROUND C: If you've never seen any of Christopher Nolan's movies, which one would you watch first? || 1++* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Now that Leo[nardo DiCaprio] has won his Oscar, which actor who hasn't won an Oscar yet deserves to win?++** || ++*** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who gives the best performance in a bad movie?++**** || || x || 1++***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1+++ || '''5''' |} .*Already the only fighter besides Dan to appear in his first five fights (or any five fights in a row) without finishing in second place, Scott is now also the only besides Dan to do it in the first six. .**The trailer had been released less than six hours before this question was asked. All fighters indicated that they were worried, so Andy used the reasoning to decide the point. .***Pre-recorded question, asked by actor Gerard Butler. This question was previously used in episode 25 (the Fan episode). The answers from that episode (''Terminator 2'', ''Aliens'', and ''The Raid 2'') were not allowed to be used, .****Despite the question being asked due to a movie that was opening the following day, the twitter message asking the question was dated December 29, 2014 (over 14 months old). .*****During his arguments, Scott said that Tony Stark was the role that Robert Downey Jr. was born to play. The previous week, Trisha Hershberger, who was sitting in the same seat made the same argument and won. However Scott did not win this round (even though J.T.E initially gave him a point on the board before fixing it). +John called his choice (''Coming to America'') one of the penultimate comedies. "Penultimate" means second to last. +*The twitter message asking this question actually asked for the best film based on a Stephen King novel. This was different from the question for two reasons. First, many movies made from Stephen King stories are based off stories that are not novels. Further, when the question asks for adaptation, it is more so looking for the best translation rather than the best movie. This was said to be one of the reasons Scott was not successful despite the quality of his choice, ''The Shining''. +**Scott was skipped for starting this round. Andy started with John and then went backwards. +***During his arguments, Jeremy used the word "spectrums" twice. However, the plural of "spectrum" is "spectra." If he had used this word, it would have been the first instance in the history of Movie Fights of that word's being used properly. +****In his arguments, Scott called ''The Shining'' the ''Citizen Kane'' of scary movies. Calling a movie a ''Citizen Kane'' of something is an unofficial rule violation. +*****Bargain bin picture: ''Gremlins'' Special Edition and ''The Goonies''. ++Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who picked John (''Bad Boys'' over ''Bad Boys II''). ++*Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who picked Jeremy (''The Dark Knight'' over ''Inception''). ++**Andy referred to this as the last question and the subsequent question as a tie breaker. During his review during "After the Fight", when he got to this point, he realized that he skipped his fourth Speed Round question. ++***Jeremy responded with Tom Hanks initially. However, he has won an Oscar. He switched to Edward Norton, but he did not win. ++****Due to the broadness of this question, Andy told Dan to give the fighters ten seconds to come up with an answer. However, neither was able to come up with one that quickly, so Andy continued waiting. Jeremy was the first to answer, but he spent 40 seconds. ++*****Split decision. Scott disagreed with Andy, who chose John (Marlon Brando in ''The Island of Dr. Moreau'' (1996) over Tom Cruise in ''Mission: Impossible II''). +++Scott becomes the second person (after Nick Mundy) to finish in third place in three consecutive fights. However, Nick still holds the record with four consecutive fights and extends it to five in the next episode. '''Episode 74: Could Captain America: Civil War Suck?? (3-12-16)'''<ref>Episode 74: Could Captain America: Civil War Suck?? (3-12-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzBQSrGnqXA</ref> Squarespace returns as sponsor. To show there is no animosity from their previous match-up, Roger and Nick kiss each other in the beginning of this episode. After Round 2, a graphic of this is shown with the background from Nick's wedding, officiated by Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson. Eighteenth episode (and second consecutive episode) in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Only eight points are awarded in this episode, a record low for Movie Fights. Previously, there were four episodes (6, 8, 57, and 58) on which nine points had been awarded. *Only two days before this episode was recorded, on TV Fights episode 18, a record had been set for TV and Movie Fights with seven points. Movie Fights episode 74 is the first in which exactly eight points are awarded. No changes are made to the leaderboard after this fight. Even if Hal had finished second to Roger, his position would not have changed, and Roger would have only jumped one spot. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 5/9 || '''Win'''* |- | Roger Barr || 1/8 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 4/11 || Third** |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Roger !! Nick |- | 1: Now that we've seen the trailer, could ''[Captain America:] Civil War'' suck...and what is your scene to back your argument? *** || || 1 || |- | 2: What other**** popular live-action movie deserves an animated spin-off? || || || 1***** |- | 3: Pitch how you'd bring Arnold [Schwarzenegger] back to the ''Predator'' franchise. || 1+ || || |- | 4: What is the most annoying character in a movie you otherwise love? || 1+* || || |- | 5: In honor of ''10 Cloverfield Lane'', ....if you're stuck in an emergency survival bunker, which two movie characters would you pick? || 1+** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the best Michael Keaton movie? || x || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy....''[The] Amazing Spiderman 2'' or ''Spiderman 3''?+*** || || 1+**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best John Goodman movie? || 1 || +***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tougher old guy: Bruce Willis or Liam Neeson? || 1++ || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 2 || 1 |} .*Hal becomes the only person besides Dan Murrell to win three consecutive fights. .**Nick, already the only person to finish in third place in four consecutive fights, extends the record to five consecutive fights. He also becomes the first fighter to reach 12 losses. He is the third to lose five consecutive fights, after Spencer and Trisha. .***Question asked by Meredith Loftus, who has appeared as a couch guest (episode 55). During the round, the word "Captain" is spelled "Captian." .****Besides ''Ghostbusters (2016)''. .*****Nick's answer, ''Smokey and the Bandit'', won despite coming in third place (30% of 321 votes) in a twitter poll. Hal's answer, ''Aliens'', received 37%, and Rogers' answer, ''Nightmare on Elm Street'', received 33%. +Hal's pitch came in third in a twitter poll with 32% of the vote. Roger won with 35%. +*Hal's response of the Ewoks from ''Return of the Jedi'' finished in second place in a twitter poll with 33% of the votes, behind Nick's response (the grandchildren in ''Jurassic Park''), which received 42% of the votes. Roger's answer (John Connor from ''Terminator 2: Judgement Day'') received 25%. +**While it wasn't announced on the show, Hal's response (Genie from ''Aladdin'' and Black Widow from the MCU) received approximately 60% of the twitter vote. +***A DVD bargain bin picture accompanied the question. +****Split decision. Dan disagreed with Andy, who picked Roger, who answered ''Spiderman 3'' faster than Hal. Had either Andy or Nick picked Hal, in the subsequent question, he would have tied the record for most consecutive points (five, set in episode 53). He also would have set the record for shortest Speed Round in Movie Fights and tied the record for both TV and Movie Fights, set only two days earlier by Maude Garrett. +*****Roger answered ''Uncle Buck'', which actually starred John Candy. He switched to ''Arachnophobia''. Hal, who chose ''Argo'', was given the opportunity to switch his answer, but he did not take it. ++Split decision. Nick disagreed with Andy, who picked Hal (Liam Neeson). '''Episode 75: Pitch Indiana Jones 5! (3-19-16)'''<ref>Episode 75: Pitch Indiana Jones 5! (3-19-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSlc7GBolH4</ref> John Flickinger returns after a 28 episode absence. Dan is accompanied on the couch by fans Galen White and Eli. Nineteenth episode (and third consecutive episode) in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Not counting the first episode, nineteenth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Thirteenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Chris Stuckmann || 1/1 || Second |- | Brett Erlich || 0/1 || Third |- | John Flickinger * || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Chris !! Brett !! John |- | 1: How would you cast the ultimate replacement for Tony Stark/Iron Man? Also, I want you guys to pitch us who would direct this new addition to the franchise. || || 1** || |- | 2: What film should have never spawned a sequel and should have remained stand-alone? *** || 1**** || || |- | 3: We want you guys to pitch us what should Indiana Jones 5 be. You must use Harrison Ford [and Steven] Spielberg. || || || 1***** |- | 4: In honor of the first ''Ben-Hur'' remake...I want you guys to pick a movie pre-1970 that should be remade in a fun way. || || || 1+ |- | 5: Which movie that has already come out would you want most to experience in virtual reality? || 1+* || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two DVDs were in the bin. Which one should we buy: ''Terminator: Genisys'' or ''Fantastic 4 (2015)''? +** || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Other than Wolverine, who's the best X-Man? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What movie has the best non-John Williams score? || || x || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND D: I'm gonna name two actors. You tell me who's better and why: Woody Harrelson or Matthew McConaughey. || 1+***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Jean Claude Van Damme movie? || || x || 1++ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*When John is introduced, his description lists him as a "youtubber." .**Brett's pitch, which involved Colin Farrell and director Martin McDonagh, also won the twitter vote with 37%. In addition to this being Brett's only point, it was the only twitter vote he won (and more broadly, in which he didn't finish in third). .***''Jaws'' was not allowed because in episode 9, Dan successfully argued that ''Jaws 2'' was the most unnecessary sequel of all time. .****Chris only got the second-highest portion of twitter votes. 41% voted for ''The Matrix'' (John), 33% voted for ''Speed'' (Chris), an 26% voted for ''Caddyshack'' (Brett). .*****John also won the twitter vote with 44%, followed by Chris (38%). +John only got the second-highest portion of twitter votes. 49% voted for ''Jason and the Argonauts'' (Chris), 31% voted for ''The Graduate'' (John), and 20% voted for ''Rashoman'' (Brett). +*Chris, who chose ''Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope'', also won the twitter vote with 43%, followed by John (''Avatar'') with 32%, and Brett (''A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)'') with 25%. +**A bargain bin pic accompanied this question. +***Chris was faster as saying the winning response, ''Terminator: Genisys''. +****Split decision. Galen chose Chris (''Interstellar''), but then Dan, Brett, and Andy all chose John (''The Dark Knight Rises''). +*****Chris was slower at saying McConaughey, but he still won by unanimous (4 vote) decision. ++Split decision. Dan chose Chris (''The Expendables 2''), while Galen, Brett, and Andy all chose John (''Bloodsport''). Andy did agree that ''The Expendables 2'' was the better movie, but not the better Van Damme movie. '''Episode 76: Which Superhero Would You Want To Be? (3-26-16)'''<ref>Episode 76: Which Superhero Would you Want to Be? (3-26-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luWszLI09R0</ref> Sponsored by Audible. Joe Starr as Fact Checker "Last Fighter Standing." Single-elimination tournament (Andy would pick the worst argument of three fighters). Fighters are seeded based on number of re-tweets. The lower one's seed, the earlier in the tournament he would need to enter. From highest to lowest, seeding was as follows: Dan Murrell, Alicia Malone, Mike Carlson, Hal Rudnick, Spencer Gilbert, JTE, Scott Mantz, and Marc Andreyko. Though Dan received the highest seeding, he volunteered to start in the first round, sparing JTE from having to participate. For this, Dan was awarded two opportunities to go first (order of answering was based on random drawing). The winner of the episode receives the Show Stopper (which takes the form of a film reel holder). At the end of the show, Andy stated that it allows the holder, some time within the next calendar year, to challenge the Belt holder (if present at a Movie Fight) to an immediate fight for the belt using five Speed Round questions that are locked inside. Fighters were not aware of each other's answers and therefore had to also prepare backup answers. There were not any known cases however of fighters who had to resort to backups. This episode is not counted in the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Fighters (in response order) !! Question !! colspan="2" | Eliminated |- | Dan, Scott, Marc || 1: Which actor has had the best performance in a bad movie? * || colspan="2" | Marc |- | Dan, JTE, Scott || 2: Which Sylvester Stallone movie would work better if you replaced him with Arnold Schwarzenegger? || colspan="2" | Scott |- | Dan**, JTE, Spencer || 3: What movie superhero would you most want to be for an entire year? || colspan="2" | JTE |- | Spencer, Hal, Dan || 4: If you could punch one actor in the face, who would it be? *** || colspan="2" | Spencer****, JTE |- | Hal, Dan, Mike || 5: What other***** movie character deserves its own Lego play-set and movie? || colspan="2" | Hal |- | Dan+, Mike, Alicia || 6: We'd like you guys to pitch a massive studio blockbuster that you'd want to remake as a low-budget indie. || colspan="2" | Mike+* |- ! colspan="2" | Speed Round Question !! Alicia !! Dan |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND A: You're gonna see two movies on screen. You're gonna have to tell me which movie you'd pick first. +** || 1+*** || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND B: Best Zack Snyder movie? || 1+**** || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND C: Worst Mark Wahlberg movie? || || 1+***** |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND D: Who will win an Oscar first: Tiny Fey or Kristen Wiig? || 1++ || ++* |- | colspan="2" | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''3''' || 1 |} .*Repeat question from episode 73's Speed Round .**Originally, Dan was third, but he used his advantage, pushing JTE and Spencer each back one spot. .***Repeat question from episode 25. .****As Spencer could not name one movie featuring his choice, Jenny McCarthy (for her anti-vaccination stance), Andy replaced him with JTE, who ultimately lost again. .*****Besides Batman. +Again, originally, Dan was third, but he used his second advantage. +*Mike was eliminated even though no one on the jury (Spencer, Scott, Marc, Hal, and JTE) felt Dan gave the best pitch (''Prometheus''). Marc, Scott, and JTE felt Alicia's pitch (''Terminator: Genisys'') was the best, and Hal and Spencer felt Mike's pitch (''The Truman Show'') was the best. A plurality (37%) of twitter voters voted for Mike's pitch, with Dan and Alicia in second and third respectively (though after the results were read, Andy declared Alicia the winner). After Andy asked the jury for their votes for weakest, Marc and Hal voted for Dan, Scott and JTE voted for Mike, and Spencer voted for Alicia. Andy didn't ask Spencer to pick between Mike and Dan, even though the answer would have been Dan as Spencer considered Mike's to be the best of the three. +**Bargain bin pic featuring the first four ''Superman'' movies and the first four ''Batman'' movies. +***Marc and Scott voted for Dan, but then Spencer abstained, and Mike, Hal, and JTE all voted for Alicia (''Superman''). Andy indicated that he agreed with the majority. +****Hal was the only one who chose Dan (''300''). Andy agreed with the other five voters (''The Watchmen''). +*****Unanimous decision (''Planet of the Apes (2001)'' over ''The Other Guys''). ++Andy was the only one who considered voting for Dan (Tiny Fey). He even then asked Joe, who felt Alicia did better. With seven people voting for Alicia, Andy felt he couldn't overturn such a majority. ++*Dan was the first to answer in all four Speed Round questions. '''Episode 77: Batman v Superman: Fun or Failure? (4-2-16)'''<ref>Episode 77: Batman v Superman: Fun or Failure? (4-2-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IB78yaPo6Os</ref> The third team fight. It focuses on the film ''Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.'' This fight is not counted in the official statistics. It is the eighth (and as of 8-20-2016, the most recent) such fight. The fight aired live on screenjunkies.com on Tuesday, March 29 rather than Thursday. Accordingly, this week's TV Fights aired Thursday (it was not live). Debut of John Campea and Harley Morenstein, who are the 12th and 13th fighters on Movie Fights to never appear in a regular fight before their debut (two of the prior eleven (Jeremy Jahns and John Flickinger) subsequently participated in regular fights). The previous week, John lost to Dan Murrell on the first episode of the current Schmoes Know "Schmoedown" trivia tournament. Trisha Hersherger as Fact Checker. Collectively, John and Marc Andreyko are called both "Team A Little Bit More Into Batman/Superman Than the Other Side" and eventually "Team Superman," while Harley and Dan Murrell are called "Team Batman" and "Team Didn't Like the Movie." Dan stated that he was on "Team Mixed to Negative." The scoreboard, which first pops up after the second question lists the teams as Team J&M and Team D&H. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campea John Campea]/Marc Andreyko (Superman) || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Morenstein Harley Morenstein]/Dan Murell (Batman) || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 83%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Superman (J&M) !! Batman (D&H) |- | 1: Was ''Batman v(s) Superman[:Dawn of Justice]'' fun or a failure? || 1 || |- | 2: What was your favorite part of ''Batman v(s) Superman[:Dawn of Justice]''? || || 1* |- | 3: Should Zack Snyder direct ''Justice League'', and if not, who should? || || 1 |- | 4: Pitch your ultimate trinity to stop a global threat. || 1** || |- | 5: Which Justice League member solo movie should we be most excited for? || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You have to tell us which movie in the bargain bin we should buy. (Marc vs Dan)*** || 1**** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best comic book movie villain? (John vs Harley) || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Better on-screen Batman: Val Kilmer or George Clooney? (Marc vs Dan) || || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND D1: Best Amy Adams movie? (John vs Harley) + || || |- | SPEED ROUND D2: Better Lex Luthor: Kevin Spacey or [Jesse] Eisenberg? (John vs Harley) || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 3 |} .*71% of twitter votes agreed with Andy's decision (Batman in the warehouse). .**In the end, the teams did one-by-one face-offs of picks to see which team could destroy the other. On "After the Fight", the order was switched, and it was agreed that D&H's team (Dr. Manhattan, Luke Skywalker, and Professor Charles Xavier) would have beaten J&M's team (God from ''Bruce Almighty'', the Hulk (2003 version), and Jason Voorhees). And in the twitter poll, 72% agreed with D&H's pick. .***An accompanying graphic showed the films ''Grown Ups 2'' and ''Dumb and Dumber To''. .****Marc won by saying that his pick, ''Grown Ups 2'', was shorter. Trisha confirmed that it was. .*****Dan was faster at saying Val Kilmer (''Batman Forever''). +John picked ''Enchanted'' while Harley picked ''Catch Me if You Can''. Andy and Trisha agreed that ''Catch Me if You Can'' was better but that ''Enchanted'' was a better movie for Adams. In the end, Andy decided to throw out the question. '''Episode 78: Best "Star Wars: Rogue One" Trailer Moment? (4-9-16)'''<ref>Episode 78: Best "Star Wars: Rogue One" Trailer Moment? (4-9-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heFafzlJATc</ref> The 100th Screen Junkies Fight. First episode since episode 65 in which none of the competitors had ever won a fight before. Squarespace returns as sponsor. Jon Schnepp returns after a 41 episode absence, the second-longest on record after Erin Robinson's 44 episode absence. Fourteenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. Fifth episode in which a fighter does not score (the last being episode 67). Trisha becomes the first fighter to lose six consecutive Movie Fights and the second fighter (after Nick Mundy) to lose six consecutive fights between Movie and TV Fights (Trisha herself had never appeared on TV Fights by this time but did subsequently appear on the show and win (and she later appeared on and won a Gamer Fight and a second episode of TV Fights, bringing her overall Fight record to 3-6, up from 0-6, which remains her Movie Fight record)). Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Karin Kirchner from Austria. Stephen's name appears on the scoreboard as "Glick". {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/5 || Second |- | Jon Schnepp || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Stephen Glickman || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! Jon !! Stephen |- | 1: What's the best moment in the ''Rogue One[: A Star Wars Story]'' trailer? * || || 1** || |- | 2: Pitch your standalone ''Star Wars'' story. || 1*** || || |- | 3: In honor of...Melissa McCarthy's ''[The] Boss'', what movie character would be the worst to have as your boss? || 1 || || |- | 4: In honor of ''The B.F.G''., ...what's the best [Steven] Spielberg movie released post-2000? || || 1 || |- | 5: In honor of [the new show, "After the Credits"], ...what's the best post-credits scene in a film?**** || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round'''***** || 2 || 3 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You're gonna have to tell me which one should I buy. + || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Please tell me the best scene...in any ''Star Wars'' movie. || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who's the most underutilized character in the ''Star Wars'' universe? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of ''Hardcore Henry'', pick any film character [for whom] it'd be fun to watch a movie through their POV. || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie starring Charlie Sheen? || || 1+*** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4+**** || '''6''' || 0 |} .*The trailer came out the morning that the episode was filmed (April 7). .**Jon only receive 36% of the twitter votes for his response ("I rebel"), while Trisha's response (the ending shot) received 37%. .***Trisha's winning answer for a Yoda story won 54% of the twitter vote, while Stephen's answer of IG-88 received 28%, and Jon's answer of Salacious Crumb received only 18%. .****All fighters initially submitted Marvel films. Andy then made them all submit non-Marvel movies. .*****When Andy explained the Speed Round rules to Trisha and Jon, he said they'd both done it before, but Jon had not. He had only seen one. +Bargain bin picture of ''Mean Girls'' and ''Clueless''. Both movies were part of a single DVD pack, so there's not really a choice to buy just one of them. +*Trisha was very slightly slower at saying ''Mean Girls'', but still won with ''Clueless'' by three-person unanimous decision. +**Split decision. Stephen disagreed with Andy, who chose Jon (Chewbacca over Yoda), while Dan and Karin both agreed with Andy. +***Jon won since Trisha could not think of a movie to say despite being given 74 seconds. +****Already the first fighter to not win any of her first five fights, Trisha becomes the first fighter to not win any of her first six fights. '''Episode 79: Spider-Man: Homecoming! Story Pitches (4-16-16)'''<ref>Episode 79: Spider-Man: Homecoming! Story Pitches (4-16-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXrkxKhlFmQ</ref> Alicia Malone returns as host. Andy was also not present to host Wednesday's "Screen Junkies Show." Meg McCarthy debuts as Fact Checker. All contestants were female (the second time this has happened on Movie Fights, the first being episode 42, and the fourth time this has happened between Movie and TV Fights). However, since this time the host is female, this is the first time in Movie Fights that all contestants, the host, and the fact checker were all female (Miss Movies was the fact checker last time). This has yet to happen on TV Fights as there has never been a female fact checker on that show. First episode to feature three new fighters since episode 63. However, all contestants have previously appeared on TV Fights. *Each fighter had debuted in a different episode of TV Fights, and each of those three episodes, just like this one, featured three new fighters. Two days earlier, on TV Fights, all contestants in that episode also came into the fight with the same record as each other (0-1). The scoreboard does not spell the fighters' names in all-caps (only the first letter of the name is capitalized). During the fight, Maude is wearing a Pokémon-themed dress. On "After the Fight", Maude is either wearing a different dress from the one she wears during the fight or she has put a black shirt over the top. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Maude Garrett || New fighter || Third |- | Roth Cornet || New fighter || Second |- | Clarke Wolfe || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Maude !! Roth !! Clarke |- | 1: Pitch the ''Spider-Man: Homecoming'' movie. || * || 1 || |- | 2: What is the best moment in the ''Doctor Strange'' trailer? ** || || 1 || |- | 3: In honor of all the blockbuster movie announcements this week,... who's a director who's never done a superhero film that you would like to see make one? || || || 1 |- | 4: In honor of the Hanna-Barbera shared universe that's been announced at CinemaCon, what property from your childhood do you most wish would become a new summer franchise? || 1 || || |- | 5: Which existing Disney animated film should never get a live-action adaptation? || || *** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If you went to the bargain bin, and you saw these two movies, which would you choose? **** || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the worst Kevin Costner movie? || x || 1***** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who gives the best performance in a ''Harry Potter'' film? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best movie with a color in the title? || x || || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the better James Cameron film: ''Aliens'' or ''Titanic''? || x || || 1+*, +** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1+*** || 4 || '''5'''+**** |} .*Maude revealed on "After the Fight" that she had to switch her pitch after submitting one as it would have spoiled ''Captain America: Civil War''. .**At the end of the fight, Meg said she was disappointed that people weren't commenting on twitter. After the subsequent question, she confessed that she was checking #moviefights and not #moviefightslive. .***Meg felt Roth's answer (''Snow White'') deserved to win, and Alicia seemed to indicate that that was proper, but she said she wanted to choose between Maude and Clarke, who were behind. .****The movies in the bargain bin picture were ''Labyrinth'' and ''Dark Crystal''. .*****Roth stated in her argument for ''Waterworld'' that it went up against ''Titanic''. That is not true as it came out almost two and a half years earlier than ''Titanic''. Nobody called this out, and Roth unanimously won. *Dan Murrell once ruled against Hal Rudnick in a Speed Round-type question for assigning it the wrong year. +Split decision. Meg disagreed with Alicia, who chose Clarke (''Black Swan'' over ''Blue Valentine''). +*Clarke was faster at saying ''Aliens'', leaving Roth to pick ''Titanic''. +**Split decision. Meg never voted, and Maude picked Roth. +***Before closing out the show, Alicia stated to Maude that she has had episodes where she only got one point or no points. However, Alicia has had only one episode where she's gotten only one point. Outside of the round-robin fighting at San Diego Comic Con, she has not had any fights where she finished with no points. +****Clarke becomes the first fighter to ever hold undefeated records in both Movie Fights and TV Fights simultaneously. Additionally, the day after this was filmed, Clarke would go on to defeat Josh Macuga in the Schmoedown, giving her a 1-0 record in all three shows. *Just five days later, Ken Napzok would become the second fighter to hold 1-0 records simultaneously on Movie Fights and TV Fights. This would also involve Maude finishing third in a 5-4-1 match. '''Episode 80: Best Movie Character Prom Date? (4-23-16)'''<ref>Episode 80: Best Movie Character Prom Date? (4-23-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwNMgmIYABU</ref> On screenjunkies.com, this episode had been called "Who Should Play Prince in a Biopic?" It was changed on the site and appeared on youtube with the title listed above. *Prince had died earlier in the day (April 21). The original fifth question was going to ask the contestants to pitch a film bringing any two historical figures -living or dead - together and cast them. Squarespace sponsors this episode. Amy Nicholson returns after a 35 episode absence, the third-longest absence yet. For the second consecutive week (but only the third time in the show's history), all contestants were female. *This is the first all-female panel to have a male fact checker (Dan). An Australian fan, Troy Loxton, joins Dan on the couch. Only eight points are awarded in this episode, which along with the eight points in episode 74 is the lowest number awarded in a Movie Fights episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jen Yamato || New fighter || Third |- | Amy Nicholson || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Kara Warner || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 71%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jen !! Amy !! Kara |- | 1: Which Marvel [Cinematic Universe] Phase 3 [movie] are you most excited for? * || || 1** || |- | 2: What is the best Matt Damon movie? || || || 1*** |- | 3: What fictional character would you most wanted [to have taken you] to your senior prom? || 1**** || || |- | 4: What's the most unnecessary sequel of 2016? ***** || || 1+ || |- | 5: What actor should portray Prince in a biopic? || +* || +** || 1+*** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy? +**** || x || 1+***** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie western? || x || 1 || ++ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie performance by a rock star? ++* || x || 1++** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5'''++*** || 2 |} .*Repeat question from episode 4, but this time there is further clarification of the slate. .**Amy won despite receiving only 16% of the twitter vote for ''Captain Marvel'', while Kara received 48% for ''Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2''. .***Kara also won 42% of the twitter vote for ''The Martian'', but Jen won 51% for ''The Bourne Identity''. .****Jen received only 12% of the twitter vote for Alien from ''Spring Breakers'', while Kara's choice of Steve Rogers received 59%. .*****Could be either a movie that has been released or one that will be released later in the year. +Amy also won the twitter vote for Zoolander 2. This was the only regular round question for which the poll winner also won the point. +*After Andy asked Jen whom she would pick, it took her two minutes and three seconds to give her response, Dave Chappelle. +**Amy pitched Rhianna to play Prince, making this the third pitch in Movie Fights history for a man to be played by a female. This was previously done in episodes 53 and 66. However, unlike both of those times, this pitch did not win. +***Dan stated that the poll was the closest one yet. Kara and Jen each got about 40% of the twitter vote, with Kara (Frank Ocean) receiving slightly fewer votes. +****Bargain bin picture featured ''After Earth'' and ''R.I.P.D.'' +*****Split decision. Jen chose Kara (''R.I.P.D'') while Troy and Andy chose Amy. *Only approximately 25% of twitter voters agreed with Amy's answer. On twitter, this was actually the least one-sided vote of the Speed Round. ++Kara chose ''Jeremiah Johnson'', but she said it was a Clint Eastwood movie, which it was not. Jen did not give a clear vote, but Troy and Andy once again chose Amy (''Blazing Saddles''), whose answer received approximately 84% of the twitter vote. ++*After Amy chose Madonna (in ''Dick Tracy'') and Kara had trouble thinking of a good answer, Andy allowed Kara to choose any music star, but she ultimately chose Prince (in ''Purple Rain''). While Kara's choice overwhelmingly won the twitter vote (approximately 85%), she didn't give much of an argument, and once again Andy and Troy voted for Amy without Andy asking Jen. ++**Tenth time someone has swept the Speed Round and the first time since episode 58. It is the second time a female has done so, the third time a female has been swept in the Speed Round, and the first in which a female has done it to another female. ++***Although this is Amy's third win, it is her first fight in which her score was never lower than anyone else's at any point in the game. '''Episode 81: What will be the best Live Action Disney Film? (4-30-16)'''<ref>Episode 81: What will be the best Live Action Disney Film? (4-30-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zqN2KfXpCM</ref> On screenjunkies.com, this episode had been called "Which upcoming live action Disney film will be the best?" It was changed on the site and appeared on youtube with the title listed above. Joe Starr returns as Fact Checker as Dan was on vacation. Names on the scoreboard are ''not'' written in all capitals (as was the case in episode 79). Starting this episode, Andy extends the Speed Round time to 20 seconds for initial arguments and ten seconds for rebuttals. Once again, only eight points are awarded, the lowest number so far in Movie Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | John Rocha || 1/3 || Third |- | Jeff Cannata || New fighter || Second |- | Hector Navarro || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 68%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! John !! Jeff !! Hector |- | 1: What will be the best summer movie of 2016? || || || 1* |- | 2: Which Disney upcoming live action film will be the best? || || 1** || |- | 3: Pitch a way to get us excited about these*** sequels? || || 1**** || |- | 4: What franchise that hasn't already crossed over should cross over with ''Alien''? || 1 || || ***** |- | 5: What movie would make for the best series of novels? || + || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which of these do you wanna buy? +* || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: You're gonna see two movies...+** || x || || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND C: You're gonna get two movies...+**** || x || || 1+***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Hector's choice (''Captain America: Civil War'') also won the twitter poll. .**Jeff's choice (''A Wrinkle in Time'') also won the twitter poll. .***Referring to ''Avatar''. .****Jeff's description also won the twitter poll. .*****Hector's choice (''Men in Black'') won the twitter poll. +John's choice (''Mad Max'') won the twitter poll, narrowing beating Jeff's choice (''Cloverfield''). +*Bargain bin picture with ''Jupiter Ascending'' and ''Robocop (2014)''. +**Bargain bin picture with ''Joe Dirt 2'' and ''Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2''. +***Split decision. Joe disagreed with Andy, who chose Hector (''Joe Dirt 2'') over Jeff. +****Bargain bin picture with ''The Bounty Hunter'' and ''The Ugly Truth'' (both with Gerard Butler). +*****Eleventh time someone has swept the Speed Round, only one episode after the tenth time, which itself was the first time in 22 weeks. '''Episode 82: Worst Marvel MCU Villian?-DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS (5-7-16)'''<ref>Episode 82: Worst Marvel MCU Villain?-DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS (5-7-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xwRxtM4wlE</ref> On screenjunkies.com, this episode is called "Worst MCU Villain to Date? ? DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS." The title above is the youtube title (note the incorrect spelling). Drinking rules: Everyone must take a drink if Andy says "This is tough" or gets really loud, Dan gets grumpy, Ken self-loathes, Spencer gets smug, Andy votes differently than his advisors or the twitter poll or says that someone wins based on the arguments, anyone purposely eggs Dan on, someone says "franchise," "come on," or "are you serious?", two people in the Speed Round answer the same, or anyone says "iconic." Through the regular round, there is a twitter poll asking who should have an extra drink (Power Shot) (detailed below). Squarespace returns as sponsor. Joe Starr acts as Fact Checker for a second week in a row. Andy has a larger Mjolnir for this episode. Fifteenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. After this episode, Amy Nicholson becomes the fighter with the highest win percentage among those who are not undefeated. Dan had held this for over 10 months. Retroactively, this was made the first fight in a Drunk Movie Fights tournament, which would have its own Belt. The second fight took place on June 23, 2016 (episode 89). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/11 || Third* |- | Ken Napzok || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 12/4 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 68%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Ken !! Dan |- | 1: What is the worst MCU villain to date? || || || 1** |- | 2: Pitch a ''Space Jam'' sequel and...I'm adding in cross it in with another franchise. || || 1*** || **** |- | 3: What movie character would be most fun to get drunk with? || ***** || || 1+ |- | 4: This is a blind movie pitch.+*, +** || || 1+*** || |- | 5: What's the best movie to "Netflix and Chill" to? +****, +***** || || 1++ || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 0 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which of these two movies should we buy? ++* || x || 1++** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who should play Dracula [in the Universal Monsters franchise]? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What movie should we all watch right now? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who's the hottest male celebrity? || x || 1++*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || '''6''' || 3 |} .*Spencer becomes the first fighter to lose six consecutive Movie Fights (he would also go on to finish in third place in the following Tuesday's TV Fight) and the second to reach 12 losses, eight weeks after Nick became the first. .**Dan, who chose Malekith from ''Thor: The Dark World'', also won the twitter poll and the Power Shot vote. .***Ken, who made a pitch with ''Back to the Future'', also won the twitter poll. .****Dan won the Power Shot vote again. .*****Spencer, who chose Tony Stark, won the twitter poll, prompting everyone to drink. Dan's choice, Bluto from ''Animal House'', was second. This was the only regular Speed Round question for which Andy voted differently than the twitter poll. Also, since there were no split decisions, this was the only question for which everyone needed to drink based on Andy's judging. +For a third time in a row, Dan won the Power Shot vote, but this was after "Everyone" won. Andy disallowed this option, leading to Dan since he came in second. +*From three cups, each fighter picks out a title and two actors. +**No winner was announced for the Power Shot. +***Ken, who pitched a movie called ''Off Off Off Broadway'', starring Rob Schneider and Samuel L. Jackson, also won the twitter poll. +****Previously used in the Speed Round in episode 70. +*****As was the case with the previous question, no winner of the Power Shot is announced. ++Ken's choice (''The 40 Year Old Virgin'') also won the twitter poll with 48%. ++*Bargain bin picture with ''Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005)'' and ''Spy Kids''. ++**Ken won despite being slower at saying ''Charlie and the Chocolate Factory''. Andy had thought Ken was faster, but he was shown the be incorrect. ++***Spencer voted for Ken since he knew that his choice, Brad Pitt was 52 years old. He said he would vote for Dan if Dan could guess how old Chris Hemsworth was. He guessed 34, but he was 32, so he lost, ending the game. *The twitter vote was for Chris Hemsworth. '''Episode 83: Where Does Civil War Rank in the MCU? (w/ Kevin Smithǃ) (5-14-16)'''<ref>Episode 83: Where Does Civil War Rank in the MCU? (w/ Kevin Smithǃ) (5-14-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbZ1rnJWk3c</ref> Joe Starr acts as Fact Checker for a third week in a row. He is accompanied by fan Sarah Tolley. Twentieth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. All Speed Round decisions are unanimous. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Kevin Smith || 2/0 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zack_Stentz Zack Stentz] || New fighter || Third |- | Hal Rudnick || 6/9 || '''Win'''* |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kevin !! Zack !! Hal |- | 1: What was the best moment in...''Captain Americaː Civil War''? ** || 1 || || |- | 2: What was your least favorite part or character or moment of....''Captain Americaː Civil War''? || *** || 1 || |- | 3: Where does ''[Captain Americaː] Civil War'' rank among all the MCU films to date? || 1 || || |- | 4: Pick a character from ''[Captain Americaː] Civil War'' and pitch us their next ultimate solo. || || || 1 |- | 5: Pitch your ultimate team of any four to five...characters that could take out an Avengers team. || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You're telling me which one we should buy.**** || || x || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which DC Cinematic Universe character should cameo on the "Flash" TV show? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best ''X-Men'' movie? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of ''Jumanji'', which franchise should [Dwayne] The Rock [Johnson] join next? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Hal, already the only fighter besides Dan to win three fights in a row, is now the only one besides Dan to win four in a row. .**Although Andy didn't specify exactly what qualified and what didn't, he stated that the "airport scene" was excluded. In fact, Kevin's winning answer involved a fight between Spider-Man and Captain America, which took place at the airport. .***Kevin won the twitter poll by 18% over an unspecified competitor by saying the credits. .****Bargain bin picture with ''The Neverending Story'' and ''The Goonies''. .*****Hal was faster at saying ''The Goonies'' than Kevin was. '''Episode 84: Who Should Play Female Wolverine (X-23)? (5-21-16)'''<ref>Episode 84: Who Should Play Female Wolverine (X-23)? (5-21-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2OAZYNbnbXQ</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan CJ Lindsey from Utah. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Germain Lussier || 1/0 || Third |- | Kim Horcher || 1/1 || Second |- | Samm Levine || New fighter || '''Win'''* |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Germain !! Kim !! Samm |- | 1: Who should play X-23? || || 1* || |- | 2: Which director should take over the ''Godzilla'' franchise? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: What Disney movie should get a darker reboot? || *** || 1****, ***** || 1 |- | 4: Pitch a ''Tetris'' movie....You must include at least two actors and a director. || 1+ || || |- | 5: What movie's existence makes you most angry? || || +* || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy? +** || x || || +***, +**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: If Paul Feig and Judd Apatow were both busy, who should direct a "Freaks and Geeks" movie? || x || +***** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What movie character would be most fun to have as a next door neighbor? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of ''The Nice Guys'', best Ryan Gosling movie? || x || 1++ || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What should be the title of ''Star Warsː Episode VIII''? || x || || 1++* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''6''' |} .*Kim (Summer Glau) finished in third in the twitter poll with 30% while Germain (Mary Elizabeth Winstead) and Samm (Emily Blunt) received 35% each. .**Kim (Guillermo del Toro) won the twitter poll with 49% while Samm (Jon Favreau) received 31%, and Germain (Sam Raimi) received 20%. .***Germain appeared to give up in his argument during the fight. .****After Andy awarded Samm a point, he gave Kim a secondary point after she said "I guess the native people lose again," referencing her choice, ''Pocahontas''. *Kim also received a point the last time two points were awarded for a single question. .*****Kim won the twitter poll with 46%, while Samm (''Honey, I Shrunk the Kids'') received 33%, and Germain (''The Mighty Ducks'') received 21%. +Andy chose Germain's pitch but deferred to twitter. The poll was 50% in favor of Germain, confirming his choice. +*Kim (''Minions'') narrowly won the twitter poll with 46%, followed by Samm (''Battleship'') at 45% and Germain (''The Boondock Saints'') at 9%. Dan pointed out that although Boondock Saints is the highest rated on imdb, it is the lowest rated on Rotten Tomatoes. +**Bargain bin picture with ''Transformersː Revenge of the Fallen'' and ''Green Lantern'' Extended Cut. +***Samm was faster at saying ''Transformersː Revenge of the Fallen''. +****Split decision. Germain disagreed with Andy, who chose Samm. +*****Kim, surprised that such a question would be asked with Samm on the show, felt she couldn't give an answer and asked Andy to give the point to Samm after he said Edgar Wright (a director commonly used as an answer on the show). ++Split decision. CJ disagreed with Andy, who chose Kim (''The Notebook'') over Samm (''Drive''). ++*Samm was first to answer all five Speed Round questions. '''Episode 85: Pitch Austin Powers 4 (5-28-16)'''<ref>Episode 85: Pitch Austin Powers 4 (5-28-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFXvdaTcnco</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Zac Parker. The seating positions of the third, second, and first place finishers are the same as the previous week. Although Sasha and Coy are both new to Movie Fights, the have each appeared on and won Movie Games and TV Fights; Sasha competed in the TV Fights Belt Championship final 12 days after this episode was filmed. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Cody Decker || 0/1 || Third |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || New fighter || Second |- | Coy Jandreau || New fighter || '''Win'''* |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 91%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Cody !! Sasha !! Coy |- | 1: Who is the best character so far in this new ''Star Trek'' world? || || || 1** |- | 2: What Tim Burton movie most deserves a sequel...that Tim Burton would direct? || *** || 1**** || |- | 3: If you could pitch us the ultimate fourth ''Austin Powers'' movie, what would it be? Include a title, a log line, like a little <br> about the movie,...who's the villain, who's the love interest, and of course, it's gotta have a celebrity cameo or two. || || || 1***** |- | 4: What director should return to save a franchise? || 1+ || || |- | 5: Pick two characters from any movies that you'd wanna see team up in a buddy movie. || || 1+* || +** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy?+*** || x || || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Better ''X-Men'' ensemble: classic or post-''First Class''? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tell me who's better and tell me why: Amy Adams or Jennifer Lawrence || x || 1+*****, ++ || |- | SPEED ROUND D: If you could have any ''X-Men'' movie character's power, which would you want? || x || ++* || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Coy becomes the first person to be undefeated (whether simultaneously or individually at any point) in all three Screen Junkies contests (Movie Fights, TV Fights, and Movie Games). .**Coy (Montgomery Scott) also won the fan vote with 44%. Sasha (James T. Kirk) came in second with 34%, and Cody (Khan) received 22%. .***Cody chose ''The Nightmare Before Christmas'', which he acknowledged Burton didn't actually direct. .****Sasha (''Beetlejuice)'' also won the twitter vote with 46%. Cody received 28%, and Coy (''Batman'') received 26%. .*****Coy (Groovy Never Dies) also won the twitter vote with 50%. Coy (Hymens are Forever) received 34%, while Sasha (Ladies and Gentleman) received 16%. +Cody, who chose for Christopher Nolan to return to ''Batman''/the DCU, won the twitter poll with 58%. Sasha (Ivan Reitman for ''Ghostbusters'') received 27%, and Coy (Richard Donner for ''Lethal Weapon'') received 15%. +*During Sasha's argument, she accidentally called Ryan Gosling "Ryan Reynolds." +**Coy's pitch for Spiderman and Deadpool won 74% of the twitter vote. Sasha (Holland March and John Wick) and Cody (Martin Riggs and Robocop) each received 13%. +***Bargain bin pic of ''The Amazing Spider-Man 2'' and ''Star Trek Into Darkness''. +****Split decision. Zac chose Sasha (''The Amazing Spider-Man 2''), and Cody couldn't make a decision quickly enough before Andy decided to choose Coy. +*****Sasha was faster at saying Amy Adams. ++Split decision. Zac disagreed with Andy, who chose Sasha. ++*At the end of Sasha's argument for Wolverine (and against Jean Grey), she gave up. Andy pointed out on the TV Fights Belt fight pre-show that he and twitter felt she should not have done this. '''Episode 86: Dream Ninja Turtles Movie Crossovers (6-4-16)'''<ref>Episode 86: Dream Ninja Turtles Movie Crossovers (6-4-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMd9RTsEcwg</ref> Matt Raub returns after a 65 episode absence, beating Erin Robinson's previous record by 21 episodes. The seating positions of the third, second, and first place finishers are the same for the third week in a row. Sixteenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. Not counting the first episode, twentieth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third (first since episode 75). Also the twenty-first episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. After the fight is over, Andy announces that Matt will be hosting a new show called Gamer Fights (later revealed to begin airing June 17, 2016). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Doug Jones || New fighter || Third |- | Brett Erlich || 0/2 || Second |- | Matt Raub || 0/1 || '''Win'''* |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Doug !! Brett !! Matt |- | 1: Which director is best equipped to step in and take over for the ''X-Men'' franchise? || 1* || || |- | 2: What franchise should cross over with the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles in an upcoming movie? || || 1 || ** |- | 3: What is the best movie mockumentary? || || 1*** || |- | 4: What would be a better group of inanimate objects or things for Pixar to make a movie about? || || || 1**** |- | 5: Which classic Disney film - live action or animated - most deserves a sequel? || ***** || || 1+, +* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy? +** || x || 1 || +*** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Based on the original movies,... who's the best Ninja Turtle? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which one of these would have been better: Sam Raimi's ''Spider-Man 4'' or Marc Webb's ''[The] Amazing Spider-Man 3''? || x || || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better movie adversary: zombies or vampires? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Doug (Guillermo del Toro) also won the twitter poll with 40%. Matt (Sam Raimi) received 36%, while Brett (Danny Boyle) received 24%. .**Matt's choice (''Street Sharks'') won the twitter poll with 41%, while Brett (''Fast and Furious'') received 38%, and Doug (''Twilight'') received 21%. .***Brett (''This is Spinal Tap'') won the twitter vote with 48% while Matt (''What We Do in the Shadows'') received 41%, and Doug (''Waiting for Guffman'') only received 11%. .****Andy chose Brett (home goods), but he decided to let Matt (ghosts) have the point if the twitter poll agreed with his argument. Matt did in fact win with 47% of the vote, and Doug (garden tools) came in second place. .*****Doug chose ''Hocus Pocus'', in which he appeared. +Matt chose ''Wreck-It Ralph'', which Brett argued was not a classic movie. +*Andy chose Matt, but he decided to let Doug have the point if the twitter poll agreed with his argument. However, Matt received 49% of the vote, so Andy stayed with him. +**Bargain bin pic with ''Little Nicky'' and ''Click''. +***Matt chose ''Little Nicky'', but he immediately regretted it. +****The scoreboard accidentally took a point away from Matt, but this was corrected shortly thereafter, bring him to 4 points. '''Episode 87: Who Should Join Black Panther? (6-11-16)'''<ref>Episode 87: Who Should Join Black Panther? (6-11-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8BCkJzo6to</ref> Sponsored by Watchable. A new movie poster is up this week, replacing the ''Iconic'' poster opposite from Andy (behind Roth). However, it is itself replaced the following week. All fighters are from the East Coast. For the fifth consecutive episode, the fighter across from Andy wins. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Will Strange, who, unlike previous fans on the couch, checked a computer through the episode. Coincidentally, this was just filmed two days after the TV Fights Belt fight, in which Josh Macuga and Mark Ellis checked twitter on their phones while sitting on the couch. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Stagmer || New fighter || Second |- | Erik Davis || New fighter || Third |- | Roth Cornet || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Erik !! Roth |- | 1: What's the best horror sequel ever? * || || ** || 1*** |- | 2: What Marvel character do you most want to show up in ''Black Panther''? || 1 || || **** |- | 3: Pitch another***** Tom Hanks movie that would be better to be reimagined or rebooted. || 1+ || || |- | 4: What franchise should Daisy Ridley join? || +* || 1+** || |- | 5: We want you to plan and execute a heist with any three movie characters. || +*** || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we all buy between these two movies?+**** || || x || 1+***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of Ghostbusters Day, who is the best Ghostbuster? || || x || 1++ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie featuring Scarlett Johansson? || ++* || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*For most of the argument time for this question, the bottom of the screen misspelled "what" as "whast." .**Andy eliminated Erik after he failed to defend against arguments that ''Aliens'' wasn't a horror movie. .***Roth stated in "After the Fight" that her choice wasn't ''New Nightmare'', but rather ''Nightmare on Elm Street 3''. However, she said she wouldn't have been able to come up with an argument. She also stated that she wanted to fight ''Evil Dead 2'', but she felt it was more of a retread than a sequel. .****Roth (the Winter Soldier) won the twitter poll with 40% while Matt and Erik (Storm and Wolverine respectively) each received 30%. .*****Besides ''Splash''. +Matt (''The Money Pit'') also won the twitter poll with 44% while Erik (''The Burbs'') received 35%, and Roth (''The Bonfire of the Vanities'') received 21%. +*Matt argued for Daisy to be X-23. Three weeks earlier, during the title fight that asked who should play X-23, none of the fighters chose her. +**Erik (''Fast and Furious'') finished in third on the twitter poll with only 18%. Matt won the poll with 43% while Roth (a Harley Quinn spinoff) received 29%. +***Matt instead pitched a movie rather than planning a heist, so Andy eventually eliminated him. +****Bargain bin picture with ''300'' and ''Watchmen''. +*****Roth won with ''Watchmen'' despite being slower at saying ''300''. ++Roth said Venkman, and Matt agreed and decided to fold rather than name another. ++*Matt argued for ''Iron Man 2'', but he folded a few seconds into his rebuttal. '''Episode 88: Pitch the 1990s Avengers! WEIRD MOVIE FIGHTS!! (6-18-16)'''<ref>Episode 88: Pitch the 1990s Avengers! WEIRD MOVIE FIGHTS!! (6-18-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffhPG8_ukDQ</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Pete Samoylo. Each contestant appeared in costume with individual introductory music. At the end of the fight, the lineup for the next episode, the second Drunk Movie Fights, was announced: Hal Rudnick, Alicia Malone, and her Profiles partner, Scott Mantz (who ultimately withdrew under pressure from Access Hollywood). The winner would fight Ken Napzok (the winner of the first Drunk Movie Fights) and one other person eventually for a Drunk Movie Fights Championship Belt. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 6/7 || '''Win''' |- | Nick Mundy || 4/12 || Third |- | Joe Starr || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Nick !! Joe |- | 1: Pitch the Marvel ''Avengers'' 2012 film...as if it [were] cast in the '90s.* || || || 1** |- | 2: Pitch a fast food franchise as a movie franchise. || || || 1*** |- | 3: Now that Helen Mirren has joined ''Furious 8'', which ''Fast and the Furious'' character should be her love interest? || 1 || || |- | 4: Which 1995-1996 movie role would have been better with The Rock as the lead? || 1**** || || |- | 5: Pitch ''Cars 6''.***** || || 1+ || |- | 6: Which two movie characters would have the best sex scene? || || 1 || |- | 7: What movie would have been better had it added a scene where a guy plays the saxophone in the rain?+* || 1 || +** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What director should make the Chewbacca mom movie? || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: If you had to eat any actor, who would it be? || || x || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Please pitch a new ''Look Who's Talking'' franchise. || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Make a movie better by casting Larry the Cable Guy in the title role. || 1+***** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 2 || 4 |} .*Captain America, Iron Man, Thor, Hulk, Black Widow, Hawkeye, and Nick Fury. Visual aids were provided when answers were given. The individual actors who were chosen were respectively Tom Cruise (Nick), Raúl Julia (Mike), Hulk Hogan (Nick), Gary Oldman (Joe), Uma Thurman (Mike and Joe), Steven Segal/Pauly Shore/Brandon Lee (all fighters), and Robert Redford (Joe). .**Despite winning the point, Joe lost the twitter vote with 27% to Mike's 35% and Nick's 38%. .***Joe (Wendy's) was second place in the twitter vote with 38%. Mike (Chuck E. Cheese) receive 41% while Nick (Jack in the Box) received 21%. .****Mike (''Showgirls'') also won the twitter poll with 38%. Joe (''Dragonheart'') received 37%, and Nick (''Jack'') received 25%. .*****Question supplied by contestant Mike Carlson. +Nick also won the twitter poll. +*A previously rejected question that the fighters had at least been made aware of. The question was added to decide a third-place finisher. +**Nick (''Philadelphia'') came in second on the twitter poll with 29%. Joe (''The Revenant'') received 56%, and Mike (''Roger and Me'') received 15%. +***Split decision. Pete picked Joe (Chris Columbus) while Dan, Nick, and Andy chose Mike (Edgar Wright). +****Split decision. Dan picked Mike (Brad Pitt) while Pete, Nick, and Andy chose Joe (Michael B. Jordan) after second rebuttals involving which wine they would pair with the actor. +*****Split decision. Andy and Dan chose Mike (''Showgirls'') while Pete and Nick chose Joe (''The Golden Child''). '''Episode 89: How Will Darth Vader Return in Rogue One? DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS (6-25-16)'''<ref>Episode 89: How Will Darth Vader Return in Rogue One? DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS (6-25-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGkFKRu7kwY</ref> Unlike the first Drunk Movie Fight, this fight is not sponsored. Marc Andreyko won a twitter poll to replace Scott Mantz, who was not allowed to compete. Drinking rules included Hal saying "iconic," "at the height of...powers," or "man," Alicia saying "Australia" or "Jake Gyllenhaal", Marc saying the game is rigged or biased, Andy saying "This is tough," or JTE making a gaffe (which coincidentally he did right as Andy was saying it). Further, Andy was to finish his drink is twitter disagreed with him, and anyone who is successfully fact-checked or the first person eliminated from a round was to finish his or her drink. A special montage was used to introduce the fight. Andy brought a breathalyzer, which he said he would use on everyone on "After the Fight", but this was not done. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 2/5 || Third |- | Alicia Malone || 4/4 || '''Win''' |- | Hal Rudnick || 7/9 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Marc !! Alicia !! Hal |- | 1: Pitch us how Vader should be introduced into ''Rogue One[: A Star Wars Story]''. || || 1 || * |- | 2: What film would be most improved by making Nic Cage the lead? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: BLIND FIGHT:...We're giving you a star, a co-star, and a movie title,...you're gonna have to pitch us the movie. || || *** || 1**** |- | 4: Which iconic movie speech would be [more] improved if the actor delivering it [were] drunk? || 1 || || |- | colspan="4" |COMMENTARY BY KEN NAPZOK AND DAN MURRELL DURING BATHROOM BREAK |- | 5: What movie is so bad that if your significant other loved it, you'd have to break up with them? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: This is a bargain bin:...''Paul Blart: Mall Cop'' or ''[Alvin and the Chipmunks: The] Squeakquel''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What movie would be the most fun to get sucked into ''Last Action Hero'' style? || x || || 1 |- | colspan="4" |COMMENTARY BY KEN NAPZOK, ANDY SIGNORE, AND HAL RUDNICK |- | SPEED ROUND C: Do your best celebrity impression right now. || x || 1***** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: This is F-/Marry/Kill...Pixar Edition; Mater from Cars, Dory, and Fear. || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Hal won the twitter poll despite being the first one that Andy eliminated. .**Alicia won the twitter poll with Willy Wonka in ''Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory.'' .***Alicia won 34% of the vote to do a Power Shot. .****Hal also won the twitter poll. .*****Alicia, who did an impersonation of Kim Kardashian, won despite receiving less than 20% of the immediate twitter vote, while Hal's impersonation of Christopher Walken from ''Pulp Fiction'' overwhelmingly won. Despite this, he lost the point unanimously. '''Episode 90: What is the Worst Part of Independence Day: Resurgence? (7-2-16)'''<ref>Episode 90: What is the Worst Part of Independence Day: Resurgence? (7-2-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjIJ-fm0uKI</ref> Sponsored by Comic Bento. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Christopher Spencer. Stephen Glickman's name on the scoreboard is GLICK. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Doug Benson || 1/1 || Second |- | Mark Ellis || 2/5 || '''Win''' |- | Stephen Glickman || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Doug !! Mark !! Stephen |- | 1: What was the worst part of ''Independence Day: Resurgence''? || || 1* || |- | 2: Cast a new actress and pitch a Batgirl movie. || 1 || ** || |- | 3: What is the best movie based on a children's book? || || 1 || *** |- | 4: Choose a movie with a legendary character, and place them in a completely different setting. || || 1**** || |- | 5: What actor would have to join the cast [of the fifth ''Transformers'' movie] to potentially make us actually see this movie and be excited for it?***** || || || 1+ |- | TIE BREAKER: Best prequel? || 0 || x || +* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which movie should we buy?+** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: If ''The Purge'' were real, what movie character would you want to kill the most? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What's a movie that's more than a decade old that you'd want to get a sequel for? || || 1+*** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Not including Independence Day: Resurgence, worst Roland Emmerich movie? || || 1+**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Mark actually lost the poll with 25%. Stephen's pick of the end of the movie won with 48%. .**Mark's pick of Maisie Williams won the twitter poll. This is the only poll Stephen didn't win and potentially (see question 3) the only one Mark didn't lose. .***Even though Andy ruled Stephen out early for picking the wrong ''Harry Potter'' movie (''Sorcerer's Stone'') and twitter comments indicated that he should have picked ''Prisoner of Azkaban'', he won the twitter poll with 45%. Doug (''Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory'') and Mark (''The Wizard of Oz'') were basically tied according to Dan. .****Mark (Norman Bates as a stand-up comedian) actually lost the twitter poll. Stephen (the original ''Ghostbusters'' cast in ''The Conjuring 2'') won the poll, followed by Doug (musical Predator in New York City). .*****Right before asking the question, Andy said he didn't believe anyone had ever gone into the Speed Round with 4 points. While this ''has'' been done, it has not been done in a five-question regular round. +Once again, Stephen won the poll with Vin Diesel (43%). He was followed by Doug (Bill Murray) with 33% and Mark (Sean Connery) with 24%. +*Stephen could not think of an answer he would allow himself to pick. +**Bargain bin pic with ''Dumb and Dumber To'' and ''Justin Bieber: Never Say Never''. +***Mark picked ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off''. Pitching the sequel eventually became the subject of the first episode of Doug's Screen Junkies Plus show "Pitch Off". +****Split decision. Andy and Christopher picked Mark (10,000 BC), while Dan and Stephen picked Doug (''The Day After Tomorrow''). '''Episode 91: What is the Best Movie of 2016 (So Far)? (7-9-16)'''<ref>Episode 91: What is the Best Movie of 2016 (So Far)? (7-9-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yduSuwU-MhI</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Hosted by Dan. Joe Starr returns as Fact Checker. Twenty-second episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Coy had previously also done this on TV Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | JTE || 2/0 || Third |- | Jon Schnepp || 1/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 97%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Coy !! JTE !! Jon |- | 1: What is the best movie of the first half of 2016? || || || 1* |- | 2: What is the most underrated superhero movie of the past decade? || || 1 || |- | 3: Who do you think, in honor of ''[The] Secret Life of Pets'', is the best cinematic talking animal of all time? || 1 || ** || |- | 4: I want you guys to pitch a movie, and the protagonists in the movie are famous side-kicks from other movies. || 1 || || |- | 5: What is Steven Spielberg's worst movie?***, **** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If these two movies were in the bargain bin, which one would you buy?***** || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which version is more improved: the ''Batman v Superman[: Dawn of Justice]'' Ultimate Edition or ''The Watchmen'': Director's Cut? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best movie featuring Mel Gibson? || 1+* || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 2 |} .*Jon (''Captain American: Civil War'') also won the twitter poll with 48%, followed by Coy (''Deadpool'') at 41% and JTE (''Sing Street'') at 11%. .**JTE (Caesar from ''Rise'' and ''Dawn of the Planet of the Apes'') won the twitter poll with 58%. .***Even though it had recently been asked on twitter, the question was previously asked in episode 22's Speed Round. The winning response was again ''1941'' (even though ''1942'' had been inadvertently said the first time). .****Each fighter chose Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, so each was forced to pick a different movie. .*****Bargain bin pic had ''Air Bud'' and ''Space Jam''. +Split decision. Joe chose Jon (''Air Bud''). +*Thirteenth time someone has swept the Speed Round, last done in episode 87. '''Episode 92: What is the Most Influential Film? - CLASSIC FILM FIGHTS!! (7-16-16)'''<ref>Episode 92: What is the Most Influential Film? - CLASSIC FILM FIGHTS!! (7-16-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yduSuwU-MhI</ref> Alicia Malone returns as host. Ken Napzok as Fact Checker. The episode is aired in black and white (though identification tags at the bottom of the screen and the scoreboard remain in their original color). All film answers in the regular round must be pre-1980 (but not in the Speed Round as noted by Amy's answer (''Eyes Wide Shut'') to the second Speed Round question). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Amy Nicholson || 3/1 || Second |- | Alonso Duralde || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Scott Mantz || 2/4 || Third * |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 81%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Amy !! Alonso !! Scott |- | 1: Which is the best classic movie that critics got wrong at the time? || || 1 || |- | 2: What classic film star would still be popular today if [he or she] were still making movies? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the one classic movie that is a must-see for any film fan? || || || 1** |- | 4: What is the most influential film on modern-day movies? || 1 || || *** |- | 5: What classic movie could actually be remade well? || || 1**** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best Western of all time? || 1***** || + || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is Stanley Kubrick's best movie? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best movie featuring Audrey Hepburn? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which is the better film: ''[The] Godfather (I)'' or ''[The] Godfather[: Part] II''? || || 1+* || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Scott becomes the second fighter after Dan to not finish in second place in any of his first seven appearances (back in episode 73, he had become the only one besides Dan to not do so in his first six). .**Ken indicated at this point that Alicia chose the twitter poll's choice on each of the first three questions. .***Scott (''Star Wars'') won the twitter poll. .****Alonso (''The Sweet Smell of Success'') actually lost the twitter poll with only 14%. Amy (''Metropolis'') won with 49%, followed by Scott (''Logan's Run'') with 37%. .*****Amy used her answer from question 4 again (''The Searchers'') and won again. +Even though Alonso answered first, to see how the Speed Round worked, he went second. +*Split decision. Ken picked Amy (''Part II''), while Scott and Alicia chose Alonso. '''Episode 93: All-Star Movie Fights! Feat. Kevin Smith (7-22-16)'''<ref>Episode 93: All-Star Movie Fights! Feat. Kevin Smith (7-22-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yduSuwU-MhI</ref> The first of three episodes filmed on the same day at San Diego Comic Con. Both of the first two episodes were released onto youtube shortly after their live airing on Screen Junkies Plus. The third did not air until September 1 on Screen Junkies Plus (and September 3 on youtube). On Screen Junkies Plus, the two episodes are not found under the show Movie Fights, but rather under Screen Junkies Central, and thus may not count towards the episode total as the 102nd episode is considered by Screen Junkies to be the 100th. Sponsored by Mafia III. Max Landis hosts in Kevin Smith's stead for the first two questions before Kevin arrived and they switched. Seventeenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. Alicia Malone as Fact Checker. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 7/10 || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 12/5 || Second |- | Andy Signore || 1/4 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 75%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Dan !! Andy |- | 1: We have put three action heroes in this bowl. They have to blind pick who is the best. * || 1 || || |- | 2: Most frustrating film ending?** || || 1 || |- | FIGHT BETWEEN KEVIN SMITH AND MAX LANDIS: Best fictional movie band?*** |- | 3: Who is the best bad guy? || || 1 || |- | 4: Best use of profanity in a movie? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best live-action talking animal movie? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: These two movies are playing on cable. Which do you watch: ''Mallrats'' or ''Dogma''? || 1**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Pitch your Chewbacca's revenge story. || 1***** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 3 || 0 |} .*Andy picked Bruce Willis, Dan picked Sylvester Stallone, and Hal picked Arnold Schwarzenegger. .**Question created by Max on the spot. .***Max (Josie and the Pussy Cats) won over Blues Brothers by audience vote. .****Hal was slightly faster at saying ''Mallrats''. Though Kevin appeared to feel that Dan had the stronger argument, since he was in the middle of making a "Mallrats" series, he felt he had to choose Hal. .*****Fourteenth episode in which a fighter sweeps the Speed Round. *Dan becomes the third fighter (after Alicia and Spencer) to both sweep a Speed Round and be swept in one. He is the only such fighter to sweep two Speed Rounds (he has actually done in three times, two against Spencer (26 and 58) and once against Alicia (18)). '''Episode 94: Best Star Trek Captain (7-22-16)'''<ref>Episode 94: Best Star Trek Captain (7-22-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKOho71qX0c</ref> The second of three episodes filmed on the same day at San Diego Comic Con. Sponsored by T-Mobile. Dan fights against two "Star Trek"-related writers in an all-blind fight about ''Star Trek'' (both movies and TV). Points are awarded based on audience reaction. Alicia Malone as Fact Checker. Throughout the fight, there are taped interview questions related to the fight with the cast of ''Star Trek Beyond''. Eighteenth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brannon_Braga Brannon Braga] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_A._Altman Mark A. Altman] || New fighter || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 12/6 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Brannon !! Mark !! Dan |- | 1: Best ''Star Trek'' movie? || 1 || * || |- | 2: What's the best ''Star Trek'' alien species ever? || 1** || || |- | 3: Best ''Star Trek'' captain? || || || 1 |- | 4: If you're stuck on an alien planet, which ''Star Trek'' bridge crew member would you pick to be stranded with? No captains. || || || 1*** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Of all the TV series, what's the best "Star Trek" episode? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which piece of ''Star Trek'' tech do you most wish [were] real? || 1**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 0 || 2 |} .*Mark (who went first and picked ''II: The Wrath of Khan'') won the twitter poll, but came in second in the audience vote to Brannon (''IV: The Voyage Home''). .**Brannon (who went first and picked Vulcans) also won the twitter poll with 51% to Dan's 35% (the Borg). .***Decided by Andy, not the audience. .****Fifteenth time someone has swept the Speed Round, last done in the previous episode by Hal. *Dan, who was swept twice in the same day, becomes the second fighter to be swept in two different Speed Rounds, after Spencer, who's actually been swept in three (two by Dan (26 and 58)and one by Max Landis (47)). *This is the first time someone has been swept in Movie Fights in a two-question Speed Round. However, under proper rules regarding pre-Speed Round ttie-breakers, Trisha should have been swept in two questions in episode 15. '''Episode 95: Best Part of the Wonder Woman Trailer (7-30-16)'''<ref>Episode 95: Best Part of the Wonder Woman Trailer (7-30-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLdkLbLPn_4</ref> Dan Murrell is fighting in his third consecutive episode, a first for any fighter. Joe Starr returns as Fact Checker. Not counting the first episode, twenty-first episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. Nineteenth episode (and third in a row (coincidentally all featuring Dan)) in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. However, unlike the other two episodes, said fighter does score a point. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Casey || New fighter || Third |- | Roth Cornet || 1/1 || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 12/7 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 71%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Dan C !! Roth !! Dan M |- | 1: Who was the winner at this year's Comic Con? || 1* || || |- | 2: What was the biggest dissapointment of Comic Con? || ** || || 1 |- | 3: What was the best part of the ''Wonder Woman'' trailer? || || 1*** || |- | 4: Based on this ''Justice League'' trailer,...should nay-sayers be excited? || || || 1 |- | 5: Based on their panel, which Marvel movie will be the best? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You guys are gonna pick which movie we should watch and/or buy.**** || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Oliver Stone movie? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best sequel: ''Aliens'' or ''T2''? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best villain from any Spiderman movie? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: ''[The] Blair Witch [Project]'' or ''Paranormal Activity''? || x || || 1***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Dan Casey (Marvel) also won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Roth with ''Suicide Squad'', then Dan with Zack Snyder. .**Dan, who again chose Marvel, once again won the twitter poll. .***Roth (Wonder Woman blocking bullets with her shield) came in second in the twitter poll with 40%, just behind Dan (using the lasso), who got 41%. Dan Casey's pick of breaking a rifle on her back received 19%. .****Bargain bin pic with ''Top Gun'' and the original ''Point Break''. .*****Split decision. Dan Casey chose Roth (''Paranormal Activity'') while Joe and Andy chose Dan. '''SJ Extras Episode 10: Exclusive SJ Plus Movie Fights! (8-4-16)'''<ref>SJ Extras Episode 10: Exclusive SJ Plus Movie Fights! (8-4-16) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/exclusive-sj-plus-movie-fights-3039729</ref> This episode appears only on Screen Junkies Plus. In addition to not being considered an official fight for statistical purposes, the episode is not counted as even being a Movie Fights episode. Hence, the questions don't count towards the total, similar to the fight on the Schmoes Know show between episodes 10 and 11. Tournament-style fight, single elimination with eight fighters. Moderated by Andy initially, and later by Dan. Nathan Cross from Australia is on the fan cam and helps decide the winners. All questions are blind rounds, asked by Skype and twitter users. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Winner |- | 1: Ken Napzok v. Dan Murrell: What is the best scene in a ''Star Wars'' movie? || Ken * (''Episode VI'' light saber battle over ''Episode IV'' trench run) |- | 2: JTE v. Spencer Gilbert: What's the best Will Smith movie? || JTE (''The Pursuit of Happyness'' over ''I am Legend'') |- | 3: Joe Starr v. Roth Cornet: Pitch your Suicide Squad picking any three villains from any movie ever. || Joe** (Neville Sinclair and Deacon Frost over Keyser Söze and young Magneto) |- | 4: Andy Signore v. Adam Hlavac: What's the best Pixar movie that's not a ''Toy Story'' movie?*** || Andy**** (''Inside Out'' over ''The Incredibles'') |- | Semi-final 1: JTE v. Joe Starr: Best courtroom drama? || JTE***** (''A Few Good Men'' over ''The Judge'') |- | Semi-final 2: Andy Signore v. Ken Napzok: What's a movie someone you're otherwise not attracted to [would] have to love to make him or her appealing enough to hook up with? || Ken + (''The Big Lebowski'' over ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & and Uncut'') |- | Final: JTE v. Ken Napzok: Excluding the ''Back to the Future'' trilogy, what is the best time-travel movie?+* || '''JTE'''+** (''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'' over ''Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home'') |- | Bonus fight: Dan Murrell v. Andy Signore: Why should you watch this movie right now?+*** || Andy+**** |} .*Split decision. Nathan chose Dan, while the Skyper Matt chose Ken. The tie was broken with the twitter poll with 63%. .**Twitter voted approximately 3:1 in favor of Roth. .***Originally, a Skyper named Chandler asked what the greatest movie musical was. In the end, Andy decided to get a new question. .****Andy actually lost the twitter poll with only 37%. .*****Split decision. Skyper Andrew chose Joe, while Nathan chose JTE. The tie was broken with the twitter poll with 74%. +Dan indicated twitter was 50/50. +*Originally, JTE and Ken were going to pitch a movie that would cure superhero fatigue, but both said it was already done with ''Deadpool''. +**JTE also won the twitter poll with 71%. +***Dan had to argue for ''Jurassic World''. Andy initially had to argue for ''Terminator: Genisys'', but he picked ''Batman v Superman'', which he hates more, to make it more fair. +****Spencer, Roth, and Adam chose Andy while Nathan and Joe picked Dan. Twitter agreed with Dan, but the twitter vote did not count. '''Episode 96: Best Movie Sex Scene! (w/SETH ROGEN) R-RATED MOVIE FIGHTS!! (8-6-16)'''<ref>Episode 96: Best Movie Sex Scene! (w/SETH ROGEN) R-RATED MOVIE FIGHTS!! (8-6-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1J-PsF1I2w</ref> Seth Rogan appears before his film ''Sausage Party'' is released. The episode was filmed on Tuesday August 2. It was not aired live on Screen Junkies Plus and also was not aired on Thursday (rather, a bonus tournament fight (that was never put on youtube) was aired live during the normal time. On the scoreboard, as usual, Spencer's name is written as "Spence." Twentieth episode (and fourth in a row) in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. A fifth regular round question was thrown out. It asked for sexiest animated animal character. Seth misunderstood the question and answered Jessica Rabbit. This question was fought between Spencer, Joe, and Dan on "After the Fight." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Rogen Seth Rogen] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Joe Starr || 0/1 || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/12 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 76%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Seth !! style="width: 5%"|Joe !! Spencer |- | 1: What is the best use of the F Word in a movie? || 1 || || |- | 2: Best movie dick? || 1 || || |- | 3: We want you to pitch a reboot of a G or PG-rated movie as a hard-R reboot. || || || 1 |- | 4: What is the best sex scene in a movie? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which movie should we buy?* || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Based on their filmographies, who is the better lay: Zac Efron or James Franco? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the least appropriate movie to show a child under ten? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 0 || 2 |} .*Bargain bin pic with ''The Green Hornet'' and ''Spiderman 3''. .**Split decision. Dan chose Seth (Zac Efron), while Andy and Joe picked Spencer. '''Episode 97: Suicide Squad: Rotten or Fresh (8-13-16)'''<ref>Episode 97: Suicide Squad: Rotten or Fresh (8-13-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEtOqCyKBtI</ref> Hosted by Spencer Gilbert. Joe Starr as Fact Checker. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || 1/5 || Second |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/10 || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 13/7 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Andy !! style="width: 7%"|Hal !! style="width: 6%"|Dan |- | 1: ''Suicide Squad'': rotten or fresh? || || * || 1**, *** |- | 2: Pitch ''Suicide Squad 2.'' || || **** || 1 |- | 3: Who would be your ultimate ''Man of Steel 2'' director? || 1 || || |- | 4: What is the best Disney live-action movie?***** || + || 1+* || |- | 5: We have five terrible movies in a cup....You will each pick one and then be forced to defend it as if your life depends on it.+** || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What's the best Robin Williams movie?+*** || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who gives the better performance:...Patrick Stewart's Professor X or Ian McKellan's Magneto? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who's the better director: Clint Eastwood or Mel Gibson? || 1+**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two movies are in the bargain bin. Which do you buy?+***** || ++ || x || 1++* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Hal did not participate. Rather, his receiving a point would be dependent on his correctly choosing the winner. He chose Andy, who defended the movie and lost, so he did not receive a point. .**The first point was awarded at 24:47. .***Dan (rotten) received 49% of the twitter vote. .****Hal's pitch won the twitter poll vote with 45%, followed by Dan's pitch with 37%. .*****Counting the 13 questions from the first two San Diego Comic Con 2016 fights (but not the ones from the Schmoes Know or the SJ Plus Exclusive fight), this is the 1000th Movie Fights question. +Joe stated that Andy's pick, ''Mary Poppins'', had an adjusted gross box office take of $102.3 million. This is actual take (un-adjusted), but including re-releases. +*Hal received the point despite factual errors in his argument for Pirates of the Caribbean, leading to more arguing. +**Blind fight. Dan received ''The Last Airbender''. Hal received ''Fantastic Four (2015)''. Andy received ''Transformers: Age of Extinction''. During After the Fight, Hal and Dan respectively fought the remaining choices, ''Jack and Jill'' and ''Terminator: Genisys''. Dan won by unanimous vote from Andy, Spencer, and a caller named Cory. +***Repeat question from episode 34's Speed Round. +****Split decision. Spencer chose Dan (Mel Gibson), but he was overruled by Hal and Joe. +*****Bargain bin pic of ''Just Go With It'' and ''Mortdecai.'' This was originally supposed to be the first question, but the graphic wasn't ready. ++Andy said that Kate Upton was in ''Just Go With It''. She was not. ++*Spencer gave the point to Dan without asking the panel. '''Episode 98: Who Will Be the Standout Character From Rogue One? (8-20-16)'''<ref>Episode 98: Who Will Be the Standout Character From Rogue One? (8-20-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6zFL6sy7gE</ref> Dan is joined on the couch by Chris Clinton, who brought a signed Wolverine picture by Hugh Jackman. After this fight, Coy is not longer undefeated on Screen Junkies, after having won a total of five games. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 2/0 || Second |- | Alicia Malone || 5/4 || '''Win''' |- | Brett Erlich || 0/3 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Coy !! Alicia !! Brett |- | 1: Who should direct the Pokémon movie? || || 1* || |- | 2: Based on the new ''Rogue One[: A Star Wars Story]'' trailer...who's the standout character...excluding Jyn Erso and Vader? || ** || 1 || |- | 3: We want you guys to pitch a better project [for Will Farrell and John C. Reilly]. || || || 1 |- | 4: In honor of ''Ben Hur''...what is the best film of the 1950's? || || 1*** || |- | 5: What's the best non-horror film from a horror movie director?**** || 1***** || || + |- | TIE BREAKER: Best movie featuring John Travolta? || 0 || x || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Here's two movies that are gonna pop up on the screen. [Which should we buy?]+ || || 1+* || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: If Disney does a live-action ''[The] Little Mermaid'', who should play Ariel? || +** || 1+***, +**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1+***** || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Alicia (Robert Zemeckis) also won the twitter poll with 45%, followed by Coy (Shane Black) with 36%, and then Brett (Anthony C. Ferrante) with 19%. .**Coy (K-2SO) won the twitter vote with 49%, followed by Alicia (Chirrut Imwe) with 30%, and Brett (Baze Malbus) with 21%. .***Alicia (''Seven Samurai'') also won the twitter vote with 47%, followed by Brett (''Singing in the Rain'') with 29% and Coy (''Rebel Without a Cause'') with 24%. .****Question submitted by Lon Harris. .*****Coy (''Spider-Man 2'') also won the twitter poll with 60%, followed by Brett (''Big Trouble in Little China'') with 29% and Alicia (''Eastern Promises'') with 11%. +Brett tried to boost Alicia to shut out Coy, but it did not work. +*Bargain bin pic featuring ''Planet of the Apes [2001]'' and ''X-Men Origins: Wolverine''. +*Split decision. Dan chose Coy (''Planet of the Apes'') while Andy, Brett, and Chris chose Alicia. +**Coy incorrect stated that Alicia's choice, Jessica Chastain, was in ''Drive''. Alicia corrected him; he was thinking of Christina Hendricks. +***Split decision. Andy chose Coy (Mia Wasikowska) over Alicia (Jessica Chastain), but was overruled by Dan and Chris (Brett abstained). +****Sixteenth time someone has swept the Speed Round in Movie Fights and the second time it has been done in just two questions (the first being episode 94). *It is the first sweep of a two-question Speed Round in which five points (rather than four) were required to win. *Alicia becomes the second fighter (after Dan) to sweep two Speed Rounds (also to sweep two Speed Rounds and be swept in one). *Simultaneously, Coy became the fourth fighter (after Alicia, Spencer, and Dan) to both sweep a Speed Round and be swept in one. +*****Coy sets the Movie Fights record for lowest second-place finish with one point (this has been done in TV Fights however). '''Episode 99: Cast the Justice League Dark Movie (8-27-16)'''<ref>Episode 99: Cast the Justice League Dark Movie (8-27-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVBpzd8-iA4</ref> Dan is joined on the couch by Bret Pendleton. At 20 years old, Tony Revolori is the youngest known fighter in Screen Junkies fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 2/6 || Third |- | Hector Navarro || 1/1 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Revolori Tony Revolori] || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Marc !! Hector !! Tony |- | 1: What director most owes a personal apology for making a bad movie? || || 1 || * |- | 2: Let's cast [Justice League Dark] and see if we get more excited.** || || || 1 |- | 3: Improve a movie by replacing any actor with Tommy Lee Jones. || || 1 || |- | 4: What supporting character from any movie deserves [his or her] own spin-off movie...in honor of (The) Jesus coming back? || 1 || || |- | 5: Pitch a new MCU hero or scene that could make the best Disneyland attraction. || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These are the two movies.*** || x || || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: What's the best movie with a one-word title? || x || ***** || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Wes Anderson or Paul Thomas Anderson? || x || || 1+*, +** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Tony (M. Night Shyamalan for ''The Last Airbender'') won the twitter poll with 70%, followed by Hector (Martin Campbell for ''The Green Lantern'') with 19% and Marc (Colin Trevorrow for ''Jurassic World'') with 11%. *This is the only poll revealed during the episode. .**To cast John Constantine, Swamp Thing, Deadman, Zatanna, an Etrigan. .***Bargain bin pic of the DVDs for ''Alvin and the Chipmunks'' and ''Garfield: The Movie''. .****Split decision. Marc chose Hector (''Garfield: The Movie''), while Andy and Bret chose Tony. .*****Hector chose ''Dope'', in which Tony appeared. +Split decision. Bret and Marc chose Hector, but then Andy and Dan chose Tony. +*Tony unanimously won with Wes Anderson, who directed one of his films, ''Grand Budapest Hotel''. +**Seventeenth and second consecutive time someone has swept the Speed Round. '''Episode 100: Best Comic Book Movie of All-Time? SDCC 2016! (9-3-16)'''<ref>Episode 100: Best Comic Book Movie of All Time (9-3-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Rm29tfSSNI</ref> The third of three episodes that were filmed on July 22. Hence, it is not aired live while the others were. The fight is filmed in a different room from the first two. Tournament-style fight, single elimination with eight fighters. No coin flips were required. Moderated by Andy, but winners are decided by audience vote. This episode does not count towards the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Winner |- | 1: Mike Carlson v. Spencer Gilbert: What movie could be most improved by adding the Minions? || Mike (''Showgirls'' over ''John Wick'') |- | 2: Zack Stentz v. Max Landis: The best movie line of all time? || Max ('You gotta be fucking kidding' from ''The Thing'' over 'Bitches, leave' from ''Robocop'') |- | 3: Alicia Malone v. Dan Murrell: Matt Damon or Ben Affleck? || Alicia (Matt Damon over Ben Affleck) |- | 4: Nick Mundy v. Doug Benson: Worst movie to watch stoned? || Nick (''Requiem for a Dream'' over ''The Tree of Life'') |- | Semi-final 1: Max Landis v. Mike Carlson: Which animated Disney movie would be better as R-rated? || Max (''The Rescuers Down Under'' over ''Aladdin'') |- | Semi-final 2: Alicia Malone v. Nick Mundy: Better director: James Cameron or [Quentin] Tarantino? || Alicia (Tarantino over Cameron) |- | Final: Alicia Malone v. Max Landis: What is the best comic book movie of all time? || Tie (respectively ''The Dark Knight'' and ''Blade'') |- | SPEED ROUND TIE BREAKER: Alicia Malone v. Max Landis: Best animal side-kick? || '''Max''' (Mighty Joe Young* over Baloo (named by Alicia as Baboo)) |- |} .*Max states that ''Mighty Joe Young'' is a 1930's film. It is actually from 1949. ==Movie Fights Episodes 101-150== '''Episode 101: Most Disapointing Movie of Summer 2016 (9-10-16)'''<ref>Episode 101: Most Disapointing Movie of Summer 2016 (9-10-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YR5dedmfQcI</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Joe Starr as Fact Checker. He is joined on the couch by Donald "Dizzle" Davis. Max returns in response to a request from Dan. Sixth Championship Belt Fight, and the first to not be an official fight. Andy indicated he did not want the Belt on the line right now as Max's spot wasn't earned. Max is in the fight for being undefeated despite never having fought Dan or won any tournament to get to this point. Max fought without knowing Dan's responses (he didn't read through the entire email). Eighth unofficial fight to feature Dan and his second such victory, his first after a string of six defeats. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Max Landis || Lose |- | Dan Murrell || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%"| Max !! style="width: 7%"| Dan |- | 1: What is the most disappointing movie of the summer of 2016? || || 1 |- | 2: What movie would have made a better TV show than a movie? || 1 || |- | 3: Pitch a better ''Jurassic World'' movie.*,** || || 1 |- | 4: What movie would be more improved by switching to a found footage format? || || 1 |- | 5: What is the most emotional animated Disney or Pixar death ever? || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Tom Hanks or Tom Cruise? || 1*** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best actor/director collaboration of all time? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Pitch two actors that we'd all wanna see make a buddy cop movie together. || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Not popcorn, best movie candy or snack? || || 1**** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''6''' |} .*Choosing this question to be in the fight was decided by fan vote on twitter, beating Star Wars Episode VIII, Matrix 4, and Aquaman. .**More than 26 minutes elapsed between the beginning of Rounds 3 and 4. .***Max won the point despite being slower at saying Hanks and getting stuck with Cruise. .****Split decision. Joe picked Max (M&Ms), while Donald and Andy picked Dan (Milk Duds). '''Episode 102: Which Pixar Movie Deserves a Live-Action Reboot? (9-17-16)'''<ref>Episode 102: Which Pixar Movie Deserves a Reboot? (9-17-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4bNxNuIcBI&t=334s</ref> Billed as the 100th episode. A new opening fight montage is debuted. Twenty-third episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. During After The Fight, Samm Levine stated that he'd be willing to judge a blended fight between Andy, Roxy Striar, and Matt Raub. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 7/7 || '''Win''' |- | Cody Decker || 0/2 || Third |- | Samm Levine || 1/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 97%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Cody !! Samm |- | 1: Pitch us a random movie that's better with a baby. || || * || 1 |- | 2: What other two actors should join [Benicio] Del Toro's team in the new [Shane Black] ''Predator'' film, and what role should they play? || || 1 || ** |- | 3: What should be the first Pixar movie that should be turned into a live-action movie? || || *** || 1 |- | 4: Pitch us a sports movie where the team and coach are played by other movie characters. || 1**** || || |- | 5: What is the best film that will stand the test of time 100 years from now? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: ''Wayne's World'' or ''Austin Powers[: International Man of Mystery]''? || 0 || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: We're gonna show you two DVDs. Which one should we buy?***** || 1+, +* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Where would you rather be a student: Hogwarts [School of Witchcraft and Wizardry] or Xavier's School for the Gifted? || 1+**, +*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of our hundredth episode, what movie would be easiest to watch 100 times in a row? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: [John] Malkovich or Gary Oldman? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What's the all-time most disappointing movie sequel? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Cody (who pitched a James Bond film ''Live and Let Cry'') won the twitter poll with 46%. Samm (''Three Amigos and a Baby'') received 38% while Mike (''Babyguard'', the sequel to ''Bodyguard'') received 16%. .**Samm (The Rock and Wesley Snipes) won the twitter poll with 46%. Cody (Michael B. Jordan and John Krasinski) received 40% while Mike (Rebecca Ferguson and Wallace Shawn) received 14%. .***Cody (''Up'') won the twitter poll with 45%. Samm (''Wall-E'') received 40% while Mike (''Cars'') received 15%. .****Mike's pitch won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Cody's with 30% and Samm's with 21%. .*****Bargain bin pic of ''21 Jump Street'' and ''Step Brothers''. +Mike won the point despite being slower at saying ''Step Brothers''. +*Split decision. Dan chose Samm (''Step Brothers''). +**Mike won the point despite being slower at saying Xavier's School. +***Split decision. Andy chose Samm (Xavier's). '''Episode 103: Ghost in the Shell – Will It Work? (9-24-16)'''<ref>Episode 103: Ghost in the Shell – Will It Work? (9-24-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uv5mYQnSnDw</ref> Dan is joined on the couch by Ian Candish. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 0/2 || Second |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Jay Washington || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 97%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Joe !! Sasha !! Jay |- | 1: What is the best movie starring Denzel Washington? || * || 1 || |- | 2: Who[m] should Eddie Murphy portray [in a superhero movie]? || 1 || ** || *** |- | 3: Is this movie [''Ghost in the Shell''] gonna be good, great, or awful? || **** || 1***** || |- | 4: What should ''Mission[: Impossible] 6'' [entail]? || 1+ || || |- | 5: Pitch a movie that actually deserves a $260 million or more budget. || || || 1+* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which one should we buy?+** || 1+*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: I'm gonna give you two Hollywood names. Yell out who's better:...Jennifer Lawrence or Chris Pratt? || 1+**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who should star in the new ''Scarface''? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie set in the jungle? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: I'm gonna give you two names. Who's better: Ethan Hunt or Jason Bourne? || || 1+***** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Joe (''Training Day'') won the twitter poll with 47%. Sasha (''Malcolm X)'' received 33% while Jay (''The Book of Eli'') received 20%. .**Sasha was knocked out in the middle of the round, leaving only Joe and Jay to fight. .***Jay (The Riddler) won the twitter poll with 47%. Joe (Aaron Davis, uncle of Miles Morales) received 43% while Sasha (The Joker) received 10%. .****Joe was stuck with picking great. He did not truly believe this. .*****Sasha (good) also won the twitter poll with 47%. Jay (awful) received 39% while Joe (great) received 14%. +Joe's pitch also won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Jay's with 33% and Sasha's with 28%. +*Jay (''Avengers vs. Justice League'') also won the twitter poll with 48%, followed by Sasha (''Deadpool 2'') with 34% and Joe (''Temeraire'') with 18%. +**Bargain bin pic of ''Talladega Nights'' and ''Zoolander.'' +***Split decision. Jay chose Sasha (''Talladega Nights'') while Ian, Dan, and Andy chose Joe. +****Split decision. Andy chose Sasha (Chris Pratt) while Ian, Dan, and Jay chose Joe. +*****Sasha was non-unanimously determined to be faster at saying Jason Bourne but was unanimously chosen as winner. '''Episode 104: Lion King Remake Must Haves? (10-1-16)'''<ref>Episode 104: Lion King Remake Must Haves? (10-1-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_tUI8rtO3Y&t=109s</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Jeff Kang. Below his name, it lists his twitter handle as @ScreenJunkies. Among all fighters who have won a Movie Fight, Trisha sets the record for longest time between first fight and first win (89 episodes). Trisha, who is undefeated in TV Fights (2-0) and Gamer Fights (1-0) becomes the first fighter to win in all three fights. *Coincidentally these were also Trisha's first four fights after she became pregnant. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Steve Zaragosa || 0/1 || Third |- | Trisha Hershberger || 0/6 || '''Win''' |- | Lon Harris || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Steve !! Trisha !! Lon |- | 1: What is the worst Tim Burton movie? || || || 1* |- | 2: What two co-stars from a classic film would you like to see re-unite for another movie? || || 1** || |- | 3: What's the one thing that this movie [the ''Lion King'' remake] must have and...what's the thing they also have to avoid? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Which flop deserves a second chance sequel? || || || 1**** |- | 5: What's a film that you regret paying money to see? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: There will be two movies, and you need to tell us which one should we buy? + || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best song from a Disney animated film? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which of these would you rather remake: ''E.T. [the Extra-Terrestrial]'' or ''Back to the Future''? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best Mark Wahlberg movie? || x || || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who[m] would you rather fight: an alien [Xenomorph] or a Predator? || x || 1+*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 4 |} .*Lon (''Dark Shadows (2012)'') actually lost the twitter poll with 28%. Steve (''Planet of the Apes (2001)'') won with 40% while Trisha (''Alice in Wonderland (2010)'') received 32%. .**Trisha (John Travolta and Samuel L. Jackson from ''Pulp Fiction'') also won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Lon (Jeff Bridges and John Goodman from ''The Big Lebowski'') with 32% and Steve (Mike Myers and Dana Carvey from the ''Wayne's World'' movies) with 19%. .***Steve (making the movie scary but avoiding the music) actually lost the twitter poll with 14%. Trisha (keeping the music and avoiding bad CGI) won with 54% while Lon (keeping Jeremy Irons as Scar and avoiding the "Hakuna Matata" montage) received 32%. .****Lon (''Dredd (2012)'') also won the twitter poll with 56%, followed by Trisha (''John Carter'') with 29% and Steve (''Monster Squad'') with 15%. .*****Trisha (''Movie 43'') also won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Steve (''Independence Day: Resurgence'') with 33% and Lon (''Suicide Squad'') with 30%. +Bargain bin pic of ''Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull'' and ''Terminator: Genisys.'' +*Split decision. Steve chose Lon (''Back to the Future'') while Dan, Jeff, and Andy chose Trisha (''E.T.''). +**Split decision. Dan chose Trisha (''The Departed'') while Steve and Andy chose Lon (''Boogie Nights''). Jeff abstained. +***Split decision. Jeff chose Lon (Predator) while Dan, Steve, and Andy chose Trisha. '''Episode 105: How to Fix Pirates of the Caribbean (10-8-16)'''<ref>Episode 105: How to Fix Pirates of the Caribbean (10-8-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTdFfTnlnUM</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Zack as engineer since JTE is competing. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | John Rocha || 1/4 || Third |- | Graham Elwood || New fighter || Second |- | JTE || 2/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! John !! Graham !! JTE |- | 1: What movie would you want to see an extended edition of;...what would you extend? * || || || 1** |- | 2: If you could have a commute to work everyday with one movie character, who[m] would you pick? || *** || 1 || |- | 3: What could we do to rejuvenate this franchise [''Pirates of the Caribbean'']? || || || 1**** |- | 4: What children's movie should come back as a Netflix series? || || || 1***** |- | 5: If you could improve any movie by replacing the lead character with Wolverine, what would it be? || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Not including films by George Lucas or Steven Spielberg, best Harrison Ford film? || || 0 || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You're gonna see two DVDs.+ || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best superhero sequel movie title? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie featuring Kate Winslet in any role? || x || +** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better '90s Keanu [Reeves]: ''Speed'' or ''Point Break''? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Question supplied by Billy A. Patterson. .**JTE (''Godzilla (2014)'') actually lost the twitter poll with 24% (though Dan stated that the twitter comments mostly supported him). John (''The Force Awakens'') won with 44%, followed by Graham (''The Dark Knight Rises'') with 32%. .***John (Han Solo) won the twitter poll with 55%, followed by Graham (William Shatner's James T. Kirk) with 23% and JTE (Jules Winnfield) with 22%. .****JTE also won the twitter poll with 42%, followed by Graham with 37% and John with 21%. .*****Again, JTE (''Labyrinth'') lost the twitter poll despite winning the point with 21%. John (''Harry Potter'') won with 47%, followed by Graham (''Lord of the Flies'') with 32%. +Bargain bin pic of of ''Starship Troopers'' and ''The Princess Bride''. +*Graham won unanimously despite being slower at saying ''Starship Troopers'', which JTE also regretted choosing. +**Graham chose ''The Aviator'', which did not feature her. JTE pointed this out and won the point without arguments. '''Episode 106: Cast Aladdin's Live Action Genie! - DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS!! (10-15-16)'''<ref>Episode 106: Cast Aladdin's Live Action Genie! - DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS!! (10-15-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O81xSipISOk</ref> Third Drunk Movie Fight. The winner will fight against Ken Napzok and Alicia Malone. Judged by Marc Andreyko. Spencer Gilbert as Fact Checker. He was originally supposed to be the judge. He is accompanied by fan Danny Petruska. Rules for drinking (introduced after Round 1): Any time Andy burps, Roth "gets New York," Joe blanks on a movie or actor, Marc says "Andy's right, this ''is'' tough," any time JTE makes a gaffe, and any time Andy argues with Marc. Any time the fan poll chooses a winner different than Marc's choice, the winner of the point takes a shot. Anyone who is successfully fact-checked must finish his or her drink. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || 1/6 || '''Win''' |- | Roth Cornet || 1/2 || Third |- | Joe Starr || 0/3 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%"style="width: 7% "| Andy !! style="width: 7%"|Roth !! style="width: 7%"|Joe |- | 1: Who should play the Genie [in a live-action ''Aladdin'']? || 1* || || |- | 2: What movie villain ideally should fight the Power Rangers? || 1** || || |- | 3: What non-game smartphone app, not including Skynet, or feature would make the best film? || 1 || || *** |- | 4: Pitch me the movie.**** || || 1***** || |- | 5: What two actors who have never done a sex scene together would share the most memorable sex scene? || + || || 1+* |- | TIE BREAKER 1: Hollywood's best Dave or David?+** || x || || |- | TIE BREAKER 2: Best speech in a movie? || x || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Two DVDs are gonna pop up on the screen.+*** || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Your very first favorite movie as a child? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: You have to watch the same movie four times in a row. What movie do you pick? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie character, not actor,.... smells the best? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What movie character do you definitely ''not'' want as your uber driver home? || 1+**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Andy (Joaquin Phoenix) actually lost the twitter poll with 14%. Joe (Bill Hader) won with 47%, followed by Roth (Dwayne Johnson) with 39%. .**The twitter poll agreed. .***Joe (Postmates) won the twitter poll again. .****Blind fight. Fighters had to draw a traditional actor, a non-traditional actor, and a movie title out of cups. .*****Roth won despite drawing twice from the traditional actor cup and conceding in the middle of her pitching. +Andy (Brad Pitt and Channing Tatum) won the twitter poll, so Joe had to drink. +*After Joe received the point, JTE erroneously gave Roth a second point on the scoreboard. However, it was not called out, so there was no drinking. +**Marc moved past the question after Roth and Joe could not think of answers they wanted to give. +***Bargain bin pic of ''Supergirl'' and ''Howard the Duck''. +****Andy chose Patrick Bateman from ''American Psycho,'' which was also his choice for the previous question. Joe had argued in the previous question that Bateman would smell bad in an uber due to his cologne. '''Episode 107: Best Zombie Movie w/ Walking Dead Creator Robert Kirkman! (10-22-16)'''<ref>Episode 107: Best Zombie Movie w/ Walking Dead Creator Robert Kirkman! (10-22-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PwY2jR-c6M</ref> Not counting the first episode, twenty-second episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. Twentieth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Max Landis || 2/0 || '''Win''' |- | David Alpert || New fighter || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kirkman Robert Kirkman] || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 83%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Max !! David !! Robert |- | 1: Best zombie movie? || || || 1 |- | 2: What movie would be better if you added zombies? || 1* || || |- | 3: What is the best movie twist of all time? || || 1 || |- | 4: Leonardo DiCaprio is producing the Captain America [sic] movie. ...Who should play Captain Planet and tell us what...the premise of this movie should be. || 1 || || |- | 5: What is the best movie based on a graphic novel? || || 1** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which of these two DVDs should we buy?*** || 1**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie featuring Tom Hardy in any role? || || 1***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie with the word..."devil" in the title? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of the election, what movie character would you be most intimidated to debate? || 1+ || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*In a first, Andy made his decision before the twitter poll was even released. .**David won with ''The Crow'' despite losing a coin toss to Max for ''Ghost World''. .***Bargain bin pic of and ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut'' and ''Team America: World Police''. .****Split decision. Robert chose David (''Team America: World Police'') while Dan and Andy chose Max. .*****Split decision. Robert decided to be kind to Max and voted for him (''Locke'') after Dan and Andy had already chosen David (''Inception''). +Split decision. Robert chose David (Denzel Washington in ''The Great Debaters'') while Dan and Andy chose Max (Leonardo DiCaprio in ''The Wolf of Wall Street''). '''Episode 108: Deadliest Horror Villain! (10-29-16)'''<ref>Episode 108: Deadliest Horror Villain! (10-29-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vz8oiKetEI4</ref> Jon Bailey introduces the episode "Live from Scream Junkies Studios in Haddonfield, Illinois, this is Horror Fights." Judged by Collider Nightmares host Clarke Wolfe. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. Ben Begley returns after a 42 episode absence, the third-longest absence yet, 2 episodes short of Erin Robinson's second-place 44 episodes and one episode longer than Jon Schnepp's 41 that he set in episode 78. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr * || 1/9 || Second |- | Josh Robert Thompson ** || New fighter || Third |- | Ben Begley || 1/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 75%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roger !! Josh !! Ben |- | 1: Pitch two iconic horror villains that you would like to see face off in a movie. || || || 1*** |- | 2: What is the best deadliest horror movie villain? || || 1 || **** |- | 3: What familiar horror trope should be permanently retired? || 1***** || || |- | 4: What horror movie death would you least want to experience? || 1 || || |- | 5: Who is the greatest horror film director? || + || || 2 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''I, Robot'' vs. ''Prometheus''?+* || 1 || x || +** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the most badass survivor from any horror movie? || +*** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: ''The Exorcist'' or ''The Shining''? || +**** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What non-horror director should make a horror film? || +***** || x || 1++ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Roger Barr's intro graphic names him as Roger S. Pumpkins. .**Josh Robert Thompson's intro graphic erroneously names him Josh Robertson Thompson. .***Ben (Critters vs. Gremlins) also won the twitter poll with 44%, followed by Josh (Jason Voorhies vs. Jaws) with 43% and Roger (Death Bed vs Robert the tire from ''Rubber'') with 12%. .****Ben (Freddy Krueger) again won the twitter poll with 38%, followed by Josh (The Thing) with 34% and Roger (Jason Voorhies) with 28%. .*****Roger (car won't start) also won the twitter poll with 42%. Josh (found footage) and Ben (final girl tripping) tied. +Roger (John Carpenter) again won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Ben (Wes Craven) with 46% and Josh (William Friedkin) with 7%. +*Bargain bin pic, with Clarke reading aloud. +**Ben, who was stuck with ''I, Robot'', actually won the twitter poll with 55%, but this is put out before arguments are heard. +***Roger (Nancy from ''A Nightmare on Elm Street'') won the twitter poll with 83%, beating Ben (Erin from ''You're Next''). +****Roger (''The Shining'') won the twitter poll with 59%. +*****In his rebuttal, Roger indicated that his choice (Harold Ramis) directed ''Ghostbusters''. The film was directed by Ivan Reitman. Ramis was one of the screenwriters. ++Ben (Wes Anderson) also won the twitter poll with 67%, the only time in the Speed Round that Clarke agreed with the poll. '''Episode 109: What Franchise Should Wonder Woman Join? (11-5-16)'''<ref>Episode 109: What Franchise Should Wonder Woman Join? (11-5-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIu8okjbbx4</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by Lindsey Pankhurst and Abe Saldana. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Stephen Glickman || 0/2 || Second |- | Coy Jandreau || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Scott Mantz || 2/5 || Third * |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 71%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Stephen !! style="width: 7%"|Coy !! Scott |- | 1: Who is the best movie President? || || 1 || **, *** |- | 2: What iconic role should Benedict Cumberbatch play next? || 1**** || **** || |- | 3: What retro game character deserves a solo movie? || || 1 || |- | 4: What other franchise should Wonder Woman join? || || ***** || 1 |- | 5: Of all the seven [dwarves], who is the best [dwarf]? || 1 || || + |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Yell out which one we should buy.+* || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie featuring this actor in any role:....Ewan McGregor? || 1+** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best song from ''Beauty and the Beast''? || || 1+***|| x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best dramatic performance by a comedian or comedic actor? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*In his fifth consecutive third place finish in a Movie Fight, Scott becomes the second fighter after Dan to not finish in second place in any of his first eight appearances (back in episode 92, he had become the only one besides Dan to not do so in his first seven). .**Scott (James Marshall) won 53% of the twitter poll, followed by Coy (Camacho) with 29% and Stephen (Dave) with 17%. .***Dan said that Camacho took the electoral vote, but James Marshall won the popular vote. In the Presidential election five days after the taping, Donald Trump won the electoral vote while Hillary Clinton won the popular vote. .****Stephen (Inspector Gadget) and Coy (Jafar) tied on the twitter poll with 35% each, followed by Scott (James Bond) with 30%. Coy pulled ahead shortly after Andy gave the point. .*****Coy (''The Expendables'') won the twitter poll with 36%, followed by Scott (''Star Trek'') with 34% and Stephen (''Jurassic Park'') with 30%. +During Scott's introduction of his choice Happy, a picture of Doc appeared. +*Bargain bin pic of ''Rookie of the Year'' and ''Major League''. +**Split decision. Scott chose Coy (''Trainspotting'') while Lindsey, Abe, and Andy chose Stephen (''Moulin Rouge''). +***Split decision. In a near reversal of the previous question, Scott chose Stephen (''Beauty and the Beast'') while Lindsey, Abe, Dan, and Andy chose Coy ("Be Our Guest"). *Coy actually answered "Be My Guest". '''Episode 110: What is the Best Movie Alien? (11-12-16)'''<ref>Episode 110: What is the Best Movie Alien? (11-12-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-C-0cxcaF4</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Alina Lewis. Jacqueline's name is displayed on the scoreboard as "Jac." The thumbnail picture for the episode features a Squeeze Toy Alien from the ''Toy Story'' films, but this does not feature in any answer. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Brett Erlich || 0/4 || Second |- | Lon Harris || 0/1 || Third |- | Jacqueline Coley || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Brett !! Lon !! Jacqueline |- | 1: What is the best movie alien? || || || 1* |- | 2: Who should direct ''The Flash''? || || 1 || |- | 3: What other** 80's movie deserves a remake?? || 1*** || || |- | 4: What classic or iconic movie character should never be recast or rebooted? || 1 || || |- | 5: What is the best closing shot of any movie? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | colspan="4" | BREAK: Alicia Malone activates the Show Stopper to challenge Dan Murrell for the Belt while Brett tends to his bloody nose. |- ! colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 82%;" |Question !! style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 8%;" |Alicia !! style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 11%;" |Dan |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND A: If you could only watch one director's movies for the rest of your life, who[m] do you choose:...[the] Coen brothers or [Quentin] Tarantino?|| style="background: #CEF2F2;"|1 || style="background: #CEF2F2;"|**** |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND B: What is the best remake of all time? || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| 1 |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND C: Worst movie from an Academy Award-nominated director? || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | 1*****, + || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND D: Most over-the-top Nicolas Cage performance? +* || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| 1 |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND E: Best non-John Williams film score? || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| 1 |- | colspan="2" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |'''FINAL SCORES''' || style="background: #CEF2F2;" |2 || style="background: #CEF2F2;" |'''3''' |- | colspan="4" | RESUME GAME |- ! Question !! Brett !! Lon !! Jacqueline |- | SPEED ROUND A: If you had to buy one, which would you pick? +** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who'd be the better friend: Ant-Man or Doctor Strange? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of his new Netflix movie, ''True Memoirs of an International Assassin'', what is the best Kevin James movie? || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best movie to watch after a break-up? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What movie had the most impact on Tom Hanks' career? || || x || 1+**** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Jacqueline (the first Xenomorph) also won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Lon (Superman) with 32% and Brett (The Thing) with 25%. .**Besides ''An American Werewolf in London''. .***Brett (''WarGames'') also won the twitter poll with 44%. Andy had Dan reveal this before his ruling. .****Dan was slower at saying the Coen brothers. .*****Split decision. Lon chose Dan (''The Last Airbender'') while Jacqueline and Andy chose Alicia (Oliver Stone's ''Alexander''). +There was disagreement on exactly what the question asked (worst movie from the collective body of nominated directors vs. worst movie for a particular director relative to the director's total body of work). Andy initially chose Dan but, but after Alicia described her interpretation, Andy changed his mind. Lon said that an asterisk would accompany the point. +*Question previously used in episode 59. +**Bargain bin pic of ''Murder, She Baked: A Chocolate Chip Cookie Mystery'' and ''The Dog Lover''. +***Split decision. Alina chose Jacqueline (''Grown Ups''), who hadn't even seen a Kevin James movie, while Dan, Lon, and Andy all chose Brett (''Paul Blart: Mall Cop''). +****Split decision. Dan chose Brett (''Forrest Gump'') while Lon and Andy chose Jacqueline (''Philadelphia''). '''Episode 111: What is the Best Harry Potter Movie? (11-19-16)'''<ref>Episode 111: What is the Best Harry Potter Movie? (11-19-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xC5yWVe6XZw</ref> Sponsored by Loot Crate. Erika Ishii and Roth Cornet as Fact Checkers. Jon gives a different introduction in the style of ''Harry Potter'' commercials. Andy wears Harry Potter style glasses while judging. While Gina is listed as a new fighter, she competed on TV Fights two days earlier. As usual, Spencer's name is displayed on the scoreboard as Spence. First Movie Fights episode since October 2015 in which more than 11 points are awarded. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || 1/6 || Third |- | Gina Ippolito || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/13 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! Gina !! Spencer |- | 1: What is the best ''Harry Potter'' film? || || 1* || ** |- | 2: What element of the Wizarding World are you glad doesn't really exist? || 1 || || |- | 3: If you could own one magical item from any ''Harry Potter'' film, which one would it be? || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | 4: What is the most shocking moment in the ''Harry Potter'' series? || *** || || 1 |- | 5: What actor gives the best performance throughout the ''[Harry] Potter'' franchise? **** || ***** || || 1+ |- | TIE BREAKER: You're gonna pick a name, and you're gonna have to defend why [he or she is] the best? +*, +** || || 0 || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the worst Harry Potter movie? || x || 1+***, +**** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best Hogwart[s] House? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who wins in a direct match-up:...Voldemort or Dumbledore? || x || || 1+*****, ++ |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is the best Hogwarts student other than Harry, Ron, and Hermione? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Besides Ron, who's the best Weasley? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''6''' || 4 |} .*Gina (''Prisoner of Azkaban'') also won the twitter poll with 53%. Roth mentioned this before Andy rendered his decision. .**Spencer's first choice was ''Deathly Hallows part 2'', but he lost the coin toss to Trisha. He subsequently lost a coin toss to Gina and went with ''Sorcerer's [Philosopher's] Stone''. .***Once again, Roth announce the winner of the twitter poll before Andy made his decision. Trisha (Dumbledore's death) won with 44%, followed by Spencer (Cedric Diggory's death) with 33% and Gina (Hedwig's death) with 23%. .****After Andy read the question, he said he wanted the fighters to pick a specific movie since the number of movies in which the picks appeared varied greatly (as actor Richard Harris died). However, Spencer said that would cause his answer to change, and Trisha also appeared to feel the same. So Andy simply indicated that the fighters could not use the number of movies as part of the argument. .*****Trisha won a coin toss for Alan Rickman. Despite this, Andy felt she gave the weakest argument. +Despite losing the argument, Trisha (Alan Rickman) won the twitter poll (which Andy predicted) with 74%. Spencer (Maggie Smith) received 19% while Gina (Richard Harris) received 7%. +*Trisha and Gina had to blindly pick out of a sorting hat from Hermione Granger, Ron Weasley, and Harry Potter. They respectively chose Ron and Harry. +**Andy gave more time and rounds of arguments for this question than the normal Speed Round questions. +***Spencer said "the second one" before Gina said "''Chamber of Secrets''" (which is the second movie). So Gina had to go with her next choice, ''Deathly Hallows part 1''. +****Split decision. Trisha, Erika, and Roth all chose Spencer, but Andy indicated he would have gone with Gina. He asked Erika and Roth if they were on the fence, and they indicated that they were, so he gave the point to Gina. +*****Spencer was faster at saying Dumbledore. ++Split decision. Not counting the first question of the Speed Round, this is the second overturn of the game and the ''first by Andy''. Trisha and Roth picked Gina (Voldemort), but Andy wasn't convinced because the question asked about a direct match-up while Trisha and Roth were more so referring to the long-game. '''Episode 112: Dumbest Movie Premise of All Time? (11-26-16)'''<ref>Episode 112: Dumbest Movie Premise of All Time? (11-26-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9d3SFCids4</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by Tybee Diskin. Episode aired on Screen Junkies Plus on Thanksgiving. As the group was on break, this did not air live. Additionally, there was no "After the Fight" episode that followed it. "Last Fighter Standing." Single-elimination tournament. The fighters: JTE, Sasha Perl-Raver, Scott Mantz, Coy Jandreau, Marc Andreyko, Joe Starr, Spencer Gilbert, and Mike Carlson. This episode is not counted in the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Fighters (in response order) !! Question !! colspan="2" | Eliminated |- | JTE, Sasha, Scott || 1: What movie played on loop would you use to torture someone for information? || colspan="2" | Sasha |- | JTE, Coy, Scott || 2: What major Hollywood release has the all-time dumbest premise? || colspan="2" | JTE |- | Marc*, Coy, Scott** || 3: Recast a John Travolta role with Nicolas Cage.*** || colspan="2" | Coy |- | Marc, Joe, Scott || 4: If you had to build a religion around the philosophy of any movie character, which one would you pick? || colspan="2" | Scott |- | Marc, Joe, Spencer || 5: Improve a movie by swapping out a main character with a talking dog. || colspan="2" | Joe****, Scott |- | Marc, Mike, Spencer || 6: In honor of Thanksgiving, what movie family would you want to be part of? || colspan="2" | Marc |- ! colspan="2" | Speed Round Question !! Mike !! Spencer |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND A: Who will win an Oscar first:...Will Farrell or Seth Rogen? || 1***** || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND B: There will be two movies on the screen from our bargain bin...You will have to tell me which of these two we should buy. + || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND C: What is the worst Tom Hanks movie? || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather have a drink with: Michael Keaton or Kurt Russell? || 1+* || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND E1: More dissapointing: The ''Matrix'' sequels or the ''Hobbit'' prequels? || || +** |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND E2: What's the best movie with a title that's six words or longer? || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''3''' |} .*Marc chose ''Hairspray'', Sasha's pick for the first question. .**Scott chose ''Face/Off'', his answer to the second question. .***All three fighters originally chose ''Battlefield Earth''. .****Andy threw Joe out after his argument for replacing Pvt. Ryan similar to how he threw Spencer out in the fourth round of the first Last Fighter Standing episode. However, just as JTE was removed in the same round in which he returned, Scott also was removed right after coming back. .*****Split decision. Marc chose Spencer (Will Farrell) while Sasha, Scott, Coy, and JTE chose Mike. .+Bargain bin pics of ''Now You See Me 2'' and ''My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2''. +*Split decision. Coy, Scott, and Sasha chose Spencer (Kurt Russell) while JTE, Marc, and Andy chose Mike. +**Spencer was slightly faster at saying the ''Matrix'' sequels, but Andy decided to throw out the question and go on to another one. '''Episode 113: Worst Comic Book Movie (TRICK QUESTION) (12-3-16)'''<ref>Episode 113: Worst Comic Book Movie (TRICK QUESTION) (12-3-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZPDN3yKcrM</ref> Sponsored by Nature Box. On Screen Junkies Plus, the episode title is "Best Scorsese Movie?" Also, the title card features pictures of Hal, Dan, and Coy rather than the traditional action themed card, which ''is'' what is used on youtube. Joe Starr as Fact Checker Blind fight. Fighters had no time to prepare answers. This episode introduces the concept of the Trick Question in Round 5. Not counting the first episode, twenty-third episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. Twenty-first episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/11 || Third |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/1 || Second |- | Dan Murrell || 14/7 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%"| Hal !! style="width: 7%"| Coy !! style="width: 7%"| Dan |- | 1: What is the worst Robert DeNiro performance? || 1 || * || |- | 2: What is the best Martin Scorsese movie? || || || 1** |- | 3: What is the worst prequel of all time? || || || 1*** |- | 4: In honor of ''Moana'',... what is the best Disney animal sidekick? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the worst**** comic book movie? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: I'm gonna show you two movies, and you have to tell us which one should we buy? + || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie facial hair? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND C: For the rest of your life, you can only watch one of these actors' movies.... Who[m] would you pick: Keanu Reeves or Matt Damon? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie is most improved by a second viewing? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie whose title has four words? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Coy (''Dirty Grandpa'') won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Hal (''Rocky and Bullwinkle'') with 34% and Dan (Mary Shelley's ''Frankenstein'') with 23%. .**Dan (''Raging Bull'') actually lost the twitter poll again with 17%. Hal (''Goodfellas'') won with 48% while Coy (''The Departed'') received 35%. .***Dan (''Attack of the Clones'') tied Hal (''X-Men Origins: Wolverine'') for the twitter poll victory with 34%. Coy (''The Phantom Menace'') received 32%. .****Trick question. After the fighters gave their responses, Andy made them defend their picks as the ''best''. .*****Coy (''Fantastic Four (2015)'') also won the twitter poll, followed by Dan (''Superman IV: The Quest for Peace'') and then Hal (''Catwoman''). +Bargain bin pic of ''Independence Day: Resurgence'' and ''Alice Through the Looking Glass''. +*Split decision. Joe chose Dan (Hans Gruber), but Andy and Hal chose Coy (Tony Stark). +**Split decision. Hal chose Dan (Keanu Reeves) while Joe and Andy chose Coy. '''Episode 114: Greatest Lightsaber Fighter - Star Wars: MOVIE FIGHTS! (12-10-16)'''<ref>Episode 114: Greatest Lightsaber Fighter - Star Wars: MOVIE FIGHTS! (12-10-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1gPXC6ztDg</ref> Kristian returns after a 43-episode absence. A new introduction was created for this special episode. Emma Fyffe fights in place of Maude Garrett, who was originally scheduled to fight. Emma is listed as a new fighter, but she has fought in three TV Fights. In their introductions, each fighter has a Movie Poster featuring them as each character, except for Darth Vader, who is played by Ken Napzok. Kristian, Dan, and Emma's posters respectively feature ''The Empire Strikes Back'', ''A New Hope'', and ''Return of the Jedi''. Kristian's name is listed on the scoreboard as "Harloff." Dan is accompanied on the couch by "Bachelor in Paradise" star Jared Haibon. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Kristian Harloff || 1/5 || '''Win''' |- | Dan Casey || 0/1 || Second |- | Emma Fyffe || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kristian !! Dan !! Emma |- | 1: I wanna know who gave the best individual performance of any ''Star Wars'' film? || 1 || || |- | 2: If you could pick a single character from all of Star Wars, who would come out...on top in a lightsaber battle royale? || 1* || || |- | 3: Pitch a movie set in the Old Republic. || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the best line of dialogue from any ''Star Wars'' movie? || || 1** || |- | 5: If you had to spend a year on any ''Star Wars'' moon or planet, which one would you choose? || *** || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is the best ''Star Wars'' droid? || || 1**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the overall best...lightsaber fight? || 1***** || + || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tell me something in the Star Wars universe that's worse than Jar Jar? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Other than the Millenium Falcon, what's the best ship? || 1+*, +** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Kristian (Palpatine) actually lost the twitter poll with 23%. Emma (Obi-Wan Kenobi) won with 47%, followed by Dan (Mace Windu) with 30%. .**Dan ("I know" from ''The Empire Strikes Back'') also won the twitter poll with 55%. .***Kristian (Naboo) won the twitter poll with 72%. .****Split decision. Emma chose Kristian (R2-D2) while Dan, Jared, and Andy chose Dan Casey (BB-8). .*****Split decision. Emma and Jared chose Dan Casey while Dan and Andy chose Kristian. +Dan Casey chose Palpative vs Vader and Luke, which, as Dan Murrell pointed out, was not a lightsaber fight. +*Kristian had wanted to chose the Ghost, which had only appeared in "Star Wars: Rebels" at the time. However, it did briefly appear in ''Rogue One,'' which was released the following week. +**Split decision. Dan chose Dan Casey (Slave I), while Emma, Jared, and Andy chose Kristian (TIE Fighter). '''Episode 115: Rogue One: Did We Need It!? - DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS!! (12-17-16)'''<ref>Episode 115: Rogue One: Did We Need It!? - DRUNK MOVIE FIGHTS!! (12-17-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAvSAGPJA6Y</ref> Drunk Movie Fights championship. The fight montage for Drunk Movie Fights is used. No drinking rules are stated or used. Hosted by Dan Murrell. He performs his first ''and second'' overturns in this episode. Each fighter had a specialized drink that he or she was regularly served, made by James Anderson, who used the "Dan's Labyrinth" desk. Joe Starr as Fact Checker. He is accompanied on the couch by Marc Andreyko. Twenty-fourth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Not counting the first episode, twenty-fourth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. Twenty-second episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 6/4 || Third |- | Ken Napzok || 2/0 || '''Win''' |- | Andy Signore || 2/6 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! Ken !! Andy |- | 1: Ruin a belovèd film classic by adding on scene. || 1 || || |- | 2: What is the most annoying thing that people do in movies but not real life? || || || 1 |- | 3: [The] ''The Fate of the Furious'' trailer came out.... We want you guys to pitch ''Fast 20''. || || 1 || |- | 4: ''Rogue One[: A Star Wars Story]'': was it necessary; do we need it? * || || || 1 |- | 5: ''Collateral Beauty'', the latest Will Smith movie, is opening this week. It is currently sitting at an admirable 14% on Rotten Tomatoes.... We want you all to name what the worst film starring Will Smith is. ** || || 1*** || |- | colspan="4" | COMMENTARY BY HAL RUDNICK (WHO HAD NOT BEEN WATCHING, BUT WAS WORKING ON A SCREEN JUNKIES SHOW SPECIAL) DURING BATHROOM BREAK |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: These two are in the bargain bin. Which one do you buy?**** || x || || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: What would you rather be transformed into: a Gremlin or a Minion? || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Besides Brad Pitt, who is the hottest male celebrity? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie is the best movie to put on when you're drinking alone? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the best intoxicated movie performance? +**, +***, +**** || x || 1+***** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 4 |} .*Alicia did not fight. She cast a ballot ahead of time who would win. If she was correct, she would get a point. She incorrectly chose Ken. .**Trick question. After the Alicia, Ken, and Andy named their movies (''Wild Wild West'', ''Men in Black II'', and ''After Earth''), they were told that they had to defend them as the ''best'' Will Smith movie. .***Ken stated that ''Men in Black'' came out in 1996. It came out in 1997. .****The DVD sets were the two ''Paul Blart: Mall Cop'' films and the two ''Grown Ups'' films. .*****Split decision. Third overturn of Movies Fights, and the first by Dan, who did not feel Alicia's and Joe's reasons for Ken's argument for the ''Paul Blart: Mall Cop'' movies were strong enough. +Split decision. Fourth overturn of Movie Fights, and he second by Dan, who suddenly takes the lead over Andy and Alicia. He felt Ken gave the better argument for the Minions, even though Marc, Joe, and Alicia all chose Andy. +*Andy, who chose ''The Rock'', conceded after hearing Ken's initial argument for ''Casablanca''. +**Dan clarified ahead of time that he was asking for a character, not an actor, and that any substance - not just alcohol - would count for intoxication. +***Ken and Andy were given 30 seconds for initial arguments and 15 seconds for rebuttal. +****Question submitted by Dan's girlfriend, Mara Knopic. +*****Split decision. Alicia and Marc chose Andy (Brad Pitt in ''True Romance''), while Joe and Dan chose Ken (Benicio del Toro in ''Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas''). '''Episode 116: Best Movie Decade Of All Time? - Classic Movie Fights! (12-24-16)'''<ref>Episode 116: Best Movie Decade Of All Time? - Classic Movie Fights! (12-24-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eM5dcg-7agM</ref> Hosted by Alicia Malone, who hosted the first Classic Movie Fights. Once again, the episode is shown in black and white. However, no montage is shown this time. Jessie Maltin (Leonard's daughter) as Fact Checker. However, no fact checks were performed. Sponsored by NatureBox. A promo is given for 50% off one's first order. The episode features significant instances of fighters fighting on behalf of others. However, this was viewed favorably for the arguer in determining points, rather than favorably for the person whose argument was being boosted. Pre-recorded episode. A pre-recorded episode of the Screen Junkies Show (aired 12-28-16) was taped immediately afterwards. Only six points are awarded in this episode, the lowest of any Movie or TV Fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roth Cornet || 1/3 || Second |- | Leonard Maltin || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 1/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 66%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roth !! Leonard !! Sasha |- | 1: Which classic film director would have the best career in Hollywood today? || || 1 || |- | 2: What is the best pre-1980 animated film? || 1 || * || |- | 3: What is the best song-and-dance number from any musical? || || || 1 |- | 4: Which classic film remains the most relevant in (the) 2016? || 1 || || |- | 5: What is the best all-time decade for movies? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best ''film noir''?** || || 1*** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''3'''**** || 1 |} .*Leonard switched his answer from ''Dumbo'' to ''Pinocchio''. .**Leonard was slightly faster than Roth at saying ''Double Indemnity''. She conceded the point but still made Leonard give his argument. .***Technically, Leonard sets the record for shortest Speed Round sweep as the game was called after just the one Speed Round question. .****Leonard's finish with three points is the lowest winning score of any Movie or TV Fight. '''Episode 117: What Is The Best Movie of 1994? - 1994 MOVIE FIGHTS!! (12-31-16)'''<ref>Episode 117: What Is The Best Movie of 1994? - 1994 MOVIE FIGHTS!! (12-31-16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMTAxFwvRUk</ref> Fought by Andy, Spencer, and Dan, who fought in the 1999 fight a year earlier. The seating is reversed from that fight. Sponsored by NatureBox. Hosted by Joe Starr. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. Unlike Ken, who fact checked from the future in the 1999 fight, Lon fact checks from the year 1994. At the end of the youtube video of this fight, there is an advertisement for the Plus-exclusive video of the 50 best moments from the first 100 episodes of Movie Fights. Like the 1999 fight a year earlier, the fight is pre-recorded fought from the perspective of New Year's Eve of 1994. Once again, there are several anachronisms, including the playing of the fight montage. Most of these come from Joe and include the O.J. Simpson murder trial, the North American Playstation, and Pizza Hut Stuffed Crust Pizza, which all were occurred/debuted in 1995. Fighters take turns answering in reverse order from normal. As the 1999 fight is not included in the official statistics, this fight is not included either. Ninth unofficial fight to feature Dan. His third, and second consecutive, such victory. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || Second |- | Dan Murrell || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Andy !! Spencer !! Dan |- | 1: What character should Jim Carrey play next? || || 1 || * |- | 2: ''Speed'' was an amazing movie.... Pitch the setting and villain for ''Speed 2''? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who should direct and star in the live-action Jetsons movie? || || ** || 1 |- | 4: ''Forrest Gump'' was a great movie.... What pre-1994 historical figure or event should Forrest Gump visit? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the best movie of 1994? || || || 1*** |- | 6: BLIND FIGHT: What is the better movie?**** || || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Most promising director: Quentin Tarantino or Kevin Smith? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who should play the next Batman? || x || ***** || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Better breakout Brad Pitt blockbuster:... ''Interview with a Vampire'' or ''Legends of the Fall''? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better child performance: [Kristen] Dunst [in] ''Interview with a Vampire'' or Natalie Portman in ''[Léon:] The Professional''? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Dan indicated that Deadpool breaks the fourth wall. As Lon pointed out, he didn't do this until after he got his own comic series years later. .**Spencer gets knocked out after casting too many people who are not well-known in 1994 and not choosing a director. .***Dan states that he's never heard of Samuel L. Jackson (one of the stars of Spencer's choice, ''Pulp Fiction'') despite wearing a ''Jurassic Park'' shirt. .****Andy drew ''Timecop'', Spencer drew ''Stargate'', and Dan drew ''The Crow.'' Without any arguments, Andy said Spencer and Dan could go to the Speed Round. .*****Before either Spencer or Dan answered, Spencer asked Dan if Brandon Lee was still alive despite the fact that Dan drew ''The Crow'' only minutes earlier. +Split decision. Fifth overturn of Movie Fights (but the fourth in only seven episodes). Andy and Lon chose Spencer (Steven Seagal) while Joe chose Dan (Jean Claude Van Damme). '''Episode 118: Best Movie of 2016 (1-7-17)'''<ref>Episode 118: Best Movie of 2016 (1-7-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RAEKsTDmkpM</ref> Dan is accompanied by Jonathan Youngblood, Maggie Baine, and Jack Shipley, all of whom competed on January 6, 2017 (the day after this episode was taped) in a fan fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 2/7 || '''Win''' |- | Roth Cornet || 1/4 || Second |- | Scott Mantz || 2/6 || Third * |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Marc !! Roth !! Scott |- | 1: What was the best scene from a movie in 2016? || || 1** || *** |- | 2: What is the best performance of 2016? || 1 || || **** |- | 3: What is the most overrated movie of 2016? || || || 1 |- | 4: What 2016 movie would you like to officially "do-over?" || 1 || || *****, + |- | 5: What is the best movie of 2016? || || 1+* || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: For this Blind Fight, you must add Minions to your selection to make your film even better. +** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Worst movie of 2016? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who gave the funniest performance of 2016? || || 1+*** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D1: Best movie villain of 2016? +**** || || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D2: ''Deadpool'' or ''[Captain America:]'' Civil War? || 1+***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Most useless member of the Suicide Squad? || 1++, ++* || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*In his sixth consecutive third place finish in a Movie Fight, Scott becomes the second fighter after Dan to not finish in second place in any of his first nine appearances (back in episode 109, he had become the only one besides Dan to not do so in his first eight). .**Roth (''Manchester by the Sea'') actually lost the twitter poll with 19%. Marc (Wonderwoman's introduction in ''Batman v. Superman: Dawn of Justice'') won the twitter poll with 41% while Scott (the final scene in ''La La Land'') received 40%. .***During Scott's initial description, he gave a spoiler warning. A graphic appeared at the bottom of the screen, but it was the one for After the Fight, telling the audience to watch Movie Fights first. .****Scott (Emma Stone in ''La La Land'') won the twitter poll with 56%. .*****Scott initially chose Marc's choice (''X-Men: Apocalypse''), but he had to pick another option. He stated that he almost went with ''The Girl on the Train'', which was Roth's choice. +Scott (''Suicide Squad'') won the twitter poll. +*After Roth won, she admitted that Marc's choice (''Moonlight'') was her favorite film of the year. +**Marc picked ''Moonlight'', and Roth picked ''Manchester by the Sea''. These were their respective choices for question 5. +***Split decision. Jonathan chose Marc (Zac Efron in ''Neighbors 2'') while Dan, Scott, and Andy chose Roth (Ryan Gosling in ''The Nice Guys''). +****Neither Marc nor Roth could come up with an answer in time. +*****Marc one despite being slower at saying ''Deadpool''. ++Marc was faster at choosing Slipknot. Roth initially agreed but eventually chose Enchantress, who was not a member of the Suicide Squad team despite being in the movie and originally part of the squad. Strangely, she had been unwilling to choose another ''film noir'' in the final question of the recent Classic Movie Fights after Leonard Maltin chose Double Indemnity despite there existing many other options for that question. ++*Split decision. Scott chose Roth while Dan and Andy chose Marc. '''Screen Junkies Plus Exclusive: Fan Fights: Who's the Biggest Movie Star? (1-6-17)'''<ref>Screen Junkies Plus Exclusive: Fan Fights: Who's the Biggest Movie Star? (1-6-17) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/whos-the-biggest-movie-star-3072786</ref> This episode is not available on youtube. The winners of this fight and the second fan fight a week later will be competing in an official fight at the end of January, which will be on youtube. Dan is joined on the couch by Maggie's fiancé Steven. Despite the episode being live (aired at 3:00 pm PST), it is not followed by an After the Fight. However, at the end of the episode, Andy took some time to speak with the fighters. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Jonathan Youngblood || '''Win''' |- | Maggie Baine || Third |- | Jack Shipley || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 74%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jonathan !! Maggie !! Jack |- | 1: What is the best movie featuring Vin Diesel? || 1 || || |- | 2: Who is the best supporting or character actor in Hollywood today? || 1 || || |- | 3: What's the best movie that's based on a true story? || || || 1 |- | 4: At this moment today, who is the biggest movie star in the world? || || 1 || |- | 5: BLIND FIGHT: Improve [your movie] by replacing an actor or actress with Kevin James.* || || || 1** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If Ben Affleck doesn't direct ''The Batman'', who should? || 1*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie set in Los Angeles? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best character from any Pixar film? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: [Robert] De Niro or [Al] Pacino? || 1**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Jonathan, Maggie, and Jack respectively picked ''The Revenant'', ''Gladiator'' (not specified which one, but assumed to be the 2000 film), and ''The Silence of the Lambs''. .**Jack (Buffalo Bill) won the twitter poll with 36% while Jonathan (Hugh Glass) and Maggie (Commodus) tied with 32% a piece. .***Split decision. Maggie chose Jack (Joss Whedon) while Dan and Andy chose Jonathan (David Fincher). .****Split decision. Maggie chose Jack (Pacino) while Dan and Andy chose Jonathan (De Niro). '''Episode 119: Best SNL Movie Star (1-14-17)'''<ref>Episode 119: Best SNL Movie Star (1-14-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTCELu2w6uY</ref> Dan is accompanied by Jorel Blu and Dan Hernandez, two of the three fighters who competed on January 13, 2017 (the day after this episode was taped) in a fan fight. Twenty-fourth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smosh Ian Hecox] || New fighter || Third |- | Jack Henry Robbins || New fighter || Second |- | Joe Starr || 0/4 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Ian !! style="width: 5%"|Jack !! style="width: 5%"|Joe |- | 1: In honor of [Ian's and Jack's] film ''Ghostmates'',... what movie character would make the best roommate? * || || 1** || |- | 2: In honor of [''Monster Trucks''],... we wanna know what movie seems... the most like it was a young child's idea? || 1*** || || |- | 3: What "SNL" alumn[us] has had the best movie career? || || || 1**** |- | 4: In honor of ''[The] Bye Bye Man'',... what's the best movie with the worst title? || || || 1 |- | 5: In honor of [youtube videos of scenes from the first two ''Home Alone'' movies with blood added],... we wanna know what movie would be better if it [were] really bloody and gory? || ***** || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What two characters... are the best on-screen duo? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Tim Burton may direct a live-action ''Dumbo''. Who should play Dumbo? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What movie should always be playing year-round in theaters? || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND D: I'm gonna name two actors. You gotta tell me who's better:... Christopher Walken or Nicolas Cage? || x || || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E1: Which movie inspired the all-time coolest toys? +** || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND E2: What's the most annoying movie performance? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Based on a twitter question submitted in April 2015. It is a rematch of sorts. .**Jack (Lara Croft) also won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Joe (Mr. Miyagi) with 33% and Ian (Mrs. Doubtfire) with 30%. .***Ian (''Pacific Rim'') also won the twitter poll with 44%. .****Joe (Robert Downey Jr.) also won the twitter poll. .*****Ian (''Captain America: Civil War'') won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Joe (''Jumanji'') with 42% and Jack (''Blue Crush'') with 9%. +Split decision. Jorel and Dan Murrell chose Joe (''The Wizard of Oz'') while Dan Hernandez, Ian, and Andy chose Jack (''It's a Wonderful Life''). +*Split decision. Ian chose Jack (Walken) while Dan Hernandez, Jorel, Andy, and [very slightly] Dan Murrell chose Joe. +**Neither Joe nor Jack provided an answer, so Andy moved on to another question. '''Screen Junkies Plus Exclusive: Fan Fights: Best Pixar Movie (1-13-17)'''<ref>Screen Junkies Plus Exclusive: Fan Fights: Best Pixar Movie (1-13-17) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/fan-fights-best-pixar-movie-3074275</ref> This episode is not available on youtube. The winner of this fight and Jonathan Youngblood (the winner of the first fan fight a week earlier) will be competing in an official fight at the end of January, which will be on youtube. Hosted by Dan Murrell. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. Despite the episode being live (aired at 12:00 pm PST), it is not followed by an After the Fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Jorel Blu || Third |- | Adry Sotolongo || '''Win''' |- | Dan Hernandez || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 74%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jorel !! style="width: 5%"|Adry !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: What is the all-time most disappointing movie sequel? || || 1 || |- | 2: What movie franchise is the most consistently good across all entries? || || || 1 |- | 3: What's the worst Christopher Nolan movie? || 1* || || |- | 4: What is the best Pixar movie? || || 1 || |- | 5: BLIND FIGHT: Who would be the best pick to fix ''Grown Ups 3''? ** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: As of right now, as of today, who is the best comedy star? || || *** || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: This year, what will be the best comic book movie of 2017? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best Bruce Willis movie that is not part of the ''Die Hard'' franchise? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best performance in any Quentin Tarantino movie? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: what is best movie featuring Leonardo DiCaprio? || x || 1***** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 4 |} .*Jorel (''Insomnia'') also won the twitter poll with 41%, followed by Dan (''Interstellar'') with 30% and Adry (''The Dark Knight Rises'') with 29%. .**Jorel, Adry, and Dan respectively pulled Alejandro Iñarritu, Clint Eastwood, and Martin Scorsese out of a hat. .***Despite the fact that he has been dead for over two years, Adry chose Robin Williams. .****Split decision. Jorel chose Adry while Lon and Dan chose Dan (Zac Efron). .*****Split decision. Jorel chose Dan (''Catch Me If You Can'') while Lon and Dan chose Adry (''The Wolf of Wall Street''). '''Episode 120: Ultimate G.I Joe/Transformers Crossover (1-21-17)'''<ref>Episode 120: Ultimate G.I Joe/Transformers Crossover (1-21-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDUSRIMRN1k</ref> Andre Meadows returns after a 68-episode absence from competing, the longest absence yet, 3 episodes longer than Matt Raub's 65 (set in episode 86). John Flickinger returns after a 44-episode absence from competing, tying Erin Robinson for the third-longest absence after Andre and Matt Raub. Relative to the seating arrangement, the finish placements were all the same as the previous Thursday's fight. Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Dylan Berry. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dr. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Iseman Matt Iseman] || New fighter || Third |- | Andre Meadows || 1/1 || Second |- | John Flickinger || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 93%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Andre !! style="width: 6%"|John |- | 1: In honor of ''Split'',... what is the worst M. Night Shyamalan * movie? || || ** || 1 |- | 2: In honor of ''[xXx:] The Return of Xander Cage'',... what's a character that's only been in one movie that deserves a comeback? || || 1 || |- | 3: What two actors should star in the ''White Men Can't Jump'' remake? || || 1 || *** |- | 4: Pitch us a G.I. Joe/Transformers crossover movie. || 1 || || |- | 5: What's the biggest name actor with the poorest filmography? || || 1**** || |- | TIE BREAKER: What movie villain should get [his or her] own spinoff series? || x || || 0***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What movie squad would do the best against the Power Rangers? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best Mel Brooks movie? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Jake Gyllenhaal performance? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: I'm gonna list two movies. You tell me which one's better and why:... ''Batman Forever'' or ''Batman v. Superman[: Dawn of Justice]''? || x || || 1+, +* |- | SPEED ROUND E1: What's the best movie about a mean or unlikable protagonist? +** || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND E2: Best Jim Carrey movie? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*In both the title card and the bottom third throughout the question, the director's last name is misspelled as "Shymalan." .**Andre (''The Last Airbender'') won the twitter poll with 69%. .***John (Michael B. Jordan and Joseph Gordon-Levitt) won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Andre (Chris Evans an Anthony Mackie) with 40% and Matt (Seth Curry and Justin Timberlake) with 17%. .****Andre (Gerard Butler) won the point ''despite'' being knocked-out. After the knock-out, Matt (Ben Affleck) and John (Nicolas Cage) were told to alternate naming good movies for the other fighter's actor. Afterwards, Dan gave summaries of the filmographies of all three, and then Andy gave the point to Andre. .*****Split decision. Dan chose Matt (Moriarty) while Dylan and Andy chose John (Loki). +John won the point despite letting Andre take ''Batman Forever'', which John was actually slightly faster in saying. +*Split decision. Dan chose Andre while Dylan, Matt, and Andy chose John. +**Neither John nor Andre could come up with an answer, so Andy moved on to another question. '''SJ Universe: Fan Fights Big Reveal! (1-25-17)'''<ref>SJ Universe: Fan Fights Big Reveal! (1-25-17) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/fan-fights-big-reveal-3076722</ref> Wild card Speed Round fight between the two second-place finishers of the recent fan fights. The winner will fight Adry Sotolongo and Jonathan Youngblood. While the SJU episode was live, the competition portion was pre-taped. Dan Hernandez was revealed as the winner before the questions were shown. The fighters fought from home via Skype while Lon Harris asked questions. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Dan Hernandez || '''Win''' |- | Jack Shipley || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Dan !! style="width: 5%"|Jack |- | SPEED ROUND A: We need the best movie Chris. || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: They're in the bargain bin; which do you pick: ''Animal House'' or ''Ferris Bueller['s Day Off]''? || 1* || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best road trip movie? || 1** || |- | SPEED ROUND D1: Best performance in a Coen Brothers movie? *** || || |- | SPEED ROUND D2: The "Walking Dead" apocalypse just happened. What movie character do you want leading your group of survivors? || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''3''' || 1 |} .*Dan was faster at saying ''Ferris Bueller''. .**Dan won despite being slower at saying ''Road Trip'' and ultimately picking ''Dumb and Dumber''. .***Question was tossed after neither Dan nor Jack could name a Coen Brother movie role. Jack was disqualified for googling, which would have meant Dan would have won the point if he simply could have named a role, but he could not. The footage was cut. '''Episode 121: Fan Fights: Worst Performance of 2016 (1-28-17)'''<ref>Episode 121: Fan Fights: Worst Performance of 2016 (1-28-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HcdqgWGFno&t=7s</ref> Episode sponsored by NatureBox. In the original airing on Screen Junkies Plus, it was announced initially that the episode was sponsored by Squarespace, but this was changed later that night. The episode features the winners of two SJ Plus-exclusive fan fights and a wild-card winner. The winner receives a Belt. This episode appears on youtube and ''is'' considered in the official statistics (no coaching or pinch-hitting was allowed). Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Randall Sans. At 2:00:16, this is the longest episode of any Screen Junkies show ever. Once again, the placement based on seating arrangement is the same as that of the previous Thursday. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jonathan Youngblood || New fighter || Third |- | Adry Sotolongo || 1/1 || Second |- | Dan Hernandez || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 93%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jonathan !! style="width: 5%"|Adry !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: In honor of our newbies here, what is the best feature film debut role by any actor? || || 1* || |- | 2: If you had a time machine, what single change would you make to a movie? || 1** || *** || |- | 3: In honor of the Razzies,... we wanted to ask what is the worst**** performance of 2016? || || || 1***** |- | 4: In honor of the Oscar nominations that came out this week,... what was the most overlooked film not announced in the nine for the Best Picture slot of this year's Oscars? || || 1 || |- | 5: We wanna know what's the worst franchise with five or more films? || || || 1+ |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best movie animal? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best ''Star Wars'' episode title? || x || +** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the better movie that got fourteen Oscar nominations: ''Titanic'' or ''La La Land''? || x || || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie improves that most on repeat viewings? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Worst Michael Bay movie? +**** || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Adry (Alan Rickman in ''Die Hard'') also won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Jonathan (Natalie Portman in ''The Professional: Léon'') with 32% and Dan (Julie Andrews in ''Mary Poppins'') with 19%. .**Jonathan (casting Maggie Gyllenhaal as Rachel in ''Batman Begins'') actually lost the twitter poll with only 10%. Dan (recasting Anakin Skywalker in ''Star Wars Episodes II'' and ''III'') won with 47% (despite being the last choice for both Andy and Dan Murrell) followed by Adry (condensing ''The Hobbit'' trilogy into one movie) with 43%. .***Dan indicated that he felt Adry should have won as Jonathan's and Dan Hernandez's changes were minor and inconsequential. .****Trick question. After the fighters gave their answers, they had to defend their choices as the best. .*****Dan (Jared Leto in ''Suicide Squad'') also won the twitter poll with 46%, followed by Jonathan (Kevin Spacey in ''Nine Lives'') with 31% and Adry (Robert DeNiro in ''Dirty Grandpa'') with 23%. +Andy spent over six minutes to make the decision on the fifth point. Ultimately, Randall indicated that Dan made the better argument for the ''Step Up'' franchise even though he thought some of the movies were good, so Andy went along with him after leaning towards Jonathan. +*Split decision. Jonathan chose Dan (Willy from ''Free Willy'') while Dan, Randall, and Andy chose Adry (Simba). +**This question had previously been given to the fighters to prepare. Adry had forgotten what she said (''Revenge of the Sith'') and went with ''The Empire Strikes Back'' and unanimously lost to Dan (''The Force Awakens''). +***Dan was faster at saying ''Titanic'' and won. +****Andy gave each fighter an extra ten seconds after the rebuttals. '''Episode 122: Stoned Fights: Who Should Direct the Batman? (w/ Doug Benson, Greg Proops and Horatio Sanz) (2-4-17)'''<ref>Episode 122: Stoned Fights: Who Should Direct the Batman? (w/ Doug Benson, Greg Proops and Horatio Sanz) (2-4-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMmaCHPVSGc</ref> Billed on Screen Junkies Plus as "Who Should Direct the Batman? - MOVIE FIGHTS: Joint Edition!" Fourth Movie Fights team fight. The episode does not count in the statistics. Tenth unofficial fight to feature Dan. His fourth, and third consecutive, such victory following six straight defeats. Hosted by Doug Benson, whose show "The High Court" is about to premiere on Comedy Central. Joe Starr as Fact Checker. He is accompanied on the couch by Lon Harris. Answers were not shared beforehand by the competing teams. Also for the most part, answers were not previously discussed between the two members of a team. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Horatio Sanz/Andy Signore || Lose |- | Dan Murrell/Greg Proops || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 93%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Team Horatio !! Team Greg |- | 1: Who should direct ''The Batman''? || || 1 |- | 2: What film from the last five years will inspire the most irritating nostalgia in about 20 years? || 1* || |- | 3: Which two celebrities would you wanna see become gigantic and fight in a city King Kong vs. Godzilla style? || || 1** |- | 4: Who is the greatest living actor? || || 3 |- | 5: BLIND PITCH: Tell us why that would be better than the other team's combination.*** || 1**** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Most realistic stoned movie performance? || || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: What movie would be most improved if instead of guns, everyone fought with magic? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Channing Tatum or Zac Efron? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie featuring Vince Vaughn? || || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''6''' |} .*Horatio/Andy (''Minions'') also won the twitter poll with 68% over Dan/Greg (''Iron Man'' series). .**Dan/Greg (Meryl Streep and The Rock) also won the twitter poll with 71% over Horatio/Andy (Jennifer Lawrence and Mo'Nique) .***Each team picked an actor, a non-acting celebrity, and a genre out of hats. .****Horatio/Andy actually lost the poll (which was revealed before Doug made his decision). .*****Split decision. Joe chose Horatio/Andy (Matthew McConaughey in ''Dazed and Confused''), but Doug chose Dan/Greg (Jeff Bridges in ''The Big Lebowski''). +Dan/Greg (''Old School'') won without arguments over Horatio/Andy (''Swingers''). '''Episode 123: Who Should Get Their Own LEGO Movie? (2-11-17)'''<ref>Episode 123: Who Should Get Their Own LEGO Movie (2-11-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJbGJCathBY</ref> Episode sponsored by NatureBox. Backyard brawl. Though he is listed as a new fighter, Billy has won an episode of TV Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | JTE || 3/1 || '''Win''' |- | Lon Harris || 0/2 || Third |- | Billy A. Patterson || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 99%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! JTE !! style="width: 5%"|Lon !! Billy |- | 1: In honor of ''The Lego Batman Movie'',... we wanted to ask you guys: who's the next character that should get [his or her] own adventure? || || || 1* |- | 2: Who is the worst successful director? || 1 || || ** |- | 3: If you could cancel any upcoming or potential sequel, right now, any one on the deck, what would it be? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: What mainstream studio franchise would you most want to see Quentin Tarantino join? || || 1**** || |- | 5: What is the most overrated movie of all time? || 1***** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Best movie dad? || x || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would win in a fight: Rocky [Balboa] or [John] Rambo? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Since you all work on the show, what's the best Speed Round question we've ever asked, can be TV Fights or Movie Fights? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who[m] would you rather be in a hot tub with: Negan or [Donald] Trump? +* || 1+** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 2 |} .*Billy (Darth Vader) also won the twitter poll with 48%, followed by JTE (Spider-Man) with 36% and Lon (Roger Rabbit) with 16%. .**Once again, Billy (Zack Snyder) won the twitter poll with 53%, followed by JTE (McG) with 34% and Lon (Marc Forster) with 13%. .***Lon (''Die Hard Year One'') won the twitter poll with 52%, followed by JTE (''Space Jam 2'') with 39% and Billy (''Ant-Man and the Wasp'') with 9%. .****Lon (''Alien'') actually lost the twitter poll with 27%. Billy (James Bond) won with 37%, followed by JTE (''The Expendables'') with 36%. .*****JTE (''Avatar'') also won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by Billy (''E.T: The Extra-Terrestrial'') with 24% and Lon (''The Matrix'') with 18%. +JTE was faster at saying Rambo and unanimously won the point. +*This question, which was actually a TV Fights question, was Billy's winning answer to the previous question. +**Split decision. Lon chose Billy (Negan), while Dan and Andy chose JTE. '''Episode 124: What Schwarzenegger Character Would Win in a Battle Royale? (2-18-17)'''<ref>Episode 124: What Schwarzenegger Character Would Win in a Battle Royale? (2-18-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nXX8dR-tNLo</ref> Mike Carlson fights against his two friends, the writers of the film ''Fist Fight.'' Dan is accompanied on the couch by Shane Schlosser. Relative to the seating arrangement, the finish placements were all the same as the previous fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 8/7 || '''Win''' |- | Evan Susser || New fighter || Third |- | Van Robichaux || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 99%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Mike !! Evan !! style="width: 5%"|Van |- | 1: What is the greatest all-time movie fist fight? || || || 1* |- | 2: Which Arnold Schwarzenegger character would kill all the others in a battle royale? || || 1 || ** |- | 3: Apparently, in the new Han Solo movie, they will be having a new droid introduced.... We want you to pitch your own ''Star Wars'' droid. || 1*** || || |- | 4: In honor of the Oscars,... we want you to pitch a sequel to one of this year's Best Picture nominees? || 1 || || |- | 5: What series should crossover with the ''Fifty Shades'' franchise? || || || 1**** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Give me the name of the character... who gave the worst ''Batman'' villain performance? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of ''Taken'' coming to TV, what's the greatest ever Liam Neeson performance? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of the new Team Thor short, which Avenger would make the best roommate? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What animated character should join [the] ''The Fast and the Furious'' franchise? || || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Van (''They Live'') actually lost the twitter poll with 26%. Mike (''Fight Club'') won with 38%, followed by Evan (''The Karate Kid'') with 36%. .**Van (The original Terminator) won the twitter poll with 77%, followed by Evan (real Arnold from ''Pumping Iron'') with 12% and Mike (John Kruger) with 11%. .***Mike also won the poll with 40%, followed by Van with 31% and Evan with 29%. .****Van (The LEGO universe) also won the poll with 44%, followed by Mike (the DCEU) with 41% and Evan (''The Avengers'') with 15%. .*****Split decision. Evan chose Van (Jeep Swenson as Bane from ''Batman and Robin''), but Andy, Shane, and Dan chose Mike (Uma Thurman as Poison Ivy, also from ''Batman and Robin''). +Split decision. Dan and Evan chose Mike (Oscar Schindler) (with Evan disqualifying himself), but Shane and Andy chose Van (Qui-Gon Jinn). '''Episode 125: Improve a Movie By Adding Predator! (2-25-17)'''<ref>Episode 125: Improve a Movie By Adding Predator! (2-25-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXO7owEIjXE</ref> Episode sponsored by T-Mobile. Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Patrick Cummings. On Screen Junkies Plus, the title fight was originally Best Batman Movie, complete with an associated title card. It is changed on both youtube and Screen Junkies Plus, but the SJ Plus web address still ends with "best-batman-movie-3083168." Grae sets the record for longest absence with 70 episodes, 2 episodes longer than the record set by Andre Meadows six episodes earlier. However, she did appear in an episode of Movie Games in early 2016. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Grae Drake || 0/1|| '''Win''' |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/12 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Kashian Jackie Kashian] || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 99%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Grae !! style="width: 5%"|Hal !! Jackie |- | 1: Uma Thurman... regretted turning down ''Lord of the Rings''.... What's the one role an actor passed on that you wish [he or she] had accepted? || || 1 || * |- | 2: We wanted you to improve any movie by making the villain a Predator. || || 1** || |- | 3: What is the best ''Batman'' movie? || 1 || || |- | 4: ''The Purge 4'' was announced.... What movie character would you most want with you on Purge Night? || 1 || || |- | 5: Off of the success of ''John Wick Chapters 1'' and ''2'', what franchise should he [Chad Stehelski] take on next? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: ? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: ? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: ? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: ? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Jackie (Will Smith vs Keanu Reeves in ''The Matrix'') won 44% of the twitter vote, followed by Hal (Molly Ringwald vs Julia Roberts in ''Pretty Woman'') with 31% and Grae (Tom Hanks vs Tom Cruise in ''Jerry Maguire'') with 25%. .**Hal (''The Hangover Part II'') won with 43%, followed by Grae (''Mean Girls'') with 38% and Jackie (''It's a Wonderful Life'') with 19%. '''Episode 126: Star Wars vs Star Trek! (3-4-17)'''<ref>Episode 126: Star Wars vs Star Trek! (3-4-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-u9Qxxkbjmg</ref> At 2 hours and 12 minutes, this is the longest episode of any Screen Junkies show ever. Due to its length, it is not followed by an After the Fight. Second episode with this title. Ironically, the first episode with this title (episode 8) was the shortest episodes of Movie Fights ever. One-on-one fight. The first of three quarter-finals matches for the Belt. John Rocha brings his Schmoedown Belt that he won from Dan in February. Names are displayed on the scoreboard as "MANTZ" and "ROCHA." Dan is accompanied by five fans: Jake, Brie, Antonio, Matthew, and Simone. This fight's results are not included in the overall statistics due to the nature of the fight (one-on-one). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Finish |- | Scott Mantz || '''Win''' |- | John Rocha || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 62%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Scott !! John |- | 1: What is the best Ridley Scott movie? || || 1* |- | 2: What is Steven Spielberg's ** most overrated movie? || || 1*** |- | 3: ''Star Wars'' vs. ''Star Trek''! ****, ***** || 1+ || |- | 4: We wanna know what is the best Bill Paxton performance? || || 1 |- | 5: What actress, currently thirty or under, will be the next Meryl Streep? || 1+* || |- | 6: Best film of the year? +** || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie featuring Jason Statham? || +*** || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: If Godzilla ever speaks in a movie, who should provide the voice? || 1+***** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best year in movies? || 1++ || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Worst movie where Matt Damon plays the lead? || || 1++* |- | SPEED ROUND E: Name a movie that features the best rivalry.++** || 1++*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 |} .*John (''Alien'') also beat Scott (''Blade Runner'') the twitter poll with 65%. .**The question card and the bottom third both misspell the name as "Speilberg." .***John (''Saving Private Ryan'') actually lost to Scott (''Minority Report'') in the poll with only 41%. .****In the question card, Trek is mispelled as Tek. .*****Question originally used for the second round of episode 8 in November 2014. +Scott (''Star Trek'') actually only received 22% of the twitter vote. +*Scott (Emma Stone) narrowly beat John (Brie Larson) 51% to 49% in the poll. +**Trick question. Scott and John had to respectively argue for ''Moonlight'' and ''La La Land'', the opposite of their initial choices. +***Scott was faster at saying ''Crank''. John tried to think of ''Snatch'', an although Scott offered to switch, John chose ''Spy''. +****Split decision. Jake and Antonio picked Scott while Simone, Dan, and Andy chose John. +*****After arguments, Andy asked John and Scott to give a line in the voice of their choices (respectively Vin Diesel and James Earl Jones). Based on this, Andy awarded the point to Scott. ++Split decision. Dan chose John (1994) due to his ability to name several movies while Andy chose Scott (1939) because John incorrectly stated that ''Chocolat'' was released in 1994 (the two movies with that title were released six years earlier and six years later). ++*Split decision. Dan chose Scott (''Jason Bourne'') while Andy and all five fans chose John (''The Great Wall''). ++**Previously asked to the fights on the phone, so they had time to prepare. ++***Split decision. All of the fans chose John (''The Empire Strikes Back'') while Dan, JTE, and Andy chose Scott (''Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan''). '''Episode 127: What Superhero Should Return When They're Old? w/ Paul Scheer & Kumail Nanjiani (3-11-17)'''<ref>Episode 127: What Superhero Should Return When They're Old? w/ Paul Scheer & Kumail Nanjiani (3-11-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GP7xokV7OBQ</ref> Sponsored by NatureBox. As usual, Spencer's name is on the scoreboard as "Spence." Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Michael Sugarman. Twenty-third episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Scheer Paul Scheer] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumail_Nanjiani Kumail Nanjiani] || New fighter || Second |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/14 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Paul !! Kumail !! Spencer |- | 1: This weekend, ''Kong: Skull Island'' opens.... Can you please improve a film by adding King Kong? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Best James Cameron movie? || 1 || || ** |- | 3: In honor of ''Logan'', which is amazing,... what actor/superhero should return for a final film where [he or she is] old? || || 1*** || |- | 4: Pitch a reboot of a Jean-Claude Van Damme movie. || 1 || || **** |- | 5: What's the nerdiest movie ever? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the most underrated action one-liner of all time? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Yell which one we should buy.***** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What's the worst ever movie based on a video game? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which one should we watch: ''Con Air'' or ''Air Force One''? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: If the remade the film ''Road House'', who should star? || || 1+ || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Who's the best member of [the] ''The Fast and the Furious'' crew? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 || 0+* |} .*Spencer (''The Lost World: Jurassic Park'') won the twitter poll with 50%. .**Once again, Spencer (''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'') won the poll with 46% while Paul (''Aliens'') received 31%, and Kumail (''Titanic'') received 23%. .***Kumail (Tobey Maguire's Spider-Man) also won the twitter poll with 50%. .****Spencer (''Bloodsport'') won the poll with 35%, followed by Paul (''Double Impact'') with 33% and Kumail (''Timecop'') with 32%. .*****Bargain bin pic of ''Air Bud'' Special Edition and ''Marley & Me''. +Split decision. Spencer chose Paul (The Rock) while Dan, Michael, and Andy chose Kumail (Michelle Rodriguez). +*Already the only person to reach 14 losses, Spencer becomes the first to reach 15 losses. '''Episode 128: Aladdin vs The Little Mermaid vs The Lion King!- DISNEY MOVIE FIGHTS (3-18-17)'''<ref>Episode 128: Aladdin vs The Little Mermaid vs The Lion King!- DISNEY MOVIE FIGHTS (3-18-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YlX5viLxuc</ref> Sponsored by Quidd.co Disney-themed episode due to the upcoming remake of ''Beauty and the Beast.'' Judged by Classic Movie Fights winner Leonard Maltin, but hosted by Andy. At the end of the episode, Dan announces the fighters for the next week's quarter-finals match (Champ's Choice): Hal Rudnick, JTE, and Coy Jandreau. Twenty-fourth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sarah Sterling || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Jenny Nicholson || New fighter || Third |- | Andre Meadows || 1/2 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 81%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Sarah !! Jenny !! Andre |- | 1: Who is the best Disney princess? * || 1** || || |- | 2: What Disney film not currently represented by [a] Disneyland or Disney World ride most deserves one? || || || 1*** |- | 3: What was the best movie from the Disney Renaissance? **** || || || 1***** |- | 4: What is the worst Disney song? + || 1 || || +* |- | 5: Who is the best Disney prince? || 1 || || +** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who's better:... Pumbaa or Timon? || || x || 1+***, +**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who gives the best-ever vocal performance in any Disney movie? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tell me [which is better:] ''Cinderella'' or ''Sleeping Beauty''? || || x || 1+*****, ++ |- | SPEED ROUND D: What pre-existing franchise or property should Disney buy next? || 1++* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What classic story, any story, most deserves an animated Disney version? || || x || 1++** |- | TIE BREAKER: Best Disney villain? || 1++*** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 0 || 5 |} .*Question previously fought in episode 45. .**Sarah (Mulan) also won the twitter poll with 51% while Andre (Jasmine) received 26%, and Jenny (Moana) received 23%. .***Andre (''Wreck-It Ralph'') also won the poll with 49% while Jenny (''The Lion King'') received 38%, and Sarah (''The Princess and the Frog'' taking over Splash Mountain from ''Song of the South'') received 13%. .****Defined as 1989 (''The Little Mermaid'') through 1999 (''Tarzan'' and ''Fantasia 2000''). .*****Andre (''The Little Mermaid'') actually lost the poll with only 11%. Sarah (''The Lion King'') won with 62% followed by Jenny (''Aladdin'') with 27%. +Question submitted by Jack Shipley. In his tweet, he included the hashtag #TrickQuestion, indicating that he may have wanted the fighters to be forced to subsequently argue their choices as being the ''best''. +*Andre ("Fixer Upper" from ''Frozen'') won the poll with 48%, followed by Sarah ("A Guy Like You" from ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame'') with 28% and Jenny ("Human Again," deleted from ''Beauty and the Beast''). Andy indicated he would have chosen Jenny. +**Andre (Aladdin) won the poll with 60%, followed by Sarah (Flynn Rider from ''Tangled'') with 32% and Jenny (Prince Naveen from ''The Princess and the Frog'') with 8%. +***Andre was slower at saying Pumbaa, but ultimately won. +****Split decision. Andy chose Sarah (Pumbaa) while Dan, Jenny, and Leonard all chose Andre. +*****Andre was slower at saying ''Cinderella'', but ultimately won. ++Split decision. Jenny chose Sarah (''Cinderella'') while Dan, Andy, and Leonard all chose Andre. ++*Split decision. Jenny chose Andre (DC) while Dan, Andy, and Leonard all chose Sarah (LEGO). ++**Split decision. Dan very slightly learned towards Sarah ("Hansel and Gretel") while Jenny, Andy, and Leonard chose Andre ("Super Mario Bros.") ++***Split decision. Dan chose Andre (Maleficent from ''Sleeping Beauty''), and then Andy, Jenny, and Leonard all chose Sarah (Scar from ''The Lion King''). '''Episode 129: What Superhero Movie Performance Deserves an Oscar? (3-25-17)'''<ref>Episode 129: What Superhero Movie Performance Deserves an Oscar? (3-25-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nO1N-Gdsefg</ref> Champ's choice fight. Second of three quarter-finals matches. The winner will fight Scott Mantz and one yet-to-be-determined fighter in a semi-final, which in turn will decide who takes on Dan one-on-one for the Belt. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Casey Erin Kinney and Conor Kinney. *Dan does not vote in the Speed Round as it could influence whom he'd face. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/2 || Second |- | JTE || 4/1 || '''Win''' |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/13 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Coy !! style="width: 5%"|JTE !! style="width: 5%"|Hal |- | 1: In honor of the legendary Dan Murrell "SeaQuest" fight and ''Power Rangers'' opening this weekend, we wanted to ask what '90s live-action TV show deserves a movie? || || 1* || |- | 2: What superhero movie performance that didn't win one deserved an Academy Award? || || || 1** |- | 3: What is the greatest [Sylvester] Stallone performance? ***, **** || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the greatest movie stunt sequence of all time? || 1***** || || |- | 5: BLIND FIGHT: In honor of Champ's Choice, we wanted to do something a little bit aimed at Dan, uh, so we wanted to ask this silly question: who should direct a remake of Dan's favorite film, ''Jaws''? + || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: It was recently revealed that we will learn Han Solo's real name in his standalone film. What should Han Solo's real name be? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie spaceship? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best movie featuring Wesley Snipes? || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What two other superheroes should get a film built around them fighting à la ''Batman v. Superman[: Dawn of Justice]''? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: You have to watch the same movie four times in one day. What movie do you pick? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*JTE ("Walker, Texas Ranger") actually lost the poll with only 20%. Coy ("The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air") won with 42%, followed by Hal ("Quantum Leap") with 38%. .**Hal (Michelle Pfeiffer as Catwoman in ''Batman Returns'') actually lost the poll with only 19%. JTE (Jack Nicholson as The Joker in ''Batman'') won with 45%, followed by Coy (Michael Fassbender as Magneto in ''X-Men: First Class'') with 35%. .***Trick question. Each had to argue why his choice was Stallone's ''worst'' performance. .****During the fight, the bottom of the screen misspelled "Sylvester" as "Slyvester" possibly due to his nickname Sly. .*****Coy (poll stunts in ''Mad Max: Fury Road'') also won the twitter poll. +Each fighter picked a name out of a hat. Coy drew Jordan Peele, JTE drew Darren Aronofsky, and Hal picked the Coen Brothers. +*Split decision. Hal picked JTE (''White Men Can't Jump''), but then Casey and Andy picked Coy (''Blade''). +**Split decision. Sixth overturn of Movie Fights (second by Andy). Hal and Conor chose Coy (Spider-Man and Venom), but Andy chose JTE (Dr. Strange and Loki). *Both fighters actually chose a superhero and a villain, but Andy allowed it. '''Episode 130: Who Should Play Joss Whedon's Batgirl? - Collider All Stars! (4-1-17)'''<ref>Episode 130: Who Should Play Joss Whedon's Batgirl? - Collider All Stars! (4-1-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JK-MAPJwYM</ref> The SJ Plus web address for this fight ended in "who-should-play-venom-collider-all-stars-3093619" even though Venom is not mentioned in this fight. "Sponsored" by Screen Junkies mugs. Third "Last Fighter Standing." Single-elimination tournament. The episode features Collider Video employees. The advertised fighters were Ken Napzok, Wendy Lee, Dennis Tzeng, Kristian Harloff, John Campea, Jon Schnepp, Perri Nemiroff, and Mark Reilly. *Wendy and Dennis are the only two who have never participated in a Screen Junkies fight (Perri has only competed on TV Fights). Coincidentally, they are also the only two who have not competed both individually and as part of a team in the Schmoedown (Wendy has not competed in the Schmoedown either individually or as part of a team while Dennis has appeared only as part of a team). *Campea was replaced by Josh Macuga, who has also competed in the Schmoedown in both singles and teams. While he has competed on TV Fights, this is his first Movie Fight. **Had Campea competed, this would have been his first fight not as part of a team. Unlike previous Last Fighter Standing fights, the winner does not receive any advantage. Order was determined by names drawn out of a hat. Perri was chosen first and got to choose the first question. Josh and Mark were the next two picked. The winner of each question was allowed to choose the next of the six questions. That person would also be the first to fight, followed by the second place finisher. *One of the questions below (6A) is absent from the youtube video, causing the video to be shorter. This episode is not counted in the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 9%|Winner !! style="width: 9%|Second !! style="width: 9%|Eliminated |- | 1: 3. Pitch Adam Sandler's next terrible Netflix movie. || Mark * || Perri || Josh |- | 2: 5. Who's the best all-time movie monster? || Perri ** || Kristian || Mark |- | 3: 4. Who should be Joss Whedon's... Batgirl? *** || Kristian || Perri || Wendy |- | 4: 2. What is Hugh Jackman's best non-Wolverine role? || Kristian **** || Perri || Jon ***** |- | 5: 1. What movie character you'd most want as your boss? || Dennis || Perri || Kristian + |- | 6A: 6. BLIND FIGHT: Eliminating sequels and TV movies, what's the worst Stephen King adaptation? +* || || || |- | 6B: 6. BLIND FIGHT: What movie should be always playing in Heaven's largest IMAX theater? || Ken || Perri || Dennis |- ! colspan="2" | Speed Round Question !! Perri !! Ken |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND A: What superhero should Aaron Sorkin adapt into a film? || 1 || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best movie featuring Russell Crowe? || 1 || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND C: What animated character would make the best imaginary friend? || || 1+** |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND D: Best ''Star Wars'' character who doesn't appear in the original trilogy of... films? || || 1+*** |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND E: Best comedy that never had a prequel or sequel? || || 1+**** |- | colspan="2" | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''3''' |} .*Mark actually lost the twitter poll with 23%, and Josh actually won the twitter poll with 45%. .**Once again, the poll winner was eliminated while the poll loser was Andy's choice for winner. Perri (The Fly) only won 7% of the vote. Mark (the Xenomorph Queen) won 64% while Kristian (the original King Kong) won 29%. .***Dan stated that the choices were nearly tied on twitter, 35% to 33% to 32%, not naming which was which. .****Twitter agreed with Andy's order. Kristian (''Prisoners'') received 53% of the poll while Perri (''Les Misérables'') received 35%, and Jon (''The Fountain'') received 12%. *Dan actually had indicated that he felt Jon gave the ''best'' argument of the three. .*****On After the Fight, Jon indicated his first choice was ''Les Misérables.'' +Kristian (Ferris Bueller) actually won the twitter poll with 54%, followed by Dennis (Mr. MacMillan from ''Big'') with 30% and Perri (Pat Finley from ''Heavyweights'') with 16%. +*Nobody could come up with an answer for this question, so Andy threw it out. It was edited from the youtube video of the fight. +**Split decision. Josh and Jon chose Perri (WALL-E) while Kristian, Dennis, Wendy, Mark, and Andy all chose Ken (Fievel). +***Split decision. Kristian, Wendy, Jon, and Josh all chose Perri (BB-8), but Mark, Dennis, Dan, and Andy chose Ken (Mace Windu). +****Split decision. Josh, Kristian, and Mark chose Perri (''Billy Madison''), but Dennis, Wendy, Jon, Dan, and Andy chose Ken (''Bridesmaids''). '''Episode 131: Biggest Summer Blockbuster of 2017?! Spider-Man: Homecoming v Guardians Vol 2! (4-8-17)'''<ref>Episode 131: Biggest Summer Blockbuster of 2017?! Spider-Man: Homecoming v Guardians Vol 2! (4-8-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33XxhKZ0Qs4&t=2261s</ref> On SJ Plus, this episode is simply titled "Biggest Summer Blockbuster of 2017?!" Lon Harris as Fact Checker. He accompanied by fan Travis Wladkowski. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | William Bibbiani || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Brett Erlich || 0/5 || Second |- | Adi Shankar || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! William !! Brett !! style="width: 5%"|Adi |- | 1: What non-''Terminator'' film/franchise should Arnold [Schwarzenegger] re-visit or take over? * || || 1 || |- | 2: Best movie featuring Morgan Freeman? || 1 || ** || |- | 3: What will be the biggest summer blockbuster of 2017? || || || 1*** |- | 4: [Sylvester] Stallone is apparently no longer doing ''The Expendables''.... So we wanna ask who should replace him... and what should [his or her] team be? || 1 || || |- | 5: In honor of ''It'', what's the best all-time horror reboot? || 1**** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Besides ''Alien 3'', what's the worst David Fincher movie? || x || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What movie would be improved if every character died in the end? || || 1***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: I'm gonna name two actors. You have to tell me who's better:... Meryl Streep or Daniel Day-Lewis? || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What animated film should Hollywood definitely never adapt to live-action? || 1+* || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 2 || 1 |} .*While Andy asked this question, the title card for the third question was displayed. Further, during discussion, "re-visit" is spelled "revist." .**Brett (''The Shawshank Redemption'') won the twitter poll with 57%, followed by William (''Se7en'') with 37% and Adi (''Deep Impact'') with 6%. .***Adi (''Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2'') also won the poll with 60%, followed by Brett (''Spider-Man: Homecoming'') with 34% and William (''Transformers: The Last Knight'') with 7%. .****William (''The Fly'') also won the poll with 47%, followed by Brett (''The Ring'') with 36% and Adi (''Let Me In'') with 17%. .*****Split decision. Travis chose William (''The Wizard of Oz''), while Lon, Adi, and Andy chose Brett (''The Avengers''). +Split decision. Adi chose Brett (Daniel Day-Lewis), but then Lon, Travis, and Andy all chose William. +*Split decision. Travis chose Brett (''Fantasia''), while Lon, Adi, and Andy chose William (''My Neighbor Totoro''). '''Episode 132: Who is the Greatest Director of The 1970s?! - CLASSIC FIGHTS!! (4-15-17)'''<ref>Episode 132: Who is the Greatest Director of The 1970s?! - CLASSIC FIGHTS!! (4-15-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tY8a1fxMyyE</ref> Alicia returns to host, as she has with the previous two Classic Fights. Lon returns as Fact Checker as Dan is fighting. He is accompanied by Australian fan Adam Horton. Twenty-fifth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. The regular montage is used in the beginning of this fight, albeit in black and white, like the rest of the show. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dave Karger || New fighter || Second |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/14 || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 15/7 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 73%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Dave !! style="width: 5%"|Hal !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: What is the greatest all-time "femme fatale" performance? || || || 1* |- | 2: BLIND FIGHT: Who is the best director of the '70s? ** || 1*** || || |- | 3: Which classic film star would you want to see in a present-day, violent, gritty, R-rated movie? || 1**** || || |- | 4: Which movie is the ultimate time capsule? || || || 1 |- | 5: What classic film genre should make a comeback? || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 0 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What classic film star's life would make the best biopic? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Bette Davis or Joan Crawford? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best movie directed by Billy Wilder? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best classic horror film? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 0 || '''6''' |} .*Dan (Barbara Stanwyck in ''Double Indemnity'') also won the twitter poll with 45%, followed by Hal (Rita Hayworth in ''The Lady from Shanghai'') with 36% and Dave (Jean Tierney in ''Laura'') with 19%. .**First time in Movie Fights history in which a new fighter participates in a Blind Fight. This was done because each fighter had chosen Francis Ford Coppola. Dave chose Steven Spielberg, Hal chose Martin Scorsese, and Dan chose Woody Allen. .***Dave also won the poll with 45%, followed by Hal with 42% and Dan with 13%. .****Dave (Steve McQueen) also won the poll with 59%, followed by Hal (Kirk Douglas) with 29% and Dan (Lee Marvin) with 12%. .*****Dan (hard-boiled detective movies) also won the poll with 53%, followed by Hal (slap-stick comedy) with 32% and Dave (women's pictures) with 15%. '''Episode 133: What Avengers Actor Is the Most Replaceable? (4-22-17)'''<ref>Episode 133: What Avengers Actor Is the Most Replaceable? (4-22-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsVJZ1xNHpA</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Tony Revolori || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Gina Ippolito || 1/0 || Third |- | Baron Vaughn || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Tony !! style="width: 5%"|Gina !! style="width: 7%"|Baron |- | 1: Of all the Avengers we know now, which Avenger actor is most replaceable? || 1 || * || |- | 2: What role would you most want to see an older actor re-visit using [de-aging] technology? || 1** || || |- | 3: What modern-day movie deserves the ["Mystery Science Theater 3000"] treatment? || || || 1***, **** |- | 4: What movie is the biggest improvement over its source material? || || 1***** || |- | 5: There's rumor of a ''Star Wars'' hotel spaceship that you could live in,... so we thought what would be the best movie to inspire a[n] awesome theme hotel? || + || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Worst movie featuring Harrison Ford? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What actor should play a ''Bond'' villain? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who's the best actor that has appeared in any ''Fast & (The) Furious'' film? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: I'm gonna name two actors. Tell me who's the best: Emma Thompson or Helen Mirren? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best movie featuring Will Smith? +* || 1+** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Gina (Jeremy Renner) won the twitter poll with 71%, but Dan indicates most of the comments agreed with Tony (Chris Evans). .**Tony (Clint Eastwood in the ''Man With No Name''/''Dollars'' trilogy) actually lost the twitter poll with 25%. Baron (Sean Connery in the ''Bond'' series) won with 40%, followed by Gina (Macauley Culkin in the ''Home Alone'' franchise) with 35%. .***Baron's winning choice of ''Suicide Squad'' was Gina's first choice. .****Baron (''Suicide Squad'') also won the poll with 51%, followed by Gina (''Twilight'') with 31% and Tony (''xXx: Return of Xander Cage'') with 19%. .*****Gina (''The Princess Bride'') also won the twitter poll with 43%. +Tony chose ''The Grand Budapest Hotel'', in which he appeared. +*As mentioned by Andy, this question was previously used in episode 20 (3-1-2015). +**Split decision. Gina chose Baron (''Six Degrees of Separation''), but then Dan and Andy chose Tony (''The Pursuit of Happyness''). '''Episode 134: Who Is The Best Car from Cars?? (4-29-17)'''<ref>Episode 134: Who Is The Best Car from Cars?? (4-29-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sytPCjqA_kk</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by Frankie Giannetto, who is introduced at the end of the first fight. A new, fan-made (Harry Lee) montage is debuted in this episode. "Debut Deathmatch" episode. The idea was that of Joe Star to get a new regular fighter on Movie Fights. None of the nine fighters have participated in Movie Fights previously. Three fighters will fight in each of three fights. The winner of each will participate in an additional fight with each other, and twitter's choice for the better fighter among each non-winner also will fight in an additional fight. The winners of those two fights will participate in a Speed Round. The winner and runner-up happen to respectively be the winners of the TV Fight from earlier the same week and the previous week. In the end, it is decided that most, if not all, of the fighters will be able to come back. This episode is not counted in the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior competition |- | DJ Wooldridge || TV Fights |- | Danielle Radford || TV Fights |- | Ed Greer || TV Fights |- | Stacy Howard || Schmoedown |- | Max Song || Gamer Fights |- | Eric Goldman || N/A |- | Victor Torres || N/A |- | Charley Feldman || TV Fights |- | Markeia McCarty || TV Fights |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! style="width: 16%"|Fighters (in </br> response order) !! Question !! Andy's choice !! twitter choice |- | DJ, Danielle, Ed || In honor of Baby Groot,... who is the most all-time adorable movie character ever? || Danielle || DJ* |- | Max, Eric, Stacy || In honor of... ''X-Men: Dark Phoenix'',... what's the worst ''X-Men'' movie? || Max || Stacy |- | Markeia, Victor, Charley || In honor of the final ''Cars 3'' trailer,... who is the best car... from the ''Cars'' franchise? || Charley || Markeia |- | Danielle, Charley, Max || SEMI-FINAL 1: In honor of this... Debut Deathmatch, we wanted to ask what was the best feature debut from a director from 2000 to today? ** || Charley || N/A |- | DJ, Stacy, Markeia || SEMI-FINAL 2: Not including ''Suicide Squad'',... what movie failed by introducing way too many characters? || DJ || N/A |- ! colspan="2" | Speed Round Question !! DJ !! Charley |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND A: Best Jeff Goldblum performance? || 1*** || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND B: Best M. Night Shyamalan movie? || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND C: You guys need to tell us which film should we buy? **** || 1***** || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND D: What classic video game franchise should The Rock take over next? + || 1 || |- | colspan="2" | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''3''' || 1 |} .*DJ (Gizmo) beat Ed (Wall-E) in the person-to-person vote despite Ed winning the three-way twitter poll during the fight with 49%. This was the only one of the fights for which Dan announced a twitter poll win. .**Answers were not previously given to Andy or Max Dionne. As a result, Max Song chose John Lasseter's ''Toy Story'', which was released in 1995 and hence not allowed. He instead chose Adam McKay's ''Anchorman'' (2004) after a suggestion. Charley chose Edgar Wright's ''Shaun of the Dead'' (2004), but technically that wasn't his first feature film, but rather his second, after 1995's ''A Fistful of Fingers'', which grossed $15,000 (approximately 0.05% of ''Shaun of the Dead'''s gross). However, her answer was allowed. .***Split decision. Frankie chose Charley (''The Fly''), but then Dan and Andy chose DJ (''Jurassic Park''). .****Bargain bin pic of ''Hott Fuzz'' and ''Tropic Thunder''. .*****Split decision. Frankie chose Charley, who was stuck with ''Tropic Thunder'', but then Dan and Andy chose DJ. +Question previously given to the fighters. '''Episode 135: Pitch the 1980s Guardians of the Galaxy - WEIRD MOVIE FIGHTS (5-6-17)'''<ref>Episode 135: Pitch the 1980s Guardians of the Galaxy - WEIRD MOVIE FIGHTS (5-6-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLAyeJgIyrc</ref> One question (number 2) regarding improving a Pixar film by adding a sex scene was removed from the episode on both youtube and on SJ Plus. Andy did not award anyone the point as he felt none of the answers deserved it. The SJ Plus version has Andy still mention the question in his introduction, but the youtube version does not. *As a result, there is clear instances of editing at the beginning of each question after the first one with Andy giving the new question numbers. As a result of this, question numbers after the first one do not match the seat positions for the initial fighter for the question. This episode was not followed by an After the Fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 9/7 || Second |- | Joe Starr || 1/4 || Third * |- | Scott Aukerman || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Mike !! style="width: 5%"|Joe !! Scott |- | 1: In honor of "Comedy Bang! Bang!,"... we wanted to ask what movie character would have the best podcast? || 1 || || |- | 3: Cast the main characters of ''Guardians of the Galaxy''... if it [were] made in the 80s? || || || 1** |- | 4: We wanna know what two movie characters from any franchise should get a spinoff movie where they solve mysteries? || 1 || || |- | 5: In a world where every Daniel Day-Lewis role is replaced with Sasha Baron Cohen's Borat, which of his movies would be </br> most watchable? || || || 1 |- | 6: Make a drama better by adding a montage [scene] to Smashmouth's "All Star" || || 2 || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which Best Picture [Oscar] winner should have the toilet scene from ''Dumb and Dumber'' added to it and why? || 0*** || x || 0**** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What movie character would you want to sit next to you on an international flight? || ***** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: If you could portal into any celebrity's head, à la ''Being John Malkovich'', who[m] would you choose? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of "Comedy Bang! Bang!," what movie would you want to replace the soundtrack with [one] composed completely by Weird Al? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie character should become one of the sharks on "Shark Tank?" || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which Oscar-nominated director should take over the ''Smurfs'' franchise? + || || x || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Despite finishing in third, Joe was declared the winner after Scott gave his win to Mike, and Mike subsequently gave the win to Joe. .**Scott ultimately changed most of his choices to Ronald Reagan. .***Mike was put through before rebuttals. Joe and Scott were each given 15 seconds to rebut/argue against each other. .****Initial, on the scoreboard, Mike and Scott were each given points for the tie-breaker. This was removed, and Andy had never counted the points. .*****After Scott chose Sully from ''Sully'', Mike chose Sully from ''Monsters, Inc.'' +As Scott was about to give his answer, the poster frame behind him starting sliding away, revealing DVDs shown on TV Fights. It can be seen partially detached throughout the entire episode. +*Split decision. Joe chose Mike (James Cameron) while Dan and Andy chose Scott (Martin Scorsese). '''Episode 136: Who's the Best Guardian of the Galaxy? (5-13-17)'''<ref>Episode 136: Who's the Best Guardian of the Galaxy? (5-13-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1d-deDvPSeA</ref> All fighters are hosts of Marvel Movie News. Despite the fact that Markeia and Matt are listed as new fighters, they have each fought on TV Fights previous. Further, Markeia previously fought in the Debut Deathmatch two weeks earlier. Andy announces that the following week's episode will focus on Nicolas Cage. Andy announces that viewers can vote for who will participate in the last quarter-finals Belt tournament match. Coy and John Rocha are each given second chances, and ultimately both are chosen, but neither of them wins the match. Andy also announces that Flick Bait will debut on Screen Junkies News the next day. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/3 || Third |- | Markeia McCarty || New fighter || Second |- | Matt Key || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Coy !! Markeia !! Matt |- | 1: Who is the best Guardian of the Galaxy? || || || 1* |- | 2: What is the best use of a song in either ''Guardians [of the Galaxy]'' movie? || ** || 1 || |- | 3: Pitch a ''Guardians [of the Galaxy]'' spinoff movie? || 1*** || || |- | 4: What '70s or '80s actor should pop in the next ''Guardians [of the Galaxy]'' movie; who[m] should [he or she] play? || || || 1**** |- | 5: In honor of Baby Groot..., what other film should introduce a baby version of one of its characters? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Better person to have a conversation with: Groot or Chewbacca? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would win in a fight to the death: Drax or Nebula? || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Baby, teen, or adult: best Groot? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which ''Guardians [of the Galaxy]'' film has the better soundtrack? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Matt (Rocket) also won the twitter poll with 36%, followed by Markeia (Groot) with 33% and Coy (Yondu) with 31%. .**Though he was Andy's last choice, Coy ("Hooked on a Feeling" from Vol. 1) won the twitter poll with 64%, followed by Matt ("Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)" from Vol. 2) with 21% and Markeia ("Fooled Around and Fell in Love" from Vol. 1) with 15%. .***Coy's pitch also won the poll with 50%, followed by Markeia's with 34% and Matt's with 16%. Dan announced the results right before Andy made his decision. .****Matt (Dolph Lundgren as Cosmo the Spacedog) actually lost the poll with only 15%. Coy (Keanu Reeves as the Surfer Surfer) wins his third poll in a row with 49%, followed by Markeia (Bill Murray as The Gardner) with 36%. .*****Markeia (''Puss in Boots'') actually lost the poll with 20%. Coy (''Deadpool'') wins the poll again with 49%, followed by Matt (The Hulk) with 30%. '''Episode 137: Best Nicolas Cage Performance?! - CAGE MATCH!! (5-20-17)'''<ref>Episode 137: Best Nicolas Cage Performance?! - CAGE MATCH!! (5-20-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJY-fSVp_u4&t=3259s</ref> Dan is accompanied on the couch by Brock Baker, who pretends to be Nicolas Cage. Mark Ellis returns after a 46-episode absence. This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. Andy announces that the fan choice poll results indicate that Coy Jandreau, Mike Carlson, and John Rocha will be playing the following week. Harry Lee, creator of the current montage, made a montage for this episode. During the live performance, the regular one was aired instead, and the proper one wasn't aired until the very end. It was fixed in editing for youtube. The fighters' reactions are fake as they had not yet seen it. Relative to the seating arrangement, the finish placements were all the same as the previous fight. Though she is listed as a new fighter, Charley was the runner-up in the Debut Deathmatch three weeks earlier. The week prior to that, she won on TV Fights in her second appearance on the show. John's name is shown on the scoreboard as "Flick." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | John Flickinger || 2/0 || Third |- | Charley Feldman || New fighter || Second |- | Mark Ellis || 3/5 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 97%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! John !! Charley !! Mark |- | 1: What performance best defines the essence of Nicolas Cage? * || || 1 || ** |- | 2: Seriously now, what is Nic Cage's best performance? || || *** || 1 |- | 3: What movie would be most improved by replacing the hero and the villain with Nicolas Cage in a dual role, à la ''Adaptation''? || 1 || || **** |- | 4: What's the best Nicolas Cage one-liner? ***** || || 1+ || |- | 5: What Nicolas Cage character would win a cage match, a bare-knuckle fight to the death? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: For ''National Treasure 3'', what relic, landmark, or item should Cage steal next? || x || || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND B: Not including the man himself, who should play Nicolas Cage in a biopic? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What Nicolas Cage film which has never had one most deserves a sequel? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: I'm gonna name two films; tell me what's better; let's do it: ''The Rock'' versus ''Face/Off''? +*** || x || || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND E: If you could recast any ''Star Wars'' role with Nicolas Cage, what would be the most effective swap? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*According to Andy, this question asks for best Nicolas Cage movie. .**Mark (''The Sorcerer's Apprentice'') won the twitter poll with 41%. .***Charley (''Leaving Las Vegas'') won the poll with 53%. Mark (''Joe'') and John (''Matchstick Men'') tied with each other. .****Mark (''Batman v. Superman: Dawn of Justice'') won the poll with 43%, followed by John (''The Matrix'') with 31% and Charley (''Jupiter Ascending'') with 26%. .*****As with the montage, the videos accompanying the answers to this question were mixed up with each other. They were fixed during airing. The youtube video is edited as though each video appeared when it was supposed to. +Charley ("You know, I can, uh, each a peach for hours" from ''Face/Off'') also won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by John ("Put the bunny back in the box" from ''Con Air'') with 43% and Mark ("Did I ever tell you that this here jacket represents a symbol of my individuality and my belief in personal freedom?" from ''Wild at Heart'') with 10%. +*Split decision. John chose Charley (the Ark of the Covenant), but then Brock, Dan, and Andy chose Mark (the Statue of Liberty). +**Split decision. John chose Mark (''The Rock''), but then Dan and Andy chose Charley (''Face/Off''). +***Each fighter chose the same movie he or she chose in the previous question. +****Split decision. Brock chose Charley after everyone else chose Mark (''The Rock''). '''Episode 138: Worst Movie of the Alien Franchise?! (5-27-17)'''<ref>Episode 138: Worst Movie of the Alien Franchise?! (5-27-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnuIYbkkU7c</ref> Fan pick quarter-finals episode. Coy and John previously fought in the second and first quarter-finals matches respectively. The winner will fight again in two weeks. *Dan is not allowed to vote in the Speed Round. All of the questions are also fan-submitted. Not counting the first episode, twenty-fifth episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. It is the first since episode 115. Twenty-sixth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. Twenty-fifth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place, and the first since episode 119. The results of this episode had a negligible effect on overall rankings. On the leader board, Mike's ranking increases by one (getting back on top of Alicia Malone, the only person under whom he fell after his last loss), and Coy's and John's rankings do not change at all. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 9/8 || '''Win''' |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/4 || Second |- | John Rocha || 1/5 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Mike !! style="width: 5%"|Coy !! style="width: 6%"|John |- | 1: What is the worst movie of the ''Alien'' franchise? || || * || 1 |- | 2: Pitch a Venom [solo] movie. || || 1** || |- | 3: Improve any movie by adding Captain Jack Sparrow. || 1 || *** || |- | 4: What is the most unwatchable**** movie of all time? || 1 || || ***** |- | 5: What's the worst movie poster? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who[m] would you rather hang out with for a whole day: Rob Schneider or Pauly Shore? || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the best robot character in a movie? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best movie office to work in? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What actor should join Arnold [Schwarzenegger] and Danny DeVito in the upcoming ''Triplets'' movie? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Coy (''Alien: Resurrection'') won the twitter poll with 55%, followed by John (''Prometheus'') with 26% and Mike (''Alien³'') with 19%. .**Again, Coy also won the poll with 42%, followed by John with 39% and Mike with 19%. .***Coy (''Waterworld'') again won the poll with 54%, followed by Mike (''The Lone Ranger'') with 33% and John (''Captain Ron'') with 13%. .****Trick question. After Andy got all the contestants' answers, he made them argue for why their choices were the most re-watchable movies of all time? .*****John (''Batman and Robin'') won the twitter poll with 72%, followed by Mike (''Disaster Movie'') with 16% and Coy (''Jack and Jill'') with 12%. +Split decision. John chose Coy, while Andy chose Mike (Pauly Shore, who gave Mike his first job in Los Angeles). '''Episode 139: Best DC Movie?! (6-3-17)'''<ref>Episode 139: Best DC Movie?! (6-3-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aja16H_5wFQ</ref> All-DC fight. Ashley is the wife of Jason Inman. The two mark the first pair of married competitors to participate in Screen Junkies fights. Although DJ is listed as a new fighter, he has won on TV Fights and also the Movie Fights Debut Deathmatch. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Mike and Sammy Cappetto. This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. Every Speed Round question is won by Split Decision. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Marc Andreyko || 3/7 || '''Win''' |- | Ashley V. Robinson || New fighter || Third |- | DJ Wooldridge || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Marc !! Ashley !! style="width: 6%"|DJ |- | 1: What is the best DC Comics movie adaptation? || 1* || || |- | 2: Best overall character: Batman vs. Superman vs. Wonder Woman? || || || 1 |- | 3: What's the worst ** DC movie? || || || 1 |- | 4: What DC Comic storyline that hasn't already been used would make the best movie? || || 1 || |- | 5: Of all the movie Batmans, which one would win in a fight? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who gives the best-ever performance as Bruce Wayne? *** || || x || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best ''Superman'' movie? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What DC character would you want to be stuck in an elevator with for several hours? + || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND D: Aside from Deadshot and Harley Quinn, who is the best member of the Suicide Squad? || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Joel Schumacher-directed ''Batman'' villain? || 1+*** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Marc's winning choice of ''Wonder Woman'' did not come out to wide release until later that night in the Pacific Time Zone. However, Marc had gotten to watch it three times already. .**Trick question. After Andy got the competitors' choices, he made them argue why the choices were the ''best'' DC movies. .***Marc and DJ respectively chose Michael Keaton and Ben Affleck, their same choices from the previous question. .****Split decision. Mike chose Marc (Keaton), but Ashley, Dan, and Sammy all chose DJ. .*****Split decision. Seventh overturn of Movie Fights (third by Andy). Ashley, Mike, and Sammy chose DJ (''Superman: The Movie'') while Dan and Andy chose Marc (''Superman II''). +The character cannot use powers, gadgets, or resources. +*Split decision. Ashley chose Marc (Batman), but then Dan, Mike, and Sammy chose DJ (Superman). +**Split decision. Andy chose DJ (Amanda Waller), but Ashley and Dan chose Marc (Katana). +***Split decision. Ashley chose DJ (The Riddler), but then Dan, Mike, Sammy, and Andy all chose Marc (Poison Ivy). '''Episode 140: What Monster Movie Could Save The Mummy's Dark Universe? (6-10-17)'''<ref>Episode 140: What Monster Movie Could Save The Mummy's Dark Universe? (6-10-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxCzwRk8sZw</ref> Belt Tournament semi-final match. The winner would later fight Dan Murrell on July 13. Dan does not vote. Dan is accompanied on the couch by fan Andrew DiLuzio. This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. The third, fourth, and fifth questions are Advantage Round questions submitted respectively by Mike, JTE, and Scott. If a fighter wins his own question, he receives one point, but if someone else does, that other person receives ''two'' points. Also, each fighter is the first to fight his own question, prompting Mike to go first for two questions in a row. Not counting the first episode, twenty-sixth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third place. *First episode in which a fighter goes from third place to first and back to third. Scott was never solely in second place during the fight. Twenty-sixth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. This fight has minimal impact on rankings. Scott's rank falls by only one to #48, and Mike's and JTE's rankings do not change at all. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | JTE || 5/1 || Second |- | Mike Carlson || 10/8 || '''Win''' |- | Scott Mantz || 2/7 || Third * |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|JTE !! style="width: 6%"|Mike !! Scott |- | 1: We want you guys to pitch the actor and Universal monster... that should join and could save this Dark Universe. || 1** || || |- | 2: Who should direct ''Top Gun 2''? || *** || 1**** || |- | 3: What movie character would open the best chain restaurant? || ***** || || 2 |- | 4: What [Sylvester] Stallone character,... outside of Rocky [Balboa] and [John] Rambo, would win in [an] all-out battle royale? || 1 || || |- | 5: Pitch ''La La Land 2''. || || 2+ || |- | TIE BREAKER: Favorite movie? + || 0+** || x || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''Boss Baby'' or ''Captain Underpants''? || 1+*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie featuring Brendan Fraser? || || 1+**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best moment in a movie where a character says the movie's title? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: If Rick Moranis would return for just one new film, what role do you want him to revisit? || || 1+***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: In honor of ''The Pentagon Papers'', what movie has the best ensemble cast? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''6''' || 2 |} .*In his seventh consecutive third place finish in a Movie Fight, Scott becomes the first fighter to not finish in second place in any of his first ten appearances (back in episode 118, he had become the only one besides Dan to not do so in his first nine). Interestingly, in his only TV Fight, Scott finished in second place. .**JTE (Michael Fassbender as Dracula) also won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Mike (Jeff Goldblum as the Phantom of the Opera) with 29% and Scott (Margot Robbie as the Wolf) with 24%. .***In JTE's argument for Shane Black, he stated that he wrote 1987's ''Predator''. This is not true. We was asked to polish the script, but he refused. He only acts in the film. However, he is writing (and directing) 2018's ''The Predator''. .****Mike (Michael Bay) actually lost the poll with only 25%. JTE (Shane Black) won with 44%, followed by Scott (Justin Lin) with 31%. .*****JTE (Deadpool) won the poll with 47%, followed by Scott (Vito Corleone) with 37% and Mike (Richie Rich) with only 16%. +Mike also won the poll with 44%, followed by Scott with 37%. +*Scott and JTE were respectively given ''Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan'' and ''Rocky''. JTE chose to go second. Instead of 20 and 10 seconds, the fighters were given 30, 15, and 10 seconds. +**Split decision. Andrew chose Scott, but Andy chose JTE as he attached ''Star Trek II'' more. Also, Dan later said that he would have agreed. +***Split decision. Andrew chose Mike (''Boss Baby''), but Scott and Andy chose JTE. +****Split decision. Andrew chose JTE (''The Mummy''), but Scott and Andy chose Mike (''Encino Man''). +*****Split decision. Scott chose JTE (''Honey, I Shrunk the Kids''), but Andrew and Andy chose Mike (''Little Shop of Horrors''). '''Episode 141: Who is The Best Pixar Character? (6-17-17)'''<ref>Episode 141: Who is The Best Pixar Character? (6-17-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9HN6-1SId4</ref> All-Pixar fight. Hosted by Dan Murrell. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. He is accompanied on the couch by Richard Higinbotham. Although Ed and Perri are listed as new fighters, each has fought on both TV Fights and non-standard Movie Fights, respectively the Debut Deathmatch and Collider All-Stars Last Fighter Standing. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Ed Greer || New fighter || Third |- | Perri Nemiroff || New fighter || Second |- | Jon Negroni || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Ed !! style="width: 6%"|Perri !! style="width: 6%"|Jon |- | 1: Who is the best Pixar character? || || || 1* |- | 2: What is the best vocal performance in any Pixar movie? || 1** || || |- | 3: Which Pixar character should be the next to get [his/her/its] own spin-off film? || || || 1*** |- | 4: Explain to me the existence of the world of ''Cars''.**** || || || 1 |- | 5: Who is the best Pixar villain? || || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: You can only watch one of these movies. Which would you choose: ''Cars 2'' or ''The Good Dinosaur''? || || 0***** || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who's the better supporting character: Edna Mode from ''The Incredibles'' or Dug from ''Up''? || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What real-world toy should join the cast of ''Toy Story''? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What famous person's brain should be the setting for ''Inside Out 2''? || x || || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND D: What Pixar movie would you want to live in? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Jon (Woody) also won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by Perri (Wall-E) with 32% and Ed (Carl Fredricksen from ''Up'') with 17%. .**Ed (Craig T. Nelson as Mr. Incredible) actually lost the poll with 28%. Jon (Ellen DeGeneres as Dory) won with 42%, followed by Perri (Amy Poehler as Joy from ''Inside Out'') with 30%. .***Jon (the Witch from ''Brave'') actually lost the poll with only 15%. Ed (Jack-Jack from ''The Incredibles''), whom Dan dismissed first, actually won with 50%, followed by Perri (the Tank Gang from ''Finding Nemo'') with 35%. .****At the end of the round, Dan had a follow-up question: Why do they have tongues? .*****Perri was faster at choosing ''Cars 2'' and won unanimously. +Split decision. Ed and Lon both chose Jon (Dug), but then Richard and Dan both chose Perri as she explained why Edna was a better ''supporting'' character. +*Split decision. Lon and Ed chose Perri (George Lucas), but Richard and Dan chose Jon (Jimmy Neutron). '''Episode 142: Is Star Wars in Trouble? (6-24-17)'''<ref>Episode 142: Is Star Wars in Trouble? (6-24-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CsNHcLs1mA</ref> This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. The only previous time Jay fought in Movie Fights (episode 103), he also came in third and Sasha ''also'' won. Not counting the first episode, twenty-seventh episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. Twenty-seventh episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. At the beginning and end of the episode, Roger makes light of the fact that he hasn't been on the show in eight months (33-episode absence). It has actually been ''nine'' since the last appearance of Jay who, as mentioned above, had a 38-episode absence. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr || 1/10 || Second |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 1/2 || '''Win''' |- | Jay Washington || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 98%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roger !! style="width: 6%"|Sasha !! style="width: 6%"|Jay |- | 1: What movie... character or franchise do you want to... incorporate time travel in a sequel that hasn't already? || || || 1* |- | 2: We want you guys on a scale of 1 to 10,... tell us is ''Star Wars'' in trouble? And how do we fix it? || || 1 || |- | 3: What box office disappointment would you like to be re-imagined for television? || 1 || || ** |- | 4: Daniel Day-Lewis is retiring from acting... What is the best Daniel Day-Lewis performance? *** || 1**** || || |- | 5: It's the 25th anniversary of ''Batman Returns''. So that made us wonder, what is the best film of 1992? || || 1***** || + |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: Who should play Carnage to Tom Hardy's Venom? +* || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND A2: In honor of the 20th anniversary of ''Face/Off'', who[m] would you rather swap faces with: [John] Travolta or Nicolas Cage? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of the 30th anniversary of ''Spaceballs'', [what is the] best Mel Brooks movie? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of ''War of the Planet of the Apes'',+*** what is the best motion capture performance of all time? || || 1+**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Jay (''The Transporter'') actually lost the twitter poll with only 13%. Sasha (''The Fast & The Furious'') received 50%, followed by Roger (''Friday the 13th'') with 37%. .**Jay (''Waterworld'') won the poll with 55%, followed by Roger (''The Big Lebowski'') with 36% and Sasha (''The Cotton Club'') with 9%. .***On the question card, the hyphen was incorrectly placed between "Daniel" and "Day." .****Roger (''There Will be Blood'') also won the poll with 70%, followed by Sasha (''My Left Foot'') with 18% and Jay (''The Boxer'') with 12%. .*****Sasha (Reservoir Dogs) also won the poll with 53%, followed by Jay (''A Few Good Men'') with 24% and Roger (''Batman Returns'') with 23%. +During his initial arguments, Jay called Nathan Jessup (Jack Nicholson) a "lieutenant colonel." He is in fact a full colonel. +*Neither Roger nor Sasha could come up with an answer. Dan incorrectly stated that there has never been an instance in which neither fighter could come up with an answer. +**Sasha unanimously won despite being slower at saying Nicolas Cage. +***The title is actually ''War ''for'' the Planet of the Apes,'' a departure from the previous two films. +****Sasha unanimously won with Caesar despite appearing to having wanted to give Roger's answer, Gollum, another Andy Serkis performance. '''Episode 143: Cast A Live-Action Minions Movie (w/ Rob Corddry!) (7-1-17)'''<ref>Episode 143: Cast A Live-Action Minions Movie (w/ Rob Corddry!) (7-1-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exAkhKwheYE</ref> Lon Harris as Fact Checker. This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. Twenty-eighth episode in which a fighter does not get any points after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/15 || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 16/7 || Second |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Corddry Rob Corddry] || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 98%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Hal !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! style="width: 6%"|Rob |- | 1: If you could put in one movie character, what movie character would make the best "Shark Tank" judge? || || || 1 |- | 2: In honor of our guest,.. who starred in... [''Hot Tub Time Machine''], what is the best time travel movie with the least realistic depiction of time travel? || || 1* || |- | 3: If there [was] ever a live-action ''Minion[s]'' reboot, what three performers should play the Minions? || || || 1 |- | 4: In honor of ''The House'', starring Will Farrell and... Amy Poehler,... what existing movie franchise deserves an installment in Las Vegas... that hasn't done it yet? || || || 1** |- | 5: With the news of ''The Accountant 2'', we want you to pitch us another Ben Affleck movie sequel. || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 0 || 1*** || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of "Ballers,"... what movie character would you hire to be your agent? || x || 1**** || ***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best movie with the word "baby" in the title? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of this week's new ''Jumanji'' trailer, what's the best movie featuring Jack Black? + || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: To commemorate... the twentieth anniversary,... what's the best single element of ''Batman and Robin''? || x || || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who[m] would you want to see return more: Wesley Snipes as Blade or Ron Perlman as Hellboy? || x || 1+** || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which one should we buy?+*** || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || 5 || '''6''' |} .*Dan (''Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure'') also won the twitter poll with 46% of the vote, followed by Hal (''Hot Tub Time Machine'') with 34% and Rob (''The Butterfly Effect'') with 20%. .**Rob (''Jurassic Park'') also won the twitter poll with 50%. Hal (''Planet of the Apes'') and Dan (''Transformers'') each received 25%. .***This is the lowest score with which Dan has ever gone into a Speed Round. .****Split decision. Hal chose Rob (Thor), but then Lon and Andy chose Dan (Ricky Roma from ''Glengarry Glen Ross''). .*****Initially, Rob wanted to choose Jerry Maguire, but he could not remember the name. +Rematch question from episode 24. +*Split decision. Hal chose Dan (Arnold Schwarzenegger), but then Andy and Lon chose Rob (Batman suit nipples). +**Split decision. Hal chose Rob (Snipes), but Lon and Andy chose Dan. +***Bargain bin pic of ''Norbit'' and the live action ''The Cat in the Hat''. '''Episode 144: Best Spider-Man Performance (7-8-17)'''<ref>Episode 144: Best Spider-man Performance (7-8-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2v0jnd794k</ref> Due to technical issues, this episode was not posted on Plus until July 8, two days after the fight. Throughout the episode, there are sound issues. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Tom Zambeno and DeVaughn Taylor. This episode is not followed by an After the Fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alicia Malone || 6/5 || '''Win''' |- | Tony Revolori || 2/0 || Third |- | Jenny Nicholson || 0/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Alicia !! style="width: 6%"|Tony !! style="width: 8%"|Jenny |- | 1: What is the best Spider-Man [character] performance? || || * || 1 |- | 2: What is the best scene from any Spider-Man movie? || || 1** || |- | 3: What unlikely film director should create and direct [his or her] own [TV] series? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: In honor of the ''[A] Bad Mom's Christmas'' trailer,... what movie should make a holiday-themed sequel? || || || 1****, ***** |- | 5: You've finally met the one,... when he or she tells you this is [his or her] favorite movie, what is the movie you wanna hear? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2+ || 1 || 2+ |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best movie to watch when you're tired and know you won't make it to the end? || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: You just got a new Blu-ray player. What movie do you buy first? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What franchise should Tony Revolori join next? || 1+** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 2 |} .*Tony (Tom Holland) also won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Jenny (Tobey Maguire) with 36% and Alicia (Andrew Garfield) with 17%. .**Tony (train fight in ''Spider-Man 2'') won the twitter poll again with 63%, followed by Alicia (Gwen Stacy's death in ''The Amazing Spider-Man 2'') with 21% and Jenny (the Bone-Saw fight in ''Spider-Man'') with 16%. .***Tony (Quentin Tarantino) won the poll again with 53%, followed by Jenny (Tim Burton) with 26% and Alicia (Kathryn Bigelow) with 21%. .****Alicia conceded the point. Andy stated that he would have chosen her if it were not for that. .*****Jenny (''Jurassic World'') also won the poll with 39%, followed by Alicia (''Bridesmaids'') with 36% and Tony (''Dazed and Confused'') with 25%. +This episodes marks the first since episode 80 (the third of three all-female panels) in which two females went to the Speed Round. It is the first since episode 32 in which two females defeated a male; Alicia also won that episode. +*Split decision. Andy chose Jenny (''Remember Me''), but Tony, DeVaughn, Tom, and Dan all chose Alicia (''Fight Club''). +**Split decision. Andy and Tom chose Jenny (Dark Universe), but Tony, DeVaughn, and Dan all chose Alicia (''Fast & Furious''). '''Episode 145: MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP! - E.T. vs Jaws - LIVE! (7-13-17)'''<ref>Episode 145: MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP! - E.T. vs Jaws - LIVE! (7-15-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jh_xTqrna9s</ref> This fight is not counted in the official statistics; however, due to the change of hands of the Belt, the ranking changes. The win/loss record shown below is not affected. This episode appears live on youtube. Due to sponsorship by t-mobile, more new content including live episodes of Movie Fights will appear on youtube. Fan vote is considered in making the selections for points in the regular round questions. The episode was preceded by a pre-show. This was not kept in the video that remains available. Had it been, the video would have been 2 hours and 49 minutes long. Without it, it remains 2 hours and 15 minutes. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. He is accompanied on the couch by Harvard debate coach Michael Bietz. Also, on the fan cam are Amar, Dakota, Donald "Dizzle" Davis, and Moodie. *This is Donald's fourth time appearing as a spectator in a Screen Junkies Fight. The first two questions are advantage questions, respectively from Dan and Mike. Had either won the other's question, it would have been worth two points. The next two questions were questions geared towards their respective strengths (one analytical and one creative). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || 10/9 || Lose |- | Dan Murrell || 16/8 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Mike !! style="width: 6%"|Dan |- | 1: Best [Alfred] Hitchcock movie? || || 1* |- | 2: Pitch a Botanicus solo movie. || 1** || |- | 3: Best movie trilogy? || || 1*** |- | 4: Pitch a movie based on a commercial. || || 1**** |- | 5: ''E.T. [the Extra-Terrestrial]'' vs ''Jaws'': Which is the better film?***** || || 1+ |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 4 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You're gonna name the one you want.+* || 1+**, +*** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What movie character could win the Movie Fights Championship? || || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Liam Neeson movie?+***** || || 1++ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || '''6''' |- | colspan="3" | ADDITION: Spencer Gilbert (#49 contender) activates the Show Stopper to challenge Dan Murrell for the Belt. Initial arguments are 25 seconds long. Rebuttals are 15 seconds long. |- ! colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 82%;" |Question !! style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 6%;" |Spencer !! style="background: #CEF2D4; width: 6%;" |Dan |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND A: Best performance by an actor who only briefly appears in the movie? || style="background: #CEF2F2;"|1++* || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND B: Daniel Day-Lewis or Meryl Streep? || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | || style="background: #CEF2F2;"|1 |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND C: Worst part 2 to a great original movie?++** || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | || style="background: #CEF2F2;"|1 |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND D: Best movie with a title that's six words or longer?++*** || style="background: #CEF2F2;" |1++**** || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |SHOW STOPPER SPEED ROUND E: What movie vehicle do you most want in your garage?++***** || style="background: #CEF2F2;" | 1 || style="background: #CEF2F2;"| |- | colspan="1" ; style="background: #CEF2F2;" |'''FINAL SCORES''' || style="background: #CEF2F2;" |'''3''' || style="background: #CEF2F2;" |2 |} .*Dan (''Rear Window'' over ''Notorious'') received 49% of the twitter vote (after the second round, this dropped to 46), Mike's vote, and the votes of Amar, Donald, and Moodie. .**Mike received 51% of the vote again, but he also received Mike's vote, and the votes of Amar, Donald, and Moodie. Dakota and Lon voted for Dan. .***Dan (''The Lord of the Rings'' over ''Toy Story'') received 53% and the votes of Mike, Amar, Donald, Dakota, and Moodie. .****Dan (Charmin Bears over the classic Tootsie Pop commercial) received 51% and the votes of Dakota, Donald, and Moodie. Amar and Mike voted for Mike. .*****Trick question. There was a fan poll asking if this question should be straight or a trick. 66% chose trick, prompting Mike to fight for ''Jaws'' and Dan for ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial''. +Dan received 51% of the poll, Mike's vote, and the votes of Amar, Donald, and Moodie. Only Dakota voted for Mike, and his rationale was not based on arguments. +*Bargain bin pic of ''Scooby Doo'' and ''The Master of Disguise'', submitted by Austin Grey, a fan who recently passed away. +**Mike was faster at saying ''Scooby Doo''. +***Split decision. Eighth overturn of Movie Fights (fourth by Andy). Mike, Moodie, Dakota, and Amar each chose Dan, but Dakota, Lon, and Andy chose Mike. +****Split decision. Dan (Randy from ''Scream'') received every vote except Amar's. +*****Rematch question from episode 13, where Mike and Dan first faced off. Andy states that it is from episode 11. Dan gave the same winning answer as before, but Mike did not pick ''The Grey'' again. ++Split decision. Dan (''Schindler's List'' over ''Batman Begins'') received every vote except Donald's. ++*Split decision. Mike and Donald voted for Dan (Alec Baldwin in ''Glengarry Glen Ross''), but Lon, Moodie, Dakota, and Amar voted for Spencer (Willem Dafoe in ''Boondock Saints''). ++**After initial arguments and rebuttals, Spencer and Dan each received an extra six seconds. ++***Question later changed to require the title to be ''exactly'' six words long. Andy was about to revert until Dan gave an answer. ++****Split decision. Donald voted for Dan (''Monty Python and the Holy Grail''), but Lon, Moodie, and Dakota voted for Spencer (''Star Wars [Episode VI]: Return of the Jedi''). ++*****Split decision. Spencer (Cameron's father's car from ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off'' over the DeLorean from the ''Back to the Future'' trilogy) received every vote except Donald's. '''Episode 146: Kevin Smith vs Elijah Wood! - CELEBRITY MOVIE FIGHTS LIVE! (7-27-17)'''<ref>Episode 146: Kevin Smith vs Elijah Wood! - CELEBRITY MOVIE FIGHTS LIVE! (7-27-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pI417jeeUNg</ref> Held at San Diego Comic Con. Alicia Malone as Fact Checker. Elijah Wood returns after a 97-episode absence. Winners were largely decided by audience vote. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 16/8 || Third |- | Kevin Smith || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Elijah Wood || 1/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! Kevin !! Elijah |- | 1: Who's the greatest living filmmaker? || || || 1 |- | 2: What comic book movie of all time will be most celebrated in 50 years? || || 1 || |- | 3: Scariest movie scene of all time? || || 1 || |- | 4: If you could permanently erase one movie from all of existence, which would it be? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 0 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Better movie sidekick: Samwise Gamgee or Jay? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: It's the... twentieth anniversary of Kevin's ''Chasing Amy'',... so... which other franchise would most benefit from the addition of Jay and Silent Bob? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Comic Con,... what classic or iconic movie would inspire the best Comic Con? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || '''4''' || 3 |} '''Episode 147: Pitch a Worse Movie Than The Emoji Movie!! (8-3-17)'''<ref>Episode 147: Pitch a Worse Movie Than The Emoji Movie!! (8-3-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBLubFSYyAY</ref> Sponsored by T-Mobile, who is now sponsoring Screen Junkies. So episodes will appear live on youtube, which has its own poll. Hosted by Dan Murrell. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/5 || Second |- | Charley Feldman || 0/1 || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 4/15 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Coy !! Charley !! Spencer |- | 1: There's a lot of revenge thriller-type things going around in the news right now, so we thought it'd be fun to ask what actor or actress who doesn't have one already should get [his or her] own ''Taken''-style action franchise? || * || || 1 |- | 2: I wanted you guys to pitch me a title for the next James Bond film... and why do you think it should be called that? || || 1 || |- | 3: If ''Ready Player One'' [were] real, what movie character would you want to use as your avatar? || 1** || || |- | 4: I wanted you guys to pitch me and the audience at home a worse movie idea than '''The Emoji Movie'''. || || || 1 |- | 5: "Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later" comes out...tonight.... We wanted to ask, what movie would you like to see a "Ten Years Later" TV series about? || 1*** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''Ant-Man and the Wasp'' is starting production. What is the best non-Marvel movie featuring Paul Rudd? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: ''The Dark Tower''... is hitting theaters.... Idris Elba or Matthew McConaughey? || || x || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: It was recently reported that ''Suicide Squad 2'' has lost its director.... Who should step in to direct ''Suicide Squad 2''? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: ''Detroit'' is hitting theaters this week. What's the best movie directed by Kathryn Bigelow? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND E: What movie monster would make the best pet? || || x || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5'''+** |} .*Coy (Tom Hardy) won the youtube poll with 51%, followed by Spencer (Jacob Tremblay) with 34% and Charley (Linda Hamilton) with 13%. .**Coy (Smaug) also won the twitter poll with 44% and youtube poll with 39%. .***Coy (''X-Men'') actually lost the twitter poll with 30%. Charley (''Inside Out'') and Spencer (''The Big Lebowski'') each received 35%. Similarly, Spencer received 35% of the youtube vote, while Charley and Coy received 34% and 30% respectively. .****Split decision. Charley chose Coy (Elba), but then Lon and Dan chose Spencer (McConaughey). .*****Split decision. Ninth overturn of Movie Fights (third by Dan). Charley and Lon both chose Spencer (Quentin Tarantino), but Dan chose Coy (Steven Soderbergh). +Split decision. Lon chose Coy (''The Hurt Locker''), but then Charley and Dan chose Spencer (''Zero Dark Thirty''). +*Split decision. Charley chose Coy (the Gremlins), but Lon and Dan chose Spencer (Jaws). +**This episode marks Spencer's first victory in an official fight in 104 episodes, the last time being in August 2015. He had lost his last nine official fights. His last victory in any fight was his second TV Fight in March 2016. '''Episode 148: What Wins: The Force vs The Hulk - MOVIE FIGHTS! Live from Comic-Con 2017 (8-10-17)'''<ref>Episode 148: What Wins: The Force vs The Hulk - MOVIE FIGHTS! Live from Comic-Con 2017 (8-10-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4Qbuhw6EnM</ref> Filmed at the last Comic Con. Hence, it is not live. ''Not'' mentioned as being sponsored by T-Mobile. Tournament-style fight, single elimination with eight fighters. Moderated by Andy, but winners are decided by audience vote. This episode does not count towards the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 65%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 35%;" | Winner |- | 1: Alicia Malone v. Mark Ellis: ''Star Wars'' prequels or ''The Hobbit'' trilogy? || Alicia (''The Hobbit'') |- | 2: Mike Carlson v. Tony Revolori: Better overall movie franchise: ''X-Men'' or ''Spider-Man''? || Mike (''X-Men'') |- | 3: Doug Benson v. Samm Levine: Worst movie character to cosplay as? || Doug (The Human Centipede over Johnny Storm (The Human Torch)) |- | 4: Spencer Gilbert v. Dan Murrell: What's more powerful: The Force or The Hulk? || Dan (The Hulk) |- | Semi-final 1: Alicia Malone v. Mike Carlson: What superhero's powers would you least want to have in real life? || Mike (Maggott * over Professor Charles Xavier) |- | Semi-final 2: Doug Benson v. Dan Murrell: Make a movie better by swapping out the lead with Groot. || Alicia (Tarantino over Cameron) |- | Final: Dan Murrell v. Mike Carlson: Best comic book movie performance? || Tie (respectively Heath Ledger in ''The Dark Knight'' and Adam West in ''Batman: The Movie'') |- | SPEED ROUND TIE BREAKER: Dan Murrell v. Mike Carlson: What character would be most fun to hang out with at Comic-Con? || '''Dan''' (Ant-Man over The Dude) |- |} .*Maggott is not a movie character. He only appears in comic books. '''Episode 149: What Movie Character Would Have the Best Instagram Account? (8-17-17)'''<ref>Episode 149: What Movie Character Would Have the Best Instagram Account? (8-17-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSi6gAiyrgk&t=4850s</ref> Hosted by Hal Rudnick. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. He is accompanied by Alex from Irvine. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | DJ Wooldridge || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Brett Erlich || 0/6 || Second |- | Darien Sills-Evans || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|DJ !! Brett !! Darien |- | 1: Besides ''Fast and Furious'', what earth-bound franchise should go to space? || 1* || || |- | 2: What movie character... would have the best Instagram account? || 1** || || |- | 3: What movie character's house would be the most fun to visit? || *** || || 1 |- | 4: What is the best comedy of the decade so far? || || 1**** || |- | 5: Who would be the worst possible actor to cast as James Bond? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You have to commute to work everyday with one movie character. Who[m] do you pick? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Better [Mark] Millar adaptation: ''Kingsman'' or ''Kick-Ass''? || 1***** || || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is the worst character from the new ''Star Wars'' franchise, ''[The] Force Awakens'' and ''Rogue One''? || || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which would you rather see: Joe Dante's ''Gremlins 3'' or James Cameron's ''Aliens 3''? || 1+* || || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What movie villain has the all-time most fiendish plan? || 1+** || || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*DJ (''Men in Black'') also won both the youtube and twitter polls with 65% and 52% respectively. Darien (''John Wick'') received 26% of the twitter poll while Brett (''Home Alone'') received 22%. .**DJ (Spider-Man) once again also won the youtube and twitter polls with 71% and 69% respectively. Brett (Ava from ''Ex-Machina'') received 17% of the twitter vote (but 0% of the youtube vote) and Darien (Nomi Malone from ''Showgirls'') received 14%. .***DJ (Bruce Wayne) once again won the youtube and twitter polls with 61% and 56%. Darien (Pee-Wee Herman) received 26% and 31% on youtube and twitter respectively, followed by Brett (Christian Grey) with 12% and 13%. .****Brett (''Bridesmaids'') also won the youtube and twitter polls with 69% and 47%. .*****Split decision. Darien chose Brett (''Kingsman''), but then Lon, Alex, and Hal all chose DJ. +Split decision. Darien chose DJ (Captain Phasma), but then Lon, Alex, and Hal all chose Brett (General Hux). +*Split decision. Alex chose Brett (''Aliens 3''), but then Lon, Darien, and Hal all chose DJ. +**Split decision. Alex chose Brett (Ava in Ex-Machina), but Lon, Darien. and Hall all chose DJ (Amy in ''Gone Girl''). '''Episode 150: Who Should Play The Joker? (8-24-17)'''<ref>Episode 150: Who Should Play The Joker? (8-24-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmIzH101Hgk</ref> Graham Elwood returns after a 44-episode absence. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 1/5 || Second |- | Hal Rudnick || 8/16 || Third |- | Graham Elwood || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 78%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Joe !! style="width: 6%"|Hal !! Graham |- | 1: What was the overall best movie of summer 2017? || 1* || || |- | 2: Who should play the next Joker? ** || || *** || 1**** |- | 3: We wanna hear you guys pitch a Jabba the Hutt standalone movie. || 1***** || || |- | 4: It's the ten-year anniversary of Superbad.... What Superbad actor has gone on to have the best career? || 1 || + || |- | 5: Which of Marvel's Defenders would make the best standalone film? +* || || || 1+** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best fantasy movie that's not set in Middle Earth? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of ''Terminator 3D'',... what 2D movie should get a 3D re-release? || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who should direct ''Bad Boys 3'' if Michael Bay doesn't? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of the ''Knight Rider'' movie, improve any movie by adding a talking car. || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: I'm gonna name two actors. Tell me which one's better:... Steve Carell or Will Farrell? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 0 || '''6''' |} .*Joe (Wonder Woman) also won the twitter poll with 36%, followed by Graham (Dunkirk) with 35% and Hal (Spider-Man: Homecoming) with 27%. .**Previously used in episode 3, but for a different movie. .***Hal, after Graham won, used the phrase "Book 'em, Dano" and said it was a 1950's TV reference. ''Hawaii Five-O'' ran from 1968-1980. The reboot, which has run since 2010 also uses the phrase. .****Graham (Paul Dano) also overwhelmingly won both the twitter and youtube polls. .*****Joe also won 70% of the youtube vote. +Hal (Emma Stone) won both polls. +*The players are offered the option of pitching an Iron Fist film with actor Finn Jones for double points. Joe and Graham both chose to try this while Hal chose Daredevil. +**Andy only gave Graham one point as his pitch didn't star Finn Jones +***Split decision. Dan chose Graham (''Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope''), but Hal and Andy chose Joe (''The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift''). ==Movie Fights Episodes 151-156== '''Episode 151: Worst Movie of Summer 2017? (8-31-17)'''<ref>Episode 151: Worst Movie of Summer 2017? (8-31-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VqUhHMt7Q4&t=4384s</ref> Lon Harris as Fact Checker. He is joined by Isaac and Will Robinson Smith. Although Danielle is listed as a new fighter, she has been on Debut Deathmatch and TV Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 16/9 || '''Win''' |- | Danielle Radford || New fighter || Third |- | Marc Andreyko || 4/7 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! Danielle !! Mark |- | 1: What is the worst movie of the summer of 2017? || || || 1* |- | 2: In honor of our ''Face/Off'' Honest Trailer, which was random,... what two actors should star in a ''Face/Off'' reboot? || 1** || || |- | 3: In honor of [Arnold] Schwarzenegger's upcoming film,... best Schwarzenegger comedy of all time? || || || 1*** |- | 4: In honor of Labor Day this weekend coming up, what movie character has the best job? || 1**** || || |- | 5: After ''It'' ruins clowns forever,... what other occupation should get its own horror movie? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of the fortieth anniversary of ''Close Encounters [of the Third Kind]'', what is the best movie about making contact with aliens? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which franchise is in better shape currently:... ''Transformers'' or ''Pirates [of the Caribbean]''? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Vince Vaughn's total makeover for ''Brawl in... Cell Block 99'', what's the best movie... featuring Vince Vaughn? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What movie would be improved if you added the Muppets? || 1+ || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Marc (''King Arthur: Legend of the Sword'') actually lost the twitter poll. Danielle (''Transformers: The Last Knight'') won with 51%, followed by Dan (''Baywatch'') with 30%. Marc also lost the youtube poll with 26%. .**Dan (Vin Diesel and The Rock) won the youtube and twitter polls with 67 and 39% respectively. Marc (Tom Hardy and Jake Gyllenhaal) received 21% and 34%, while Danielle (Ryan Reynolds and Chris Hemsworth) received 11% and 27%. .***Marc (''Kindergarten Cop'') also won the youtube poll with 55% but only came in second on twitter with 35%. Danielle (''True Lies'') lost the youtube poll with 16% but ''won'' the twitter poll with 39%, while Dan (Last Action Hero) received 26% of the youtube vote and 27% of the twitter vote. .****Dan (Indiana Jones) also won the youtube poll with 74% and the twitter poll with 54%. Danielle (God from ''Bruce Almighty'') received 34% of the twitter vote while Marc (Dr. Dolittle) received 12%. .*****Danielle (Vice Principals) actually lost the youtube and twitter polls with 25% and 21% respectively. Marc (politicians) won the twitter poll with 41% while Dan (carnival ride operators) received 38%. +Split decision. Danielle chose Marc (''The Silence of the Lambs''), but then Lon and Andy chose Dan (''The Fate of the Furious''). '''Episode 152: Who Should Direct Star Wars: Episode 9? (9-7-17)'''<ref>Episode 152: Who Should Direct Star Wars: Episode 9? (9-7-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzsiRE8XUi0</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Ben Begley || 2/1 || Third |- | Trisha Hershberger || 1/7 || Second |- | James Clement || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Ben !! Trisha !! James |- | 1: Colin Trevorrow is no longer directing ''[Star Wars] Episode IX''.... If you could pick any director aside from the ones already in the stable that may probably take this over, who[m do] we want to see direct ''Star Wars Episode IX''? || || 1* || |- | 2: With ''It'' receiving rave reviews,... we wanna know what's the worst Stephen King adaptation? || || || 1** |- | 3: Since Shia LaBeouf is not returning for ''Indiana Jones'',... we want you to pitch a totally new sidekick for Indy in his next adventure. || || || 1*** |- | 4: What's the best movie to watch with commentary from the director... sitting next to you? || 1 || || **** |- | 5: What movie would be better on mute? || ***** || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: In honor of ''mother!'', best Darren Arivnosky + movie? +* || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND A2: Who'd make the better ''Star Wars'' film: David Lynch or Wes Anderson? || x || || +** |- | SPEED ROUND B: What film features the best-ever Gary Oldman performance? || x || +*** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: We've had ''Bad Moms'', ''Bad Santa'', ''Bad Grandpa''. What other bad person should join the franchise? || x || +*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Trisha (Patty Jenkins) actually lost the twitter poll with 26%, but finished in second place on youtube with 28%. Ben (Steven Spielberg) won the twitter poll with 38% (but lost the youtube poll with 15%), followed by James (Matthew Vaughn) with 36%. .**James (''The Langoliers'') also won the twitter and youtube polls with 48% and 69% respectively. .***Once again, James (adult Short Round) also won the twitter and youtube polls with 53% and 72%. .****James (''Fantastic Four (2015)'') won the twitter and youtube polls with 44% and 46%. .*****Ben (''Transformers: Dark of the Moon'') won the twitter and youtube polls with 57% and 47%. +Andy mispronounced Aronofsky. +*Neither James nor Trisha named a movie. +**James was faster at saying Wes Anderson. +***Trisha could not name a movie. James had said Bram Stroker's ''Dracula''. '''Episode 153: Which Franchise Would Be Most Improved By Adding Pennywise? (9-14-17)'''<ref>Episode 153: Which Franchise Would Be Most Improved By Adding Pennywise? (9-14-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxohMmHFRUU</ref> Second "Debut Deathmatch" episode. None of the nine fighters have participated in Movie Fights previously. Dan is accompanied on the couch by Adam Theer. Meg McCarthy previously appeared as a Fact Checker on the 79th episode of Movie Fights in April 2016. This episode is not counted in the official statistics. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior competition |- | Mary Risk || N/A |- | Matt Knost || TV Fights, Schmoedown |- | Brett Register || N/A |- | Meg McCarthy || N/A |- | Dave Child || N/A |- | Michelle Nguyen || TV Fights |- | Yael Tygiel || TV Fights |- | Andres "Ace" Cabrera || TV Fights |- | Eben McGarr || N/A |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! style="width: 16%"|Fighters (in </br> response order) !! Question !! Andy's choice !! twitter choice |- | Mary, Matt, Brett || What's the worst original movie to get multiple sequels? || Matt || Mary* |- | Meg, Dave, Michelle || What franchise would be most improved by adding Pennywise? || Dave || Meg* |- | Yael, Eben, Andres || Best surprise cameo in any movie not on poster or [in] opening credits? || Andres || Yael* |- | Matt, Dave, Andres || SEMI-FINAL 1: What was the worst movie to make one billion dollars at the box office? || Andres || N/A |- | Mary, Meg, Yael || SEMI-FINAL 2: What two actors have the worst on-screen chemistry? || Yael || N/A |- ! colspan="2" | Speed Round Question !! Andres !! Yael |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND A: What actor would be the worst possible choice to play Batman? || || 1** |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of ''mother!'', which [is] a film I did not like,... who's the best mom in movie history? || 1 || |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND C: Which movie should Jim Carrey reboot: ''Ace Ventura[: Pet Detective]'' or ''The Mask''? || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | SPEED ROUND D: Best movie based on a TV cartoon series? || || 1 |- | colspan="2" | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''3''' |} .*The winner of each twitter poll was the person sitting next to Andy. .**Split decision. Adam chose Ace (Jesse Eisenberg), but then Dan and Andy chose Yael (Jamie Dornan). '''Episode 154: Marvel Phase 4 Movies We Want to See Most (w/ Max Landis) (9-21-17)'''<ref>Episode 154: Marvel Phase 4 Movies We Want to See Most (w/ Max Landis) (9-21-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpHp1Xp5oDo&t=1690s</ref> Lon Harris as Fact Checker (as Dan, along with Alicia Malone are at Florida State University). He is accompanied on the couch by fans Nico Lucero and Ian Candish. As usual, Spencer's name is on the scoreboard as "Spence." Spencer's two consecutive wins on regular episodes are his first since episodes 5 and 7 in 2014. Twenty-seventh episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Max Landis || 3/0 || Second |- | Roth Cornet || 1/5 || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || 5/15 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Max !! style="width: 6%"|Roth !! Spencer |- | 1: In honor of ''Kingsman: The Golden Circle'', what country should get its own Kingsmen in a third film, and who should play the group's leader? || 1* || || |- | 2: Pitch a Marvel [Cinematic Universe] Phase 4 movie, post-''Avengers... Part 4''? || || 1** || |- | 3: What movie is the best improvement over its original source material? || || || 1*** |- | 4: In honor of The Lego Ninjago Movie,... we want you to improve a movie by turning it into a Lego Movie. || 1**** || || |- | 5: I want you each to pick a movie with great characters.... What movie's characters would you want as your prison gang? ***** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of James Gunn getting his own Funko figure, what unlikely actor or director that doesn't have one... deserves [his or her] own Funko? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of the upcoming documentary about him, improve any film by replacing the lead actor with Gilbert Gottfried? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Max's thesis "A Scar No One Else Can See," what movie should have a theme song written and performed by Carly Rae Jepsen? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which franchise should Linda Hamilton join post-''Terminator''? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best Darren Aronofsky film? || || x || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Max (China/Jackie Chan) also won the twitter poll with 53%, followed by Spencer (Canada/Mike Myers) with 32% and Roth (Brazil/Gisele Bündchen). .**Roth (a romantic comedy led by Vision and The Scarlet Witch) also won the youtube poll with 44%, followed by Max (Wild Hulk) with 39% and Spencer (New Dawn/Secret War) with 15%. However, Spencer won the twitter poll with 42%, and Roth actually ''lost'' with only 28%. .***Spencer (''Die Hard'') also won the youtube and twitter polls with 42% and 43% respectively, followed closely by Max (''Fight Club'') with 40% and 34%, and Roth (''The Silence of the Lambs'') with 17%. .****Andy asked for the polls ahead of time and made his final decision based on that since he couldn't decide. The twitter poll was close; Spencer (''Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace'') received 35%, followed by Max (''2012'') with 34% and Roth (''Jurassic World'') with 31%. However, on youtube, Max received 58%, followed by Spencer with 28% and Roth with 13%. .*****Blind fight. After Andy asked the fighters to write their movies down, he gave them the question. Spencer chose ''The Wolf of Wall Street'', Roth chose ''Being John Malkovich'', and Max chose ''Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope''. +Split decision. Roth picked Max (''The Fast and the Furious''), but Lon, Nico, Ian, and Andy all then chose Spencer (''Mad Max''). +*Split decision. Lon and Roth picked Max (''The Wrestler''), but Nico, Ian, and Andy chose Spencer (''Requiem for a Dream''). '''Episode 155: Best Movie of the 80's!! - 80'S MOVIE FIGHTS!! (9-28-17)'''<ref>Episode 155: Best Movie of the 80's!! - 80'S MOVIE FIGHTS!! (9-28-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ozcY4lW4QI&t=4s</ref> Alicia Malone returns as Judge. Jack Hind from Fandango as Fact Checker. He is accompanied by fan Candace Smith. 1980's-themed episode. Era-style music is played in the beginning, and the fighters and Alicia dress in the style. Although Brianne is a new fighter, she has fought on TV Fights. Despite sitting in the third seat, Brianne went first on the second and fifth questions. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 2/2 || Second |- | Marc Andreyko || 4/8 || '''Win''' |- | Brianne Chandler || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Sasha !! style="width: 6%"|Marc !! Brianne |- | 1: What '80s movie which never got one actually deserved a sequel? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Which '80s movie would have the biggest success if it were released in its identical format as a new movie in theaters this year? || || 1** || |- | 3: What was the most influential popular movie of the '80s? || || || 1*** |- | 4: Which mediocre '80s movie has benefited the most from nostalgia? || **** || 1 || ***** |- | 5: Who gave the overall best performances from the 1980's? || || 1+ || |- | TIE BREAKER: Who is the best member of the Brat Pack? || 0 || x || +* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best John Hughes movie? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: If they remade ''Die Hard'' today, who should play Hans Gruber? || 1+*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which two present-day actors should star in a remake of ''Twins''? || 1+**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D1: Which '80s movie would be better if it were directed by Michael Bay? +***** || || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D2: Which two movie characters would you want to take a Ferris Bueller-style day off with? || || 1++ || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Brianne (''Big Trouble in Little China'') won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Sasha (''The Breakfast Club'') with 32% and Marc (''The Last Starfighter'') with 25%. .**Marc (''Aliens'') also won the poll with 43%, followed by Sasha (''The Shining'') with 30% and Brianne (''The Princess Bride'') with 27%. .***Brianne (''Blade Runner'') actually lost the twitter poll with 27%. Marc (''Die Hard'') won the poll with 42%, followed by Sasha (''Batman'') with 31%. .****Sasha (''A Christmas Story'') won the youtube poll with 45%, followed by Marc (''Ghostbusters'') with 36%, and Brianne (''The Little Mermaid'') with 17%. .*****Brianne had to go with her second choice, ''The Little Mermaid'', as Marc won the coin toss. +Marc (Robert DeNiro) also won the youtube poll, followed by Sasha (Michael J. Fox) with 25% and then Brianne (Meryl Streep) with 21%. +*Brianne (Emilio Estevez) said she agreed with Sasha (Molly Ringwald) and never gave a rebuttal. +**Split decision. Candace chose Sasha (''Ferris Bueller's Day Off''), but Brianne, Jack, and Alicia all chose Marc (''The Breakfast Club''). +***Split decision. Candace chose Marc (Gary Oldman), but Brianne, Jack, and Alicia all chose Sasha (Idris Alba). +****Split decision. Candace chose Marc (Kevin Hart and The Rock), but Brianne, Jack, and Alicia all chose Sasha (Dave Bautista and Zac Efron). +*****Both Sasha and Marc decided to abstain from answering. ++Split decision. Brianne and Candace chose Sasha (Johnny Castle (''Dirty Dancing'') and Gizmo (''Gremlins'')), but Jack and Alicia chose Marc (Emmett Brown (''Back to the Future'') and Bud Fox (''Wall Street'')). '''Episode 156: Best Harrison Ford Performance?! (10-5-17)'''<ref>Episode 156: Best Harrison Ford Performance?! (10-5-17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aoLV2NDX7K8&t=18s</ref> Last Screen Junkies video to feature Andy Signore, who would be suspended the following morning and terminated two days later. Screen Junkies would not release another video for three weeks. Last Movie Fight in the current format and on the current set. A reboot would premiere on December 14. Joe Starr as Fact Checker. He is accompanied on the couch by Jared Diamond, a reporter from The Wall Street Journal. After this episode, Dan and JTE traded ranks with each other and are now respectively ranked #21 and #24. These ranks would remain permanent as records reset with the reboot. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 17/9 || '''Win''' |- | DJ Wooldridge || 1/1 || Third |- | JTE || 5/2 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! style="width: 6%"|DJ !! style="width: 6%"|JTE |- | 1: What movie should get a 2049 reboot à la ''Blade Runner''? * || || ** || 1 |- | 2: What movie features the best Harrison Ford performance? || 1 || *** || |- | 3: Best movie about surviving the wilderness? || || 1**** || |- | 4: What movie character should host "Saturday Night Live?" || 1 || || |- | 5: I need you guys to pick any Stephen King movie.... Which Stephen King movie would you most want to be trapped inside? ***** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which Ridley Scott film that doesn't already have one should get a sequel? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best movie with the word "dead" in the title? + || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: If Scarlet Johanssen doesn't return, who should take her place in ''Lucy 2''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best Matthew Vaughn film? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: I'm gonna name two actors. Tell me who's better: Harrison Ford [or] Tom Hanks? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Originally, Andy read the first question from the previous week's episode. .**DJ (''Robocop'', Andy's last choice) won the twitter poll with 37%, beating Dan (''Running Man'') and JTE (''Evil Dead''). .***DJ (''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'') won the twitter poll with 48%, followed by Dan (''The Fugitive'') with 38% and JTE (''Regarding Henry'') with 14%. .****Once again, DJ also won the poll. .*****Blind (Backwards) fight. Before Andy asked the question, the fighters had to pick a movie. DJ chose ''It: Chapter One'', then JTE chose ''The Shining'', and Dan chose ''Carrie''. +Previously used in episode 37 (also as the second Speed Round question), which also featured Dan. This time however, Dan won the point and eventually the game. +*Split decision. Joe and Jared chose Dan (''Kingsman: The Secret Service''), but DJ and Andy chose JTE (''X-Men: First Class''). ==Movie Fights References== {{Reflist}} {{uncat|date=November 2015}} ==Movie Fights Reboot description and Fighter Rankings== This section is the leaderboards for Movie Fights starting December 14, 2017. The board does not include one-on-one fights from the first iteration of the show. As of February 8, 2018, there have been six "Movie Fights" (in this format) that have been hosted on the Screen Junkies YouTube channel. Though records do not carry over from the previous format, the Belt does. '''Current Movie Fights Reboot Standings''' (As of February 8, 2018) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ranking !! Contestant !! Record !! Win Percentage !! Total Points !! Points Per Game |- | Current Champion || Spencer Gilbert || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1 |- | 1 || Dan Murrell || 2-0 || 1.000 || 8 || 4 |- | T2 || Mike Carlson || 1-0 || 1.000 || 4 || 4 |- | T2 || Ed Greer || 1-0 || 1.000 || 4 || 4 |- | T2 || Jenny Nicholson || 1-0 || 1.000 || 4 || 4 |- | T2 || Danielle Radford || 1-0 || 1.000 || 4 || 4 |- | T6 || Mark Ellis || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3 |- | T6 || Coy Jandreau || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3 |- | 8 || Joe Starr || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2 |- | T9 || Rachel Cushing || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1 |- | T9 || Scott Mantz || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1 |- |} ==Movie Fights Reboot== '''Episode 1: Best Superhero Movie of 2017?? MOVIE FIGHTS SNEAK PEEK! (12-14-17)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Superhero Movie of 2017?? MOVIE FIGHTS SNEAK PEEK! |date=2017-12-14 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8MeW2r_qq0 |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> The debut of the reboot features the former and current Movie Fights champions. The one-on-one format debuts but is eventually abandoned after 11 episodes. A new set is temporarily used. Previous records do not carry over. A new montage is debuted. Some of the clips have been used previously. T-Mobile is still sponsoring. Hal Rudnick hosts. Roth Cornet as Fact Checker. She is accompanied by Social Media Ambassador Danielle Radford. The audience youtube poll results in a vote (only in regular round matches). The Fact Checker also gets a vote. The Judge/Host breaks a tie if there is one. The debut format is three regular round questions, followed by up to four Speed Round questions. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || New fighter || Lose |- | Dan Murrell || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! style="width: 6%"|Dan |- | 1: What is the best superhero movie of 2017? || * || 1** |- | 2: Pitch a non-superhero Disney/Fox crossover movie. *** || 1 || |- | 3: Which movie character would make the best Jedi Knight? **** || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''[Star Wars:] The Last Jedi'' hits theaters tonight.... What director who has not yet been asked to do a ''Star Wars'' film should get to do one? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of ''[The] Disaster Artist'', what is the best movie starring James Franco?+ || || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''4'''+** |} .*Spencer initially chose ''Logan'', but he lost a coin toss and went with ''Thor Ragnarok''. .**Split decision. Roth had chosen Spencer, but the audience (65%) and Hal chose Dan. .***Disney and Fox agreed to a purchase deal earlier in the day. Spencer won (55% on the poll) with ''Zootopia''/''Die Hard'' over ''Predator''/''Pirates of the Caribbean''. .****Backwards [character] fight. Spencer and Dan were asked to pick any character from any comedy film before the question was asked. .*****Dan (Ted Striker over Peter Venkman) received 72% of the vote. +First "Sabotage Round" question, in which fighters choose their opponents' answers. First to answer is answering on behalf of the opponent, so the opponent goes first. +*Dan was slightly faster at choosing ''Your Highness'' for Spencer. Spencer chose ''Howl'' for Dan. +**If this episode were counted as part of the previous series, Dan, already one of only two fighters to participate in and win two consecutive episodes (the other being Nick Mundy), becomes the first fighter to do so twice. '''Episode 2: Best/Worst Movies of 2017? (1-11-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best/Worst Movies of 2017? MOVIE FIGHTS (RADFORD vs STARR) |date=2018-01-11 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prXCYZsmfrQ |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> Dan Murrell becomes Fact Checker. Roxy Striar as Social Media Ambassador as Danielle is fighting. Hal did not vote in the regular round. Dan and the poll agreed with each other each time. During the second Speed Round question, Dan finally asked Hal to weigh in. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Danielle Radford || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Joe Starr || New fighter || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Danielle !! style="width: 6%"|Joe |- | 1: What was the best movie of 2017? || 1 || |- | 2: What was the worst movie of 2017? || || 1 |- | 3: Who was the best villain of 2017? || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who should direct ''Gambit'' now that Gore Verbinski has dropped out? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would you rather be in a relationship with: The Beast from ''Beauty and the Beast'' or Amphibian Man from ''[The] Shape of Water''? || 1* || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who should win the Oscar for Best Director [of] 2017? || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 2 |} .*Split decision. Roxy chose Joe (The Beast), but Hal and Dan chose Danielle. '''Episode 3: What Movie Would You Use To Ruin Movies Forever? (1-18-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Movie Would You Use To Ruin Movies Forever? MOVIE FIGHTS (CARLSON vs ELLIS) |date=2018-01-18 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1Xg1-5btvA |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> Also known as "How to Kill Movies Forever?" {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mike Carlson || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Mark Ellis || New fighter || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Mike !! style="width: 6%"|Mark |- | 1: Would would be the worst movie to use to introduce someone to the concept of movies?* || || 1** |- | 2: Pitch a fan edit you'd like to see from a popular movie. || || 1*** |- | 3: BLIND FIGHT: You have to choose one of these names: Chris Hemsworth or Michael Peña. **** ... ''12 Strong'', starring both Chris Hemsworth and Michael Peña hits theaters tomorrow.... If you were going into battle, which three movies characters would you want to bring with you? ***** || 1+ || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best movie starring Eddie Murphy? +* || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: What franchise should cross over with ''Pacific Rim''? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What mode of transportation should Liam Neeson save people on in his next movie? || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: More surprising hit: ''Jumanji[: Welcome to the Jungle]'' or ''The Greatest Showman''? || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 3 |} .*Question inspired by the upcoming release of English-language films in Saudi Arabia. The first movie will be ''The Emoji Movie'', which the fighters are not allowed to choose. .**Mark (''mother!'') received votes from Hal and Dan to win the point, but he lost the poll to Mike (''Disaster Movie'') who received 54% of the vote. .***After Hal gave his vote to Mike (placing prequel characters in ''Star Wars'' sequel trilogy films), Mark (removing Keanu Reeves from ''Bram Stoker's Dracula'') received Dan's vote and the youtube poll. .****At this point, Mike chose Hemsworth, leaving Mark with Peña. .*****Danielle had asked the actors the question. The fighters were required to use their choices. Mark had John Rambo, Jason Bourne, and a general Joe Pesci character. Mike had Frank Dux from ''Bloodsport'', the shark from ''Jaws'', and Chris Pratt as a T-Rex. +After Mike received a vote from Dan and Mark received a vote from Hal, he won 57% of the youtube poll. +*First Sabotage round. Fighters pick their opponent's answer. +**Split decision. Danielle chose Mark (space shuttle), but Hal and Dan chose Mike (Disney World monorail). '''Episode 4: The LAST Last Jedi Debate! (1-25-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=The LAST Last Jedi Debate! MOVIE FIGHTS (MANTZ vs NICHOLSON) |date=2018-01-25 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=If75XsbYCZw |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jenny Nicholson || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Scott Mantz || New fighter || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jenny !! Scott |- | 1: ''Star Wars[ Episode VIII]: The Last Jedi'': Great or not great? || 1 || |- | 2: What was the biggest snub from the 2018 Oscar nominations? || || 1* |- | 3: BLIND FIGHT: ** The Razzie nominations came out this week, and in the hat was every movie nominated for Worst Movie. You have to argue why the movie you chose should win Best Picture. || 1*** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: ''Jurassic World'' is getting its own Live Arena show joining ''Fast and the Furious'' Live. What other movie franchise should inspire a live stunt tour? || 1**** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Ryan Reynolds will be taking on a ''Clue'' remake for FOX. Which board game would best work as a feature film? || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 1 |} .*Jenny (Visual Effects for ''Justice League'') received Dan's vote, but Scott (Best Picture for ''The Big Sick'') received the votes of Hal and youtube. .**Before the question was asked, Jenny picked Baywatch and Scott picked Fifty Shades Darker. .***In a reversal from the previous round, Scott received Dan's vote, but Jenny received the votes of Hal and the youtube poll. .****Split decision. Dan voted for Scott (''Justice League''), but Danielle and Hal voted for Jenny (''Fifty Shades Darker''). '''Episode 5: What Marvel Villain Needs To Return For Infinity War? (2-1-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Marvel Villain Needs To Return For Infinity War? MOVIE FIGHTS! (GREER vs JANDREAU) |date=2018-02-01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccVzQYl3JTM |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> Also knows as "What Marvel Villain Needs to Return for a Sequel?" {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Ed Greer || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Coy Jandreau || New fighter || Lose |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Ed !! style="width: 6%"|Coy |- | 1: What dead/retired MCU [Marvel Cinematic Universe] villain should come back for one more film? || || 1 |- | 2: In honor of the Big Game [Super Bowl LII] this weekend, what's the best football movie? || || 1* |- | 3: BLIND FIGHT: Pick any character from an animated movie.... ** Which animated character would be the ultimate survivor in The Purge? || 1*** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Other than [the "Super] Mario [Bros." series], what classic Nintendo [NES] game would make the best animated movie? || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: After Black Panther, what other famous cat should Chadwick Boseman play? || 1****, ***** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What two movie stars should be the new Men in Black? || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What ''Star Wars'' supporting character would make the worst spin-off? || 1+, +* || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4''' || 3 |} .*Dan voted for Ed (''The Last Boy Scout''), but Hal and 63% of the youtube audience voted for Coy (''Remember the Titans''). .**Coy chose The Genie, then Ed chose Bugs Bunny. .***During the reading of the youtube voting, Danielle indicated that Ed received 79% and Coy received 20%, pointing out that the two percentages did not add up to 100%, but they never have in any reading she has done and she had not pointed it out previously. .****Ed chose Heathcliff, but his entire argument was for Riff-Raff of the Catillac Cats. Coy never pointed this out, and it was not brought up in fact-checking. Also Ed (and later Danielle) referred to Heathcliff picking up thick females, which was something neither Heathcliff nor Riff-Raff did. .*****Split decision. Dan voted for Coy (Tardar Sauce/Grumpy Cat), but then Danielle and Hal voted for Ed. +During the argument, Ed (and then Coy) stated that Coy's choice (Wedge Antilles) was dead, which is not true. +*Split decision. Danielle chose Coy, but Dan and Hal voted for Ed (Admiral Ackbar). '''Episode 6: The Craziest Star Wars Director Picks! (2-8-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=The Craziest Star Wars Director Picks! MOVIE FIGHTS (MURRELL vs CUSHING) |date=2018-02-08 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyLK6lT8qpA |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> Marc Andreyko was originally scheduled to fight, but due to car trouble, Dan Murrell steps in, making him the first competitor to fight twice in the new format. He did not get to prepare beforehand. Lon Harris takes over as Fact Checker. Rachel Cushing becomes to first fighter to appear in the new format without having fought in the previous format. First episode in the new format in which a fighter does not score after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Rachel Cushing || New fighter || Lose |- | Dan Murrell || 1-0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Rachel !! style="width: 6%"|Dan |- | 1: What movie should inspire an anthology series? || 1* || |- | 2: What's the best movie ever that's based on a children's book? || || 1** |- | 3: BLIND FIGHT: Each of you [is] going to pick a director [from a hat].... *** What director, who still hasn't gotten a shot, should get [his] own ''Star Wars'' trilogy? || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would be a better fictional character than Lobo for Michael Bay to adapt? || || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the overall best actor who has played a ''Spider-Man'' villain? || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''4''' |} .*Hal chose Dan (''It''), but then Lon and 53% of the youtube poll chose Rachel (''Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets''). .**In a reversal from the previous question, Hal chose Rachel (''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban'') while Lon and 71% of the poll chose Dan (''The Wizard of Oz'' (1939)). .***Rachel chose Joel Schumacher while Dan chose M. Night Shyamalan. .****Split decision. Lon chose Rachel (Uncle Sam), but Danielle and Hal chose Dan (Mojo). '''Episode 7: Best Comic Book Origin Movie Before Black Panther? (2-15-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Comic Book Origin Movie Before Black Panther? MOVIE FIGHTS (DJ vs MARKEIA) |date=2018-02-15 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pk_ENry8EzQ |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> '''Episode 8: Best Sci-fi Movie of the 21st Century? (2-22-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Sci-Fi Movie of the 21st Century? MOVIE FIGHTS (HOWARD vs MISS MOVIES) |date=2018-02-22 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lt-tS_4Wc8g |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 9: Should Disney Stop After Star Wars: Episode 9? (3-1-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Should Disney Stop After Star Wars: Episode 9? MOVIE FIGHTS (GILBERT vs NAPZOK) |date=2018-03-01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEJDA-SFqB4 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 10: What is the Most Badass Movie Scene Of All Time? (3-8-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What is the Most Badass Movie Scene Of All Time? MOVIE FIGHTS (JTE VS JAY) |date=2018-03-08 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_mlHABsnBw |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 11: Is the "Fantastic Beasts" Series A Bad Idea? (3-15-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Is the "Fantastic Beasts" Series A Bad Idea? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-03-15 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cE6RwwAoK4s |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> Final episode of the new two-person format with the fighters standing. However, the question format will remain. '''Episode 12: Which Director Will Be The Next Spielberg? (3-29-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Which Director Will Be The Next Spielberg? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-03-29 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJqoioY0q0Q |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 13: Best Science Fiction Movie Of All Time? (4-5-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Science Fiction Movie Of All Time? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-04-05 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmGAqU0sng0 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 14: The Ultimate Star Wars Spinoff! (4-12-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=The Ultimate Star Wars Spinoff! MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-04-12 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNTF9V4VCZg |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 15: What Will Be the Best Movie of Summer 2018? (4-19-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Will Be the Best Movie of Summer 2018? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-04-19 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNw3J52miA0 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 16: Recast the MCU Avengers - Marvel Movie Fights! (4-26-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Recast the MCU Avengers - Marvel Movie Fights! |date=2018-04-26 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7l7n2qukiE |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 17: MOVIE FIGHTS EXTRAVAGANZA!! (50+ All Star Fights) (5-3-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=MOVIE FIGHTS EXTRAVAGANZA!! (50+ All Star Fighters) |date=2018-05-03 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qRyFZsNTXlM |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> This episode benefits Women in Film '''Episode 18: Who's The Infinity War MVP? (5-10-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who's The Infinity War MVP? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-05-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khY8ncy41ck |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 19: Most Disappointing Superhero Sequel Ever? (5-17-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Most Disappointing Superhero Sequel Ever? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-05-17 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkQdTApKhLE |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 20: Who Should Play Boba Fett in the New Star Wars Spinoff? (5-24-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Should Play Boba Fett in the New Star Wars Spinoff? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-05-24 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VCCbT6_S58 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 21: What Should Disney Do with Star Wars Now? (5-31-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Should Disney Do with Star Wars Now? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-05-31 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbZndPjp1Lw |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 22: HONEST TRAILERS MOVIE FIGHTS ROUND 1 (6-7-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=HONEST TRAILERS MOVIE FIGHTS ROUND 1 |date=2018-06-07 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7a10a_D8nE |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 23: Worst Children's Show Host (6-14-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Worst Children's Show Host MOVIE FIGHTS!! |date=2018-06-14 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Ad5k5DD5b8 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 24: WORST MOVIE THAT CRITICS LOVED (6-21-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=WORST MOVIE THAT CRITICS LOVED |date=2018-06-21 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1muADPtsw10 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 25: RECASTING THE WATCHMEN!!!! (6-28-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=RECASTING THE WATCHMEN!!!! MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-06-28 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FceeToGt6bM |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 26: THE GREAT AMERICAN MOVIE FIGHTS!! (7-5-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=THE GREAT AMERICAN MOVIE FIGHTS!! |date=2018-07-05 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPuVkdnDttQ |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 27: Which Batman Villain Should Get Their Own Movie?! CONTENDER FIGHTS (7-12-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Which Batman Villain Should Get Their Own Movie?! CONTENDER FIGHTS |date=2018-07-12 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JASEeLBaqUE |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 28: Mission: Impossible vs. Fast and the Furious - MOVIE FIGHTS (SDCC 2018 Panel) (7-26-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Mission: Impossible vs. Fast and the Furious - MOVIE FIGHTS (SDCC 2018 Panel) |date=2018-07-26 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlEtxRP1a-w |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 29: Who Should Direct Guardians of the Galaxy 3? (8-2-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Should Direct Guardians of the Galaxy 3? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-08-02 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwOyj62XP_c |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 30: Who Should Play Supergirl? (8-9-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Should Play Supergirl? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-08-09 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHnPM1rNwI4 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 31: Who Is The Best Hollywood Chris? (8-16-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Is The Best Hollywood Chris? MOVIE FIGHTS! |date=2018-08-16 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtlZanp6hNw |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 32: Cast A Famous Animal As James Bond! MOVIE FIGHTS w/ NICK MUNDY (8-23-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Cast A Famous Animal As James Bond! MOVIE FIGHTS w/ NICK MUNDY |date=2018-08-23 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPJKtUbkZrA |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 33: Worst Movie of Summer 2018?! (8-30-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Worst Movie of Summer 2018?! MOVIE FIGHTS! |date=2018-08-30 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FGCpGNld0s |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 34: Greatest All Ages Film?! MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP! (9-6-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Greatest All Ages Film?! MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP! |date=2018-09-06 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQeCXccBcUU |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> Final episode of the Season 7 Playlist '''Episode 35: The Best & Worst of DC Movies! DCEU MOVIE FIGHTS (9-13-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=The Best & Worst of DC Movies! DCEU MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-09-13 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pw2dh6rUTOk |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 36: Which Marvel Hero Deserves a Streaming Show? (9-20-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Which Marvel Hero Deserves a Streaming Show? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-09-20 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSr5SRfK1XA |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 37: Best & Worst of Fall 2018 Predictions! (9-27-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best & Worst of Fall 2018 Predictions! |date=2018-09-27 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oofDaNaUgYo |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 38: Best Movies of The Year! (So Far) (10-4-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Movies of The Year! (So Far) |date=2018-10-04 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZwZbspyS90 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 39: How James Gunn Could Fix Suicide Squad (10-11-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=How James Gunn Could Fix Suicide Squad |date=2018-10-11 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuQDcrkltzA |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 40: How Should DC Move Justice League Forward? (10-18-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=How Should DC Move Justice League Forward? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-10-18 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GYOuZiNAPw |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 41: The Best of Horror! MOVIE FIGHTS HALLOWEEN (10-25-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=The Best of Horror! MOVIE FIGHTS HALLOWEEN |date=2018-10-25 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfIlAh15Il8 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 42: Who Should Make the Red Dead Redemption Movie? (11-1-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Should Make the Red Dead Redemption Movie? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-11-01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ks5Cu9uKbF4 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 43: BLIND MOVIE FIGHTS What 2018 Movie Will Win Best Picture (11-8-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=BLIND MOVIE FIGHTS What 2018 Movie Will Win Best Picture? |date=2018-11-08 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vf08NXm4wyI |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 44: Who's The Best Harry Potter Character? (11-15-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who's The Best Harry Potter Character? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-11-15 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-c1rBaK4TU |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 45: HONEST TRAILERS MOVIE FIGHTS ROUND 2 (11-22-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=HONEST TRAILERS MOVIE FIGHTS ROUND 2 |date=2018-11-22 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyhtnuKR_Rw |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> Final episode of the Season 8 Playlist '''Episode 46: Best Action Hero Ever? (11-29-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Action Hero Ever? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-11-29 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pR0Hi0HashE |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 47: Should Avengers 4 Even Have a Trailer? (12-6-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Should Avengers 4 Even Have a Trailer? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-12-06 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZGCpN7vQws |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 48: SPIDER-VERSE MOVIE FIGHTS (All Spider-Man Questions) (12-13-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=SPIDER-VERSE MOVIE FIGHTS (All Spider-Man Questions) |date=2018-12-13 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XN3TbgtHGjs |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 49: What Movie Should Aquaman Join? (12-20-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Movie Should Aquaman Join? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2018-12-20 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_vUvpSTMa0 |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 50: Star Wars vs Marvel vs Lord of the Rings!! (FRANCHISE FIGHTS!) (12-27-18)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Star Wars vs Marvel vs Lord of the Rings!! (FRANCHISE FIGHTS!) |date=2018-12-27 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCG7ZDcH--Q |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> '''Episode 51: What Will Be The Best Movie Of 2019? (1-3-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Will Be The Best Movie Of 2019? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-01-03 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lSFqokNWxAY |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 52: What is the WORST M. Night Shyamalan movie? (1-17-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What is the WORST M. Night Shyamalan movie? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-01-17 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zxyHs1_ezGo |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 53: MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP (1-24-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=MOVIE FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIP |date=2019-01-24 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUp-a_09mxo |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> Dan Murrell vs Greg Alba '''Episode 54: Who Should Be Wolverine? (2-7-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who Should Be Wolverine? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-02-07 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5HxrqLSLEg |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 55: Worst Rom-Com Ever? (2-14-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Worst Rom-Com Ever? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-02-14 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogrybh-Qhxk |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 56: OSCARS 2019 PREVIEW (2-21-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=OSCARS 2019 PREVIEW MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-02-21 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQaRRJbVOMI |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 57: 2019 Oscars Best Moment? (2-28-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=2019 Oscars Best Moment? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-02-28 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eI70kDOLFHM |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 58: Which Avenger Should Be a Skrull? (3-7-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Which Avenger Should Be a Skrull? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-03-07 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oz6WmUSnCdM |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 59: Who's the Most Powerful Character in the MCU? (3-14-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Who's the Most Powerful Character in the MCU? |date=2019-03-14 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSWmzdYVoGQ |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 60: What Horror Movie Should Jordan Peele Remake? (3-21-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Horror Movie Should Jordan Peele Remake? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-03-21 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2La01bkCP1E |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 61: Best Time Burton Movie? (3-28-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Tim Burton Movie? {{!}} MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-03-28 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJFfUH4X2mQ |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 62: What Was the BEST MOVIE of 1989? (4-4-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Was the BEST Movie of 1989? {{!}} MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-04-04 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqbvCuI73n0 |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 63: MOVIE FIGHTS: Hellboy, Hellfire, & Brimstone (4-11-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=MOVIE FIGHTS: Hellboy, Hellfire, & Brimstone |date=2019-04-11 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CMhg9eryvQ |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 64: Is the Emperor in Star Wars Episode 9 a Good Idea? (4-18-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Is the Emperor in Star Wars Episode 9 a Good Idea? {{!}} MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-04-18 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnANfZk3Io0 |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 65: What's the BEST Scene in the MCU? AVENGER MOVIE FIGHTS (4-25-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What's the BEST Scene in the MCU? {{!}} AVENGERS MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-04-25 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zm9q2ycbSpM |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 66: AVENGERS: ENDGAME MOVIE FIGHTS (SPOILERS) (5-2-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=AVENGERS: ENDGAME MOVIE FIGHTS (SPOILERS) |date=2019-05-02 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61OZAtKfYzU |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 67: Worst Movie Character Design? (5-9-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Worst Movie Character Design? {{!}} MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-05-09 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fB1HqpQRjAU |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 68: What Character Could Kill John Wick? (5-16-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=What Character Could Kill John Wick? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-05-16 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFOZFET1m5s |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 69: Greatest Animated Disney Musical of All-Time? (5-23-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Greatest Animated Disney Musical of All-Time? {{!}} MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-05-23 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApON6w9K0yo |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 70: Godzilla vs Stranger Things?! APOCALYPSE MOVIE FIGHTS (5-30-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Godzilla vs Stranger Things?! APOCALYPSE MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-05-30 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YphEKSDPwk8 |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 71: Best Performance in Any X-Men Movie? (6-6-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Performance in Any X-Men Movie? {{!}} MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-06-06 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=twCs_FPhirw |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 72: HONEST TRAILERS MOVIE FIGHTS ROUND 3 (6-13-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=HONEST TRAILERS MOVIE FIGHTS ROUND 3 |date=2019-06-13 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9EP4JPuznY |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 73: Sinbad in Batman?! WEIRD MOVIE FIGHTS! (6-20-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Sinbad in Batman?! WEIRD MOVIE FIGHTS! |date=2019-06-20 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLiQ3EAz40E |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 74: Best Performance in a Spider-Man Movie? (6-27-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Performance in a Spider-Man Movie? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-06-27 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K4ECNJDHjz8 |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 75: MOVIE FIGHTS LAST FIGHTER STANDING (7-4-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=MOVIE FIGHTS LAST FIGHTER STANDING |date=2019-07-04 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZ9UlGrCYds |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> Championship Fight Last weekly fight before switching to month<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Video Game Movies: The Movie Fight! |date=2026-04-06 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipelSiGnS1A |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref>ly '''Episode 76: COMIC-CON MOVIE FIGHTS 2019: Best Batman Movie + The Snyder Cut (8-3-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=COMIC-CON MOVIE FIGHTS 2019: Best Batman Movie + The Snyder Cut |date=2019-08-03 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWQ_piBJJNE |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 77: Best Movie of Summer 2019?! (9-7-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Movie of Summer 2019?! MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-09-07 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OB02mSgy5lU |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 78: Best Joker Performance? (10-12-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Joker Performance? {{!}} MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-10-12 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2_Hkn5kGRw |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 79: Best Animated Disney Villain? (11-21-19)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Best Animated Disney Villain? MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2019-11-21 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFzKF2ETKd8 |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 80: 2020 OSCARS MOVIE FIGHTS (2-9-20)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=2020 OSCARS MOVIE FIGHTS |date=2020-02-09 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sq7pxsJvSE4 |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 81: Movie Fights | We're Back (2-23-26)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Movie Fights {{!}} We’re Back! |date=2026-02-23 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2T-ZiCj9bXw |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 82: The REAL Best Picture Was...? (3-16-26)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=The REAL Best Picture Was…? {{!}} Movie Fights |date=2026-03-16 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOiT5n58Sgw |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 83: Project Hail Mary: The Movie Fight (3-23-26)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Project Hail Mary: The Movie Fight! |date=2026-03-23 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoX5GM4nPZc |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 84: Video Game Movies: The Movie Fight! (4-6-26)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Video Game Movies: The Movie Fight! |date=2026-04-06 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipelSiGnS1A |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> '''Episode 85: What’s The Worst Movie Ever Made? (5-4-26)'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Screen Junkies |title=Movie Fights {{!}} What’s The Worst Movie Ever Made? |date=2026-05-04 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30EpeMcN298 |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> ==Movie Fights Reboot References== {{Reflist}} {{Uncategorized|date=November 2015}} ==TV Fights description and Fighter Rankings== "TV Fights" airs live on Tuesdays at 4:00 pm Pacific time on Screen Junkies Plus. It is hosted by Roxy Striar and adopts the format of Movie Fights (however, starting with Episode 12, there have been only five regular round questions instead of six (which Movie Fights later adopted)). Screen Junkies producer Ken Napzok appears as a Fact Checker and twitter comment reader (his position is replaced by Billy A. Patterson starting in the 51st episode). Episodes of TV Fights are generally slightly shorter than Movie Fights. Further, with one exception, they are not followed by an After the Fight episode as most Movie Fights episodes that were recorded after the advent of Screen Junkies Plus are. As of October 3, 2017, there have been 99 episodes, 97 of which are counted in the statistics. Additionally, there is a first "episode" that is not part of the episode count. '''Current TV Fights Standings''' (As of October 3, 2017) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ranking !! Contestant !! Record !! Win Percentage !! Total Points !! Points Per Game |- | Current Champion || Dan Murrell || 4-1 || 0.800 || 22 || 4.40 |- | 1 || Matt Key || 2-0 || 1.000 || 11 || 5.50 |- | 2 || Perri Nemiroff || 2-0 || 1.000 || 10 || 5.00 |- | 3 || Roxy Striar || 1-0 || 1.000 || 6 || 6.00 |- | T4 || Brittany Ashley || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Jared Bauer || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Brannon Braga || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || David Futernick || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Jared Haibon || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Alan Kistler || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Samm Levine || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Edgar Momplaisir || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Ken Napzok || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Greg Nix || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Cameron Rice || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Stephanie Ritter || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Tehran Von Ghasri || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T4 || Clarke Wolfe || 1-0 || 1.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | 18 || Lon Harris || 4-1 || 0.800 || 21 || 4.20 |- | T19 || Billy A. Patterson || 3-1 || 0.750 || 19 || 4.75 |- | T19 || Hal Rudnick || 3-1 || 0.750 || 19 || 4.75 |- | 21 || Sasha Perl-Raver || 6-2 || 0.750 || 35 || 4.38 |- | T22 || Mark Ellis || 2-1 || 0.667 || 15 || 5.00 |- | T22 || John Rocha || 2-1 || 0.667 || 15 || 5.00 |- | T22 || Andy Signore || 2-1 || 0.667 || 15 || 5.00 |- | 25 || Matt Lieberman || 4-2 || 0.667 || 29 || 4.83 |- | 26 || Charley Feldman || 2-1 || 0.667 || 14 || 4.67 |- | 27 || Ben Bateman || 2-1 || 0.667 || 11 || 3.67 |- | 28 || Coy Jandreau || 3-2 || 0.600 || 20 || 4.00 |- | 29 || Jay Washington || 3-2 || 0.600 || 19 || 3.80 |- | 30 || Cathy Kelley || 1-1 || 0.500 || 11 || 5.50 |- | 31 || Andres Cabrera || 1-1 || 0.500 || 9 || 4.50 |- | 32 || Trisha Hershberger || 2-2 || 0.500 || 17 || 4.25 |- | 33 || Spencer Gilbert || 2-2 || 0.500 || 17 || 4.25 |- | 34 || Gina Ippolito || 1-1 || 0.500 || 8 || 4.00 |- | 35 || DJ Wooldridge || 2-2 || 0.500 || 12 || 3.00 |- | 36 || Steve Zaragoza || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T37 || Jonathan Harris || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T37 || Maude Garrett || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T37 || Jennifer Landa || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T37 || Jonny Loquasto || 1-1 || 0.500 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T41 || David Griffin || 1-1 || 0.500 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T41 || Nick Mundy || 1-1 || 0.500 || 5 || 2.50 |- | 43 || Roger Barr || 2-3 || 0.400 || 17 || 3.40 |- | 44 || Audrey Kearns || 2-3 || 0.400 || 12 || 2.40 |- | 45 || Jennifer Flack || 1-2 || 0.333 || 13 || 4.33 |- | 46 || Hector Navarro || 2-4 || 0.333 || 24 || 4.00 |- | 47 || Jack Conway || 1-2 || 0.333 || 12 || 4.00 |- | T48 || Vanessa Ragland || 1-2 || 0.333 || 11 || 3.67 |- | T48 || Roth Cornet || 1-2 || 0.333 || 11 || 3.67 |- | 50 || Jeff Galante || 1-2 || 0.333 || 9 || 3.00 |- | 51 || JTE (Josh "The Engineer" Tapia) || 1-2 || 0.333 || 7 || 2.33 |- | 52 || Yael Tygiel || 2-5 || 0.286 || 28 || 4.00 |- | 53 || Emma Fyffe || 1-3 || 0.250 || 9 || 2.25 |- | 54 || Zach Wilson || 1-4 || 0.200 || 19 || 3.80 |- | 55 || Joe Starr || 2-6 || 0.250 || 25 || 3.13 |- | 56 || Joseph Scrimshaw || 1-4 || 0.200 || 17 || 3.40 |- | 57 || Matt Knost || 1-4 || 0.200 || 11 || 2.20 |- | 58 || Michele Boyd || 1-5 || 0.167 || 20 || 3.33 |- | 59 || Josh Macuga || 1-6 || 0.143 || 25 || 3.57 |- | 60 || Michael Beatrice || 0-1 || 0.000 || 5 || 5.00 |- | T61 || Marc Andreyko || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Damian Beurer || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Kaycee Conlee || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Dan Feuerrigel || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || David A. Goodman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Angie Greenup || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Kim Horcher || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Ashley & Lauren Iaconetti (TMI) || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Erika Ishii || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Jesse Klein || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Scott Mantz || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Drew DiFonzo Marks || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || John McCracken || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Mary Risk || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | T61 || Daniel Van Kirk || 0-1 || 0.000 || 4 || 4.00 |- | 76 || Andie Bolt || 0-2 || 0.000 || 6 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Kimia Behpoormia || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Kirk Bonacci || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Katy Dolle || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Ed Greer || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Adam Hann-Byrd || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Stacy Howard || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Matt Iseman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Marina Mastros || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Michelle Nguyen || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Justin Rupple || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Robert Peterson || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Max Song || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Trevor Stines || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T77 || Ele Woods || 0-1 || 0.000 || 3 || 3.00 |- | T91 || Rob Cesternino || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T91 || Max Dionne || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T91 || Jason Inman || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T91 || Danielle Radford || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T91 || Ishmel Sahid || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T91 || Victor Torres || 0-2 || 0.000 || 5 || 2.50 |- | T97 || Kamarra Cole || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T97 || Karl Hess || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T97 || Tiona Hobson || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T97 || Luke Kelly-Clynne || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T97 || Jason Mewes || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | T97 || J.D. Zelman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | 103 || Bree Essrig || 0-1 || 0.000 || 2 || 2.00 |- | 104 || Mo Lightning || 0-2 || 0.000 || 3 || 1.50 |- | 105 || Aaron Pruner|| 0-3 || 0.000 || 3 || 1.00 |- | T106 || Dani Fernandez || 0-2 || 0.000 || 2 || 1.00 |- | T106 || Tony Kim || 0-2 || 0.000 || 2 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Nick Armstrong || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || William Bibbiani || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Lilan Bowden || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Kristen Brancaccio || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Robert Meyer Burnett || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Leo Camacho || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Brianne Chandler || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Mark David Christensen || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Amy Dallen || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Ryan Eleopouios || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Brooks Forester || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Stephen Glickman || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Chris Hayner || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || KellyAnne Judd || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Cassie Keets || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Jaden LeBel || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || MeLissa Luna || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Markeia McCarty || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Kauser Mohammed || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Stephanie Michelle || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Ify Nwadiwe || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Grant Pardee || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Megan Salinas || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Eddie Ray Smith || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Katy Stoll || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Kaori Takee || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Anastasia Washington || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Damian Washington || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Jeremiah Watkins || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Mo Welch || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | T108 || Ele Woods || 0-1 || 0.000 || 1 || 1.00 |- | 139 || Michael Truly || 0-2 || 0.000 || 1 || 0.50 |- | T140 || Barbara Gray || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |- | T140 || Jordan Morris || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |- | T140 || Charlie Schneider || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |- | T140 || Cesar Solorio || 0-1 || 0.000 || 0 || 0.00 |} Rankings have been determined first by Win Percentage. If a tie has resulted, then it is broken by Points Per Game (except in the case of an undefeated fighter, in which number of wins is the primary determinant, followed by Points Per Game). If a tie still remains, the two are separated by Total Points, then by rankings within the fights (second vs third). If they still remain tied, they are given the same ranking and put into alphabetical order. ==TV Fights Episodes 1-50== PER PRODUCER BILLY PATTERSON, THE FIRST EPISODE WAS NOT AN OFFICIAL EPISODE (even though some subsequent numbers do match up in the web addresses and episode full names with the episode numbers shown in the wiki (ie episodes 27 and 28)). HENCE, THE TRUE EPISODE NUMBERS OF EACH TV FIGHT ARE ONE LESS THAN WHAT IS WRITTEN IN THE SUMMARY OF TV FIGHTS EPISODES. <big>'''<big>Question and statistical summary</big>'''</big> (x during a tie breaker or Speed Round question denotes that the fighter did not participate in the question): '''Episode 1: Most Epic TV Death? (unknown date)'''<ref>Episode 1: Most Epic TV Death? (unknown date) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-episode-2-2969471</ref> PER PRODUCER BILLY PATTERSON, THIS IS NOT AN OFFICIAL EPISODE. ACCORDINGLY, THE LEADER BOARD DOES NOT INCLUDE THIS EPISODE. Episode was not aired live as subsequent episodes are, as evidenced by the fact that no twitter comments are read. This episode was uploaded sometime between the uploads of Episodes 2 and 3, hence the appearance of "episode-2" in the web address. Screenjunkies.com lists the air date as November 16, 2015, but it also lists this for episode 2, which is incorrect. In addition to the fact that it is called Episode 1, it is clear that this was taped before Episode 2 based on how the tie-breaker was handled (see below). Further, the background is different than in Episodes 2 and 3. Unlike in most episodes of Movie Fights, pre-speed Round tie-breaker questions result in points awarded. If it weren't for the fact that points were awarded for the pre-Speed Round tie-breaker questions, no fighter would have received points for two consecutive questions in this fight, something that has never been done in Movie Fights or any subsequent episode of TV Fights. And even though Andie got points for two of her consecutive questions, there was an intervening question in between them in which she didn't participate. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Josh Macuga || New fighter || Second |- | Andie Bolt || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Jonny Loquasto || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Josh !! Andie !! Jonny |- | 1: What show should be brought back? * || 1 || || |- | 2: What is the best adult themed animated show? || || 1 || |- | 3: What TV family do you want to be a part of? || 1 || || |- | 4: Most impactful death of a TV character? || || || 1 |- | 5: What should be the Season 6 setting of "American Horror Story"? || || 1 || |- | 6: Best TV show with the most ** ridiculous premise? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER A (Josh vs Andie): "Growing Pains" and "Family Matters" are re-running. Which do you watch? || || 1 || x |- | TIE BREAKER B (Josh vs Jonny): Monica or Rachel [from "Friends"]? || 1 || x || *** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Better Ed O'Neill show: "Married With Children" or "Modern Family"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best show with the word "show" in the title? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Next city that "The Real Housewives" should take place in? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best night for TV currently? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best vampire show: "Buffy" or "True Blood"? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || '''6''' || 2 |} .*It was stated that Judd Apatow never did anything on television after Josh's choice ("Freaks and Geeks"). However, the following year, he created "Undeclared" (also featuring Jason Segal and Seth Rogan), which also lasted only one season. .**Roxy later clarified that the contestants should be focusing on the best show, not the most ridiculous premise. In fact, the question card and the bottom of the screen said "a" rather than "the most". .***Jonny was eliminated despite only losing on one question, which Josh also did. While there is a round-robin way to do a tie-breaker, it was not done. In the following episode, Andy Signore pointed this out, and the modern Movie Fight rules were applied, in which two fighters advance on a single question. Also, points were given for the tie-breaker, which isn't done in Movie Fights. Hence, in this episode and the next, a total of 13 points per episode are given. '''Episode 2: The Best Simpsons Episode Ever? (11-17-2015)'''<ref>Episode 2: The Best Simpsons Episode Ever? (11-17-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-the-best-pilot-ever-2969325</ref> Second episode to be filmed, but first to air (aired on the first day of Screen Junkies Plus). Roxy refers to it as the first episode even though it is listed as Episode 2. As the previous episode is not considered an official episode, she is correct that this is the first. First episode to feature a participant from Movie Fights. First episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Lieberman || New fighter || Second |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || New fighter || Third |- | Andy Signore || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 78%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Sasha !! Andy |- | 1: What's the best pilot episode for a series ever? || || || 1 |- | 2: What is the best show to watch while doing other things? *, ** || || 1 || |- | 3: Pitch a TV crossover. || 1 || || |- | 4: What is the best show set in a high school? || || 1 || |- | 5: What [other]*** shows could have been saved by a showrunner change? || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the best "[The] Simpsons" episode ever? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the best catchphrase of all time? **** || 1 || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would win in a fight: Rick Grimes or Tony Soprano? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best show with "boy" or "girl" in the title? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Most painful death: Ned Stark or Jon Snow? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Two shows playing in re-runs, which are you gonna watch: "Frasier" or "Cheers"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Better Jimmy: Kimmel or Fallon? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5***** || 2 || '''6''' |} .*Even though it was the second question, Roxy started with Andy. For the third question, she started with Sasha. This was also repeated for the fifth and sixth questions. .**The bottom of the screen after the question was asked replaced "other things" with "nothing." .***Besides "The Muppets" (2015). .****Ken stated that there were never any three-way ties at the end of the regular round of Movie Fights. This is not true. It had happened in Episodes 16 and 29. It also happened two days later in Episode 58. .*****Matt would not lose another match until 64 episodes later. '''Episode 3: Best Thanksgiving TV Episode Ever? (11-24-2015)'''<ref>Episode 3: Best Thanksgiving TV Episode Ever? (11-24-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-ep-3-best-thanksgiving-tv-episode-ever-2981996</ref> First episode in which a fighter does not receive any points after the first round. First episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Second episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Third episode to feature three new fighters, which is already more than Movie Fights has had at this point. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joseph Scrimshaw || New fighter || Third |- | Cathy Kelley || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Hector Navarro || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 83%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Joseph !! Cathy !! Hector |- | 1: What is the best Thanksgiving episode of all time? || 1 || || |- | 2: Who is the most kick ass woman currently on TV? * || || || 1 |- | 3: Where is the best TV place to work? || || 1 || |- | 4: Pitch a TV show adaptation for any 80s movie? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who is the best TV villain ever? || || || 1 |- | 6: What show had the most promise and the least delivery? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would you rather come to your Thanksgiving dinner: Peter Griffin or Homer Simpson? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the better show: "American Idol" or "The Voice"? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best show with the word "family" in the title? || x || 1** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best HBO comedy; is it "Veep" or "Silicon Valley"? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best next-door neighbor; is it Kramer or Mr. Feeny? || x || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the best sport to watch on TV instead of going to the game? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''6''' || 5 |} .*During the debate of the second question, the bottom of the screen replaced "kick" with "Kisck". .**Split decision. Ken agreed with Hector for "Family Guy". '''Episode 4: Best 90s Sitcom? (12-1-2015)'''<ref>Episode 4: Best 90s Sitcom? (12-1-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-ep-4-best-90s-sitcom-2983937</ref> Out of Roxy, Jason, Aaron, and Hal, Jason is the only Gentile (non-Jew). Jason and Hal are the second and third fighters to have previously appeared on Movie Fights. First episode to not feature two male and one female contestants. First of four consecutive episodes in which the fighter who scored the first point ultimately won the game. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jason Inman || New fighter || Second |- | Aaron Pruner || New fighter || Third |- | Hal Rudnick|| New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jason !! Aaron !! Hal |- | 1: What is the best sitcom of the 90s? || || || 1 |- | 2: If you guys could cast your dream actor to play Iron Fist/Danny Rand in the upcoming Netflix TV show, who would it be? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the most rewatchable show ever? || * || || 1 |- | 4: What's the nicest hidden gem of a TV show, a show that didn't or doesn't receive the attention it deserves? || || 1 || |- | 5: What season cancelled in its their season should get another choice? || || || 1 |- | 6: What TV show deserves a better finale? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who has better shows on TV right now, DC or Marvel? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which TV show would you rather watch with your [hypothetical] 15-year old niece: "Pretty Little Liars" or "Vampire Diaries"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which show would you rather host: "SNL" for a night or "Survivor" for a season? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is the best TV actress or character named Kate (no spelling specified)? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: The "Cosby Show" is airing re-runs. Do you leave it on? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''6'''*** |} .*Jason lost the ability to argue for Aaron's choice "(M*A*S*H)" in a coin toss. He chose "The West Wing" instead. Neither answer won. .**Split decision. Aaron chose Jason, who picked "Survivor". .***As Hal was retroactively declared the winner of the first Movie Fight, he is the only fighter so far to win his first fights on each show. '''Episode 5: Best TV Villain in 2015? (12-10-2015)'''<ref>Episode 5: Best TV Villain in 2015? (12-10-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-ep-5-best-tv-villian-in-2015-2986683</ref> Aired on Thursday instead of Tuesday in order to accommodate the Movie Fights schedule so that Kevin Smith could appear on that show. The episode is only 63:36 long. Matt Lieberman is the first repeat fighter shown. Roxy actually states that it is his third appearance. He appeared on an unaired pilot. Matt becomes the first fighter to appear in two episodes without coming in third place. In episode 15, he would become the first to do this after three fights. Matt becomes the first fighter to win a fight while being the only person in the group to have ever lost (episode 2). He would do this again in episode 15 against fighters who had actually previously appeared. As recently started on Movie Fights, the scoreboard lists Spencer's name as "Spence". Spencer Gilbert is the fourth fighter to have previously fought in Movie Fights. Charlie becomes the first person to not score any points in a game, something that didn't happen in Movie Fights until he 41st episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Lieberman || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Charlie Schneider || New fighter || Third |- | Spencer Gilbert || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Matt !! Charlie !! Spencer |- | 1: Who is the greatest fictional POTUS (President of the United States of America) on TV? || 1* || || |- | 2: You have the power to cancel a show that's been on for 2+ seasons. What show is it? || ** || || 1 |- | 3: Best TV villain of 2015? || 1 || || |- | 4: Best bromance on TV? || 1 || || |- | 5: What TV show has or had the best opening credits? || 1 || || |- | 6: What is the best running gag/joke in a series? || || || 1*** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 4 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who[m] would you rather sit next to on a plane: Bryan Cranston or Jon Hamm? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would win "Survivor": Hillary Clinton or Donald Trump? || || x || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Bigger Golden Globe snub in comedy: "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" or "The Grinder"? + || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better judge on "The Voice": Christina Aguilera or Gwen Stefani? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is the best TV dog? || 1+** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''+*** || 0 || 5 |} .*Matt incorrectly states that Richard Nixon served two full terms as US President. Ken pointed this out in the Fact Check. .**Matt was allowed to argue for "Gotham" despite the fact that it had not yet finished two seasons. However, Spencer won with "The Simpsons". .***Spencer, who won, was the only one to not pick from the show "How I Met Your Mother". .****Split decision. Charlie had chosen Spencer (Cranston). .*****Split decision, reversed from the previous fight. Charlie had chosen Matt (Trump). +At the end of the fight, Roxy called her gavel Mjolnir her "banger". +*Split decision. Charlie had chosen Matt (Stefani). +**Split decision, reversed from the previous fight. Charlie had chosen Spencer (Brian Griffin), while Ken and Roxy chose Matt (Porkchop Funnie). +***At the beginning of the episode, Matt had correctly predicted that he would win. '''Episode 6: Who is the Best Friends Character? (12-15-2015)'''<ref>Episode 6: Who is the Best Friends Character? (12-15-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-the-best-friends-character-tv-fights-2987660</ref> Jack Conway is introduced as a second-time fighter, but this is his first fight shown. Ken mentions that he was on the unaired pilot, which will eventually be released. John Rocha is the fifth fighter to previously compete in Movie Fights. He is the only one of them to win TV Fights without having previously won Movie Fights. First episode to only require four Speed Round questions, rather than five. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | John Rocha || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Jack Conway || New fighter || Second |- | Roth Cornet || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 71%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! John !! Jack !! Roth |- | 1: What TV cop/government agent would you want to be partnered with? || 1 || || |- | 2: What is the best time travel TV show? || || || 1 |- | 3: What is the best onscreen marriage or romance? || || 1 || |- | 4: Which other character from a popular TV show should have his own show? || 1 || || |- | 5: Out of the main cast, who is the best "Friends" character? || || 1 || |- | 6: What is the best "SNL" sketch * of all time? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which TV show's real-life holiday party would you want to crash? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would win at TV Fight[s]: Jessica Jones or Supergirl? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: HBO or Showtime? || 1** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better breaking of the fourth wall: "The Office" or "Modern Family"? || 1*** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Roxy deliberately asked the question using the word "sketch" instead of "skit" despite what the screen said. .**Roth recused herself from the third Speed Round fight, but Roxy and Ken agreed with each other. .***Split decision. Ken chose Jack based on Jack's arguments, despite his not agreeing with the answer ("Modern Family"). '''Episode 7: Best TV Show of 2015? (12-22-2015)'''<ref>Episode 7: Best TV Show of 2015? (12-22-2015) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZzzWuGaML4</ref> This episode appears on youtube (in addition to Screen Junkies Plus). The scoreboard lists Jason's name as "Jay" (as in Jay and Silent Bob). Dan Murrell is the fifth fighter to have previously fought in Movie Fights. He is also the second fighter (after Hal) to win both his first Movie Fight and his first TV Fight. This episode's title card does not feature Roxy. Not counting the Movie Fight fan fight, in which Dan participated unsuccessfully for one question, this is Dan's twentieth fight between TV Fights, Movie Fights, and Schmoes Know. This episode was followed by the first episode of After the (TV) Fight, in which Dan wore a Santa hat that he received for winning this episode. First episode to only require three Speed Round questions. Fourth consecutive episode in which the fighter to get the first point ultimately won the game. Only nine points are awarded in this episode, a record low (later beaten by a margin of two points in episode 18). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Cesternino Rob Cesternino] || New fighter || Third |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Mewes Jason Mewes] || New fighter || Second |- | Dan Murrell || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 67%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Rob !! Jason !! Dan |- | 1: What is the best Christmas episode of TV? || || || 1 |- | 2: Who is the worst TV mom? || || 1 || |- | 3: What is the best show of 2015? || || * || 1 |- | 4: What is the best TV show based in a hospital? || 1** || || |- | 5: What TV show home or apartment would you want to live in? || || 1 || |- | 6: Which 2016 TV show are you most anticipating?*** || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best TV character or actor named George? || x || **** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which channel has better animated shows: Adult Swim or FOX? || x || ***** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best TV show with the word "day" in the title? + || x || || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2+** || '''6''' |} .*During the fight, Jason was confused on the question and tried to take pre-2015 episodes of shows [that existed before 2015] into consideration. Arguments involving these episodes were dismissed by Roxy. .**After Rob got the point, he wanted to make sure that Roxy wasn't going to change her mind like Steve Harvey. The previous night, Steve Harvey incorrectly announced Miss Colombia as Miss Universe rather than the first runner-up. .***Could be either a new or returning show. .****Jason essentially conceded that Dan's pick (Clooney) was better. .*****Jason picked Adult Swim [before Dan spoke], but he couldn't name any shows on the channel. He eventually indicated he couldn't argue against Dan. +A movie version of this question was used in the 51st episode of Movie Fights. +*Dan's performance marks the first Speed Round sweep in TV Fights. *Also, Dan sets the record for most points in a row (4) in TV Fights. This was also recently the record in Movie Fights (multiple times), but the record was set at five two months earlier by Mike Carlson. +**Jason's score of 2 is the lowest second-place finish in TV Fights so far (it would be beaten by Steve Zaragoza in episode 18). '''Episode 8: Best Current Comic Book TV Show? (12-29-2015)'''<ref>Episode 8: Best Current Comic Book TV Show? (12-29-2015) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-episode-3-nov-10th-2967873</ref> Pre-recorded episode (November 10, 2015). The web address indicates it was originally episode 3. Second episode in which a fighter does not receive any points after the first round. Second episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Third episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round (after episode 3 and episode 5 (in which Charlie Schneider did not score)). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Key || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Audrey Kearns || New fighter || Third |- | Zach Wilson || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Audrey !! Zach |- | 1: What is the best MTV classic show? || || 1 || |- | 2: What TV lawyer would you want to represent you? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is your favorite comic book TV show on TV right now? || 1 || || |- | 4: Pitch a "Harry Potter" TV series || || || 1 |- | 5: What is the best spin-off of all time? || 1 || || |- | 6: Best pet in TV history || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is your favorite 90s cartoon: "Doug" or "Rugrats"? || * || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best TV actor named Kevin? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What do you turn off first: "Dance Moms" or "Bachelor in Paradise"? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV chef would you rather cook you dinner: Bobby Flay or Paula Deen? || 1 || x || *** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best TV block: TGI Friday [TGIF] or Snick? || 1 || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: What "Seinfeld" character do you most want to have lunch with? || 1****, ***** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6'''+ || 1 || 5 |} .*Matt, who was stuck with "Doug", was unable to come up with specific arguments and couldn't even convince Roxy that he'd ever seen the show. .**Roxy was about to call the game, but Ken told her Matt could make a comeback. .***Although Roxy did not activate the panel (she hadn't on previous questions either, but did on the last two), Audrey said she would have agreed with Zach (Paula Deen). .****Matt was the first to say Kramer, leaving Zach to pick Jerry. .*****Split decision. Audrey disagreed with Roxy, but Ken agreed. +While he is not the first to get the final three points (this was done in the previous episode), Matt makes the biggest comeback victory in TV Fights history thus far; it is repeated in episode 15 after Matt Lieberman defeats Andy Signore after being behind 4-2. This record would be broken in episode 17 when Spencer Gilbert defeated Roth Cornet after being behind 4-1. '''Episode 9: Most Iconic TV Kiss? (1-5-2016)'''<ref>Episode 9: Most Iconic TV Kiss? (1-5-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/most-iconic-tv-kiss-tv-fights-ep-9-2993237</ref> Relative to seating positions, the scores were the same as in episode 8. Josh and Jonny are the second and third repeat fighters on TV Fights. Josh, who previously appeared on episode 1, becomes the second fighter to appear twice without finishing in third place either time, the first being Matt Lieberman (episodes 2 and 5). Michael's name is displayed on the scoreboard as "Mike". Third episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Third episode in which a fighter does not receive any points after the first round. Third episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third. Fourth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round (after episodes 3, 5 (in which Charlie Schneider did not score), and 8). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Josh Macuga || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Jonny Loquasto || 0/1 || Third |- | Micheal Beatrice || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 83%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Josh !! Jonny !! Michael |- | 1: What is the best coming of age TV show? || || 1 || |- | 2: Who deserves a chance to host "SNL"? || || || 1 |- | 3: What is the most iconic TV kiss of all time? || || || 1* |- | 4: If you could punch one TV character in the face, who would it be? || 1** || || *** |- | 5: What was the most devastating TV couple break up of all time?**** || || || 1 |- | 6: Which movie would have benefited most from being made as a TV show instead? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If forced, which dating show would you go on? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Were Ross and Rachel (from "Friends") really on a break? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What show do you watch when you're home sick: "The Price is Right" or "Jerry Springer"? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather ring in New Year's with: Supergirl or Jon Snow? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the best show with a color in the title? || 1 || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which super power would you prefer: The Flash's speed or Luke Cage's unbreakable skin? || 1+,+* || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 1 || 5 |} .*Mike said that Capt. Kirk and Lt. Uhura's kiss was "under duress." However, their bodies were being controlled; they were not under threat. .**Josh's point in Round 4 is the latest first point for any winner in TV Fights history at this point (this would be repeated in episode 32). .***Mike unsuccessfully attempted to convince Roxy that Andy Samburg was always playing a character; hence, he just went with the actor, against the parameter of the question. -He also incorrectly inferred that the song "Don't Stop Believin'" by Journey started playing after the cut to black at the end of "The Sopranos". However, that is when the song stopped. .****Jonny used the break up of Kevin and Winnie from "The Wonder Years" (the show he used to win question 1). .*****Split decision. Ken and Jonny both disagreed with Roxy, but she overruled them both (first overturn in TV Fights, immediately after the first overturn in Movie Fights). +Josh's argument included more than simply the speed. Specifically, the rebuttal mentioned regenerative powers. Ken was questioning whether this (just like time travel) was related to the speed, and Roxy indicated it was. +*Split decision. Despite the clarification of the power relationship, Ken disagreed with Roxy. '''Episode 10: Funniest Woman on TV? (1-12-2016)'''<ref>Episode 10: Funniest Woman on TV? (1-12-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/funniest-woman-on-tv-tv-fights-2995475</ref> First all-female panel (something not done until the 42nd episode of Movie Fights). Cathy Kelley becomes the first previous winner to return to the show and the third fighter to appear twice without finishing in third place. Fourth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Fifth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round (after episodes 3, 5 (in which Charlie Schneider did not score), 8, and 9). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Boyd Michele Boyd] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Kelley Cathy Kelley] || 1/0 || Second |- | Bree Essrig || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Michele !! Cathy !! Bree |- | 1: Which female lead on a TV show would you want to be? || || 1 || |- | 2: Which TV high school/college would you have most liked to attend? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who is the funniest woman on TV? || || || 1* |- | 4: Who is the number one celebrity whose ** reality show you would want to watch? || || || 1 |- | 5: What is the best TV series set in a post-apocalyptic world? || 1 || || |- | 6: What TV character would you most like to bring home your parents? || || 1*** || |- | TIE BREAKER: What was the biggest Golden Globes surprise? || 1 || 1 || **** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which Savage brothers show is better: "Boy Meets World" or "[The] Wonder Years"? || 1***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which reboot are you more excited for: "Fuller House" or "[The] X-Files"? || || 1+ || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would make a better host of the 2017 Golden Globes: Amy Schumer or Melissa McCarthy? || +* || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Jeff Probst or Chris Harrison? || 1+** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: What's the best show with "America" or "American" in the title? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 || 2 |} .*Bree won because neither Michele nor Cathy argued that she should not have been allowed to argue for the combination of two women (Abbi Jacobson and Ilana Glazer). .**The question card and bottom of the screen during the duration of the round misspelled "whose" as "who's (who is)." .***Cathy was the only one who didn't assume that the question referred to dating, so she picked someone for her single mom (George Clooney's Doug Ross from "ER"). -Roxy called the end of the fight only 3 minutes and 56 seconds after finishing reading the question. .****Bree's answer was that she didn't watch it. .*****After Michele won the point, Cathy gave a second rebuttal indicating that "Winnie Cooper" (Danica McKellar) quit acting after Michele's choice ("The Wonder Years") ended. Michele correctly stated that this wasn't true (as she returned to acting after completing college), but she said that she got an advanced degree; Danica only possesses a bachelor's degree despite writing a paper with classmate Brandy Winn who did eventually obtain a Ph.D. +Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy and chose Michele. But Roxy pointed out that the question asked about excitement, so she judged based on this. +*Michele said Amy Schumer before Cathy did. However, Cathy won. +**Michele won despite not knowing who Chris Harrison was (host of "The Bachelor"). '''Episode 11: Cast the New Jack Bauer in the 24 Spin-off (1-19-2016)'''<ref>Episode 11: Cast the New Jack Bauer in the 24 Spin-off (1-19-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/cast-the-new-jack-bauer-in-the-24-spin-off-tv-fight-2997731</ref> One week after Cathy Kelley, Andie Bolt becomes the second winner to return to the show. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andie Bolt || 1/0 || Third |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Feuerriegel Dan Feuerrigel] || New fighter || Second |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Andie !! Dan !! Sasha |- | 1: What TV show premise shouldn't have worked, but did? || || 1 || |- | 2: Who is the best TV dad of all time? * || || || 1** |- | 3: Which actor should be our new 'Jack Bauer'? || *** || 1**** || |- | 4: Pitch me a "Friends" reunion episode. || 1 || || |- | 5: Which TV episode made you cry the most? || || ***** || 1+ |- | 6: Best celebrity cameo in a TV show? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which animated character would you want to punch in the face? || x || +* || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who wins in a fight: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles or Power Rangers? +*** || x || 1+**** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who[m] would you rather be stranded on a deserted island with: Rick Grimes or Khaleesi (Daenerys Targaryen)? || x || || 1+***** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best TV character or actor named Jack? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the better reality show phrase: "Survivor"'s 'The tribe has spoken' or "The Bachelor" 's/"Bachelorette" 's 'Will you accept this rose'? || x || || 1++ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''6''' |} .*Andie and Sasha both dropped the f-bomb during arguments. .**Sasha pointed out that Andie's choice (Eddard Stark) fathered a child (Jon Snow) out of wedlock, but Ken pointed out that there's a significant chance this isn't actually true. .***Andie picked Katee Sackhoff, who already appeared as a mole agent in Season 8. This was part of Roxy's rationale for ruling her out. .****Dan, the only male fighter, was the only one who chose a male to replace Jack Bauer. .*****Dan said "Jurassic Bark" from "Futurama." This is the third time this episode has been brought up (previously used in episodes 5 and 8, respectively for best dog and best pet). +Sasha does in fact cry during her argument for the series finale of "Lost". Andie puts some fake tears on her eyes for her choice while Sasha was giving her opening arguments. +*Dan said he'd punch Homer Simpson despite arguing for him earlier in the episode as best TV dad. Ken pointed this out. +**Sasha picked Judy Jetson and described her as a wife. She was George's daughter, not wife. +***Previously used in episode 28 of Movie Fights. +****Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who picked Dan (Power Rangers). Andie didn't pick a clear winner. +*****Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who picked Sasha (Khaleesi) but stated that it depends on what one would want to do on the island. Andie said it was even for her. ++While there was no split, Andie once again could not pick a winner, for the third time in five Speed Round questions. '''Episode 12: What TV Superhero or Villain Would Win the Hunger Games? (1-26-2016)'''<ref>Episode 12: What TV Superhero or Villain Would Win the Hunger Games? (1-26-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-hero-or-villain-would-win-the-hunger-games-2999610</ref> Only five questions are used in the regular round. Hector was predicted to win the fight, but he did not, becoming the second fighter to lose two fights. However, he becomes the fourth fighter to appear twice without finishing in third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hector Navarro || 0/1 || Second |- | Joe Starr || New fighter || Third |- | Jennifer Landa || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Hector !! Joe !! Jennifer |- | 1: What is the best streaming only TV show? || || || 1 |- | 2: If you could end any TV show that went on too long,....which would it be, and where would you end it? || || 1 || |- | 3: What is the most quotable TV show? || 1 || || |- | 4: What actor are you hoping gets cast as the new lead on a show? *|| || || 1 |- | 5: What TV superhero or villain would win the Hunger Games? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What's the best TV show that starts with the letter "M"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the better show to watch with your grandparents: "Shameless" or "Girls"? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which "X-Files" agent would you rather have as your partner: Scully or Mulder? || 1 || x || *** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best TV character or actor named Jess; I'll also accept Jesse or Jessica? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which show do you turn off first: "Heroes Reborn" or "True Detective" season 2? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*The question displayed and answered actually asked for the lead on a ''new'' show. .**Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Jennifer ("Girls"). .***Jennifer, who was stuck with Mulder, argued more for the actor who played him (David Duchovny). '''Episode 13: Best Seinfeld Episode Ever? (2-2-2016)'''<ref>Episode 13: Best Seinfeld Episode Ever? (2-2-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-best-seinfeld-episode-ever-tv-fights-3001841</ref> Once again, only five questions are used in the regular round. It appears this will be permanent. Last appearance of the ''Star Wars: The Force Awakens'' poster. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mark Ellis || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Joseph Scrimshaw || 0/1 || Second |- | Zach Wilson || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Mark !! Joseph !! Zach |- | 1: Who is the greatest best friend character on TV? || 1 || || |- | 2: What is the most romantic gesture between a TV couple? || || 1 || |- | 3: What is the best episode of "Seinfeld" ever? || 1* || || |- | 4: You're kidnapped. You can only call the characters of one TV show to save you. Who[m] do you call?**, *** || 1 || || |- | 5: Pitch the next [live musical event]. || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Which family game show would you want to go on with your family: "Family Feud" or "Family Double Dare"? || x || 1**** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Better part of the Super Bowl: commercials or Halftime Show? || ***** || 1+ || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would make a better student body president: Agent Carter or Supergirl? || +* || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Former "Apprentice" host Donald Trump came in second [among Republicans] in last night's Iowa caucus. Who should be the next TV host to run for President? || 1 || +** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather grab a beer with: Charlie Sheen or Amanda Bynes? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: "I Love Lucy" and "I Dream of Jeannie" are both rerunning. Which do you watch? || 1+*** || || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Who is the best "Sesame Street" character? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 || 1 |} .*Mark's answer ("The Contest") was also rated as #1 out of 169 episodes by the magazine Vulture. .**Question provided by fighter Cathy Kelley. .***Even though each fighter was allowed to utilize the whole cast of their respective shows, each fighter only used the main character. .****A point was awarded despite this question being a tie-breaker that was not game-ending and didn't involve all the fighters. Mark did not contest this, and as a result, the game went on longer than it should have (no tie breaker should have been necessary at the end). .*****Mark gave a second rebuttal that lasted two seconds, prompting Ken to give Joseph two extra seconds. +Split decision. Zach didn't agree with Roxy, who chose Joseph (the Halftime Show). +*Mark chose Supergirl and stated that Agent Carter was too old since she was 35. However, in her show's first season, she is only 24-25 years old, barely older than Supergirl. +**Joseph chose Alex Trebek, who wouldn't be eligible to run as he was not a natural-born citizen. Mark never mentioned this in his argument against Trebek. +***Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Mark ("I Dream of Jeannie"). She further clarified that the question was not necessarily asking for the better show, allowing for some subjectivity in the argument, which Ken was citing as the reason for going with Joseph. '''Episode 14: Worst TV Boss?! (2-9-2016)'''<ref>Episode 14: Worst TV Boss?! (2-9-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/most-tragic-love-story-on-tv-tv-fights-3003345</ref> Despite the web address for this episode, no question about tragic love stories appears. Second all-female panel, meaning the show already has had more all-female panels than Movie Fights, which has aired 55 additional episodes. Audrey becomes the second fighter to win while being the only one in the group to have lost a fight (after Matt Lieberman in episode 5). Of all the fighters who have won a fight, Audrey has the fewest total points at six. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Vanessa Ragland || New fighter || Third |- | Yael Tygiel || New fighter || Second |- | Audrey Kearns || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Vanessa !! Yael !! Audrey |- | 1: "So You Think You Can Dance - The Next Generation" features kids, so we want you guys to pitch the next junior version of a reality or competition show. || || || 1 |- | 2: Which show has suffered the most because of an actor's departure? || || 1 || |- | 3: Who is the worst TV boss? || 1 || * || |- | 4: If you were going on "The Amazing Race," which TV show character would you pick for your partner? || || || 1 |- | 5: Recently, there was an announcement that ''Brooklyn'' is getting a spinoff TV show,... so we want you to pitch an Oscar-nominated movie TV spinoff? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which post-apocalyptic situation would you rather be in: "The Walking Dead" or "The Leftovers"? || x || **,*** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Bang/Kill/Marry: O.J. Simpson, Cuba Gooding Jr., and John Travolta? || x || || 1****,***** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best TV high school cool guy: Zack Morris or Shawn Hunter? || x || 1 || + |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who had a worse week: Cam Newton after losing the Super Bowl or Donald Trump after losing the Iowa caucus? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: In honor of Valentine's Day, who's the best TV character or actor whose name starts with "V"? || x || || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*All three fighters submitted Yael's choice (Richard Morgan (played by Richard Burgi) from "Law and Order: Special Victims Unit" Season 11, Episode 15: 'Confidential') in their top two. However, this was the first choice that Roxy rejected. .**Audrey indicated that in "The Walking Dead," there was the possibility of dying right away, and that she'd be okay with that. Part of Yael's argument against that was that the question asked which she would rather ''live'' in, but it does not. Roxy never pointed this out. .***Ken stated that he felt the fighters tied, so he couldn't make a decision, but Vanessa agreed with Roxy that Yael's argument for "The Leftovers" was better. .****Audrey agreed with Yael that she could kill O.J. Simpson. Roxy stated she'd bang him and kill Travolta. .*****Once again, Ken could not provide an answer. Instead, he merely shrugged and gave a puzzled look. +Audrey's argument for Shawn Hunter was very vague and did not reference "Boy Meets World" or "Girl Meets World" at all. While Audrey answered second, she had the chance to pik Zack first as Yael took her time. +*Vanessa could not choose a winner, but Ken agreed with Roxy that Audrey provided the better argument (Victoria Principal over Victoria Justice). '''Episode 15: TV Show You Love to Hate Watch! (2-16-2016)'''<ref>Episode 15: TV Show You Love to Hate Watch! (2-16-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGCTuD1p9K4</ref> Although the selection card for this episode has the title displayed with the first letter of each word capitalized, the in-site title is not that way, the first time this has happened. Due to sponsorship from Hulu, this episode was also available live on youtube (under the title "What TV show do you love to hate watch?" (again without each first letter capitalized)), receiving a peak live viewership of approximately 3300. The episode title on Screen Junkies Plus was later changed to this title, with capitalization. Second episode to be available on youtube (after episode 7), but the first to be available live. First episode to feature only returning fighters. Mark Ellis had fought in Movie Fights prior to TV Fights episode 13, but that was his first TV Fight. Fourth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Also the first episode to feature only returning winners. They are the third, fourth, and fifth winners to return (Andy and Michele are the third and fourth undefeated fighters to return). Andy and Matt become the first pair to rematch each other (episode 2). Matt becomes the first fighter to participate in three fights ''and'' the first to win two. Matt has actually appeared in four fights, one of which did not air. Andy becomes the fifth fighter to appear twice without finishing in third place, and Matt (the first to appear twice without a third place finish) becomes the first to appear in three fights without a third place finish. Matt is the first fighter to appear in three fights without ever scoring fewer than five points. Matt was already the first of two fighters (the second being Audrey Kearns in the previous episode) to win a fight while being the only one in the group to have ever lost (achieving this in episode 5). In this episode, he does it against two fighters who had actually appeared previously. All the fighters finish the fight with one loss. Andy and Michele each fall from a seven-way tie for first place, to 10th place and a two-way tie for 12th place respectively. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || 1/0 || Second |- | Matt Lieberman || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Michele Boyd || 1/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Andy !! Matt !! Michele |- | 1: What's the best cult TV show to binge watch?? || 1 || || |- | 2: What live action show would be better if it was animated? || || || 1 |- | 3: After "The People v. O.J. [Simpson]", what real life crime should the show ["American Crime"] take on next? || || 1 || |- | 4: Who's the most badass non-human character of all time? || || 1 || * |- | 5: What is the best TV show to hatewatch? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best show that starts with the letter "F"? || 1** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the TV Jennifer you'd rather grab a drink with: Aniston or Lopez? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would win at "Survivor": Walter White or Don Draper? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: AMC or FX? || || 1*** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which villain would you rather go against: "Daredevil" 's Kingpin or "Smallville" 's Lex Luthor?**** || || 1***** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*During Andy's description of ALF, he stated that he had eight stomachs, to which Michele ultimately responded by saying that he was just two cows. Roxy asked if that was true, and Matt stated that it was. However, despite common misconception, cows only have one stomach. .**Split decision. Michele disagreed with Roxy, who chose Andy ("Fargo") or Matt ("Futurama"). .***Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Michele (FX). .****Matt was not quite as fast as Andy in saying Kingpin and was thus stuck with Luthor. After the arguments were made, Michele pointed out that the fighters would arguing for who was better while they should have been arguing to fight the weaker opponent. .*****Matt ties (2-way) for biggest comeback victory in TV Fights history, but this record is broken two episodes later. '''Episode 16: Best MTV Classic Show? (2-23-2016)'''<ref>Episode 16: Best MTV Classic Show? (2-23-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-mtv-classic-tv-show-tv-fights-3005297</ref> Roxy debuts a new hairstyle with highlighting. This episode only ran 55:45. Jonny fights as his alterego Clark Loquasto, a bespectacled reporter for the Daily Constellation. *Only at the end of the episode did KellyAnne figure out the Clark Kent reference. Only one week after Matt Lieberman, Jonny becomes the second fighter to compete three times. Relative to seating positions, the scores are the same as the prior episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jennifer Flack || New fighter || Second |- | Jonny (Clark) Loquasto || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | KellyAnne Judd || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jennifer !! Jonny !! KellyAnne |- | 1: What TV hangout spot would be the coolest to hang out at? || || 1 || |- | 2: Which current Oscar nominated actor should get their own TV show? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the best kids show that adults can enjoy? || || 1 || |- | 4: What show is or was the best at breaking the fourth wall? *, ** || 1 || || |- | 5: What's the best MTV classic TV show? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who had the better imagination: Tommy Pickles in "Rugrats" or Doug Funnie from "Doug"? ***|| || 1**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best TV show with a one-word title? ***** || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would win in a fight: Roseanne Barr or Rosie O'Donnell? +*, +** || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: These two shows are on. Which one do you watch?: The 1990's "[The] Flash" or "Lois & Clark: The new Adventures of Superman"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which late-night host should host the Oscars? +*** || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*When the title card for this question was shown, the twitter screen shot for the previous question was sonw at the bottom. .**During fact checking, Ken called "Saved By the Bell" the 'first incarnation' when he stated that it debuted in 1989. However, while it had spinoffs, it is a spinoff of "Good Morning, Miss Bliss," which ran for 13 episodes starting in 1988 and featured Zack, Lisa, Screech, and Mr. Belding and several other charaters who did not appear again. In syndication however, it was retroactively retooled as early episodes of "Saved By the Bell." .***Asked by the same twitter user who asked the fourth regular round question. .****Jonny, who argued for Doug, said that all he remembers about "Rugrats" was that the soundtrack for the movie featured a song ("Take Me There") by Mýa. He then stated that he knew that Harlem World had a song on it too. However, it was two members of the group who were featured on the same song. .*****Jonny answered with "Sopranos," but the title is "The Sopranos," which is two words, so Roxy ruled against him even though Jennifer never mentioned this (only Ken and twitter users did). +Split decision (see immediately above). KellyAnne, who spoke before Ken did, disagreed with Roxy. +*Jonny answered Roseanne Barr immediately before Jennifer did, leaving her with Rosie O'Donnell. +**After being asked for her opinion, KellyAnne stated that she did not know who Roseanne Barr was. She also did not vote. +***Despite being the second one to answer, Jonny answered quickly and accidentally said Jimmy Kimmell when he meant to say Jimmy Fallon. Ken made him stick with his first answer. However, Jonny was still able to win. '''Episode 17: Worst TV Show Revival? (3-1-2016)'''<ref>Episode 17: Worst TV Show Revival? (3-1-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/worst-tv-show-revival-tv-fights-3006974</ref> Roth becomes the first person to score four regular round points in TV Fights. Roth becomes the first fighter in either TV or Movie Fights to win such a high portion (80%) of the pre-Speed Round points. The previous record holder was Alicia Malone, who scored 4 out of 6 (66.7%) of the pre-Speed Round points in episode 42 of Movie Fights. This is particularly notable since despite this, Roth ultimately finished in second. Spencer breaks the record for biggest comeback victory in TV Fights. While he didn't win all of the points in the Speed Round, Spencer becomes the first person in TV or Movie Fights to win a majority vote in five consecutive Speed Round questions (and first for six consecutive as well if the tie breaker question is included). Among the final six questions, Spencer received a total of 15 out of 18 votes. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Roth Cornet || 0/1 || Second |- | David Griffin || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Roth !! David |- | 1: For better or worse, which TV character changed the most? || || 1 || |- | 2: Which TV character should be on "What Not to Wear"? || 1 || || |- | 3: Besides Deadpool, which fictional character should be given a chance to host "SNL"? || || 1 || |- | 4: In honor of the god awful "Fuller House", what's the worst TV show revival? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the best TV technology? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 4 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which TV Kourtney/Courtney would you rather grab a drink with: Kardashian or Cox? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which show is less agonizing to watch: "[The] Big Bang Theory" or "Two and a Half Men"? || 1* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best TV show that starts with the letter "S"? || || 1**, *** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which weird family would you rather be a member of: "Family Guy" 's Griffins or "[It's] Always Sunny [in Philadelphia]" 's McPoyles"? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which fictional sports team do you want to play on: the Dillon Panthers or the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant softball team? || 1 || || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Who would you rather hold on to your wallet: Saul Goodman or Bojack Horseman? || 1****, ***** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 5 || 0 |} .*Split decision. David disagreed with Roxy, who chose Spencer ("[The] Big Bang Theory"). .**Roth answered with "Sopranos." This (as also mentioned on the previous episode) is not the title. Rather it is "The Sopranos." Since Spencer didn't bring it up in his arguments, Roxy allowed it. .***Split decision. Second overturn on TV Fights (and only the third overturn in TV and Movie Fights history (and still the second in an official fight)). Had it not been for this overturn by Roxy, Spencer would have become the first fighter in TV and Movie Fights to win all five questions in a Speed Round. .****Roth did not say Saul Goodman as quickly as Spencer did and was stuck with Bojack Horseman. .*****Split decision. David disagreed with Roxy, who chose Spencer (Saul Goodman). '''Episode 18: Most Hated TV Character? (3-8-2016)'''<ref>Episode 18: Most Hated TV Character? (3-8-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tvfi-030816-ep18-3007595</ref> All fighters are from SourceFed. First episode since episode 8 to feature three new fighters (even though Steve did appear on one episode of Movie Fights more than a year earlier). The record for largest margin of victory, set in episode 7 by Dan Murrell, is tied. The record for lowest second-place score in both TV and Movie Fights is set. The previous record of two had been set by Jason Mewes in TV Fights in episode 7 and was set three times in Movie Fights. Seventh episode in which a fighter does not score any points after the first round (after episodes 3, 5, 8, and 9, and 17 (in which David Griffin did not score)). However, it was the first time (both in TV and Movie Fights) that the fighter not scoring after the first round finishes in second place (as opposed to third place). Only seven points are awarded in this fight, a new record low for TV and Movie Fights by a margin of two. The previous record was nine points, which were awarded in TV Fights episode 7 as well as four episodes of Movie Fights (6, 8, 57, and 58). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maude_Garrett Maude Garrett] || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Steve Zaragoza || New fighter || Second |- | DJ Wooldridge || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Maude !! Steve !! style="width: 4%"|DJ |- | 1: What is the best television cliffhanger ever? || || 1 || |- | 2: What TV show has the best use of voice over narration? || 1 || || |- | 3: Who is the best TV little sister? || || || 1 |- | 4: What classic TV series would benefit from a gritty HBO style reboot? || 1 || || |- | 5: Who is the most universally hated TV character? || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Which 90s Nickelodeon show would you wanna be on? || x || 0* || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of International Women's Day, ....which female is more badass: Carrie Mathison or Dana Scully? || 1 || *** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best show based in a prison; is it "Prison Break" or "Orange is the New Black"? || 1** || *** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1**** || 1 |} .*First time in TV Fights that someone is ''not'' awarded a point for a pre-Speed Round tie-breaker (the proper rules). .**Maude pulls off the shortest Speed Round in the history of TV and Movie Fights and the second sweep of the Speed Round in TV Fights. However, had the proper rules regarding non-scoring for pre-Speed Round tie-breakers been used in the fifteenth episode of Movie Fights, this would be a tie for the record for the two shows as that episode would have also ended after two Speed Round questions (and also with a margin of four points). *She also ties Dan Murrell (the previous sweeper and record holder for shortest Speed Round) for most consecutive points (four) in TV Fights. .***Steve was not as fast as Maude in providing the answers that she used to win the two Speed Round questions (Dana Scully and "Orange is the new Black"). He also needed to ask DJ who Carrie Mathison was (Maude did not know either). .****Steve comes in second place despite not scoring any higher than DJ (the first time in TV Fights that the second place fighter did not score any higher than the third place scorer). His score is the lowest second-place score in all of TV and Movie Fights. '''Episode 19: Best TV Drunk? (3-15-2016)'''<ref>Episode 19: Best TV Drunk? (3-15-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-drunk-tv-fights-3008674</ref> First episode not hosted by Roxy Striar as she is competing. The episode is hosted by Ken Napzok. Since Ken is hosting, Dan Murrell acts as Fact Checker. This episode features the 1000th Screen Junkies Fight question. Eighth episode in which a fighter does not score any points after the first round, and the third in which a fighter finishes with no points. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Josh Macuga || 1/1 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || New fighter || Third* |- | Roxy Striar || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Josh !! style="width: 5%"|Nick !! style="width: 5%"|Roxy |- | 1: In honor of St. Patrick's Day, who is the best drunk on television? || || || 1 |- | 2: What is the best female friendship on television? || || || 1 |- | 3: What TV show would be a dating deal breaker if your significant other, boyfriend, or girlfriend, has never seen it? || 1 || || |- | 4: What is the best reality show on television? || 1 || || |- | 5: Who is the most universally loved TV character? ** || || || 1*** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 0 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would win in a fight: [Steve] Urkel from "Family Matters" or Sheldon [Cooper] from "[The] Big Bang Theory"? || 1 || x || **** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Bidding one dollar on "[The] Price is Right": good strategy or cheap trick? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which current late-night talk show host would you vote for President? || ***** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Would you rather work at Paddy's Pub or Cheers? || || x || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 0+* || '''6''' |} .*Between TV and Movie Fights, this is Nick's sixth consecutive third place finish. He is the only person to finish third even four consecutive times (Scott Mantz would later tie this) and one of only two fighters (the other being Mantz) to do it three consecutive times. *Between TV and Movie Fights, Nick also becomes the first person to ever lose six consecutive fights (either second or third place), surpassing Trisha Hershberger, and the first to lose thirteen fights in general, surpassing Spencer Gilbert. .**Between TV and Movie Fights (not counting the Schmoes Know show), the fifth round question was the 1000th. .***Roxy chose Jack Bauer from "24." After the point was awarded, Dan told Ken that twitter strongly disagreed with his choice. .****Josh answered Urkel immediately before Roxy, leaving her to choose Sheldon. Her argument was based heavily on his ability to logically argue, not actually participate in a physical confrontation. After the point was awarded, she mentioned that she's never watched "The Big Bang Theory." .*****After Josh answered [Jimmy] Fallon, he realized he should have answered Stephen Colbert. Roxy won with [Jimmy] Kimmel. .+Split decision. Ken overturned Nick and Dan's vote for Josh, who argued for Paddy's Pub (the third overturn in TV Fights). During Dan's explanation, he mentioned the Roxy's initial argument was more so for why she would want to ''go'' to Cheers versus Paddy's, not ''work'' there. +*Between TV and Movie Fights, Nick becomes the first fighter to finish with no points twice (having previously done this six months earlier in Movie Fights episode 48). '''Episode 20: Who is TV's Best Nerd? (3-22-2016)'''<ref>Episode 20: Who is TV's Best Nerd? (3-22-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-tvs-best-nerd-tv-fights-ep-20-3009788</ref> Roxy announced that in May, there will be a nine-fighter tournament for a TV Fights Championship Belt. Ken shows the Belt off. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Clarke Wolfe || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Roger Barr || New fighter || Second |- | Jeff Galante || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Clarke !! Roger !! Jeff |- | 1: Who is TV's best nerd? || 1* || || |- | 2: Since "Prison Break" revives Michael [Scofield] for a reboot, ...if you could raise a character from the dead, who would it be? ** || 1 || || *** |- | 3: What show would you use to torture your worst enemy by playing on repeat? || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the best show to take place right here in Los Angeles? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who is the best TV wingman? || || **** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is the best Kardashian or Jenner? || 1 || ***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who are the better roommates: the cast of "New Girl" or the cast of "Entourage"? || 1+ || +* || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is TV's better bald guy: Patrick Stewart or The Rock? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather spend the day with: "Gotham" 's Bruce Wayne or "Smallville" 's Clark Kent? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best TV character or actor named Jack? || 1 || +*** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*After Clarke won the first point, the scoreboard misspelled her name as "Clark." JT fixed it shortly afterwards. .**During the asking of this question, the title card and corresponding tweet for the third question appear. .***During Jeff's argument, he says that Maude Flanders needs to come back from the dead to break up Ned and his second wife Edna. However, Edna (just like her voice actress Marcia Wallace) has already died. .****Roger chose Spock, originally calling him Mr. Spock. He later incorrectly referred to him as Dr. Spock. .*****Roger refused to answer the question and forfeited the point. He stated that he still had his soul even though the "Star ''Trek'' Holiday Special" tried to steal it (Roger's winning response for question 3 was the "Star Wars Holiday Special"). Clarke said Khloé. +Clarke was faster at saying "Entourage". +*Roger had never seen "New Girl," even referring to the "New Girls" (only one of them was female) and saying he was confusing it with "2 Broke Girls." +**Split decision. Jeff disagreed with Roxy, who chose Roger (Bruce Wayne). +***While Jack Bauer was the winning answer the previous week for the most universally beloved character, Roger's choice of him for this question did not win against actor Jack McBrayer. '''Episode 21: Best TV Bully? (3-31-2016)'''<ref>Episode 21: Best TV Bully? (3-31-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-bully-tv-fights-ep-21-3011117</ref> Aired on a Thursday rather than Tuesday due to Movie Fights' airing on Tuesday. This episode was not live. Fifth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. First Screen Junkies victory from Coy Jandreau. As of July 23, 2016, Coy is 5-0 across the competitions (2-0 on Movie Fights and TV Fights and 1-0 on Movie Games). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dani Fernandez || New fighter || Third |- | Daniel Van Kirk * || New fighter || Second |- | Coy Jandreau || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Dani !! style="width: 5%"|Dan !! style="width: 5%"|Coy |- | 1: Who is the best TV bully? || || 1 || |- | 2: Which TV show that is still running did you once love and now hate? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the best TV character nickname? || || || 1 |- | 4: What is the best opposite sex friendship? || || 1 || |- | 5: In honor of "Daredevil" Season 2, ....which Marvel character, either hero or villain, deserves a Netflix show? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which "[The] Walking Dead" injury would you rather have: lose your eye like Carl [Grimes] or lose your leg like Hershel [Greene]? || x || || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which TV siblings would you rather have babysat: Mary Kate and Ashley Olsen or Ben and Fred Savage? || x || *** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Better female-drive show: "Girls" or "Broad City"? || x || 1**** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which Jon/John would you rather spend a night in a hotel with: Hamm or Stamos? || x || 1***** || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What daytime talkshow host should run for President? || x || || 1+ |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Daniel's twitter handle is misspelled as @DanileVanKirk. On the scoreboard, his name is shown as "Dan". .**Split decision. Dani disagreed with Roxy, who chose Coy (leg). .***Daniel stated that he also would have picked Coy's choice (the Savages). .****Split decision. Dani disagreed with Roxy, who chose Daniel ("Broad City"). .*****Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Daniel (Jon Hamm). +Split decision. Fourth overturn on TV Fights (third by Roxy and fifth between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Dani each picked Daniel. Coy picked Jerry Springer and never mentioned that he was the mayor of Cincinnatti, which Ken pointed out. '''Episode 22: The Walking Dead (4-5-2016)'''<ref>Episode 22: The Walking Dead (4-5-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/the-walking-dead-tv-fights-ep-22-3011934</ref> This episode entirely focuses on the show "The Walking Dead." The sixth season finale aired two nights earlier. Rather than Mjolnir, Roxy has a grey replica of the Lucille bat which was shown in the season finale. This episode runs 1:30:30, the longest running time yet. Hector Navarro hosts Screen Junkies Plus' "Knocking Dead" commentary show. Third episode (after 10 and 19) in which a new fighter won against a previous winner. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hector Navarro || 0/2 || Third |- | John Rocha || 1/0 || Second |- | Ben Bateman || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Hector !! John !! Ben |- | 1: You're on "The Walking Dead" and you actually turn into a walker..., but we wanna know who would be your first victim? || || 1 || |- | 2: What is the most badass thing a character has ever done [in "The Walking Dead"]? || || || 1 |- | 3: What other character would you like to appear in "The Walking Dead"? || 1 || || |- | 4: Which character [in "The Walking Dead"] shouldn't have died? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who[m] do you think Negan kills? || * || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is or was the most annoying kid on "The Walking Dead"? || x || 1** || *** |- | SPEED ROUND B: "Fear the Walking Dead": yes or no? || x || || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Would you rather die by a Walker or Lucille? || x || || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which "[The] Walking Dead" location would you like to be your home? || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Better leader should Rick [Grimes] die: Carol [Peletier] or Michoanne? || x || || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*During the fight, Hector spoils that in the comics, Negan kills Glenn. .**Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose John (Carl) over Ben ("the girl who got knifed by Carol" (never named; called Lizzie, but Lizzie Samuels was shot, not knifed)). .***During Ben's argument, he stated that the actress who played his choice was going for the kid Oscar. While there is no Oscar specifically for children, Oscars are for movies, not TV shows. .****Ben was faster at saying yes. .*****Split decision. Fifth overturn on TV Fights (fourth by Roxy and sixth between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Hector each picked John, who chose by a Walker so that he could say goodbye to loved ones. However, Roxy felt Ben's argument for no pain was stronger. So far, by this point, throughout TV and Movie Fights, in all instances in which Andy has been outvoted, he went with the opinion of the other voters in awarding the point, but in all instances in which any other judge (Alicia, Ken, and Roxy) has been outvoted, he/she has overturned the vote. +If it were not for Roxy's overturn of the vote against her in the previous question, after this question, John would have become the first fighter to reach a 2-0 record on TV Fights. +*Ben was slower at picking Carol but still won with Michonne by unanimous decision. '''Episode 23: Best TV Sex Scene? (4-12-2016)'''<ref>Episode 23: Best TV Sex Scene? (4-12-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-sex-scene-tv-fights-ep-23-3013275</ref> Lucille returns in place of Mjolnir. Spencer Gilbert debuts as Fact Checker as Ken is on vacation. It is announced that he will be on next week as well since Ken will be fighting. The seating arrangement of placing (win, second, third) is the same as the previous week. The same holds true for the awarding of all five regular round points. Everyone comes into the fight with a 0-1 record. On the scoreboard, Jennifer's name is displayed as "Jen." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 0/1 || Third |- | Yael Tygiel || 0/1 || Second |- | Jennifer Flack || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 83%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Joe !! style="width: 7%"|Yael !! Jennifer |- | 1: Who is the best boss on TV? * || || 1 || |- | 2: Who is the best child actor currently on TV? || || || 1 |- | 3: Best show based in New York City? || 1 || || |- | 4: What TV show should get a board game based on it? || || 1 || |- | 5: What [is] the best sex scene ever on a TV show? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of today being National Grilled Cheese Day, which fictional restaurant would you want to go to: The Krusty Krab or Good Burger? ** || x || 1***, **** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best TV show that starts with the letter "G"? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which fifteen-year long show would you rather cancel: "Big Brother" or "Survivor"? || x || || 1*****, + |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which tatted TV character would you want to get a drink with more: "Sons of Anarchy" 's Charlie Hunnam or "Girls" 's Lena Dunham? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*The Movie Fight from five days earlier contained a question about the worst boss in a movie. .**Three days later, on Spencer Gilbert's show "Does it Hold Up?", Good Burger was compared to The Krusty Krab in evaluating the film ''Good Burger''. .***Yael was faster at saying Good Burger. .****Split decision. Joe (the first to judge) disagreed with Roxy and chose Jennifer (The Krusty Krab). .*****Jennifer was faster at saying "Big Brother". +Split decision. Spencer (the first to judge) disagree with Roxy and chose Yael ("Survivor"). '''Episode 24: Game of Thrones (4-19-2016)'''<ref>Episode 24: Game of Thrones (4-19-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/game-of-thrones-tv-fights-ep-24-3014503</ref> The episode is dedicated to the show "Game of Thrones," whose sixth season debuts on HBO five days later. Lucille has been replaced with a dragon, making this the third episode in a row in which Roxy has not used Mjolnir. Spencer Gilbert returns as Fact Checker as Ken is fighting. *If also happens to be Ken's 40th birthday. Each fighter has won one Movie or TV Fight before this episode. This is Maude's third fight. In each fight, she sits by the judge, on the viewer's left. Fifth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Ninth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round (after episodes 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, and 19 (with episodes 5, 17, and 19 having a fighter finish with no points)). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Maude Garrett || 1/0 || Third |- | Ken Napzok || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Michele Boyd || 1/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Maude !! style="width: 5%"|Ken !! Michele |- | 1: What is the best death on "Game of Thrones"? || 1 || || |- | 2: For better or worse, which "Game of Thrones" character has changed the most since the beginning of the show? || || 1 || |- | 3: Which family would you want to belong to? || || || 1 |- | 4: What is the most shocking moment on "Game of Thrones" so far? || || 1 || |- | 5: Which two "Game of Thrones" characters should be teamed up next? || || 1* || |- | TIE BREAKER: Would you rather die by dragon or White Walker? || || x || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who should sit on the Iron Throne? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Better ball-less character: Lord Varys or Grey Worm? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who[m] would you pick to fight for you in a trial by combat? || x || 1** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which "Game of Thrones" youth would you want to adopt? || x || || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who[m] would you rather punch for Tyrion: Shae or Cersei? || x || 1**** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5'''**** || 4 |} .*Ken won despite receiving only 5% of the twitter vote. Maude won a majority of the twitter vote but was the first one Roxy dismissed. Twitter polls were not read to Roxy either before or after she ruled. .**Split decision. Maude disagreed with Roxy, who chose chose Ken (Bronn) over Michele (Robert Strong). .***Split decision, reversed from previous fight. Maude disagreed with Roxy, who chose Michele (Bran) over Ken (Arya). .****Split decision. Spencer disagreed with Roxy, who chose Ken (Shae). .*****Just five days after Clarke Wolfe won a Movie Fight and became the first fighter to ever simultaneously hold undefeated records on both shows, Ken becomes the second. In both cases, Maude finished third in a 5-4-1 fight. '''Episode 25: Best TV Feud? (4-26-2016)'''<ref>Episode 25: Best TV Feud? (4-26-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-feud-tv-fights-ep-25-3015705</ref> Lucille has returned. It appears this is permanent. Jeff Galante states his record is 1-0, but it 0-1. This episode runs 1:32:55, the longest time yet for TV Fights. Ken Napzok returns as Fact Checker after Spencer took the spot the previous took weeks. Markeia wears a Triforce pendant, similar to, but not the same as, the one Trisha Hershberger has worn on Movie Fights. Andres' name appears on the scoreboard as "Ace." Sixth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Tenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jeff Galante || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Andres Cabrera || New fighter || Second |- | Markeia McCarty || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Jeff !! Andres !! Markeia |- | 1: Who should replace Michael Strahan on "Live! with Kelly and Michael"? || * || || 1 |- | 2: If you could put any TV celebrity into the "Big Brother" house this summer, who[m] would you put in? || 1** || || |- | 3: What is the most underrated TV show currently on air? || 1 || || *** |- | 4: What is the best feud in TV? || || 1 || **** |- | 5: What is the best show based in another time period? || || 1 || ***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of National Hug an Australian Day,...which Australian TV actor would you rather hug: Portia de Rossi or Rebel Wilson? || || 1+ || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the best redhead on TV? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which of these two channels would you rather watch for 24 hours straight: Hallmark or Lifetime? +* || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV show would you choose out of the bargain bin? +** || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Best show with a location in the title? || 1+*** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Jeff's choice, Hugh Jackman, won the twitter poll. .**Jeff's choice, Gary Busey, also won the twitter poll with 48%. .***Markeia's choice, "iZombie", won the twitter poll with 47%. .****Markeia's choice, Undertaker vs. Mankind in 1998, won the twitter poll with 48%. .*****Markeia's choice, "Game of Thrones", won the twitter poll with 64% despite the fact that arguments were made that it doesn't necessarily take place in another time period. +Split decision. Sixth overturn on TV Fights (fifth by Roxy and seventh between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Markeia both chose Jeff (Portia de Rossi). From how Ken gave his decision however, it appears Roxy might not have been aware that Ken and Markeia agreed with each other. +*Roxy accidentally let Andres (Ace) have a second rebuttal, so Jeff was also given one. +**The bargain bin picture showed "Home Improvement" Season 1 and "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" Season 3. +***Split decision. Markeia disagreed with Roxy, who chose Jeff ("Beverly Hills, 90210") over Andres (an unspecified "Hawaii Five-0"/"Hawaii Five-O"). '''Episode 26: TV's Best Weapon? (5-3-2016)'''<ref>Episode 26: TV's Best Weapon? (5-3-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tvs-best-weapon-tv-fights-ep-26-3016653</ref> Andie Bolt returns after a 14-episode absence. A different championship belt has been introduced. At the end of the episode, three fighters for the tournament, which starts the following week, are announced: Mark Ellis, Josh Macuga, and Sasha Perl-Raver. Eleventh episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andie Bolt || 1/1 || Second |- | Vanessa Ragland || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Michael Truly || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Andie !! Vanessa !! Michael |- | 1: Pitch a female historical figure for a mini-series. || 1 || || |- | 2: Since they fridged Black Canary on "Arrow," what's the most mishandled character death on TV? || || 1 || |- | 3: What is the most annoying TV trope? || 1 || || |- | 4: Which TV mom would you want as your own? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is the best weapon on TV? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of Teacher Appreciation Day, which TV actor would you want to teach you sex ed in high school: Betty White or Larry King? || || 1* || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What TV actor would you most want to see on "Dancing with the Stars"? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which TV nickname would you rather have: Boner from "Growing Pains" or Big Pussy from "The Sopranos"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best Sunday night TV show? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who would make a better a better student body president: Oprah or Ellen? || || 1**, *** || x |- | TIE BREAKER: Which Joey would you rather have a dance party with: Tribbiani from "Friends" or Uncle Joey from "Full House"? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5**** || '''6''' || 0 |} .*Split decision. Michael disagreed with Roxy, who chose Vanessa (Betty White) over Andie. .**Split decision. Seventh overturn on TV Fights (sixth by Roxy and eighth between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Michael both chose Andie (Oprah). Had it not been for the overturn, Andie would have won at this point 6-4-1. .***Vanessa was slower at saying Oprah, so she was stuck with Ellen (both fighters sang their choice). However, she still won. .****Although Andie's ranking falls from 18th to 23rd, her point-per-game average increases from 3.50 to 4.00. '''Episode 27: Worst TV Parents? (5-10-2016)'''<ref>Episode 27: Worst TV Parents? (5-10-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/worst-tv-parents-tv-fights-ep-27-3018790</ref> First of four fights for the first TV Fights Championship Belt. On the scoreboard, Josh's name is displayed as "Macuga" and Spencer's is displayed as "Spence." Sasha indicated that one of her friends, who is a lawyer, helped her draft arguments for the regular round questions. At the end of the episode, Roxy announces that the fighters for the following week: Michele Boyd, Matt Lieberman, and Mark Ellis. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Josh Macuga || 1/2 || Second |- | Spencer Gilbert || 1/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Question !! Sasha !! Josh !! Spencer |- | 1: Who are the worst TV parents? || || 1 || |- | 2: What is the best TV show to debut this season? || 1 || || |- | 3: What is the best workplace comedy? || || * || 1 |- | 4: What TV show has the best costumes? || 1** || || |- | 5: What is the greatest moment of victory on TV? || || 1 || *** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What "Fear Factor" challenge would you rather accept: eating an elk penis in a light testicle cream sauce or keeping your head in an enclosed box filled with cockroaches for ten minutes? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of National Clean Up Your Bedroom Day,...who is the best TV housekeeper? || || 1****, ***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What's the best Shonda Rhimes show? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV brand mascot would you rather have as a pet: the Geico gecko or the Charmin bears? || || + || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Josh's choice ("Parks and Recreation") won the twitter poll. .**Sasha's choice ("Game of Thrones") also won the twitter poll with 69% of the vote... .***Spencer's choice (Jim asking Pam out in "The Office (U.S.)" season 3 finale) won the twitter poll with 54% of the twitter poll. .****Josh picked Danny Tanner ("Full House") but tried to switch to Mr. Belvedere. However, this wasn't allowed. But he won anyway (his only Speed Round point). .*****Split decision. Eighth overturn on TV Fights (seventh by Roxy (and third consecutive episode) and ninth between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Spencer both picked Sasha (Marge Simpson) over Josh (Danny Tanner). +Josh gave his losing defense of the Geico gecko in the gecko's voice. '''Episode 28: Greatest Show to Never Win an Emmy? (5-17-2016)'''<ref>Episode 28: Greatest Show to Never Win an Emmy? (5-17-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/greatest-show-to-never-win-an-emmy-tv-fights-ep-28-3020538</ref> Second of four fights for the first TV Fights Championship Belt. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Lieberman || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Michele Boyd || 1/2 || Third |- | Mark Ellis || 1/0 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 81%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Michele !! Mark |- | 1: After all the network cancellations this week, what show deserves a second chance on Netflix or Hulu? || || || 1 |- | 2: What is the greatest show to never win an Emmy? || 1 || || |- | 3: Which TV show world would you want to live in for the rest of your life? || 1* || * || |- | 4: What is the best TV show with a comedian as the lead star? || ** || || 1 |- | 5: In 100 years, people should watch what show to understand people today? || || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is a better show: "Daredevil" or "Jessica Jones"? || || x || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would win in a mud wrestling match: Tobias Fünke or Milhouse (Van Houten)? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which reboot would you rather watch: "Prison Break" or "24"? || || x || 1*****, + |- | SPEED ROUND D: What summer show are you most excited for? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which TV character would you call to bail you out of jail: Ray Donovan or Tony Soprano? || 1+*, +** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5'''+*** || 1 || 4 |} .*Matt and Michele's answers, respectively "Star Trek" and "Friends" each received 44% of the twitter vote. .**Matt's answer "Louie," for which Mark argued in Round 2, won the twitter vote. .***Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Mark ("Daredevil"). .****Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Matt (Tobias). .*****In Mark's argument against "24", he stated that the show got a "re-release of a movie", which it did not (even though it got a 2-hour event shortly before Season 7 began). +*Matt said Ray Donovan before Mark, leaving Mark with Tony. +**Split decision. Ken disagreed with Roxy, who chose Matt (Ray Donovan). +***Matt, already one of two fighters to win two fights and one of two to win two in a row becomes the first to win three fights and the first to win three in a row. '''Episode 29: Best TV Oddball? (5-24-2016)'''<ref>Episode 29: Best TV Oddball? (5-24-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-oddball-tv-fights-ep-29-3022221</ref> Third of four fights for the first TV Fights Championship Belt. After this fight, TV Fights finally has a 2-0 fighter. First episode in TV or Movie Fights in which two different fighters score four consecutive points each. Twelfth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round and the fifth in which a fighter scores no points (the last for each was episode 26). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Hector Navarro || 0/3 || Second |- | Audrey Kearns || 1/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hal !! Hector !! Audrey |- | 1: The networks have picked up a lot of new shows for next season. Which one is the most anticipated? || 1 || || |- | 2: Who's the best TV oddball? || 1 || || |- | 3: In honor of Fox's new show "Zorn", what cartoon [character] would you want to live with you? || || 1* || |- | 4: Who is the best TV actor to successfully do comedy and drama? || || 1 || |- | 5: Which TV character is the best role model for the young generation? || || 1** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 3 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who would win a pie-eating contest: Homer Simpson or Joey Tribbiani? || || 1***, **** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: With summer coming up, where would you rather vacaion: on the "Lost" island or Gilligan's Island? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: The TV actor you would rather give your college graduation commencement speechː...Charlie Sheen or Shia LaBeouf? || 1***** || || x + |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best TV show that starts with the letter "A"? And the word "the" counts. || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which would you rather watchː "The Bachelor" or "The Bachelorette"? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 4 || 0 |} .*Hector (Booster Gold) lost the twitter vote with only 19% while Audrey's choice (Wonder Woman) received 55%. Hector (Rosie from "The Jetsons" ) received 26%. .**Hector's choice, Leslie Knope from "Parks and Recreation", received 51% of the twitter vote. .***Hector won the point despite being slower at saying Homer Simpson. .****Split decision. Audrey did not want to vote for Hector, but she did say Roxy should not use her vote as she wasn't familiar with Joey's eating. .*****Split decision. Audrey disagreed with Roxy, who chose Hal (Charlie Sheen). +Audrey requested and received from JTE a sympathy point after the third Speed Round question. However, it is not counted in this summary or the leader board. '''Episode 30: Best Comic Book Inspired TV Show? (5-31-2016)'''<ref>Episode 30: Best Comic Book Inspired TV Show? (5-31-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-comic-book-inspired-tv-show-3024258</ref> The episode was dedicated to comic book-related TV shows. Although Trisha is new to TV Fights, she infamously has been on Movie Fights, carrying a 0-6 record. Roxy states that a Drunk TV Fights is forthcoming. At 1ː36ː03, this is the longest episode yet. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Jason Inman || 0/1 || Third |- | Zach Wilson || 0/2 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 92%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! Jason !! Zach |- | 1: What is the best comic inspired TV show ever? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Which comic book property would you like to see adapted next? || || || 1 |- | 3: What TV comic character powers would be the best to have? || || 1** || |- | 4: Best character on a comic book adapted TV show? || 1*** || || |- | 5: Best animated comic book show? || **** || ***** || 1+ |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who currently has better TV showsː DC or Marvel? || +* || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best villain in comic book TV show history? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: It's time for a sing-off. Who[m] do pick for a duetː Flash or Supergirl? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather get a drink withː Adam West's Batman or Linda Carter's Wonder Woman? || || x || 1+**,+*** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which comic book cancellation would you rather bring backː "Constantine" or "Agent Carter"? || || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Zach ("Jessica Jones") won the twitter poll with 40%, followed by Trisha ("The Walking Dead") with 38% and Jason ("Smallville") with 22%. .**Jason (Martian Manhunter) also won the twitter poll with 56%. .***Trisha (Peggy Carter) also won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Jason (Harrison Wells) with 41% and Zach (Daisy Johnson/Quake/Skye) with 16%. .****After the point was awarded to Zach, Trisha indicated that his choice ("Batmanː The Animated Series") was her first choice. .*****Jason gave up during his argument for "Justice League," which was actually his second choice, and supported Trisha's argument for "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" (1987). +Zach also won the twitter poll with 57%, followed by Jason at 28% and Trisha at 15%. +*Trisha was faster at saying Marvel, but Zach won anyway. +**Zach was faster at saying Wonder Woman. +***Split decision. Ninth overturn on TV Fights (eighth by Roxy and tenth between TV and Movie Fights). Ken and Jason both picked Trisha (who was stuck with Adam West's Batman) over Zach as Zach was giving his personal views. However, Roxy pointed out that the question asked for exactly that. To date, Roxy has not allowed the panel to overrule her decision. '''Episode 31: TV FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIPǃ (6-7-2016)'''<ref>Episode 31: TV FIGHTS CHAMPIONSHIPǃ (6-7-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-championship-3025550</ref> The episode is preceded by a commentary live on Facebook hosted by Ken Napzok with tournament fighters Josh Macuga and Mark Ellis along with Roxy, Andy Signore, and Dan Murrell. During the fight, Ken is accompanied by Josh and Mark, who occasionally read tweets aloud and participate in Speed Round voting. The first Belt fight. The Belt is presented in the beginning of the episode by Movie Fights champion Dan Murrell. At 1ː45ː49, this is the longest episode yet, almost 10 minutes longer than the previous episode, which was previously the longest. This is the final episode of TV Fights to use the older Speed Round format of 15 second openings and 5 second rebuttals before adopting the updated Movie Fight format of 20 seconds and 10 seconds. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hal Rudnick || 2/0 || Third |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 2/1 || Second |- | Matt Lieberman || 3/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 4%"|Hal !! Sasha !! Matt |- | 1: What show has the best casting in the history of television? || * || || 1 |- | 2: Who is television's most lovable loser? || || 1** || |- | 3: In honor of Hodor, what is the most emotionally devastating death of a beloved character? || 1*** || || |- | 4: What is the best secondary character on "The Simpsons"? || || || 1**** |- | 5: If you could change one series finale, which show [would you change] and what would you change? || || 1 || ***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1+ || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is the California primary. Who would make a better presidentː "Parks and Rec[reation]"'s Leslie Knope or "Veep"'s Selina Meyer? || x || +* || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND B: "C" is for "champion." What is the best TV show that starts with the letter "C?" Keep in mind the word "the" counts as <br> a word. || x || +*** || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: TV pet you would rather haveː Marcel the monkey from "Friends" or Mr. Ed, the talking horse? || x || || 1+****, +***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5'''++ |} .*Hal ("SNL") won the twitter poll with 42% followed by Matt ("Arrested Development") with 33% and Sasha ("Freaks and Geeks") at 25%. .**Sasha (George O'Malley from "Grey's Anatomy") came in third place in the twitter poll with only 14%, with Hal (George Costanza) at 36% and Matt (Butters from "South Park") at 50%. .***Hal (Robb Stark) also won the twitter poll with 49%, with Sasha (Charlie Pace from "Lost") at 30% and Matt (Rita Morgan from "Dexter") at 21%. .****Matt (Ned Flanders) also won the twitter poll with 44%, with Sasha (Ralph Wiggum) at 29% and Hal (Krusty) at 27%. Ken said that at some point, all fighters were in the lead. .*****Matt ("How I Met Your Mother") won the twitter poll with 53%, with Sasha ("True Blood") at 27% and Hal ("Seinfeld") at 20%. +Once again, there are no undefeated fighters who have fought in more than one fight. This is Hal's first loss in a Screen Junkies fight since August 23, 2015 as he had won his last four Movie Fights and his two TV Fights. +*Sasha had to argue for Selina Meyer despite never having watched "Veep". Ken stated during voting that he wasn't even sure she had seen it, and Sasha confirmed it afterwards. +**Split decision. Tenth overturn on TV Fights (ninth by Roxy and eleventh between TV and Movie Fights). Hal, Josh, and Mark picked Hal over Matt. +***Despite being told that the word "the" counts, Sasha, after much thinking said "The Cosby Show," but Roxy told her she couldn't use it. She eventually came up with "Californication". +****Split decision. Mark picked Sasha (Marcel). +*****Matt is the third fighter to sweep the Speed Round. As of September 13, 2016, when the fourth Speed Round sweep occurred, Matt's is the only sweep that featured any split decision. ++Already the only fighter to win three fights and three in a row, Matt extends these to four. '''Episode 32: Who Should Be Superman? (6-14-2016)'''<ref>Episode 32: Who Should Be Superman? (6-14-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-should-be-superman-3027510</ref> Effective this episode, Speed Round argument times adopt the 20 second intro/10 second rebuttal format. On the scoreboard following the first two questions, Joseph's name is spelled JOESPH. All twitter vote winners in this episode won by ''majority''. Sixth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Seventh episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Eleventh episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joseph Scrimshaw || 0/2 || Third |- | David Griffin || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Justin Rupple || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Joseph !! David !! Justin |- | 1: Which TV character would you pick to be your best man? || 1* || || |- | 2: If one has not seen any sitcom ever,...what's the best show for him or her to start with? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: Who is the best comic relief on a dramatic show? || || || 1*** |- | 4: What is the least deserving Emmy-winning show? || **** || 1***** || |- | 5: What is your dream casting? Who should Superman be? || || 1+ || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of Matt Lieberman winning [the] TV Fight Championship,...who's the best TV character or actor named Matt or Matthew? || x || +* || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who are better best friends: Ren and Stimpy or Beavis an Butt-Head? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which TV narrator would you rather narrate your life: Ron Howard from "Arrested Development" or Bob Saget from "How I Met Your Mother"? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best show with the word "and" in the title? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Joseph (Captain Jean-Luc Picard) also won the twitter poll with 56%, followed by David (Bender Bending Rodríguez) with 38% and Justin (Joe Hackett) with 8%. .**David ("Seinfeld") won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by Justin ("Cheers") with 31% and Joseph ("The Dick Van Dyke Show") with 11%. .***Justin (Saul Goodman) also won the twitter poll with 54%, followed by Joseph (The Hound) with 38% and David (Lady Violet Crawley) with 8%. .****Joseph ("The Tonight Show with Jay Leno") won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by David ("Modern Family") with 30% and Justin ("Mad Men") with 12%. .*****David's point in round 4 ties for latest first point for a winner of a TV Fights episode (previously done by Josh Macuga in episode 9). +David (Matt Bomer) also won the twitter vote with 53%, followed by Justin (Adam Driver) with 24% and Joseph (Nicholas Hoult) with 23%. +*David could not think of an answer, letting Justin receive his only Speed Round point. +**Split decision. Ken chose Justin (Bob Saget) while Roxy an Joseph chose David. '''Episode 33: TV Character You'd Like to be Your Life Coach? (6-21-2016)'''<ref>Episode 33: TV Character You'd Like to be Your Life Coach? (6-21-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-character-youd-like-to-be-your-life-coach-3029146</ref> Ken is joined on the coach by fans Tawny Burgess and Jenna Dodson. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr || 0/1 || Second |- | Emma Fyffe || New fighter || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 86%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 6%;" | Roger ! scope="col" style="width: 4%;" | Emma ! scope="col" style="width: 4%;" | Dan |- | 1: Who is the best TV game show host of all time? || || || 1* |- | 2: What is the best TV version of a worn-in pair of old jeans...comforting, familiar, and rewatched often? || 1 || || |- | 3: If you could have any TV character/actor/personality as a life coach, who[m] would you pick? || || || 1** |- | 4: What show should be erased from TV show history? || || 1 || |- | 5: What movie franchise would you like to see be adapted for TV? || || || 1*** |- | TIE BREAKER: In honor of National Selfie Day, who would you rather take a selfie with: Wilson Fisk from "Daredevil" or Benjamin Linus from "LOST"? || 0**** || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: After Sunday's "Game of Thrones", Sansa: yea or nea? || 1*****, + || x +* || |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of International Yoga Day, who would you rather have in front of you during a yoga class: Kim Kardashian or Sofia Vergara? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which TV dad would you rather tell you about the birds and the bees: Michael Bluth from "Arrested Development" or Tony Soprano from "The Sopranos"? || || x || 1+** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Dan (Jeff Probst) also won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Emma (Anne Robinson) with 32% and Roger (Guy Smiley) with 31%. .**Dan (Eric Taylor) actually lost the twitter poll with 18%. Emma (Ron Swanson) won with 42%, followed by Roger (Tyrion Lannister) with 40%. .***Dan (''Men in Black'') also won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Emma (''The Matrix'') with 30% and Roger (''Ghostbusters'') with 23%. .****Roger argued that he'd be famous if he took a selfie with his choice Benjamin because he had been lost. However, as pointed out in the episode by Roxy, he was not one of those who got marooned. .*****Roger was quicker to say "yea." +Split decision. Emma, Ken, and Jenna ''all abstained''. Tawny voted for Dan, but Roxy overruled. +*Temporarily, Emma was given a point on the scoreboard, but it was corrected to reflect a point for Roger. +**Split decision. Emma voted for Roger (Michael Bluth) while Ken, Jenna, Tawny, and Roxy all voted for Dan. '''Episode 34: Which Superhero Would Take the Iron Throne? (6-28-2016)'''<ref>Episode 34: Which Superhero Would Take the Iron Throne? (6-28-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-superhero-would-take-the-iron-throne-3031365</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jeff Galante || 1/1 || Second |- | Coy Jandreau || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Matt Knost || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 82%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 6%;" | Jeff ! scope="col" style="width: 7.5%;" | Coy ! scope="col" style="width: 4.5%;" | Matt |- | 1: What superhero would take the Iron Throne? || 1 || || |- | 2: Of all the new shows of 2016 so far, who is your favorite new character? || *, ** || 1 || |- | 3: Who is the best TV "creator"? || || *** || 1 |- | 4: Worst long-running [5+ seasons] TV show? || || 1**** || |- | 5: Who[m] is the most intelligent TV character? || 1*****, + || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of the Fourth of July, who would you rather man your grill: Tracy Jordan from "30 Rock" or Andy Dwyer from "Parks and Rec[reation]"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: After Sunday's episode, who is the most kick-ass female on "Game of Thrones"? || +* || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: These two shows are on re-run, and there are no other options. Which do you watch: "[Here Comes] Honey Boo-Boo" or "Newlyweds: Nick (Lachey) and Jessica (Simpson)"? || 1+** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather roadtrip with: Dexter or Walter White? || || 1+***, +**** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Jeff (The Punisher) won the twitter poll with 76%, followed by Coy (Cassidy from "Preacher") with 19% and Matt (Maria Bamford) with 5%. .**Jeff's answer technically does not follow the question. While The Punisher debuted in 2016, the show in which he appears, "Daredevil," debuted in April 2015. .***Coy (Matt Groening) won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by Matt (Larry David) with 31% and Jeff (Miller-Boyett) with 11%. .****Coy ("The Big Bang Theory") also won the the twitter poll with 48%, followed by Matt ("Girls") with 28% and Jeff (Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives) with 24%. .*****Jeff (Jean Luc Picard) actually lost the twitter poll with 14%. Matt (Sherlock Holmes from "Sherlock") won with 50%, followed by Coy (Charles Xavier) with 36%. +Jean Luc Picard was a winning answer just two episodes earlier. Both when Joseph won the point, and in this episode, after being awarded the points, both fighters said "Engage!" +*Jeff chose Daenerys, but since he had not ever seen "Game of Thrones" (despite winning the question about who would take the Iron Throne), he argued for what Emilia Clarke's character Sarah Connor had done. However, Coy had chosen Cersei, who is played by Lena Headey, who also has portrayed Sarah Connor. The panel was not activated. *Ken indicated that when Jeff started talking about Daenerys coming from the future that he was going deep and referring to Quaithe from Season 2, who is theorized to be Daenerys from the future. +**Split decision. Ken chose Coy ("Newlyweds") while Matt and Roxy chose Jeff. +***Coy was faster at picking Walter White. +****Coy indicated that Dexter accidentally killed three innocent people. While not everyone Dexter has killed was a murdered, it is unclear to which three non-killers he's referring that were innocent and killed under accidental circumstances. '''Episode 35: Best Summer TV Show? (7-5-2016)'''<ref>Episode 35: Best Summer TV Show? (7-5-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-summer-tv-show-3033548</ref> Roxy opened the show with a rap, during which she introduced all the fighters. Throughout the show, she wears a "Game of Thrones"-style fur coat. Ken may silently have been accompanied on the couch by Liz, the producer. Ken says she doesn't wish to be on camera. Stephanie's name is displayed on the scoreboard as "STEPH". {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Yael Tygiel || 0/2 || Second |- | Michael Truly || 0/1 || Third |- | Stephanie Ritter || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Yael !! Michael !! Stephanie |- | 1: If you could omit one character from ever existing on any TV show, who would it be? || 1 || || |- | 2: Which two characters from different shows would you love to see face off? || || || 1* |- | 3: Which character would you choose to be a diplomat to an alien species? || 1 || || ** |- | 4: What is the best summer TV show? || || 1*** || |- | 5: In honor of the "Dead of Summer" premiere last week, what is the best horror genre television series? || || **** || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of National Workaholics Day, which is today, who[m] would you rather hire: Rory Gilmore or Lisa Simpson? || ***** || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best TV character or actor that's name starts with the letter "J"? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would you rather clean up your Fourth of July party: Danny Tanner from "Full House" or Monica Geller from "Friends"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which redhead would you rather grab a beer with: Kimmy Schmidt from "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" or Grace from "Will & Grace"? || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the best show with a character's name in the title? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Stephanie (Buffy and Jessica Jones) also won the twitter poll with 65%, followed by Yael (Flynn Carsen and The Doctor) 23% and Michael (Robert Durst and Steven Avery) with 12%. .**Stephanie (April Ludgate) won the twitter poll with 41%, followed closely by Yael (Olivia Pope), who occasionally was winning the poll. .***Michael ("Rick and Morty") also won 77% of the twitter poll. .****Michael ("The Twilight Zone) won the twitter poll with 40%, followed by Stephanie ("The Walking Dead") with 35% and Yael ("American Horror Story") with 30%. .*****Yael might have said Rory faster; however, without a ruling, she changed her answer to Lisa Simpson. +Split decision. Michael chose Yael (Lisa), but Ken and Roxy chose Stephanie. +*Split decision. Michael chose Stephanie (Kimmy), but Ken and Roxy chose Yael. '''Episode 36: Best Ensemble Cast? (7-12-2016)'''<ref>Episode 36: Best Ensemble Cast? (7-12-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-ensemble-cast-3035249</ref> Nick's third place steak between Movie and TV Fights finally comes to an end! Nick has a "Slayer Rules" sign, which he once showed in Movie Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jennifer Flack || 1/1 || Second |- | Nick Mundy || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Ify Nwadiwe || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 84%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 6%;" | Jennifer ! scope="col" style="width: 6%;" | Nick ! scope="col" style="width: 4%;" | Ify |- | 1: For the return of "Mr. Robot", which TV character is the best computer specialist/hacker? || || 1 * || |- | 2: Who is the best ensemble cast of a TV show? || || || 1** |- | 3: What TV spouse would be best to be married to? || 1 || || |- | 4: Pitch a buddy cop series featuring two existing TV characters from different shows. || 1 || || |- | 5: What child TV actor do you wish still acted? || || 1 || *** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of [Roxy's birthday tomorrow], whose birthday party would you rather attend: Ryan Seacrest or Betty White? || 1**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which Olympic sport is the most fun to watch? || || 1*****, + || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tomorrow is "Embrace Your Geekness" Day. Who lets [his] geek flag fly the hardest: Chris Hardwick or Kevin Smith? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best TV show that starts with "the"? || || 1+*, +** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who would win in a bar fight: Danny DeVito or Peter Dinklage? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5'''+*** || 1 |} .*Nick (Penny) also won the twitter poll with 52%, followed by Jennifer (Bertram Gilfoyle) with 37% and Ify (The Laughing Man) with 11%. .**Ify ("Arrested Development") also won the twitter poll with 54%, followed by Nick ("The People vs. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story") with 35% and Jennifer (Veep) with 11%. .***Ify (Macaulay Culkin) won the twitter poll "by a large margin." .****Split decision. Ify chose Nick (Betty White) while Ken and Roxy chose Jennifer. .*****Nick was faster at saying "women's gymnastics," leaving Jennifer to pick pole vault. +Split decision. Ify chose Jennifer (pole vault) while Ken and Roxy chose Nick. +*Split decision. Ken chose Jennifer ("The Sopranos") while Ify and Roxy chose Nick ("The Brady Bunch"). +**Nick implied that "The Sopranos" copied "The Wire," which actually, as Ken pointed out, began later. +***Nick becomes the second TV Fighter to win after having previously been shut out (17 episodes earlier). The first was David Griffin, who won episode 32, fifteen episodes after his first appearance. '''Episode 37: What is the Sexiest TV Show!? (7-19-2016)'''<ref>Episode 36: What is the Sexiest TV Show!? (7-19-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-sexiest-tv-show-3036111</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 0/2 || Second |- | Roth Cornet || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | DJ Wooldridge || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 87%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 4%;" | Joe ! scope="col" style="width: 5%;" | Roth ! scope="col" style="width: 4%;" | DJ |- | 1: What's the sexiest series to watch, currently or from the past? || || 1 || |- | 2: What kids show needs a dark gritty Power Rangers type of reboot? || || || 1* |- | 3: What TV show panel would be the most fun to watch at San Diego Comic Con? || 1 || || |- | 4: Best siblings on a TV show? || 1 || ** || |- | 5: Who's the best TV butler or housekeeper?*** || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which Emmy-nominated blonde actress would you rather see win for outstanding lead actress in a drama: Claire Danes for "Homeland" or Robin Wright for "House of Cards"? || || 1**** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would you rather be cuffed to for a week: Elliot from "Mr. Robot" or Crazy Eyes from "Orange is the New Black"? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, and Maisie Williams are all nominated for best supporting actress in a drama. Who gets it? || || 1***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of National Ice Cream Month, which "Sesame Street" character do you want to go on an ice cream date with? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: NBC or ABC? || || 1+ || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*DJ ("Freakazoid!") actually lost the twitter poll with 19%. Roth ("ThunderCats") won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Joe ("Sailor Moon") with 32%. .**Roth (the Stark children) won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Joe (the Elrics from "Full Metal Alchemist: Brotherhood") and then DJ (the Danvers "sisters"). .***Submitted by Nick Mundy. However, at the bottom of the screen for the question was a tweet asking the previous question. .****Roth was faster at saying Robin Wright. Joe stated afterwards that he had never watched "Homeland." .*****Split decision. DJ chose Joe (Lena Headey), while Ken and Roxy chose Roth (Maisie Williams). +Roth was faster at saying NBC. '''Episode 38: Best Netflix Original Series? (7-26-2016)'''<ref>Episode 38: Best Netflix Original Series? (7-26-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-netflix-original-series-3036099</ref> Pre-taped episode due to Comic Con. Eighth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twelfth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Rob Cesternino || 0/1 || Second |- | Dani Fernandez || 0/1 || Third |- | Audrey Kearns || 1/2 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Rob !! Dani !! Audrey |- | 1: Who is the best reality TV star? || || 1 || |- | 2: What's the best Netflix original series? || || || 1 |- | 3: What fictional TV character would you like to have as a driving instructor? || || || 1 |- | 4: What "Game of Thrones" character would win "Survivor"? || 1 || || |- | 5: What is the most overused character trope in TV? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best TV character or actor named Charlie? || || x || 1* |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which catchphrase is more fun: "Full House"'s 'How rude!' or "Friends"' 'How you doin'?'? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Better superhero love interest: "[The] Flash"'s Iris West or "Arrow"'s Felicity Smoke? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who would be a better host of the Emmys: Kanye West or T[aylor](-)Swift? || 1** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Disney or Nickelodeon? || || x || 1*** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Split decision. Ken chose Rob (Charlie Brown), while Roxy and Dani chose Audrey (Charlie Cox). .**Split decision. Ken chose Audrey (Kanye West), while Roxy and Dani chose Rob. .***Split decision. Ken chose Rob (Nickelodeon), while Roxy and Dani chose Audrey. '''Episode 39: Most Annoying TV Sidekick? (8-2-2016)'''<ref>Episode 39: Most Annoying TV Sidekick? (8-2-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/most-annoying-tv-sidekick-3038981</ref> Jack Conway returns after a 32-episode absence. At the beginning of the show, Andy says he has a big announcement for the end of the show. However, in the middle of the show, JTE accidentally spoils that Seth Rogen is fighting on Movie Fights (the episode was filmed earlier that day). Relative to seating positions, the scores are the same as the previous episode. Jennifer's name is listed on the scoreboard as "JEN". {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jack Conway || 0/1 || Second |- | Jennifer Landa || 1/0 || Third |- | Billy Patterson || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jack !! Jennifer !! Billy |- | 1: Who is the best dysfunctional couple on television? || 1 || || |- | 2: What TV bar would be the best to drink in? || || || 1 |- | 3: What was the most satisfying "will they, won't they" kiss on television? * || || || 1** |- | 4: In honor of "Roadies" and "Ballers," what is the best TV show diving "behind the scenes"? || || 1 || |- | 5: Who is the most annoying TV sidekick? || 1*** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of National Ice Cream Sandwich Day,...would you rather share an ice cream sandwich with Joffrey or Wilson Fisk? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who[m] would you rather babysit: [Eric] Cartman from "South Park" or Stewie from "Family Guy"? || **** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of ''Suicide Squad'''s opening this week, which ''Suicide Squad'' character deserves [his or her] own Netflix series? || 1***** || x+ || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which show would you rather compete on: "American Ninja Warrior" or "Legends of the Hidden Temple"? || || x || 1+*, +** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is TV's best Bob? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Temporarily the question listed at the bottom of the screen misspelled "won't" as "won'." .**Billy (Ross and Rachel) also won the twitter poll with 55%, followed by Jack (Buffy and Spike) and then Jennifer (Michonne and Rick). .***Jack (Scrappy Doo) also won the twitter poll with 62%, followed by Billy (Steve Urkel) with 32% and Jennifer (The Ropers) with 6%. .****Jack answered Cartman before Roxy mentioned Stewie's name. He said he knew that's who the other choice would be. .*****Jack answered with Deadshot slightly before Billy, but he then switched answers to Harley Quinn, allowing Billy to argue Deadshot. +Despite taking notes, Jennifer could not give an answer. But Ken and Roxy both voted for Jack +*Billy was faster at answering with "Legends of the Hidden Temple." +**Split decision. Ken chose Jack ("American Ninja Warrior"), while Roxy and Jennifer chose Billy. '''Episode 40: Which 90's Disney Character Would Help You Bury The Body? (8-9-2016)'''<ref>Episode 40: Which 90's Disney Character Would Help You Bury The Body? (8-9-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-90s-disney-character-would-he-3040500</ref> Ken is joined on the couch by Tom Turner from Canada. On the scoreboard, Michele's last name is used. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | Michele Boyd || 1/3 || Second |- | Tony Kim || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roger !! Michele !! Tony |- | 1: Which TV office would be the most fun to work in? || 1* || || |- | 2: Which character from the Disney Afternoon would help you bury the body? ** || *** || 1 || |- | 3: Which TV show had the worst PSA [Public Service Announcement] episode? || || 1**** || |- | 4: What TV drama would you like to see re-written as a comedy?***** || || || 1 |- | 5: Most surprising TV hook-up? || 1+ || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of National Book Lovers Day, which show adapted from a book is better: BBC's "Sherlock" or Netflix's <br> "Orange is the New Black?" || 1+*, +** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Since they've been on our TV sets everyday, who do you think would be the worst kisser: Hillary [Clinton] or <br> [Donald] Trump? || +*** || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of [Screen Junkies' Emmy nomination], which of these two Emmy-nominated shows is weirder: "Unbreakable <br> Kimmy Schmidt" or "Mr. Robot"? || 1+**** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D1: What is the best TV show that starts with the letter "N"? And the word "the" counts as a word.+***** || || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D2: Which TV Melissa would you rather be stuck in a bunker with: McCarthy or Joan Hart? || || 1++, ++* || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: For Taco Tuesday,...which character from the HBO universe would be the worst to share a taco with? || 1++** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Roger (Dunder Mifflin) also won the twitter poll with 40%, while Michele (Sacred Heart Hospital from "Scrubs") and Tony (30 Rock) each received 30%. .**It is notable that the question is different from the episode title, and important as well since only eight of the 100 episodes of "Duck Tales" and 16 of the 65 episodes of "Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers" first aired in the 1990's. However, both were part of the Disney Afternoon, which was broadcast entirely in the 1990's. .***Roger (Scrooge McDuck) won the twitter poll with 49%, followed by Michele (Owen from "Gargoyles") at 26% an Tony (Chip 'n Dale) at 25%. .****Roxy stated that she didn't want to know what twitter thought. .*****Roxy started with Michele for Round 4, but then with Roger for Round 5. +Roger (Capt. Kirk and Lt. Uhura) actually lost the twitter poll with 28%. Tony (Joey and Rachel from "Friends") won with 40% followed by Michele (Monica and Chandler) with 32%. +*Roger was faster at saying "Sherlock." +**Split decision. Tony voted for Michele ("Orange is the New Black") while Ken, Tom, and Roxy all chose Roger. +***Roger was faster at choosing Hillary. Despite this, he lost the point. +****Split decision. Tony chose Michele ("Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt") while Ken, Tom, and Roxy all chose Roger. +*****Neither Roger nor Michele could think of a show that began with "N." ++Michele was faster at saying McCarthy. ++*Split decision. Tony chose Roger (Melissa Joan Hart), but Tom, Ken, and Roxy all chose Michele. ++**Split decision. Tony chose Michele (Joffrey Baratheon), but Tom, Ken, and Roxy all chose Roger ([Vernon] Schillinger). '''Episode 41: TV Sitcom With The Most Memorable Opening Sequence? (8-16-2016)'''<ref>Episode 41: TV Sitcom With The Most Memorable Opening Sequence? (8-16-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-sitcom-with-the-most-memorable-opening-sequence-3042105</ref> Leo becomes the second fighter to appear on TV Fights and Gamer Fights without also appearing on Movie Fights, 11 days after Jack Conway became the first. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Yael Tygiel || 0/3 || '''Win''' |- | Leo Camacho || New fighter || Third |- | Robert Peterson || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Yael !! style="width: 5%"|Leo !! Robert |- | 1: What TV detective would you want to help solve your murder? || 1 || || |- | 2: Which TV sitcom had the most memorable sequence/intro? || || 1* || |- | 3: Who is the best TV spaceship crew of all time? || || ** || 1 |- | 4: What is the most satisfying TV wedding? || 1*** || || |- | 5: What was the dumbest way someone has died on a television show? || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: In honor of National Rum Day,...which Frank would you rather sip piña coladas with on a beach: Frank Gallagher from "Shameless" or Frank Reynolds from "It's Always Sunny [in Philadelphia]" ? || x || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of [National Roller Coaster Day], which TV relationship has had the bumpier ride: Walter and Skylar White or Jaime and Cersei Lannister? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which TV family would you rather belong to: the Munsters or the Addams Family? || || x || 1**** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who do you think would win in a robot fight: Bender from "Futurama" or Rosie from "The Jetsons"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who would be a better roommate: Big Bird or Kermit the Frog? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Leo ("The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air") also won the twitter poll with 76%, followed by Robert ("Cheers") with 15% and Yael ("The Brady Bunch") with 9%. .**Leo's choice (the crew of the Serenity) was Robert's second choice. .***Yael (the Purple Wedding (''including the reception'') from "Game of Thrones" episode 32) also won the twitter poll with 45%, followed by Robert (Pam and Jim from "The Office (US)") with 42% and Leo (Zack Morris and Kelly Kapowski) with 13%. .****Split decision. Leo chose Yael (the Addams Family) while Ken and Roxy chose Robert. '''Episode 42: Best TV Cartoon Romance? (8-23-2016)'''<ref>Episode 42: Best TV Cartoon Romance? (8-23-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-cartoon-romance-3043513</ref> Ken is accompanied on the couch at the end of the show by Matt's fiancée, Brittany, a temporary producer who was leaving Screen Junkies. Ninth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Thirteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Key || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Joseph Scrimshaw || 0/3 || Second |- | Nick Armstrong || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! Joseph !! Nick |- | 1: Aliens had just made contact with Earth, and you have been chosen to represent the best in humanity. What one television show would <br> you show them? || || * || 1 |- | 2: If you could keep one animal from any TV show as your pet in the real world, what would it be? || 1** || || |- | 3: What is the best TV cartoon romance? || || 1 || |- | 4: What is the greatest acting performance in any TV drama? || 1*** || || |- | 5: Which TV's show's popularity just makes no sense? || || 1**** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of National Waffle Day tomorrow, which TV mom do you think makes the better waffles: Carol Brady or June Cleaver? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Pitch a fictional TV city to host the 2020 Summer Olympics. || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who[m] would you trust more to catch you in a trust fall exercise: the Governor from "The Walking Dead" or Kilgrave <br> from "Jessica Jones?" || 1***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is TV's best dog? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which TV family would win Family Feud: the Sopranos or the Bluths from "Arrested Development?" || 1+, +* || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Joseph ("Sesame Street") won the twitter poll with 56%, followed by Nick ("Wonder Years") with 32% and Matt ("NOVA") with 12%. .**Matt (Jake from "Adventure Time") also won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Nick (Kermit) with 31% and Joseph (Drogon) with 30%. .***Matt (Bryan Cranston in "Breaking Bad") also won the twitter poll with 74%, followed by Joseph (Tatiana Maslany in "Orphan Black") with 15% and Nick (Kyle Chandler in "Friday Night Lights") with 11%. .****Nick ("Two and a Half Men") won the twitter poll with 50%, followed by Matt ("Cake Boss") with 33% and Joseph ("Wheel of Fortune") with 17%. .*****Matt was faster at saying Kilgrave and won unanimously. +Matt was faster at saying the Soprano. +*Split decision. Ken chose Joseph (the Bluths) while Nick and Roxy chose Matt. '''Episode 43: Which TV Doctor Would You Want To Treat You? (8-30-2016)'''<ref>Episode 43: Which TV Doctor Would You Want To Treat You? (8-30-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-doctor-would-you-want-to-treat-you-3045429</ref> Trisha's name is spelled on the scoreboard as "Trish." Fourteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Emma Fyffe || 0/1 || Third |- | Vanessa Ragland || 1/1 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! Emma !! Vanessa |- | 1: If I [were] struck ill and had to miss a TV Fights, which TV court judge would you want to fill in that episode? || 1* || || |- | 2: What is the best TV show to make a drinking game around? || || || 1 |- | 3: For National Matchmak[er] Day on August 31,..which two characters from two different shows would make a good couple? || 1** || || |- | 4: What current TV drama deserves to have a musical episode? || 1 || || |- | 5: In a medical emergency, what TV doctor would you want to treat you? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best TV show that starts with the letter "B"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which female-driven show was harder to say good-bye to: "Sex and the City" or "Desperate Housewives?" || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What was the bigger 'must-see' show of the summer: "Stranger Things" or "The Night of"? || *** || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who needs a shower more: Daryl Dixon from "The Walking Dead" or The Hound [from] "Game of Thrones? || 1**** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which private eye do you trust to get the answers you need: Veronica Mars or Jessica Jones? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 0 || 4 |} .*Trisha (Judge Judy) also won the twitter poll with 63%. .**Trisha (Joey Tribbiani and Elaine Benes) also won the twitter poll. .***Trisha was not fast enough at giving an answer and was stuck with "The Night Of." However, she could not give an argument for the show as she knew nothing about the show. Hence, she conceded the point. .****After Trisha received her fifth point, the applause noise accompanied the scoreboard even though the fight wasn't over. '''Episode 44: Which TV School Would You Want To Teach In? (9-6-2016)'''<ref>Episode 44: Which TV School Would You Want To Teach In? (9-6-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-school-would-you-want-to-teach-in-3046645</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Zach Wilson || 0/3 || Second |- | Matt Knost || 0/1 || Third |- | Steve Zaragosa || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width: 84%;" | Question ! scope="col" style="width: 5%;" | Zach ! scope="col" style="width: 5%;" | Matt ! scope="col" style="width: 6%;" | Steve |- | 1: What TV character would you want to throw you a surprise birthday party? * || 1** || || |- | 2: What is the best celebrity cameo/guest appearance in TV history? || *** || || 1 |- | 3: Which TV neighbor would be the worst to live across from (other than Justin Bieber)? || || 1**** || |- | 4: What is the best TV soundtrack of all time? || 1 || || |- | 5: Which TV school would you guys want to teach at? || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Tomorrow is National Beer Lovers Day: Who[m] would your rather go bar-hopping with: Meredith Palmer from "The Office" or Lucille Bluth from "Arrested Development? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is TV's best Jesse/Jessie or Jessica? || 1 || x || +*, +** |- | SPEED ROUND C: The NFL Season Opener is this Thursday. What is the best TV sports show? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV family would you rather have a barbecue with: the Thompsons from "Here Comes Honey Boo Boo" or the Averys from "Making a Murderer? || || x || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Today is...National Read A Book Day, so who[m] would you rather have read you a bedtime story: Fran Drescher or Roseanne? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*During the round, the question at the bottom of the screen had "surprise" misspelled as "suprise." .**Zach (Leslie Knope) also won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Matt (Tyrion Lannister) with 37% and Steve (Gonzo) with 24%. .***Zach ("Star Trek [Original Series]" crew in "Futurama") won the twitter poll with 53%, followed by Steve (Patrick Stewart in "Extras") with 26% and Matt (Justin Bieber in "CSI:") with 21%. .****Matt (Steve Urkel) also won the twitter poll with 42%, followed by Steve (Newman from "Seinfeld") with 37% and Zach (Joey Tribbiani and Chandler Bing) with 21%. .*****Steve (Bayside High) actually lost the twitter poll with 16%. Zach (Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters from "X-Men: Evolution") won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by Matt (Greendale from "Community"). +Steve was faster at choosing Lucille. +*Steve chose Jessie Spano and then argued for Jesse from "Full House." ''Nobody'' (outside of twitter) pointed this out. +**Split decision. Despite Steve's breaking of the rules, Ken voted for him. +***Split decision. Matt chose Zach (the Averys), while Ken and Roxy chose Steve. '''Episode 45: Which TV Character Deserves To Be Roasted? (9-13-2016)'''<ref>Episode 45: Which TV Character Deserves To Be Roasted? (9-13-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-deserves-to-be-roasted-3047942</ref> On the scoreboard, Josh is listed as "MACUGA." Mark Ellis receives all nine votes during the Speed Round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Josh Macuga || 1/3 || Second |- | JTE || New fighter || Third |- | Mark Ellis || 1/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 97%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Josh !! JTE !! Mark |- | 1: What is the best action sequence in any television series? || 1 || || |- | 2: Who is the most annoying kid TV character of all time? || || || 1* |- | 3: Which TV character deserves to be roasted? || 1 || || |- | 4: What is the best televised moment in sports history? || || 1 || |- | 5: What do you think will be the breakout new series this fall? || || || 1** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who has the best original shows: HBO or Netflix? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which is...the better show that was never nominated for best series:..."The Wire" or "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia?" || || x || 1*** |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best show with the word "house" or "home" in the title? || || x || 1**** |- |'''FINAL SCORES''' || 2 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Mark (Sophia from "The Walking Dead") also won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by ('the daughter' [Dana Brody] from "Homeland") with 25% and JTE (Seven from "Married... with Children") at 24%. **Mark ("Designated Survivor") actually lost the twitter poll with 20%. JTE ("Westworld") won with 48%, followed by Josh ("Atlanta") with 32%. .***Mark was faster at saying "The Wire." He won despite never having seen a single episode. .****Mark is the fourth fighter to sweep the Speed Round. '''Episode 46: What Was The Best Show In TGIF's Entire History? (9-20-2016)'''<ref>Episode 46: What Was The Best Show In TGIF's Entire History? (9-20-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-was-the-best-show-in-tgifs-entire-history-3048985</ref> As of this episode, all of the Fight shows' regular fact checkers have competed on a different show (but not yet their own show). Billy A. Patterson as Fact Checker. Roxy wears a Drive Shaft shirt and has FATE written on her right fingers, in support of Hector's choice of "LOST" for the fifth question. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hector Navarro || 0/4 || '''Win''' |- | Erika Ishii || New fighter || Second |- | Kristen Brancaccio || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hector !! Erika !! Kristen |- | 1: Which unsuccessful superhero movie character could be reborn as a TV series? || 1* || ** || |- | 2: Pitch the 2016 version of "Battle of the Network Stars." || || 1 || |- | 3: What was the best show in TGIF's Friday night history? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Which director would you want to see remake [his or her] own film, but as a TV show? || || **** || 1 |- | 5: What is the best debut season for any TV show ever? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best 2016 Emmy moment? || 1*****, + || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who do you think would make a better motivational speaker: Michael Scott or Ron Swanson? || || 1+*, +** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is the best female host in TV history? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which franchise would make a better TV show: ''Harry Potter'' or ''Lord of the Rings''? || 1+*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: In honor of fall TV starting back up, which returning show are you most excited for? || 1+**** || +***** || x |- |'''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Hector (The Green Hornet) also won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by Erika (Fantastic Four) with 44% and Kristen (Captain Zoom) with 5%. *While Kristen's 5% vote is not the lowest in TV Fights history, it is the lowest that has been announced on the show. *Coincidentally, it is also the lowest non-winning vote as Ken Napzok received 5% for the fifth question of the "Game of Thrones" episode (24), but still won. .**Erika's original choice was also The Green Hornet, but Hector got his email in faster. .***Hector ("Boy Meets World") also won the twitter poll with 45%, followed by Kristen ("Full House") with 35% and Erika ("Family Matters") with 20%. .****Erika (Zack Snyder/''Watchmen'') won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Kristen (Brad Bird/The Incredibles) with 38% and Hector (Quentin Tarantino/''Reservoir Dogs'') with 23%. .*****Hector won the point despite being slower at completely answering with Alan Yang's speech and then switching to Jeffrey Tambor's speech. +Split decision. Kristen chose Erika while Billy and Roxy chose Hector. +*Erika won despite not knowing who Hector's choice (Michael Scott) was. She thought he was from "Silicon Valley" rather than "The Office." +**Split decision. Eleventh overturn on TV Fights (tenth by Roxy and twelfth between TV and Movie Fights). Kristen and Billy both picked Hector, but Roxy felt Erika gave a better argument for Ron Swanson. +***Hector was faster at saying ''Harry Potter.'' forcing Erika to choose ''Lord of the Rings.'' +****JTE displayed the point/win for Hector before Roxy even commented or asked for anyone's opinions. +*****Erika initially answered with "Jessica Jones," but that doesn't return until 2018. She then said "Luke Cage," but that's not a returning show. Roxy gave her a ten second time limit while she tried to think of a returning show, and she answered with "Green Arrow" (actually simply titled "Arrow). She was not familiar with the show however. '''Episode 47: Star Trek Edition! (9-27-2016)'''<ref>Episode 47: Star Trek Edition! (9-27-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/star-trek-edition-3050055</ref> For the second week in a row, the fighters in the middle chair and the chair across from Roxy are both new. Although Scott and Brannon are listed as new fighters, they have each fought in and won Movie Fights (as has Dan). Roxy wore her Starfleet uniform. Present at the table were Milky Way Rice Krispie Treats, made by Dan's girlfriend Mara. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 2/0 || Third * |- | Scott Mantz || New fighter || Second ** |- | Brannon Braga || New fighter || '''Win''' *** |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 78%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Dan !! Scott !! Brannon |- | 1: What is the best time travel episode from any "Star Trek" series? || || 1 || |- | 2: Who made the best guest starring appearance on a "Star Trek" TV show? || || || 1**** |- | 3: Best "Star Trek" fight scene? || 1***** || || |- | 4: For people who have never seen anything "Star Trek",...what is the one episode that you would show [him or her] in order to get into it? || || 1 || + |- | 5: Which "Star Trek" character deserves [his or her] own solo spin-off show? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which "Star Trek" character would be the best debater? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who do you think would win in a fight: Tasha Yar from ["The Next Generation"] or T'Pol from "Enterprise"? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which captain would you have more confidence in: Kirk or Picard? || x || 1+* || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best "Star Trek" show? || x || || 1 |- |'''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*In Dan's 24th official Screen Junkies fight, he finishes in third place for the first time since his ninth official fight in June of 2015 (his first non-win). .**In Scott's eighth official Screen Junkies fight, he finishes in second place for the first time (his five Movie Fights losses were all third place finishes). As of January 15, 2017, he has subsequently fought twice, both in Movie Fights, and again finished in third place both times. .***Brannon becomes the sixth fighter to ever (and the fifth to currently) simultaneously hold undefeated records in two different Screen Junkies fights. He is the fourth ever (and the third currently) to do so for Movie and TV Fights after Ken Napzok, Clark Wolfe, and formerly Coy Jandreau. .****Brannon (Stephen Hawking) also won the twitter poll. .*****Dan (Kirk vs. Khan in "Space Seed") also won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Scott (Kirk vs. Spock in "Amok Time") with 38% and Brannon (Hirogen Hunters vs. Klingons and Starfleet in "The Killing Game" from "Voyager") with 19%. +Brannon ("The Inner Light" from "The Next Generation") won the twitter poll with 43%. Scott ("The Doomsday Machine") received 39% while Dan ("The Devil in the Dark") received 18%. +*Split decision. Dan chose Brannon (Picard) while Ken and Roxy chose Scott. '''Episode 48: Which DC Super Hero Should Join the CW Arrowverse? (10-4-2016)'''<ref>Episode 48: Which DC Super Hero Should Join the CW Arrowverse? (10-4-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-dc-super-hero-should-join-the-cw-arrowverse-3051177</ref> For the third week in a row, the fighters in the middle chair and the chair across from Roxy are both new (all three are new). First episode since episode 21 in which all fighters are new. However, Lon has previously fought on both Gamer Fights and [the previous week] Movie Fights. Seventh episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place and first since episode 32. Tenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Fifteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Lon Harris || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | John McCracken || New fighter || Second ** |- | Jeremiah Watkins || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Lon !! John !! Jeremiah |- | 1: Who is the best "SNL" cast member of all time? || || || 1 |- | 2: What was the most jarring recast of a character on a TV show? || || 1 || |- | 3: In honor of "The Flash" season premiere,...which DC character, other than Batman, do you wanna see join the CW Arrowverse? || 1* || || |- | 4: Which game show should be brought back to TV? || || 1** || |- | 5: With the recent "Adventure Time" announcement, what cartoon should end next? || 1*** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: It is the first TV Fights in October, so what's the best show that starts with the letter "O"? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which is the better Superman TV series: "Lois & Clark" or "Smallville"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which TV Michael would you rather grab a drink with: Michael B. Jordan or Michael C. Hall? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best TV show that starts with the letter "D"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: What was the better sketch show: "Key and Peele" or "The Chappelle Show"? || 1****, ***** || || x |- |'''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Lon (Adam Strange) actually lost the twitter poll with 15%. Jeremiah (The Green Lantern) won with 53%, followed by John (Batwoman) with 32%. .**John ("Double Dare") also won the twitter poll with 54%, followed by Jeremiah ("Next") with 26% and Lon ("Press Your Luck") with 20%. .***Again, Lon ("Robot Chicken") actually lost the twitter poll with 20%. John ("The Simpsons") won with 45%, followed by Jeremiah ("Family Guy") with 35%. .****Lon won despite being slower at saying "The Chappelle Show" and thus being stuck with "Key and Peele." .*****Split decision. Jeremiah chose John ("The Chappelle Show") while Ken and Roxy chose Lon. '''Episode 49: Best Crime Drama of All Time? (10-11-2016)'''<ref>Episode 49: Best Crime Drama of All Time? (10-11-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-crime-drama-of-all-time-3052721</ref> For the fourth week in a row, the fighters in the middle chair and the chair across from Roxy are both new (all three are new). Second consecutive episode in which all fighters are new, even though the previous was the first such episode in 27 episodes. However, Mo has previously fought on Movie Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jay Washington || New fighter || Third |- | Mo Lightening || New fighter || Second |- | Jared Baur || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jay !! style="width: 4%"|Mo !! Jared |- | 1: Who's the worst TV friend? || || || 1* |- | 2: Who's the best supporting character from any Marvel or DC TV Show? || || || 1** |- | 3: What is the best crime drama of all time? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: What is the best commercial of all time? || || 1 || |- | 5: If Disney starts doing ''Star Wars'' Netflix series à la Marvel, what character/story would you like to see? || || **** || 1**** |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the best TV show with a direction in the title? || || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Tomorrow is National "Take Your Parents to Lunch" Day. Would you rather take to lunch Kim Kardashian and Kanye West or Donald and Melania Trump? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Coming Out Day. Which TV LGBTQ character would you want to grab a drink with the most? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Childhood favorite "Fraggle Rock" is returning after thirty years on HBO. Which HBO Show would be the worst for your kid to watch? || x || || 1***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Jared (Kenny Powers) actually lost the twitter poll with 11%. Jay (Eric Cartman) won with 56%, followed by Mo (Shane Walsh) with 33%. .**Jared (The Punisher) also won the twitter poll with 72%, followed by Mo (Edwin Jarvis) with 18% and Jay (Fish Mooney) with 10%. .***Mo ("Breaking Bad") won the twitter poll with 59%, followed by Jay ("The Wire") with 24% and Jared ("The Sopranos") with 17%. .****As Ken checked the twitter poll, it moved to tying between Mo (Cloud City) and Jared (Young Yoda) with 40% each, followed by Jay (Wookies) with 20%. .*****Split decision. Jay chose Mo ("Game of Thrones") while Ken and Roxy chose Jared ("Oz"). '''Episode 50: Friends vs Seinfeld! (10-18-2016)'''<ref>Episode 50: Friends vs Seinfeld! (10-18-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/friends-vs-seinfeld-3054525</ref> Roxy Striar steps out of the hosting chair to take on Spencer Gilbert in a TV Fights special. On each question, Roxy will be fighting for "Friends" and Spencer for "Seinfeld". This fight is not counted in the statistics. It is the first such fight since "Episode 1", which is not counted as an actual episode. Judged by Joe Starr. As revealed at the end of the episode, this is Ken Napzok's last episode as Fact Checker and producer for Screen Junkies. *During his speech at the end, Ken states that Ryan Elliot (known as Handsome) would never appear on camera. He eventually did appear on the Drunk Movie Fights Championship "After the Fight" on December 14 to comment on Ken's victory. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roxy Striar || N/A || '''Win''' |- | Spencer Gilbert || N/A || Lose |- |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roxy !! Spencer |- | 1: Better Hangout: Monks vs Central Perk? || 1* || |- | 2: Who would make a better financial planner: Phoebe or [Cosmo] Kramer? || || 1** |- | 3: Better bottle episode: "Seinfeld: The Chinese Restaurant" vs "Friends: The One Where No One's Ready"? || || 1 |- | 4: Best use of a guest star in any episode: "Friends" vs "Seinfeld"? || 1*** || |- | 5: Who[m] would you swap from your show's ensemble with one character from the other show's ensemble? || || 1 |- | 6: In 100 years, which show will stand the test of time better: "Seinfeld" vs "Friends"? || 1 || |- | 7: From either show, who's the best character****? || 1***** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''4'''|| 3 |} .*Roxy (Central Perk) also won the twitter poll with 72%. .**Spencer (Kramer) also won the twitter poll with 55%. .***Roxy (Bruce Willis) narrowly lost the twitter poll with to Spencer (Bryan Cranston) with 49%. .****Original question was: What is the best episode of your show that does NOT take place in New York CIty? However, Andy Signore interrupts with an impromptu Speed Round question (using the 30/20 seconds Gamer Fights format) since contestants are tied. Granted, had the fighters not been tied at this point, the seventh question never would have been asked. .*****As Joe gave his ruling, the twitter poll went to a 50/50 tie between Roxy (Chandler) and Spencer (George). ==TV Fights Episodes 51-100== '''Episode 51: What Is The Most Horrifying Death In TV History? (10-25-2016)'''<ref>Episode 51: What Is The Most Horrifying Death In TV History? (10-25-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-most-horrifying-death-in-tv-history-3056625</ref> Halloween-themed episode (TV Frights). Billy A. Patterson takes over as Fact Checker. As opposed to her appearances on Schmoes Know shows and other fights, Emma does not wear her glasses. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Tony Kim || 0/1 || Third |- | Emma Fyffe || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | Damian Beurer || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Tony !! Emma !! Damian |- | 1: What is the best Halloween-themed episode from any sitcom? || || 1 || * |- | 2: What is the most horrifying death in TV history? || 1 || ** || |- | 3: Turn a family-friendly show into an R-rated horror show. || *** || 1 || |- | 4: What's the scariest moment in TV history? || **** || || 1 |- | 5: You're stuck in the zombie apocalypse. Which TV character would you choose to protect you? || || || 1**** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who was the scarier 2016 TV villain: the Demogorgon from "Stranger Things" or Zoom from "The Flash?" || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who would be the best TV parent to take you trick-or-treating? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which spooky TV character would you rather have as a roommate: Dexter or Walter White? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the better kids' horror show: "Goosebumps" or "Are You Afraid of the Dark?" || x || || 1+*, +** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which TV-themed haunted house would you rather spend the night in: "American Horror Story" or "The Twilight Zone"? || x || 1+*** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 4 |} .*Damian ("The Slutty Pumpkin" from "How I Met Your Mother") won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Emma ("Greg Pikitis" from "Parks and Recreation") with 37% and Tony ("The One with the Halloween Party" from "Friends") with 24%. .**Emma (Oberyn Martell) won the twitter poll with 41%, narrowly beating Tony (Glenn Rhee, whose death was shown the previous Sunday's "The Walking Dead"). Damian (Rita Bennett from "Dexter") received 19%. .***Emma ("Transformers: Rescue Bots") actually lost the twitter poll with 15%. Tony ("Sesame Street") won the twitter poll with 53%, followed by Damian ("Married... with Children") with 32%. .****Tony (Pennywise the Clown from "It") won the twitter poll with 46%, followed by Damian (the Peacock family in "The X-Files") with 33% and Emma (The Gentlemen from "Buffy the Vampire Slayer") with 21%. .*****Damian (Superman) also won the twitter poll with 40%, followed by Tony (Luke Cage) with 31% and Emma (Ash Williams) with 29%. +Split decision. Twelfth overturn on TV Fights (eleventh by Roxy and thirteenth between TV and Movie Fights). Tony and Billy both picked Damian (the Demogorgon), but Roxy felt Emma gave a better argument for world domination by Zoom. +*Split decision. Tony chose Emma ("Goosebumps") before Billy and Roxy chose Damian. +**Damian won his argument despite not having seen a single episode of either show. +***Split decision. In a reverse from the previous question, Tony chose Damian ("The Twilight Zone") before Billy and Roxy chose Emma. '''Episode 52: What Is The Worst TV Love Triangle? (11-1-2016)'''<ref>Episode 52: What Is The Worst TV Love Triangle? (11-1-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-worst-tv-love-triangle-3057951</ref> Roxy dresses up as Negan from "The Walking Dead." All-female panel. As Billy mentions, two days earlier, the WWE pay-per-view (Hell in a Cell) had a women's match as the main event. Michele's name is listed on the scoreboard as "Boyd." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Michele Boy || 1/4 || Second |- | Megan Salinas || New fighter || Third |- | Perri Nemiroff || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Michele !! Megan !! Perri |- | 1: What is the best TV show that represents millennials? || || * || 1 |- | 2: What is the best use of a flashback in a series? || ** || 1 || |- | 3: What is the worst TV love triangle? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: We want you guys to pitch a sequel series where a former child star resurrects [his or her] child character. || || || 1**** |- | 5: Which TV character would you like to be in a prank war with? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: In honor of Halloween yesterday, what is the best vampire show? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Where would you rather go on vacation: Westworld or the island on "Lost"? || ***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best show that starts with the letter "A"? || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best predominantly female ensemble show? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Today is National Authors' Day. Which TV character's autobiography would be the best read? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Megan ("Broad City") won the twitter poll with 41%, followed by Perri ("Girls") with 35% and Michele ("Selfie") with 24%. .**Michele ("How I Met Your Mother") won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by Megan ("Lost") with 38% and Perri ("Orphan Black") with 11%. .***Michele (Blair, Serena, and Nate from "Gossip Girl") actually lost the twitter poll with 15%. Megan (Ross, Rachel, and Joey from "Friends) won with 69%, followed by Perri (Elena, Damon, and Stefan from "The Vampire Diaries") with 16%. .****Perri ("The Secret World of Alex Mack") actually lost the twitter poll with 24%. Megan ("Eerie, Indiana") won with 39%, followed by Michele ("Clarissa Explains it All") with 37%. .*****Michele erroneously stated that the characters in her choice ("Lost") were in purgatory. +Split decision. Billy chose Perri ("Ash vs Evil Dead") while Megan and Roxy chose Michele ("Angel"). '''Episode 53: Which TV Character Would Make the Best POTUS? (11-8-2016)'''<ref>Episode 53: Which TV Character Would Make the Best POTUS? (11-8-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-best-potus-3059819</ref> Billy is accompanied on the couch by Donald "Dizzle" Davis, who appeared with Joe Starr on Movie Fights two months earlier. Aaron Pruner returns after a 48-episode absence. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jack Conway || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | Aaron Pruner || 0/1 || Third |- | Ed Greer || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%" |Jack !! Aaron !! style="width: 4%" |Ed |- | 1: Who is TV's most endearing underdog? || 1 || || |- | 2: Which TV character would make the best President of the United States? || * || || 1 |- | 3: We want you guys to pitch a gritty HBO series based on any other** film from the 1970's.*** || **** || 1 || |- | 4: Best band from a TV series? || 1***** || || |- | 5: Which TV character would you want to be your wingman? || || + || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: If you were forced to vote for one, would you rather vote for Mayor Adam West from "Family Guy" or Mayor Oliver Queen from "Arrow"? || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: "Stranger Things" has just cast some familiar faces for Season 2. Which actor would you want to see added to the "Stranger Things" cast? || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best TV show with a number in the title? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: After being cancelled in 2013, DC's "Young Justice" is coming back for a Season 3. Which animated superhero show should be brought back for one more season: "Batman: The Animated Series" or "X-Men(: The Animated Series)"? || 1+*, +** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Jack (Optimus Prime) won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Ed (Matt Murdock/Daredevil) with 35% and Aaron (Daenerys Targaryen) with 28%. .**Besides ''Westworld''. .***Billy pointed out that all three fighters' choices were based on movies from the year 1971. .****Jack ("A Clockwork Orange") won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Aaron ("Dirty Harry") with 32% and Ed ("Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory") with 31%. .*****Jack (Jem and the Holograms) actually lost the twitter poll with 17%. Aaron (Blues Brothers) won with 63%, followed by Ed (Paper Boi) with 20%. +Aaron (Arthur "Fonzie" Fonzarelli) won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Ed (K.I.T.T) with 33% and Jack (Schmidt from "New Girl") with 30%. +*Jack won despite being slower at saying "Batman: The Animated Series." +**Split decision. Billy and Dizzle chose Ed while Aaron and Roxy chose Jack. '''Episode 54: What is the Best Disney Show of All Time? (11-15-2016)'''<ref>Episode 54: What is the Best Disney Show of All Time? (11-15-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-best-disney-show-of-all-time-3061408</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 2/2 || '''Win''' |- | Gina Ippolito || New fighter || Second |- | Chris Hayner || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Sasha !! Gina !! Chris |- | 1: What TV show has the best sex scenes? || 1 || || * |- | 2: What dark R-rated movie should be made into a sitcom? || 1 || || |- | 3: This Friday is Mickey Mouse's birthday.... We wanna know what is the best Disney-related TV show of all time? || || 1 || |- | 4: "Star Trek: Discovery" has been delayed..... Pitch a starship crew using only TV characters from other shows. We're looking for the captain, first officer, doctor, [and] head of security. || || || 1** |- | 5: What is the most memorable moment in live television history?***, **** || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Marvel has officially announced they are bringing the Inhumans to ABC next fall, and the pilot will be screened in IMAX theaters.... Which TV pilot would be the best to see in IMAX: "Lost" or "The Walking Dead"? || 1***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: "SNL" brought in season high ratings with Dave Chappelle as the guest host last weekend. What is the best "Chappelle['s] Show" skit/character? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Like it or not, Donald Trump will be the next President of the United States. Which TV reality star or host should run for President in 2020? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Big congrats to Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson for being announced as People Magazine's Sexiest Man Alive.... Which show would benefit the most from having The Rock on it: HBO's "True Detective" or CW's "Arrow?" || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Chris ("Shameless") won the twitter poll with 41%, followed by Sasha ("Sons of Anarchy") with 30% and Gina ("Buffy the Vampire Slayer") with 29%. .**Chris also won the twitter poll with 48%, followed by Gina with 28% and Sasha with 24%. .***The 9/11 attacks were disallowed as an answer to this question so that nobody would have to argue against it. .****During the arguments, it was argued that Chris' choice wasn't memorable, Gina's wasn't a moment, and Sasha's wasn't live. However, all answers were allowed. .*****Sasha was faster at saying "Lost" and won unanimously. '''Episode 55: Which TV Character Would You Want To Marry? (11-22-2016)'''<ref>Episode 55: Which TV Character Would You Want To Marry? (11-22-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-you-want-to-marry-3063273</ref> Pre-taped episode. After a year on Screen Junkies Plus, the show finally debuts an opening montage. Eleventh episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Sixteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger|| 2/0 || Second |- | Joe Starr || 0/3 || '''Win''' |- | Amy Dallen || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! Joe !! Amy |- | 1: We're just two days away from Thanksgiving, so we wanna know what is the best Thanksgiving episode of any TV show ever? * || || || 1** |- | 2: The 2Pac/Biggie Smalls true crime pilot "Unsolved" was just picked up at USA Network.... Pitch a TV series based around a famous musician/band. || || 1 || |- | 3: If you had to marry a TV character,...which one do we choose? || 1 || || |- | 4: What TV character would you least want to get a dinner party invite from? || || 1*** || |- | 5: What video game would make the best TV series? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who is TV's best Sara(h)? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which family would you rather spend Thanksgiving with: the Lannisters from "Game of Thrones" or the Whites [from] "Breaking Bad"? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which WWE superstar, past or present, would you wanna grab a beer with? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV chef would you wanna cook your Thanksgiving dinner? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Previously used as the first question of episode 3. .**After awarding the point, Roxy accidentally asked Billy for the results of the twitter poll despite being aware the episode was pre-taped. .***Joe won with Hannibal Lecter from "Hannibal" despite never having seen the show. '''Episode 56: Best TV Grandparent Of All Time? (11-29-2016)'''<ref>Episode 56: Best TV Grandparent Of All Time? (11-29-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-tv-grandparent-of-all-time-3064868</ref> As Zach points out in his opening, he has the most points (14) of any fighter who has never won, something he learned by looking at the leaderboard. Though Stephen is listed as a new fighter, he has appeared on Movie Fights three times. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Zach Wilson || 0/4 || '''Win''' |- | Stephen Glickman || New fighter || Third |- | Tiona Hobson || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Zach !! Stephen !! Tiona |- | 1: Best TV grandparent of all time? || 1* || || |- | 2: Who would be the worst character to sit next to on a 9 hour flight? || || || 1** |- | 3: Which character from the ''Harry Potter'' universe should get its own Netflix series? || 1 || || |- | 4: What's the most annoying on-and-off relationship in TV history? || || || 1*** |- | 5: What TV show most deserves a movie to wrap everything up? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: This is a bargain bin.... Season 1 of both shows. You guys are gonna tell me which one you would pick.**** || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: This week is the historic four-part DC crossover event on the CW.... We wanna know what is the best DC TV show of all time? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is TV's best Ed, Eddie/Eddy, or Edward? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 2 |} .*Zach (Lucille Bluth) also won the twitter poll with 60%, followed by Tiona (Ruby Johnson) with 21% and Stephen (Marie Barone) with 19%. *Marie Barone was the only one of the three grandmothers who appeared on the title card for this episode, which also featured Abraham Simpson and Estelle Winslow. .**Tiona (Ted Mosby) also won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Zach (Hurley Reyes) with 35% and Stephen (Niles Crane) with 22%. .***Tiona (Olivia and Fitz from "Scandal") actually lost the twitter poll with 15%. Stephen (Ross and Rachel from "Friends") won with 56%, followed by Zach (Clark and Lana from "Smallville") with 29%. .****Picture was shown of box sets of the first seasons of "Game of Thrones" and "Lost." .*****Split decision. Thirteenth overturn on TV Fights (twelfth by Roxy and fourteenth between TV and Movie Fights). Stephen and Billy both picked Tiona ("Game of Thrones"), but Roxy felt Zach gave a better argument. '''Episode 57: What TV Show Would Make The Best VR Experience? (12-6-2016)'''<ref>Episode 57: What TV Show Would Make The Best VR Experience? (12-26-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-tv-show-would-make-the-best-vr-experience-3066130</ref> The fight montage is inadvertently skipped in this episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | JTE || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Kamarra Cole || New fighter || Second |- | Barbara Gray || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! JTE !! Kamarra !! Barbara |- | 1: "Sons of Anarchy" is getting a spin-off pilot, "Mayans MC".... Which supporting character from any drama should get a spin-off? || 1* || || |- | 2: "Gilmore Girls" made its triumphant return to Netflix and got rave reviews.... What is the best revival series of a show? || 1** || || |- | 3: Which TV show has done the most damage to society? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Virtual reality is the new hot tech toy this holiday season.... I wanna know what TV show would make the best VR experience? || || 1**** || |- | 5: "The Walking Dead"...has hit a four-year series low in the ratings. Which once-great show had the hardest fall from grace? || 1***** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 4 || 1 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: "Westworld"'s first season finale just aired on Sunday. Who is TV's best robot? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of yesterday being "National Bathtub Party Day," who[m] would you rather have a bathtub party with: Negan or Donald Trump? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: "The Leftovers" is coming back for a third and final season next year.... Which show should have their final season next year: "Grey's Anatomy" or MTV's "The Real World"? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 2 || 0 |} .*JTE (Jesse Pinkman from "Breaking Bad") also won the twitter poll with 59%, followed by Kamarra (Rupert Giles from "Buffy the Vampire Slayer") with 30% and Barbara (Guy MacKendrick from "Mad Men") with 11%. .**JTE ("Family Guy") once again won the twitter poll with 63%, followed by Kamarra ("The X-Files") with 32% and Barbara ("The Comeback") with 5%. .***JTE ("My Super Sweet 16") wins both the point and the twitter poll for the third question in a row with 48%, followed by Kamarra ("Sex and the City") with 31% and Barbara ("Fuller House") with 21%. .****Point was awarded to Kamarra as Barbara helped argue on her behalf. .*****After the point was awarded, the scoreboard still showed JTE with only three points instead of four. *Further, it was initially stated that JTE was only one point away from victory. However, as later pointed out, he needed to obtain six points (standard for a five-question pre-Speed Round in which one of the fighters does not receive any points). '''Episode 58: Which Star Wars Character Should Host SNL? (12-13-2016)'''<ref>Episode 58: Which Star Wars Character Should Host SNL? (12-13-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-star-wars-character-should-host-snl-3067368</ref> Joseph Scrimshaw had become the new fighter who had the most points of those who have never won after Zach Wilson's victory two weeks earlier. Kim is listed as a new fighter, but she has appeared on Movie Fights three times. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joseph Scrimshaw || 0/4 || '''Win''' |- | Kim Horcher || New fighter || Second |- | Cesar Solorio || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Joseph !! style="width: 7%| Kim !! Cesar |- | 1: Take a finished series and one that is on now and pitch your ideal crossover episode. || || 1 || |- | 2: Which ''Star Wars'' character should be the host of "SNL"? || 1* || || |- | 3: What is the best show that appeals equally to men and women? || 1 || || ** |- | 4: What is the worst pilot from an otherwise great show? || 1*** || || |- | 5: Netflix is allowing you to download shows on your phone through its app.... Which show would you want to have with you at all times? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 2 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: The Golden Globe nominations are out, and a lot of favorites...were nominated, but there were some surprise snubs. Which was the bigger snub for best TV show: "Luke Cage" or "Mr. Robot"? || || 1****, ***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Nielsen has revealed that "The Big Bang Theory" and "NCIS[: Naval Criminal Investigative Service]" are the two most-watched prime-time shows in 2016. You could only watch one of them for the rest of your life. Which one do you choose: "[The] Big Bang Theory" or "NCIS"? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the better genre of show to watch curled up next to a fire: sci-fi horror or feel-good drama? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: HBO's "Vice" is coming back for a fifth season and will see its episode number increase to 30 episodes. Which show would benefit most from having more episodes per season? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is TV's best John/Jon or Jonathan? || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 4 || 0 |} .*Joseph (General Leia) actually lost the twitter poll with 14%. Cesar (Lando Calrissian) won with 56% while Kim (C-3PO) received 30%. .**Cesar ("How I Met Your Mother") won the twitter poll with 45%, followed by Joseph ("Dr. Who") with 30% and Kim ("Westworld) with 25%. .***Joseph ("Castle") again lost the twitter poll despite receiving the point, with 20%. Kim ("The Simpsons") won with 42%, followed by Cesar ("Seinfeld") with 38%. .****Kim was faster at saying "Luke Cage." .*****Split decision. Fourteenth overturn on TV Fights (thirteenth by Roxy). Cesar and Billy both picked Joseph, but Roxy felt that because Joseph gave a reason for "Mr. Robot" being snubbed, it was actually less of a snub. '''Episode 59: Which TV Character Would Make The Worst Mall Santa? (12-20-2016)'''<ref>Episode 59: Which TV Character Would Make The Worst Mall Santa? (12-20-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-worst-mall-santa-3068970</ref> Lucille and Billy are each dressed up in green tinsel. Jordan is the only Gentile at the table, just as Jason Inman was the only Gentile at the table in episode 4. In terms of order of asking questions, J.D. is actually second, and Jordan is third. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Yael Tygiel || 1/3 || '''Win''' |- | Jordan Morris || New fighter || Third |- | J.D. Zelman || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Yael !! Jordan !! J.D. |- | 1: Which TV character would decorate the best tree on a budget? || 1 || || * |- | 2: What TV character would make the worst mall Santa? || 1** || || |- | 3: What show that doesn't have a holiday episode deserves to have one? || 1 || || *** |- | 4: What is the best Christmas gift ever given on a TV show? || **** || ***** || 1 |- | 5: A lot of networks tend to run marathons of different shows...during the holidays.... What TV show deserves an annual marathon all of their own? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 0 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which is the quintessential Christmas special: "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" or "A Charlie Brown Christmas"? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: It's the holidays! What's the best TV show that starts with the letter "H"? || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who most deserves a lump of coal in [his] stocking: Joffrey [Baratheon] or Negan? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''6''' || 0 || 2 |} .*J.D. (Leslie Knope) won the twitter poll with 44%, followed by Yael (Sabrina the Teenage Witch) with 39% and Jordan (George Costanza) with 17%. .**Yael (Herbert the Pervert) also won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by J.D. (Pierce Hawthorne) with 27% and Jordan (Don Draper) with 15%. .***J.D. ("American Horror Story") won the twitter poll with 40% even though the show already has a holiday episode and was disqualified, followed by Yael ("Luke Cage") with 39% and Jordan ("Jeopardy!") with 21%. .****Yael (regenerations for Dr. Who) won the twitter poll with 46%, followed by J.D. (Santa's Little Helper) with 39% and Jordan (the Life Day Mind Evaporator) with 15%. .*****Even though Jordan was sitting in the middle seat, he was supposed to go third for question 4 (as reiterated by Roxy), but he instead went second. +Yael won despite being slower at choosing "Rudolph the Red-Nose Reindeer" and never having seen either show. +*Split decision. Jordan chose J.D. ("Harry and the Hendersons") while Billy and Roxy chose Yael ("House, M.D."). '''Episode 60: What Was The Best Episode of TV in 2016? (12-27-2016)'''<ref>Episode 60: What Was The Best Episode of TV in 2016? (12-27-2016) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-was-the-best-episode-of-tv-in-2016-3068686</ref> Pre-recorded due to the Christmas break. It is likely that this episode was recorded before episode 59 as in that episode, Billy mentions that it is the second time someone has brought up "Harry and the Hendersons" in the Speed Round in recent history. Billy is accompanied on the couch by JTE. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mo Lightning || 0/1 || Second |- | Matt Knost || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | Marina Mastros || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 4%| Mo !! style="width: 5%|Matt !! Marina |- | 1: What is the best New Year's episode of a TV show ever? || || || 1 |- | 2: What show has the most ridiculous use of fake science? || || 1 || |- | 3: What was the best episode of TV in 2016? || 1 || || |- | 4: What was the best new show of 2016? || || 1 || |- | 5: As a New Year's resolution, people should strive to be more like what TV character? || || * || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A1: Which character from any CW show would you want to kiss when the ball drops at midnight? ** || x || || |- | SPEED ROUND A2: Who is TV's best Mike or Michael? || x || 1 || *** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which is the better show... with the word "new" in the title: "[The] Newsroom" or "Orange is the New Black"? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of the late Florence Henderson, what is the best TV show with a family name in the title? || x || 1 || **** |- | SPEED ROUND D: The "Big Bang Theory" is eyeing a spin-off featuring a young Sheldon. Which young version of a TV character would make the better spin-off: Charlie from "It's Always Sunny [in Philadelphia]" or Titus from "[Unbreakable] Kimmy Schmidt"? || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Matt stated that when he makes a resolution, it is altruistic, but he states that he wants it to have a positive impact on himself. .**Both fighters had trouble naming a CW show, even though Roxy hosts "Flash and Friends," which discusses the different shows of the Arrowverse. Ultimately, Marina asked if "7th Heaven" was on the CW, which it was for its final season (when the WB switched to CW). However, neither could name a character, and after arguments by both for nameless characters from the show, Roxy tossed the question. .***Marina named Michael Douglas without knowing a show that he did. Billy named for her "The Streets of San Francisco." While she correctly guessed that he played law enforcement in the show, she was arguing more for what his character did than what the actor did. .****Marina couldn't think of a qualifying answer, but ultimately, she named "The Hendersons," (possibly due to Florence Henderson (and Matt did name "The Brady Bunch")) which is not a show. Rather "Harry and the Hendersons" is. However, she couldn't make any argument as she didn't know anything about the show. '''Episode 61: Which TV Character Would Make the Best Babysitter? (1-3-2017)'''<ref>Episode 61: Which TV Character Would Make the Best Babysitter? (1-3-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-best-babysitter-3071839</ref> First live show of 2017. The Speed Round chart made by fan Nicki Baldwin is debuted at the beginning of the Speed Round; it shows how many points are needed in order to win based upon the score going into the Speed Round (for a standard five question pre-Speed Round game). The title card include William Daniels (George Feeny) an Bob Saget (Danny Tanner), but they did not feature into the title fight question or any other question. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Lon Harris || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Alyssa Onofreo|| New fighter || Third |- | Jesse Klein|| New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%" |Lon !! Alyssa !! Jesse |- | 1: Who was the best TV villain of 2016? || || * || 1 |- | 2: What is the best show that was filmed/broadcast(ed) in black and white? || 1** || || |- | 3: Who is the best physical comedian in TV history? || || || 1*** |- | 4: Which TV character would make the best babysitter? || || 1 || **** |- | 5: What TV show has the best fandom? || 1 || || ***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: The new "Celebrity Apprentice" with Arnold Schwarzenegger premiered last night on NBC. Which TV character deserves </br> to be fired from their job: Homer Simpson or Michael Scott? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best TV Show that starts with the letter "W"? || 1+*, +** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Last night was the season premiere of "The Bachelor".... Which TV character should be the next Bachelor? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Today is "National Drinking Straw Day." Which TV character would you rather share a straw with: Steven Avery, from </br> "Making a Murderer" and also his life, or Ramsey [Bolton] from "Game of Thrones"? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is TV's better Jason: Jason Bateman from "Arrested Development" or Jason Alexander...."Seinfeld?" || 1+*** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Alyssa (Cersei Lannister from "Game of Thrones") won the twitter poll with 58%, followed by Jesse (Dr. Ford from "Westworld") with 32% and Lon (Chuck McGill from "Better Call Saul") with 10%. .**Lon (The Twilight Zone") also won the twitter poll with 65%, followed by Alyssa ("The Addams Family") with 33% and Jesse ("The Sid Caesar Show") with 2%. .***Jesse (Rowan Atkinson) also won the poll with 42%, followed by Lon (John Cleese) with 34% and Alyssa (Bill Hader) with 24% (closest poll between the three fighters of the five questions). .****Jesse (Miss Frizzle from "The Magic School Bus") won the twitter poll with 44%, followed by Alyssa (Ann Perkins from "Parks and Recreation") with 41% and Lon (Balki from "Perfect Strangers") with 15%. .*****Jesse ("Firefly") won the twitter poll with 57%, followed by Lon ("Hannibal") with 22% and Alyssa ("Steven Universe") with 21%. +Jesse was slightly faster at saying Homer Simpson, leaving Lon with Michael Scott. +*Lon was slightly faster at saying "Westworld." +**Split decision. Alyssa chose Jesse ("The West Wing") while Billy and Roxy chose Lon ("Westworld"). +***Split decision. Billy chose Jesse (Alexander) while Alyssa and Roxy chose Lon (Bateman). '''Episode 62: What TV Character Would Have the Best Stand Up Comedy Special? (1-10-2017)'''<ref>Episode 62: Which TV Character Would Have the Best Stand Up Comedy Special? (1-10-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-standup-comedy-specia-3073597</ref> As of this fight, 92 people have fought in TV Fights. Despite the fact that Movie Fights has run almost twice as long (almost 27 months vs. almost 14 months), this is one more than the 91 who have fought in official episodes of Movie Fights and marks the first time the number of TV Fighters has exceeded the number who have fought in official Movie Fights. The title card featured Dave Coulier (Joey Gladstone) and Tim Allen (Tim Taylor), who did not feature in the title question or any other question. The previous week, Dave Coulier's "Full House" co-star Bob Saget also appeared on the card despite not featuring in the show. At the end of the show, self-proclaimed TV Fights champion Joe Starr (record 1-3) appeared. He and Matt Lieberman (last seen 31 episodes ago when he won the Belt) will be fighting on January 31 along with a wild-card fighter, who will be chosen in the January 17 fight. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jay Washington || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Anastasia Washington || New fighter || Third |- | Michelle Nguyen || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jay !! Anastasia !! Michelle |- | 1: What current TV show should be completely rebooted? || || || 1* |- | 2: Who's TV most misunderstood villain? || 1** || || |- | 3: What TV character would have the best standup comedy special? || || 1*** || |- | 4: If you were to build a religion based on the teachings of any TV character who[m] would you chose? || 1 || **** || |- | 5: What is your most anticipated show of 2017? || ***** || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What was the more deserving show that got shut out at the [Golden] Globes? Was it "Westworld" or "Stranger Things?" || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is TV's best vampire? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of 2017, which show geared towards 17-year-olds would you rather watch: "The O.C." or "Gossip Girl?" || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which is the more iconic TV catch phrase: Steve Urkel's "Did I do that?" or Arnold's "Whatchu talking 'bout Willis?" || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Michelle ("The Walking Dead") also won the twitter poll with 53%, followed by Anastasia ("American Horror Story: Roanoke") with 27% and Jay ("Empire") with 20%. .**Jay (Eli Pope) actually lost the twitter poll with 19%. Michelle (the Demogorgon) won the poll with 57%, followed by Anastasia ("Rachel Duncan") with 24%. .***Again the lowest poller won the round. Anastasia ("Rebecca Bunch") received only 18% while Michelle (Titus Andromedon) received 48% and Jay (Curtis Holt) received 36%. These numbers do not add up to 100%, and Billy, who didn't have his glasses, had to put his computer screen right up to his face, so he may have mispoken. .****Anastasia (Lyanna Mormont) won the poll with 46%, followed by Michelle (Liz Lemon) with 34% and Jay (Dre Johnson) with 20%. .*****Jay ("The Punisher) won the twitter poll with 59%, followed by Michelle ("American Gods") with 21% and Anastasia ("Legion") with 20%. +Jay (Angel) won the round due to Michelle's pick (Vampire Hunter D) was fact-checked by Joe Starr to be a movie (not a TV) character. Further, the question asked for a vampire, not a show or another character in a show. '''Episode 63: What Was the Worst Sitcom of the 90's? (1-17-2017)'''<ref>Episode 63: Which was the worst sitcom of the 90's? (01-17-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-was-the-worst-sitcom-of-the-90s-3075031</ref> The third panelist was supposed to be Sasha Pearl Raver but she was not able to attend, so Emma Fyffe stepped in. The fight determines who will face Matt Lieberman and Joe Starr in the TV Fights Championship match on January 31, 2017. During the fight, there was a twitter poll to decide what the theme of the following week's episode would be. Netflix beat out 1990's and Classic (pre-1990). Relative to seating positions, the fighters all finished in the same places as the fighters from the previous week. Despite finishing in third place, Coy won four of the five twitter polls. Roxy wears a Muhammad Ali shirt in honor of his birthday. However, his name is misspelled as "Muhammed." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andy Signore || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Coy Jandreu || 2/0 || Third |- | Emma Fyffe || 1/2 || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Andy !! style="width: 4%"| Coy !! Emma |- | 1: What show that takes place on Earth should have a season set in outer space? * || 1** || || |- | 2: What show would benefit from using a "24" style season with a one day period shown chronologically? || || 1*** || |- | 3: What was the worst TV sitcom of the '90's? || 1**** || || |- | 4: "The People v. O. J. [Simpson]" cleaned up at the Golden Globes. What real life true crime story would inspire the best TV series?***** || || || 1+ |- | 5: What TV show would be most improved by adding the Muppets? || || || 1+* |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What's the better competition show: "Survivor" or "Big Brother?" || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is Betty White's birthday.... Which female comedian would be better in a modern-day "Golden Girls": Sarah Silverman </br> or Amy Schumer? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: It's also Muhammad Ali's birthday.... Who would win in a fight: Brienne from "Game of Thrones" or Xena: Warrior Princess? || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which was the better revival: "Arrested Development" or "Gilmore Girls?" || 1+**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Originally, Roxy asked the first question from the previous episode, leading to confusion. .**Andy ("Fargo") actually lost the twitter poll with 19%. Coy ("Parks and Recreation") won with 44%, followed by Emma ("Supergirl") with 37%. .***Coy ("Jessica Jones") also won the twitter poll with 40%, followed by Andy ("Homeland") with 31% and Emma ("Westworld") with 29%. .****At the time of the awarding of the point, Billy indicated that Andy ("The Diary of Desmond Pfeiffer") also won the twitter poll. .*****A variation of this question was also asked in episode 15, in which Andy also fought. +Emma (Ervil LaBaron murders) actually lost the twitter poll with 14%. Coy (H.H Holmes murders) won the poll with 54%, followed by Andy (Tanya Harding/Nancy Kerrigan) with 32%. +*Emma ("Galavant") once again lost the twitter poll with 19% despite receiving the point. As before, Coy ("It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia") won the poll with 41%, followed closely by Andy ("The Voice") with 40%. +**Split Decision. Billy chose Emma (Xena) while Roxy chose Andy. Coy had sided with Andy until the end of Emma's argument, ultimately claiming they were tied. +***Andy ("Gilmore Girls") won despite the fact that, even before the ruling, he indicated that he had never seen the show (nor had Emma). '''Episode 64: What Is The Best Netflix Original Series? (1-24-2017)'''<ref>Episode 64: Which is the best Netflix original series? (1-24-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-best-netflix-original-series-3076473</ref> Billy's name in the lower third is misspelled as Billy Buisness. He is accompanied on the couch by Dan Thom. A new TV Fights logo is debuted. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Pearl Raver || 3/2 || '''Win''' |- | Danielle Radford || New Fighter || Second |- | Stephanie Michelle || New Fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Sasha !! Danielle !! Stephanie |- | 1: Netflix is enjoying success with "A Series of Unfortunate Events."... What movie should... next Netflix turn into a TV series? || 1 || || * |- | 2: What cancelled TV show needs to be revived by Netflix? || ** || 1 || |- | 3: What is the best Netflix original series? || 1 || || *** |- | 4: Best original character from a Netflix exclusive? || 1 || || **** |- | 5: We're looking for a crossover pitch. So you can use any two original Netflix shows. || || ***** || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Who would win in a fight: Jessica Jones or Eleven from "Stranger Things"? || x || 0 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the worst Netflix original show? || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What genre does Netflix nail better: drama or comedy? || || 1+* || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Best Marvel Netflix show? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of our new President being sworn in, what Netflix character would you want to see as our next President? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which show featuring a TV magic woman should be rebooted into a Netflix series: "I Dream of Jeannie" or "Bewitched"? || 1+** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Stephanie (''Mad Max: Fury Road'') won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Sasha (''Mean Girls'') with 40% and Danielle (''The Last Dragon'') with 17% .**In the closest twitter poll in TV Fights history, Sasha ("Penny Dreadful") won with 34% while Danielle ("Veronica Mars") and Stephanie ("Pushing Daisies") tied at 33% each. .***Stephanie ("Stranger Things") won the twitter poll with 50%, followed by Sasha ("House of Cards") with 31% and Danielle ("BoJack Horseman") with 19% . .****Stephanie (Barb) once again wins the Twitter poll with 49%, followed by Sasha (Crazy Eyes) with 35% and Danielle (Tastyee) with 16%. .*****Danielle ("Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt"/"Jessica Jones") won the twitter poll with 52%, followed by Stephanie ("Fuller House"/"Orange is the New Black") with 26% and Sasha ("The Get Down"/"Narcos") with 22%. +Split decision. Stephanie chose Danielle ("Hemlock Grove") while Billy, Dan, and Roxy agreed with Sasha ("The OA"). +*Split decision. Billy chose Sasha (drama) while Dan and Roxy agreed with Danielle (comedy). Stephanie could not give a decision. +**Sasha was faster at saying "I Dream of Jeannie" won based on votes from Billy, Dan, and Roxy (Stephanie abstained). '''Episode 65: Who Is The Best TV Character Of All Time? (PART 1) (1-31-2017)'''<ref>Episode 65: Who is the best TV character of all time (Part 1)? (1-31-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-the-best-tv-character-of-all-time-3077760</ref> Second Championship Match. Matt Lieberman appears after a 33-episode absence. Joe Starr was supposed to be the third fighter but he claimed he could not make it due to the ''John Wick 2'' after-party and invoked a "Trial by Combat" to have Dan Murrell fight in his place. Andy states a "trial by combat" is in the rule book. Once again Billy's lower third is spelled incorrectly (Buisness instead of Business). He is joined on the couch by fan Donald "Dizzle" Davis. This is the second episode of TV Fights to not be counted in the official statistics (however, prior records are shown below for reference; these records do not change after this fight). The day after the fight, Billy announced on SJ Universe that he and Roxy ruled that the match would be stricken and the title vacated. Another fight for the Belt would take place the following Tuesday between Matt, Joe, and Dan (Andy, who won the wildcard spot was disqualified). As a result of the problem that it caused, Trial by Combat has been removed from all fights (however, it is invoked in the Schmoedown that takes place three days later). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Lieberman || 4/1 || Second |- | Andy Signore || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Dan Murrell || 2/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! style="width: 6%"|Andy !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: Who is the best TV trash-talker of all time? || || 1 || * |- | 2: In honor of the champ throwdown, what is the best rivalry in all of TV history? || 1 || || ** |- | 3: Who is the best TV character of all time? || 1*** || || |- | 4: "Charmed" is getting a reboot set in the '70s.... We want you guys to pick a show to reboot and set it in a different decade. || || || 1**** |- | 5: Who is the worst couple in TV history? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2+ || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both of you guys are gunning to be number one. What is the best show with a number in the title? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Ben Affleck has said he will not direct ''The Batman.'' What superhero TV show would you want to see Ben </br> Affleck direct an episode of? || || 1+* || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: You guys are fighting for the TV Fights Belt. Which is the cooler TV accessory: Daryl Dixon's crossbow or </br> Jon Snow's Valyrian steel sword? || 1+** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of Mary Tyler Moore, who is the best TV actor or character with three names? || || 1 || x |- |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5'''+*** || 1 |} .*Dan (Gordon Ramsay) won the poll with 51%, followed by Andy (The Rock) with 38% and Matt (Malcolm Tucker) with 13% (adds up to 102%, so it is possible that the Rock had 36%). .**Matt (Raylan Givens and Boyd Crowder) actually lost the twitter poll with 7%. Dan (Jim Halpert and Dwight Schrute) won with 53%, followed by Andy (Eric Cartman and Kyle Broflovski) with 40%. .***In a reversal from the previous question, Matt (Walter White) won the poll with 40%, followed by Andy (Homer Simpson) with 38% and Dan (Jean-Luc Picard) with 22%. .****Dan ("The West Wing") won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Matt ("Buffy the Vampire Slayer") with 35% and Andy ("24") with 28%. .*****Andy (Spencer Pratt and Heidi Montag) actually lost the poll with 21%. Matt (Rachel Green and Joey Tribbiani) won with 50%, followed by Dan (Nikki and Paulo) with 29%. +Andy elected to have Dan fight on his behalf for the Speed Round (any points Dan wins go to Andy (shown as "Andy?" on the scoreboard), which ultimately lead to the decision to have a new match. Andy was ultimately disqualified. +*Split decision. Billy chose Matt ("Jessica Jones"), while Dizzle and Roxy chose Dan ("Daredevil"). +**Matt was faster at saying the Valyrian steel sword and won unanimously. +***As Andy, Dan, and Joe all laid claim to the title, Roxy stated that there would be a twitter poll to decide the winner (choices would also include Matt), but this is not the method that was ultimately used. '''Episode 66: What is the Biggest TV Betrayal? (PART 2) (2-7-2017)'''<ref>Episode 66: What is the Biggest TV Betrayal (Part 2)? (2-7-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/tv-fights-championship-part-ii-what-was-the-biggest-3079013</ref> Part II of the Championship Title fight. Promised without shenanigans. Matt Lieberman insisted on having Joe Starr be 3rd panelist (who also showcases a handmade TV Fights championship belt "representing the people"). Billy's lower third has finally been corrected to the right spelling of "Business". {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Lieberman || 4/1 || Second |- | Joe Starr || 1/3 || Third |- | Dan Murrell || 2/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Matt !! style="width: 6%"|Joe !! style="width: 5%"|Dan |- | 1: In honor of what happened last week, what is the most controversial ending to a TV show episode of all time? || * || || 1 |- | 2: After last week's shenanigans, what is TV's biggest betrayal? ** || 1*** || || |- | 3: Pitch a crossover of one cartoon show and one live action show, done in a ''Who Framed Roger Rabbit?'' style. || **** || || 1 |- | 4: In a reverse from last week, who is the worst TV character of all time? || || || 1***** |- | 5: What TV series had the best final season? || || 1+ || |- | TIE BREAKER: Who was the best Super Bowl commercial from this year? || 0+* || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: After last week's shenanigans, which TV character would you choose to fight for you in a life-or-death "Trial By Combat"? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Periodic Table Day. Which TV scientist would you rather have tutor you: Neil deGrasse Tyson or Bill Nye? || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Tom Brady's miraculous win..., who is TV's best Tom, Thomas, or Tommy, character or actor? || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Look at the DVD case behind you. What is the best show on your side? || || x || 1+**** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3+***** || 1 || 5 |} .*Dan (the censoring in the "South Park" episode "201") actually lost the twitter poll with 24%. Matt ("The Sopranos"'s cut to black in the finale) won the poll win with 48%, followed by Joe (Ned Stark's death in the ninth episode of "Game of Thrones") with 28%. .**Question read by Billy. Roxy accidentally started reading the first Speed Round question. .***Matt (Walder Frey/Red Wedding in "Game of Thrones") also won the poll with 56%, followed by Joe (Hulk Hogan joins NWO) with 31% and Dan (Nina Meyers in "24" season 1) with 13%. .****Matt ("Rick and Morty"/"Community") and Dan ("The Flash"/"Batman: The Animated Series") each received 45% of the twitter vote while Joe ("Robotech"/"House of Cards") received 10%. .*****Dan (Lori Grimes) also won the poll with 63%, followed by Matt (Cousin Oliver) with 23% and Joe (Carrie Mathison) with 15%. However, at the time, Billy indicated that twitter was not working. +Joe ("Breaking Bad") also won the poll with 75%, followed by Dan ("The Wire") with 15% and Matt ("Friday Night Lights") with 10%. +*Split decision. Billy had chosen Joe (Audi) since Matt's choice (84 Lumber) didn't air in its entirety during the game (also, Billy needed to tell Matt the name of the company). +**Both fighters said Tyson at the same time, but Matt agreed to take Billy Nye and unanimously won the point. +***Split decision. Fifteenth overturn on TV Fights (fourteenth by Roxy). Billy and Joe chose Dan (Tom Brokaw), but Roxy felt Matt (Tom Selleck) gave the stronger argument. +****Dan was faster at choosing "Breaking Bad." Matt chose "Seinfeld," a show that also appeared on Dan's side. +*****Matt's loss marks the first instance in Screen Junkies history in which a champion loses a Belt. '''Episode 67: TV's Best Valentine's Day Episode? (2-14-2017)'''<ref>Episode 67: TV's Best Valentine's Day Episode? (2-14-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/best-valentines-day-tv-episode-30809783</ref> Although this is Brianne Chandler (aka Miss Movies)'s first time fighting on Screen Junkies, she has fact checked for Movie Fights twice in the past. She has also competed on Movie Games. Billy reveals during this episode that he has never watched an episode of "The Simpsons". {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Perri Nemiroff || 1/0 || '''Win''' |- | Brianne Chandler || New Fighter || Third |- | Charley Feldman || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Perri !! Brianne !! Charley |- | 1: If you had to pull of a bank robbery, what TV character would you want as your accomplice? || || || 1* |- | 2: Pick an African-American historical figure and pitch a Netflix show based on them. || || || 1** |- | 3: What is the best Valentine's Day episode of any TV Show? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Who is the best female lead of a TV show? || 1 || **** || |- | 5: What is the best decade for TV? || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which TV character would you hire to take out John Wick? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What was the most memorable moment from the Grammy's this past weekend? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What TV character, past or present, desperately needs to stay single? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Nick Cannon has said he wants to leave his hosting gig at "America's Got Talent." Who should take over as host: Mario Lopez or Kelly Osbourne? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: What show makes you yell at your TV more: "The Walking Dead" or "Game of Thrones?" || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Charley (the eleventh Doctor from "Dr. Who") also won the twitter poll with 36%, closely followed by Brianne (Jack Bauer) with 35% and Perri (Elliot from "Mr. Robot") with 29%. .**Charley (Shirley Chisholm) actually lost the twitter poll with 13%. Perri (Martin Luther King Jr.) won the poll with 48%, followed by Brianne (Micheal Jackson) with 39%. .***Perri ("My Funny Valentine" from "Modern Family") actually lost the poll with 18%. Charley ("I Love Lisa" from "The Simpsons") won with 58%, followed by Brianne ("Anna Howard Day" from "30 Rock") with 24%. .****Brianne (character Buffy Summers from Buffy the Vampire Slayer) won the poll with 44% followed by Perri (Lucille Ball in "I Love Lucy") with 37% and Charley (Tatiana Maslany in "Orphan Black") with 19%. .*****Brianne (1960's) actually lost the poll with 7%. Charley (2010's) won the majority of the twitter poll with 76%, followed by Perri (1970's) with 17%. +Split decision. Brianne sided with Charley (Buffy Summers) while Billy and Roxy chose Perri (Ash Williams). +*Split decision. Brianne sided with Perri (Mario Lopez) while Billy and Roxy chose Charley. '''Episode 68: Which X-Men Character Should Get A TV Spin-off? (2-21-2017)'''<ref>Episode 68: Which X-Men Character Should Get A TV Spin-off? (2-21-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-x-men-character-should-get-a-tv-spinoff-3082439</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Roger Barr || 1/2 || '''Win''' |- | Jaden LeBel || New Fighter || Third |- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Greenup Angie Greenup] || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Roger !! Jaden !! Angie |- | 1: After the success of The LEGO Batman Movie, which I loved, what show should get a LEGO-themed episode? || * || || 1 |- | 2: Which ''X-Men'' character should get a TV spin-off? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: Now that "Girls," and subsequently Lena Dunham's nudity, is coming to an end, what show would benefit the most from adding nudity to it? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: With the Oscars coming up this weekend, we want you guys to pitch a TV show based on any [2016] film nominated for an Academy Award. It can be in any category. || || 1 || **** |- | 5: Who is TV's all-time greatest writer? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is National... Sticky Buns Day. Who has TV's best buns? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best show that has a location as or in the title? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best show that starts with the letter "E'? || + || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND D: "Britney Ever After" ...just had a controversial debut. What pop star should have a Lifetime TV movie made about [him or her]? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Jimmy Kimmel is considering retiring after fourteen years. Who[m] would you rather see take over his late-night talk show: Louis C.K. or Aziz Ansari? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Roger ("Game of Thrones") won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Angie ("It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia") with 36% and Jaden ("Law & Order: SVU") with 17%. .**Jaden (Rogue) won the poll with 43%, followed by Angie (Storm) with 31% and then Roger (Mystique) with 26%. .***Jaden ("Modern Family") won the twitter poll with 57%, followed by Roger ("Martha & Snoop's Potluck Dinner Party") with 22% and Angie ("You're the Worst") with 21%. .****Angie (''Arrival'') also won the poll with 58%, followed by Jaden (''La La Land'') with 28% and then Roger (''Sully'') with 14%. .*****Roger (Martha Stewart) unanimously won over Angie (Kim Kardashian) due to his unique argument. +Roger asked if "Evergreen Terrace" was a show. After fact checking, Billy told him that is was a band. As Billy has never seen "The Simpsons," he was unable to tell Roger that that was where the show took place. +*Split decision. Jaden chose Roger ("Everybody Hates Chris) due to his ability to come up with an answer in the last minute, but Billy and Roxy voted for Angie ("Everybody Loves Raymond"). '''Episode 69: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Bachelor? - BACHELOR FIGHTS! (2-28-2017)'''<ref>Episode 69: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Bachelor? - BACHELOR FIGHTS! (2-28-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-best-bachelor-ba-3083939</ref> This is an all "The Bachelor"/"The Bachelorette" fight. The contestants are from the shows (Lauren has only appeared on "Bachelor in Paradise"). Each time someone receives a point, he/they receive a rose. First time there is a team fighting as one in a singles panel (per Billy, this is still an official fight). Ashley and Lauren refer to themselves as Team TMI. Andy Signore's first time as Fact Checker on TV Fights. Billy, who has never seen the shows, remains on the couch checking social media. Jared Haibon appeared as a couch guest in December 2016 on the Star Wars episode of Movie Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Brooks Forester || New Fighter || Third |- | Jared Haibon || New Fighter || '''Win''' |- | Ashley & Lauren Iaconetti || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Brooks !! Jared !! style="width: 8%"|Team TMI |- | 1: What is the most shocking "[The] Bachelor"/"[The] Bachelorette" moment in the shows' history? || || 1 || * |- | 2: Which TV character would make the best Bachelor? || || ** || 1*** |- | 3: We want you guys to pitch a crossover between "The Bachelor"/"[The] Bachelorette" and any other reality TV show. || || || 1**** |- | 4: We wanna know what real life single celebrity/athlete/personality... should become the next Bachelor or Bachelorette? || 1 || ***** || |- | 5: Who is the best Bachelor/Bachelorette of all time? || + || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Should you have sex in the fantasy suite? || || 0+* || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which contestant should get a second chance as the next Bachelor or Bachelorette? || x || 1+** || |- | SPEED ROUND B: If host Chris Harrison died, who would be the next best host? || x || || 1+*** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is the worst Bachelor or Bachelorette of all time? || x || 1+**** +***** || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What other reality show needs to add the fantasy suite? || x || 1++ || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What is the best TV location to take a date to? || x || 1++* || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 4 |} .*TMI (Brad Womack not choosing anyone) won the twitter poll with 64%, followed by Jared (Jason Mesnick changes mind after picking a winner) with 25% and then Brooks (Kaitlyn Bristowe and Nick Viall hook-up) with 11%. .**Roxy originally picked Jared, but Andy overruled her with his "1 Rose Overrule" point for TMI. This rule was not stated to everyone in the beginning. .***The poll agreed with Andy and voted for TMI (Uncle Jesse Stamos) with 48%, followed by Brooks (Cosmo Kramer) with 34% and Jared (Jack Shepherd) with 18%. .****Once again, TMI ("Survivor") won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Jared ("The Amazing Race") with 30% and Brooks ("The Biggest Loser") with 23%. .*****Poll results are skewed since the Screen Junkies twitter mistakenly put TMI's choice choice of Mindy Kaling instead of Kourtney Kardashian. Jared (Taylor Swift) won with 44%, followed by Brooks (Amy Schumer) with 27%. +Brooks (Juan Pablo) won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by TMI (Kaitlyn Bristowe) with 29% and then Jared (Ben Higgins) with 28% +*After extended arguments (Andy gave each fighter ten extra seconds), Jared unanimously won despite being slower at saying yes. +**Both contestants (Ashley argues all of the Speed Round questions for TMI) chose themselves. Jared unanimously won. +***Split decision. Brooks sided with Jared (Ashley Iaconetti), and Andy couldn't decide. Billy and Roxy choose Ashley (Wells Adams). +****Jared was faster at saying Juan Pablo. +*****Split decision. Billy chose Ashley (Desiree Hartsock) while Brooks, Roxy, and Andy sided with Jared. ++Split decision. Billy and Brooks sided with Ashley ("American Idol"), but Andy and Roxy chose Jared ("Big Brother"). ++*Split decision. Brooks chose Ashley (Seattle Grace Hospital), but Billy, Andy, and Roxy sided with Jared (the "Cheers" bar), giving him the win. '''Episode 70: Which celebrity should be on the next season of DWTS? (3-7-2017)'''<ref>Episode 70: Which TV Celebrity Should Be on the Next Season of DWTS? (3-7-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-celebrity-should-be-on-the-next-season-of-dwts-3086822</ref> For the second week in a row, all fighters are new (not just to TV Fights, but to all Screen Junkies competition shows). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alan Kistler || New Fighter || '''Win''' |- | Ryan Eleopouios || New Fighter || Third |- | Kirk Bonacci || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 88%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Alan !! style="width: 6%"|Ryan !! style="width: 6%"|Kirk |- | 1: Which episode of "The Simpsons" should Billy Business watch first to get him hooked? || 1* || || |- | 2: What is the most frustrating unsolved mystery from a scripted TV show that is no longer on the air? || ** || 1 || |- | 3: What is the all-time best TV prom episode? || *** || || 1*** |- | 4: The new cast of "Dancing with the Stars" has been announced.... What celebrity should be on the next season of "Dancing with the Stars?" || 1**** || || |- | 5: What is the greatest ensemble cast TV show of all time || 1 || || |- | TIE BREAKER: Today, it was announced that Jason Isaacs will be the new captain on "Star Trek: Discovery." What TV actor or actress would you cast as a Star Trek Captain? || x || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: The new "DuckTales" trailer dropped.... Which Disney cartoon deserves a modern-day makeover: "Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers" or "Darkwing Duck?" || || x || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Cereal Day. What cereal mascot should get a TV cartoon spinoff? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Tomorrow is International Women's Day.... What TV show would suffer the most from losing its female cast members? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Tomorrow is the season premiere of "Survivor."... Now you must argue why your character would be the best contestant to win "Survivor?" + || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Alan ("Radioactive Man" from season 7) also won the twitter poll with 57%. Ryan ("Lisa the Vegetarian" from season 7) received 29% while Kirk (the series premiere, "Roasting on an Open Fire") received 14%. .**Ryan ("Twin Peaks") actually lost the twitter poll with 18%. Alan ("Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles) won with 48%, followed by Kirk ("Pinky and the Brain") with 37%. These percentages total 103%. Billy does not wear his glasses in this episode. .***Kirk ("Prom Night" from "That 70's Show") actually lost the poll with only 7%. Once again Alan ("The Prom" from "Buffy the Vampire Slayer") won with 57% while Ryan ("Underage Drinking: A National Concern" from "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia") received 38%. This adds up to 102%, but there is possible rounding error as the number of twitter voters was smaller because it was put out by Billy himself rather than the Screen Junkies twitter. .****Ryan (Arnold Schwarzenegger) won the poll with 57%, followed by Alan (Conan O'Brien) with 38%. Once again, Kirk (Donald Trump) only received 7%. Again, this totals 102%. .*****Split decision. Sixteenth overturn on TV Fights (fifteenth by Roxy). Ryan and Billy picked Alan ("Darkwing Duck"), but Roxy went with Kirk. +Character fight. First time this is used outside of Gamer Fights. Alan unanimously won by choosing The Master from "Dr. Who." Kirk had chosen Scooby-Doo. '''Episode 71: What TV Show Has the Best Fake Death? (3-14-2017)'''<ref>Episode 71: What TV Show Has the Best Fake Death? (3-14-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-tv-show-has-the-best-fake-death-3088969</ref> Andres returns to TV Fights after a 45-episode absence, 3 episodes short of the record set by Aaron Pruner. His name appears on the scoreboard as "ACE." {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Andres Cabrera || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Max Dionne || New Fighter || Second |- | Eddie Ray Smith || New Fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 8%"|Andres !! style="width: 5%"|Max !! Eddie |- | 1: What show has the best fake death? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Pitch any episode of TV with a mostly silent episode. || || 1** || |- | 3: In honor of ''Logan'', what TV character would you want to see a mini-series about 30 years into their future? || 1 || *** || |- | 4: What other news story, besides the elections from 2016, would make the best mini-series? || 1**** || || |- | 5: What is the best episode of the series ["Game of Thrones"] to date? || 1 || ***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 4 || 1 || 0 |- | SPEED ROUND A: This Friday is St. Patrick's Day. If you were an Uber driver, which TV character[s] would be worse to pick up after a long night of them drinking?... Would it be the gang from "It's Always Sunny [in Philadelphia]" or the Gallaghers from "Shameless?" || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best TV show that stars with the letter "J"? || + || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: It's Pi Day, 3.14.... Which character would you rather have tutor you in math? +* || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best new show of 2017 so far? || 1+***, +**** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 0 |} .*Eddie ("Game of Thrones"-Jon Snow) won the twitter poll with 59%, followed by Ace ("Buffy the Vampire Slayer"-Angel) with 25% and Max ("Mad Men"-Don Draper) with 18%. This adds up to 102%. .**Max ("Seinfeld") also won the poll with 48%, followed by Ace ("Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) with 41% and Eddie ("Sliders") with 11%. .***Max (Eleven) won the poll with 38%, followed by Ace (Avatar Aang) with 33% and Eddie (Carl Grimes) with 29%. .****Ace (Deflategate) actually lost the twitter poll with 25%. Max (Brexit) won again with 40%, followed by Eddie (the fight in Aleppo) with 35%. .*****In his arguments for "Blackwater," Max stated that it was the only episode that all took place in one location. This is not true. Season 4's "The Watchers on the Wall" (also a ninth episode like Season 2's "Blackwater" and Ace's choice, "Battle of the Bastards" from Season 6) took place entirely at Castle Black. +After Max answered "Jeopardy!," Ace could not think of one in time. Roxy pointed out that a copy of "Jackass" was present on the case across the table from her. +*Character fight. Right before the question was asked, Ace chose Jon Snow, and Max chose Walter White. +**Split decision. Eddie chose Ace, but Billy and Roxy then both chose Max. +***Split decision. Eddie chose Max ("Big Little Lies"), Billy could not decide, and Roxy chose Ace ("Crashing"). *Both shows debuted on HBO on February 19. +****Billy called the game despite the fact that there was one question remaining for a possibly tie. He had earlier correctly stated that it was not game point, but before he indicated that he could not choose, he stated that it ''was''. '''Episode 72: What is the Worst Comic Book TV Show on Air? (3-21-2017)'''<ref>Episode 72: What is the Worst Comic Book TV Show on Air? (3-21-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-worst-comic-book-tv-show-on-the-air-3090855</ref> Relative to seating position, the fighters finished in the same places as last week. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Gina Ippolito || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | Katy Stoll || New Fighter || Third |- | Ishmel Sahid || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 98%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Gina !! style="width: 5%"|Katy !! Ishmel |- | 1: There are a lot of annoying trends that really bug us.... So we want you guys to pitch a show based on an annoying trend. || 1* || || |- | 2: What is the best non-American produced TV show? || 1** || || |- | 3: In honor of "Iron Fist" - congratulations "Iron Fist" - what is the worst comic book show that is currently airing? || || 1*** || |- | 4: What is the best (of) all-time live-action Nickelodeon TV show? || || || 1**** |- | 5: With "Feud: Bette and Joan" airing now on FX,... we wanna know which feud do you wanna see as a mini-series on TV for "Feud?" || 1***** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: ''Power Rangers'' hits theaters this Friday. Who is the best Power Ranger of all time? || || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: "The Flash" and "Supergirl" have a musical crossover this week; I think it's tonight. What TV show should have a musical episode: "The Walking Dead" or "Game of Thrones?" || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which TV game show would you rather see a reboot of: "Deal or No Deal" or "Who Wants to be a Millionaire?" || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National Fragrance Day. Which TV character would inspire the best fragrance? + || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Take a look at the DVDs behind you.... Which is the worst show on your side? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which series finale should get a do-over: "Dexter" or "How I Met Your Mother?" || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Gina (e-cigarettes) also won the twitter poll with 40%, followed closely by Ishmel (Instagram selfies) with 38% and Katy (crystals) with 22%. .**Once again, Gina ("Dr. Who") wins both the point and the poll with 60%. Katy ("Peaky Blinders") received 32% while Ishmel ("Schitt$ Creek") received only 8%. .***In the closest poll of the game, Katy ("Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.") also won the poll with 37%, followed by Gina ("Legends of Tomorrow") with 33% and Ishmel ("Riverdale") with 30%. .****Ishmel ("The Adventures of Pete & Pete") actually lost the twitter poll with 23%. Gina ("Are You Afraid of the Dark?") won with 52%, followed by Katy ("Clarissa Explains it All") with 25%. .*****Gina (Bill Murray and Chevy Chase) also won the twitter poll for the fourth time with 46%, followed by Ishmel (Taylor Swift and Kanyé West) with 29% and Katy (Donald Trump and Rosie O'Donnell") with 25%. +Character fight. Gina chose Lisa Simpson, and Ishmel then chose Sansa Stark (originally "Cersei Stark," but later clarified). +*Possibly a split decision. Katy appeared to be leaning towards Gina ("T.J. Hooker") for her arguments against Ishmel's choice of "Jackass" but did not give a final decision. Billy and Roxy each chose Ishmel. '''Episode 73: Who is The Greatest WWE Superstar of All Time? - Wrestling Fights! (3-28-2017)'''<ref>Episode 73: Who Is The Greatest WWE Superstar of All Time? - Wrestling Fights! (3-28-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-the-greatest-wwe-superstar-of-all-time-wre-3092959</ref> This is a specialized "Wrestling Fights." The DVD cases are filled with wrestling-related DVDs. Each competitor got intro music. The replacement Fact Checker is Jonathan Bowles from Wrestle Crate. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 1/4 || Second |- | Danielle Radford || 0/1 || Third |- | Billy Patterson || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 69%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Joe !! Danielle !! Billy |- | 1: What is the most controversial wrestling angle/storyline ever? || 1 || * || |- | 2: What is the all-time best wrestling faction or stable? || ** || || 1 |- | 3: Pick any two characters to participate in a tag-team championship bout! || 1*** || || |- | 4: Who is the greatest WWE superstar of all time? || || **** || 1 |- | 5: What will be the stand-out match from Wrestlemania 33? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: You can only watch the matches of one wrestler forever; who is it? || 1***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Worst reveal ever: The Shockmaster or Gobbledy Gooker? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: Aside from Jim Ross, who is the greatest wrestling announcer ever? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: What is the best Finisher of all time? || || x || 1+* |- | SPEED ROUND E: Pitch me your own wrestling gimmick. +** || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Danielle (Katie Vick funeral) won the twitter poll in a "landslide." .**Joe (N.W.O. (New World Order)) won the poll in a "landslide." .***Joe (Supergirl and Jessica Jones) also won the poll in a "big landslide." .****Danielle (The Rock) won the poll with 63%, followed by Billy (John Cena) with 22% and Joe (Eddie Guerrero) with 15%. .*****Split decision. Jonathan chose Billy (Shawn Michaels), but Danielle and Roxy chose Joe (Eddie Guerrero). +Split decision. Jonathan chose Joe (Gobbledy Gooker), but Danielle and Roxy chose Billy. +*Split decision. Danielle chose Joe (Hulk Hogan's leg drop), but Jonathan and Roxy chose Billy (Stone Cold Stunner). +**Billy's was simply called "Billy Business," and Joe's was called "Joe Starr." '''Episode 74: Pitch Us How Jason Blossom Died on Riverdale (4-4-2017)'''<ref>Episode 74: Pitch Us How Jason Blossom Died on Riverdale (4-4-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/pitch-us-how-jason-blossom-died-on-riverdale-3094753</ref> Trevor Stines plays Jason Blossom on Riverdale {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Pearl-Raver || 4/2 || '''Win''' |- | Ben Bateman || 1/0 || Third |- | Trevor Stines || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Sasha !! style="width: 5%"|Ben !! Trevor |- | 1: Which famous TV home would you like to live in? || * || || 1 |- | 2: What is the best use of fourth wall break in [a] TV show? || 1 || || ** |- | 3: With "Feud: Bette and Joan" airing now on FX..., what feud do you want to see on a mini-series? *** || || 1 || **** |- | 4: We want you guys to pitch us how Jason Blossom should have died [on "Riverdale"], killer and all. || || || 1***** |- | 5: What show in danger of getting cancelled deserves another chance for a new season? || 1 || || + |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Betty or Veronica? || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Hug a Newsperson Day. Which TV news personality would you want to give a hug to most? || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which Marvel Netflix character should go to the big screen? || || x || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND D: Today is Ben & Jerry's "Free Cone Day".... What character should have an ice cream flavor based on them and what is in it? || 1+*** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*Trevor (the Banks house) actually lost the twitter poll with 22%. Sasha (Rachel and Monica's place) won the poll with 55%, followed by Ben (Herb Simpsons's house) with 23%. This was revealed after the results of the second question's poll. .**Trevor ("Rick and Morty") won the poll with 44%, followed by Sasha ("House of Cards") with 40% and Ben ("30 Rock") with 18%. .***Rematch from episode 72. Roxy had forgotten that the question was asked. .****Trevor (Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla) won the poll with 50%, followed by Ben (Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant) with 38% and Sasha (Debbie Reynolds andElizabeth Taylor) with 12%. .*****Trevor (Jason mistaken for Archie), who plays Jason, also won the poll with 66%, followed by Ben (rivalry with Polly) with 18% and Sasha (affair with Chuck Clayton) with 16%. +Sasha ("Pitch") actually lost the poll with 21%. Trevor ("Marvel's Agents of Shield") won his fourth poll in a row with 53%, followed by Ben ("Fear the Walking Dead") with 26%. +*Split decision. Billy voted for Trevor (Betty), but Roxy and Ben chose Sasha. +**Ben liked Trevor's (unspecified Mexican weather lady) entertainment argument. However, Billy and Roxy picked Sasha (John Oliver). +***Character fight, but the flavor was chosen during arguments. Sasha (Hannah Horvath/Girls Gone Wild: chocolate with cereal and pretzels) unanimously won over Trevor (Dr. Gregory House/Everybody Lies: pistachio with walnuts and marshmallow). '''Episode 75: What Standup Comic Needs Their Own Scripted TV Show? (4-11-2017)'''<ref>Episode 75: What Standup Comic Needs Their Own Scripted TV Show? (4-11-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-standup-comedian-needs-their-own-tv-show-3097090</ref> Twelfth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. First since episode 55. Seventeenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Kausar Mohammed || New Fighter || Third |- | Kimia Behpoormia || New Fighter || Second |- | David Futernick || New Fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kausar !! Kimia !! David |- | 1: What director/actor should re-team for a TV show? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Which stand-up comic needs [his or her] own scripted TV show (not a stand-up special)? || || || 1** |- | 3: Everyone is still talking about the Undertaker retiring at WrestleMania 33 last week.... Which TV character currently on air needs to be retired from [his or her] show? || || 1*** || |- | 4: Who is the best non-human TV character of all time? **** || || || 1***** |- | 5: What '80s or '90s sitcom needs an "Unauthorized Story" TV movie on Lifetime made about it? || + || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Who is the best TV actor or character [whose name] starts with the letter "T"? || || 0 || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is National Pet Day.... What TV character would you want to do some heavy petting with? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: It was announced today that Superman will be returning for the Season 2 finale of "Supergirl," which is awesome. Which Netflix show would benefit the most from adding Superman to it? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Because of the events surrounding United Airlines, what TV character would be the worst customer service representative? +* || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who[m] would you rather be in a prank war with: Jim from "The Office" or Barney from "How I Met Your Mother?" || x || || 1+** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*David (Cohen Brothers/Steve Buscemi) won the twitter poll with 50%, followed by Kausar (Tim Burton/Johnny Depp) with 27% and Kimia (Wes Anderson/Jason Schwartzman) with 23%. .**David (Dave Chappelle) also won the twitter poll with 67%, followed by Kausar (Ally Wong) with 28% and Kimia (Fortune Feimster) with 7%. .***Kimia (Bobby Flay) actually lost the poll with 26% for the third time in a row. David (Meredith Grey) won with 39%, followed by Kausar (Ice T) with 35%. .****Submitted by Billy's mother. .*****David (ALF) actually lost the poll with 28%. Kimia (Perry the Platypus) won with 37%, followed by Kausar (Salem the cat) with 35%. +Kausar ("Friends") won the poll with 46%, followed by David ("Family Matters") with 28% and Kimia ("Golden Girls") with 26%. +*Character fight. Before the question was read, David chose Tony Soprano, and Kimia chose Tommy Pickles. +**Kimia was faster at saying Jim, leaving David with Barney. Despite this, David unanimously won. '''Episode 76: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Jedi Knight? (4-18-2017)'''<ref>Episode 76: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Jedi Knight? (4-18-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-best-jedi-knight-3098954</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Charley Feldman || 0/1 || '''Win''' |- | MeLissa Luna || New Fighter || Third |- | Adam Hann-Byrd || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 93%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Charley !! MeLisaa !! Adam |- | 1: Which show should get an off-Broadway musical? || 1 || * || |- | 2: What TV show would be improved by adding time travel? || || || 1** |- | 3: What TV character would be the best Jedi Knight? || 1 || || *** |- | 4: ["13 Reasons Why"] is doing very well, so we want from you guys what YA novel should get a TV adaptation next? || || 1 || **** |- | 5: Which current TV actor or actress is a future Oscar winner? || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Fresh off his new movie, King Kong is coming to TV and will explore some more of Skull Island.... What is the best TV show that is based on a movie? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which TV character is the better Bostonian: Ray Donovan or Sam Malone? || +* || x || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND C: "Girls" just wrapped up their series finale this last Sunday after six seasons of being on air.... Which is the better six-season show: "The Sopranos" or "Lost?" || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Netflix just announced a new animated series based on Carmen Sandiego. What TV character would you enlist to help you track down Carmen Sandiego? +*** || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 3 |} .*MeLissa ("That 70's Show") won the twitter poll with 40%, followed closely by Charley ("Hannibal") with 38% and then Adam ("The Wire") with 22% .**Adam ("Fargo") and Charley ("Survivor") tied in the poll with 34%. MeLissa ("Breaking Bad") received 32% .***Adam (Eleven) won the poll with 68%, followed by Charley (Steven Universe) with 17% and MeLissa (Marry Barry) with 15% .****MeLissa ("Miss Peregrine") actually lost the twitter poll with only 17%. Adam ("Ender's Game") won with 44%, followed by Charley ("The Golden Compass") with 39%. .*****Adam (Jordan Peele) also won the poll with 67%, followed by Charley (Kate McKinnon) with 23% and MeLissa (Dylan Minnette) with 10%. +Split decision. Roxy and Billy chose Charley ("Buffy the Vampire Slayer"). MeLissa initially picked Charley but then changed her mind to Adam ("Fargo"). +*Charley indicated after the point was awarded that she had never seen either show ("Cheers" or "Ray Donovan"). This may explain why she neglected to mention that Sam used to be a relief pitcher for the Red Sox. *Further, she stated that a good Bostonian is someone with whom you'd want to have a drink. Though Sam was a bartender, he actively avoided alcohol. +**Adam was slightly slower at saying Sam. Despite this, he unanimously won the point. +***Character fight. Charley chose Dana Scully, and then Adam chose Vincent Adultman. '''Episode 77: Which TV Character Should Join The Cast Of Fast and Furious 9? (4-25-2017)'''<ref>Episode 77: Which TV Character Should Join The Cast Of Fast and Furious 9? (4-25-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-should-join-the-cast-of-fast-and-3101149</ref> DJ would also go on to win the Movie Fights Debut Deathmatch two days later, beating runner-up Charley Feldman, who won the previous TV Fight. When Roxy introduces Matt, she states that it is his fourth time on the show, which she states is a record. While it is his fourth time on the show, that is not a record. Sasha Perl-Raver has been on seven times with a record of 5-2. Former champion Matt Lieberman has a record of 4-2. There are several other fighters who have been on four or more times. Eighth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place and first since episode 48. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Matt Knost || 1/2 ||Second |- | DJ Wooldridge || 0/2 || '''Win''' |- | Cassie Keets || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 82%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"| Matt !! style="width: 5%"|DJ !! Cassie |- | 1: Pitch a new animal-human buddy cop TV show. || 1 || || * |- | 2: What '60s or '70s sitcom could be rebooted for today's audience? || 1 || || ** |- | 3: What is the best FX show of all time? || *** || || 1 |- | 4: What's the best animated show of the 2010's? || **** || 1 || |- | 5: Which TV character should join the cast of ''Fast and Furious 9''? || ***** || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: NBC's "Powerless" doesn't look like it's coming back for another season.... Which superhero show should be cancelled next? || || 1+ || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National DNA Day. Who is the best TV scientist? || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: "Bates Motel" had its series finale. Now that she's done "Bates Motel," what TV show should Rihanna join next? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: This last Saturday was Tax Day. Which TV character would you trust to do your taxes for you? +*** || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Cassie (Spiderman/Charlotte the spider) won the twitter vote with 47%, followed by Matt (Ice-T/Bubbles the Chimp) with 41% and DJ (Gorilla/Police officer) with 12%. .**Again, Cassie ("Happy Days") won the twitter poll with 37%, followed by Matt ("The Brady Bunch") with 34% and DJ ("Hogan's Heroes") with 29%. .***Matt ("It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia") won the poll with 52%, followed by Cassie ("Fargo") with 34% and DJ ("The Shield") with 14%. .****DJ ("The Legend of Korra") actually lost the twitter poll with 23%. Matt ("Rick and Morty") won the poll again with 52%, followed by Cassie ("Archer") with 23%. .*****Matt (Fresh Prince/Will Smith) won the vote with 44%, followed by DJ (Michael Knight) with 31% and then Cassie (Jessica Jones) with 25%. +Split decision. Billy sided with Matt ("Iron Fist"), but Cassie and Roxy chose DJ ("Gotham"). +*Split decision. Billy chose DJ (Dr. Ravi Chakrabarti) while Cassie and Roxy chose Matt (Gil Grissom). +**Split decision. Cassie picked Matt ("Game of Thrones") while Billy and Roxy chose DJ ("The Flash"). +***Character fight. Matt chose Sherlock Holmes while DJ chose MacGyver. '''Episode 78: Who Is The Most Controversial Animated TV Character? (5-2-2017)'''<ref>Episode 78: Who Is The Most Controversial Animated TV Character? (5-2-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-the-most-controversial-animated-tv-character-3102912</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Drew DiFonzo-Marks || New Fighter || Second |- | Lilian Bowden || New Fighter || Third |- | Tehran Von Gharasi || New Fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 93%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"| Drew !! Lilian !! Tehran |- | 1: Which dead character on any show would you resurrect from the dead? || 1 || || * |- | 2: Who is the most controversial TV animated character? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: What is the best single year in TV history (can be from any decade) || *** || || 1 |- | 4: Who should take over for Peter Capaldi as the new Doctor on "Doctor Who?" || || || 1**** |- | 5: With a looming Writers Guild strike, pitch a currently-running scripted show that could turn into a reality show. || || 1 || ***** |- | TIE BREAKER: Fox cancelled the show "Pitch." What female lead-driven show would you bring back? || 0+ || || x |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is Life Insurance Day. What TV character needs life insurance the most? || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the best... TV actor or character that starts with the letter 'M'? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: One, two, three, four. I declare a thumb war. Who wins? +** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which nursery rhyme should be made into a TV show: "Jack and Jill" or "Humpty Dumpty?" || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: You can only recommend one of these shows to someone. Which one do you recommend: "Breaking Bad" or "The Wire?" || || x || 1+****, +***** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Tehran (Chef from "South Park") won the twitter poll with 46% Closely followed by Lilian (Glenn from "The Walking Dead") with 41% and Drew (Starbuck from "Battle Star Galactica") with 14% .**Lilian (Speedy Gonzalez) won the poll with 42%, followed by Tehran (Harley Quinn) with 41% and Drew (Leela) with 17%. .***Drew (2017) won the poll win with 46%, followed by Lilian (1997) with 40% and Tehran (1989) with 15%. .****Drew (Wil Wheaton) conceded his point to Tehran (Lupita Nyong'o) which aided in his getting his point over Lilian (Olivia Coleman). .*****Tehran ("Veep") won the twitter poll with 41%, followed by Drew ("Game of Thrones") with 38% and Lillian ("13 Reasons Why") with 21% +Billy and Roxy chooses Drew's ("Party Over Here") argument over Lilian ("Daria") due to Lilian's lack of supportive reasons in her rebuttal +*Split decision. Billy sided with Tehran (Jack Bauer), but Lilian and Roxy sided with Drew (David Palmer). +**Character fight. Drew chose Jean-Luc Picard. Tehran chose Jerry Seinfeld. +***During Drew's argument, he stated Humpty Dumpty was an egg. As Billy points out, while that's a popular belief, that is never specified in the nursery rhyme. +****Tehran was slightly slower at saying "Breaking Bad." +****Split decision. JTE chose Drew ("Breaking Bad"), but Lilian, Billy, and Roxy sided with Tehran. '''Episode 79: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Imaginary Friend? (5-9-2017)'''<ref>Episode 78: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Imaginary Friend? (5-9-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-the-most-controversial-animated-tv-character-3102912</ref> Second week in a row with all new fighters. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Mo Welch || New Fighter || Third |- | Brittany Ashley || New Fighter || '''Win''' |- | Luke Kelly-Clynne || New Fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Mo !! Brittany !! style="width: 5%"|Luke |- | 1: Which season of a great show could you skip? || 1 || * || |- | 2: Which TV show could've still worked in the time before TV as a radio serial? || || 1** || |- | 3: Which TV character, real-life or animated, would make the best imaginary friend? || || || 1*** |- | 4: What is the most complicated TV relationship? || **** || 1 || |- | 5: What TV character's will and testament would you most want to be named in, and what would you most want from [him or her]? || || 1***** || |- | TIE BREAKER: It's being reported that Jennifer Morrison is leaving "Once Upon a Time." What current TV show would have the best chance of surviving if its lead actor or actress left the show? || || x || 0+ |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best TV show that has four or more words in the title? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Teacher Day. Who[m] would you rather have your kid have for a teacher: Mr. Feeny from "Boy Meets World" or (Ms.) Frizzle from "The Magic School Bus?" || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: ABC is picking up "American Idol." Which TV character would do best in "American Idol?" || x || 1+* || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 2 |} .*Brittany (Season 1 of "Sex and the City") won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Mo (Season 9 of "Roseanne") with 34% and Luke (Season 6-B "The Sopranos") with 23%. .**Brittany ("Jessica Jones") also won the twitter poll with 46%. Luke ("Arrested Development") received 38% while Mo ("Big Little Lies") received with 16%. .***Luke (George Costanza) also won the poll with 42%, closely followed by Brittany (Daria Morgendorffer) with 41% and then Mo (the Cynthia doll from "Rugrats") with 17%. .****Mo (Cersei and Jamie Lannister) won the poll with 49%, followed by Brittany (Buffy and Spike) with 33% and Luke (Jerry Seinfeld and Elaine Benes) with 18%. .*****Brittany (Jessica Jones and her super strength) also won the poll with 41%, followed by Luke (Frasier and his apartment) with 32% and Mo (The Fresh Prince and his jersey collection) with 27%. +Roxy and Billy chose Luke (Richard of "Silicon Valley") as Mo ("Homeland") gave up half way through her argument. +*Character fight. Luke chose Jesse Pinkman while Brittany chose Buffy Summers. '''Episode 80: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Wedding Officiant? (5-16-2017)'''<ref>Episode 80: Which TV Character Would Make The Best Wedding Officiant? (5-16-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-make-the-best-wedding-offic-3106567 </ref> Today is Stacy Howard's birthday. Although she is listed as a new fighter, Stacy has participated in a Movie Fights Debut Deathmatch. In addition to this being Jay's second win, it is oddly his second win against a fighter with the last name Washington, which also happens to be ''his'' last name. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jay Washington || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Stacy Howard || New fighter || Second |- | Damian Washington || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Jay !! Stacy !! Damian |- | 1: Who is the biggest playboy/player in TV history, male or female? || || 1 || * |- | 2: Pitch an amusement park ride based around a TV show. ** || || || |- | 3: We are re-booting a classic (pre-2000) TV show by gender-swapping the lead. || 1 || || *** |- | 4: Which TV character would make the best wedding officiant? || || || 1**** |- | 5: Which TV character would be the most fun to body swap with for 24 hours? || ***** || 1 || |- | TIE BREAKER: "Timeless" was cancelled and then un-cancelled.... Which show would you rather have un-cancelled: "2 Broke Girls" or "Powerless?" || 0 || x || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Both "Dancing With the Stars" and "The Bachelor" surprisingly are getting spin-offs. What other reality competition show should get a spin-off? || 1 || + || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: ABC is getting in the live-action musical special game with "The Little Mermaid".... Which musical should be a live TV special next: "The Lion King" or "Beauty and the Beast?" || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National Piercing Day. Which character would you trust the most to give you a piercing? +* || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: "Roseanne" has been picked up for a revival at ABC. Is this good idea, yes or no? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: You could only recommend one of these shows to someone; which do you recommend: "Breaking Bad" or "The Wire?" +** || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Damian (Blanche Devereaux from "Golden Girls") won the twitter poll with 39%, followed by Stacy (Samantha Jones) with 34% and Jay (Ron Johnson) from "A Different World") with 27%. .**Roxy awarded no points. Jay ("Diners, Drive-ins and Dives") won the poll with 40%. .***Damian ("The A-Team") won the poll with 51%, followed by Jay ("Quantum Leap") with 27% and Stacy ("Cheers") with 22%. .****Damian (Stephen Colbert) also won the poll with 43%, followed by Stacy (Leslie Knope) with 40% and Jay (Titus Andromedon) with 17%. .*****Jay (Luke Cage) won the poll with 43%. Stacy (Jimmy Neutron) and Damian (Daenerys Targaryen) tied with 29% each. +Split decision. Seventeenth overturn on TV Fights (sixteenth by Roxy). Damian and Billy picked Stacy ("Iron Chef"), but Roxy chose Jay ("The Voice"). +*Character fight. Stacy chose Russ from "True Detective," and then Jay chose Oliver Queen from "Arrow." +**Also used as the fifth Speed Round question just two episodes earlier. '''Episode 81: Which TV character Would You Choose to Help You Defeat a Xenomorph? (5-23-2017)'''<ref>Episode 81: Which TV character Would You Choose to Help You Defeat a Xenomorph? (5-23-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-you-choose-to-help-you-defe-3108206</ref> Thirteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Fifteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. In the beginning of the episode, Billy states that Max's premature loss to Ace Cabrera was the reason that the chart was created showing how many points were needed to win. This is not true. Billy had the chart for more than two months before Max's loss. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Trisha Hershberger || 2/1 || Second |- | Lon Harris || 2/0 || '''Win''' |- | Max Dionne || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Trisha !! style="width: 6%"|Lon !! style="width: 5%"|Max |- | 1: Pitch original game shows. We want the concept, the host, the grand prize, whatever ya got. || || || 1* |- | 2: What TV show that got renewed should not have? || || 1** || |- | 3: ''Alien: Covenant'' is king of the box office this weekend.... Which TV character would you choose to help you defeat a Xenomorph? Superheroes and superpowers are banned. || 1 || || *** |- | 4: Who is TV's best LGBTQ character? || 1 || **** || |- | 5: Last week, we asked which show would make the best theme park ride, and now we're revisiting that! Which theme park ride would inspire the best TV show? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is National Lucky Penny Day. Which TV character needs the penny's luck more: George Michael from "Arrested Development" or Jesse Pinkman from "Breaking Bad?" || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who is the best actor or character whose name starts with the letter "D"? || 1***** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which new season should you binge over the three-day weekend that's coming up: "Master of None" Season 2 or "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" Season 3? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which movie monster would make the better TV series spin-off: Alien or Predator? || || 1+ || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 5 || 1 |} .*Max also won the twitter poll with 41%, followed by Trisha with 40% and Lon with 19%. .**Lon ("13 Reasons Why") also won the poll with 58%, followed by Max ("Lethal Weapon") with 30% and Trisha ("The O.A.") with 12%. .***Max (Daryl Dixon) won the poll with 44%, followed by Trisha (Dr. Harry Wells) with 32% and Lon (Dexter Morgan) with 24%. .****Lon (Titus Andromedon) won the poll with 49%, followed by Trisha (Sophia Burset) with 34% and Max (Max Blum) with 17%. .*****Split decision. Billy chose Lon (Daredevil), but then Max and Roxy chose Trisha (Daria Morgendorffer), whom she originally referred to as Darla. +When Trisha and Lon previous fought each other [on Movie Fights], more than seven months earlier, the final speed round question asked which they would rather fight. Trisha won in a split decision with Alien. She chose Predator this time around and unanimously lost, giving Lon the victory for the episode. '''Episode 82: What Is The Best Non-Netflix Streaming Show? (5-30-2017)'''<ref>Episode 82: What is the Best Non-Netflix Streaming Show? (5-30-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-best-non-netflix-streaming-show-3109744</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Hector Navarro || 1/4 || '''Win''' |- | Kaycee Conley || New fighter || Second |- | Mark David Christensen || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 98%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Hector !! Kaycee !! style="width: 5%"|Mark |- | 1: What is the best non-Netflix streaming show? || 1* || || |- | 2: Because of the return of "Twin Peaks" on Showtime instead of ABC,... which previously network show... should have a revival on a premium channel... or streaming service? || 1** || || |- | 3: Pitch a drama with any sitcom character... as the lead. || || *** || 1 |- | 4: Which TV character would you hire to be your personal trainer/fitness coach? || **** || 1 || |- | 5: Schools are out across the country, and millions of seniors are finally graduating. Which TV would you show a high school senior to best prepare [him or her] for real life? || 1***** || || |- | TIE BREAKER: In honor of current events, which TV character... deserves to have a dog urinate on [him or her]? || x || 0 || + |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Steven Spielberg is rebooting "Animaniacs." Which cartoon should be rebooted next: "Hey Arnold!" or "Recess?" || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today is National Hole in [My] Bucket Day.... What TV theme song is more annoying than the "Hole in My Bucket" song? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Memorial Day, which TV character would make the best drill sergeant? +*** || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which comedian should get a reality TV show? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: "[The] Simpsons" or "Family Guy?" || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Though there were streaming issues, Hector ("The Handmaid's Tale") also won the twitter poll with 54%, followed by Kaycee ("Transparent") with 24% and Mark ("Catastrophe") with 22%. .**Once again (and still with streaming issues), Hector ("Hannibal") also won the twitter poll with 51%, followed by Kaycee ("Lost") with 36% and Mark ("The Cosby Show") with 13%. .***Kaycee (Dwight from "The Office") won the poll with 74%, followed by Mark (Joey from "Full House") with 18% and Hector (Paula from "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend") with 8%. .****Hector (Chris Traeger) won the poll with 59%, followed by Kaycee (A.C. Slater) with 24% and Mark (Tracy Jordan) with 17%. .*****Hector ("Master of None") won the poll with 70%, followed by Kaycee ("The Apprentice") with 22% and Mark (Nathan Barley) with 8%. +Mark couldn't think of an answer, so he ran out of time. +*Split decision. Mark chose Kaycee ("Hey Arnold!"), but then Billy and Roxy chose Hector. +**Split decision. Mark chose Hector ("Barney & Friends" (but the incorrect song)), but then Billy and Roxy chose Kaycee ("Friends"). +***Character fight. Hector chose Samurai Jack, then Kaycee chose Xena: Warrior Princess. '''Episode 83: Who is TV's Most Badass Woman? (6-6-2017)'''<ref>Episode 83: Who is TV's Most Badass Woman? (6-6-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-tvs-most-badass-woman-3111911</ref> Second week in a row in which the winner scores the first two points of the game. Due to a second week of streaming issues, this episode also was shown live on youtube. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Alex Weber || New fighter || Third |- | Ele Woods || New fighter || Second |- | Edgar Momplaisir || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Alex !! style="width: 5%"|Ele !! Edgar |- | 1: What is the worst show your significant other could be binge-watching that you have to suffer through? || * || || 1 |- | 2: Our favorite shows have wrapped for the season, so we wanna know from you guys, what was the best season finale for any show this year? || ** || || 1 |- | 3: In honor of ''Wonder Woman'', who is TV's most badass woman (actress)? || || 1*** || |- | 4: If you could be on a desert island with one TV character for the rest of your life, who would it be? || || 1 || **** |- | 5: It is the fiftieth anniversary of one of the most famous albums of all time, "Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"... by the Beatles.... Which Beatles song would inspire the best TV series and then you guys have to pitch what that series would be. || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: It's been reported that Nicolas Cage turned down a chance to cameo as himself in "Master of None" Season 2. Which TV show would benefit the most from a Nicolas Cage cameo? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Jerry Seinfeld awkwardly declined to hug Ke$ha on the red carpet, and it's cringe-worthy.... Based on that, which TV character needs a hug the most? || x || 1***** || |- | SPEED ROUND C: L.A. traffic is the worst.... Who would be the worst TV character to be stuck in traffic with? Is it Kimmy Gibbler or Kimmy Schmidt? || x || || 1+, +* |- | SPEED ROUND D: Today happens to be my boyfriend's birthday.... Which TV character's birthday party would you want to attend most? +** || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 3 || '''5''' |} .*Alex ("The O.A.") won the twitter poll with 43%, followed by Edgar ("Chuck") with 33% and Ele ("Game of Thrones") with 24%. *This was announced after the fighting for the second round finished as the poll hadn't been posted during the first round. .**Alex ("Master of None") won the poll with 38%, followed by Edgar ("The Leftovers") with 33% and Ele ("The Last Man on Earth") with 29%. .***Ele (Angela Lansbury) actually lost the poll with 26%. Alex (Julia Louis-Dreyfus), who is yet to score a point, once again won the poll with 44%, followed by Edgar (Claire Danes) with 30%. .****Edgar (Sterling Archer) won the poll with 61%, followed by Ele (Magnum, P.I.) with 25% and Alex (Dinesh Chugtai) with 14%. .*****Split decision. Billy chose Edgar (Oscar the Grouch), but then Alex and Roxy chose Ele (Bette Davis). +Edgar was faster at saying Schmidt. +*Split decision. Billy chose Ele (Gibbler), but Alex and Roxy chose Edgar. +**Character fight. Edgar chose Tom Haverford, then Ele chose Rory Gilmore. '''Episode 84: Which Superhero Alum Should Guest Star On a Super Hero Show? (6-13-2017)'''<ref>Episode 84: Which Superhero Alum Should Guest Star On a Superhero Show? (6-13-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-superhero-alum-should-guest-star-on-a-su-3113636</ref> Fourteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Nineteenth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Although Victor is listed as a new figher, he has briefly fought once on Movie Fights' "Debut Deathmatch" in April 2017. Greg wins the episode despite not winning any of the pre-Speed Round audience polls. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Victor Torres || New fighter || Third |- | Greg Nix || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Katy Dolle || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 94%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Victor !! style="width: 5%"|Greg !! style="width: 5%"|Katy |- | 1: In the same vein of Linda Carter on "Supergirl" or John Wesley Shipp on "[The] Flash," what superhero alum would you like to see make a guest appearance and on what superhero show? Pitch what the episode would look like. || 1* || || |- | 2: Improve a TV show by adding Wonder Woman in it... and we want you guys to do this with no superhero shows allowed. || ** || 1 || |- | 3: What's the most satisfying TV villain death? || *** || 1 || |- | 4: If you were in jail, what TV character would you want as your cellmate? || || || 1**** |- | 5: Who is the most underrated character in TV history? || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which TV character is least likely to swear in front of [his or her] parents? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND B: What is the best TV show with an adjective in the title? || x || || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND C: In honor of Father's Day,... what TV dad would you want as your own? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Better TV show editing room to sit in? +* || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Victor (Kevin Conroy on "Gotham") also won the poll with 51%, followed by Katy (Jennifer Garner on "Daredevil") with 25% and Greg (Val Kilmer on "Gotham") with 23%. .**Victor ("Game of Thrones") won the poll again with 62%, followed by Greg ("Veep") with 23% and Katy ("Big Little Lies") with 15%. .***Victor (Joffrey Baratheon) won the poll with 58%, followed by Greg (Gus Fring) with 37% and Katy (Ralph Cifaretto) with 5%. .****Katy (Jessica Jones) won the poll with 51%, followed by Greg (MacGyver) with 38% and Victor (Wilfred) with 11% .*****Katy (Geoffrey Butler) won the poll with 49%, followed by Victor (Jean Belcher) with 26% and Greg (Frasier Crane) with 25%. +Split decision. Billy chose Greg ("The Good Place"), but then Victor and Roxy chose Katy ("Breaking Bad"). +*Show round. Before the question was asked, Katy answered "13 Reasons Why", then Greg answered "The Simpsons." '''Episode 85: Reboot a "Rotten" Movie Into a TV Series! (6-20-2017)'''<ref>Episode 85: Reboot a "Rotten" Movie Into a TV Series! (6-20-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/reboot-a-rotten-movie-into-a-tv-series-3114733</ref> Josh Macuga returns after a 39-episode absence. Hal Rudnick returns after a 53-episode absence, not having fought since the first Belt fight. This is the new record. Twentieth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. After winning, Hal advances to Tag Team Turmoil, along with Jay Washington and Lon Harris. At the end of the episode, Sasha Perl-Raver is also announced. *In the previous episode, it had been stated that the winning team would face off against Dan Murrell for the Belt. However, at the end of this episode, Billy states that the two members will face off against each other, and only the winner will go up against Dan. In addition to winning, Hal wins all the twitter polls in the first five rounds. In addition to being shut out, JTE finishes in third place in four of the five twitter polls. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Josh Macuga || 1/4 || Second |- | JTE || 1/1 || Third |- | Hal Rudnick || 2/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Josh !! style="width: 5%"|JTE !! style="width: 5%"|Hal |- | 1: In honor of Adam West, who should play Batman next on TV? || || || 1* |- | 2: We want you guys to take film rated "rotten" on Rotten Tomatoes and pitch it as a TV show reboot. || 1** || || |- | 3: What is the greatest MTV show of all time? || || || 1*** |- | 4: Who is the best TV sister? || 1 || || **** |- | 5: Pitch a TV show based on any athlete. || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 0 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Who in the digital space... should there be a TV show based around? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Production on "Bachelor in Paradise" has resumed. Should alcohol be limited on reality shows, yes or no? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What show should have an episode in black and white? || || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV character would you volunteer to be tickled by? +* || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Today is National "Hike With a Geek" Day. Which TV geek would you rather take a hike with: Carlton from "[The] Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" or Ross from "Friends?" || 1 || x || |- | TIE BREAKER: What is the better central location for a show: coffee shop or bar? || || x || 1+** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 5 || 0 || '''6''' |} .*Hal (Bruce Campbell) also won the poll with 49%, followed by Josh (Patrick Dempsey) with 30% and JTE (David Harbour) with 21%. .**Josh (''The Phantom'') actually lost the poll with 25%. Hal (''Alien vs. Predator'') won the poll again with 44%, followed by JTE (''MacGruber'') with 31%. .***Hal ("Beavis and Butt-Head") also won the poll with 54%, followed by Josh ("Spring Break") with 24% and JTE ("Yo! MTV Raps") with 12%. However, this only adds up to 90%. .****Hal (Arya Stark) won the poll for the fourth time in a row with 42%, followed by Josh (Monica Geller) with 32% and JTE (Mona Lisa) with 26%. .*****Hal (Muhammed Ali) also won the poll with 53%, followed by Josh (Rob Gronkowski) with 27% and JTE (George Foreman) with 20%. +Split decision. Billy chose Hal (no), but JTE and Roxy chose Josh. +*Character fight. Hal chose Cosmo Kramer, the Josh chose George Costanza. +**Hal was faster at saying bar and unanimously won. '''Episode 86: What Movie Monster Should The Stranger Things Kids Fight?! (6-27-2017)'''<ref>Episode 86: What Movie Monster Should The Stranger Things Kids Fight?! (6-27-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-movie-monster-should-the-stranger-thin-3115698</ref> Fifteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-first episode (and third consecutive) in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Coy Jandreau advances to Tagteam Turmoil with his win. *He was the only one of the the competitors in this match who would have been eligible, but a win was required for him to advance. Coy's record is announced to be 3-1 in the beginning of the episode, but it is actually 2-1. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Grant Pardee || New fighter || Third |- | Karl Hess || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 94%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Coy !! Grant !! style="width: 5%"|Karl |- | 1: What is the best TV marriage proposal? || || 1* || |- | 2: Who is the all-time worst TV character?... (bad conceptually) || 1** || || |- | 3: If the Emmy Awards had a lifetime achievement award, which actor or actress would you pick to get it? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Best comic relief character in any superhero series? || 1 || **** || |- | 5: What movie monster do you want to see the "Stranger Things" kids fight? || || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: What TV character would you trust the most to be on lifeguard duty when your kid is playing in the pool? || x || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 3 || 1 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: June Gloom is almost over. Who is TV's gloomiest character? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Which show's cast would you most want to have help you assemble IKEA furniture? || || x || 1***** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National Sunglasses Day. Which TV character would inspire the best sunglasses? + || 1+* || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 2 |} .*Grant (Jim and Pam in "The Office (US)") also won the poll with 62%, followed by Coy (Joey and Rachel in "Friends") with 25% and Karl (Jerry and Elaine in "Seinfeld") with 13%. .**Coy (Sheldon Cooper) also won the poll with 49%, followed by Karl (the fly in "Breaking Bad") with 29% and Grant (Sonia the Hedgehog) with 23%. .***Coy (Bryan Cranston) also won the poll with 69%, followed by Grant (Christina Applegate) with 16% and Karl (Walton Goggins) with 15%. .****Grant (Alfred from "Batman: The Animated Series") won the poll with 51%, followed by Coy (Proinsias Cassidy) with 28% and Karl (Felicity Smoak) with 21% .*****Split decision. Grant chose Coy ("X-Men: The Animated Series"), but then Billy and Roxy chose Karl ("Game of Thrones"). +Character round. Karl chose Vic Mackey, then Coy chose Walter White. +*Split decision. Grant chose Karl, but Billy and Roxy chose Coy. '''Episode 87: What Is The Most Patriotic TV Series Of All Time? (7-4-2017)'''<ref>Episode 87: What Is The Most Patriotic TV Series Of All Time? (7-4-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-is-the-most-patriotic-tv-series-of-all-time-3115719</ref> Pre-taped in late June due to the Fourth of July holiday. Jonathan Harris is Lon's brother. Ninth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Sixteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-second episode (and fourth consecutive) in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Including this episode, both of Joe Starr's TV Fights wins are on pre-taped episodes. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 1/5 || '''Win''' |- | Max Song || New fighter || Second |- | Jonathan Harris || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Joe !! style="width: 5%"|Max !! Jonathan |- | 1: What is the most patriotic TV series of all time? || || || 1 |- | 2: Which show is the best representation of America, good or bad? || || 1 || |- | 3: Which TV dad would throw the best July Fourth barbecue? || 1 || || |- | 4: What TV show's setting would be best if moved to a beach? || 1 || || |- | 5: Pitch a Fourth of July episode for a current TV show. || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which TV couple has the most fireworks between them? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Because we are in July,... best character or actor (or actress)... that's name starts with the letter "J?" || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which show better embodies the American Dream? Is it "Shark Tank" or "America's Got Talent?" || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which TV character is most likely to injure [his or her self] on the Fourth of July? * || 1 || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Character round. Joe picked Jessica from "Fresh off the Boat," then Max chose Luke Cage. '''Episode 88: Which TV Character Would Be The Worst House Guest? (7-11-2017)'''<ref>Episode 88: Which TV Character Would Be The Worst House Guest? (7-11-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/which-tv-character-would-be-the-worst-house-guest-3117754</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jay Washington || 2/1 || Second |- | John Rocha || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Kaori Takee || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Jay !! style="width: 6%"|John !! Kaori |- | 1: Which TV character... needs to go on vacation the most? || || 1* || |- | 2: What three TV characters would make the best summer road trip companions? || 1 || ** || |- | 3: In honor of "Big Brother," what TV character would you least want as your house guest for three months? || *** || || 1 |- | 4: The team behind "Sherlock" is doing a Dracula show. Who should play Dracula? || **** || 1 || |- | 5: What is the most evil corporation from any TV show? || 1 || ***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What would be the better basis for a conspiracy theory show: 2Pac still being alive or us never landing on the moon? || || 1+, +* || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of ''Baby Driver'', what TV show should Edgar Wright guest direct an episode of? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National "Cheer Up the Lonely" Day. Which TV character would you want to cheer you up the most? || 1+** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: This Thursday is my birthday. Who would be the best character to have a joint birthday party with? +*** || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*John (Rick Grimes) also won the twitter poll with 60%, followed by Kaori (Lois Griffin) with 29% and Jay (Olivia Pope) with 11%. .**John (K.I.T.T., Kermit the Frog, and Fozzie) won the poll with 59%, followed by Jay (Barney Stinson, Mork, and Charlie Harper) with 39% and Kaori (Carrie, Miranda, and Samantha from "Sex and the City") with 11%. .***Jay (Sheldon Cooper) won the poll with 45%, followed by Kaori (Peter Griffin) with 40% and Jay (George Costanza) with 15%. .****Jay (Jon Hamm) won the poll with 48%, followed by John (Matt Bomer) with 37% and Kaori (Julian McMahon) with 15%. .*****John (Sweetums) won the poll with 37%, followed by Jay (MomCorp) with 36% and Kaori (the Corporation from WWE) with 27%. +John was faster at saying 2Pac. +*Split decision. Kaori chose Jay, but then Billy and Roxy chose John. +**Split decision. Kaori chose John (Big Bird), but then Billy and Roxy chose Jay (Pee-wee Herman). +***Character fight. Jay chose Bart Simpson, then John chose Tony Soprano. '''Episode 89: Who Is TV's Most Offensive Character? (7-18-2017)'''<ref>Episode 89: Who Is TV's Most Offensive Character? (7-18-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/who-is-tvs-most-offensive-character-3118896</ref> Pre-taped episode due to Comic-Con. Lon Harris as Fact Checker. Aaron Pruner returns after a 35-episode absence. Aaron previously held the record for longest absence with 48 episodes until it was broken by Hal Rudnick by five episodes, four episodes ago. Tenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Seventeenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. *Aaron actually finishes in third place in all three of his matches so far. Twenty-third episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Aaron Pruner || 0/2 || Third |- | Victor Torres || 0/1 || Second |- | Billy Patterson || 2/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 94%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Aaron !! Victor !! Billy |- | 1: What is the biggest snub of this year's Emmys? || 1 || || |- | 2: What TV character would make the best Emmy host? || || 1 || |- | 3: Who is TV's most offensive character? || || || 1 |- | 4: If Syfy did another... miniseries based on a fairytale, i.e "Alice" [or] "Tin Man," what tale should they do? || || || 1 |- | 5: "Game of Thrones"... aired last night.... What TV character would you pick as your Hand of the King or Queen? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 2 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What TV show panel would you be most excited to see at Comic-Con, which is coming up this week? || x || 1* || |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of the Thirteenth Doctor announcement, what iconic TV character should be gender-swapped? || x || || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND C: Rob Kardashian just released nudies of Blac Chyna. Which TV character would you not trust with nudies of you? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: What surviving "Game of Thrones" character should die next? || x || 1 || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which TV character would make the best Emmys acceptance speech? *** || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 4 || '''5''' |} .*Split decision. Aaron chose Billy ("The Flash"), but then Lon and Roxy chose Victor ("Rick and Morty"). .**Split decision. Aaron chose Victor (Tim Taylor), but then Lon and Roxy chose Billy (Jesse Katsopolis). .***Character fight. Victor chose Rick Sanchez from "Rick and Morty," then Billy chose Carl Winslow from "Family Matters." '''Episode 90: What Celebrity Should Have A Scripted Series About Their Life? (7-25-2017)'''<ref>Episode 90: What Celebrity Should Have A Scripted Series About Their Life? (7-25-2017) (7-18-2017) http://www.screenjunkies.com/video/what-celebrity-should-have-a-scripted-series-3120149</ref> Last episode to be solely on Screen Junkies Plus. Lon Harris as Fact Checker for second week in a row. He does not read any twitter poll results. The scoreboard lists the order of names in reverse order of the seating. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Yael Tygiel || 2/3 || Second |- | Ishmel Sahid || 0/1 || Third |- | Cameron Rice || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Yael !! Ishmel !! Cameron |- | 1: What Pixar movie should get its own TV show? || || || 1 |- | 2: ABC is adapting ''A Few Good Men'' as a live play on the network. Whether you like that move or not, we wanna know from you what other musical/play should be adapted for TV? || || 1 || |- | 3: Mariah Carey is executive producing a TV show based on her life.... What other celebrity should have a scripted series about [his or her] life? || || || 1 |- | 4: "Star Trek: Discovery" is coming up very soon. What TV actor would you want to see have a guest role as a "Star Trek" role? || 1 || || |- | 5: What TV show would inspire the best fan convention? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What should we be more excited for: "Westworld" Season 2 or "Stranger Things" Season 2? || || x || 1* |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of... "Teen Wolf" being turned into a podcast, what TV character would have the best podcast? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Steven Soderbergh's new movie was shot entirely on an iPhone. What show should shoot an episode entirely on an iPhone? || || x || 1** |- | SPEED ROUND D: In honor of the "Bob's Burgers"/"Archer" crossover, what two animated series would make the best crossover episode? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 3 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Cameron was slower at saying "Westworld," but still unanimously won. .**Split decision. Ishmel chose Yael ("Game of Thrones"), but then Lon and Roxy chose Cameron ("Cops"). '''Episode 91: What TV Show Should Christopher Nolan Direct an Episode of? (8-1-2017)'''<ref>Episode 91: What TV Show Should Christopher Nolan Direct an Episode of? (8-1-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LDSF74F_SQ&t=3061s</ref> Last episode catalogued in SJ Plus and the first to appear on the Screen Junkies News channel (ClevverMovies) due to sponsorship from T-Mobile. Though he is listed as a new fighter, Marc has appeared several times on Movie Fights. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Sasha Perl-Raver || 5/2 || '''Win''' |- | Roger Barr || 2/2 || Third |- | Marc Andreyko || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 86%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Sasha !! Roger !! style="width: 6%"|Marc |- | 1: What TV series should have Christopher Nolan direct an episode? || 1* || || |- | 2: True Detective [Season] 3 will star Mahershala Ali. What actor or actress should co-star with him? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: We want you guys to pitch a TV show based on a TV commercial. || || 1*** || |- | 4: In honor of "GLOW," what TV show would inspire the best series focused on the making of that show? || || || 1**** |- | 5: What TV show's cast would make the best season of "Survivor?" ***** || 1 || + || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: "[The] Big Bang Theory" is getting a "Young Sheldon" spin-off.... What TV sitcom character should have a spinoff focusing on [his or her] younger years? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: Unfortunately, some asshole hackers broke into HBO's system and stole some "Game of Thrones" script. What show would be the worst to have spoiled for you? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National Girlfriends Day. Why would your character be the best girlfriend? +* || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: The producers of "Stranger Things" almost didn't get the right to use the song "Thriller" in the Season 2 trailer. What other song could have fit for the "Stranger Things" trailer? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: What current scripted series would have the best all-improvised episode? || || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Sasha ("Westworld") also won the twitter poll with 40%, followed by Marc ("Game of Thrones") with 38%, and Roger ("Mr. Robot") with 22%. .**Roger (Jake Gyllenhaal) won the poll with 46%. Marc (Jessica Chastain) and Sasha (Andy Serkis) each received 27%. .***Roger (outpost.com) also won the poll with 41%, followed by Marc (Progressive Insurance with Flo) with 32% and Sasha (anti-marijuana PSA) with 25%. .****Marc ("Star Trek: The Original Series") also won an unspecified poll with 45%, followed by Roger ("Twin Peaks: The Return") with 32% and Sasha (Pee-Wee's Playhouse) with 22%. .*****Question supplied by Lon Harris. +Roger ("The Walking Dead") won a poll with 42%, followed by Sasha ("Beverly Hills, 90210") with 40% and Marc ("Gilligan's Island") with 17%. +*Character fight. Marc and Sasha had to pick a female character. '''Episode 92: What 80's Movie Needs a TV Series?! (8-8-2017)'''<ref>Episode 92: What 80's Movie Needs a TV Series?! (8-8-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcyKRpKH000</ref> Billy is accompanied by producer Parker, whose last week is this week. Although William Bibbiani is listed as a new fighter, he fought and won one Movie Fight in April 2017 (and previously won an episode of Movie Games. Eighteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-fourth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Going into this episode, Lon and Billy were both tied for number one contender. But afterwards, Lon takes sole possession as he becomes 4-0. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Coy Jandreau || 3/1 || Second |- | William Bibbiani || New fighter || Third |- | Lon Harris || 3/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 94%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 5%"|Coy !! William !! style="width: 6%"|Lon |- | 1: Pitch another * TV series based on an '80s movie. || || 1** || |- | 2: Tina Fey will join the new NBC Comedy "Great News".... What current TV show would most benefit from Tina Fey joining the cast? || || || 1*** |- | 3: Whoopi Goldberg has signed on for Season 21 of "The View".... Which TV character would make the best addition to "The View?" || 1**** || || |- | 4: If you had to choose, which TV show's character death would you choose for yourself? || || || 1***** |- | 5: We got a trailer for "Mr. Robot" Season 3 this week. What show had the biggest drop in quality from Season 1 to Season 2? + || +* || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: "King of the Hill" might be revived at Fox.... Which Mike Judge-created show would you rather be revived: "King of the Hill" or "Beavis and Butt-Head?" || 0 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What is the best TV show with a number in the title? || || x || 1+** |- | SPEED ROUND B: Today... is National "Sneak Some Zucchini onto Your Neighbor's Porch" Day.... Which TV character's porch do you most want to sneak zucchini onto? || 1+*** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today, I had to go bridesmaid dress shopping.... [For] which TV character's wedding would you wanna be a part of the wedding party? +**** || 1+***** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: There are a lot of different streaming services and a lot exclusive shows on each service.... Which current show would get you to subscribe to a service you didn't have if... it moved there exclusively? || 1++ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Better comic ++* adaptation: "Preacher" or "American Gods?" || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Other than ''The Karate Kid''. .*William (Indiana Jones) also won an unspecified poll with 50%, followed by Lon (''Wall Street'') with 27% and Coy (''The Lost Boys'') with 21%. .***Lon ("Veep") also won an unspecified poll with 49%, followed by Coy ("Arrested Development") with 33% and William ("Daredevil") with 17%. .****Coy (Daria Morgendorffer) won the poll with 48%, followed by Billy (Lord Varys) with 29% and William (Harley Quinn) with 22%. .*****Lon (Claire Fisher from "Six Feet Under") also won the poll with 72%, followed by William (Kenny McCormick from "South Park") with 20% and Coy (Barbara Holland from "Stranger Things") with 6% *Billy states that Coy's 6% is the lowest polling he's ever seen, but there have been at least two previous instances of a fighter receiving 5%, including Ken Napzok for a question for which he was awarded the point. +Question written by Lon. +*Coy's first and second choices were respectively "True Detective" and "Heroes," which were the choices fought respectively by Lon and William. Coy went with his third choice, Prisonbreak, of which he's never watched an episode. +**Split decision. Parker chose Coy ("3rd Rock from the Sun"), but William, Billy, and Roxy chose Lon ("Three's Company"). +***Split decision. Billy and Parker chose Billy (Joe Bluth), but William and Roxy chose Coy (Joey Tribbiani). *It is unclear who Joe Bluth is, but Billy did refer to "Arrested Development." +****Character fight. +*****Split decision. Billy chose Lon (Dale Cooper), but the Parker, William, and Roxy all chose Coy (Batman from "Batman: The Animated Series"). ++Split decision. Parker chose Lon ("Game of Thrones"), but Billy and Roxy chose Coy ("This is Us"). ++*As Roxy pointed out, "American Gods" is not from a comic. '''Episode 93: Which TV Character Should Join the Defenders? (8-15-2017)'''<ref>Episode 93: Which TV Character Should Join the Defenders? (8-15-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifUaKyzhE7M&t=652s</ref> Superhero TV show-themed episode. Eleventh episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. This is Jay Washington's fifth appearance on TV Fights. In each appearance, he has sat in the chair next to the Judge's chair. *It is also the first episode of TV Fights that he has won in which he did not defeat someone else with his own last name. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jay Washington || 2/2 || '''Win''' |- | Yael Tygiel || 2/4 || Second |- | Ed Greer || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 73%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 7%"|Jay !! style="width: 6%"|Yael !! style="width: 6%"|Ed |- | 1: Which non-superhero TV character should join "The Defenders?" || || 1* || |- | 2: What TV superhero's power would be the worst to have? || || 2** || |- | 3: Best villain performance on any superhero show? || || || 1*** |- | 4: What current TV superhero would win in a massive battle royale? || 1 || || **** |- | 5: Pitch a cross-over between any two superhero shows. || 1***** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Which company has the better shows of all time:... Marvel or DC? || +, +* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best animated superhero show ever? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who is the best Defender? || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Which superhero would get the furthest on "Big Brother?" +*** || 1+**** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 3 || 1 |} .*Yael (the tenth Doctor) also won an unspecified poll with 41%, followed by Jay (Jack Bauer) with 32% and Ed (K.I.T.T.) with 25%. .**Yael (Maya Herrera) also won the poll with 61%, followed by Ed (Daredevil) with 19% and Jay (Firestorm) with 18%. .***Ed (Killgrave/The Purple Man) also won the poll with 65%, followed by Yael (The Shadow King from "Legion") with 19% and Jay (Cottonmouth) with 15%. .****Ed (Supergirl) won the poll with 47%, followed by Jay (The Flash) with 44%, and Yael (Luke Cage) with 7%. .*****Ed ("The Greatest American Hero" and "Legends of Tomorrow") actually lost the poll with 19%. Yael ("Supergirl" and "Jessica Jones") won the poll with 53%, followed by Ed ("Daredevil" and "Iron Fist" prequel) with 26%. +Split decision. Ed chose (Yael) DC, but then Billy and Roxy chose Jay. +*Jay won the point despite being slower at saying DC. +**Split decision. Billy chose Jay (Daredevil), but then Ed and Roxy chose Yael (Jessica Jones). +***Character fight. Fighters had to pick a superhero before the question was asked. Yael chose first. +****Split decision. Ed chose Yael (White Canary), but then Billy and Roxy chose Jay (Oliver Queen). '''Episode 94: Best TV Cast to Help You Pull Off a Heist? (8-22-2017)'''<ref>Episode 94: Best TV Cast to Help You Pull Off a Heist? (8-22-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hys2c5EaQJc</ref> Ryan O'Toole as fact checker. Originally, Gina Ippolito was supposed to fight. She wasn't able to come to the studio, so Billy stepped in and used her answers. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Billy Patterson || 3/0 || Second |- | DJ Wooldridge || 2/1 || '''Win''' |- | Stacy Howard || 0/1 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 8%"|Billy !! style="width: 6%"|DJ !! style="width: 6%"|Stacy |- | 1: In anticipation of "Star Trek: Discovery," what's the best TV show found behind a pay wall? || 1* || || |- | 2: Which TV character would you want to help you assemble your IKEA furniture? || || 1** || |- | 3: What actor traditionally associated with film has the best television performance? || || 1 || *** |- | 4: What Disney princess should join the Arrowverse? || || || 1**** |- | 5: In honor of ''Logan Lucky'', which TV cast would you enlist to help you pull of a heist? || || 1***** || |- | TIE BREAKER: Today is National Tooth Fairy Day. Which TV character would make the ''worst'' + Tooth Fairy? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: "Friends From College" just got renewed for a second season, and I will say that most people didn't seem to love the show. What next season of a Netflix show are you least looking forward to? || 1+* || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: The last episode of "Game of Thrones" has been divisive amongst fans, so this season of "Game of Thrones," yea or nay? || 1+**, +*** || || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would win TV Fights? +**** || || 1+***** || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is TV's best Rob or Bob? || 1++ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who is the best primary character on a superhero TV show ? || || 1++* || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || '''5''' || 1 |} .*Billy ("Game of Thrones") also won the polls on youtube and twitter, receiving 66% on youtube. .**DJ (MacGyver) also won the youtube poll with 71%, followed by Stacy (Sherlock (Benedict Cumberbatch)) with 17% and Billy (the Twelfth Doctor) with 10%. .***Stacy (Matthew McConaughey in "True Detective") won the youtube and twitter polls, receiving 42% on youtube. Billy (Kevin Spacey in "House of Cards") and DJ (Eva Green in "Penny Dreadful") each received 28%. .****Stacy (Mulan) also won both polls, followed by DJ (Moana) and then Billy (Sleeping Beauty). .*****DJ ("The Defenders") won the youtube poll with 70%, beating Stacy ("The Magic School Bus") and Billy ("Veronica Mars") who received 13%. +Presumably, the question originally was to ask for the best. It is later revealed that every Speed Round question was changed since Billy had already seen them. +*Split decision. Stacy chose DJ ("Stranger Things" Season 2), but then Ryan and Roxy chose Billy ("Iron Fist" Season 2). +**Billy was faster at saying "yea." +***Split decision. Ryan chose DJ, but then Stacy and Roxy chose Billy. +****Character fight. Billy chose Danny Tanner, then DJ chose Daredevil. +*****Split decision. Ryan chose Billy, but Roxy chose DJ. ++Split decision. Eighteenth overturn on TV Fights (seventeenth by Roxy). Stacy and Ryan chose DJ (Bob from "Bob's Burgers"), but Roxy chose Billy (Bob Saget). ++*Split decision. JTE chose Billy (Supergirl) as Stacy couldn't decide, but Ryan and Roxy chose DJ (Arrow/Oliver Queen). '''Episode 95: What is the Best Episode of Game of Thrones? (8-29-2017)'''<ref>Episode 95: What is the Best Episode of Game of Thrones? (8-29-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpQFSParfbg&t=4123s</ref> Second "Game of Thrones" edition. At the end of the episode, Billy states that he and Lon have the same record again. This is incorrect as Lon is now 4-1 while Billy is 3-1. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Spencer Gilbert || 1/2 || '''Win''' |- | Michele Boyd || 1/5 || Second |- | Lon Harris || 4/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Spencer !! Michele !! style="width: 6%"|Lon |- | 1: What is the best episode of "Game of Thrones" so far? || 1* || || |- | 2: Which "Game of the Thrones" character needs a spinoff sitcom? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: Who is the best supporting character in the show? || *** || 1 || |- | 4: Which TV family from another show could take over Westeros? || 1 || || **** |- | 5: Who is the most badass character of all time on "Game of Thrones?" || || 1***** || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What House would you rather be from: Lannister or Targaryen? || 1 || || x |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who[m] would you rather have as your sister: Sansa or Arya? || || 1 || x |- | SPEED ROUND C: Jon and Dany's incestuous relationship: yea or nay? || 1+ || || x |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who is best fit to sit on the Iron Throne? +* || || 1+** || x |- | SPEED ROUND E: If you could bring back one character from the dead, who[m] would you pick... on "Game of Thrones" of course? || 1+*** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 4 || 1 |} .*Spencer ("The Mountain and the Viper") actually lost the twitter poll with only 20%. Lon ("Battle of the Bastards") won the twitter (55%) and youtube polls while Michele ("Hardhome") received 20%. .**Michele (Ser Davos) won an unspecified poll with 47%, followed by Lon (Bran the Builder) with 45% and Spencer (Dolorous Edd) with 5% (these total to 97%). .***Spencer (Bronn) won the twitter and youtube polls with 46% and 34% respectively, followed by Michele (Brienne of Tarth) with 29% and 33% and Lon (Tormund Giantsbane) with 25% and 30% (youtube polls total to 97%). .****Spencer (the Cartmans from "South Park") actually lost the youtube poll with only 9% but received 34% of the twitter vote. Lon (the Addams family) won the youtube and twitter polls with 54% and 36% respectively while Michele (the Winchesters from "Supernatural") received 36% and 30%. .*****Michele (Cersei Lannister) also won the twitter poll with 41% (but lost the youtube poll with only 18%), followed by Spencer Oberyn Martell) with 40% (but 60% on youtube) and Lon (Wun Wun) with 19% (21% on youtube). +Split decision. Lon chose Michele (nay), but Billy and Roxy chose Spencer. +*Character fight. The fighters had to choose a living character. Michele responded first. +**Split decision. Nineteenth overturn on TV Fights (eighteenth by Roxy). Billy and Lon chose Spencer (Bran) (mainly because he sits a lot), but then Roxy chose Michele (Tyrion). +***Split decision. Lon chose Michele (Tywin), but then Billy and Roxy chose Spencer (Lady Olenna). '''Episode 96: Who Has the Best TV Superhero Suit of All Time? (9-5-2017)'''<ref>Episode 96: Who Has the Best TV Superhero Suit of All Time? (9-5-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRxLqVkpwrA&t=3471s</ref> Nineteenth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-fifth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Twelfth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Joe Starr || 2/5 || Second |- | Josh Macuga || 1/5 || Third |- | Ben Bateman || 1/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Joe !! style="width: 6%"|Josh !! style="width: 6%"|Ben |- | 1: What show had the best time jump during its run? || || 1* || |- | 2: Which TV show do you never want to see made into a movie? || 1** || || |- | 3: With the new news of NBC developing a new police drama,... who is the best law enforcement character in TV history? || || || 1*** |- | 4: What is the best superhero TV costume of all time? || || || 1**** |- | 5: In honor of ''It'' hitting theaters on Friday, what show would be most improved if you added a clown to the main cast? || 1***** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Today is National Cheese Pizza Day. Who is TV's cheesiest character? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Football season is upon us. What TV character would do best at fantasy football? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: The full cast list for the upcoming season of "Dancing With the Stars" will be announced tomorrow morning. What current TV star should join the next season of "Dancing With the Stars?" || 1+* || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: In "Game of Thrones," Arya Stark can take anyone's face she wants. Which TV character's face would be the most fun to take and wear around? +**, +*** || || x || 1+**** |- | SPEED ROUND E: Which is the better premise for a show: A: Long-lost twins reuniting or B: One twin murdering another? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Josh ("Halt and Catch Fire") actually lost an unspecified poll with only 6% (by the end of the second question, this would fall to 5%). Joe ("Parks and Recreation") won with 63%, followed by Ben ("Lost") with 31%. .**Joe ("Friends") also won the poll with 41%, followed by Ben ("Seinfeld" with 36%) and Josh ("The Sopranos") with 23%. .***Ben (Chief Clancy Wiggum) also won the poll with 52%, followed by Joe (Carl Winslow) with 31% and Josh (Andy Sipowicz) with 17%. .****Ben (Batman from "Batman: The Animated Series") with 73%, followed by Joe (Gizmoduck) with 18% and Josh (Superman from "Lois and Clark") with 9%. .*****Joe ("The Walking Dead") also won the poll with 53%, followed by Josh (nothing) with 28% and Ben ("Workaholics") with 19%. *As Roxy pointed out, this was the only poll in which Josh didn't finish in last. +Split decision. Billy chose Ben (Jack Donaghy), but then Josh and Roxy chose Joe (Abed Nadir). +*Joe unanimously won with Tom Bergeron, the host of the show. Tom was also Joe's answer to the first Speed Round question. +**Character fight. Before the question was asked, Ben chose Coach Eric Taylor, while Joe once again chose Tom Bergeron. +***After the arguments, Roxy clarified that the question wasn't which face ''Arya specifcally'' should take, but rather which face is general would be better to take. +****Split decision. Billy chose Joe, but Josh and Roxy chose Ben. '''Episode 97: What Show Will be the Breakout Hit of 2017? - TV Fights: Fall TV Fights! (9-12-2017)'''<ref>Episode 97: What Show Will be the Breakout Hit of 2017? - TV Fights: Fall TV Fights! (9-12-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yx3o6zzybko&t=306s</ref> Though Samm and Matt are listed as new fighters, they have each fought on Movie Fights previously. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Audrey Kearns || 2/2 || Third |- | Samm Levine || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Matt Iseman || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Audrey !! style="width: 6%"|Samm !! style="width: 5%"|Matt |- | 1: Which returning fall show do you think will have the best season? || || 1* || |- | 2: What will be the new breakout show of the fall season? || || || 1** |- | 3: What 90's TV show would you reboot to debut this fall? Pitch it. || || 1*** || |- | 4: What is the best new show to debut in the last five years? || 1 || **** || |- | 5: What is the best reality competition show of all time? || || 1 || ***** |- | TIE BREAKER: ''L.A. Confidential'' is going to become a show on CBS.... What other Oscar-nominated movie should become a CBS show? || || || 0 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Apple unveiled the iPhone 8 and iPhone X today. Which TV character's phone would be the most interesting to go through for an hour? || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: In honor of "Freaks and Geeks," who is TV's biggest geek? || x || 1+ || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Who would perform the best on "American Ninja Warrior?" +* || x || || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: Who would be a worse roommate to have: Joey from "Friends" or [Cosmo] Kramer from "Seinfeld?" || x || 1 || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''5''' || 3 |} .*Samm ("South Park") also won the poll with 59%, followed by Matt ("This is Us") with 23% and Audrey ("Outlander") with 18%. .**Matt ("Rise") actually lost the poll with 15%. Audrey ("The Gifted") won with 48%, followed by Samm ("The Deuce") with 37%. .***Samm ("Quantum Leap") also won the poll with 55%, followed by Matt ("Star Trek: The Next Generation") with 31% and Audrey ("Space: Above and Beyond") with 14%. .****Samm ("Better Call Saul") won the twitter poll with 64%, followed by Audrey ("Orphan Black") with 31% and Matt ("The Profit") with 5%. .*****Matt also wanted to choose Samm's pick of "Big Brother," but Samm responded first. He then chose "Project Runway." +Samm was slightly fast at saying Sheldon (Cooper), leaving Matt to pick (Steve) Urkel. +*Character fight. Matt chose Adrian Monk, then Samm chose Ray Donovan. '''Episode 98: What Is The Best South Park Episode Ever?? (9-19-2017)'''<ref>Episode 98: What Is The Best South Park Episode Ever?? (9-19-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bITO-XIO5FQ</ref> Yael won the Movie Fights Debut Deathmatch 2 the previous Thursday. Twentieth episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-sixth episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. At the end of the episode, Roxy announced that the show would no longer be weekly after its 100th episode (three episodes after this one), which is scheduled for October 10. However, due to the changes stemming from Andy Signore's October 5 suspension and subsequent dismissal, this did not happen. Following Roxy's announcement, Billy announced that the next episode would be another "Star Trek"-themed one, with Brannon Braga and Scott Mantz returning to fight Robert Meyer Burnett, with Dan Murrell as Fact Checker (see the next episode's remarks for the changes; had this happened as scheduled, it would have set the record for oldest age for the youngest fighter in a panel (Scott Mantz at 49) in Fights history). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Yael Tygiel || 2/5 || Second |- | Danielle Radford || 0/1 || Third |- | Jonathan Harris || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Yael !! Danielle !! Jonathan |- | 1: Which new fall show is likely not to survive a full season? || || 1* || |- | 2: What was the biggest snub of the 2017 Emmys? || || || 1** |- | 3: "South Parks"'s twenty-first season premiere made people's Amazon Alexas go crazy.... What is the best "South Park" episode to date? || *** || || 1 |- | 4: It was recently revealed that Jennifer Lawrence originally auditioned for the role of Serena on "Gossip Girl."... Which TV show should Jennifer Lawrence join the cast of? || 1**** || || |- | 5: What TV show's world would you want to visit for a weekend the most à la Westworld? || 1***** || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: What was the best moment from the Emmys? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND B: James Corden is taking a lot of heat for kissing Sean Spicer at the Emmys. Who would be the worst TV character to kiss? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Which TV character's lawn would you want to take a crap on the most? || || x || 1+ |- | SPEED ROUND D: What TV character should host the Emmys? +* || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND E: Today is #TalkLikeAPirateDay. Which TV show would be most improved by adding a pirate? || || x || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 4 || 1 || '''5''' |} .*Danielle ("Ghosted") actually lost the poll with only 28%. Jonathan ("The Good Doctor") won with 40%, followed by Yael ("9JKL") with 32%. .**Jonathan ("West World") also won the poll with 46%, followed by Yael (Millie Bobby Brown) with 40% and Danielle ("Insecure") with 14%. .***Yael ("Make Love, Not Warcraft") won the poll with 45%, followed by Jonathan ("Return of the Fellowship of the Ring to the Two Towers") with 30% and Danielle ("Trapped in the Closet" with 25%. .****Yael ("Orange is the New Black") also won the poll with 42%. Danielle ("Saturday Night Live") and Jonathan ("The Handmaid's Tale") tied with 29% each. .*****Yael ("The Magician") actually lost the poll with 21%. Danielle ("Dr. Who") won with 50%, followed by Jonathan ("Mad Men") with 29%. +Split decision. Danielle chose Yael (Marcia Brady), but then Roxy chose Jonathan (Danny Tanner). +*Character fight. Before the question was asked, Yael said Olivia Benson, then Jonathan said Fin Tutuola, both from "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit." '''Episode 99: What TV Character Would Make the Best Star Trek Captain? - TV Fights: Star Trek Fights! (9-26-2017)'''<ref>Episode 99: What TV Character Would Make the Best Star Trek Captain? - TV Fights: Star Trek Fights! (9-26-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDMsLtsltTU</ref> Fight held on the thirtieth anniversary of the premiere of "Star Trek: The Next Generation." Dan also created an Honest Trailer for the show which debuted on youtube earlier in the day. Dan was originally to be the Fact Checker, but he is fighting instead. Billy fact checks instead. Brannon Braga and Scott Mantz are not fighting as originally scheduled. Robert Meyer Burnett is the only one of the three originally scheduled who does appear. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Dan Murrell || 3/1 || '''Win''' |- | Robert Meyer Burnett || New fighter || Third |- | David A. Goodman || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 79%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! style="width: 6%"|Dan !! Robert !! David |- | 1: What TV character would make the best Starfleet captain? || 1* || || |- | 2: What "Trek" character should host [his or her] own talk show? || ** || || 1 |- | 3: What was the best episode or moment that went deep and dealt with social issues? || || 1*** || |- | 4: Pitch an episode that sees two characters from different #"Star Trek" series team up. || 1**** || || |- | 5: What was the most stand-out moment from the "Star Trek: Discovery" series premiere? || || || 1 |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 2 || 1 || 2 |- | SPEED ROUND A: "Star Trek: Discovery"... is only available by paying a fee for CBS All Access: yea or nay? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Who[m] would you rather have treat you: [Leonard] McCoy or [Beverly] Crusher? || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: What is the best space ship in "Star Trek" that is not named ''Enterprise''? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND D: "Young Sheldon" just premiered last night on CBS. Which "Star Trek" character should get a spin-off focusing on [his or her] younger days? ***** || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: Who are the better villains: the Klingons or The Borg? || 1 || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Dan (Jed Bartlet) actually lost the twitter poll with 20% (but won overwhelmingly on youtube). David (Daenerys Targaryen) won with 46%, followed by Robert (Don Draper) with 34%. .**David (Trelane from "The Squire of Gothos") actually lost the poll. Dan (Guinan) both the twitter poll with 50% as well as the youtube poll, followed by Robert (Elim Garak). .***Robert ("Arena") actually lost the twitter poll with 21%. Dan ("The Outcast") won with 49% (64% on youtube), followed by David ("Let That Be Your Last Battlefield"). .****Dan (Q and Trelane) actually lost the twitter poll with 23%. David (Data and Dax) won with 40%, followed by Robert (James Kirk and Seven of Nine)with 37%. .*****Character fight. Before the question was asked, David picked Spock, then Dan chose Geordi LaForge. '''Episode 100: Best Cartoon of the 90's! - 90'S TV FIGHTS!! (10-3-2017)'''<ref>Episode 100: Best Cartoon of the 90's! - 90'S TV FIGHTS!! (10-3-2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_H8DtTfMOfg&t=135s</ref> Last episode of TV Fights before the suspension of Screen Junkies creator Andy Signore on October 6 and his termination two days later. While Screen Junkies would partially return on October 26 (21 days after the October 5 Movie Fight), Fights would not return until December. Twenty-first episode in which a fighter takes a lead and ultimately finishes in third. Twenty-seventh episode in which a fighter never scores after the first round. Thirteenth episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. Although Mary is listed as a new fighter, she participated in a Debut Deathmatch on Movie Fights 19 days earlier. Throughout the Speed Round, JTE always had Charley's score as one more than it should have been. This was not fixed until right before the final question. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Charley Feldman || 1/1 || '''Win''' |- | Matt Knost || 1/3 || Third |- | Mary Risk || New fighter || Second |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 87%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Charley !! style="width: 6%"|Matt !! style="width: 6%"|Mary |- | 1: What was the best cartoon of the 90's? || * || 1 || |- | 2: What 90's TV show would work just as well completely unchanged if it aired today? || || || 1** |- | 3: What TV show best encapsulates the 90's? || 1*** || || |- | 4: Pitch a cross-over of a 90's show that's no longer on the air today with a currently-running TV show. || || **** || 1 |- | 5: Who was the best TV character from the '90s? || ***** || || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Should 90's shows be revived today, in general: yea or nay? || 0 || || |- | '''Scores going into Speed Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | SPEED ROUND A: Best 90's Nickelodeon cartoon? || || x || 1 |- | SPEED ROUND B: Best 90's character to grab a beer with? || 1+ || x || |- | SPEED ROUND C: Today is National Boyfriend's Day. Who would make the better boyfriend? +* || 1 || x || |- | SPEED ROUND D: Best 90's theme song? || 1+** || x || |- | SPEED ROUND E: What show would you rather compete on: Nickelodeon's "Guts" or "Legends of the Hidden Temple?" || 1+***, +**** || x || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''5''' || 1 || 4 |} .*Charley ("Batman: The Animated Series") won the twitter poll with 47%, followed by Matt ("The Simpsons") with 38% and Mary ("Animaniacs") with 15%. .**Mary ("The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air") won the poll with 65%, followed by Charley ("3rd Rock from the Sun") with 26% and Matt ("Mad About You"). .***Charley ("Friends") also won the poll with 51%, followed by Mary ("Seinfeld") with 34% and Matt (MTV's "Real World") with 15%. .****Matt ("Quantum Leap" and "Sherlock") won the poll with 56%, followed by Mary ("Saved by the Bell" and "The Good Place") with 25% and Charley ("Singled Out" and "Game of Thrones") with 19%. .*****Charley (Bart Simpson) won the poll with 47%, followed by Mary (Buffy Summers) with 38% and Matt (Zack Morris) with 15%. +Split decision. Matt chose Mary (Joey Tribbiani), but then Billy and Roxy chose Charley (Dana Scully). +*Character fight. Each fighter had to name a male character from the 90's. +**Split decision. Matt chose Mary ("The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air"), but Billy and Roxy chose Charley ("Friends"). +***Charley ties Spencer Gilbert (episode 17) for biggest comeback, after having been down 4-1. However, unlike in episode 17, at this point, Charley was in a must-win situation throughout the remainder of the episode. +****Charley ties Dan Murrell (episode 7) and Maude Garrett (episode 18) for most consecutive points (four). ==TV Fights References== {{Reflist}} {{Uncategorized|date=November 2015}} ==Fan Friction Episodes 1-8== "Fan Friction" appears live on Sundays on the The TUFF Channel youtube channel. It debuted on April 10, 2016 and has fans fight via Skype. It is hosted by Screen Junkies fan Jack Shipley, with default Fact Checker Ashley Davis. Like Movie Fights and TV Fights (current formats), there is five questions followed by a Speed Round (called the Lightning Round) in which two of the three fighters will compete. Each regular round consists of questions with the following names and descriptions: Round 1: Topic Thunder – In Today’s Movie News Round 2: Superhero Movie – Everything Marvel/DC and Beyond Round 3: Pitch Perfect – Creating Something Out of Nothing Round 4: Hollywood Shuffle – The Random Round Round 5: Personal Best – Simply the Best, Better Than All the Rest Tie breakers are not settled by debate but with a movie date trivia question. In the Lightning Round, fighters are given 20 seconds to initially argue with 10 second rebuttals. '''Episode 1: May the Farce Be with You (4-10-2016)'''<ref>Episode 1: May the Farce Be with You (4-10-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqL6uVTxf5E</ref> In this episode, the score resets going into the Lightning Round. Brian Hurst as Fact Checker. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Raul Rodriguez || New fighter || Third |- | Ashley Davis || New fighter || Second |- | Tom Bennis || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 78%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Raul !! Ashley !! Tom |- | 1: Which ''Star Wars'' original trilogy cast member should die next? || || 1* || |- | 2: Which DC supervillain should join ''The Suicide Squad'' besides the Joker? || || ** || 1 |- | 3: Pitch the film that returns Johnny Depp to greatness. And we're looking for a director of the film and any co-stars as well as the plot of the movie. || || 1*** || |- | 4: What is the best movie soundtrack featuring licensed music to listen to on a roadtrip? || 1**** || ***** || + |- | 5: Who is the best character in a Kevin Smith movie? || || 1 || |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: Closest without going over: What year was ''The Flintstones'' released? || || x || 0+* |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: Who is the best movie Batman? || x || 1+** || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: Who[m] would you rather be stuck in an elevator with: Jay or Silent Bob? || x || || 1+*** |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: These two movies are playing on cable. Which do you watch: ''Star Wars [Episode IV]: A New Hope'' or ''Star Wars [Episode VII]: The Force Awakens''? || x || || 1+**** |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: Hollywood's best Kate/Cate? || x || 1+***** || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND E: Excluding sequel numbers, what is the best movie with the word "four/for" in the title? || x || || 1 |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || x || 2 || '''3''' |} .*Ashley (who chose Leia) actually finished in third in the twitter poll. Raul (Chewbacca) won, with Tom (the Millenium Falcon) close behind. .**Ashley (Poison Ivy) won the twitter poll. .***Ashley's pitch won the twitter poll. .****Raul won despite picking a soundtrack that is original music, not licensed. .*****Jack started the round with Ashley, rather than with Raul. +According to Brian, even though he couldn't find it, Tom (''Guardians of the Galaxy'') won the twitter poll. +*Both Raul and Tom guessed 1995, which was over (the year was 1994). However, Jack didn't have another movie prepared, so he ignored this. Tom was slightly faster, so he won. +**Split decision. Brian disagreed with Jack, who chose Ashley (Michael Keaton) over Tom (Ben Affleck). +***Split decision. Brian disagreed with Jack, who chose Tom (Silent Bob) over Ashley. +****Split decision. Raul disagreed with Jack, who chose Tom (''A New Hope'') over Ashley. +*****Split decision. Brian disagreed with Jack, who chose Ashley (Winslet) over Tom (Hudson). '''Episode 2: Yippie Ki-yay, Mother Humper (4-17-2016)'''<ref>Episode 2: Yippie Ki-yay, Mother Humper (4-17-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUbdlFv85Lc</ref> In this episode, the score again resets going into the Lightning Round. However, the two going into the Lightning Round were tied going in, so it did not effect the outcome. Amy Awesome was originally supposed to appear, but she could not make it, so Langley stepped in. Early in the episode, Langley's live-stream picture disappeared and was replaced by a still. In contrast to the last episode, which saw four out of five Lightning Round questions with split decision, none of the five Lightning Round questions in this episode were split (even though the panel was only activated four times). First episode in which a fighter never receives a point after the first round. First episode in which a fighter takes an early lead and ultimately finishes in third place. First episode in which a fighter wins after being in third place. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Brian Hurst || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Langley Neely || New fighter || Second |- | Joseph Davis || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 91%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Brian !! Langley !! Joseph |- | 1: Who should be the supervillain in [the next solo Batman movie]? || || || 1* |- | 2: Recast a hero or villain from the Marvel Cinematic Universe by gender swapping them, and then tell us why that one's better. || || 1**, *** || ** |- | 3: Pitch an R-rated version of a G-rated movie. || 1**** || || |- | 4: What is the best chick flick that a guy would also enjoy? || || 1 || |- | 5: What is Bruce Willis' best non-''Die Hard'' role? || 1 || || |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: Which do you watch: ''After Earth'' or ''Battlefield Earth''? || || 1 || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: What was Pierce Brosnan's best Bond film? || || 1 || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: Who's the coolest Turtle: Leonard, Michaelangelo, Donatello, or Raphael? || 1*****,+ || || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: Best movie with the word "gun" in the title? || 1 || || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND E: Which is the best movie of ''The Hobbit'' trilogy? || 1+*,+** || || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || '''3''' || 2 || x |} .*Joseph lost the twitter poll with only 14% voting for Ra's al Ghul. Brian won 57% with Manbat and Hush while Langley received 29% with Talon and the Court of Owls. .**Langley and Joseph each picked Loki, respectively swapped with Eva Green and Helena Bonham Carter. .***Langley also won the twitter poll with 60%, while Brian won 40% of the vote with Jennifer Lawrence/Katniss Everdeen as Hawkeye. .****Brian also won the twitter poll with 63% for ''Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory'', while Langley received 24% for ''Beauty and the Beast'', and Joseph received 13% for ''Star Trek: The Motion Picture''. *Due to time constraints, the polls were not read for the fourth or fifth questions. .*****Brian chose Raphael before Langley picked Donatello. Langley said after the fight that he wanted to pick Raphael. +Jack didn't activate the panel. +*Jack was going to come back to Joseph since he was having trouble deciding. However, since Ashley and Jack both chose Brian (''Battle of the Five Armies''), he didn't need to come back to him. +**Biggest comeback yet (deficit of three points). '''Episode 3: We're Not Worthy! (5-1-2016)'''<ref>Episode 3: We're Not Worthy! (5-1-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-n-D_D5VgQM</ref> No episode aired the previous week. Starting this episode, points earned in the regular round carry over into the Lightning Round. Once again, a tie breaking question is required before the Lightning Round; however, Jack dropped the rule regarding not going above on the year, which was helpful as once again, both fighters guessed too high. At the end of the episode, Jack indicates that the show will not be on the following week due to Mother's Day. He indicates that the following week, there will be a championship fight between the three winners. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Ronnie Williams || New fighter || Third |- | Kimber Barrett || New fighter || Second |- | Samuel Caitlin || New fighter || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Ronnie !! Kimber !! Sam |- | 1: What is the best film about a musician or band? || || 1 || |- | 2: What is best movie with Hugh Jackman's version of Wolverine? || 1* || || |- | 3: What other** movie franchise should have a spinoff film? || || || 1 |- | 4: What's the best movie that features a "Saturday Night Live" character? || *** || **** || 1 |- | 5: Real or fictitious, what is the best movie featuring an American President? || || || 1***** |- | TIE BREAKER: What year was ''The Maltese Falcon'' released? || || 0 || x |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: These two movies are playing on cable. Which one do we watch: ''Kindergarten Cop'' or ''Twins''? || x || 1+ || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: Who is Hollywood's best James? || x || || 1+* |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: What is the best horror movie? || x || || 1+** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || 2 || '''5''' |} .*Ronnie, who chose ''X2: X-Men United'', also won the twitter poll with 89% of the vote. Kimber (''X-Men: The Last Stand'') received 11%. Sam (''X-Men'') received no votes. .**Besides ''Harry Potter'' and ''Star Wars''. .***Ronnie, who chose ''Office Space'', was eliminated by Jack due to "tenuous" connections to "Saturday Night Live", even though the question didn't ask for any level of connection beyond one existing. .****Kimber (''Blues Brothers'') won 70% of the twitter vote, while Sam (''A Night at the Roxbury'') received 20%, and Ronnie (''Office Space'') received 10%. .*****Sam received the point for ''Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter'' despite not receiving any of the twitter vote. Ronnie (''Air Force One'') won with 67% despite being the first fighter eliminated, and Kimber (''Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure'') received 33%. +Split decision. First overturn in Fan Friction. Ronnie and Ashley each had chosen Sam, who chose ''Twins''. +*Sam said James Cameron, but Kimber couldn't think of an answer in time, so Sam automatically won the point. +**Split decision. Ronnie and Ashley both disagreed with Jack, who again chose Kimber (''The House on Haunted Hill (1959)'') over Sam (''The Exorcist''). However, Jack let them overrule him. '''Episode 4: This Time It's Personal (5-15-2016)'''<ref>Episode 4: This Time It's Personal (5-15-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hfx8pZ0bMtY</ref> No episode aired the previous week due to Mother's Day. In this episodes, points do not carry over to the Lightning Round. However, as the two fighters going into the Lightning Round were tied, this did not matter. However, had a fighter earned three points in the regular round, there would have been a bonus. The first Belt Fight. Brian made a Belt. Further, the winner of this fight and the winner of Episode 5 will go on to compete in Episode 6 with Hector Navarro. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Samuel Caitlin || 1/0 || Second |- | Tom Bennis || 1/0 || Third |- | Brian Hurst || 1/0 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 89%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Sam !! Tom !! Brian |- | 1: What is the best monster from a monster movie? || || || 1* |- | 2: What is Ryan Reynolds' best role aside from Deadpool? || 1** || || |- | 3: Pitch the sequel to ''Beetlejuice''. || || 1 || *** |- | 4: What movie flopped at the box office but should not have? || 1**** || || |- | 5: What is Sean Bean's death scene in film? || || || 1***** |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 2|| 1 || 2 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: What is the best Nicolas Cage movie? || || x || 1 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: These two movies are playing on cable. Which do we watch: ''Red Dawn (1984)''... or ''Road House''? || || x || 1+ |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: What is the best movie based on a video game? || 1 || x || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: Who was better: Steven Segal or Jean-Claude Van Damme? || || x || 1+* |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || x || 3 |} .*Brian, who chose The Thing, also won the twitter poll with 75% of the vote. Tom (Pan (the Faun/the Pale Man)) received 25%. Sam (Jaws) did not receive any votes. .**Sam, who chose ''Buried'', also won the twitter poll with 62%. Brian (''The Voices'') received 25%, and Tom (''The Nines'') received 13%. .***Brian, who pitched a satire, won the twitter poll with 57%. Tom's pitch for a film taking place in the Netherworld received 43%. Sam, who pitched a ''Ghostbusters'' crossover, did not receive any votes. .****Despite winning the point, Sam, who pitched ''Doctor Dolittle (1967)'', lost the twitter poll with only 18% of the vote. Tom (''Treasure Planet'') received 45%, and Brian (''Cowboys and Aliens'') received 37%. .*****Brian, who chose ''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'', also won the twitter poll with 80% of the twitter vote. Sam and Tom each received 10% for ''Goldeneye'' and ''The Field'' respectively. +Brian chose ''Road House'', leaving Sam with ''Red Dawn''. Sam could not come up with a legitimate argument (even mentioning submarines), and he admitted that he had not seen either movie. Jack gave Brian the point without activating the panel. +*Split decision. Tom disagreed with Jack, who chose Brian (Steven Segal). '''Episode 5: Web Show for the Recently Deceased (5-22-2016)'''<ref>Episode 5: Web Show for the Recently Deceased(5-22-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=La1AG8ymA8o</ref> Tom Bennis returns as Fact Checker as Ashley is fighting. Like the last episode, all fighters come in with the same record. However, that is 0-1 in this fight. The "seating" order (order in which the fighters fight) had the same finish placements as the last episode. The themes for questions 3 and 4 in this fight have become Fight Club and The Sound of Music. Although the same themes, for questions 1 and 5, the themes are called Newsies and As Good as It Gets. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Kimber Barrett || 0/1 || Second |- | Raul Rodriguez || 0/1 || Third |- | Ashley Davis || 0/1 || '''Win''' |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Kimber !! Raul !! Ashley |- | 1: Which was [Tim Burton and Johnny Depp's] best collaboration? || 1* || || |- | 2: What other** villain, DC or Marvel, should get their own movie? || 1*** || || |- | 3: Who was the best action film star in the 1990s? || || 1**** || |- | 4: What is the best original score composed by Danny Elfman? It does not have to be a Tim Burton movie. || || || 1***** |- | 5: Who was the best movie villain of all time? || || || 1+ |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 2|| 1 || 2 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: These two movies are playing on cable. Which one do we watch: ''Space Jam'' or ''Scooby-Doo''? || || x || 1+* |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: What is the best movie starring Clint Eastwood? || || x || 1+** |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: Who is Hollywood's best Margaret/Maggie? || || x || 1+*** |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 0 || x || 3 |} .*Kimber, who chose ''Edward Scissorhands'', also won the twitter poll with 71% of the vote. 29% chose Ashley (''Ed Wood''), while Raul (''Sleepy Hallow'') received no votes. .**Besides Harley Quinn. .***Kimber (The Riddler) and Ashley (The Mandarin) each received 50% of the twitter vote. Jack then went ahead and voted on twitter to give Kimber the twitter poll win. .****Despite winning the point, Raul (Keanu Reeves) lost the twitter poll with 22%. Ashley (Sylvester Stallone) won the twitter poll with 44%. Kimber (Bruce Willis) received 34%. .*****Ashley (''Batman (1989)'') also won the twitter poll with 60%. Kimber, who again chose ''Edward Scissorhands'', and Raul (''Spiderman'') received 20% each. +Ashley (Captain Vidal from ''Pan's Labyrinth'') also won the twitter poll with 45% of the vote. Kimber (Alex de Large) received 33%, while 22% chose Raul (Ghostface). +*Split decision. Second overturn of the series. Jack disagreed with Raul and Tom and chose Ashley, who chose ''Space Jam'', because she gave more information about the movie. +**Kimber could not name a Clint Eastwood movie. She was later given some titles, but chose not to fight, so Jack gave her the point. +***Kimber chose Margaret Cho but couldn't say anything about her other than that she was cool and had tattoos. She conceded to Ashley, even though Ashley still gave an argument. However, Jack did not activate the panel. '''Episode 6: Bring Out Your Dead (6-5-2016)'''<ref>Episode 6: Bring Out Your Dead (6-5-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=re00MPGdBaA</ref> Tom Bennis and Kimber Barrett, the hosts of Odd Shaped Panel, and both two-time fighters, as Fact Checkers. At 2:12:50, this is the longest episode of any Fight series at this point. Although Hector is listed as a new fighter, he has appeared in Movie Fights twice and TV Fights four times. Before the Lightning Round, it is revealed that the bonus for getting three points in the regular round is that one time during the Lightning Round, the person with the bonus can steal the other fighter's choice one time during the round. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Ashley Davis|| 1/1 || Second |- | Hector Navarro || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Brian Hurst || 2/0 || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Ashley !! Hector !! Brian |- | 1: What's the best direct-to-DVD/Netflix sequel? || 1 || * || |- | 2: If you were Apocalypse, who[m] would you have chosen as your Four Horsemen? ** || || 1*** || |- | 3: What would you all say is the best zombie movie of all time? || 1**** || || |- | 4: What's the best black and white movie of all time? || 1***** || || |- | 5: It seems a safe bet that ''Captain America: Civil War'' is probably gonna be the number one highest-grossing movie of the summer, so I wanna know what's number two? || || 1+ || |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 3 || 2 || 0 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: What's the best movie one-liner? || || 1 || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: Who is the best movie detective? || || 1 || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: What is the best movie about baseball? || 1+* || || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: Who should play the next James Bond? || || 1 || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''3''' || x |} .*Hector, who chose ''Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero'', won the twitter poll with 60% of the vote, while Ashley (''Hellraiser: Hellseeker'') received 30%, and Brian (''Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny'') received 10%. .**There was a stipulation that the fighters could not use anyone from the MCU (Marvel Cinematic Universe). .***Hector, who chose Gambit, Caliban, Sunfire (all of whom were Horsemen in the comics), and Deathbird, won the twitter poll with 63%. Ashley (Deadpool, Iceman, Elixir, and Colossus) received 25%, and Chris (Daken, Sunfire, Polaris, and Mikhail Rasputin) received 13%. .****Ashley (''Shaun of the Dead'') also won the twitter poll with 58%. Brian (''Dawn of the Dead (1978)'') received 33%, while Hector (''World War Z'') only received 8%. .*****Ashley (''To Kill a Mockingbird'') actually lost the twitter poll with 27%. Brian (''Citizen Kane'') and Hector (''Sin City'') each received 36%. +Hector, who chose Suicide Squad, also won the twitter poll with 58% of the vote, while Brian (''Finding Dory'') received 42%. Ashley (''The Secret Life of Pets'') received no votes. +*Hector chose ''The Sandlot'', but Ashley stole the answer. He then chose ''A League of Their Own''. '''Episode 7: Young Guns (6-12-2016)'''<ref>Episode 7: Young Guns (6-12-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6NqprL8AOM</ref> Tom Bennis and Kimber Barrett acted as Fact Checkers even though Ashley was not competing. The "seating" order (order in which the fighters fight) had the same finish placements as the last episode. Episodes 6 and 7 mark the second consecutive pair in which that happened as it also happened for Episodes 4 and 5. A different bonus for getting three points before the Lightning Round is introduced. The topic titles are all changed again. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Austin Singleton || New fighter || Second |- | Garrett McDowell || New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Billy Pollihan || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Austin !! Garrett !! Billy |- | 1: What's the best order to show her [Jack's 6-year-old daughter] [''Star Wars Episodes I-VI'']? || 1* || || |- | 2: What's the best movie that's set in outer space that isn't a ''Star Wars'', ''Star Trek'', or ''Aliens'' movie? || || 1** || |- | 3: What's the best space battle scene that's ever been in a movie? || || 1*** || *** |- | 4: Who is the coolest Marvel or DC character, hero or villain, that comes from outer space? **** || || || 1***** |- | 5: What is the coolest space ship from any movie? || || 1+ || |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 1 || 3 || 1 |- | TIE BREAKER: What year was the film ''Close Encounters of the Third Kind'' released? || 0+* || x || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: Who was the better captain: [James T.] Kirk or [Jean-Luc] Picard? || 1+** || || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: What's the best M. Night Shyamalan movie? || || 1 || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C: These two movies are playing on cable. Which do I watch: ''Mad Max [2]: The Road Warrior'' or ''Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome''? || || 1+***,+**** || x |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: Who is Hollywood's best medical professional? || || 1+***** || x |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''3''' || x |} .*Austin, who chose only ''Episode VII'', actually lost the twitter poll with 11%. Garrett (''Episodes IV-VII'' plus the prequels optionally) and Billy (''Episodes IV-VI'' followed by ''I-III'' and ''VII'') each received 44%. .**Garrett, who chose ''2001: A Space Odyssey'', also won the twitter poll with 60%, while Billy (''Guardians of the Galaxy'') received 30%, and Austin (''The Martian'') received 10%. .***Garrett, who chose the trench run in ''Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope'', and Billy (the Battle of Endor minus Luke vs. Vader) tied in the twitter poll as they did for Round 1 with each receiving 40% of the vote. Austin, who chose the introductory scene from ''Star Trek (2009)'', lost the poll again. .****Question not specific to movies. .*****Billy, who chose Superman, also won the twitter vote with 50%. Garrett (Martian Manhunter) received 40%, while Austin (Nova) received 10%. +Garrett, who chose the Millenium Falcon, also won the twitter poll with 63% of the vote. Austin (the Milano from ''Guardians of the Galaxy'') received 25%, and Billy (the Nostromo from ''Alien'') received 13%. *After the twitter vote was read, Jack pointed out that Billy and Austin both chose the Enterprise. He had them go with their second choices rather than debate which Enterprise from which ''Star Trek'' movie was better. **Though he didn't win the poll, this was the only poll in which Austin did not come in last place. +*Austin waited for Billy to say 1983 and then said 1982. The correct answer was 1977, bring Austin to the Lightning Round. +**Split decision. Billy disagreed with Jack, who chose Austin (Kirk). +***Garrett used his bonus, which was to choose to argument second even though he answered first (though this does not appear to have affected the outcome in any way). +****Jack didn't activate the panel as Austin could not give a legitimate argument for the choice he was forced to take, ''Beyond Thunderdome'', after Garrett picked ''The Road Warrior''. +*****After Garrett picked Dr. Strange (even though the character has not been in a theatrically-released film as of the date of the fight), Austin could not think of a choice and eventually ran out of time, giving Garrett the victory. '''Episode 8: Hail to the King, Baby (6-26-2016)'''<ref>Episode 8: Hail to the King, Baby (6-26-2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zq0FyWC5cjY</ref> At 2:24:00, this is the longest episode of any Fight. Jack competes. Initially, his slot is billed as a mystery fighter. Brian judges in Jack's place. Tom and Kimber act as Fact Checkers again, even though Ashley is not fighting. The "seating" order (order in which the fighters fight) had the same finish placements for the third consecutive episode. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fighters !! Prior record (wins/non-wins) !! Finish |- | Jack Shipley || New fighter || Second |- | Langley Neely|| New fighter || '''Win''' |- | Amy Awesome || New fighter || Third |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 84%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Question !! Jack !! Langley !! Amy |- | 1: What is the best biographical movie about a musician? || 1* || || |- | 2: Best comic book movie from the "Dark Ages" [between ''Batman'' (1989) and ''Blade'' (1998)]? || 1** || || |- | 3: Pitch a good movie that you wouldn't mind seeing a remake of? || || 1*** || |- | 4: What is a successful movie that you wish would have bombed? || || 1**** || |- | 5: ?***** || || || |- | '''Scores going into Lightning Round''' || 2 || 2 || 0 |- | LIGHTNING ROUND A: The best Nicolas Cage performance? || || 1+ || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND B: What is the best comedy sequel? || || 1+* || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C1: I'm gonna show you guys two movies. I want you to pitch which one should be an episode of [Brian's show] "The DVD Bunker" and why? +** || +*** || || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND C2: Hollywood's best Martin...first or last name? || 1 || || |- | LIGHTNING ROUND D: What is the best book-to-movie adaptation? || || 1+**** || |- | '''FINAL SCORES''' || 1 || '''3''' || x |} .*Jack, who picked What's Love Got to Do With It, also won the twitter poll with 57% of the votes. Amy (''Sid and Nancy: Love Kills'') received 29% while Langley (''Immortal Beloved'') received 14%. .**Jack, who picked ''The Crow'', actually lost the twitter poll with 11% of the vote. Langley (''Batman Returns'') received 67%, while Amy (''Men in Black'') received 22%. Even Jack voted for Langley as he originally wanted to pick a ''Batman'' movie but decided not to so that there could be more of a fight. .***Langley, who picked ''Fantastic Voyage'', also won the twitter poll with 63%. Jack (''Predator'') received 38%, while Amy (''Badlands'') received no votes. .****Langley, who picked ''Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen'', also won the twitter poll with 78%. Amy (''Minions'') received 22% while Jack (''Jurassic World'') did not receive any votes. .*****The question was supposed to be "What is the best movie of 1994?" However, as points reset for the Lightning Round and Amy was already eliminated and the fight was already running two hours, Jack had Brian skip the question. Therefore, the only effect was that no one could go in with a [non-specified] bonus. +Split decision. Amy disagreed with Brian, who chose Langley (''Leaving Las Vegas'') over Jack (''Con Air''). +*Split decision. Amy disagreed with Brian, who chose Langley (''Beverly Hills Cop II'') over Jack (''Ghostbusters II''). +**The movies shown were ''Blues Brothers 2000'' and ''Nothing But Trouble''. +***Question was tossed as Jack had argued for ''Blues Brothers'', not realizing that the movie shown was ''Blues Brothers 2000''. +****Brian did not activate the panel due to Langley's arguments for ''Gone Girl'' over ''Jaws''. ==Fan Friction References== {{Reflist}} {{Uncategorized|date=November 2015}} ==Gamer Fights== "Gamer Fights," hosted by Matt Raub, debuted on June 17, 2016 and airs every Friday. The first six episodes were pre-taped and Fact Checked by Nikole Z. Subsequently, episodes mostly aired live and were Fact Checked by Kristen Brancaccio. Starting with episode 6, approximately once monthly, episodes would also be available on Smosh Games, with whom the show in made in collaboration. On the twentieth episode, it was announced that the show would be moving to a once-monthly format. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Episode # !! Title !! Date !! Host/Judge !! Fact Checker !! Fighter !! Placement |- | 1 || What Was the Biggest Surprise of E3? || June 17, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Miller_(Internet_celebrity) Greg Miller] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smosh David "Lasercorn" Moss] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MatPat Matthew Patrick] || Second <br> Third <br> '''Win''' |- | 2 || Worst Video Game Based on a Movie? || June 24, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsauce Jake Roper] <br> Joshua "Jovenshire" Ovenshire <br> Spencer Gilbert || '''Win''' <br> Third <br> Second |- | 3 || Which N64 Game Still Holds Up? || July 1, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2012#October Pamela Horton] * <br> Leo Camacho <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smosh Matt Sohinki] || '''Win''' <br> Second <br> Third |- | 4 || Best Water Level? || July 8, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || Malik Forte <br> Maude Garrett ** <br> Max Song || '''Win''' <br> Second <br> Third |- | 5 || Pokémon GO Meets Assassin's Creed! || July 15, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || (Michael) Davis <br> Jesse Cox <br> Ashley Esqueda || '''Win'''*** <br> Second <br> Third |- | 6 || What Character Should be Playable in Injustice 2? || July 22, 2016 || Matt Raub || Nikole Z || Dan Casey <br> Jovenshire**** <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalo.com Lon Harris] || '''Win''' <br> Second <br> Third |- | 7 || Most Memorable Gaming Rivalry? || July 29, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Trisha Hershberger <br> Jimmy Wong <br> (Michael) Schroeder || '''Win''' <br> Third <br> Second |- | 8 || Which villain deserves his own game? || August 5, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Jack Conway <br> Maddox <br> Paris Lay || Second***** <br> '''Win''' <br> Third |- | 9 || Which Game Deserves an Open World Sequel? || August 12, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smosh Amra "Flitz" Ricketts] <br> Jessica Blum <br> Roger Barr + || '''Win''' <br> Third <br> Second |- | 10 || Best Kick Ass Female Character? || August 19, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Vernon Shaw <br> Erika Ishii+* <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Scrimshaw#Podcasts Mark Donica] || Second <br> '''Win''' <br> Third |- | 11 || Best Side Scroller of All Time? || August 26, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Lasercorn <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev3Games Anthony Carboni] <br> Britanni Johnson || Second <br> '''Win''' <br> Third |- | 12 || Best Employee in a Video Game? || September 2, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Albrecht Alex Albrecht] <br> Alison Haislip <br> Jeff Cannata || Second <br> Third <br> '''Win''' |- | 13 || Pitch a TV Show Turned Video Game! || September 9, 2016 || Matt Raub || Alex Hluch || (Michael) Schroeder <br> Brandon Jones <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Unicorn Milynn Sarley]+** || '''Win''' <br> Third <br> Second |- | 14 || Which Children’s Cartoon Deserves a Horror <br> Game Reboot? <br> '''Championship Semi-Finals Round 1''' || September 16, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Matt Patrick <br> Maddox <br> Erika Ishii || '''Win''' <br> Second <br> Third |- | 15 || Tabletop Gamer Fights! || September 23, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Hector Navarro+*** <br> Ivan Van Norman <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Mercer Matthew Mercer] || Second <br> Third <br> '''Win''' |- | 16 || Pitch a Game Based on a Literary Main <br> Character! +**** || September 30, 2016 || Matt Raub || Alex Hluch || Paola Alejandra +*****<br> Stephen Lemieux +*****<br> Ashley Esqueda ++ || Tie for Second <br> Tie for Second <br> '''Win''' |- | 17 || Most Replayable Game of All Time? ++* || October 7, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Woody Tondorf <br> Max Song <br> Jack Conway || Tie for Second <br> Tie for Second <br> '''Win''' |- | 18 || Pitch the Video Game Version of an Unlikely <br> Movie ++** || October 14, 2016 || Matt Raub || Alex Hluch || Lasercorn <br> Max Song ++*** <br> Jovenshire || '''Win''' <br> Third ++**** <br> Second |- | 19 || What Unlikely Character Should Be in Mortal <br> Kombat? ++***** || October 21, 2016 || Matt Raub || Alex Hluch || OMGitsfirefoxx (Sonja Reid) <br> Milynn Sarley <br> Pamela Horton +++|| Second <br> '''Win''' <br> Third +++*, +++** |- | 20 || What Character Should Be President? +++*** <br> '''Championship Semi-Finals Round 2'''+++**** || October 28, 2016 || Matt Raub || Sarah Whittle || Ashley Esqueda <br> Anthony Carboni <br> Dan Casey || Tie for Second <br> '''Win''' <br> Tie for Second |- | 21 || What Will Be The Hottest Console This Holiday Season?+++***** || November 25, 2016 || Matt Raub || Kristen Brancaccio || Marisha Ray <br> JD Zelman <br> Adam Murphy || '''Win''' <br> Third <br> Second |- | 22 || Pitch A Holiday Themed Game For An Existing Franchise++++ || December 23, 2016 || Spencer Gilbert || Kristen Brancaccio <br> ++++* || Roger Barr <br> Erika Ishii <br> Cesar Solario || Second <br> '''Win''' <br> Third |} .*Pamela is the second Playboy Playmate (after Nikki Leigh, also from 2012) to compete on Screen Junkies. .**Maude (whose name is displayed as Muade) becomes the second fighter (after Spencer) to appear in Movie, TV, and Gamer Fights. .***Davis is simultaneously undefeated in Movie Fights and Gamer Fights, which no one else has pulled off. However, that is only two fights total. *Previously, Clarke Wolfe, Ken Napzok, and Coy Jandreau have each simultaneously held undefeated records in Movie Fights and TV Fights with respective records of 1-0/1-0, 2-0/1-0, and 2-0/2-0. *Subsequently, Coy would lose a Movie Fight to Alicia Malone; Trisha Hershberger would become the only person to be simultaneously undefeated in TV Fights and Gamer Fights, eventually attaining a 2-0/1-0 record (despite also having a Movie Fights record of 0-6 (shortly afterwards, she would win an episode of Movie Fights, making her the first to win all three fights)); and Brannon Braga would become simultaneously undefeated in Movie Fights and TV Fights with a 1-0 record in each. .****Matt refers to scoring 0 points (which Lon did) as "pulling a Joven." However, Joven has never scored 0 points on Movie Fights or Gamer Fights. The first to do this was Jon Bailey on Movie Fights, and Joven's only appearance on Movie Fights was several months prior. .*****First time since the premiere episode that the person sitting next to Matt didn't win. +Roger is the fourth fighter to appear in Movie, TV, and Gamer Fights, after Spencer, Maude, and Trisha. +*Matt introduced Erika as having appeared on fights on Screen Junkies before, but that is not accurate. *She would eventually appear on TV Fights (coming in second to Hector Navarro), four days after her second Gamer Fights appearance, which itself was still four weeks in the future. +**Milynn is the second member of Team Unicorn to appear on Gamer Fights, the week after Alison Haislip. Former member Michele Boyd has appeared on TV Fights, but not yet Gamer Fights. +***Hector, who just fought his fifth TV fight (and won) three days earlier, becomes the fifth fighter (after Spencer, Maude, Trisha, and Roger) to appear in Movie, TV, and Gamer Fights. So far, nobody has won in all three, though all except Maude have won in two. *Trisha would later win the 104th episode of Movie Fights, making her the first to win all three. *Lon Harris would become the sixth fighter to appear in all three, but unlike the other five, Gamer Fights was his ''first'' (rather than third) show. He would reach this during a TV Fights appearance, just five days after his first appearance (a victory) on Movie Fights. +****First pre-taped episode since the sixth episode. Accordingly, it is also the first to not be fact checked by Nikole Z. +*****Paola and Stephen are the first pair to tie in a Screen Junkies fight since the eighth episode of Movie Fights, 22 months earlier. ++Though scores aren't always displayed in Gamer Fights, especially during the Boss Battle (Speed Round), it would appear that since there was no such battle in this episode, Ashley sets the record for the lowest winning score in any Screen Junkies fight ever with three points. ++*All the contestants plus Matt wore ties. However, since Kristen did not, Matt took his off at the beginning of the show. ++**Redemption fight as all contestants have lost at least once and never won. ++***Max is the first fighter to appear in back-to-back episodes. ++****Max is the first fighter to finish in third twice. ++*****First all-female fighter panel in Gamer Fights. +++Pamela sets the record for longest absence between two episodes in Gamer Fights with 15 weeks. +++*Pamela is the first fighter to go from 1-0 to 1-1 outside of the Belt Tournament. +++**Pamela is the third fighter in Gamer Fights (after Ashley Esqueda in episode 5 and Brandon Jones in episode 13) to get the first point but finish in third place. Pamela actually got the first point in both of her fights. +++***First pre-taped episode since the sixthteenth episode. *At the end of the episode, Matt announced that the show would be moving to a monthly format. +++****Unlike the first tournament fight, which consisted solely of 1-0 fighters, this fight included Ashley Esqueda, who was 1-1. +++*****Pre-taped due to the Thanksgiving break. ++++Pre-taped due to the Christmas break. ++++*Accompanied on the couch by Donald "Dizzle" Davis, who has now appeared on the couch for all three Fight formats. ==Movie Games== "Movie Games," hosted by Jeremy Jahns, debuted on November 21, 2015 and airs every other Saturday, alternating with Chris Stuckman's "F1rst and Worst" (it continued to air every other Saturday following the end of "F1rst and Worst" in November 2016). {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;" |- ! Episode !! Winning Team !! Winner !! Runner-up !! Score !! Losing Team !! Losing Team Members |- | 1 || Screen Junkies || Andy Signore || Dan Murrell || 8-7 || Schmoes Know || Mark Ellis and Kristian Harloff |- | 2 || Cinenerds || Chris Stuckmann || Alicia Malone || 5-4* || Belated Media || Zan Alda and Michael Barryte |- | 3 || Green || JTE || Jason Inman || 7-6** || Unpopular Kids || Matt Raub and Jovenshire |- | 4 || Superhero News || Hector Navarro || Adam Hlavac || 8-3*** || Six Degrees || Stacy Howard and Brianne Chandler |- | 5**** || Rebels Without Applause || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Lipnicki Jonathan Lipnicki] || Benita Robledo || 4-2 || Masters of Fun || Joe Burke and Dayton Sinkia |- | 6 || Screen Junkies || Dan Murrell || Andy Signore || 9-7 || Rico's Roughnecks || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_Van_Dien Casper Van Dien] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Neumeier Ed Neumeier] |- | 7 || Roadhouse || Sasha Perl-Raver***** || Jejuan Guillory || 9-5 || Hershbarger || Roger Barr + and Trisha Hershberger+ |- | 8 || Geek Nation || Mark Reilly || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Kramer Clare Kramer] || 5-1+* || TV Fights || Ken Napzok and Roxy Striar |- | 9 || Sword and Shell || Andre Meadows || Katie Wilson || 6-3 || Rotten Tomatoes || Grae Drake and Matt Atchity |- | 10 || Wild Bunch || Pat Healy || Hal Rudnick || 6-5 || Elf Shield || JTE+** and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2012#May Nikki Leigh] |- | 11 || #FILMGEEK (Profiles) || Scott Mantz || Alicia Malone+*** || 6-5 || Star-Spangled Schmoe || Mark Ellis+*** and Josh Macuga |- | 12+**** || Club 33 || Andy Signore+*****, ++ || Mike Carlson || 6-4 || Team 80s || JTE+***** and Dan Murrell+***** |- | 13 || Superhero News || Adam Hlavac ++* || Hector Navarro ++* || 7-4 || No Expectations || Matt Raub++* and Joe Bereta |- | 14 || Merry Marvelites || Coy Jandreau || Matt Key || 7-6 || Nerd Alert || Francis Maxwell and Kim Horcher |- | 15 || Doom Bunnies || Michele Boyd || Ken Napzok++** || 3-2 || Huey Lewis and the Newts || Lee Newton and Andrew Delman |- | 16 || David Beckham || Brice Beckham|| David Fickas || 8-7 || Red Halen || Alicia Malone++*** and Mark Ellis++*** |- | 17 || Cravescape || William Bibbiani|| Jonathan London || 10-8 || Swayze|| Sasha Perl-Raver++**** and <br> Jejuan Guillory++**** |- | 18 || House Griffinlink || Will Link || David Griffin || 9-6 || Dos Padres|| Brent Lydic and Bill Posley |- | 19++***** || Flaming Hamlets || John Rocha || Lindsey Pankurst || 7-7+++ || Streets Ahead || Matthew Ness and Jenny West |- | 20 || Cinema Twins || Joshua Chavez || Peter Chavez || 4-2 || Max Effort || Matt Knost and Shane Bierley |- | 21 || Silver Screen || Chris Michael Smith || T.J. Heath || 10-7 || Shadow Council || Teddy Cecil and Nicolas Sato |- | 22 || Biggie and Little || Lucas Popowitz || Alex Guez || 9-9+++* || Cut the Check || Jason Fugh and Kyle Bingham |- | 23 || Flash || Trevor Reece || Chris Fimbres || 10-6 || R&R || Robert Torres and Roger Barr+++** |- | 24 || Coulson || Greg Blanchard || Clarke Wolfe|| 10-10 <br>+++*** || Buscemi || Brad Alkire and AJ Alkire |- | 25 || Lifelong Best Friends || Keith Carey || Rob Fee || 9-6 || Los Angeles <br> Brainsaw Massacre || Roger Barr+++**** and John Bower |- | 26+++***** || Cuba Gooding <br> Missile Crisis || Andy Signore++++, <br> ++++* || JTE++++* || 6-5 || Freak & Geek || Doug Benson and Samm Levine++++** |- | 27 || Study Breakers || Kyle Hayashida || Ryan O'Flaherty || 10-9 || Brosive Bears || Daniel Camacho and Louie Guerrero |- | 28 || Sameron || Cameron Rice || Sam Brown || 9-8 || Superhero News || Hector Navarro++++*** and <br> Adam Hlavac++++*** |- | 29 || Yule Regret This || Joe Starr || Spencer Gilbert++++**** || 7-4 || Blonde Inferno || Sasha Perl-Raver++++***** and <br> Roth Cornet |- | 30 || Normal || James Kirkland || Mike (no last name) || 7-7+++++ || Jar Jar Rises || Andy Fiedler and Rob Torres |- | 31 || Rocket Buddies || Joshua Staman || Christian Spicer || 7-7+++++* || Black Cats || Brandon Swofford and <br> Jennifer Wenger+++++** |- | 32 || Serenity || Iran Quijano || Jade Kim || 5-3 || Spyridon || Josué Silva and Keegan Dunlap |- | 33 || The Good and the Ugly || Kyle McFadden || Ify Nwadiwe || 5-2 || Cruise Control || Ben Bateman and Andrew Ghai |} .*While the questions for Alicia and Chris were both the same, they were not all asked in the same order. Further, the show did not explicitly state whether the contestants' answers were correct or not or even how many points each contestant got. As such, the correct answers to the questions that were wrong as never revealed, such as Vito Corleone's daughter being named Connie, the clocks in ''Pulp Fiction'' being set to 4:20, or the first place in a sales contest in ''Glengarry Glen Ross'' being a Cadillac Eldorado. .**Jason was initially ruled to have received only five points as he said that the "E" in the MCU's S.H.I.E.L.D stood for Enforcement, which it does. He was told it stood for Espionage, but that is not true. .***As Hector had already beaten Adam on points and time, Jeremy did not re-read Adam's passed questions. .****This episode features the actors who play the interns in the Screen Junkies Plus show "Interns of F.I.E.L.D" .*****As of March 26, 2016, Sasha is the only competitor on the show who has been on TV Fights and not on Movie fights. All others have been on both (8, though not all had appeared on TV Fights yet by the time of their Movie Games appearances), neither (14), or only Movie Fights (14). (edit: in episode 11 (air date April 9, 2016), Josh Macuga becomes the second such fighter; he would later be followed by Matt Key, Coy Jandreau very briefly, Michele Boyd, and David Griffin) (subsequent edit: Sasha appears in the 85th episode of Movie Fights (youtube air date May 28, 2016), pushing her into the "both" category; Coy Jandreau, who had very briefly been in the "TV Fights only" category since May 21, also moved to "both" after winning the 85th Movie Fight, the third of five undefeated Screen Junkies victories). +Roger and Trisha would eventually become the first two people to compete in Movie Fights, TV Fights, Gamer Fights, and Movie Games. +*Clare had passed on four questions, but Jeremy didn't go back through them as she would need to get all of them right to tie, but there was only a matter of seconds left before she would reach Mark's time. +**Although JTE is the third repeat competitor (after Andy and Dan), he is the first to play on two different teams. +***Alicia and Mark are the fourth and fifth repeat competitors and the second and third to play on two different teams. *Mark is also the first to be on the losing team twice. +****In this episode: -JTE was asked what his last name was, but he wouldn't reveal it (Tapia). It is in the title of the episode. -JTE and Dan set the record for the longest movie chain yet with 12. However, it was beaten by Andy and Mike moments later with 14. *It was also beaten in episode 26 by JTE and Andy with 13. -Between the two teams, going into the Twenty Questions round, the teams had a combined 5600 points (2800 each). -Recently, before Twenty Questions, Jeremy started giving a clue, but due to the skill level of the competitors, he decided not to. +*****Andy, Dan, and JTE are the first three competitors to appear three times. *Andy and Dan are the fourth and fifth to play on two different teams (this is the first time they play against each other). *JTE is the first to play on three different teams and the second to be on the losing team twice. ++Andy becomes the first two-time winner. He also becomes the first person to be on a winning team three times. ++*Hector, Adam, and Matt are the sixth, seventh, and eighth repeat competitors. *Matt is the sixth to play on two different teams. ++**Ken is the ninth repeat competitor and the seventh to play on two different teams. Each time, he was on the same team as a co-host of one of his shows (TV Fights, Watching Thrones). ++***Alicia and Mark are the fourth and fifth competitors (after Andy, Dan, and JTE in episode 12) to appear three times and the second and third (after JTE) to play on three different teams. *They are also the first two to lose three times. *Alicia is the third to be on the losing team twice. *Mark is the first to be on the losing team three times. ++****Sasha and Jejuan are the tenth and eleventh repeat competitors. Although they appear together again, their team name is changed from Roadhouse to Swayze, after Patrick Swayze, the star of the film ''Roadhouse''. ++*****Besides John Rocha, all of the participants are fans. Similar style episodes would later feature Matt Knost and Roger Barr, both of whom would be on the losing teams. +++John took 1:34 while Lindsey took 1:58. Since John was faster, he won. +++*Lucas took 1:03 while Alex took 1:14. +++**Roger is the twelfth repeat competitor. *He is the eighth to appear on two different teams and the fourth to be on the losing team twice. +++***This is the first time both members of the winning team answered all questions correctly in the Third Act. Greg took 1:06 while Clarke took 1:22. +++****Roger is the sixth competitor to appear three times. *He is the fourth to play on three different teams. *He is the third (after Alicia and Mark in episode 16) to lose three times. *He is the second (after Mark) to be on the losing team three times. +++*****Episode 26 is the first since episode 12 to feature four Movie Fights veterans. ++++Already the only two-time winner, Andy becomes the first three-time winner. He also becomes the first person to be on a winning team four times. *He is the fifth to play on three different teams. ++++*Andy and JTE are the first two competitors to appear four times. *Their third time was also in the same episode as each other. *JTE is the first to appear on four different teams. ++++**In a bonus episode with Doug and Samm competing with each other in the Final Act, Samm beat Doug 8-6. ++++***Hector and Adam are the seventh and eighth competitors to appear three times. *They are the first two to appear on the same team for three different episodes. ++++****Spencer becomes the fourth person to appear on Movie Fights, TV Fights, Gamer Fights, and Movie Games (after Roger, Trisha, and Hector). ++++*****Sasha is the ninth competitor to appear three times **She is the ninth to appear on two different teams (if Roadhouse and Swayze are considered the same team) and the fifth to be on the losing team twice. +++++James took 1:31 while Mike took 1:32. Both ended by answering the same question incorrectly. +++++*Joshua took 2:18 while Christian took 3:16. Both ended with wrong answers, but to different questions. +++++**While this episode (like the previous) was a fan episode, Jennifer is the girlfriend of former competitor Casper Van Dien. 5ue4aqx870b7ze1lwc3ekeqb4krahs1 0 415358 4635563 4635525 2026-05-13T13:14:13Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Reference */ Added link to a page 4635563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Formatting}} <br /> ''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters! ''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires. == Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' == <br /> Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the <u>afterlife</u> that are sometimes called the "un-dead," vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die. <br /> Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires <u>of the imagination</u> must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. <br /> This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. <u>About This Book</u> We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the "un-dead," especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires <u>of the imagination</u>. Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias. == Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Factual Basis For Vampires? |- | [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires. |} <br> '''What Type Of Book Is This?''' <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks |- | Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, <BR> use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. <BR> Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project || "Les Vampires" |- | [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]] |} This book will introduce 5 "original" fictional creations (or oddly unique persons): # vampire-person # zombie-person # hungry-ghost-person # ghost-person # demon-person This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. <br /> We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions. What type of book can help people became better writers? A factual book with useful information. <br /> A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development. [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Table Of Content |- | [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]] |- | Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|"Original Fictional Creations"]] |- | Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| "How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?"]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| "Alternative Spellings"]] |- | What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized? |- | Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]] |- | Tips: |- |- '''Cultural Origins''' |- |'''Cultural Vampire Construct''' |- | '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]''' |- | African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]] |- | Latin-American folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Asian folklore: |- |Eastern folklore: |- | Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| "Eastern European Folklore"]] |- |[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |- '''Literary Construct''' |- |'''Literary Construct''' |- |What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] |- | Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: |- | Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] |- | [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| "Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires"]] |- |'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct''' |- |[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]] |- | Popular Culture: Vampires |- | [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| "Science and Vampirism"]] |- | For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| "Scientific Evidence For Vampires"]] |- | Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| "Scientific Evidence Against Vampires"]] |- | Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| "Writing Vampire Prose"]] |- |- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct |- | Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page "Wikisource.org"] |- |Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]] |- | Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|"Vampiro"]] <br /> |- | [[:w:Vampire|"Wikipedia: Vampire"]] |} == Reference == {{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}} <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- | How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer? |- | 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org "Spanish Wikipedia" <ref>http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro</ref>Date: 4/20/2020 |- | 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com "Spanishdict" <ref>https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro</ref> Date: 2/30/2020 |- | 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com "Merrian-Webster" Online Dictionary <ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire</ref>Date: 4/27/2020<br /> |- | 4. Vampyre <nowiki>https://www.urbandictionary.com</nowiki> "Urban Dictionary" <ref>https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre</ref> Date: June/23/2011 <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires |- | "The Vampire" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)<br /> |- | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Alternative Spelling |- | [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire "Dictionary.com: vampire"] |- | [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro "Spanishdict.com: vampire"] |} <br /> Create A Vampire: <br /> <nowiki><ref></nowiki>https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire<nowiki><ref></nowiki><br /> Tips: <br /> <br /> Stereotypes To Avoid:<br /> Kid Vampires. Creating <u>child-vampire</u> types. <br /><br /> [[:es:Vampiro]] [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla "Carmilla by S. L. Fanu"] <br /> <br /> <br /> Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires: [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire] <br /><br /> Against vampires:<br /> <br /> Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition. DEATH [[:w:Death]] <br />{{WikipediaCredit}} <br /> {{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}} {{Status|25%}} mmaar4ns4r2te6p8iqrcjtpzfnk09e1 4635576 4635563 2026-05-13T14:15:00Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Reference */ added link to new page. 4635576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Formatting}} <br /> ''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters! ''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires. == Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' == <br /> Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the <u>afterlife</u> that are sometimes called the "un-dead," vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die. <br /> Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires <u>of the imagination</u> must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. <br /> This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. <u>About This Book</u> We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the "un-dead," especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires <u>of the imagination</u>. Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias. == Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Factual Basis For Vampires? |- | [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires. |} <br> '''What Type Of Book Is This?''' <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks |- | Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, <BR> use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. <BR> Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project || "Les Vampires" |- | [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]] |} This book will introduce 5 "original" fictional creations (or oddly unique persons): # vampire-person # zombie-person # hungry-ghost-person # ghost-person # demon-person This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. <br /> We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions. What type of book can help people became better writers? A factual book with useful information. <br /> A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development. [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Table Of Content |- | [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]] |- | Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|"Original Fictional Creations"]] |- | Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| "How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?"]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| "Alternative Spellings"]] |- | What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized? |- | Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]] |- | Tips: |- |- '''Cultural Origins''' |- |'''Cultural Vampire Construct''' |- | '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]''' |- | African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]] |- | Latin-American folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Asian folklore: |- |Eastern folklore: |- | Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| "Eastern European Folklore"]] |- |[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |- '''Literary Construct''' |- |'''Literary Construct''' |- |What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] |- | Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] |- | Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] |- | [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| "Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires"]] |- |'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct''' |- |[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]] |- | Popular Culture: Vampires |- | [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| "Science and Vampirism"]] |- | For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| "Scientific Evidence For Vampires"]] |- | Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| "Scientific Evidence Against Vampires"]] |- | Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| "Writing Vampire Prose"]] |- |- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct |- | Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page "Wikisource.org"] |- |Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]] |- | Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|"Vampiro"]] <br /> |- | [[:w:Vampire|"Wikipedia: Vampire"]] |} == Reference == {{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}} <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- | How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer? |- | 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org "Spanish Wikipedia" <ref>http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro</ref>Date: 4/20/2020 |- | 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com "Spanishdict" <ref>https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro</ref> Date: 2/30/2020 |- | 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com "Merrian-Webster" Online Dictionary <ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire</ref>Date: 4/27/2020<br /> |- | 4. Vampyre <nowiki>https://www.urbandictionary.com</nowiki> "Urban Dictionary" <ref>https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre</ref> Date: June/23/2011 <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires |- | "The Vampire" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)<br /> |- | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Alternative Spelling |- | [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire "Dictionary.com: vampire"] |- | [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro "Spanishdict.com: vampire"] |} <br /> Create A Vampire: <br /> <nowiki><ref></nowiki>https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire<nowiki><ref></nowiki><br /> Tips: <br /> <br /> Stereotypes To Avoid:<br /> Kid Vampires. Creating <u>child-vampire</u> types. <br /><br /> [[:es:Vampiro]] [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla "Carmilla by S. L. Fanu"] <br /> <br /> <br /> Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires: [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire] <br /><br /> Against vampires:<br /> <br /> Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition. DEATH [[:w:Death]] <br />{{WikipediaCredit}} <br /> {{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}} {{Status|25%}} pfi7bhu02hdbk71prmb5h7lzey7x60l 4635578 4635576 2026-05-13T14:17:43Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Reference */ correct wrong link. 4635578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Formatting}} <br /> ''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters! ''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires. == Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' == <br /> Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the <u>afterlife</u> that are sometimes called the "un-dead," vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die. <br /> Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires <u>of the imagination</u> must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. <br /> This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. <u>About This Book</u> We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the "un-dead," especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires <u>of the imagination</u>. Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias. == Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Factual Basis For Vampires? |- | [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires. |} <br> '''What Type Of Book Is This?''' <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks |- | Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, <BR> use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. <BR> Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project || "Les Vampires" |- | [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]] |} This book will introduce 5 "original" fictional creations (or oddly unique persons): # vampire-person # zombie-person # hungry-ghost-person # ghost-person # demon-person This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. <br /> We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions. What type of book can help people became better writers? A factual book with useful information. <br /> A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development. [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Table Of Content |- | [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]] |- | Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|"Original Fictional Creations"]] |- | Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| "How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?"]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| "Alternative Spellings"]] |- | What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized? |- | Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]] |- | Tips: |- |- '''Cultural Origins''' |- |'''Cultural Vampire Construct''' |- | '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]''' |- | African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]] |- | Latin-American folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Asian folklore: |- |Eastern folklore: |- | Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]] |- | [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| "Eastern European Folklore"]] |- |[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- |- '''Literary Construct''' |- |'''Literary Construct''' |- |What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] |- | Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] |- | Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] |- | [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| "Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires"]] |- |'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct''' |- |[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]] |- | Popular Culture: Vampires |- | [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| "Science and Vampirism"]] |- | For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| "Scientific Evidence For Vampires"]] |- | Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| "Scientific Evidence Against Vampires"]] |- | Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| "Writing Vampire Prose"]] |- |- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct |- | Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page "Wikisource.org"] |- |Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]] |- | Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|"Vampiro"]] <br /> |- | [[:w:Vampire|"Wikipedia: Vampire"]] |} == Reference == {{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}} <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- | How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer? |- | 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org "Spanish Wikipedia" <ref>http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro</ref>Date: 4/20/2020 |- | 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com "Spanishdict" <ref>https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro</ref> Date: 2/30/2020 |- | 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com "Merrian-Webster" Online Dictionary <ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire</ref>Date: 4/27/2020<br /> |- | 4. Vampyre <nowiki>https://www.urbandictionary.com</nowiki> "Urban Dictionary" <ref>https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre</ref> Date: June/23/2011 <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires |- | "The Vampire" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)<br /> |- | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) <br /> |} <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Alternative Spelling |- | [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire "Dictionary.com: vampire"] |- | [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro "Spanishdict.com: vampire"] |} <br /> Create A Vampire: <br /> <nowiki><ref></nowiki>https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire<nowiki><ref></nowiki><br /> Tips: <br /> <br /> Stereotypes To Avoid:<br /> Kid Vampires. Creating <u>child-vampire</u> types. <br /><br /> [[:es:Vampiro]] [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla "Carmilla by S. L. Fanu"] <br /> <br /> <br /> Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires: [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire] <br /><br /> Against vampires:<br /> <br /> Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition. DEATH [[:w:Death]] <br />{{WikipediaCredit}} <br /> {{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}} {{Status|25%}} l98qtt4lvze7uzgv3798mv4c0sj1xc6 0 415777 4635649 4635488 2026-05-14T01:00:27Z JackBot 396820 Formatting, [[Special:UncategorizedPages]] 4635649 wikitext text/x-wiki == Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires == <br> # "The Vampire" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897) [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) "The Vampire at Wikisource"] <br> <br> Kipling's poem is not about a supernatural vampire. It ''is'' about a woman who drains a man's essence, and dignity. <br> She is a ''<u>metaphorical</u>'' vampire.<br> <br> Why is this poem important? <br> Because it shows how the myth of the vampire transformed from folklore to metaphor. She is compared to a vampire (a metaphor) {{BookCat}} r0snrw50sylluyzsp3mi3c0ir89pad1 0 417652 4635594 4635291 2026-05-13T16:48:34Z Tyoyafud 6233 4635594 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Assertive Interjections == [[File:Exclamation mark 2.svg|thumb|]] : Interjections in Mirad include the assertive expressions ''yes'', ''no'' and ''maybe'': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Common Assertive Interjections |- | '''Va!''' || ''Yes!'' |- | '''Ve!''' || ''Maybe!, Perhaps!'' |- | '''Vo!'''* || ''No!'' |} : <small>* Not to be confused with '''voy''', which translates the English adverb '''not''', as in '''Vo, wit <u>voy</u> se tadxwa.'''....''No, he is <u>not</u> married.''</small> : Examples: ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se vay otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am indeed/really unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>, vay.'''....''<u>Yes</u>, indeed.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ay vo. Hus vey se vyaa.'''....''<u>Yes</u> and no. That may be true.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ey vo?'''....''<u>Yes</u> or no?'' ::* '''<u>Ve</u>. At te voy valay.'''....''<u>Maybe</u>. I don't know for sure.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>. At voy vatexe et.'''....''<u>No</u>. I don't believe you.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>! Dilwe von xu hus.'''....''<u>No</u>! Please don't do that.'' ::* '''Et se Amerikama, <u>vao</u>?'''....''You're American, <u>yes or no</u>?'' ::* '''Ven <u>va</u>, (van et) xu has.'''....''If <u>so</u>, (let you) do it.'' ::* '''Ven <u>vo</u>, von (et) xu has.'''....''If <u>not</u>, don't (you) do it.'' : There are also some hybrid combinations of the above assertive expressions: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Interjections |- | '''Vao?''' || ''Yes or no?'' |- | '''Vea!''' || ''Maybe so!'' |- | '''Veo!'''* || ''Maybe not!'' |} == H interjections == : There is a group of common interjections called the '''''H interjections''''', because they all begin with the letter '''h''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Greetings |- !row=1| Initial Greeting | '''hay!''' || ''Hello!, Hi!'' |- !row=1| Vocative Greeting | '''hey!''' || ''Hey!, O!, Oh!'' |- !row=1| Terminal Greeting | '''hoy!''' || ''Goodbye!, Bye!'' |- !row=1| Proximal Specifier | '''hiy!''' || ''Voici!, Here is...'' |- !row=1| Distal Specifier | '''huy!''' || ''Voila!', There is...'' |- !row=1| Positive Exclamation | '''hyay!''' || ''Great! Wow!, Bravo!, Woopee!, Hurrah!'' |- !row=1| Surprise Exclamation | '''hyey!''' || ''What a...!, Oh!, Well!'' |- !row=1| Negative Exclamation | '''hyoy!''' || ''What a pity!, It's a shame!, Woe is...!, Darn it!, Yikes!, Boo!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Thanks | '''hway!¹''' | ''Thanks!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Welcome | '''hwey!''' || ''You're welcome!'', ''Please'' |- !row=1| Expression of Sorrow | '''hwoy!''' || ''Sorry!'', ''Excuse me!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Joy | '''hwiy!''' || ''Whee!'', ''O la la!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Pain | '''hwuy!''' || ''Ouch!'', ''Ow!'', ''That hurts!'' |- !row=1| Laughter | '''hihi!''' | ''Ha ha!'', ''Hee hee!'' |- !row=1| Lamentation | '''huhu!''' | ''Boo hoo!'', ''Woe is me!'', ''Oy veh!'' |- !row=1| Admiration | '''hwaw!²''' || ''Wow!'', ''What a show!'' |- !row=1| Disgust | '''hwow!'''³ || ''Yuck!'', ''Eeoow!'', ''Gross!'' |} : ¹<small>Pronounced like English ''why''. Mirad '''hw''' is pronounced like English '''wh'''.</small> : ²<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+aw''.</small> : ³<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+oh''.</small> === Examples of H Exclamations === ::* '''<u>Hay</u>! Ata dyun se Johan.'''....''<u>Hi</u>! My name is John.'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Johan! Duhoyen et xeye?'''....''<u>Hey</u>, John, how are you doing?'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Tot!'''....''<u>O</u>, God!'' ::* '''<u>Hoy</u>. At teato et zajub.'''....''<u>Bye</u>. I will see you tomorrow.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ha dyen ho et dila.'''....''<u>Here's</u> the book you requested.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> Tob.'''....''<u>Behold</u> Man. (<u>Ecce</u> Homo).'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ata dyundraf.'''....''<u>Here's</u> my caling card.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u>! Se xwa.'''....''<u>Voil&agrave;</u>! It's done.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u> hos at yaka.'''....''<u>There's</u> what I expected.'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u> et!'''....''Good for you!'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u>! Et utnaze his.'''.....''<u>Bravo</u>! You deserve this.'' ::* '''<u>Hway</u>! Et sa gla fitipa.'''.....''<u>Thanks.</u>! You were very kind.'' ::* '''At fu <u>hwayder</u> et.'''....''I'd like to <u>congratulate</u> you.'' ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>!'''....''<u>You're welcome</u>!'' ::* '''Et efe <u>hwoyder</u> at.'''....''You need to <u>apologize</u> to me.'' ::* '''Fi. <u>Hwoy</u>.'''....''Ok. <u>I'm sorry</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> via imaj!''' ....''<u>Oh, what a</u> beautiful morning!'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> At ta voy van et upo.'''....''<u>Oh!</u> I didn't know you were coming.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u> at.'''....''<u>Woe</u> is me.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u>! Ga fia fikyen jonay.'''....''<u>Pity!</u>. Better luck next time.'' ::* '''<u>Hwoy.</u> At yefe hyoder et.'''....''<u>Sorry</u>. I must take leave of you.'' ::* '''<u>Hihi!</u> Hus sa gla diza.'''....''<u>Ha ha</u>! That was very funny.'' ::* '''Von <u>hihidu</u>.'''....''Don't <u>laugh</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Huhu!</u>.'''....''<u>Oy!</u>'' ::* '''Ha tudet voy poxo <u>huhuder</u>.'''....''The baby won't stop <u>crying</u>.'' === Expletives === : Vulgar expletives are not offered here, but may arise naturally in daily speech. === Ways to Say Please === : The English expression ''Please'' can be expressed in various ways: ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>! Yepu.'''....''<u>Please</u>! Come in.'' ('''Hwey''' can also mean ''you're welcome'' in answer to ''thank-you''. ::* '''<u>Diwe</u> von et tyopu ab ha vab.'''....''Please (= <u>it is requested lest you</u>) don't walk on the grass.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe van et</u> yanupu yat.'''....''Please (= <u>it is asked that you</u>) join us.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe</u>!'''....''<u>Please</u>!'' ::* '''<u>Xu (at) (ha) fis bi</u> yubeler at hua tyoyafi.'''....''Please (= <u>do (me) (the) favor of</u>) bring me those shoes.'' : A stronger form of ''please'' is '''dilwe'''....''it is requested''. === Verb Forms of Exclamations === : Many of the interjections in this section can be made into verbs with the addition of '''-der''' (''to utter''), eg.: ::* '''hayder'''....''greet, say hi'' ::* '''heyder'''....''address, call out to, wave down'' ::* '''hoyder'''....''say goodbye to'' ::* '''hyayder'''....''congratulate'' ::* '''hwayder'''....''thank'' ::* '''hwoyder'''....''apologize, excuse oneself, say you're sorry'' ::* '''hihider'''....''laugh'' ::* '''huhuder'''....''boo, cry'' : Some examples using the above verbs: ::* '''Be Eniged, yat <u>hayde</u> hyuti bay "Hi!".'''....''In English, we <u>greet</u> others with "Hi!".'' ::* '''<u>Heydu</u> at bay ha dyun Pedro.'''....''<u>Address</u> me with the name Pedro.'' ::* '''Yat ifu <u>hyayder</u> yet av yeta ujak.'''....''We would like to <u>congratulate</u> you on your success.'' ::* '''<u>Hyadwu</u> av eta bun.'''....''Thank-you (=<u>Be thanked</u>) for your gift.'' ::* '''Hia vyok voy se <u>hihidyefwa</u>.'''....''This mistake is not something to be laughed at (=<u>laugh-worthy</u>).'' ::* '''Von <u>huhudu</u> ayv ilokwa bil.'''....''Don't <u>cry</u> over spilt milk.'' <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Conjunctions|Hybrids |TOC mini}}</noinclude> == Inflectional Morphemes == : Mirad has very few inflectional morphemes. === Noun Inflections === : The only noun inflection is the suffix: ::* '''-i'''....plural marker === Verb Inflections === : The following are the verb inflections: ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' k7w5i643gq1vk20dh4cm62t1hc06gap 4635597 4635594 2026-05-13T16:56:00Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Verb Forms of Exclamations */ 4635597 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Assertive Interjections == [[File:Exclamation mark 2.svg|thumb|]] : Interjections in Mirad include the assertive expressions ''yes'', ''no'' and ''maybe'': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Common Assertive Interjections |- | '''Va!''' || ''Yes!'' |- | '''Ve!''' || ''Maybe!, Perhaps!'' |- | '''Vo!'''* || ''No!'' |} : <small>* Not to be confused with '''voy''', which translates the English adverb '''not''', as in '''Vo, wit <u>voy</u> se tadxwa.'''....''No, he is <u>not</u> married.''</small> : Examples: ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se vay otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am indeed/really unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>, vay.'''....''<u>Yes</u>, indeed.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ay vo. Hus vey se vyaa.'''....''<u>Yes</u> and no. That may be true.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ey vo?'''....''<u>Yes</u> or no?'' ::* '''<u>Ve</u>. At te voy valay.'''....''<u>Maybe</u>. I don't know for sure.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>. At voy vatexe et.'''....''<u>No</u>. I don't believe you.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>! Dilwe von xu hus.'''....''<u>No</u>! Please don't do that.'' ::* '''Et se Amerikama, <u>vao</u>?'''....''You're American, <u>yes or no</u>?'' ::* '''Ven <u>va</u>, (van et) xu has.'''....''If <u>so</u>, (let you) do it.'' ::* '''Ven <u>vo</u>, von (et) xu has.'''....''If <u>not</u>, don't (you) do it.'' : There are also some hybrid combinations of the above assertive expressions: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Interjections |- | '''Vao?''' || ''Yes or no?'' |- | '''Vea!''' || ''Maybe so!'' |- | '''Veo!'''* || ''Maybe not!'' |} == H interjections == : There is a group of common interjections called the '''''H interjections''''', because they all begin with the letter '''h''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Greetings |- !row=1| Initial Greeting | '''hay!''' || ''Hello!, Hi!'' |- !row=1| Vocative Greeting | '''hey!''' || ''Hey!, O!, Oh!'' |- !row=1| Terminal Greeting | '''hoy!''' || ''Goodbye!, Bye!'' |- !row=1| Proximal Specifier | '''hiy!''' || ''Voici!, Here is...'' |- !row=1| Distal Specifier | '''huy!''' || ''Voila!', There is...'' |- !row=1| Positive Exclamation | '''hyay!''' || ''Great! Wow!, Bravo!, Woopee!, Hurrah!'' |- !row=1| Surprise Exclamation | '''hyey!''' || ''What a...!, Oh!, Well!'' |- !row=1| Negative Exclamation | '''hyoy!''' || ''What a pity!, It's a shame!, Woe is...!, Darn it!, Yikes!, Boo!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Thanks | '''hway!¹''' | ''Thanks!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Welcome | '''hwey!''' || ''You're welcome!'', ''Please'' |- !row=1| Expression of Sorrow | '''hwoy!''' || ''Sorry!'', ''Excuse me!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Joy | '''hwiy!''' || ''Whee!'', ''O la la!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Pain | '''hwuy!''' || ''Ouch!'', ''Ow!'', ''That hurts!'' |- !row=1| Laughter | '''hihi!''' | ''Ha ha!'', ''Hee hee!'' |- !row=1| Lamentation | '''huhu!''' | ''Boo hoo!'', ''Woe is me!'', ''Oy veh!'' |- !row=1| Admiration | '''hwaw!²''' || ''Wow!'', ''What a show!'' |- !row=1| Disgust | '''hwow!'''³ || ''Yuck!'', ''Eeoow!'', ''Gross!'' |} : ¹<small>Pronounced like English ''why''. Mirad '''hw''' is pronounced like English '''wh'''.</small> : ²<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+aw''.</small> : ³<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+oh''.</small> === Examples of H Exclamations === ::* '''<u>Hay</u>! Ata dyun se Johan.'''....''<u>Hi</u>! My name is John.'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Johan! Duhoyen et xeye?'''....''<u>Hey</u>, John, how are you doing?'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Tot!'''....''<u>O</u>, God!'' ::* '''<u>Hoy</u>. At teato et zajub.'''....''<u>Bye</u>. I will see you tomorrow.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ha dyen ho et dila.'''....''<u>Here's</u> the book you requested.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> Tob.'''....''<u>Behold</u> Man. (<u>Ecce</u> Homo).'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ata dyundraf.'''....''<u>Here's</u> my caling card.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u>! Se xwa.'''....''<u>Voil&agrave;</u>! It's done.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u> hos at yaka.'''....''<u>There's</u> what I expected.'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u> et!'''....''Good for you!'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u>! Et utnaze his.'''.....''<u>Bravo</u>! You deserve this.'' ::* '''<u>Hway</u>! Et sa gla fitipa.'''.....''<u>Thanks.</u>! You were very kind.'' ::* '''At fu <u>hwayder</u> et.'''....''I'd like to <u>congratulate</u> you.'' ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>!'''....''<u>You're welcome</u>!'' ::* '''Et efe <u>hwoyder</u> at.'''....''You need to <u>apologize</u> to me.'' ::* '''Fi. <u>Hwoy</u>.'''....''Ok. <u>I'm sorry</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> via imaj!''' ....''<u>Oh, what a</u> beautiful morning!'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> At ta voy van et upo.'''....''<u>Oh!</u> I didn't know you were coming.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u> at.'''....''<u>Woe</u> is me.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u>! Ga fia fikyen jonay.'''....''<u>Pity!</u>. Better luck next time.'' ::* '''<u>Hwoy.</u> At yefe hyoder et.'''....''<u>Sorry</u>. I must take leave of you.'' ::* '''<u>Hihi!</u> Hus sa gla diza.'''....''<u>Ha ha</u>! That was very funny.'' ::* '''Von <u>hihidu</u>.'''....''Don't <u>laugh</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Huhu!</u>.'''....''<u>Oy!</u>'' ::* '''Ha tudet voy poxo <u>huhuder</u>.'''....''The baby won't stop <u>crying</u>.'' === Expletives === : Vulgar expletives are not offered here, but may arise naturally in daily speech. === Ways to Say Please === : The English expression ''Please'' can be expressed in various ways: ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>! Yepu.'''....''<u>Please</u>! Come in.'' ('''Hwey''' can also mean ''you're welcome'' in answer to ''thank-you''. ::* '''<u>Diwe</u> von et tyopu ab ha vab.'''....''Please (= <u>it is requested lest you</u>) don't walk on the grass.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe van et</u> yanupu yat.'''....''Please (= <u>it is asked that you</u>) join us.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe</u>!'''....''<u>Please</u>!'' ::* '''<u>Xu (at) (ha) fis bi</u> yubeler at hua tyoyafi.'''....''Please (= <u>do (me) (the) favor of</u>) bring me those shoes.'' : A stronger form of ''please'' is '''dilwe'''....''it is requested''. === Verb Forms of Exclamations === : Many of the interjections in this section can be made into verbs with the addition of '''-der''' (''to utter''), eg.: ::* '''hayder'''....''greet, say hi'' ::* '''heyder'''....''address, call out to, wave down'' ::* '''hoyder'''....''say goodbye to'' ::* '''hyayder'''....''congratulate'' ::* '''hwayder'''....''thank'' ::* '''hwoyder'''....''apologize, excuse oneself, say you're sorry'' ::* '''hihider'''....''laugh'' ::* '''huhuder'''....''boo, cry'' : Some examples using the above verbs: ::* '''Be Eniged, yat <u>hayde</u> hyuti bay "Hi!".'''....''In English, we <u>greet</u> others with "Hi!".'' ::* '''<u>Heydu</u> at bay ha dyun Pedro.'''....''<u>Address</u> me with the name Pedro.'' ::* '''Yat ifu <u>hyayder</u> yet av yeta ujak.'''....''We would like to <u>congratulate</u> you on your success.'' ::* '''<u>Hyadwu</u> av eta bun.'''....''Thank-you (=<u>Be thanked</u>) for your gift.'' ::* '''Hia vyok voy se <u>hihidyefwa</u>.'''....''This mistake is not something to be laughed at (=<u>laugh-worthy</u>).'' ::* '''Von <u>huhudu</u> ayv ilokwa bil.'''....''Don't <u>cry</u> over spilt milk.'' <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Conjunctions|Inflectional Morphemes |TOC mini}}</noinclude> == Inflectional Morphemes == : Mirad has very few inflectional morphemes. === Noun Inflections === : The only noun inflection is the suffix: ::* '''-i'''....plural marker === Verb Inflections === : The following are the verb inflections: ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' 10arfbuj5kne1ybpfqmph73dvv4q74u 4635598 4635597 2026-05-13T17:05:08Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Inflectional Morphemes */ 4635598 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Assertive Interjections == [[File:Exclamation mark 2.svg|thumb|]] : Interjections in Mirad include the assertive expressions ''yes'', ''no'' and ''maybe'': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Common Assertive Interjections |- | '''Va!''' || ''Yes!'' |- | '''Ve!''' || ''Maybe!, Perhaps!'' |- | '''Vo!'''* || ''No!'' |} : <small>* Not to be confused with '''voy''', which translates the English adverb '''not''', as in '''Vo, wit <u>voy</u> se tadxwa.'''....''No, he is <u>not</u> married.''</small> : Examples: ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se vay otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am indeed/really unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>, vay.'''....''<u>Yes</u>, indeed.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ay vo. Hus vey se vyaa.'''....''<u>Yes</u> and no. That may be true.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ey vo?'''....''<u>Yes</u> or no?'' ::* '''<u>Ve</u>. At te voy valay.'''....''<u>Maybe</u>. I don't know for sure.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>. At voy vatexe et.'''....''<u>No</u>. I don't believe you.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>! Dilwe von xu hus.'''....''<u>No</u>! Please don't do that.'' ::* '''Et se Amerikama, <u>vao</u>?'''....''You're American, <u>yes or no</u>?'' ::* '''Ven <u>va</u>, (van et) xu has.'''....''If <u>so</u>, (let you) do it.'' ::* '''Ven <u>vo</u>, von (et) xu has.'''....''If <u>not</u>, don't (you) do it.'' : There are also some hybrid combinations of the above assertive expressions: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Interjections |- | '''Vao?''' || ''Yes or no?'' |- | '''Vea!''' || ''Maybe so!'' |- | '''Veo!'''* || ''Maybe not!'' |} == H interjections == : There is a group of common interjections called the '''''H interjections''''', because they all begin with the letter '''h''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Greetings |- !row=1| Initial Greeting | '''hay!''' || ''Hello!, Hi!'' |- !row=1| Vocative Greeting | '''hey!''' || ''Hey!, O!, Oh!'' |- !row=1| Terminal Greeting | '''hoy!''' || ''Goodbye!, Bye!'' |- !row=1| Proximal Specifier | '''hiy!''' || ''Voici!, Here is...'' |- !row=1| Distal Specifier | '''huy!''' || ''Voila!', There is...'' |- !row=1| Positive Exclamation | '''hyay!''' || ''Great! Wow!, Bravo!, Woopee!, Hurrah!'' |- !row=1| Surprise Exclamation | '''hyey!''' || ''What a...!, Oh!, Well!'' |- !row=1| Negative Exclamation | '''hyoy!''' || ''What a pity!, It's a shame!, Woe is...!, Darn it!, Yikes!, Boo!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Thanks | '''hway!¹''' | ''Thanks!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Welcome | '''hwey!''' || ''You're welcome!'', ''Please'' |- !row=1| Expression of Sorrow | '''hwoy!''' || ''Sorry!'', ''Excuse me!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Joy | '''hwiy!''' || ''Whee!'', ''O la la!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Pain | '''hwuy!''' || ''Ouch!'', ''Ow!'', ''That hurts!'' |- !row=1| Laughter | '''hihi!''' | ''Ha ha!'', ''Hee hee!'' |- !row=1| Lamentation | '''huhu!''' | ''Boo hoo!'', ''Woe is me!'', ''Oy veh!'' |- !row=1| Admiration | '''hwaw!²''' || ''Wow!'', ''What a show!'' |- !row=1| Disgust | '''hwow!'''³ || ''Yuck!'', ''Eeoow!'', ''Gross!'' |} : ¹<small>Pronounced like English ''why''. Mirad '''hw''' is pronounced like English '''wh'''.</small> : ²<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+aw''.</small> : ³<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+oh''.</small> === Examples of H Exclamations === ::* '''<u>Hay</u>! Ata dyun se Johan.'''....''<u>Hi</u>! My name is John.'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Johan! Duhoyen et xeye?'''....''<u>Hey</u>, John, how are you doing?'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Tot!'''....''<u>O</u>, God!'' ::* '''<u>Hoy</u>. At teato et zajub.'''....''<u>Bye</u>. I will see you tomorrow.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ha dyen ho et dila.'''....''<u>Here's</u> the book you requested.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> Tob.'''....''<u>Behold</u> Man. (<u>Ecce</u> Homo).'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ata dyundraf.'''....''<u>Here's</u> my caling card.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u>! Se xwa.'''....''<u>Voil&agrave;</u>! It's done.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u> hos at yaka.'''....''<u>There's</u> what I expected.'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u> et!'''....''Good for you!'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u>! Et utnaze his.'''.....''<u>Bravo</u>! You deserve this.'' ::* '''<u>Hway</u>! Et sa gla fitipa.'''.....''<u>Thanks.</u>! You were very kind.'' ::* '''At fu <u>hwayder</u> et.'''....''I'd like to <u>congratulate</u> you.'' ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>!'''....''<u>You're welcome</u>!'' ::* '''Et efe <u>hwoyder</u> at.'''....''You need to <u>apologize</u> to me.'' ::* '''Fi. <u>Hwoy</u>.'''....''Ok. <u>I'm sorry</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> via imaj!''' ....''<u>Oh, what a</u> beautiful morning!'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> At ta voy van et upo.'''....''<u>Oh!</u> I didn't know you were coming.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u> at.'''....''<u>Woe</u> is me.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u>! Ga fia fikyen jonay.'''....''<u>Pity!</u>. Better luck next time.'' ::* '''<u>Hwoy.</u> At yefe hyoder et.'''....''<u>Sorry</u>. I must take leave of you.'' ::* '''<u>Hihi!</u> Hus sa gla diza.'''....''<u>Ha ha</u>! That was very funny.'' ::* '''Von <u>hihidu</u>.'''....''Don't <u>laugh</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Huhu!</u>.'''....''<u>Oy!</u>'' ::* '''Ha tudet voy poxo <u>huhuder</u>.'''....''The baby won't stop <u>crying</u>.'' === Expletives === : Vulgar expletives are not offered here, but may arise naturally in daily speech. === Ways to Say Please === : The English expression ''Please'' can be expressed in various ways: ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>! Yepu.'''....''<u>Please</u>! Come in.'' ('''Hwey''' can also mean ''you're welcome'' in answer to ''thank-you''. ::* '''<u>Diwe</u> von et tyopu ab ha vab.'''....''Please (= <u>it is requested lest you</u>) don't walk on the grass.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe van et</u> yanupu yat.'''....''Please (= <u>it is asked that you</u>) join us.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe</u>!'''....''<u>Please</u>!'' ::* '''<u>Xu (at) (ha) fis bi</u> yubeler at hua tyoyafi.'''....''Please (= <u>do (me) (the) favor of</u>) bring me those shoes.'' : A stronger form of ''please'' is '''dilwe'''....''it is requested''. === Verb Forms of Exclamations === : Many of the interjections in this section can be made into verbs with the addition of '''-der''' (''to utter''), eg.: ::* '''hayder'''....''greet, say hi'' ::* '''heyder'''....''address, call out to, wave down'' ::* '''hoyder'''....''say goodbye to'' ::* '''hyayder'''....''congratulate'' ::* '''hwayder'''....''thank'' ::* '''hwoyder'''....''apologize, excuse oneself, say you're sorry'' ::* '''hihider'''....''laugh'' ::* '''huhuder'''....''boo, cry'' : Some examples using the above verbs: ::* '''Be Eniged, yat <u>hayde</u> hyuti bay "Hi!".'''....''In English, we <u>greet</u> others with "Hi!".'' ::* '''<u>Heydu</u> at bay ha dyun Pedro.'''....''<u>Address</u> me with the name Pedro.'' ::* '''Yat ifu <u>hyayder</u> yet av yeta ujak.'''....''We would like to <u>congratulate</u> you on your success.'' ::* '''<u>Hyadwu</u> av eta bun.'''....''Thank-you (=<u>Be thanked</u>) for your gift.'' ::* '''Hia vyok voy se <u>hihidyefwa</u>.'''....''This mistake is not something to be laughed at (=<u>laugh-worthy</u>).'' ::* '''Von <u>huhudu</u> ayv ilokwa bil.'''....''Don't <u>cry</u> over spilt milk.'' <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Conjunctions|Inflectional Morphemes |TOC mini}}</noinclude> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC| |TOC mini}}</noinclude> = Inflectional Morphemes = : Mirad has very few inflectional morphemes. == Noun Inflections === : The only noun inflection is the suffix: ::* '''-i'''....plural marker == Verb Inflections === : The following are the verb inflections: ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC| |TOC mini}}</noinclude> 1wvlv4ll090pwav14nxgaz3t1mei2x8 4635599 4635598 2026-05-13T17:10:03Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Inflectional Morphemes */ 4635599 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Assertive Interjections == [[File:Exclamation mark 2.svg|thumb|]] : Interjections in Mirad include the assertive expressions ''yes'', ''no'' and ''maybe'': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Common Assertive Interjections |- | '''Va!''' || ''Yes!'' |- | '''Ve!''' || ''Maybe!, Perhaps!'' |- | '''Vo!'''* || ''No!'' |} : <small>* Not to be confused with '''voy''', which translates the English adverb '''not''', as in '''Vo, wit <u>voy</u> se tadxwa.'''....''No, he is <u>not</u> married.''</small> : Examples: ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se vay otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am indeed/really unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>, vay.'''....''<u>Yes</u>, indeed.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ay vo. Hus vey se vyaa.'''....''<u>Yes</u> and no. That may be true.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ey vo?'''....''<u>Yes</u> or no?'' ::* '''<u>Ve</u>. At te voy valay.'''....''<u>Maybe</u>. I don't know for sure.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>. At voy vatexe et.'''....''<u>No</u>. I don't believe you.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>! Dilwe von xu hus.'''....''<u>No</u>! Please don't do that.'' ::* '''Et se Amerikama, <u>vao</u>?'''....''You're American, <u>yes or no</u>?'' ::* '''Ven <u>va</u>, (van et) xu has.'''....''If <u>so</u>, (let you) do it.'' ::* '''Ven <u>vo</u>, von (et) xu has.'''....''If <u>not</u>, don't (you) do it.'' : There are also some hybrid combinations of the above assertive expressions: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Interjections |- | '''Vao?''' || ''Yes or no?'' |- | '''Vea!''' || ''Maybe so!'' |- | '''Veo!'''* || ''Maybe not!'' |} == H interjections == : There is a group of common interjections called the '''''H interjections''''', because they all begin with the letter '''h''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Greetings |- !row=1| Initial Greeting | '''hay!''' || ''Hello!, Hi!'' |- !row=1| Vocative Greeting | '''hey!''' || ''Hey!, O!, Oh!'' |- !row=1| Terminal Greeting | '''hoy!''' || ''Goodbye!, Bye!'' |- !row=1| Proximal Specifier | '''hiy!''' || ''Voici!, Here is...'' |- !row=1| Distal Specifier | '''huy!''' || ''Voila!', There is...'' |- !row=1| Positive Exclamation | '''hyay!''' || ''Great! Wow!, Bravo!, Woopee!, Hurrah!'' |- !row=1| Surprise Exclamation | '''hyey!''' || ''What a...!, Oh!, Well!'' |- !row=1| Negative Exclamation | '''hyoy!''' || ''What a pity!, It's a shame!, Woe is...!, Darn it!, Yikes!, Boo!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Thanks | '''hway!¹''' | ''Thanks!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Welcome | '''hwey!''' || ''You're welcome!'', ''Please'' |- !row=1| Expression of Sorrow | '''hwoy!''' || ''Sorry!'', ''Excuse me!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Joy | '''hwiy!''' || ''Whee!'', ''O la la!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Pain | '''hwuy!''' || ''Ouch!'', ''Ow!'', ''That hurts!'' |- !row=1| Laughter | '''hihi!''' | ''Ha ha!'', ''Hee hee!'' |- !row=1| Lamentation | '''huhu!''' | ''Boo hoo!'', ''Woe is me!'', ''Oy veh!'' |- !row=1| Admiration | '''hwaw!²''' || ''Wow!'', ''What a show!'' |- !row=1| Disgust | '''hwow!'''³ || ''Yuck!'', ''Eeoow!'', ''Gross!'' |} : ¹<small>Pronounced like English ''why''. Mirad '''hw''' is pronounced like English '''wh'''.</small> : ²<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+aw''.</small> : ³<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+oh''.</small> === Examples of H Exclamations === ::* '''<u>Hay</u>! Ata dyun se Johan.'''....''<u>Hi</u>! My name is John.'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Johan! Duhoyen et xeye?'''....''<u>Hey</u>, John, how are you doing?'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Tot!'''....''<u>O</u>, God!'' ::* '''<u>Hoy</u>. At teato et zajub.'''....''<u>Bye</u>. I will see you tomorrow.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ha dyen ho et dila.'''....''<u>Here's</u> the book you requested.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> Tob.'''....''<u>Behold</u> Man. (<u>Ecce</u> Homo).'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ata dyundraf.'''....''<u>Here's</u> my caling card.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u>! Se xwa.'''....''<u>Voil&agrave;</u>! It's done.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u> hos at yaka.'''....''<u>There's</u> what I expected.'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u> et!'''....''Good for you!'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u>! Et utnaze his.'''.....''<u>Bravo</u>! You deserve this.'' ::* '''<u>Hway</u>! Et sa gla fitipa.'''.....''<u>Thanks.</u>! You were very kind.'' ::* '''At fu <u>hwayder</u> et.'''....''I'd like to <u>congratulate</u> you.'' ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>!'''....''<u>You're welcome</u>!'' ::* '''Et efe <u>hwoyder</u> at.'''....''You need to <u>apologize</u> to me.'' ::* '''Fi. <u>Hwoy</u>.'''....''Ok. <u>I'm sorry</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> via imaj!''' ....''<u>Oh, what a</u> beautiful morning!'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> At ta voy van et upo.'''....''<u>Oh!</u> I didn't know you were coming.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u> at.'''....''<u>Woe</u> is me.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u>! Ga fia fikyen jonay.'''....''<u>Pity!</u>. Better luck next time.'' ::* '''<u>Hwoy.</u> At yefe hyoder et.'''....''<u>Sorry</u>. I must take leave of you.'' ::* '''<u>Hihi!</u> Hus sa gla diza.'''....''<u>Ha ha</u>! That was very funny.'' ::* '''Von <u>hihidu</u>.'''....''Don't <u>laugh</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Huhu!</u>.'''....''<u>Oy!</u>'' ::* '''Ha tudet voy poxo <u>huhuder</u>.'''....''The baby won't stop <u>crying</u>.'' === Expletives === : Vulgar expletives are not offered here, but may arise naturally in daily speech. === Ways to Say Please === : The English expression ''Please'' can be expressed in various ways: ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>! Yepu.'''....''<u>Please</u>! Come in.'' ('''Hwey''' can also mean ''you're welcome'' in answer to ''thank-you''. ::* '''<u>Diwe</u> von et tyopu ab ha vab.'''....''Please (= <u>it is requested lest you</u>) don't walk on the grass.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe van et</u> yanupu yat.'''....''Please (= <u>it is asked that you</u>) join us.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe</u>!'''....''<u>Please</u>!'' ::* '''<u>Xu (at) (ha) fis bi</u> yubeler at hua tyoyafi.'''....''Please (= <u>do (me) (the) favor of</u>) bring me those shoes.'' : A stronger form of ''please'' is '''dilwe'''....''it is requested''. === Verb Forms of Exclamations === : Many of the interjections in this section can be made into verbs with the addition of '''-der''' (''to utter''), eg.: ::* '''hayder'''....''greet, say hi'' ::* '''heyder'''....''address, call out to, wave down'' ::* '''hoyder'''....''say goodbye to'' ::* '''hyayder'''....''congratulate'' ::* '''hwayder'''....''thank'' ::* '''hwoyder'''....''apologize, excuse oneself, say you're sorry'' ::* '''hihider'''....''laugh'' ::* '''huhuder'''....''boo, cry'' : Some examples using the above verbs: ::* '''Be Eniged, yat <u>hayde</u> hyuti bay "Hi!".'''....''In English, we <u>greet</u> others with "Hi!".'' ::* '''<u>Heydu</u> at bay ha dyun Pedro.'''....''<u>Address</u> me with the name Pedro.'' ::* '''Yat ifu <u>hyayder</u> yet av yeta ujak.'''....''We would like to <u>congratulate</u> you on your success.'' ::* '''<u>Hyadwu</u> av eta bun.'''....''Thank-you (=<u>Be thanked</u>) for your gift.'' ::* '''Hia vyok voy se <u>hihidyefwa</u>.'''....''This mistake is not something to be laughed at (=<u>laugh-worthy</u>).'' ::* '''Von <u>huhudu</u> ayv ilokwa bil.'''....''Don't <u>cry</u> over spilt milk.'' <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Conjunctions|Inflectional Morphemes |TOC mini}}</noinclude> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC| |TOC mini}}</noinclude> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|H Interjections|Derivational Morphemes |TOC mini}}</noinclude> = Inflectional Morphemes = : Mirad has very few inflectional morphemes. == Noun Inflections === : The only noun inflection is the suffix: ::* '''-i'''....plural marker == Verb Inflections === : The following are the verb inflections: ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|H Interjections|Derivational Morphemes |TOC mini}}</noinclude> = Derivational Morphemes = : Derivational morphemes change the part of speech of words. <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Noun Inflections| |TOC mini}}</noinclude> lmdago3nv0fzrqptmac4n3hyoei0xo0 4635600 4635599 2026-05-13T17:10:39Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Noun Inflections = */ 4635600 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Assertive Interjections == [[File:Exclamation mark 2.svg|thumb|]] : Interjections in Mirad include the assertive expressions ''yes'', ''no'' and ''maybe'': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Common Assertive Interjections |- | '''Va!''' || ''Yes!'' |- | '''Ve!''' || ''Maybe!, Perhaps!'' |- | '''Vo!'''* || ''No!'' |} : <small>* Not to be confused with '''voy''', which translates the English adverb '''not''', as in '''Vo, wit <u>voy</u> se tadxwa.'''....''No, he is <u>not</u> married.''</small> : Examples: ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se vay otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am indeed/really unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>, vay.'''....''<u>Yes</u>, indeed.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ay vo. Hus vey se vyaa.'''....''<u>Yes</u> and no. That may be true.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ey vo?'''....''<u>Yes</u> or no?'' ::* '''<u>Ve</u>. At te voy valay.'''....''<u>Maybe</u>. I don't know for sure.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>. At voy vatexe et.'''....''<u>No</u>. I don't believe you.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>! Dilwe von xu hus.'''....''<u>No</u>! Please don't do that.'' ::* '''Et se Amerikama, <u>vao</u>?'''....''You're American, <u>yes or no</u>?'' ::* '''Ven <u>va</u>, (van et) xu has.'''....''If <u>so</u>, (let you) do it.'' ::* '''Ven <u>vo</u>, von (et) xu has.'''....''If <u>not</u>, don't (you) do it.'' : There are also some hybrid combinations of the above assertive expressions: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Interjections |- | '''Vao?''' || ''Yes or no?'' |- | '''Vea!''' || ''Maybe so!'' |- | '''Veo!'''* || ''Maybe not!'' |} == H interjections == : There is a group of common interjections called the '''''H interjections''''', because they all begin with the letter '''h''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Greetings |- !row=1| Initial Greeting | '''hay!''' || ''Hello!, Hi!'' |- !row=1| Vocative Greeting | '''hey!''' || ''Hey!, O!, Oh!'' |- !row=1| Terminal Greeting | '''hoy!''' || ''Goodbye!, Bye!'' |- !row=1| Proximal Specifier | '''hiy!''' || ''Voici!, Here is...'' |- !row=1| Distal Specifier | '''huy!''' || ''Voila!', There is...'' |- !row=1| Positive Exclamation | '''hyay!''' || ''Great! Wow!, Bravo!, Woopee!, Hurrah!'' |- !row=1| Surprise Exclamation | '''hyey!''' || ''What a...!, Oh!, Well!'' |- !row=1| Negative Exclamation | '''hyoy!''' || ''What a pity!, It's a shame!, Woe is...!, Darn it!, Yikes!, Boo!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Thanks | '''hway!¹''' | ''Thanks!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Welcome | '''hwey!''' || ''You're welcome!'', ''Please'' |- !row=1| Expression of Sorrow | '''hwoy!''' || ''Sorry!'', ''Excuse me!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Joy | '''hwiy!''' || ''Whee!'', ''O la la!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Pain | '''hwuy!''' || ''Ouch!'', ''Ow!'', ''That hurts!'' |- !row=1| Laughter | '''hihi!''' | ''Ha ha!'', ''Hee hee!'' |- !row=1| Lamentation | '''huhu!''' | ''Boo hoo!'', ''Woe is me!'', ''Oy veh!'' |- !row=1| Admiration | '''hwaw!²''' || ''Wow!'', ''What a show!'' |- !row=1| Disgust | '''hwow!'''³ || ''Yuck!'', ''Eeoow!'', ''Gross!'' |} : ¹<small>Pronounced like English ''why''. Mirad '''hw''' is pronounced like English '''wh'''.</small> : ²<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+aw''.</small> : ³<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+oh''.</small> === Examples of H Exclamations === ::* '''<u>Hay</u>! Ata dyun se Johan.'''....''<u>Hi</u>! My name is John.'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Johan! Duhoyen et xeye?'''....''<u>Hey</u>, John, how are you doing?'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Tot!'''....''<u>O</u>, God!'' ::* '''<u>Hoy</u>. At teato et zajub.'''....''<u>Bye</u>. I will see you tomorrow.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ha dyen ho et dila.'''....''<u>Here's</u> the book you requested.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> Tob.'''....''<u>Behold</u> Man. (<u>Ecce</u> Homo).'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ata dyundraf.'''....''<u>Here's</u> my caling card.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u>! Se xwa.'''....''<u>Voil&agrave;</u>! It's done.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u> hos at yaka.'''....''<u>There's</u> what I expected.'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u> et!'''....''Good for you!'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u>! Et utnaze his.'''.....''<u>Bravo</u>! You deserve this.'' ::* '''<u>Hway</u>! Et sa gla fitipa.'''.....''<u>Thanks.</u>! You were very kind.'' ::* '''At fu <u>hwayder</u> et.'''....''I'd like to <u>congratulate</u> you.'' ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>!'''....''<u>You're welcome</u>!'' ::* '''Et efe <u>hwoyder</u> at.'''....''You need to <u>apologize</u> to me.'' ::* '''Fi. <u>Hwoy</u>.'''....''Ok. <u>I'm sorry</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> via imaj!''' ....''<u>Oh, what a</u> beautiful morning!'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> At ta voy van et upo.'''....''<u>Oh!</u> I didn't know you were coming.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u> at.'''....''<u>Woe</u> is me.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u>! Ga fia fikyen jonay.'''....''<u>Pity!</u>. Better luck next time.'' ::* '''<u>Hwoy.</u> At yefe hyoder et.'''....''<u>Sorry</u>. I must take leave of you.'' ::* '''<u>Hihi!</u> Hus sa gla diza.'''....''<u>Ha ha</u>! That was very funny.'' ::* '''Von <u>hihidu</u>.'''....''Don't <u>laugh</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Huhu!</u>.'''....''<u>Oy!</u>'' ::* '''Ha tudet voy poxo <u>huhuder</u>.'''....''The baby won't stop <u>crying</u>.'' === Expletives === : Vulgar expletives are not offered here, but may arise naturally in daily speech. === Ways to Say Please === : The English expression ''Please'' can be expressed in various ways: ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>! Yepu.'''....''<u>Please</u>! Come in.'' ('''Hwey''' can also mean ''you're welcome'' in answer to ''thank-you''. ::* '''<u>Diwe</u> von et tyopu ab ha vab.'''....''Please (= <u>it is requested lest you</u>) don't walk on the grass.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe van et</u> yanupu yat.'''....''Please (= <u>it is asked that you</u>) join us.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe</u>!'''....''<u>Please</u>!'' ::* '''<u>Xu (at) (ha) fis bi</u> yubeler at hua tyoyafi.'''....''Please (= <u>do (me) (the) favor of</u>) bring me those shoes.'' : A stronger form of ''please'' is '''dilwe'''....''it is requested''. === Verb Forms of Exclamations === : Many of the interjections in this section can be made into verbs with the addition of '''-der''' (''to utter''), eg.: ::* '''hayder'''....''greet, say hi'' ::* '''heyder'''....''address, call out to, wave down'' ::* '''hoyder'''....''say goodbye to'' ::* '''hyayder'''....''congratulate'' ::* '''hwayder'''....''thank'' ::* '''hwoyder'''....''apologize, excuse oneself, say you're sorry'' ::* '''hihider'''....''laugh'' ::* '''huhuder'''....''boo, cry'' : Some examples using the above verbs: ::* '''Be Eniged, yat <u>hayde</u> hyuti bay "Hi!".'''....''In English, we <u>greet</u> others with "Hi!".'' ::* '''<u>Heydu</u> at bay ha dyun Pedro.'''....''<u>Address</u> me with the name Pedro.'' ::* '''Yat ifu <u>hyayder</u> yet av yeta ujak.'''....''We would like to <u>congratulate</u> you on your success.'' ::* '''<u>Hyadwu</u> av eta bun.'''....''Thank-you (=<u>Be thanked</u>) for your gift.'' ::* '''Hia vyok voy se <u>hihidyefwa</u>.'''....''This mistake is not something to be laughed at (=<u>laugh-worthy</u>).'' ::* '''Von <u>huhudu</u> ayv ilokwa bil.'''....''Don't <u>cry</u> over spilt milk.'' <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Conjunctions|Inflectional Morphemes |TOC mini}}</noinclude> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC| |TOC mini}}</noinclude> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|H Interjections|Derivational Morphemes |TOC mini}}</noinclude> = Inflectional Morphemes = : Mirad has very few inflectional morphemes. == Noun Inflections == : The only noun inflection is the suffix: ::* '''-i'''....plural marker == Verb Inflections === : The following are the verb inflections: ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|H Interjections|Derivational Morphemes |TOC mini}}</noinclude> = Derivational Morphemes = : Derivational morphemes change the part of speech of words. <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Noun Inflections| |TOC mini}}</noinclude> nadi1rx04mvadu2qa7n6qb9i334qqz8 4635601 4635600 2026-05-13T17:10:51Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Verb Inflections = */ 4635601 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Assertive Interjections == [[File:Exclamation mark 2.svg|thumb|]] : Interjections in Mirad include the assertive expressions ''yes'', ''no'' and ''maybe'': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Common Assertive Interjections |- | '''Va!''' || ''Yes!'' |- | '''Ve!''' || ''Maybe!, Perhaps!'' |- | '''Vo!'''* || ''No!'' |} : <small>* Not to be confused with '''voy''', which translates the English adverb '''not''', as in '''Vo, wit <u>voy</u> se tadxwa.'''....''No, he is <u>not</u> married.''</small> : Examples: ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se vay otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am indeed/really unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>, vay.'''....''<u>Yes</u>, indeed.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ay vo. Hus vey se vyaa.'''....''<u>Yes</u> and no. That may be true.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ey vo?'''....''<u>Yes</u> or no?'' ::* '''<u>Ve</u>. At te voy valay.'''....''<u>Maybe</u>. I don't know for sure.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>. At voy vatexe et.'''....''<u>No</u>. I don't believe you.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>! Dilwe von xu hus.'''....''<u>No</u>! Please don't do that.'' ::* '''Et se Amerikama, <u>vao</u>?'''....''You're American, <u>yes or no</u>?'' ::* '''Ven <u>va</u>, (van et) xu has.'''....''If <u>so</u>, (let you) do it.'' ::* '''Ven <u>vo</u>, von (et) xu has.'''....''If <u>not</u>, don't (you) do it.'' : There are also some hybrid combinations of the above assertive expressions: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Interjections |- | '''Vao?''' || ''Yes or no?'' |- | '''Vea!''' || ''Maybe so!'' |- | '''Veo!'''* || ''Maybe not!'' |} == H interjections == : There is a group of common interjections called the '''''H interjections''''', because they all begin with the letter '''h''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Greetings |- !row=1| Initial Greeting | '''hay!''' || ''Hello!, Hi!'' |- !row=1| Vocative Greeting | '''hey!''' || ''Hey!, O!, Oh!'' |- !row=1| Terminal Greeting | '''hoy!''' || ''Goodbye!, Bye!'' |- !row=1| Proximal Specifier | '''hiy!''' || ''Voici!, Here is...'' |- !row=1| Distal Specifier | '''huy!''' || ''Voila!', There is...'' |- !row=1| Positive Exclamation | '''hyay!''' || ''Great! Wow!, Bravo!, Woopee!, Hurrah!'' |- !row=1| Surprise Exclamation | '''hyey!''' || ''What a...!, Oh!, Well!'' |- !row=1| Negative Exclamation | '''hyoy!''' || ''What a pity!, It's a shame!, Woe is...!, Darn it!, Yikes!, Boo!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Thanks | '''hway!¹''' | ''Thanks!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Welcome | '''hwey!''' || ''You're welcome!'', ''Please'' |- !row=1| Expression of Sorrow | '''hwoy!''' || ''Sorry!'', ''Excuse me!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Joy | '''hwiy!''' || ''Whee!'', ''O la la!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Pain | '''hwuy!''' || ''Ouch!'', ''Ow!'', ''That hurts!'' |- !row=1| Laughter | '''hihi!''' | ''Ha ha!'', ''Hee hee!'' |- !row=1| Lamentation | '''huhu!''' | ''Boo hoo!'', ''Woe is me!'', ''Oy veh!'' |- !row=1| Admiration | '''hwaw!²''' || ''Wow!'', ''What a show!'' |- !row=1| Disgust | '''hwow!'''³ || ''Yuck!'', ''Eeoow!'', ''Gross!'' |} : ¹<small>Pronounced like English ''why''. Mirad '''hw''' is pronounced like English '''wh'''.</small> : ²<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+aw''.</small> : ³<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+oh''.</small> === Examples of H Exclamations === ::* '''<u>Hay</u>! Ata dyun se Johan.'''....''<u>Hi</u>! My name is John.'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Johan! Duhoyen et xeye?'''....''<u>Hey</u>, John, how are you doing?'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Tot!'''....''<u>O</u>, God!'' ::* '''<u>Hoy</u>. At teato et zajub.'''....''<u>Bye</u>. I will see you tomorrow.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ha dyen ho et dila.'''....''<u>Here's</u> the book you requested.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> Tob.'''....''<u>Behold</u> Man. (<u>Ecce</u> Homo).'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ata dyundraf.'''....''<u>Here's</u> my caling card.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u>! Se xwa.'''....''<u>Voil&agrave;</u>! It's done.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u> hos at yaka.'''....''<u>There's</u> what I expected.'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u> et!'''....''Good for you!'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u>! Et utnaze his.'''.....''<u>Bravo</u>! You deserve this.'' ::* '''<u>Hway</u>! Et sa gla fitipa.'''.....''<u>Thanks.</u>! You were very kind.'' ::* '''At fu <u>hwayder</u> et.'''....''I'd like to <u>congratulate</u> you.'' ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>!'''....''<u>You're welcome</u>!'' ::* '''Et efe <u>hwoyder</u> at.'''....''You need to <u>apologize</u> to me.'' ::* '''Fi. <u>Hwoy</u>.'''....''Ok. <u>I'm sorry</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> via imaj!''' ....''<u>Oh, what a</u> beautiful morning!'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> At ta voy van et upo.'''....''<u>Oh!</u> I didn't know you were coming.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u> at.'''....''<u>Woe</u> is me.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u>! Ga fia fikyen jonay.'''....''<u>Pity!</u>. Better luck next time.'' ::* '''<u>Hwoy.</u> At yefe hyoder et.'''....''<u>Sorry</u>. I must take leave of you.'' ::* '''<u>Hihi!</u> Hus sa gla diza.'''....''<u>Ha ha</u>! That was very funny.'' ::* '''Von <u>hihidu</u>.'''....''Don't <u>laugh</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Huhu!</u>.'''....''<u>Oy!</u>'' ::* '''Ha tudet voy poxo <u>huhuder</u>.'''....''The baby won't stop <u>crying</u>.'' === Expletives === : Vulgar expletives are not offered here, but may arise naturally in daily speech. === Ways to Say Please === : The English expression ''Please'' can be expressed in various ways: ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>! Yepu.'''....''<u>Please</u>! Come in.'' ('''Hwey''' can also mean ''you're welcome'' in answer to ''thank-you''. ::* '''<u>Diwe</u> von et tyopu ab ha vab.'''....''Please (= <u>it is requested lest you</u>) don't walk on the grass.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe van et</u> yanupu yat.'''....''Please (= <u>it is asked that you</u>) join us.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe</u>!'''....''<u>Please</u>!'' ::* '''<u>Xu (at) (ha) fis bi</u> yubeler at hua tyoyafi.'''....''Please (= <u>do (me) (the) favor of</u>) bring me those shoes.'' : A stronger form of ''please'' is '''dilwe'''....''it is requested''. === Verb Forms of Exclamations === : Many of the interjections in this section can be made into verbs with the addition of '''-der''' (''to utter''), eg.: ::* '''hayder'''....''greet, say hi'' ::* '''heyder'''....''address, call out to, wave down'' ::* '''hoyder'''....''say goodbye to'' ::* '''hyayder'''....''congratulate'' ::* '''hwayder'''....''thank'' ::* '''hwoyder'''....''apologize, excuse oneself, say you're sorry'' ::* '''hihider'''....''laugh'' ::* '''huhuder'''....''boo, cry'' : Some examples using the above verbs: ::* '''Be Eniged, yat <u>hayde</u> hyuti bay "Hi!".'''....''In English, we <u>greet</u> others with "Hi!".'' ::* '''<u>Heydu</u> at bay ha dyun Pedro.'''....''<u>Address</u> me with the name Pedro.'' ::* '''Yat ifu <u>hyayder</u> yet av yeta ujak.'''....''We would like to <u>congratulate</u> you on your success.'' ::* '''<u>Hyadwu</u> av eta bun.'''....''Thank-you (=<u>Be thanked</u>) for your gift.'' ::* '''Hia vyok voy se <u>hihidyefwa</u>.'''....''This mistake is not something to be laughed at (=<u>laugh-worthy</u>).'' ::* '''Von <u>huhudu</u> ayv ilokwa bil.'''....''Don't <u>cry</u> over spilt milk.'' <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Conjunctions|Inflectional Morphemes |TOC mini}}</noinclude> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC| |TOC mini}}</noinclude> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|H Interjections|Derivational Morphemes |TOC mini}}</noinclude> = Inflectional Morphemes = : Mirad has very few inflectional morphemes. == Noun Inflections == : The only noun inflection is the suffix: ::* '''-i'''....plural marker == Verb Inflections == : The following are the verb inflections: ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|H Interjections|Derivational Morphemes |TOC mini}}</noinclude> = Derivational Morphemes = : Derivational morphemes change the part of speech of words. <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Noun Inflections| |TOC mini}}</noinclude> af6iquprh8aeh5vzw7pvks87v761wsr 4635602 4635601 2026-05-13T17:12:40Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Inflectional Morphemes */ 4635602 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Assertive Interjections == [[File:Exclamation mark 2.svg|thumb|]] : Interjections in Mirad include the assertive expressions ''yes'', ''no'' and ''maybe'': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Common Assertive Interjections |- | '''Va!''' || ''Yes!'' |- | '''Ve!''' || ''Maybe!, Perhaps!'' |- | '''Vo!'''* || ''No!'' |} : <small>* Not to be confused with '''voy''', which translates the English adverb '''not''', as in '''Vo, wit <u>voy</u> se tadxwa.'''....''No, he is <u>not</u> married.''</small> : Examples: ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se vay otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am indeed/really unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>, vay.'''....''<u>Yes</u>, indeed.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ay vo. Hus vey se vyaa.'''....''<u>Yes</u> and no. That may be true.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ey vo?'''....''<u>Yes</u> or no?'' ::* '''<u>Ve</u>. At te voy valay.'''....''<u>Maybe</u>. I don't know for sure.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>. At voy vatexe et.'''....''<u>No</u>. I don't believe you.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>! Dilwe von xu hus.'''....''<u>No</u>! Please don't do that.'' ::* '''Et se Amerikama, <u>vao</u>?'''....''You're American, <u>yes or no</u>?'' ::* '''Ven <u>va</u>, (van et) xu has.'''....''If <u>so</u>, (let you) do it.'' ::* '''Ven <u>vo</u>, von (et) xu has.'''....''If <u>not</u>, don't (you) do it.'' : There are also some hybrid combinations of the above assertive expressions: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Interjections |- | '''Vao?''' || ''Yes or no?'' |- | '''Vea!''' || ''Maybe so!'' |- | '''Veo!'''* || ''Maybe not!'' |} == H interjections == : There is a group of common interjections called the '''''H interjections''''', because they all begin with the letter '''h''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Greetings |- !row=1| Initial Greeting | '''hay!''' || ''Hello!, Hi!'' |- !row=1| Vocative Greeting | '''hey!''' || ''Hey!, O!, Oh!'' |- !row=1| Terminal Greeting | '''hoy!''' || ''Goodbye!, Bye!'' |- !row=1| Proximal Specifier | '''hiy!''' || ''Voici!, Here is...'' |- !row=1| Distal Specifier | '''huy!''' || ''Voila!', There is...'' |- !row=1| Positive Exclamation | '''hyay!''' || ''Great! Wow!, Bravo!, Woopee!, Hurrah!'' |- !row=1| Surprise Exclamation | '''hyey!''' || ''What a...!, Oh!, Well!'' |- !row=1| Negative Exclamation | '''hyoy!''' || ''What a pity!, It's a shame!, Woe is...!, Darn it!, Yikes!, Boo!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Thanks | '''hway!¹''' | ''Thanks!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Welcome | '''hwey!''' || ''You're welcome!'', ''Please'' |- !row=1| Expression of Sorrow | '''hwoy!''' || ''Sorry!'', ''Excuse me!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Joy | '''hwiy!''' || ''Whee!'', ''O la la!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Pain | '''hwuy!''' || ''Ouch!'', ''Ow!'', ''That hurts!'' |- !row=1| Laughter | '''hihi!''' | ''Ha ha!'', ''Hee hee!'' |- !row=1| Lamentation | '''huhu!''' | ''Boo hoo!'', ''Woe is me!'', ''Oy veh!'' |- !row=1| Admiration | '''hwaw!²''' || ''Wow!'', ''What a show!'' |- !row=1| Disgust | '''hwow!'''³ || ''Yuck!'', ''Eeoow!'', ''Gross!'' |} : ¹<small>Pronounced like English ''why''. Mirad '''hw''' is pronounced like English '''wh'''.</small> : ²<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+aw''.</small> : ³<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+oh''.</small> === Examples of H Exclamations === ::* '''<u>Hay</u>! Ata dyun se Johan.'''....''<u>Hi</u>! My name is John.'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Johan! Duhoyen et xeye?'''....''<u>Hey</u>, John, how are you doing?'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Tot!'''....''<u>O</u>, God!'' ::* '''<u>Hoy</u>. At teato et zajub.'''....''<u>Bye</u>. I will see you tomorrow.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ha dyen ho et dila.'''....''<u>Here's</u> the book you requested.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> Tob.'''....''<u>Behold</u> Man. (<u>Ecce</u> Homo).'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ata dyundraf.'''....''<u>Here's</u> my caling card.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u>! Se xwa.'''....''<u>Voil&agrave;</u>! It's done.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u> hos at yaka.'''....''<u>There's</u> what I expected.'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u> et!'''....''Good for you!'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u>! Et utnaze his.'''.....''<u>Bravo</u>! You deserve this.'' ::* '''<u>Hway</u>! Et sa gla fitipa.'''.....''<u>Thanks.</u>! You were very kind.'' ::* '''At fu <u>hwayder</u> et.'''....''I'd like to <u>congratulate</u> you.'' ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>!'''....''<u>You're welcome</u>!'' ::* '''Et efe <u>hwoyder</u> at.'''....''You need to <u>apologize</u> to me.'' ::* '''Fi. <u>Hwoy</u>.'''....''Ok. <u>I'm sorry</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> via imaj!''' ....''<u>Oh, what a</u> beautiful morning!'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> At ta voy van et upo.'''....''<u>Oh!</u> I didn't know you were coming.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u> at.'''....''<u>Woe</u> is me.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u>! Ga fia fikyen jonay.'''....''<u>Pity!</u>. Better luck next time.'' ::* '''<u>Hwoy.</u> At yefe hyoder et.'''....''<u>Sorry</u>. I must take leave of you.'' ::* '''<u>Hihi!</u> Hus sa gla diza.'''....''<u>Ha ha</u>! That was very funny.'' ::* '''Von <u>hihidu</u>.'''....''Don't <u>laugh</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Huhu!</u>.'''....''<u>Oy!</u>'' ::* '''Ha tudet voy poxo <u>huhuder</u>.'''....''The baby won't stop <u>crying</u>.'' === Expletives === : Vulgar expletives are not offered here, but may arise naturally in daily speech. === Ways to Say Please === : The English expression ''Please'' can be expressed in various ways: ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>! Yepu.'''....''<u>Please</u>! Come in.'' ('''Hwey''' can also mean ''you're welcome'' in answer to ''thank-you''. ::* '''<u>Diwe</u> von et tyopu ab ha vab.'''....''Please (= <u>it is requested lest you</u>) don't walk on the grass.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe van et</u> yanupu yat.'''....''Please (= <u>it is asked that you</u>) join us.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe</u>!'''....''<u>Please</u>!'' ::* '''<u>Xu (at) (ha) fis bi</u> yubeler at hua tyoyafi.'''....''Please (= <u>do (me) (the) favor of</u>) bring me those shoes.'' : A stronger form of ''please'' is '''dilwe'''....''it is requested''. === Verb Forms of Exclamations === : Many of the interjections in this section can be made into verbs with the addition of '''-der''' (''to utter''), eg.: ::* '''hayder'''....''greet, say hi'' ::* '''heyder'''....''address, call out to, wave down'' ::* '''hoyder'''....''say goodbye to'' ::* '''hyayder'''....''congratulate'' ::* '''hwayder'''....''thank'' ::* '''hwoyder'''....''apologize, excuse oneself, say you're sorry'' ::* '''hihider'''....''laugh'' ::* '''huhuder'''....''boo, cry'' : Some examples using the above verbs: ::* '''Be Eniged, yat <u>hayde</u> hyuti bay "Hi!".'''....''In English, we <u>greet</u> others with "Hi!".'' ::* '''<u>Heydu</u> at bay ha dyun Pedro.'''....''<u>Address</u> me with the name Pedro.'' ::* '''Yat ifu <u>hyayder</u> yet av yeta ujak.'''....''We would like to <u>congratulate</u> you on your success.'' ::* '''<u>Hyadwu</u> av eta bun.'''....''Thank-you (=<u>Be thanked</u>) for your gift.'' ::* '''Hia vyok voy se <u>hihidyefwa</u>.'''....''This mistake is not something to be laughed at (=<u>laugh-worthy</u>).'' ::* '''Von <u>huhudu</u> ayv ilokwa bil.'''....''Don't <u>cry</u> over spilt milk.'' <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Conjunctions|Inflectional Morphemes |TOC mini}}</noinclude> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC| |TOC mini}}</noinclude> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|H Interjections|Derivational Morphemes |TOC mini}}</noinclude> = Inflectional Morphemes = : Mirad has very few inflectional morphemes. == Noun Inflections == : The only noun inflection is the suffix: ::* '''-i'''....plural marker == Verb Inflections == : The following are the verb inflections: ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|H Interjections|Derivational Morphemes|TOC mini}}</noinclude> = Derivational Morphemes = : Derivational morphemes change the part of speech of words. <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Noun Inflections| |TOC mini}}</noinclude> ffv3roxhawb2a3xpkgcil14n670shky 4635603 4635602 2026-05-13T17:17:26Z Tyoyafud 6233 4635603 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Assertive Interjections == [[File:Exclamation mark 2.svg|thumb|]] : Interjections in Mirad include the assertive expressions ''yes'', ''no'' and ''maybe'': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Common Assertive Interjections |- | '''Va!''' || ''Yes!'' |- | '''Ve!''' || ''Maybe!, Perhaps!'' |- | '''Vo!'''* || ''No!'' |} : <small>* Not to be confused with '''voy''', which translates the English adverb '''not''', as in '''Vo, wit <u>voy</u> se tadxwa.'''....''No, he is <u>not</u> married.''</small> : Examples: ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se vay otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am indeed/really unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>, vay.'''....''<u>Yes</u>, indeed.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ay vo. Hus vey se vyaa.'''....''<u>Yes</u> and no. That may be true.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ey vo?'''....''<u>Yes</u> or no?'' ::* '''<u>Ve</u>. At te voy valay.'''....''<u>Maybe</u>. I don't know for sure.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>. At voy vatexe et.'''....''<u>No</u>. I don't believe you.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>! Dilwe von xu hus.'''....''<u>No</u>! Please don't do that.'' ::* '''Et se Amerikama, <u>vao</u>?'''....''You're American, <u>yes or no</u>?'' ::* '''Ven <u>va</u>, (van et) xu has.'''....''If <u>so</u>, (let you) do it.'' ::* '''Ven <u>vo</u>, von (et) xu has.'''....''If <u>not</u>, don't (you) do it.'' : There are also some hybrid combinations of the above assertive expressions: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Interjections |- | '''Vao?''' || ''Yes or no?'' |- | '''Vea!''' || ''Maybe so!'' |- | '''Veo!'''* || ''Maybe not!'' |} == H interjections == : There is a group of common interjections called the '''''H interjections''''', because they all begin with the letter '''h''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Greetings |- !row=1| Initial Greeting | '''hay!''' || ''Hello!, Hi!'' |- !row=1| Vocative Greeting | '''hey!''' || ''Hey!, O!, Oh!'' |- !row=1| Terminal Greeting | '''hoy!''' || ''Goodbye!, Bye!'' |- !row=1| Proximal Specifier | '''hiy!''' || ''Voici!, Here is...'' |- !row=1| Distal Specifier | '''huy!''' || ''Voila!', There is...'' |- !row=1| Positive Exclamation | '''hyay!''' || ''Great! Wow!, Bravo!, Woopee!, Hurrah!'' |- !row=1| Surprise Exclamation | '''hyey!''' || ''What a...!, Oh!, Well!'' |- !row=1| Negative Exclamation | '''hyoy!''' || ''What a pity!, It's a shame!, Woe is...!, Darn it!, Yikes!, Boo!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Thanks | '''hway!¹''' | ''Thanks!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Welcome | '''hwey!''' || ''You're welcome!'', ''Please'' |- !row=1| Expression of Sorrow | '''hwoy!''' || ''Sorry!'', ''Excuse me!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Joy | '''hwiy!''' || ''Whee!'', ''O la la!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Pain | '''hwuy!''' || ''Ouch!'', ''Ow!'', ''That hurts!'' |- !row=1| Laughter | '''hihi!''' | ''Ha ha!'', ''Hee hee!'' |- !row=1| Lamentation | '''huhu!''' | ''Boo hoo!'', ''Woe is me!'', ''Oy veh!'' |- !row=1| Admiration | '''hwaw!²''' || ''Wow!'', ''What a show!'' |- !row=1| Disgust | '''hwow!'''³ || ''Yuck!'', ''Eeoow!'', ''Gross!'' |} : ¹<small>Pronounced like English ''why''. Mirad '''hw''' is pronounced like English '''wh'''.</small> : ²<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+aw''.</small> : ³<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+oh''.</small> === Examples of H Exclamations === ::* '''<u>Hay</u>! Ata dyun se Johan.'''....''<u>Hi</u>! My name is John.'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Johan! Duhoyen et xeye?'''....''<u>Hey</u>, John, how are you doing?'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Tot!'''....''<u>O</u>, God!'' ::* '''<u>Hoy</u>. At teato et zajub.'''....''<u>Bye</u>. I will see you tomorrow.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ha dyen ho et dila.'''....''<u>Here's</u> the book you requested.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> Tob.'''....''<u>Behold</u> Man. (<u>Ecce</u> Homo).'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ata dyundraf.'''....''<u>Here's</u> my caling card.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u>! Se xwa.'''....''<u>Voil&agrave;</u>! It's done.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u> hos at yaka.'''....''<u>There's</u> what I expected.'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u> et!'''....''Good for you!'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u>! Et utnaze his.'''.....''<u>Bravo</u>! You deserve this.'' ::* '''<u>Hway</u>! Et sa gla fitipa.'''.....''<u>Thanks.</u>! You were very kind.'' ::* '''At fu <u>hwayder</u> et.'''....''I'd like to <u>congratulate</u> you.'' ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>!'''....''<u>You're welcome</u>!'' ::* '''Et efe <u>hwoyder</u> at.'''....''You need to <u>apologize</u> to me.'' ::* '''Fi. <u>Hwoy</u>.'''....''Ok. <u>I'm sorry</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> via imaj!''' ....''<u>Oh, what a</u> beautiful morning!'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> At ta voy van et upo.'''....''<u>Oh!</u> I didn't know you were coming.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u> at.'''....''<u>Woe</u> is me.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u>! Ga fia fikyen jonay.'''....''<u>Pity!</u>. Better luck next time.'' ::* '''<u>Hwoy.</u> At yefe hyoder et.'''....''<u>Sorry</u>. I must take leave of you.'' ::* '''<u>Hihi!</u> Hus sa gla diza.'''....''<u>Ha ha</u>! That was very funny.'' ::* '''Von <u>hihidu</u>.'''....''Don't <u>laugh</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Huhu!</u>.'''....''<u>Oy!</u>'' ::* '''Ha tudet voy poxo <u>huhuder</u>.'''....''The baby won't stop <u>crying</u>.'' === Expletives === : Vulgar expletives are not offered here, but may arise naturally in daily speech. === Ways to Say Please === : The English expression ''Please'' can be expressed in various ways: ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>! Yepu.'''....''<u>Please</u>! Come in.'' ('''Hwey''' can also mean ''you're welcome'' in answer to ''thank-you''. ::* '''<u>Diwe</u> von et tyopu ab ha vab.'''....''Please (= <u>it is requested lest you</u>) don't walk on the grass.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe van et</u> yanupu yat.'''....''Please (= <u>it is asked that you</u>) join us.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe</u>!'''....''<u>Please</u>!'' ::* '''<u>Xu (at) (ha) fis bi</u> yubeler at hua tyoyafi.'''....''Please (= <u>do (me) (the) favor of</u>) bring me those shoes.'' : A stronger form of ''please'' is '''dilwe'''....''it is requested''. === Verb Forms of Exclamations === : Many of the interjections in this section can be made into verbs with the addition of '''-der''' (''to utter''), eg.: ::* '''hayder'''....''greet, say hi'' ::* '''heyder'''....''address, call out to, wave down'' ::* '''hoyder'''....''say goodbye to'' ::* '''hyayder'''....''congratulate'' ::* '''hwayder'''....''thank'' ::* '''hwoyder'''....''apologize, excuse oneself, say you're sorry'' ::* '''hihider'''....''laugh'' ::* '''huhuder'''....''boo, cry'' : Some examples using the above verbs: ::* '''Be Eniged, yat <u>hayde</u> hyuti bay "Hi!".'''....''In English, we <u>greet</u> others with "Hi!".'' ::* '''<u>Heydu</u> at bay ha dyun Pedro.'''....''<u>Address</u> me with the name Pedro.'' ::* '''Yat ifu <u>hyayder</u> yet av yeta ujak.'''....''We would like to <u>congratulate</u> you on your success.'' ::* '''<u>Hyadwu</u> av eta bun.'''....''Thank-you (=<u>Be thanked</u>) for your gift.'' ::* '''Hia vyok voy se <u>hihidyefwa</u>.'''....''This mistake is not something to be laughed at (=<u>laugh-worthy</u>).'' ::* '''Von <u>huhudu</u> ayv ilokwa bil.'''....''Don't <u>cry</u> over spilt milk.'' <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Conjunctions|Inflectional Morphemes |TOC mini}}</noinclude> = Inflectional Morphemes = : Mirad has very few inflectional morphemes. == Noun Inflections == : The only noun inflection is the suffix: ::* '''-i'''....plural marker == Verb Inflections == : The following are the verb inflections: ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|H Interjections|Derivational Morphemes|TOC mini}}</noinclude> = Derivational Morphemes = : Derivational morphemes change the part of speech of words. <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Inflectional Morphemes|Inflectional Morphemes |TOC mini}}</noinclude> 68l5thbwln6zghfcmfk2pukk0i42cvt 4635605 4635603 2026-05-13T17:23:15Z Tyoyafud 6233 4635605 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Assertive Interjections == [[File:Exclamation mark 2.svg|thumb|]] : Interjections in Mirad include the assertive expressions ''yes'', ''no'' and ''maybe'': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Common Assertive Interjections |- | '''Va!''' || ''Yes!'' |- | '''Ve!''' || ''Maybe!, Perhaps!'' |- | '''Vo!'''* || ''No!'' |} : <small>* Not to be confused with '''voy''', which translates the English adverb '''not''', as in '''Vo, wit <u>voy</u> se tadxwa.'''....''No, he is <u>not</u> married.''</small> : Examples: ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se vay otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am indeed/really unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>, vay.'''....''<u>Yes</u>, indeed.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ay vo. Hus vey se vyaa.'''....''<u>Yes</u> and no. That may be true.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ey vo?'''....''<u>Yes</u> or no?'' ::* '''<u>Ve</u>. At te voy valay.'''....''<u>Maybe</u>. I don't know for sure.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>. At voy vatexe et.'''....''<u>No</u>. I don't believe you.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>! Dilwe von xu hus.'''....''<u>No</u>! Please don't do that.'' ::* '''Et se Amerikama, <u>vao</u>?'''....''You're American, <u>yes or no</u>?'' ::* '''Ven <u>va</u>, (van et) xu has.'''....''If <u>so</u>, (let you) do it.'' ::* '''Ven <u>vo</u>, von (et) xu has.'''....''If <u>not</u>, don't (you) do it.'' : There are also some hybrid combinations of the above assertive expressions: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Interjections |- | '''Vao?''' || ''Yes or no?'' |- | '''Vea!''' || ''Maybe so!'' |- | '''Veo!'''* || ''Maybe not!'' |} == H interjections == : There is a group of common interjections called the '''''H interjections''''', because they all begin with the letter '''h''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Greetings |- !row=1| Initial Greeting | '''hay!''' || ''Hello!, Hi!'' |- !row=1| Vocative Greeting | '''hey!''' || ''Hey!, O!, Oh!'' |- !row=1| Terminal Greeting | '''hoy!''' || ''Goodbye!, Bye!'' |- !row=1| Proximal Specifier | '''hiy!''' || ''Voici!, Here is...'' |- !row=1| Distal Specifier | '''huy!''' || ''Voila!', There is...'' |- !row=1| Positive Exclamation | '''hyay!''' || ''Great! Wow!, Bravo!, Woopee!, Hurrah!'' |- !row=1| Surprise Exclamation | '''hyey!''' || ''What a...!, Oh!, Well!'' |- !row=1| Negative Exclamation | '''hyoy!''' || ''What a pity!, It's a shame!, Woe is...!, Darn it!, Yikes!, Boo!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Thanks | '''hway!¹''' | ''Thanks!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Welcome | '''hwey!''' || ''You're welcome!'', ''Please'' |- !row=1| Expression of Sorrow | '''hwoy!''' || ''Sorry!'', ''Excuse me!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Joy | '''hwiy!''' || ''Whee!'', ''O la la!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Pain | '''hwuy!''' || ''Ouch!'', ''Ow!'', ''That hurts!'' |- !row=1| Laughter | '''hihi!''' | ''Ha ha!'', ''Hee hee!'' |- !row=1| Lamentation | '''huhu!''' | ''Boo hoo!'', ''Woe is me!'', ''Oy veh!'' |- !row=1| Admiration | '''hwaw!²''' || ''Wow!'', ''What a show!'' |- !row=1| Disgust | '''hwow!'''³ || ''Yuck!'', ''Eeoow!'', ''Gross!'' |} : ¹<small>Pronounced like English ''why''. Mirad '''hw''' is pronounced like English '''wh'''.</small> : ²<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+aw''.</small> : ³<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+oh''.</small> === Examples of H Exclamations === ::* '''<u>Hay</u>! Ata dyun se Johan.'''....''<u>Hi</u>! My name is John.'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Johan! Duhoyen et xeye?'''....''<u>Hey</u>, John, how are you doing?'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Tot!'''....''<u>O</u>, God!'' ::* '''<u>Hoy</u>. At teato et zajub.'''....''<u>Bye</u>. I will see you tomorrow.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ha dyen ho et dila.'''....''<u>Here's</u> the book you requested.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> Tob.'''....''<u>Behold</u> Man. (<u>Ecce</u> Homo).'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ata dyundraf.'''....''<u>Here's</u> my caling card.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u>! Se xwa.'''....''<u>Voil&agrave;</u>! It's done.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u> hos at yaka.'''....''<u>There's</u> what I expected.'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u> et!'''....''Good for you!'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u>! Et utnaze his.'''.....''<u>Bravo</u>! You deserve this.'' ::* '''<u>Hway</u>! Et sa gla fitipa.'''.....''<u>Thanks.</u>! You were very kind.'' ::* '''At fu <u>hwayder</u> et.'''....''I'd like to <u>congratulate</u> you.'' ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>!'''....''<u>You're welcome</u>!'' ::* '''Et efe <u>hwoyder</u> at.'''....''You need to <u>apologize</u> to me.'' ::* '''Fi. <u>Hwoy</u>.'''....''Ok. <u>I'm sorry</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> via imaj!''' ....''<u>Oh, what a</u> beautiful morning!'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> At ta voy van et upo.'''....''<u>Oh!</u> I didn't know you were coming.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u> at.'''....''<u>Woe</u> is me.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u>! Ga fia fikyen jonay.'''....''<u>Pity!</u>. Better luck next time.'' ::* '''<u>Hwoy.</u> At yefe hyoder et.'''....''<u>Sorry</u>. I must take leave of you.'' ::* '''<u>Hihi!</u> Hus sa gla diza.'''....''<u>Ha ha</u>! That was very funny.'' ::* '''Von <u>hihidu</u>.'''....''Don't <u>laugh</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Huhu!</u>.'''....''<u>Oy!</u>'' ::* '''Ha tudet voy poxo <u>huhuder</u>.'''....''The baby won't stop <u>crying</u>.'' === Expletives === : Vulgar expletives are not offered here, but may arise naturally in daily speech. === Ways to Say Please === : The English expression ''Please'' can be expressed in various ways: ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>! Yepu.'''....''<u>Please</u>! Come in.'' ('''Hwey''' can also mean ''you're welcome'' in answer to ''thank-you''. ::* '''<u>Diwe</u> von et tyopu ab ha vab.'''....''Please (= <u>it is requested lest you</u>) don't walk on the grass.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe van et</u> yanupu yat.'''....''Please (= <u>it is asked that you</u>) join us.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe</u>!'''....''<u>Please</u>!'' ::* '''<u>Xu (at) (ha) fis bi</u> yubeler at hua tyoyafi.'''....''Please (= <u>do (me) (the) favor of</u>) bring me those shoes.'' : A stronger form of ''please'' is '''dilwe'''....''it is requested''. === Verb Forms of Exclamations === : Many of the interjections in this section can be made into verbs with the addition of '''-der''' (''to utter''), eg.: ::* '''hayder'''....''greet, say hi'' ::* '''heyder'''....''address, call out to, wave down'' ::* '''hoyder'''....''say goodbye to'' ::* '''hyayder'''....''congratulate'' ::* '''hwayder'''....''thank'' ::* '''hwoyder'''....''apologize, excuse oneself, say you're sorry'' ::* '''hihider'''....''laugh'' ::* '''huhuder'''....''boo, cry'' : Some examples using the above verbs: ::* '''Be Eniged, yat <u>hayde</u> hyuti bay "Hi!".'''....''In English, we <u>greet</u> others with "Hi!".'' ::* '''<u>Heydu</u> at bay ha dyun Pedro.'''....''<u>Address</u> me with the name Pedro.'' ::* '''Yat ifu <u>hyayder</u> yet av yeta ujak.'''....''We would like to <u>congratulate</u> you on your success.'' ::* '''<u>Hyadwu</u> av eta bun.'''....''Thank-you (=<u>Be thanked</u>) for your gift.'' ::* '''Hia vyok voy se <u>hihidyefwa</u>.'''....''This mistake is not something to be laughed at (=<u>laugh-worthy</u>).'' ::* '''Von <u>huhudu</u> ayv ilokwa bil.'''....''Don't <u>cry</u> over spilt milk.'' <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Conjunctions| |TOC mini}}</noinclude> mfvfawxt55f1m9tdb9gb3xu6las0aeg 4635606 4635605 2026-05-13T17:25:15Z Tyoyafud 6233 4635606 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Assertive Interjections == [[File:Exclamation mark 2.svg|thumb|]] : Interjections in Mirad include the assertive expressions ''yes'', ''no'' and ''maybe'': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Common Assertive Interjections |- | '''Va!''' || ''Yes!'' |- | '''Ve!''' || ''Maybe!, Perhaps!'' |- | '''Vo!'''* || ''No!'' |} : <small>* Not to be confused with '''voy''', which translates the English adverb '''not''', as in '''Vo, wit <u>voy</u> se tadxwa.'''....''No, he is <u>not</u> married.''</small> : Examples: ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>. At se vay otadxwa.'''....''<u>Yes</u>. I am indeed/really unmarried.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u>, vay.'''....''<u>Yes</u>, indeed.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ay vo. Hus vey se vyaa.'''....''<u>Yes</u> and no. That may be true.'' ::* '''<u>Va</u> ey vo?'''....''<u>Yes</u> or no?'' ::* '''<u>Ve</u>. At te voy valay.'''....''<u>Maybe</u>. I don't know for sure.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>. At voy vatexe et.'''....''<u>No</u>. I don't believe you.'' ::* '''<u>Vo</u>! Dilwe von xu hus.'''....''<u>No</u>! Please don't do that.'' ::* '''Et se Amerikama, <u>vao</u>?'''....''You're American, <u>yes or no</u>?'' ::* '''Ven <u>va</u>, (van et) xu has.'''....''If <u>so</u>, (let you) do it.'' ::* '''Ven <u>vo</u>, von (et) xu has.'''....''If <u>not</u>, don't (you) do it.'' : There are also some hybrid combinations of the above assertive expressions: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Interjections |- | '''Vao?''' || ''Yes or no?'' |- | '''Vea!''' || ''Maybe so!'' |- | '''Veo!'''* || ''Maybe not!'' |} == H interjections == : There is a group of common interjections called the '''''H interjections''''', because they all begin with the letter '''h''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Greetings |- !row=1| Initial Greeting | '''hay!''' || ''Hello!, Hi!'' |- !row=1| Vocative Greeting | '''hey!''' || ''Hey!, O!, Oh!'' |- !row=1| Terminal Greeting | '''hoy!''' || ''Goodbye!, Bye!'' |- !row=1| Proximal Specifier | '''hiy!''' || ''Voici!, Here is...'' |- !row=1| Distal Specifier | '''huy!''' || ''Voila!', There is...'' |- !row=1| Positive Exclamation | '''hyay!''' || ''Great! Wow!, Bravo!, Woopee!, Hurrah!'' |- !row=1| Surprise Exclamation | '''hyey!''' || ''What a...!, Oh!, Well!'' |- !row=1| Negative Exclamation | '''hyoy!''' || ''What a pity!, It's a shame!, Woe is...!, Darn it!, Yikes!, Boo!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Thanks | '''hway!¹''' | ''Thanks!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Welcome | '''hwey!''' || ''You're welcome!'', ''Please'' |- !row=1| Expression of Sorrow | '''hwoy!''' || ''Sorry!'', ''Excuse me!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Joy | '''hwiy!''' || ''Whee!'', ''O la la!'' |- !row=1| Expression of Pain | '''hwuy!''' || ''Ouch!'', ''Ow!'', ''That hurts!'' |- !row=1| Laughter | '''hihi!''' | ''Ha ha!'', ''Hee hee!'' |- !row=1| Lamentation | '''huhu!''' | ''Boo hoo!'', ''Woe is me!'', ''Oy veh!'' |- !row=1| Admiration | '''hwaw!²''' || ''Wow!'', ''What a show!'' |- !row=1| Disgust | '''hwow!'''³ || ''Yuck!'', ''Eeoow!'', ''Gross!'' |} : ¹<small>Pronounced like English ''why''. Mirad '''hw''' is pronounced like English '''wh'''.</small> : ²<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+aw''.</small> : ³<small>Pronounced like English ''wh+oh''.</small> === Examples of H Exclamations === ::* '''<u>Hay</u>! Ata dyun se Johan.'''....''<u>Hi</u>! My name is John.'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Johan! Duhoyen et xeye?'''....''<u>Hey</u>, John, how are you doing?'' ::* '''<u>Hey</u>, Tot!'''....''<u>O</u>, God!'' ::* '''<u>Hoy</u>. At teato et zajub.'''....''<u>Bye</u>. I will see you tomorrow.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ha dyen ho et dila.'''....''<u>Here's</u> the book you requested.'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> Tob.'''....''<u>Behold</u> Man. (<u>Ecce</u> Homo).'' ::* '''<u>Hiy</u> ata dyundraf.'''....''<u>Here's</u> my caling card.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u>! Se xwa.'''....''<u>Voil&agrave;</u>! It's done.'' ::* '''<u>Huy</u> hos at yaka.'''....''<u>There's</u> what I expected.'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u> et!'''....''Good for you!'' ::* '''<u>Hyay</u>! Et utnaze his.'''.....''<u>Bravo</u>! You deserve this.'' ::* '''<u>Hway</u>! Et sa gla fitipa.'''.....''<u>Thanks.</u>! You were very kind.'' ::* '''At fu <u>hwayder</u> et.'''....''I'd like to <u>congratulate</u> you.'' ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>!'''....''<u>You're welcome</u>!'' ::* '''Et efe <u>hwoyder</u> at.'''....''You need to <u>apologize</u> to me.'' ::* '''Fi. <u>Hwoy</u>.'''....''Ok. <u>I'm sorry</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> via imaj!''' ....''<u>Oh, what a</u> beautiful morning!'' ::* '''<u>Hyey</u> At ta voy van et upo.'''....''<u>Oh!</u> I didn't know you were coming.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u> at.'''....''<u>Woe</u> is me.'' ::* '''<u>Hyoy</u>! Ga fia fikyen jonay.'''....''<u>Pity!</u>. Better luck next time.'' ::* '''<u>Hwoy.</u> At yefe hyoder et.'''....''<u>Sorry</u>. I must take leave of you.'' ::* '''<u>Hihi!</u> Hus sa gla diza.'''....''<u>Ha ha</u>! That was very funny.'' ::* '''Von <u>hihidu</u>.'''....''Don't <u>laugh</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Huhu!</u>.'''....''<u>Oy!</u>'' ::* '''Ha tudet voy poxo <u>huhuder</u>.'''....''The baby won't stop <u>crying</u>.'' === Expletives === : Vulgar expletives are not offered here, but may arise naturally in daily speech. === Ways to Say Please === : The English expression ''Please'' can be expressed in various ways: ::* '''<u>Hwey</u>! Yepu.'''....''<u>Please</u>! Come in.'' ('''Hwey''' can also mean ''you're welcome'' in answer to ''thank-you''. ::* '''<u>Diwe</u> von et tyopu ab ha vab.'''....''Please (= <u>it is requested lest you</u>) don't walk on the grass.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe van et</u> yanupu yat.'''....''Please (= <u>it is asked that you</u>) join us.'' ::* '''<u>Diwe</u>!'''....''<u>Please</u>!'' ::* '''<u>Xu (at) (ha) fis bi</u> yubeler at hua tyoyafi.'''....''Please (= <u>do (me) (the) favor of</u>) bring me those shoes.'' : A stronger form of ''please'' is '''dilwe'''....''it is requested''. === Verb Forms of Exclamations === : Many of the interjections in this section can be made into verbs with the addition of '''-der''' (''to utter''), eg.: ::* '''hayder'''....''greet, say hi'' ::* '''heyder'''....''address, call out to, wave down'' ::* '''hoyder'''....''say goodbye to'' ::* '''hyayder'''....''congratulate'' ::* '''hwayder'''....''thank'' ::* '''hwoyder'''....''apologize, excuse oneself, say you're sorry'' ::* '''hihider'''....''laugh'' ::* '''huhuder'''....''boo, cry'' : Some examples using the above verbs: ::* '''Be Eniged, yat <u>hayde</u> hyuti bay "Hi!".'''....''In English, we <u>greet</u> others with "Hi!".'' ::* '''<u>Heydu</u> at bay ha dyun Pedro.'''....''<u>Address</u> me with the name Pedro.'' ::* '''Yat ifu <u>hyayder</u> yet av yeta ujak.'''....''We would like to <u>congratulate</u> you on your success.'' ::* '''<u>Hyadwu</u> av eta bun.'''....''Thank-you (=<u>Be thanked</u>) for your gift.'' ::* '''Hia vyok voy se <u>hihidyefwa</u>.'''....''This mistake is not something to be laughed at (=<u>laugh-worthy</u>).'' ::* '''Von <u>huhudu</u> ayv ilokwa bil.'''....''Don't <u>cry</u> over spilt milk.'' <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Conjunctions|Hybrids|TOC mini}}</noinclude> b5l8jms53wx4rai5c7x5nkkuafnbnru 0 417655 4635608 4635320 2026-05-13T17:43:08Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Consonants and Their Meanings */ 4635608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right|limit=3}} == Introduction == : In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels. : The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of '''''base words''''' and '''''derived words'''''. : The vocabulary is built on '''''base words''''', that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by: ::* The meaning of each letter of the word. ::* The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: ''fixed'' vs. ''variable''. ::* How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language. ::* The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about). ::* The logic of its composition. ::* The mnemonic associations this word suggests. : The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called '''''vocabulary-building rules''''', which are spelled out below. == Base Words == : '''''Base words''''' are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups: ::* Group 1:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''nouns''''' ::* Group 2:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs'''''. == Base words of Group 1 == : Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters: :::* The first, a consonant called the '''''classifier''''' :::* The second, a vowel called the '''''ordinal''''' :::* The third, a consonant called the '''''generic''''' These words can be thought of as noun templates. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Base Word Composition |- ! Classifier !! Ordinal !! Generic !! Meaning |- | '''t''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''man'' |- | '''d''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''society'' |- | '''p''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''animal'' |- | '''f''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''plant'' |} == Base words of Group 2 == : Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as '''-er''' (verb infinitive marker) or '''-a''' (adjective marker): ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words | '''b-'''....''put'' || '''p-'''....''go'' |- | '''s-'''....''be'' || '''x-'''....''do'' |- | '''d-'''....''say'' || '''t-'''....''know'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ob'''....''off'' |- |'''bu'''....''to'' || '''bi'''....''from'' |- |'''if-'''....''love'' || '''uf-'''....''hate'' |- |'''fi-'''....''good'' || '''fu-'''....''bad'' |- |'''va'''....''yes'' || '''vo'''....''no'' |- |'''vya-'''^*....''true'' || '''vyo-'''....''false'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''o'''....''zero'' |} : *<small> As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include glided vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides '''y''' or '''w'''. So, for purposes here, '''ya''', '''ye''', '''yi''', '''yo''', '''yu''', '''wa''', and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "glided vowels".</small> == Consonants and Their Meanings == : The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Consonants and Their Meanings |- ! Consonant !! Group 1 Classifier !! Group 1 Generic !! Group 2 Classifier !! In Numbers |- | '''b''' || organ, health || organism || gesture, position || |- | '''d''' || society || family || communicating || |- | '''f''' || vegetation || textile, clothing || volition, attributes || |- | '''g''' || -- || measurement || quantity, attributes || |- | '''j''' || time || time || time || |- | '''k''' || -- || health || change, risk, attributes || |- | '''l''' || -- || element, food, liquid, nature || -- || '''l''' = ten |- | '''m''' || nature || place, building, furniture || temperature, light || '''ml''' = million<br>'''mr''' = billion |- | '''n''' || commerce || -- || -- || |- | '''p''' || animal, vehicle || motion || movement || |- | '''r''' || -- || tool, machine, cosmos || -- || '''r''' = thousand |- | '''s''' || form, image, furniture || thing || being, form, thing || '''s''' = hundred |- | '''t''' || human, body || person, animal || intelligence, knowing || |- | '''v''' || plant, color || linen || truth, attributes || |- | '''x''' || action || -- || action, doing, making || |- | '''z''' || -- || precious, art || spatial, attributes || |} : The following consonants functions rather than, or in addition to, semantic values: ::* '''l''' and '''r''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: '''baer'''....''to lean'', '''baler'''....''to press'', '''barer'''....''to crush''; ::* '''y''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''voa'''....''negative'' -> '''vyoa'''....''false'', or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''ama'''....''hot'' -> '''ayma'''....''warm''. ::* '''h''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Used functionally only in certain interjections like '''hoy'''....''goodbye'' and determiners like '''his'''....''this'', and has no semantic value. ::* '''w''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. '''tob'''....''person'' -> '''twob'''....''man'', or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. '''uber'''....''to send'' -> '''ubwer'''....''to be sent'', or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. '''awa'''....''one'', or 4) sometimes to substitute for '''y''' when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. '''jwo'''....''late'', instead of '''jyo'''. ::* '''n''':&nbsp;&nbsp; In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in '''ana'''....''only'', or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as '''fian'''....''goodness'' from '''fia'''....''good'', or from a verb, such '''axnen'''....''behaving'' from '''axner'''....''to behave''. == Vowels and Their Meanings == : Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types: ::* meronymic ::* hierarchical ::* geo-specific ::* oppositional/polar ::* vectorial ::* directional and positional ::* special === Ordinal Vowel Values === :: The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with '''y''' are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Vowels|Vowels]]. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Numeric Values of Vowels |- ! Ordinal Vowel !! '''o''' !! '''a''' !! '''e''' !! '''i''' !! '''u''' !! '''yo''' !! '''ya''' !! '''ye''' !! '''yi''' !! '''yu''' |- !row=1| Cardinal Number | 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 |} === Meronymic Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|meronymic}}''''' series. (This gradation can also be called '''''taxonomic'''''. The top element, or hypernym, has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are hyponyms or meronyms (= parts of the whole), and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. '''T<u>a</u>b''' (''body'') is the first meronym of '''t<u>o</u>b''' (''human being''), the hypernym or zeroth element. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Meronymic Series |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=7| Meronymic or Taxonomic |- ! 0 | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''fob'''....''plant'' || '''vob'''....''crop''|| '''mos'''....''floor''||'''som'''....''furniture''||'''tom'''....''building''||'''job'''....''time'' |- ! 1 | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''fab'''....''tree'' || '''vab'''....''grass''|| '''mas'''....''wall''||'''sam'''....''chest of drawers''||'''tam'''....''house''||'''jab'''....''year'' |- ! 2 | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''feb'''....''fruit'' || '''veb'''....''tuft''|| '''mes'''....''door''||'''sem'''....''table''||'''tem'''....''hall''||'''jeb'''....''season'' |- ! 3 | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''fib'''....''trunk'' || '''vib'''....''stalk''|| '''mis'''....''window''||'''sim'''....''chair''||'''tim'''....''room''||'''jib'''....''month'' |- ! 4 | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''fub'''....''branch'' || '''vub'''....''shoot''||'''mus'''....''stairs''||'''sum'''....''bed''||'''tum'''....''closet''||'''jub'''....''day'' |- ! 5 | '''tyob'''....''leg'' || '''fyob'''....''root'' || '''vyob'''....''tuber''|| || || ||'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- ! 6 | || || || || || ||'''jwab'''^*....''minute'' |- ! 7 | || || || || || ||'''jweb'''^*....''second'' |} * The letter '''w''' replaces the letter '''y''' following a '''j''', for ease of pronunciation. : The words that descend from the base word are called '''''meronyms'''''. A hypernym is a word that is higher in scale. === Hierarchical Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|hierarchical}}''''' series where the top element has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hierarchical Vowel Gradation |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=4| Hierarchy |- ! 0 | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''dot'''....''society'' || '''tod'''....''family''||'''xob'''....''organization'' |- ! 1 | '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''tad'''....''spouse''||'''xab'''....''staff'' |- ! 2 | '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ted'''....''parent''||'''xeb'''....''boss'' |- ! 3 | '''dib'''....''ministry'' || '''dit'''....''citizen'' ||'''tid'''....''sibling''||'''xib'''....''department'' |- ! 4 | '''dub'''....''minister'' || '''dut'''....''gentleman'' || '''tud'''....''child''||'''xub'''....''branch'' |} === Geo-specific Vowel Gradation === : Ordinals can have '''''{{color|blue|geo-specific}}''''' values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Geo-specific Vowel Values |- ! Ordinal ! Geo-sphere ! colspan=7| Examples |- | align=center | '''o''' || ''outer space, top level'' || '''m<u>o</u>p'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''outer space''|| '''mol'''....''nature''||'''dop'''....''military''||'''pop'''....''voyage''||'''mol'''....''nature''||'''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- | align=center | '''a''' || ''air, gas, sky'' || '''m<u>a</u>p'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' ||'''mal'''....''air''||'''dap'''....''air force''||'''pap'''....''flight''||'''mal'''....''wind''||'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | align=center | '''e''' || ''ground, soil, solid'' || '''m<u>e</u>p'''....''road'' || '''mem'''....''land''|| '''mel'''....''soil''||'''dep'''....''army''||'''pep'''....''ride''||'''mel'''....''soil''||'''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' |- | align=center | '''i''' || ''liquid'', ''water'', ''sea'' || '''m<u>i</u>p'''....''river'' || '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''mil'''....''water''||'''dip'''....''marines''|| '''pip'''....''navigation/sail''||'''mil'''....''water''||'''pit'''....''fish'' |- | align=center | '''u''' || ''underground'', ''mineral'', ''substance'' || '''m<u>u</u>p'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || '''mul'''....''mineral''|| ||'''pup'''....''tunneling''||'''mul'''....''matter''|| |} === Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation === : The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation |- ! Order || Mirad !! English |- | 0 || '''olza'''¹ || ''blank, of no color'' |- | 1 || '''alza''' || ''red'' |- | 2 || '''elza''' || ''orange'' |- | 3 || '''ilza''' || ''yellow'' |- | 4 || '''ulza''' || ''green'' |- | 5 || '''yolza''' || ''blue'' |- | 6 || '''yalza''' || ''purple'' |- | 7 || '''yelza''' || ''indigo'' |} {{small/top}} : 1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order. {{small/end}} : The colors black and white are: :* '''malza'''....''white'' :* '''molza'''....''black'' : Some colors are hybrids of two colors: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hybrid Colors |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''aolza''' || ''pink'' (a blend of ''blank'' and ''red'') |- | '''youlza''' || ''blue-green'' |- | '''maolza''' || ''gray'' (a blend of ''black'' and ''white'') |} : The word for ''brown'' is based on the word for ''soil'': :* '''melza'''....''brown'' (< '''mel'''....''soil'') : Two other colors are based on metals: :* '''agelkza'''....''silver'' (based on '''agelk'''....''silver metal'' :* '''aulkza'''....''gold'' (based on '''aulk'''....''gold metal'' === Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values === : In Group 2 stems: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Oppositional Vowel Values |- | '''a'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ya''' || intermediate || '''i'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yi''' |- | <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative || '''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ye''' || <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative |- | '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yo''' || value || '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yu''' |} ::* positive '''a''' contrasts with negative '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''av'''....''for'' vs. '''ov'''....''against'') ::* positive '''ya''' contrasts with negative '''yo'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yava'''....''innocent'' vs. '''yova'''....''guilty'') ::* positive '''i''' contrasts with negative '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''fia'''....''good'' vs. '''fua'''....''bad'') ::* positive '''yi''' contrasts with negative '''yu'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yiva'''....''free'' vs. '''yuva'''....''bound'') ::* '''e''' and '''ye''' are in-between values&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''eva'''....''neutral'', '''yeva'''....''fair'') ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation |- ! positive !! intermediate !! negative |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''ega'''....''normal'' || '''oga'''....''small'' |- | '''yava'''....''innocent'' || '''yeva'''....''just''|| '''yova'''....''guilty'' |- | '''ava'''....''for'' || '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''ova'''....''against'' |- | '''aker'''....''to win'' || '''eker'''....''to risk'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' |- | '''yak'''....''expectation'' || '''yek'''....''attempt'' || '''yok'''....''surprise'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || || '''fua'''....''bad'' |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || || '''ufer'''....''hate'' |- | '''yifa'''....''brave'' || || '''yufa'''....''afraid'' |} : Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit '''''oppositional''''' values: : The Group 1 base word '''bok''' (''illness'') is a good example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Group 1 base word with oppositional values |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- valign=top |'''bak'''....''health''||'''bek'''....''treatment''||'''bok'''....''illness'' |- |'''byak'''....''hygiene''||'''byek'''....''cure''||'''byok'''....''pain''<br>'''byoyk'''....''ache''<br>'''blok'''....''suffering''<br>'''brok'''....''agony'' |- |'''baak'''....''sanitation''|| ||'''book'''....''fatigue'' |- |'''bik'''....''care''|| ||'''buk'''....''wound''<br>'''buyk'''....''sore'' |} === Vectorial Vowel Values === : These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc. {{big/top}}&nbsp;&nbsp; ::::::'''a''' ::::::↑ ::::'''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;←&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;→&nbsp;&nbsp;'''i''' ::::::↓ ::::::'''o''' {{big/end}} :::'''a'''....''on, above, north'' ('''ab'''....''on'', '''zamer'''....''north'') :::'''e'''....''center, middle, equator'' ('''eb'''....''between'', '''ze'''....''center'') :::'''o'''....''off, below, south'' ('''ob'''....''off'', '''zomer'''....''south'') :::'''i'''....''right, east'' ('''zi'''....''right'', '''zimer'''....''east'') :::'''u'''....''left, west'' ('''zu'''....''left'', '''zumer'''....''west'') === Directional and Positional Vowel Values === {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Directional and Positional Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''z<u>a</u>mer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''b<u>a</u>er'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''<u>a</u>ber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''b<u>ya</u>er'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''<u>ya</u>ber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''z<u>o</u>mer'''....''south'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''b<u>yo</u>er'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''<u>o</u>per'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''p<u>yo</u>ser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''<u>yo</u>per'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''z<u>u</u>mer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''<u>u</u>ber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''p<u>yu</u>er'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''<u>yu</u>ber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''b<u>yu</u>ser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''z''i''mer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''p<u>i</u>er'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''<u>i</u>per'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''<u>yi</u>per'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''p<u>yi</u>ser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''z<u>e</u>mer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''<u>e</u>b'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''b<u>e</u>xer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''<u>ye</u>per'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''contain''|| '''b<u>ye</u>er'''....''contain'' |} === Special value of certain letters === : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular''. ::* '''aot'''....''person'' ::* '''anot'''....''individual'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yanber'''....''to compose'' ::* '''yonber'''....''to separate'' : The letter '''y''' is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural: ::* '''at'''....''I, me'' as opposed to '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''et'''....''you'' as opposed to '''yet'''....''you (pl.), you all'' ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''yit'''....''they, them'' ::* '''is'''....''it'' as opposed to '''yis'''....''they, them'' : The letter '''y''' is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''iyt'''....''she, her'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''toyb'''....''woman'' : The letter '''w''' is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''wit'''....''he, him'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''twob'''....''man'' === The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words === :: The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants. :: The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values. :: The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants |- ! Base Word !! Classifier Consonant !! Generic Consonant !! Scalarity Type |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''t''' = ''human'' || '''b''' = ''organism'' || meronymic |- | '''tof'''....''clothing'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''fabric'' || meronymic |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''society'' || meronymic |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place'' || meronymic |- | '''tov'''....''lingerie'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen'' || meronymic |- | '''tol'''....''nourishment'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''food'' || oppositional |- | '''top'''....''soul, spirit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''motion'' || meronymic |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''d''' = ''society'' || '''b''' = ''organism''||hierarchical |- | '''dop'''....''military'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement'' || geo-specific |- | '''dot'''....''society'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''human''|| hierarchical |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''j''' = ''time'' || '''b'''....''organism''|| hierarchical |- | '''fob'''....''vegetation'' || '''f''' = ''vegetable'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vob'''....''crop'' || '''v''' = ''plant'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vos'''....''flower'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''volz'''....''color'' || " " " || '''lz''' = ''color, art''|| spectral |- | '''som'''....''furniture'' || '''s''' = ''thing'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| meronymic |- | '''mos'''....''floor'' || '''m''' = ''place, nature'' || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''mor'''....''universe'' || " " " || '''r''' = ''machine, system''|| geo-specific |- | '''mom'''....''outer space'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''mol'''....''nature'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''substance''|| geo-specific |- | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement''|| geo-specific |- | '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''p''' = ''movement'' || '''t''' = ''human, animal''|| geo-specific |- | '''bok'''....''illness'' || '''b''' = ''organ'' || '''k''' = ''condition''|| oppositional |- | '''nom'''....''place'' || '''n''' = ''commercial'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| special |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || " " " || '''g''' = ''measurement''|| special |- | '''nof'''....''cloth'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''cloth''|| special |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen''|| special |- | '''nod'''....''point'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''communication''|| special |- | '''xob'''....''organization'' || '''x''' = ''action'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| hierarchical |} ==== Special Arrangement ==== : Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart. {| border=0 {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Other Group 1 Base Words |- valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! d- <br>communication |- | '''daz'''<br>''dance'' |- | '''dyaz'''<br>''ballet'' |- | '''dyez'''<br>''cinema'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''dez'''<br>''theater'' |- | '''diz'''<br>''comedy'' |- | '''din'''<br>''story'' |- | '''dun'''<br>''word'' |- | '''duz'''<br>''music'' |- | '''dyun'''<br>''name'' |- | '''dyan'''<br>''sentence'' |- | '''dyes'''<br>''book'' |- | '''deup'''<br>''rhythm'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! dr- <br>write |- | '''drof'''<br>''board'' |- | '''draf'''<br>''card'' |- | '''dref'''<br>''paper'' |- | '''drov'''<br>''cardboard'' |- | '''drav'''<br>''notebook'' |- | '''drev'''<br>''page'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''drar'''<br>''pencil'' |- | '''drir'''<br>''typewriter'' |- | '''drur'''<br>''printer'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! m- <br>nature |- | '''mag'''<br>''fire'' |- | '''mak'''<br>''electricity'' |- | '''mog'''<br>''ash'' |- | '''meg'''<br>''stone'' |- | '''mef'''<br>''brick'' |- | '''mug'''<br>''metal'' |- | '''muk'''<br>''mineral'' |- | '''mez'''<br>''crystal'' |- | '''mek'''<br>''dust'' |- | '''myek'''<br>''powder'' |- | '''mav'''<br>''flame'' |- | '''mov'''<br>''smoke'' |- | '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' |- | '''maj'''<br>''daytime'' |- | '''moj'''<br>''night'' |- | '''man'''<br>''light'' |- | '''maz'''<br>''shine'' |- | '''mon'''<br>''shade'' |- | '''moz'''<br>''dark'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! n- <br>commerce |- | '''naz'''<br>''value'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' |- | '''nax'''<br>''price'' |- | '''nyaz'''<br>''wealth'' |- | '''nyan'''<br>''stack'' |- | '''nox'''<br>''expense'' |- | '''nyox'''<br>''waste'' |- | '''nex'''<br>''saving'' |- | '''nyex'''<br>''storing'' |- | '''nix'''<br>''earning'' |- | '''nyix'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nux'''<br>''pay'' |- | '''nyux'''<br>''supply'' |- | '''nun'''<br>''merchandise'' |- | '''nyun'''<br>''product'' |- | '''nuz'''<br>''jewel'' |- | '''nem'''<br>''location'' |- | '''nyem'''<br>''place'' |- | '''nyeb'''<br>''box'' |- | '''nab'''<br>''row'' |- | '''nap'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nad'''<br>''line'' |- | '''nod'''<br>''point'' |- | '''ned'''<br>''plane'' |- | '''nyed'''<br>''grid'' |- | '''nyad'''<br>''chain'' |- | '''nid'''<br>''volume'' |- | '''nag'''<br>''measure'' |- | '''nak'''<br>''metric value'' |- | '''nog'''<br>''degree'' |- | '''nig'''<br>''space'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! j- <br>time |- | '''jag'''<br>''age'' |- | '''jud'''<br>''date'' |- | '''jod'''<br>''instance'' |- | '''jop'''<br>''sequence'' |- | '''jep'''<br>''process'' |- | '''jwap'''<br>''moment'' |- | '''jwep'''<br>''instant'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! s- <br>thing |- | '''sag'''<br>''number'' |- | '''saz'''<br>''sculpture'' |- | '''san'''<br>''form'' |- | '''saun'''<br>''kind'' |- | '''son'''<br>''matter (abstract)'' |- | '''sin'''<br>''image'' |- | '''siz'''<br>''painting'' |- | '''sun'''<br>''thing (concrete)'' |- | '''syan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''syen'''<br>''style'' |- | '''syin'''<br>''subject'' |- | '''syun'''<br>''object'' |- | '''sar'''<br>''instrument'' |- | '''sir'''<br>''machine'' |- | '''sor'''<br>''engine'' |- | '''sur'''<br>''motor'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! t- <br>human / knowledge |- | '''taz'''<br>''statue'' |- | '''tap'''<br>''physique'' |- | '''tep'''<br>''mind'' |- | '''top'''<br>''spirit'' |- | '''tuz'''<br>''art'' |- | '''toz'''<br>''skin color'' |- | '''tez'''<br>''culture'' |- | '''tyez'''<br>''magic'' |- | '''tin'''<br>''doctrine'' |- | '''tun'''<br>''science'' |- | '''tyan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''tyen'''<br>''skill'' |- | '''tyun'''<br>''idea'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''sensation'' |- | '''tes'''<br>''meaning'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' |- | '''tat'''<br>''angel'' |} |} === The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words === :: The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival ('''-a'''), adverbial ('''-ay'''), and verbal inflections ('''-er''', '''-ser''', '''-xer''', etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem. :: The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Stems of Group 2 Base Words |- ! Classifier Consonant !! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative |- ! rowspan=4|'''j''' <br>(''time'') | '''ja'''<br>''before'' || '''je'''<br>''during'' || '''jo'''<br>''after''||'''ji'''<br>''since'' || '''ju'''<br>''until'' |- | '''aj'''<br>''past'' || '''ej'''<br>''present'' || '''oj'''<br>''future'' || '''ij^er'''<br>''beginning/begin'' || '''uj/^er'''<br>''end/end'' |- | '''taj^er'''<br>''birth/to be born'' || '''tej^er'''<br>''life/to live'' || '''toj^er'''<br>''death/to die'' || '''tij^er'''<br>''awake state/to be awake'' || '''tuj^er'''<br>''sleep/to sleep'' |- | '''jwa'''<br>''early'' || '''jwe'''<br>''on time'' || '''jwo'''<br>''late'' || '''yij^a'''<br>''opening/open'' || '''yuj^a'''<br>''closing/closed'' |- !rowspan=4| '''g'''<br>(''measurement'') | '''ga'''<br>''more'' || '''ge'''<br>''equal'' || '''go'''<br>''less''|| '''gi'''ⁿ<br>''point'' || '''gu'''ⁿ<br>''angle'' |- | '''ag'''^a<br>''big'' || '''eg^a'''<br>''normal'' || '''og'''^a<br>''small'' || '''ig'''^a<br>''fast'' || '''ug'''^a<br>''slow'' |- | '''yag'''^a<br>''long'' || '''yeg'''^a<br>''normal'' || '''yog'''^a<br>''short'' || '''yig'''^a<br>''hard'' || '''yug'''^a<br>''soft'' |- | '''gya'''^a<br>''thick'' || '''gye'''^a<br>''enough'' || '''gyo-'''<br>''thin'' || '''gyi'''^a<br>''solid'' || '''gyu'''^a<br>''fragile'' |- !rowspan=4| '''k'''<br>(''randomness'') | '''ka'''^xer<br>''find'' || '''ke'''^xer<br>''seek'' || '''ko'''^xer<br>''hide'' || '''ki'''^a<br>''oblique''|| '''ku'''^a<br>''lateral'' |- | '''ak'''^er<br>''win'' || '''ek'''^er<br>''play'' || '''ok'''^er<br>''lose'' || '''ik'''^a<br>''full'' || '''uk'''^a<br>''empty'' |- | '''yak'''^er<br>''expect'' || '''yek'''^er<br>''try'' || '''yok'''^er<br>''suprise'' || '''yik'''^a<br>''difficult'' || '''yuk'''^a<br>''easy'' |- | '''kya'''^a<br>''mobile'' || '''kye'''^a<br>''haphazard'' || '''kyo'''^a<br>''fixed'' ||'''kyi'''^a<br>''heavy'' || '''kyu'''^a<br>''light'' |- ! '''m'''<br>(''nature'') | '''am'''^a<br>''hot'' || -- || '''om'''^a<br>''cold'' || '''im'''^a<br>''wet'' || '''um'''^a<br>''dry'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''f'''^er<br>(''want'', qualities) | || || || '''fi'''^a<br>''good'' || '''fu'''^a<br>''bad'' |- | '''fya'''^a<br>''holy'' || '''fye'''^a<br>''mythical'' || '''fyo'''^a<br>''profane''|| '''fyi'''^a<br>''useful'' || '''fyu'''^a<br>''harmful'' |- | '''yaf'''^er<br>''be able'' || '''yef'''^er<br>''must''|| '''yof'''^er<br>''cannot'' || '''yif'''^er<br>''dare'' || '''yuf'''^er<br>''fear'' |- | '''af'''^er<br>''may'' || '''ef'''^er<br>''need'' || '''of'''^er<br>''be prohibited'' || '''if'''^er<br>''love'' || '''uf'''^er<br>''hate'' |- !rowspan=6| '''v'''<br>(''truth, qualities'' ) | '''va'''<br>''yes'' || '''ve'''<br>''maybe'' || '''vo'''<br>''no''|| '''vi'''^a<br>''beautiful'' || '''vu'''^a<br>''ugly'' |- | '''vay'''<br>''really''||'''vey'''<br>''may''||'''voy'''<br>''not'' || || |- | '''av'''<br>''for'' || '''ev'''^a<br>''neutral'' || '''ov'''<br>''against''|| '''iv'''^a<br>''happy'' || '''uv'''^a<br>''sad'' |- | '''vya'''^a<br>''true'' || '''vye'''^a<br>''relative'' || '''vyo'''^a<br>''false''|| '''vyi'''^a<br>''clean'' || '''vyu'''^a<br>''dirty'' |- | '''yav'''^a<br>''innocent'' || '''yev'''^a<br>''fair'' || '''yov'''^a<br>''guilty''|| '''yiv'''^a<br>''free'' || '''yuv'''^a<br>''captive'' |- | '''van'''<br>''that'' || '''ven'''<br>''if'' || '''von'''<br>''lest''|| || |- ! rowspan=5|'''z'''<br>(spatial) | '''za'''<br>''in front of'' || '''ze'''<br>''in the middle of'' || '''zo'''<br>''in back of''|| '''zi'''^a<br>''right'' || '''zu'''^a<br>''left'' |- | '''zay'''<br>''ahead'' || '''zey'''<br>''across'' || '''zoy'''<br>''back, re-''|| || |- | '''zya'''^a<br>''wide'' || '''zye'''<br>''through'' || '''zyo'''^a<br>''narrow''||'''zyi'''^a<br>''flat'' || '''zyu'''^a<br>''round'' |- | '''az'''^a<br>''strong'' || '''ez'''^a<br>''moderate'' || '''oz'''^a<br>''weak''|| '''iz'''^a<br>''straight'' || '''uz'''^a<br>''curved'' |- | '''yaz'''^a<br>''convex'' || '''yez'''<br>''along'' || '''yoz'''^a<br>''concave'' || '''yiz'''<br>''beyond'' || '''yuz'''<br>''around'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''b-'''^er<br>(''put'') | '''ba'''^y/(^xer)<br>''with, (agitate)'' || '''be'''^y/(^(xer))<br>''at/by, (hold)'' || '''bo'''^y(^xer)<br>''without/(calm)''|| '''bi^(er/xer)'''<br>''from, (take/pull)'' || '''bu'''^(er/xer)<br>''to, (give/push)'' |- | '''ab'''^(er)<br>''on,(put on)'' || '''eb'''^(er)<br>''between,(block)'' || '''ob'''(^er)<br>''off,(take off)'' || '''ib'''^(er)<br>''away,(receive)'' || '''ub'''^(er)<br>''toward,(send)'' |- | '''bya'''^ser/xer<br>''stand/erect'' || '''bye'''^xer<br>''tap'' || '''byo'''^ser/xer<br>''hang/hang''|| '''byi'''^(ser)<br>''since,(originate)'' || '''byu'''^(ser/xer)<br>''up to,(contact/touch)'' |- | '''yab'''^(er)<br>''up,(raise)'' || '''yeb'''^(er)<br>''in,(put in)''<br>'''oyeb'''^(er)<br>''out,(take out)'' || '''yob'''^(er)<br>''down,(lower)''|| '''yib'''^(er)<br>''far,(remove)'' || '''yub'''^(er)<br>''near,(bring)'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''p'''^er<br>(''go'') | '''pa'''^ser/xer<br>''move/move'' || '''pe'''^ser/xer<br>''wait/trap'' || '''po'''^ser/xer<br>''stop/stop''|| '''pi'''^er/ser/xer<br>''leave/withdraw/catch'' || '''pu'''^er/ser/xer<br>''arrive/jump/throw'' |- | '''pya'''^er/ser/xer<br>''hover/jump up/launch'' || '''pye'''^ser/xer<br>''encounter/strike'' || '''pyo'''^ser/xer<br>''fall/drop''|| '''pyi'''^ser/xer<br>''emanate/derive'' || '''pyu'''^ser/xer<br>''reach/impact'' |- | '''yap'''^er<br>''rise'' || '''yep'''^er<br>''enter'' || '''yop'''^er<br>''descend''|| '''yip'''^er<br>''go far'' || '''yup'''^er<br>''approach'' |- | '''ap'''^er<br>''get on'' || '''ep'''^er<br>''intervene'' || '''op'''^er<br>''get off'' || '''ip'''^er<br>''go away'' ||'''up'''^er<br>''come'' |- !rowspan=2| '''s'''^er<br>(''be'') | '''sa'''^n/s/xer<br>''shape/evolve/make'' ||'''se'''^xer<br>''build'' || '''so'''^n/xer<br>''matter/destroy''|| '''si'''^n/yn<br>''image/sign'' || '''su'''^n/er/xer<br>''thing/provide/realize'' |- | '''as'''^er<br>''become'' || '''es'''^er<br>''exist'' || '''os'''^er<br>''cease to be'' || || |- ! rowspan=3|'''x'''^er<br>(''do'' ) | '''xa'''^ler<br>''execute'' || '''xe'''^ler<br>''practice'' || '''xo'''^ler<br>''fail'' || '''xi'''^ler<br>''undertake'' || '''xu'''^ler<br>''provoke'' |- |'''ax'''^ler<br>''act'' || '''ex'''^er<br>''function'' || '''ox'''^ler<br>''abstain'' || '''ix'''^er<br>''effect'' || '''ux'''^er<br>''cause'' |- | '''yax'''^er<br>''be busy'' || '''yex'''^er<br>''work'' || '''yox'''^er<br>''be idle'' || '''yix'''^er<br>''use'' || '''yux'''^er<br>''help'' |- ! '''t'''^er/rer/yer<br>(''know/recognize/know how'') | '''ta'''^xer<br>''remember'' || '''te'''^xer<br>''think'' || '''to'''^xer<br>''forget'' || '''ti'''^er/xer<br>''learn/study''<br>'''tri'''^er<br>''get to know''<br>'''tyi'''^er<br>''learn how'' || '''tu'''^er/xer/uxer<br>''inform/teach/raise''<br>'''tru'''^er<br>''familiarize''<br>'''tyu'''^er<br>''train'' |- ! '''d'''^er/rer<br>(''say/write'') | '''da'''^ler<br>''talk'' || '''de'''^ler<br>''state''<br>'''dye'''^er<br>''read'' || '''do'''^ler<br>''be silent''<br>'''dro'''^er<br>''erase'' || '''di'''^er/ler/rer<br>''ask/beg/require'' || '''du'''^er/ler/rer<br>''suggest/insist/demand''<br>'''dyu'''^er<br>''call'' |- ! rowspan=2|'''h-'''<br>(determiners) | '''ha'''^(a)<br>''the'' || '''he'''^a<br>''some'' || '''ho'''^a<br>''which'' || '''hi'''^a<br>''this'' || '''hu'''^a<br>''that'' |- | '''hya'''^(a)<br>''all'' || '''hye'''^a<br>''any'' || '''hyo'''^a<br>''no'' || '''hyi'''^a<br>''same'' || '''hyu'''^a<br>''other'' |- ! rowspan=2| (conjunctions) |'''ay'''<br>''and'' || '''ey'''<br>''or'' || '''oy'''<br>''but'' || || |- |'''ya'''ⁿ<br>''together'' || ||'''yo'''ⁿ<br>''apart''|| || |- ! rowspan=2| (numbers) | '''a'''<br>''one''|| '''e'''<br>''two''|| '''o'''<br>''zero''|| '''i'''<br>''three''|| '''u'''<br>''four'' |- | '''ya'''<br>''six''|| '''ye'''<br>''seven''|| '''yo'''<br>''five''|| '''yi'''<br>''eight''|| '''yu'''<br>''nine'' |- ! rowspan=1| (privatives) | || || '''lo-''' (''dis-/un-'')<br>'''lyo-''' (''dis-'')<br>'''oy-''' (''-less'')|| || |} :: <small>* Mixed root. '''taj/tej/toj''' instead of '''yaj/yej/yoj''', because the human letter root '''t''' is more intuitive.</small> :: Note: The opposition '''(y)a'''-'''(y)e'''-'''(y)o''' is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but '''(y)i-(y)u''' is two-way, without any intermediary sense. == Derived Word Formation Rules == : Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building: : These consist of the following rules: ::# Compounding ::# Affixation ::# Ordinal Vowel Scaling ::# Overlapping ::# Adding Ordinal Vowels ::# Swapping Generic Consonants ::# Marking Words for Gender ::# Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels ::# Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels ::# Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern ::# Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === Rule #1: Compounding === [[File:Compound 6 (maraviroc development).svg|thumb|]] : Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Compounding |- ! Component 1 !! Component 2 !! Compound |- | '''mor'''....''cosmos'' || '''tun'''....''science, -ology'' || '''mortun'''....''cosmology'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''memyaz'''....''mountain'' || '''magmemyaz'''....''volcano'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''mem'''....''land'' || '''dobmem'''....''territory'' |- | '''tul'''....''dish'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''tuldras'''....''menu'' |- | '''sin'''....''picture'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''sindras'''....''description'' |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''kyoxer'''....''to fix (in place)'' || '''tamkyoxer'''....''to settle'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''kyo-'''....''fixed'' || '''tep-'''....''mind'' || '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn'' |} : Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for ''rain'', for example, is '''ma(m)''' (''sky'') + '''mil''' (''water''), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, '''mamil'''. : When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg: :* '''uzra'''....''twisted'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ---> '''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' :* '''kyoa'''....''fixed'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn, obsessed'' :* '''aza'''....''strong'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''tepaza'''....''intelligent'' :* '''fua'''....''bad'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''futipa'''....''cross, ill-tempered'' :* '''aga'''....''big'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''tipaga'''....''magnanimous, generous'' === Rule #2: Affixation === [[File:Word Cloud of Various Prefixes.png|thumb|]] : Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes: ==== Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Base !! Compound |- | '''ja'''....''before'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''japer'''....''to precede'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''joper'''....''to follow'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' ||'''der'''....''to say'' || '''vader'''....''to affirm'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''dras'''....''something written'' || '''jodras'''....''postscript'' |- | '''za'''....''ahead'' ||'''jub'''....''day'' || '''zajub'''....''tomorrow'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' ||'''mel'''....''land'' || '''yonmel'''....''island'' |} : Prepositional prefixes ending in '''b''' with verbs '''per''' and '''ber''' (and their derivations) lose the '''b''' before verbal elements based on '''per''' (''go'') and '''ber''' (''put''), as shown in the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Assimilation of b and p |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! New Verb |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' (NOT: '''yabber''') |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' (NOT: '''yabper''') |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''aber'''....''put on, apply'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''aper'''....''get on, mount'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''ober'''....''take off, remove'' |- | '''ob'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''bux'''....''a push'' || '''yebux'''....''impulse'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall'' || '''yepyoser'''....''collapse'' |} : The loss of the '''b''' in the above words in one of the only cases of '''''fusion''''' in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form. Another case of fusion is when so-called '''''stubs''''' are combined. For example, '''doyijem''' (''public square''), which is composed of '''do(m)'''....''city'' + '''yij(a)'''....''open'' + '''(n)em'''....''place''. The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix '''a-''' can have many different meaninings. : The adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped¹, as is the '''er''' or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that '''tyoyab''' becomes '''tyoya-'''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! Compound Verb |- | '''oza'''....''weak'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ozder'''....''whisper'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yagder'''....''ramble'' |- | '''aja'''....''past'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ajder'''....''evoke'' |- | '''yoga'''....''short'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yogder'''....''summarize'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''tyoyaper'''....''walk'' |- | '''dreer'''....''write'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' || '''dresar'''....''pencil'' |- | '''tuyob'''....''hand'' || '''dren'''....''writing'' || '''tuyodren'''....''manuscript'' |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mamil'''....''rain'' |} : <small>¹: Sometimes, the adjective ending '''a''' is retained when an adjective is compounded with '''xer''' or '''ser'''. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, '''aga''' + '''xer''' can produce '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' or '''agxer'''....''to grow''. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.</small> ==== Most Common Mirad Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Common Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Examples |- |'''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-''||'''anzyukpar'''....''unicycle''<br> '''antotin'''....''monotheism''<br>'''adeb'''....''emperor'' |- |'''aa-'''....''arch-, first-, prime''||'''aadub'''....''prime minister''<br>'''aatat'''....''archangel''<br>'''aavyan'''....''principle''<br>'''aasaun'''....''prototype'' |- |'''aag-'''....''arch-, main, macro-''||'''aagmep'''....''highway''<br> '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution''<br> '''aagovekut'''....''archrival'' |- |'''aaj-'''....''paleo-, proto-''||'''aajtobtun'''....''paleoanthropology''<br> '''aajsiyn'''....''fossil'' |- |'''ab-'''....''ad-, top, on, epi-''||'''abtob'''....''superman''<br> '''abtim'''....''attic''<br> '''abzen'''....''epicenter'' |- |'''aj-'''....''former, ex-'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife''<br>'''ajdeb'''....''former leader'' |- |'''ayb-'''....''over-, super-, hyper-, sur-''||'''aybmep'''....''overpass''<br>'''aybdresin'''....''superscript''<br>'''aybdyun'''....''hypernym'' |- |'''ag-'''....''mega(lo)-'' || '''agvyotos'''....''megalomania''<br>'''agtoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''alo(n)-'''....''deca-, ten-''||'''alojaga'''....''ten years old''<br> '''alojab'''....''decade''<br> '''alonsuna'''....''decimal'' |- |'''aloy(n)-'''....''deci-, tenth-''||'''aloynux'''....''tithe''<br> '''aloyngoler'''....''decimate'' |- |'''am-'''....''thermo-''||'''amzemula'''....''thermonuclear''<br> '''amvyabxar'''....''thermostat'' |- |'''amlo(n)-'''....''mega-''||'''amloagvunak'''....''megavolt''<br> '''amlotoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''amloyn-'''....''micro-''||'''amloynjweb'''....''microsecond'' |- |'''anyen-'''....''idio-''||'''anyenboka'''....''idiopathic''<br> '''anyendyan'''....''idiom''<br> '''anyentepa'''....''idiotic'' |- |'''ao(b/p)-'''....''north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axis''||'''aonab'''....''column'', ''x-y-axis''<br> '''aopuys yuzpar'''....''hop-on-hop-off bus''<br> '''aonada'''....''vertical'' |- |'''aoye(b/p)-'''....''in-and-out''||'''aoyebar'''....''piston''<br> '''aoyebelen'''....''import-exports''<br> '''aoyepaper'''....''fly in and out'' |- |'''aro(n)-'''....''kilo-''||'''aronminak'''....''kilometer''<br> '''arobanak'''....''kilobit'' |- |'''aroyn-'''....''milli-''||'''aroynvunak'''....''millivolt''<br> '''aoynwunak'''....''milliwatt'' |- |'''(a)so(n)'''....''cent-''||'''asojagat'''....''centenarian''<br> '''asolinak'''....''hectoliter''<br> '''sojab'''....''century'' |- |'''asoy(n)-'''....''cent-, centi-''||'''asoygenak'''....''centigram''<br> '''asoylinak'''....''centiliter'' |- |'''av-'''....''pro-''||'''avYanotina'''....''pro-Communist'' |- |'''ayn-'''....''full-, holo-, whole-''||'''aynnuut'''....''wholesaler''<br> '''aynsin'''....''hologram''<br> '''aynteptija'''....''fully-conscious'' |- |'''e(b/p)-'''....''inter-''||'''ebmos'''....''mezzanine''<br> '''ebyanmulxer'''....''intermingle''<br> '''eper'''....''intercede'' |- |'''ejna-'''....''neo-''||'''ejnadun'''....''neologism''<br> '''ejnaobdabin'''....''neocolonialism'' |- |'''e(n)-'''....''ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two-''||'''entyoba'''....''bipedal''<br> '''enzyuspar'''....''bicycle''<br> '''envolza'''....''dichromatic'' |- |'''eon-'''....''duo-, double-, twin-''||'''eonin'''....''dualism''<br> '''eondal'''....''double-speak''<br> '''eonsum'''....''twin bed'' |- |'''ev-'''....''a-, neutral'' ||'''evdofina'''....''amoral''<br>'''evdabtuna'''....''apolitical'' |- |'''ey(b/p)-'''....''intra-, among''||'''eybmasa'''....''intramural''<br> '''eybmimkuma'''....''intracoastal'' |- |'''eyn-'''....''demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi-''||'''eynzyus'''....''semi-circle''<br> '''eynzyup'''....''half-turn''<br> '''eyntilsyeb'''....''demitassee''<br> '''eynyonmel'''....''peninsula'' |- |'''fi-'''....''bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well-''||'''fixut'''....''benefactor''<br> '''fidrawa'''....''well-written''<br> '''fitos'''...''euphoria'' |- |'''fu-'''....''dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly-''||'''futos'''....''dysphoria''<br> '''futuwa'''....''ill-informed''<br> '''fuxeyn'''....''malfeasance'' |- |'''fya-'''....''hiero-, holy-, sancti-''||'''fyasdresiyn'''....''hieroglyphic''<br> '''fyader'''....''sanctify''<br> '''fyatwed'''....''holy father'' |- |'''fye-'''....''mythical, fantasy''||'''fyetop'''....''phantom''<br> '''fyetobet'''....''elfin''<br> '''fyetexer'''...''fantacize''<br> '''fyedin'''....''fantasy'' |- |'''fyo-'''....''evil, profane'' ||'''fyotez'''....''occult''<br>'''fyotat'''....''devil''<br>'''fyotyez'''....''witchcraft'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-, again'' || '''gawteaper'''....''revisit''<br> '''gawaker'''....''regain'' |- |'''garale-'''....''tera-''||'''garaleagbanak'''....''terabyte'' |- |'''garalyi-'''....''exa-''||'''garalyibanak'''....''exabit'' |- |'''garalyo-'''....''peta-''||'''galayoagbanak'''....''petabyte'' |- |'''garela-'''....''zetta-''||'''garelaagbanak'''....''zettabyte'' |- |'''garelu-'''....''yotta-''||'''gareluagbanak'''....''yottabyte'' |- |'''ge-'''....''equal to, equi-, even-''||'''geyafwa'''....''equipollent''<br> '''genaza'''....''equivalent'' |- |'''gel-'''....''homo-, like-, simul-''||'''gelzena'''....''homocentric''<br> '''gelvolza'''....''homochromatic'' |- |'''geyl-'''....''simul-''||'''geyldyan'''....''simile''<br> '''geylxer'''....''assimilate'' |- |'''gla-'''....''many-, multi-, poly-''||'''glatyenika'''....''multi-skilled''<br> '''glatwada'''....''polyandrous''<br> '''glavolza'''....''many-hued'' |- |'''glo-'''....''mini-, little-, few-''||'''gloduna'''....''succint, of few words''<br> '''glonixea'''....''low-earning'' |- |'''gorale-'''....''pico-''||'''goraleagfenak'''....''picofarad'' |- |'''goralyi-'''....''atto-''||'''goralyigenak'''....''attogram'' |- |'''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||'''goralyoon'''....''quadrillionth'' |- |'''goralyu-'''....''nano-''||'''goralyusonak'''....''nanosecond'' |- |'''gorela-'''....''zepto-''||'''gorelagenak'''....''zeptogram'' |- |'''gorelu-'''....''yocto-''||'''gorelugenak'''....''yoctogram'' |- |'''gra-'''....''extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra-''||'''gratosea'''....''hypersensitive''<br> '''grazoyaxler'''....''overreact''<br> '''granoxea'''....''extravagant'' |- |'''gro-'''....''hypo-, under-''||'''groyixlawa'''....''underemployed''<br> '''groaman'''....''hypothermia'' |- |'''gwa-'''....''hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure, macro-''||'''gwayelza'''....''pure pink''<br> '''gwayafa'''....''supreme''<br> '''gwauja'''....''ultimate''<br> '''gwazoa'''....''hindmost'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''least-, mini-, micro-''||'''gwosag'''....''minimum''<br> '''gwoyuzpur'''....''minibus''<br>'''gwoexlus'''....''microprocessor'' |- |'''hi-'''....''hither, these, this''||'''his'''....''this''<br> '''hisi'''....''these''<br> '''him'''....''here'' |- |'''hya(s)-'''....''pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every-''||'''hyas'''....''everything''<br> '''hyati'''....''all of them''<br> '''hyastea'''....''omniscient''<br> '''hyataadifa'''....''pansexual'' |- |'''hu-'''....''that''||'''hus'''....''that''<br> '''huj'''....''then''<br> '''huyen'''...''that way'' |- |'''huim-'''....''here-and-there, here-and-yon''||'''huimkexer'''....''search high and low''<br> '''huimpaper'''....''fly here and there''<br> '''hyuimpoper'''....''travel here-and-there'' |- |'''huu-'''....''so, such''||'''huugla'''....''so, so very''<br> '''hus'''....''such''<br> '''huyen'''....''in such a way, so, thus'' |- |'''hyaewa-'''....''ambi-''||'''hyaewati'''....''both of them''<br> '''hyaewaziza'''....''ambidextrous''<br> '''hyaewatoobifa'''....''ambi-sexual'' |- |'''hye-'''....''-ever, any, whatever, whichever''||'''hyem'''....''anywhere, wherever''<br> '''hyempea'''....''erratic''<br> '''hjej'''....''ever, anytime'' |- |'''hyi-'''....''homo-, like-, same, syn-''||'''hyitoobifa'''....''homosexual''<br> '''hyis'''....''same thing''<br> '''hyijoba'''....''synchronous'' |- |'''hyo(s)-'''....''nothing, a-'' || '''hyostosea'''....''apathetic'' |- |'''hyu(t/s)-'''....''alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, else''||'''hyutoobifa'''....''heterosexual''<br> '''hyua'''....''another, alternate''<br> '''hyutufa'''....''xenophobic''<br> '''hyus'''....''something else'' |- |'''hyui(t/s)-'''....''cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal''||'''hyuitvikaxen'''....''mutual admiration''<br> '''hyuixer'''....''reciprocate''<br> '''hyuisa'''....''mutual, reciprocal''<br> '''hyuitif'''....''mutual love'' |- |'''i-'''....''toward the speaker''||'''iber'''....''receive''<br>'''ixer'''....''result'' |- |'''ik-'''....''fully, thoroughly''||'''iktoxer'''....''forget completely''<br> '''iktos'''....''satisfaction''<br> '''ikyebixer'''....''engulf, swallow up completely'' |- |'''in-'''....''three-, tri-, tripl-, tern-''||'''inzyuspar'''....''tricycle''<br> '''inaga'''....''three-dimensional''<br> '''injiba'''....''trimensual''<br> '''insuna'''....''ternary''<br> '''intotan'''....''trinity'' |- |'''iyn-'''....''terci-, third''||'''iyna'''....''terciary''<br> '''iynxer'''....''cut into thirds'' |- |'''iz-'''....''ortho-, recti-, right-, straight-''||'''iznada'''....''rectilinear''<br> '''izguna'''....''orthogonal''<br> '''iztin'''....''orthdoxy''<br> '''izdea'''....''forthright'' |- |'''ja-'''....''ante-, fore-, pre-''||'''jaupya'''....''foregone''<br> '''jauper'''....''precede''<br> '''jadropeka'''....''antebellum'' |- |'''je-'''....''per-, continuously, ever-''||'''jetejer'''....''persevere''<br>'''jeteaxer'''....''watch''<br>'''jexrer'''....''perpetuate'' |- |'''jo-'''....''after-, meta-, post-''||'''joexlen'''....''postprocessing''<br> '''jomir'''....''metasphere''<br> '''jotej'''....''afterlife'' |- |'''jwa-'''....''early-, eo-, preter-, proto-''||'''jwaber'''....''prepare''<br> '''jwatuun'''....''premonition''<br> '''jwadodin'''....''early history, protohistory''<br> '''jwamola'''....''preternatural''<br> '''jwajoeb'''....''eocene'' |- |'''jwo-'''....''ceno-, late-, latter-, tard-''||'''jwonux'''....''late payment''<br> '''jwoa'''....''tardy''<br> '''jwoteja'''....''cenozoic'' |- |'''ko-'''....''cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth-''||'''koa'''....''covert''<br> '''koexut'''....''spy''<br> '''koyeper'''....''sneak in'' |- |'''(ko)vyo-'''....''pseudo-, mis-, wrong-''||'''kovyotun'''....''pseudoscience''<br>'''vyobekuer'''....''to mistreat'' |- |'''ku-'''....''para-''||'''kuifut'''....''paramour''<br> '''kuteliut'''....''parasite''<br> '''kuteptun'''....''parapsychology'' |- |'''kya-'''....''alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross-''||'''kyaember'''....''relocate''<br> '''kyajoba'''....''diachronic''<br> '''kyatajnad'''....''crossbreed''<br> '''kyatooba'''....''transgendered''<br> '''kyavolza'''....''variegated, motley'' |- |'''kyao-'''....''falteringly, unsteadily''||'''kyaoper'''....''stagger''<br> '''kyaotexer'''....''vacillate'' |- |'''kye-'''....''chance-, hap-, random-''||'''kyea'''....''haphazard''<br> '''kyebyus'''....''chance encounter''<br> '''kyeteater'''....''happen to see''<br> '''kyesauna'''....''of a random type'' |- |'''kyo-'''....''fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat-''||'''kyosaun'''....''stereotype''<br> '''kyopa'''....''stable, static, stationary''<br> '''kyoson'''....''status'' |- |'''lo-'''....''dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un-''||'''lozeb'''....''disequilibrium''<br> '''loyuvlaxer'''....''disengage''<br> '''loyuzyuber'''....''uncoil''<br> '''lomulvyusber'''....''decontaminate'' |- |'''logel-'''....''hetero-, different-''||'''logelsauna'''....''heterogenous''<br>'''logelaxer'''....''differentiate'' |- |'''maz-'''....''bright-''||'''mazteaba'''....''bright-eyed'' |- |'''mial-'''....''hygro-, atmo-, vapori-''||'''mialama'''....''hygrothermal''<br>'''mialnagar'''....''atomometer, vaporimeter'' |- |'''mil-'''....''aqua-, hydro-, water-''||'''milyexun'''....''aquaculture''<br> '''milmaka'''....''hydroelectric''<br> '''miltilsyeb'''....''water glass'' |- |'''mul-'''....''hylo-, substance''||'''mulsana'''....''hylomorphic'' |- |'''o(l)-'''....''a-, dis-, non-, un-, in-''||'''ovyilxwa'''....''unwashed''<br> '''omalza'''....''non-white''<br> '''ototina'''....''atheist''<br> '''otepzexea'''....''inattentive'' |- |'''o(b/p)-'''....''de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice-''||'''oper'''....''get off''<br> '''obneg'''....''sublevel''<br> '''obxeb'''....''sous-chef, sub-officer''<br>'''obtyodeb'''....''vice-president'' |- |'''oog-'''....''micro-'' || '''oogpob'''....''microorganism'' <nowiki>-</nowiki> |- | '''oj-'''....''future'' || '''ojtayd'''....''bride, future wife'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-'' ||'''gawder'''....''to repeat''<br>'''gawdyeer'''....''to re-read'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''micro-, mini-'' || '''ogalmor'''....''microcosm''<br>'''ogalteaxer'''....''microscope''<br>'''gowaxer'''....''minimize'' |- |'''of-'''....''prohibited'' ||'''ofbier'''....''steal''<br>'''ofbekul'''....''prohibited drug''<br>'''ofemkyoxer'''....''to squat'' |- |'''ov-'''....''contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un-''||'''ovalxer'''....''countervail''<br> '''ovper'''....''contravene''<br> '''ovkyin'''....''counterweight''<br> '''ovdat'''....''enemy''<br> '''olovmasbwa'''....''undefended'' |- |'''oy-'''....''-less, a(n)-, without''||'''oytofa'''...''naked''<br> '''oyxer'''....''deprive''<br> '''oytosen'''....''apathy''<br> '''oyteupiba'''....''toothless'' |- |'''oyb-'''....''hypo-, infra-, sub-, under-''||'''oybnadrer'''....''underline''<br> '''oybtomsan'''....''infrastructure''<br> '''oybseuxa'''....''subsonic''<br> '''oybtayoba'''....''hypodermic'' |- |'''oyeb-'''....''ex-, extra-, out-''||'''oyebnad'''....''outline''<br> '''oyebyujber'''....''exclude''<br> '''oyebdoabuer'''....''extradite'' |- |'''oyv-'''....''contra-, opposite, reverse''||'''oyvkuma'''...''opposite''<br> '''oyvder'''....''contradict''<br>'''oyvduer'''....''contraindicate''<br>'''oyvaxer'''....''reverse'' |- |'''tayi(b)-'''....''neuro-, nerve''||'''tayibteptun'''....''neuropsychology''<br> '''tayibyok'''....''neuralgia'' |- |'''teeb-'''....''auri-, oto-, ear-''||'''teebbekut'''....''aurist''<br> '''teeteiteyobtut'''....''otorhinolaryngologist''<br> '''teebyel'''....''earwax'' |- |'''tee(s/x/t)-'''....''audio-, son-, phono-''||'''teesnagen'''....''audiography''<br> '''teestaxdras'''....''phonogram''<br> '''teestun'''....''audiology''<br> '''teexdras'''....''audiogram''<br> '''teetyofwa'''....''inaudible'' |- |'''tei(b)-'''....''nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo-''||'''teibbok'''....''rhinitis''<br> '''teibyeg'''....''nostril''<br> '''teiz'''....''perfume''<br> '''teizuka'''....''aroma-free''<br> '''teityaf'''....''olfactory sense'' |- |'''tiibil-'''....''blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin-''||'''tiibililp'''....''hemorrhage''<br> '''tiibiliut'''....''bloodsucker''<br> '''tiibloker'''....''exsanguinate''<br> '''tiibiltun'''....''hematology'' |- |'''tuj-'''....''hypno-, somni-, sopor-''||'''tujbek'''....''hyptotherapy''<br> '''tujbyea'''....''somniferous, soporific'' |- |'''u(b/p)-'''....''toward''||'''uber'''....''send''<br>'''ubaer'''....''lean toward'' |- |'''ui-'''....''horizontal, left-right, x-axis''||'''uinab'''....''row'', ''x-axis''<br> '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- |'''uib-'''....''back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receive''||'''uibar'''....''transceiver'' |- |'''uig-'''....''fast-and-slow''||'''uigpar'''....''scooter'' |- |'''uij-'''....''begin-and-end, start-and-stop''||'''uijdaler'''....''stutter'' |- |'''uip-'''....''come-and-go''||'''uipen'''....''traffic, coming and going'' |- |'''uiz-'''....''straight-then-crooked''||'''uizbaser'''....''swagger''<br> '''uizdrer'''....''scribble''<br> '''uizpaser'''....''swerve'' |- |'''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater-''||'''ungona'''....''quadripartite''<br> '''unnednid'''....''tetrahedron''<br> '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' |- |'''uyn-'''....''fourth-, quarti-''||'''uynxer'''....''quarter''<br> '''uynjab'''....''quarter (of a year)'' |- |'''ut-'''....''auto-, self-, sui-, ego-''||'''utifon'''....''egoism''<br> '''utgober'''....''autodecrement''<br> '''utfuyix'''....''self-abuse''<br> '''uttujben'''....''suicide'' |- |'''uz-'''....''crooked, di-''||'''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- |'''va-'''....''yes''||'''vayovder'''....''convict''<br> '''vabier'''....''accept''<br> '''vatexer'''....''believe'' |- |'''vao-'''....''yes-no''||'''vaoder'''....''decide''<br> '''vaodaler'''....''waffle''<br> '''vaonaza'''....''boolean'' |- |'''vi-'''....''bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri-''||'''vituzyan'''....''fine arts, beaux arts''<br> '''vidun'''....''euphemism''<br> '''vidrenyan'''....''literature, belles lettres''<br> '''visuana'''....''classic'' |- |'''vo-'''....''non-, neg-''||'''voyafxer'''....''veto''<br> '''voxer'''....''negate''<br> '''voyovder'''....''acquit, declare not guilty'' |- |'''vya-'''....''justi-, recti-, true-, reg-''||'''vyadin'''....''true story''<br> '''vyader'''....''avow''<br> '''vyamol'''....''essence'' |- | '''vyao-'''....''right or wrong'' ||'''vyaoyek'''....''test'' |- |'''vyak-'''....''ortho-, correct-''||'''vyakdred'''....''orthography''<br> '''vyakxer'''....''correct'' |- |'''vyo-'''....''mis-, para-, wrong-''||'''vyoyufa'''....''paranoid''<br> '''vyoyux'''....''perfidy''<br> '''vyoyixer'''....''misuse'' |- |'''ya-'''....''more than one, multi-''||'''yaota'''....''communal'' |- |'''yab-'''....''hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper-''||'''yabdom'''....''uptown''<br> '''yabdoneg'''....''upper class''<br> '''yabduzneg'''....''high pitch''<br> '''yabexer'''....''support''<br> '''yabzyobix'''....''hypertension'' |- |'''yabnan-'''....''height-, hypso-, alti-''||'''yabnanagar'''....''hypsometer, altimeter'' |- |'''yag-'''....''long-''||'''yagyiban'''....''long distance''<br> '''yagyeker'''....''strive''<br> '''yagblokea'''....''long-suffering'' |- |'''yan-'''....''co(n)-, fellow-, -mate''||'''yanzena'''....''concentric''<br> '''yanyeker'''....''compete''<br> '''yandit'''....''fellow-citizen'' |- |'''yao(b/p)-'''....''up-and-down''||'''yaopuyser'''....''skip''<br> '''yaopsim'''....''seesaw''<br> '''yaoblir'''....''elevator''<br> '''yaobaser'''....''bounce'' |- |'''ya(on)-'''....''six-, hexa-, sex-''||'''yaonat'''....''sextet''<br> '''yaongun'''....''hexagon''<br> '''yaona'''....''six-fold, sextuple''<br>'''yagol'''....''sextile'' |- |'''yaov-'''....''guilty-or-innocent''||'''yaovder'''....''adjudicate''<br> '''yaovdutyan'''....''jury''<br> '''yaovkader'''....''plead''<br> '''yaovyek'''....''trial'' |- |'''yaoz-'''....''serrated, bumpy, jagged''||'''yaozaxer'''....''serrate''<br> '''yaozgoblar'''....''saw''<br> '''yaozper'''....''bump along'' |- |'''yayb-'''....''supra-''||'''yaybdooba'''....''supranational'' |- |'''yayn-'''....''sex-, sixth''||'''yayna'''...''sixth'' |- |'''ye(on)-'''....''hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven-''||'''yejub'''....''week''<br> '''yeongun'''....''heptagon''<br> '''yeonat'''....''septuplet'' |- |'''ye(b/p)-'''....''en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro-''||'''yebuzaser'''....''.inflect''<br> '''yebzoytiibufa'''....''intravenous''<br> '''yebyujer'''....''enclode''<br> '''yebtayoba'''....''endodermal''<br> '''yeper'''....''enter''<br> '''yeber'''....''introduce'' |- |'''yeov-'''....''fair or not ''|| '''yeovdut'''....''umpire'' |- |'''yeyb-'''....''intra-''||'''yeybmepyan'''....''intranet''<br> '''yeybdoeba'''....''intrastate'' |- |'''ye-'''....''hepto-, seven-, septi-''||'''yejub'''....''week'' |- |'''yeyn-'''....''seventh''|| '''yeynxer'''....''split into sevenths'' |- |'''yez'''....''para-, alongside''|| '''yezteptun'''....''parapsychology''<br>'''yezuper'''....''come alongside'' |- |'''yi(on)-'''....''oct-, eight-''||'''yiona'''...''eight-fold''<br>''octuple'' |- |'''yib-'''....''far-, tele-, remote''||'''yibsin'''....''televison''<br> '''yibteata'''....''far-sighted''<br> '''yibtrawa'''....''famous'' |- |'''yibaj-'''....''archai-, archeo-, ancient''||'''yibajtun'''....''archaeology'','''yibajtun'''....''archeology'' |- |'''yiyn-'''....''eighth''||'''yiynxer'''....''divide into eighths'' |- |'''yiz-'''....''beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-''||'''yiztyun'''...''metaphor''<br> '''yizeza'''....''paranormal''<br> '''yizmeirat'''....''extraterrestrial''<br> '''yizseux'''....''utrasound'' |- |'''yoon-'''....''five-, penta-, quint-''||'''yoongun'''....''pentagon''<br> '''yoongol'''...''quintile''<br> '''yoon'''....''group of five''<br> ''quintet'' |- |'''yo(b/p)-'''....''down-, hypo-, sub-''||'''yobdom'''...''downtown''<br> '''yoper'''....''go down''<br> '''yobgoler'''....''subdivide'' |- |'''yon-'''....''apart, dis-, se-''||'''yonzyaber'''....''disperse''<br> '''yonxer'''....''separate''<br> '''yonsauna'''....''distinct'' |- |'''yoyn-'''....''fifth-, quinti-''||'''yoynnaga'''....''quintic''<br> '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' |- |'''yu(n)-'''....''nine-, nona-''||'''yunapa'''....''ninth (in order)''<br> '''yungunid'''....''nonagon''<br> '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' |- |'''yub-'''....''near-, proxi-, para-''||'''yuboj'''....''near future''<br> '''yubna'''....''next''<br> '''yubteas'''....''closeup (view)''<br> '''yubge'''....''almost''<br> '''yubfia'''....''intimate''<br> '''yubgeser'''....''approximate''<br>'''yubdopa'''....''paramilitary'' |- |'''yui(b/p)-'''....''near-and-far''||'''yuibjo'''....''sooner or later''<br> '''yuibteabar'''....''bifocals''<br> '''yuipoper'''....''travel near and far'' |- |'''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut''||'''yuijar'''....''valve''<br> '''yuijer'''....''blink'', ''wink''<br> '''manyuijer'''....''blink''<br> '''makyuijar'''....''switch'' |- |'''yuyb-'''....''quasi-, pen-, almost''||'''yuybyonmel'''....''peninsula''<br> '''yuybega'''....''quasi-normal'' |- |'''yuon-'''....''ninth-, novi-''||'''yuonat'''....''nonuplet'' |- |'''yuz-'''....''circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round-''||'''yuzper'''....''circulate''<br> '''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br> '''yuzof'''....''wrap-around''<br> '''yuznadrer'''....''circumscribe'' |- |'''za-'''....''ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro-, north''||'''zatim'''....''antechamber''<br> '''zamimuf'''....''foremast''<br> '''zagab'''....''prefix''<br> '''zajuber'''....''procrastinate''<br>'''zamer'''....''north'' |- |'''zao-'''....''back-and-forth, front-and-back''||'''zaopaser'''....''wobble''<br> '''zaokuper'''....''slalom''<br> '''zaopyoser'''....''pendulate'' |- |'''zay-'''....''forth-, pro-, forward, ahead''||'''zaypuyser'''....''skip ahead''<br> '''zaypuxer'''....''propel''<br> '''zayper'''....''go forward, procede''<br> '''zayupea'''....''forthcoming'' |- |'''ze-'''....''mid-, central, medio-''||'''zetej'''....''midlife''<br> '''zepoxer'''....''interrupt, stop midway''<br> '''zetem'''....''central hall'' |- |'''zey-'''....''cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, across''||'''zeyper'''....''transit, get across''<br> '''zeynod'''....''crosspoint''<br> '''zeytyun'''....''metaphor'' |- |'''zi-'''....''right, east, dextro-''||'''zim'''....''right side''<br>'''zimera'''....''eastern'' |- |'''zo-'''....''back-, hind-, retro-, south''||'''zotib'''....''back''<br> '''zotiub'''....''hindquarters''<br> '''zonapa'''....''retrograde''<br>'''zomer'''....''south'' |- |'''zoy-'''....''back-, retro-, re-''||'''zoyper'''....''recede, go back''<br> '''zoybeler'''....''carry back''<br> '''zoyzyublen'''....''backspin'' |- |'''zu-'''....''left-, west-''||'''zutinut'''....''leftist''<br> '''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zumera'''....''western'' |- |'''zui-'''....''left-and-right, zig-zag, east-west''||'''zuibyoser'''....''dangle, hang left-and-right''<br> '''zuiper'''....''zigzag''<br> '''zuituyaba'''....''ambidextrous''<br>'''zuimera'''....''east-west'' |- |'''zya-'''....''-wide, wide-, broad-, all about''||'''zyauber'''....''broadcast''<br> '''zyateaba'''....''wide-eyed''<br> '''zyasauna'''....''general''<br> '''zyapoper'''....''cruise, wander''<br> '''zyamira'''....''global, worldwide'' |- |'''zye-'''....''per-, thorough-, thru-, trans-''||'''zyetejer'''....''live through, experience''<br> '''zyeteaxer'''....''peruse''<br> '''zyeteatyafwa'''....''transparent''<br> '''zyemep'''....''thoroughfare''<br> '''zyeper'''....''permeate, transit'' |- |'''zyo-'''....''narrow, steno-'' || '''zyotepa'''....''narrow-minded''<br>'''zyoteat'''....''tunnel vision''<br>'''zyoyija'''....''stenopeic'' |- |'''zyu-'''....''cyclo-, rot-, round-, gyro''||'''zyutim'''....''rotunda''<br> '''zyusem'''....''roundtable''<br> '''zyuper'''....''cycle, gyrate, rotate'' |} ==== Suffixes ==== : Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes. : '''Semantic Stub Suffixes''' ::: Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Stub Suffixes |- valign=top ! Suffix Stub !! Suffix Full Form !! Suffixed Example < Base Word |- | '''-il'''....''liquid, drink'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''teab<u>il</u>'''....''tear''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teub<u>il</u>'''....''saliva''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''tayeb<u>il</u>'''....''sweat''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayeb'''....''skin''<br>'''mam<u>il</u>'''....''rain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mam'''....''sky'' |- | '''-al'''....''gas'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''tieb<u>al</u>'''....''breath''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' |- | '''-(e)l'''....''food'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''sup<u>el</u>'''....''pork''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''<u>sup</u>et'''....''swine''<br>'''ta<u>ol</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''taob'''....''flesh''<br>'''fe<u>l</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''feb'''....''fruit'' |- | '''-ul'''....''stuff'' || '''mul'''....''substance'' || '''vix<u>ul</u>'''....''cosmetic''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vix-'''....''to beautify''<br>'''bek<u>ul</u>'''....''medecine''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment'' |- | '''-yel'''....''oil, gel, wax, pulp'' || '''yel'''....''oil'' || '''olf<u>yel</u>'''....''olive oil''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''olfeb'''....''olive''<br>'''appelat<u>yel</u>'''....''wax''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''appelat'''....''bee''<br>'''mag<u>yel</u>'''....''grease''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mag'''....''fire''<br>'''bek<u>yel</u>'''....''salve''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment''<br>'''meg<u>yel</u>'''....''cement''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''meg'''....''stone''<br>'''yan<u>yel</u>'''....''paste''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yan'''....''together'' |- | '''-am'''....''house'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''apat<u>am</u>'''....''chicken coop''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apat'''....''chicken''<br>'''apellat<u>am</u>'''....''beehive''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apellat'''....''bee''<br>'''melyex<u>am</u>'''....''farmhouse''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''melyex'''....''agriculture''<br>'''datib<u>am</u>'''....''hostel''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''datib'''....''guest-reception'' |- | '''-(e)m'''....''place'' || '''nem'''....''place'' || '''vobyex<u>em</u>'''....''plantation, farm''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vob'''....''plant'' + '''yex'''....''work''<br>'''vab<u>em</u>'''....''field''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ab'''....''above, upper''<br>'''ze<u>m</u>'''....''middle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ze(a)'''....''middle'' <br> '''tim'''....''room'' |- | '''-im'''....''room'' || '''tim'''....''room'' || '''tul<u>im</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tul'''....''cuisine''<br>'''tuj<u>im</u>'''....''bedroom''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tuj'''....''sleep'' |- | '''-um'''....''cell, booth'' || '''tum'''....''compartment''|| '''pex<u>um</u>'''....''cage''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pexer'''....''catch''<br>'''ilzyapux<u>um</u>'''....''shower stall''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ilzyapux'''....''shower'' |- | '''-yem'''....''space'' || '''nyem'''....''enclosure'' || '''yom<u>yem</u>'''....''icebox''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yom'''....''ice'' |- | '''-yeb'''....''container'' || '''nyeb'''....''container'' || '''z<u>yeb</u>'''....''bottle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zye(f)'''....''glass''<br>'''vos<u>yeb</u>'''....''vase''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vos'''....''flower'' |- | '''-of'''....''material'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''t<u>of</u>'''....''clothes''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''t-'''....''human''<br>'''mis<u>of</u>'''....''curtain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mis'''....''window''<br>'''fa<u>of</u>'''....''wood''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''fa(b)-'''....''tree''<br>'''tay<u>of</u>'''....''leather''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayo(b)'''....''skin'' |- | '''-ov'''....''linen'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tey<u>ov</u>'''....''collar''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck'' |- | '''-ar'''....''instrument'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' ||'''p<u>ar</u>'''....''cart''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''p-'''....''motion''<br>'''zyup<u>ar</u>'''....''rotor''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyup'''....''turn''<br>'''gobr<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gobrar'''....''cut''<br>'''jwob<u>ar</u>'''....''watch''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-ir'''....''machine'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''dr<u>ir</u>'''....''typewriter''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dr-'''....''write''<br>'''gwob<u>ir</u>'''....''clock'' |- | '''-ur'''....''large machine'' || '''sur'''....''engine'' || '''p<u>ur</u>r'''....''car''<br>'''jwob<u>ur</u>r'''....''grandfather clock''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-(u)n'''....''thing'' || '''sun'''....''thing'' || '''d<u>un</u>'''....''word''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''d-'''....''utter, say''<br>'''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''piece, scrap''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gofrer'''....''rip, shread, tear''<br>'''zyi<u>un</u>'''....''plaque, plate''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyia'''....''flat''<br>'''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vyua'''....''dirty'' |- | '''-on'''....''abstract thing'' || '''son'''....''issue'' || '''yov<u>on</u>'''....''tort, wrong''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yov'''....''guilt'' |- | '''yen'''....''manner, kind'' || '''byen'''....''manner'' || '''tex<u>yen</u>'''....''opinion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tex'''....''thought''<br>'''hi<u>yen</u>'''....''this way, thus''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''hi-'''....''this''<br>'''es<u>yen</u>'''....''status''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''es-'''....''exist'' |- | '''-in'''....''-ism'' || '''tin'''....''doctrine'' || '''tot<u>in</u>'''....''theism, religion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tot-'''....''god''<br>'''Krist<u>in</u>'''....''Christianity''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Krist'''....''Christ''<br>'''vyisat<u>in</u>'''....''puritanism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vysiat'''....''puritan, clean person''<br>'''oytof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''oytofa'''....''nude'' |- | '''-ufyeg'''....''cylinder'' || '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' || '''man<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''candle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''man'''....''light''<br>'''tiib<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''artery''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tiib'''....''heart''<br>'''mil<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''toilet''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mil'''....''water''<br>'''mov<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''cheminee''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mov'''....''smoke'' |- | '''-ab'''....''government'' || '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dit<u>ab</u>'''....''democracy''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dit'''....''citizen'' |- | '''-eb'''....''leader'' || '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''x<u>eb</u>'''....''boss''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''x-'''....''do''<br>'''tam<u>eb</u>'''....''master of the house''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tam'''....''house'' |- | '''-ub'''....''branch'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''pat<u>ub</u>'''....''wing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | '''-ad'''....''language'' || '''-a''' + '''d(alzeyn)'''....''language'' || '''Frans<u>ad</u>'''....''French (language)'' |- | '''-uz'''....''jewelry'' || '''nuz'''....''jewel'' || '''teyob<u>uz</u>'''....''necklace''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck''<br>'''teeb<u>uz</u>'''....''earring''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teeb'''....''ear'' |- | '''-u(er)'''....''give'' || '''buer'''....''give'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>er'''....''exhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-i(er)'''....''take'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''tiebal<u>i</u>er'''....''inhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-ui(er)'''....''exchange'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>ier'''....''breathe''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |} ==== Derviational Suffixes ==== ::: Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivational Suffixes |- ! Derivational<br>Suffix !! Function || Base Word <br><br>--> Suffixed<br>Derivation |- | '''-er''' || Noun <br>--> Verbal Infinitive || '''sag'''....''count'' <big><br>--></big> '''sag<u>er</u>'''....''to count'' |- | '''-n''' || Present Tense Verb <br>--> Verbal Noun (Gerund)<br>Adjective <br>--> Abstract Noun || '''yexe'''....''(he/she/...) works'' <big><br>--></big> '''yexe<u>n</u>'''....''working''<br>'''via'''....''beautiful'' <big><br>--></big> '''via<u>n</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yuba'''....''near'' <big><br>--></big> '''yuba<u>n</u>'''....''proximity, nearness'' |- | '''-a''' || Noun <br>--> Adjective<br>Active Verb<br>--> Verbal Adjective (Present Participle)<br>Past Passive Verb <br>--> Perfect Passive Participle (Adjective)||'''mor'''....''universe'' <big><br>--></big> '''mor<u>a</u>'''....''universal''<br>'''ake'''....''wins'' <big><br>--></big> '''ake<u>a</u>'''....''winning''<br>'''teatwa'''....''was seen'' <big><br>--></big>'''teatwa<u>a</u>''' (or, shortened to: '''teatw<u>a</u>'''....''seen'') |- | '''-ya''' || INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM <br>--> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE || '''ip-'''....''go away'' <big><br>--></big> '''ip<u>ya</u>'''....''gone away'' |- | '''-yea''' || VERB STEM <br>--> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE) || '''zaypas-'''....''progress'' <big><br>--></big> '''zaypas<u>yea</u>'''....''progressive'' |- | '''-y''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ADVERB || '''iga'''....''quick'' <big><br>--></big> '''iga<u>y</u>'''....''quickly''<br>'''tea-'''....''knowing''<big><br>--></big>'''tea<u>y</u>'''....''knowingly'' |- | '''-ut''' || VERB STEM <br>--> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''one who Xes, -er'' || '''ak-'''....''win'' <big><br>--></big> '''ak<u>ut</u>''' ....''winner'' |- | '''-us''' || VERB STEM <br>--> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''thing that Xes, -er'' || '''gol-'''....''divide'' <big><br>--></big> '''gol<u>us</u>''' ....''divisor'' |- |- '''-t''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ANIMATE NOUN (human, one who is...) || '''yibtrawa'''....''well-known'' <big>-<br>--></big>'''yibtrawa<u>t</u>'''....''celebrity'' |- |- '''-s''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> INANIMATE NOUN (thing, something X) || '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big><br>--></big>'''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery'' |} ::: <small>*Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker '''-i''' fall under the latter category.</small> ==== Normal Semantic Suffixes==== :* Augmentative Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Augmentative Suffixes |- ! Augmentative Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-ag''' (augmentative) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamag'''....''mansion'' |- | '''-ayg''' (affectionate augmentative) || '''sem'''....''chair'' || '''semayg'''....''big old chair'' |- | '''-yag''' (pejorative augmentative) || '''apet'''....''horse'' || '''apetyag'''....''nag'' |} :* Diminutive Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Diminutive Suffixes |- ! Diminutive Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-og''' (diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamog'''....''hut'' |- | '''-oyg''' (affectionate diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamoyg'''....''cottage'' |- | '''-yog''' (pejorative diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamyog'''....''shack'' |- | '''-et''' (a smaller person) || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' |- | '''-es''' (thing of lesser importance) || '''nas'''....''money'' || '''nases'''....''change, coin'' |- | '''-ud''' (child of, offspring) || '''tob'''....''man'' || '''tobud'''....''infant'' |} :* Semantic Adjectival Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Adjectival Suffixes |- ! Adjectival Suffix !! Meaning !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-a''' || '''mor'''....''universe'' || ''related to, -al, -ic'' || '''mora'''....''universal'' |- | '''-aya''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekaya'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-oya''' || '''vyun'''....''spot'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''vyunoya'''....''spotless'' |- | '''-ika''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekika'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-uka''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''miekuka'''....''dust-free'' |- | '''-yea''' || '''vyod'''....''lie'' || ''given to doing X, -ive'' || '''vyodyea'''....''mendacious, given to lying'' |- | '''-yena''' || '''tat'''....''angel'' || ''like, -ly, -ic'' || '''tatyena'''....''angelic'' |} :* Other Semantic Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Other Semantic Suffixes |- ! Suffix !! Base Word || Derivation |- | '''-tun'''....''science, ...ology'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>tun</u>'''....''biology'' |- | '''-tut'''....''-ologist, expert, -ist'' || '''dar'''....''language'' || '''dar<u>tut</u>'''....''linquist'' |- | '''-tuin'''....''theory'' || '''tob'''....''mar'' || '''mar<u>tuin</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | '''-yan'''....''collection, aggregate'' || '''fab'''....''tree''|| '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest'' |- |'''-tyen'''....''trade, -ics'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''sir<u>tyen</u>'''....''mechanics'' |- | '''-if'''....''pet name'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''twed<u>if</u>'''....''papa'' |- | '''ifa'''....''-philic, -loving'' || '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''dyes<u>ifa</u>'''....''bibliophilic'' |- | '''ifwa'''....''liked by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ifwa</u>'''....''popular'' |- | '''ufa'''....''-phobic, -hating'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>ufa</u>'''....''misogynous'' |- | '''ufwa'''....''hated by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ufwa</u>'''....''unpopular'' |- | '''yafa'''....''able to'' || '''tyoyap-'''....''walk'' || '''tyoyap<u>yafa</u>'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''yafwa'''....''possible to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yafwa</u>'''....''visible'' |- | '''yofa'''....''unable to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yofa</u>'''....''blind'' |- | '''yofwa'''....''impossible to'' || '''dye-'''....''read'' || '''dye<u>yofwa</u>'''....''illegible'' |- | '''yika'''....''hard of...ing'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yika</u>'''....''hard of hearing'' |- | '''yikwa'''....''hard to'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yikwa</u>'''....''hard to hear'' |- | '''yuka'''....''easy at...ing'' || '''vatex-'''....''believe'' || '''vatex<u>yuka</u>'''....''gullible'' |- | '''yukwa'''....''easily...ed'' || '''test-'''....''understand'' || '''test<u>yukwa</u>'''....''easily understood'' |- | '''yufa'''....''fearful of, -phobic'' || '''tot'''....''god'' || '''tot<u>yufa</u>'''....''god-fearing'' |- | '''yufwa'''....''feared'' || '''hyat'''....''everybody'' || '''hyat<u>yufwa</u>'''....''feared by all'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''efa'''....''needful of'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''tel<u>efa</u>'''....''hungry'' |- | '''efwa'''....''necessary to'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>efa</u>'''....''vital'' |- | '''yefa'''....''duty-bound to, -worthy of'' || '''dud'''....''answer'' || '''dud<u>yefa</u>'''....''responsible'' |- | '''yefwa'''....''due, -worthy of'' || '''fid-'''....''laud'' || '''fid<u>yefwa</u>'''....''praiseworthy'' |- | '''afa'''....''authorized to'' || '''dokebi-'''....''vote'' || '''dokebi<u>afa</u>'''....''franchised'' |- | '''ofwa'''....''prohibited to'' || '''movi-'''....''smoke'' || '''movi<u>ofwa</u>gonem'''....''no-smoking zone'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''yivwa'''....''free to be ...ed'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yivwa</u>'''....''optional'' |- | '''yuva'''....''bound'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tam<u>yuva</u>'''....''house-bound'' |- | '''ova'''....''resistant, anti-'' || '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution'' || '''aagdovyab<u>ova</u>'''....''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''ava'''....''in favor of, pro-'' || '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' || '''tyodab<u>ava</u>'''....''pro-democracy'' |- | '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''toos'''....''gender'' || '''toos<u>eva</u>'''....''gender-neutral'' |} === Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling === : Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called '''''first-level ordinal scaling'''''. ==== First-level Ordinal Scaling ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ First-level Ordinal Scaling |- valign=top ! ORDINAL VOWEL !! t...b !! m...r !! j...b !! m...s !! t...m !! d...b || f...b || s...m || d...t || t...d |- !row=1| '''o''' = 0 |'''tob'''<br>''man'' || '''mor'''<br>''universe'' || '''job'''<br>''time'' || '''mos'''<br>''floor''|| '''tom'''<br>''building'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' || '''fob'''<br>''plant'' || '''som'''<br>''furniture''||'''dot'''<br>''society''||'''tod'''<br>''family'' |- !row=1| '''a''' = 1 |'''tab'''<br>''body'' || '''mar'''<br>''sun'' || '''jab'''<br>''year'' || '''mas'''<br>''wall'' || '''tam'''<br>''house'' || '''dab'''<br>''government'' || '''fab'''<br>''tree'' || '''sam'''<br>''armoire''||'''dat'''<br>''friend'' || '''tad'''<br>''spouse'' |- !row=1| '''e''' = 2 |'''teb'''<br>''head'' || '''mer'''<br>''planet'' || '''jeb'''<br>''season''|| '''mes'''<br>''door'' || '''tem'''<br>''hall'' || '''deb'''<br>''leader'' || '''feb'''<br>''fruit'' || '''sem'''<br>''table''||'''det'''<br>''associate'' || '''ted'''<br>''parent'' |- !row=1| '''i''' = 3 |'''tib'''<br>''trunk'' || '''mir'''<br>''earth'' || '''jib'''<br>''month'' || '''mis'''<br>''window'' || '''tim'''<br>''room'' || '''dib'''<br>''office'' || '''fib'''<br>''tree trunk'' || '''sim'''<br>''chair''||'''dit'''<br>''citizen'' || '''tid'''<br>''sibling'' |- !row=1| '''u''' = 4 |'''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''mur'''<br>''moon'' || '''jub'''<br>''day'' || '''mus'''<br>''stairs'' || '''tum'''<br>''cell'' || '''dub'''<br>''minister'' || '''fub'''<br>''branch'' || '''sum'''<br>''bed''||'''dut'''<br>''gentleperson'' || '''tud'''<br>''child'' |- !row=1| '''yo''' = 5 |'''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || || '''jyob*'''<br>''hour'' || || || || '''fyob'''<br>''root'' || || || '''tyod'''<br>''people'' |} ::: <small>* The palatal glide '''y''' in these words, which follows a palatal '''j''' is hard to pronounce, so the '''y''' is replaced with a '''w''', giving '''jwob''', '''jwab''', and '''jweb'''.</small> ==== Second-level Ordinal Scaling ==== :: A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding an ordinal vowel immediately after a word's stem vowel. ::: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Second-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''mi...p''' !! '''me...p''' !! '''tu...b''' !! '''tyo...b'''!! '''ma...f''' !! '''me...g''' !! '''do...b''' |- | '''mip'''<br>''river'' || '''mep'''<br>''way'' || '''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' || '''meg'''<br>''stone'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' |- | '''mi<u>a</u>p'''<br>''stream'' || '''meap'''<br>''road'' || '''tuab'''<br>''shoulder'' || '''tyoab'''<br>''hip''|| '''maaf'''<br>''stratus'' || '''meag'''<br>''marble'' || '''doab'''...''fatherland'' |- | '''mi<u>e</u>p'''<br>''brook'' || '''meep'''<br>''path'' || '''tueb'''<br>''upper arm'' || '''tyoeb'''<br>''thigh''|| '''maef'''<br>''cumulus'' || '''meeg'''<br>''slate'' || '''doeb'''<br>''province, state'' |- | '''mi<u>i</u>p'''<br>''rivulet'' || '''meip'''<br>''trail'' || '''tuib'''<br>''elbow'' || '''tyoib'''<br>''knee''|| '''maif'''<br>''stratocumulus'' || '''meig'''<br>''granite'' || '''doib'''<br>''county, shire'' |- | '''mi<u>u</u>p'''<br>''torrent'' || '''meup'''<br>''track'' || '''tuub'''<br>''forearm'' || '''tyoub'''<br>''shin''|| '''mauf'''<br>''cumulonimbus'' || '''meug'''<br>''clay, dough'' || '''doub'''<br>''district'' |- | '''mi<u>yo</u>p'''<br>''trickle'' || || '''tuyob'''<br>''wrist'' || '''tyoyob'''<br>''ankle''||'''mayof'''<br>''nimbostatus'' || '''meyog'''<br>''china'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ya</u>b'''<br>''hand'' || '''tyoyab'''<br>''foot''||'''mayaf'''<br>''altostratus'' || '''meyag'''<br>''chalk'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ye</u>b'''<br>''fist'' || '''tyoyeb'''<br>''heel''|| '''mayef'''<br>''altocumulus'' || '''meyeg'''<br>''limestone'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yi</u>b'''<br>''palm'' || '''tyoyib'''<br>''sole''|| '''mayif'''<br>''cirrus'' || '''meyig'''<br>''alabaster'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yu</u>b'''<br>''finger'' || '''tyoyub'''<br>''toe''|| '''mayuf'''<br>''cirrostratus'' || '''meyug'''<br>''gypsum''|| |- | || || '''tu<u>lo</u>b'''<br>''fingernail'' || '''tyolob'''<br>''toenail''||'''malof'''<br>''cirrocumulus'' || |} ==== Third-level Ordinal Scaling ==== ::: A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing an ordinal number vowel to the word. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Third-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | '''<u>a</u>tuyub'''....''thumb'' |- | '''<u>e</u>tuyub'''....''index'' |- | '''<u>i</u>tuyub'''....''middle finger'' |- | '''<u>u</u>tuyub'''....''ring finger'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>tuyub'''....''pinky'' |} ::: So, to sum up, we have: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:6.4em; font-size:smaller" |+ Summary of Scaling |- ! '''t...b''' !! '''tob''' = ''human being'' |- | FIRST-LEVEL || '''tub'''....''arm'' |- | SECOND-LEVEL || '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | THIRD-LEVEL || '''atuyub'''....''thumb'' |} ==== Scaling with Prefixed Numbering ==== ::: We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words by prefixing an ordinal vowel even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first level usually begins with '''a'''. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefix Numbering |- ! align=left | NUMBER || '''dob'''....''state'' !! '''deb'''....''leader'' !! '''mez'''....''gem'' !! '''mer'''....''planet'' || '''maf'''....''cloud'' || '''sagtun'''....''mathematics'' |- ! 1 | '''<u>a</u>dob'''....''empire'' || '''adeb'''....''emperor'' || '''amez'''....''diamond'' || '''Amer'''....''Mercury'' || '''amaf'''....''nimbus'' || '''asagtun'''....''arithmetic'' |- ! 2 | '''<u>e</u>dob'''....''kingdom'' || '''edeb'''....''king'' || '''emez'''....''topaz'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' || '''emaf'''....''stratus'' || '''esagtun'''....''geometry'' |- ! 3 | '''<u>i</u>dob'''....''principality'' || '''ideb'''....''prince'' || '''imez'''....''ruby'' || '''Imer'''....''Earth'' || '''imaf'''....''nimbostatus'' || '''isagtun'''....''algebra'' |- ! 4 | '''<u>u</u>dob'''....''duchy'' || '''udeb'''....''duke'' || '''umez'''....''emerald'' ||'''Umer'''....''Mars'' || '''umaf'''....''cumulus'' || '''usagtun'''....''trigonometry'' |- ! 5 | '''<u>yo</u>dob'''....''marquisate'' || '''yodeb'''....''marquis'' || '''yomez'''....''saphire'' || '''Yomer'''....''Jupiter'' || '''yomaf'''....''cumulostatus'' || '''yosagtun'''....''calculus'' |- ! 6 | '''<u>ya</u>dob'''....''county'' || '''yadeb'''....''count'' || '''yamez'''....''lapis lazuli'' || '''Yamer'''....''Saturn'' || '''yamaf'''....''stratocumulus'' || |- ! 7 | '''<u>ye</u>dob'''....''dominion'' || '''yedeb'''....''lord'' || '''yemez'''....''amthyst'' || '''Yemer'''....''Uranus'' || '''yemaf'''....''altocumulus'' || |- ! 8 | '''<u>yi</u>dob'''....''viscounty'' || '''yideb'''....''viscount'' || '''yimez'''....''amber'' ||'''Yimer'''....''Pluto'' || '''yimaf'''....''altostratus'' || |- ! 9 | '''<u>yu</u>dob'''....''barony'' || '''yudeb'''....''baron'' || '''yumez'''....''topaz'' || || '''yumaf'''....''cirrocumulus'' || |- ! 10 | '''<u>alo</u>dob'''....''tribe'' || '''alodeb'''....''tribal chief'' || '''alomez'''....''opal'' || || '''alomaf'''....''cirrus'' || |} === Rule #4: Overlapping === : When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in '''''overlapping''''' or a '''''portmanteau'''''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Overlapping in Compounds |- ! First Word !! Second Word !! Portmanteau |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''mep'''....''road'' || '''domep'''....''boulevard'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''teub'''....''mouth'' || '''pateub'''....''beak'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''patub'''....''wing'' |- | '''teupib'''....''tooth'' || '''byok'''....''pain'' || '''teypibyok'''....''toothache'' |} : In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided. === Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels === : When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an '''o''', replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word. : Examples: ::* '''edob'''....''kingdom'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''edeb'''....''monarch'' ('''edweb'''....''king'', '''edeyb'''....''queen'') ::* '''udob'''....''principality'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''udeb'''....''prince'' ('''udweb'''....''prince'', '''udeyb'''....''princess'') : By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant: : Examples: : '''mil'''....''water'' + '''mal'''....''air'' -> '''mial'''....''vapor, steam'' === Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants === : When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant. : Example: <b>to<u>b</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D8;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-b</b> = <i>organism</i>) (<b>t-</b> = <i>human</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>tof</b>....<i>clothing, apparel</i> (<b>n-</b> = <i>commercial</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>nof</b>....<i>cloth, fabric</i> <b>no<u>f</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D7;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-f</b> = <i>cloth</i>) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Swapping Generic Consonants |- ! Base Word 1 !! Base Word 2 !! Derived Word |- | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tov'''....''lingerie'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''taf'''....''suit'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tef'''....''hat'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tif'''....''vest'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tyoyaf'''....''shoe'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tuyaf'''....''glove'' |- | '''doob'''^*....''nation'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''doof'''....''flag'' |- | '''taob'''^*....''flesh'' || '''tol'''....''food'' || '''taol'''....''meat'' |} :<small>* This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.</small> === Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender === : Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix '''w''' and the feminine infix '''y'''. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''w'''. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''y'''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Marking Animate Nouns for Gender |- ! Gender-Neutral !! Male !! Female |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''young person'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''it'''....''he/she/it'' || '''wit'''....''he'' || '''iyt'''....''she'' |- | '''apat'''....''cock'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''toob'''....''gender'' || '''twoob'''....''male'' || '''tooyb'''....''female'' |} ::* Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for women, rather than men, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Making Inanimate Objects Female-related |- ! Male-oriented or Neutral !! Female-oriented |- | '''taf'''....''suit'' || '''tayf'''....''dress'' |- | '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' || '''tyoyayv'''....''stockings'' |- | '''tiav'''....''shirt'' || '''tiayv'''....''blouse'' |} ::* Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Body Parts Genderized |- ! Neutral !! Male-oriented !! Female-oriented |- | '''tilab'''....''breast'' || '''twilab'''....''male breast'' || '''tilayb'''....''female breast'' |- | || '''twiyib'''....''testicals'' || '''tiyiyb'''....''ovary'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''sexual organ'' || '''twiyub'''....''penis'' || '''tiyuyb'''....''vagina'' |} ::* In nouns that end in '''-ut''', the agentive suffix meaning ''-er, one who...'', the nouns can be feminized by changing '''-ut''' to '''-uyt''', eg. '''dezut'''....''actor'' -> '''dezuyt'''....''actress''. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing '''-ut''' with '''w''' to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the '''w''' can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like '''dezut''' can mean ''actor'' of neutral or male gender. ::* Animate nouns having the ending '''-et''' (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding '''w''' or '''y''' to the semantic base of the word, eg. '''tobet'''....''child, youth'' -> '''toybet'''....''girl'' or '''twobet'''....''boy''. === Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels === : A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings. : Geo-specific Vowels: <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* '''o'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''outer space, abstract object, initial stuff''' ::* '''a'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sky, air, gas''' ::* '''e'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''land, soil, solid''' ::* '''i'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sea, water, liquid''' ::* '''u'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''underground, mineral, concrete object, other''' </div> :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels |- ! !!'''m...p''' !! '''m...m''' !! '''d...p''' !! '''p...t''' !! '''m...l''' !! '''m...r''' |- ! Space | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''space'' || '''dop'''....''military'' || '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''mol'''....''nature'' || '''mor'''....''universe'' |- ! Sky | '''map'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''dap'''....''air force'' || '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''mar'''....''star'' |- ! Land | '''mep'''....''road''|| '''mem'''....''land''|| '''dep'''....''army'' || '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''mer'''....''planet'' |- ! Water | '''mip'''....''river''|| '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''dip'''....''marine force'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mir'''....''world'' |- ! Underground (or other) | '''mup'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || || || '''mul'''....''stuff'' || '''mur'''....''moon'' |} : This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Hybrids|Hybrids]] for more on this subject. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Hybrid nouns |- ! First-level Derivation !! + Geospecific Vowel !! Second-level Derivation |- | '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''i'''....''water, sea''|| '''pe<u>i</u>t'''....''aquatic mammal'' |- | '''pelt'''....''insect'' || '''a'''....''air, sky''|| '''pel<u>a</u>t'''....''flying insect'' |- | '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''i'''....''water, sea'' || '''me<u>i</u>l'''....''mud'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''a'''....''air, gas'' || '''mi<u>a</u>l'''....''vapor'' |} === Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels === : The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Vectorial Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact. :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" border="0" |+ Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''amer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''baer'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''aber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''byaer'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''yaber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''omer'''....''south'' |- | '''o''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''boer'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''oper'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''pyoser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''yoper'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''uber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''pyuer'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''yuber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''byuser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''pier'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''yiper'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''pyiser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''emer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''eb'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''bexer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''up against, strike''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike'' |} ==== Special value of certain vowels ==== : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular'': ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual'' ::* '''anota'''....''alone, solitary'' ::* '''anay'''....''only'' ::* '''aun'''....''unit'' : The prefixes '''ya-''' or '''yan-''' meaning ''collection, plural'': ::* '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''yanot'''....''constituent'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' ::* '''yanotyan'''....''community'' ::* '''yan'''....''together'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yon'''....''apart'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' vs. '''yonota'''....''private'' ::* '''yanxer'''....''to combine'' vs. '''yonxer'''....''to separate'' === Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns === : Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning. : For example, the mnemonic '''eu''' pattern from the word for mouth, '''teud''' can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Mnemonic Pattern Derivation |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teub'''....''mouth'' !! Classifier !! Generic |- | '''teud'''....''shout'' || '''t''' = human || '''d''' = communication |- | '''teuz'''....''voice'' || '''t''' = human || '''z''' = art |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''d''' = communication || '''z''' = art |- | '''seuz'''....''tone'' || '''s''' = thing || '''z''' = art |- | '''seux'''....''sound'' || '''s''' = thing || '''x''' = action |- | '''xeus'''....''noise'' || '''x''' = action || '''s''' = thing |- | '''teuf'''....''muzzle'' || '''t''' = human || '''f''' = apparel |- | '''teuv'''....''mask'' || '''t''' = human || '''v''' = linen |- | '''teus'''....''taste''|| '''t''' = human || '''s''' = thing |- | '''deup'''....''rhythm''|| '''d''' = communication || '''p''' = ''motion'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teab'''....''eye'' !! '''(t)ea-''' = ''see'' !! Generic |- | '''teaper'''....''visit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teader'''....''witness'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teaxer'''....''look'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teaser'''....''seem'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teater'''....''see'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keaxer'''....''scan'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleaxer'''....''check'' || '''vyal-''' = ''certain''|| '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''yoneater'''....''distinguish'' || '''yon-''' = ''apart''|| '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''beaxer'''....''guard'' || '''be-''' = ''hold'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teatier'''....''perceive'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teatuer'''....''show'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teeb'''....''ear'' !! '''(t)ee-''' = ''hear'' !! Generic |- | '''teeper'''....''attend'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teeder'''....''testify'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teexer'''....''listen'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teeser'''....''sound (like)'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teeter'''....''hear'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keexer'''....''scan (acoustically)'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''koteexer'''....''snoop on'' || '''ko-''' = ''hide'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleexer'''....''sound out'' || '''vyal-''' = certain || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teetier'''....''get wind of'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teetuer'''....''make heard'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- | '''zyateetuer'''....''rumor'' || '''zya-''' = ''all around'' || '''-u-''' = objected-directed |} : A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Shortening Long Compounds |- ! Word 1 !! Word 2 !! Long Compound !! Shortened Compound |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''ekpeteuder''' || '''ekpeder'''....''neigh'' |- | '''serpyet'''....''snake'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''serpyeteuder''' || '''sepyeder'''....''hiss'' |- | '''vifeb'''....''grape'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''vifebil'''....''grape juice'' || '''vifil'''....''wine'' |- | '''povob'''....''grain'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''povobil''' || '''povil'''....''beer'' |} : Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ From Full Words to Stubs |- ! Compound !! New Stub !! Derivation |- | '''tilabil'''....''breast milk'' || '''bil'''....''milk''|| '''bilyug'''....''butter'' |- | '''fauf'''....''log'' || '''-uf'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''cylinder''|| '''muf'''....''rod, stick'' |- | '''zyeg'''....''hole'' || '''-yeg'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''hole'', ''hollow thing''|| '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' |} : The clipped word '''bil''' now gives rise to other compounds: ::* '''bilyig'''....''cheese'' ::* '''bilyigem'''....''cheese factory'' ::* '''bilyug'''....''butter'' ::* '''bilyugyena'''....''butter-like'' : The word '''mufyeg''' (Lit: hollow stick) means '''pipe, reed, cylinder''' === Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === : Words which follow Rule #11 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation. : These nuances are obtained by: :* Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel. :: These vowels are: ::: '''a''' for '''a''' and '''ya''' ::: '''e''' for '''e''' and '''ye''' ::: '''i''' for '''i''' and '''yi''' ::: '''o''' for '''o''' and '''yo''' ::: '''u''' for '''u''' and '''yu''' :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nad'''....''line'' || '''naad'''....''rail'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''doob'''....''nation'' |- | '''vyab'''....''rule'' || '''vyayab'''....''system'' |- | '''boka'''....''sick'' || '''booka'''....''tired'' |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || '''noog'''....''phase'' |- | '''bil'''....''milk'' || '''biil'''....''juice'' |} :* Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''less''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deintensification with Post-y-gliding |- ! Word !! Mitigated Derivation |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''iyfer'''....''like'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''iyva'''....''glad'' |- | '''zyutom'''....''tower'' || '''zyutoym'''....''turret'' |- | '''ama'''....''hot'' || '''ayma'''....''warm'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''oyma'''....''cool'' |} :* Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''greater''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding |- ! Word !! Enhanced Derivation |- | '''pot'''....''wild animal'' || '''pyot'''....''predator animal'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pyat'''....''bird of prey'' |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''yoma'''....''frozen'' |- | '''nuxer'''....''pay'' || '''nyuxer'''....''deliver'' |- | '''nexer'''....''save'' || '''nyexer'''....''store'' |} :* Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid '''l''' or the further intensifying liquid '''r''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with L and R |- ! Word !! L-Intensitifed || R-Intensified |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''ifler'''....''be fond of'' || '''ifrer'''....''adore'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''ivla'''....''content'' || '''ivra'''....''delighted'' |- | '''vaa'''....''affirmative'' || '''vlaa'''....''sure'' || '''vraa'''....''indubitable'' |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agla'''....''huge'' || '''agra'''....''immense'' |- | '''ga'''....''more'' || '''gala'''....''multiple'' || '''gara'''....''exponential'' |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press'' || '''barer'''....''crush'' |- | '''yexer'''....''work'' || '''yexler'''....''labor'' || '''yexrer'''....''toil, slave'' |- | '''yixer'''....''use'' || '''yixler'''....''hire'' || '''yixrer'''....''exploit'' |} :* Adding consonants other than '''l''' or '''r''' as the generic consonant: : Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like '''t''', '''f''', '''s''', '''k''', and '''z''' are used, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with Other Consonants |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fika'''....''perfect''<br>'''fira'''....''excellent'' |- | '''fua'''....''bad'' || '''futa'''....''wicked''<br>'''fura'''....''rotten'' |- | '''gea'''....''equal'' || '''geta'''....''identical''<br>'''gela'''....''alike'' |- | '''vyaa'''....''true'' || '''vyaka'''....''correct''<br>'''vyama'''....''real'' |- | '''vyoa'''....''false'' || '''vyoka'''....''incorrect''<br>'''vyoma'''....''fake'' |- | '''yiga'''....''hard'' || '''yigza'''....''sour''<br>'''yigla'''....''brusk''<br>'''yigra'''....''brutal'' |- | '''yuga'''....''soft'' || '''yugfa'''....''smooth''<br>'''yugla'''....''tender''<br>'''yugra'''....''mild'' |} :* Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nab'''....''row'' || '''nap'''....''order'' |- | '''vyava'''....''just'' || '''vyafa'''....''precise'' |- | '''jwab'''....''minute'' || '''jwap'''....''moment'' |- | '''jweb'''....''second'' || '''jwep'''....''instant'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''tap'''....''physique'' |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''top'''....''soul, animus'' |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' |- | '''naz'''....''value'' || '''nas'''....''money'' |- | '''nag'''....''dimension'' || '''nak'''...''unit of measurement'' |} == Technical Nomenclature == : The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features. === Zoological Nomenclature === {{status|100%}} [[File:Animal diversity.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of animals are formed in a systematic way. ==== Base Names ==== : First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with '''p''' (mobile) and end with '''t''' (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures. : The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air ('''a'''), water ('''i'''), land ('''e'''), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild ('''o'''), tame, or predatory ('''y'''); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms |- ! Type !! Air = a !! Water = i !! Land = e !! Anywhere = o |- valign=top !row=1| Ordinary |'''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' || '''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Predatory |'''pyat'''....''raptor'' || '''pyit'''....''predatory fish'' || '''pyet'''....''reptile'' ||'''pyot'''....''predatory animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Hybrid |'''piat'''....''waterfowl''<br>'''pelat'''....''flying insect''<br>'''paet'''....''flightless bird'' ||'''piit'''....''crustacean''<br>'''pilt'''....''marine invertebrate''<br>'''peit'''....''mammalian fish''<br>'''pyeit'''....''mollusk''|| '''payet'''....''flying reptile''<br>'''piyet'''....''batracian''<br>'''peyet'''....''worm''<br>'''pelt'''....''insect'' ||'''piot'''....''aquatic mammal'' |} ==== Derived Names ==== : The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the [https://www.itis.gov/| Linnaean taxonomy]. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name '''Canidae''' (''canids''). The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin. ''Ca'' in Latin is pronounced '''ka'''. See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad. In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory. So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix '''ka''' to the base name for domestic land animal '''pet''', yielding '''kapet''' (''dog''). All other members of the dog family end in '''pot''' (feral animal) or '''pyot''' (predatory animal). The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel. If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, ''prairie dog'' (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by '''ci³xi²ro¹pot''' from '''<u>Ro</u>¹dentia <u>Sci</u>²uridae <u>Cy</u>³nomys''', where '''pot''' is the basic animal type ''wild animal''. All rodents have the taxonomic syllable '''ro''' from the Latin "order" taxon ''Rodentia'', while all squirrel names will have the syllable '''xi''' from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon ''<u>Sci</u>uridae'' ('''<u>xi</u>uriday'''). The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family: :: <u>Ca</u>nidae (''dog family'') > ::: '''<u>ka</u>pet'''...''the common domestic dog'' (only one species, ''Canis familiaris'') ::: '''<u>ka</u>pot'''...''wild dog'' ::: '''<u>ka</u>pyot'''...''predatory dog'' : Species under '''kapyot''' are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names: :: ''Canis <u>lu</u>pus'' > '''<u>lu</u>kapyot'''...''gray wolf (or just wolf)'' :: ''Canis <u>la</u>trans'' > '''<u>la</u>kapyot'''...''coyote, prairie wolf'' ::: ''Canis latrans <u>les</u>tes'' > '''<u>les</u>lakapyot'''...''mountain coyote'' :: ''Canis <u>au</u>rus'' > '''<u>aw</u>kapyot''' > ''jackal, golden jackal'' ::: ''Canis aurus <u>cur</u>ensis'' > '''<u>kur</u>awkapyot'''....''Indochinese jackal'' :: ''Canis <u>vul</u>pus'' > '''<u>vul</u>kapyot'''...''fox, red fox'' : If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is '''awkapyot''' and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from ''curensis'' would normally be '''ku''', but it has to be extended to '''kur''' because the base begins in a vowel. : The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Latin/Greek - Mirad correspondences |- ! Latin/Greek Spelling !! Latin Sound !! Mirad Spelling !! Example |- | ''au'' || ''aw'' || '''aw''' || ''<u>au</u>rus''....'''aw-''' |- | ''eu'' || ''ew'' || '''ew''' || ''<u>eu</u>ropa''....'''ew-''' |- | ''ai''<br>''ae'' || ''ay'' || '''ay''' || ''<u>ae</u>gyptus''....'''ay-''' |- | ''ei'' <br> ''ey'' || ''ey'' || '''ey''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''oe'' || ''oy'' || '''oy''' || ''F<u>oe</u>niculum''....'''oy''' |- | ''ua'' || ''wa'' || '''wa''' || ''s<u>ua</u>vis''....'''s<u>wa</u>''' |- | ''ca/co/cu'' || ''ka/ko/ku'' || '''ka/ko/ku''' || ''<u>ca</u>nis''....'''<u>ka</u>''' |- | ''ce/ci/cy''' || ''che/chi/chi'' || '''ce/ci/cy''' || ''<u>cy</u>pris''....'''<u>ci</u>''' |- | ''y'' || ''i'' || '''i''' || ''c<u>y</u>pris''....'''<u>i</u>''' |- | ''g''' || ''g'' || '''g''' || ''<u>Ge</u>ococcyx''/''<u>Ga</u>stropoda''....'''<u>g</u>''' |- | ''ch'' || ''k'' || '''k''' || ''<u>Chi</u>roptera''....'''<u>ki</u>''' |- | ''ph'' || ''f'' || '''f''' ||''S<u>ph</u>yrapicus''....'''<u>f</u>''' |- | ''rh'' || ''r'' || '''r''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''x'' || ''ks'' || '''ks''' || ''Lo<u>x</u>odonta''....'''<u>ks</u>''' |- | ''qu'' || ''kw'' || '''kw''' || ''<u>Qu</u>ercus''....'''<u>kw</u>''' |- | ''j'' || ''y'' || '''j''' || ''<u>ju</u>lianus''....'''<u>ju</u>''' |- | ''sci'' || ''shi'' || '''xi''' || ''<u>Sci</u>uridae''....'''<u>xi</u>''' |- | ''th'' || ''t'' || '''t''' || ''<u>Th</u>unnus''....'''<u>t</u>''' |- | ''cci'' || ''ksi'' || '''ksi''' || ''Va<u>cc</u>inus''....'''<u>ksi</u>''' |} : Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for ''Cinnamomum'' would be '''cin'''. : The Latin letter ''j'' is represented in Mirad with '''j''' even though it is pronounced like a ''y''. This is for better recognizability. ==== Genderized and Other Forms ==== : Form the female of an animal by inserting a '''y''' before the '''t''' of the base adult name: ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kape<u>y</u>t'''....''bitch'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkapyo<u>y</u>t'''....''vixen'' : Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a '''w''' right after the '''p''' of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with '''py''' in which case the '''w''' is inserted just before the '''t''' of the base name: ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekp<u>w</u>et'''....''stallion'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbop<u>w</u>et'''....''ram'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkpyo<u>w</u>t'''....''dog fox'' : Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an '''o''' after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name: ::* '''bopet'''....''bovine'' ====> '''bopwe<u>o</u>t'''....''ox'' ::* '''gafapat'''....''cock'' ====> '''gafapwe<u>o</u>t'''....''capon'' : The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-ud''', the stub for '''tud'''....''child'': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>ud</u>'''....''colt'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>ud</u>'''....''pup'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopet<u>ud</u>'''....''lamb'' : The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing '''-if''': ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>if</u>'''....''puppy'' ::* '''fepet'''....''cat'' ====> '''fepet<u>if</u>'''....''kitty'' : The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-og''': ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supet<u>og</u>'''....''piggy'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>og</u>'''....''pony'' : Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal '''ekpet'''....''horse'' can serve as an example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivations of Horse |- ! Variation !! Mirad Name !! English Name |- !row=1| Adult |'''ekpet'''||''horse'' |- !row=1| Male | '''ekpwet'''||''stallion'' |- !row=1| Female | '''ekpeyt'''||''mare'' |- !row=1| Offspring | '''ekpetud'''||''colt'' |- !row=1| Female Offspring | '''ekpetuyd'''||''filly'' |- !row=1| Small adult |'''ekpetog'''||''pony'' |- !row=1| Gelded | '''ekpweot'''||''gelding'' |} ==== Animal Sounds ==== : The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the '''t''' of the base name with '''d''', the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in '''-der''': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeder'''....''to neigh'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapeder'''....''to bark'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''pader'''....''to tweet, chirp'' ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpyeder'''....''to hiss'' : A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing '''-yan''' or '''-nyan''': ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotyan'''....''a pride of lions'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopetyan'''....''a herd of sheep'' ::* '''pit'''....''fish'' ====> '''pityan'''....''a school of fish'' : Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final '''t''' of the base name with '''-per'''....''to go'': ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpeper'''....''to slither'' ::* '''lapet'''....''rabbit'' ====> '''lapeper'''....''to hop'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeper'''....''to gallop'' : The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in '''l''' (a stub for '''tel''', meaning ''food''): ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supel'''....''pork'' ::* '''supetyob'''....''hog leg'' ====> '''supetyol'''....''ham'' ::* '''bopet'''....''steer'' ====> '''bopel'''....''beef'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopel'''....''mutton'' ::* '''bopetud'''....''calf'' ====> '''bopetul'''....''veal'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatel'''....''honey'' : The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing '''-am'''....''house'', '''-um'''....''cage'', etc. to the base name: ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supetam'''....''pigsty'' ::* '''gafapayt'''....''chicken'' ====> '''gafapaytam'''....''chicken coop'' ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotam'''....''lion's den'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapetam'''....''doghouse'' ::* '''forpelt'''....''ant'' ====> '''forpeltam'''....''anthill'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatam'''....''bee hive'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''patum'''....''birdcage'', '''patsum'''....''nest'', '''patyanam'''...''aviary'' ::* '''pot'''....''wild animal'' ====> '''potam'''....''lair'' ==== Dog Breeds ==== [[File:The dog book - a popular history of the dog, with practical information as to care and management of house, kennel, and exhibition dogs, and descriptions of all the important breeds (1909) (20785715825).jpg|thumb|]] : Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to '''kapet'''....''dog'' that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site [[https://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/]]. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership. : The base of the dog breed name is '''kapet'''....''dog''. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants ('''b''', '''c''', '''d''', etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned to the ordinal vowel '''o''', so '''bokepet''' is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the '''o'''....''zero'' to '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed. : As an example: : To get the name for ''basset hound'': ::* Start with the word for dog: '''kapet'''. : This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is '''h'''. This is prefixed to '''kapet''', with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with '''a''' for ''one''. The ''basset hound'' is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes '''ha-'''. ::* '''hakapet''' is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with '''ha kapet'''....''the dog''.). A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel '''i'''.... ''three'' is prefixed: ::* '''ihakapet''' is a "small-sized scent hound" : A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word '''a'''.... ''one'' is prefixed (with a '''w''' buffer glide when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, '''Gebaroma''' is placed in front, separated by a space: ::* '''Gebaroma awahikapet''' is a ''basset hound'', a dog breed name owned by Great Britain. The name can usually be abbreviated by dropping the country owner name, thus: '''awahikapet''' <gallery> </gallery> : Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site. Group 1 = '''<u>b</u>okapet'''....sheepdogs/cattledogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''b<u>a</u>kapet'''....sheepdogs ::::* Belgian only entry = '''Belima bakapet'''....''Belgian shepherd dog'' ::::* German only entry = '''Deuma bakapet'''....''German shepherd'' ::* Section 2 = '''bekapet'''....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>bekapet'''....''Welsh corgi (Cardigan)'' Group 2 = '''<u>c</u>okapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''c<u>a</u>kapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer type ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''c<u>e</u>kapet'''....Molossian type ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''c<u>i</u>kapet'''....''Swiss mountain/cattledogs'' Group 3 = '''<u>d</u>okapet'''....''terriers'' ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....large and medium-sized terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>9</u>th entry = '''Gebaroma <u>yu</u>dakapet'''....''Welsh terrier'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....small-sized terriers ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''d<u>e</u>kapet'''....bull type terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>3</u>rd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>i</u>dekapet'''....''Staffordshire bull terrier'' ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....toy terriers Group 4 = '''<u>f</u>okapet'''....<u>dachshunds</u> ::::* Germany only entry = '''fakapet'''....''dachshund'' Group 5 = '''<u>g</u>okapet'''....spitz and primitive types ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''g<u>a</u>kapet'''....nordic sledge dogs :::: USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''<u>a</u>gakapet'''....''Siberian husky'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''g<u>e</u>kapet'''....nordic hunting dogs ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''g<u>i</u>kapet'''....nordic watchdogs/herders ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''g<u>u</u>kapet'''....European spits ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''g<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Asian spitz and related breeds ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''g<u>ya</u>kapet'''....primitive types ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''g<u>ye</u>kapet'''....hunting dogs Group 6 = '''<u>h</u>okapet'''....scent hounds and related breeds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''h<u>a</u>kapet'''....''scent hounds'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>1</u> = '''<u>a</u>hakapet'''....large-sized hounds ::::* USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''Usoma <u>aw</u>ahakapet'''....''American foxhound'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>2</u> = '''<u>e</u>hakapet'''....medium-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain only entry = '''Gebaroma ehakapet'''....''harrier'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>3</u> = '''<u>i</u>hakapet'''....small-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>aw</u>ihakapet'''....''basset hound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>ew</u>ihakapet'''....''beagle'' Group 7 = '''<u>j</u>okapet'''....pointing dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''j<u>a</u>kapet'''....''continental pointing dogs'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''j<u>e</u>kapet'''....''British and Irish pointers and setters'' Group 8 = '''<u>k</u>akapet'''....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''k<u>a</u>kapet'''....''retrievers'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''k<u>e</u>kapet'''....''flushing dogs'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''k<u>i</u>kapet'''....''water dogs'' Group 9 = '''<u>l</u>okapet'''....companion and toy dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''l<u>a</u>kapet'''....bichons ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''l<u>e</u>kapet'''....poodles ::::* France only entry = '''Ferama lekapet'''....''poodle'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''l<u>i</u>kapet'''....small Belgian dogs ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''l<u>u</u>kapet'''....hairless dogs ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''l<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Tibetan breeds ::::* Tibet <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Tibama <u>e</u>lekapet'''....''shih tzu'' ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''l<u>ya</u>kapet'''....Chihuahueno ::::* Mexico only entry = '''Mexuma lyakapet'''....''chihuahua'' ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''l<u>ye</u>kapet'''....English toy spaniels ::* Section <u>8</u> = '''l<u>yi</u>kapet'''....Japan Chin and Pekingese ::* Section <u>9</u> = '''l<u>yu</u>kapet'''....continental toy spaniel and others ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>alo</u>kapet'''....Kromforhl&auml;nder ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>ale</u>kapet'''....small Molossian type dogs Group 10 = '''<u>m</u>okapet'''....sight hounds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''m<u>a</u>kapet'''....long-haired sighthounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>a</u>makapet'''....''greyhound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>makapet'''....''whippet'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''m<u>e</u>kapet'''....rough-haired sighthounds ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''m<u>i</u>kapet'''....short-haired sighthounds ==== Cat Breeds ==== : The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See [https://cfa.org/breeds/]. You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat '''fepet'''. : This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Cat Breed Names |- ! CFA Name !! First Letters<br>Lowercase !! Number<br>If Any + fepet!! Mirad Name |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Shorthair'' || '''am''' || '''a + fepet'''|| '''amafepet''' |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Wirehair'' || '''am''' || '''e + fepet'''|| '''amefepet''' |- | ''<u>Bal</u>inese'' || '''bal''' || '''bal + fepet''' || '''balfepet''' |- | ''<u>Ben</u>gal'' || '''ben''' || '''ben + fepet''' || '''benfepet''' |} === Color Nomenclature === : The word for ''color'' in Mirad is '''volz''', which is mnemonically related to the word for ''flower'' ('''vos'''). The diminutive of ''color'' is '''voylz''', meaning ''tint, shade, hue''. : The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub '''-lza'''. The zeroth-color is no color, simple ''blank'', ''clear'', or ''transparent''. :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Basic Color Words |- ! 0 - clear !! 1 - red !!2 - orange !!3 - yellow !!4 - green !! 5 - blue !! 6 - purple !! 7 - indigo |- |<br><br><br> ||bgcolor="#d30000"| ||bgcolor="#fc6600"| ||bgcolor="#fff200"| ||bgcolor="#3bb143"| ||bgcolor="#0018f9"| || bgcolor="#b200ed"| || bgcolor="#4b0082"| |- | '''olza''' || '''alza''' || '''elza''' || '''ilza''' || '''ulza''' || '''yolza''' || '''yalza''' || '''yelza''' |} : There are some other common colors: :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Basic Color Words |- |bgcolor="white"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || '''malza'''....''white'' ||(Associated with '''man''' (''light'') |- |bgcolor="#7c4700"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|| '''melza'''....''brown'' ||(Associated with '''mel''' (''soil'') |- |bgcolor="#222021"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''molza'''....''black'' ||(Associated with '''mon''' (''dark'') |- |bgcolor="#828282"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''maolza'''....''gray'' ||(A blend of '''malza''' and '''molza''') |- |bgcolor="#fc0fc0"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''aolza'''....''pink'' ||(A blend of '''olza'''....''clear'' and '''malza'''....''red'') |} : All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example: ::* '''mecirufeb-ulza'''....''lime green'' from '''mecirufeb'''....''lime fruit'' + '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''aquamarine'' from '''mim'''....''sea'' + '''yalza'''....''blue'' ::* '''licirufeb-ilza'''....''lemon yellow'' from '''licirufeb'''....''lemon'' + '''ilza'''....''yellow'' ::* '''salpyit-alza'''....''salmon red'' ::* '''magmef-alza'''....''firebrick red'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''sea blue, aquamarine'' : Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner: ::# A "light" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''ylza''': '''uylza'''....''light green'' ::# A "-ish" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzyena''': '''ulzyena'''....''greenish'' ::# A "bright" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzayna''': '''ulzayna'''....''bright green'' ::# A "dark" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzoyna''': '''ulzoyna'''....''dark green'' : Shaded variants can also be created by prefixing adjectival components such as these: :* '''oz-'''....''-ish, light-'' :* '''az-'''....''bright-, dark-'' :* '''kyu-'''....''light-'' :* '''maz-'''....''bright-'' :* '''eyn-'''....''semi-'' etc. : Some hybrid colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel: ::* '''maolza'''....''gray'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''molza'''....''black'' ::* '''yaulza'''....''blue-green, cyan'' from '''yalza'''....''blue'' and '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''maelza'''....''beige'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''melza'''....''brown'' : Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix '''-a''': ::* '''<u>Ulz</u> se via volz.'''....''<u>Green</u> is a beautiful color.'' ::* '''At gafe <u>yalzayn</u>.'''....''I prefer <u>dark blue</u>.'' : Colors can also be used to form verbs: ::* '''Iyta teobi <u>alzasa</u>.'''....''Her cheeks <u>turned red (= blushed)</u>.'' ::* '''His se fia <u>teubip malzaxus</u>.'''....''This is a good <u>teeth whitener</u>.'' ::* '''Eta teupibi <u>ilzaseye</u>.'''....''Your teeth are <u>yellowing</u>.'' ==== Rarely Used Colors ==== : The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the [[w:List_of_RAL_colors|Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors]] expressed in Mirad + '''-lz'''. For example, the color ''golden yellow'' has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 ('''ase''', in Mirad), thus, the color is named '''aselz'''. The adjectival form of this color is '''aselza'''. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names. ===== Skin colors ===== [[File:Coloured-family.jpg|thumb|]] : When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix '''tayo(b)-''' is used. The final '''-b''' of '''tayob''' is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for ''skin-color'' itself is '''tayovolz'''. Thus: ::* '''(tayo-)molzat'''....''black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)malzat'''....''white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)melzat'''....''brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omalzat'''....''non-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omolzat'''....''non-black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omelzat'''....''non-brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymolzat'''....''half-black(skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymalzat'''....''half-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)maolzat'''....''mulatto, mixed-skinned person'' ::* '''(tayob)olzat'''....''albino'' ::* '''hyetayovolza'''....''of any skin-tone'' ::* '''hyatayovolzati'''....''people of all colors'' ::* '''Iyt se duhotayovolza?'''....''What skin color is she?'' ==== Hair Colors ==== : Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, '''tayeb'''. The final '''-b''' of '''tayeb''' is dropped before a consonant or '''y'''. The word for ''hair color'' is '''tayevolz'''. ::* '''tayebalza'''....''red-headed, auburn'' ::** '''tayebalzayt'''....''an auburn female'' ::* '''tayemolza'''....''brunette'' ::* '''tayemelza'''....''brown-haired'' ::* '''tayebiylza'''....''blond'' ::* '''tayemaolza'''....''gray, gray-haired'' :::* '''It gwa tayemaolzaso.'''....''He will go gray early.'' ::* '''Duhotayevolza iyt se?'''....''What color hair is she?'' ==== Eye Colors ==== : Eye colors are expressed by the prefix '''tea(b)''' followed by the color. The word for ''eye color'' is '''teavolz'''. In the following examples, '''teab''' (''eye'') becomes '''tea''' before any consonants or glides: ::* '''teayolza'''....''blue-eyed'' ::* '''teabulza'''....''green-eyed'' ::* '''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' :::* '''teamelzat'''....''brown-eyed person'' ::* '''teamolz'''....''a black eye'' ::* '''teamalz'''....''the white of the eye'' ::* '''Duhoteavolza et se?'''....''What color eyes do you have?'' === Chemical Nomenclature === [[File:14LaAc periodic table IIb.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding '''lk''', a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for ''hydrogen'' is ''H''. So we replace that with the word for lowercase '''h''' in Mirad: '''he'''. By adding the stub suffix '''lk''', we get '''helk'''. : Use the names of the '''''small''''' letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name '''ca''' is pronounced '''cha''' as in English ''cha-cha''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" valign=top; align=center |+ Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names |- ! Lowercase !! a !! b !! c !! d !! !! e !! f !! g !! h !! !! i !! j !! k !! l !! m !! n !! !! o !! p !! q !! r !! s !! t !! !! u !! v !! w !! x !! y !! z |- align=center | !row=1| Mirad Name | '''a''' || '''ba''' || '''ca''' || '''da''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''e''' || '''fe''' || '''ge''' || '''he''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''i''' || '''ji''' || '''ki''' || '''li''' || '''mi''' || '''ni''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''o''' || '''po''' || '''ko''' || '''ro''' || '''so''' || '''to''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''u''' || '''vu''' || '''wu''' || '''xu''' || '''yu''' || '''zu''' |} ==== Coding Chemical Elements ==== : The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Coding Chemical Elements |- ! English Element Name !! Abbreviation !! Mirad Name |- | ''silver'' || ''Ar'' || '''arolk''' |- | ''iron'' || ''Fe'' || '''feelk''' |- | ''hydrogen'' || ''H'' || '''helk''' |- | ''nitrogen'' || ''N'' || '''nilk''' |- | ''mercury'' || ''Hg'' || '''hegelk''' |- | ''darmstadtium'' || ''Ds'' || '''dasolk''' |} : In chemical compounds, the '''lk''' is used only on the last element of the compound. : Chemical compounds such as ''H₂O (hydrogen dioxide)'' are coded in the following manner. ::# The ''H'' for ''hydrogen'' is rendered as '''he''' (without the '''-lk'''). ::# The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for ''two, bi-'', '''en-''' is prefixed to the '''h''', giving '''enhe'''. ::# The word for ''oxygen'', '''ol''' is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the '''lk''' is suffixed. ::# The English word ends in ''-ide'', which is rendered in Mirad as '''-iyd''', giving '''enheolkiyd''' : Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below: : Given the chemical element ''sulfur'', which has the abbreviation ''S'', the Mirad equivalent for this solid is '''solk'''. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are: ==== Chemical Compound Suffixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Chemical Suffix Equivalents |- ! English Suffix !! Mirad Equivalent !! English Example !! Mirad Equivalent |- | ''-ide'' || '''-iyd''' || ''sulfide'' || '''solkiyd''' |- | ''-ite'' || '''-iyt''' || ''sulfite'' || '''solkiyt''' |- | ''-ate'' || '''-ayt''' || ''sulfate'' || '''solkayt''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''-iyn''' || ''iodine'' || '''ilkiyn''' |- | ''-ane'' || '''-ayn''' || ''methane'' || '''ahelkayn''' |- | ''-ene'' || '''-eyn''' || ''benzene'' || '''ehelkeyn''' |- | ''-one'' || '''-oyn''' || ''ketone'' || '''ketoyn''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''--iyn''' || ''alanine'' || '''alaniyn''' |- | ''-ic'' || '''-a''' || ''ferric'' || '''feelka''' |- | ''-ous'' || '''aya''' || ''ferrous'' || '''feelkaya''' |} : Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in '''-n'''. : The numeral prefixes ''5'' and ''6'' end in '''-on''' instead of '''-n''' so as to distinguish them from the words '''yan'''....''together'' and '''yon'''....''apart''. : The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Numeric Prefixes |- ! Number !! Prefix !! Example |- | '''a'''....''mono-'' || '''an''' || '''anolkiyd'''....''<u>mono</u>xide (O)'' |- | '''e'''....''bi-/di-'' || '''en''' || '''encalkayt'''....''<u>bi</u>carbonate (C₂)'' |- | '''i'''....''tri-'' || '''in''' || '''inolkiyd-'''....''trioxide (O₃)'' |- | '''u'''....''tetr(a)-'' || '''un''' || '''unolkiyd-'''....''tetroxide (O₄)'' |- | '''yo'''....''pent(a)-'' || '''yoon''' || '''yoonolkiyd-'''....''pentoxide (O₅)'' |- | '''ya'''....''hex(a)-'' || '''yaon''' || '''yaonolkiyd'''....''hexoxide (O₆)'' |- | '''ye'''....''hept(a)-'' || '''yen''' || '''yenolkiyd'''....''heptoxide (O₇)'' |- | '''yi'''....''oct(o)-'' || '''yin''' || '''yinolkiyd-'''....''octoxide (O₈)'' |- | '''yu'''....''non(a)-'' || '''yun''' || '''yunolkiyd-'''....''nonoxide (O₉)'' |- | '''alo'''....''dec(a)-'' || '''alon''' || '''alonolkayt-'''....''decoxidate (O₁₀)'' |} : Examples: ::* ''carbon <u>di</u>oxide (C₂O)''....'''calk <u>en</u>olkiyd''' ::* ''sodium <u>bi</u>carbonate (Na2C)''....'''nialk <u>en</u>calkayt''' ::* ''calcium <u>di</u>hydrogen phosphate''....'''caalk <u>en</u>helk polkayt''' ::* ''glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)''....'''<u>yaon</u>ca<u>alan</u>he<u>yaon</u>olk''' (or: '''sakolos''') ::* ''methanol (C₃HOH)''....'''ca<u>in</u>heohelk''' : Note: the '''-lk''' is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings '''-iyd''', '''-iyt''', and '''-ayt''', etc. ==== Names of Atomic Parts ==== : The word for ''atom'' in Mirad is '''gwomulk''', which literally is ''least particle''. : The main particles in an atom are: ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' (positive) ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' (neutral) ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' (negative) : Every atom contains '''mulki''' (''subatomic particles''). [[File:Standard Model of Elementary Particles.svg|thumb|392x392px|The [[Standard Model]] classification of particles]] : The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart to the right, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See [[wikipedia:Subatomic_particle]] ). ::* '''hamulk'''....''hadron'' :::* '''mi-hamulk'''....''meson'' ::::* '''pimi-hamulk'''....''pion'' ::::* '''kami-hamulk'''....''kaon'' :::* '''ba-hamulk'''....''baryon'' ::::* '''lambda-ba-hamulk'''....''lambda baryon'' ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' ::* '''zemulk'''....''nucleon'' ::* '''alfamulk'''....''alpha particle'' ::* '''fermimulk'''....''fermion'' ::* '''goryumulk'''....''nanoparticle'' ::* '''kyiazon mulk'''....''graviton'' ::* '''bamulk'''....''boson particle'' :::* '''agha-bamulk'''....''higgs particle'' :::* '''agwu-bamulk'''....''W boson'' :::* '''agzu-bamulk'''....''Z boson'' :::* '''gamma-bamulk'''....''photon'' :::* '''ge-bamulk'''....''gluon'' ::* '''qomulk'''....''quark'' :::* '''ba-qomulk'''....''bottom quark'' :::* '''ca-qomulk'''....''charm quark'' :::* '''da-qomulk'''....''down quark'' :::* '''ov-qomulk'''....''antiparticle, antiquark'' :::* '''penta-qomulk'''....''penta quark'' :::* '''tetra-qomulk'''....''tetra quark'' :::* '''to-qomulk'''....''top quark'' :::* '''u-qomulk'''....''up quark'' :::* '''so-qomulk'''....''strange quark'' ::* '''limulk'''....''lepton'' :::* '''gamma-limulk'''....''photon'' (also: '''manmulk''') :::* '''mu-limulk'''....''muon'' :::* '''pi-limulk'''....''pion'' :::* '''tau-limulk'''....''tau'' :::* '''vu-e-limulk'''....''electron neutrino'' :::* '''vu-mu-limulk'''....''muon neutrino'' :::* '''vu-tau-limulk'''....''tau neutrino'' :::* '''e-limulk'''....''electron'' (also: '''vomulk''') : The nucleus of an atom is called '''zemulk'''. Therefore, '''zemulka''' means ''nuclear''. === Musical Nomenclature === ==== Musical Instruments ==== : The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument ('''duzar''' < '''duz''' (''music'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument''). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played. [[File:Madras musical instruments and snake charmer's music.jpg|thumb|<small>Madras_musical_instruments_and_snake_charmer's_music</small>]] {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Instruments |- ! Mirad !! English |- ! colspan=2 | Bowed-String |- | '''aduzar''' || ''violin'' |- | '''eduzar''' || ''violin alto'' |- | '''iduzar''' || ''cello'', ''violoncello'' |- | '''uduzar'''<br>'''eona uduzar''' || ''bass''<br>''double bass'' |- | '''yoduzar''' || ''viola'' |- | '''yaduzar''' || ''fiddle'' |- | '''yeduzar''' || ''viol'' |- |- '''yiduzar''' || ''erhu'' |- | '''yuduzar''' || ''hardanger fiddle'' |- | '''aloduzar''' || ''kemenche'' |- | '''aladuzar''' || ''nyckelharpa'' |- | '''aleduzar''' || ''rebab'' |- ! colspan=2 | Woodwind |- | '''faduzar''' || ''flute'' |- | '''feduzar''' || ''oboe'' |- | '''fiduzar''' || ''clarinet'' |- | '''fuduzar''' || ''bassoon'' |- | '''fyoduzar''' || ''French harp, harmonica'' |- | '''fyaduzar''' || ''recorder'' |- | '''fyeduzar''' || ''bagpipe'' |- | '''fyiduzar''' || ''didgeridoo'' |- | '''fyuduzar''' || ''piccolo'' |- | '''faloduzar''' || ''fife, hornpipe'' |- | '''faladuzar''' || ''ocarina, ocarine'' |- | '''faleduzar''' || ''sheng'' |- | '''faliduzar''' || ''duduk'' |- | '''faluduzar''' || ''bansuri'' |- | '''falyoduzar''' || ''suling'' |- ! colspan=2 | Brass &#x1f3b7; |- | '''voduzar''' || ''horn'' |- | '''vaduzar''' || ''trumpet'' |- | '''veduzar''' || ''trombone'' |- | '''vuduzar'''<br>-- '''avuduzar'''<br>-- '''evuduzar'''<br>--'''ivuduzar'''|| ''saxophone''<br>-- ''tenor saxophone''<br>-- ''alto saxophone''<br>-- ''bass saxophone'' |- | '''vyoduzar''' || ''tuba'' |- | '''vyaduzar''' || ''bugle'' |- | '''vyeduzar''' || ''French horn'' |- | '''vyiduzar''' || ''cornet'' |- | '''vyuduzar''' || ''baritone horn'' |- | '''valoduzar''' || ''alto horn'' |- | '''valaduzar''' || ''euphonium'' |- | '''valeduzar''' || ''flugelhorn'' |- | '''validuzar''' || ''sousaphone'' |- | '''valuduzar''' || ''clarion'' |- | '''valyoduzar''' || ''mellophone'' |- | '''valyaduzar''' || ''climbasso'' |- | '''valyeduzar''' || ''ophicleide'' |- ! colspan=2 | Percussion |- | '''kaduzar'''<br>-- '''akaduzar'''<br>-- '''ekaduzar'''<br>-- '''ikaduzar'''<br>-- '''ukaduzar'''<br>-- '''yokaduzar'''<br>-- '''yakaduzar'''<br>-- '''yekaduzar'''<br>-- '''yikaduzar'''<br>-- '''yukaduzar'''<br>-- '''alokaduzar'''<br>-- '''alakaduzar'''<br>-- '''alekaduzar'''<br>-- '''alikaduzar'''<br>-- '''alukaduzar''' || ''drum''<br>-- ''snare drum''<br>-- ''bass drum''<br>-- ''tenor drum''<br>-- ''steel drum''<br>-- ''bongo drum''<br>-- ''timbrel''<br>-- ''kettledrum''<br>-- ''hang drum''<br>-- ''tupan''<br>-- ''taiko''<br>-- ''spring drum''<br>-- ''octoban''<br>-- ''candombe drum''<br>-- ''steel tongue drum'' |- | '''keduzar''' || ''glockenspiel'' |- | '''kiduzar''' || ''vibraphone'' |- | '''kuduzar''' || ''marimba'' |- | '''kyoduzar''' || ''tubular bell'' |- | '''gaduzar''' || ''triangle'' |- | '''geduzar''' || ''gong'' |- | '''giduzar''' || ''castanet'' |- | '''guduzar''' || ''rattle'' |- | '''gyoduzar''' || ''xylophone'' |- | '''gyaduzar''' || ''maraca'' |- | '''gyeduzar''' || ''caj&oacute;n'' |- | '''gyiduzar''' || ''cymbal'' |- | '''gyuduzar''' || ''tambourine'' |- | '''galoduzar''' || ''steelpan'' |- | '''galaduzar''' || ''wind chime'' |- | '''galeduzar''' || ''chime bar'' |- | '''galiduzar''' || ''celeste'' |- | '''galuduzar''' || ''clapper'' |- | '''galyoduzar''' || ''Jew's harp'' |- | '''galyaduzar''' || ''bazooka'' |- | '''galyeduzar''' || ''waterphone'' |- | '''galyiduzar''' || ''balafon'' |- | '''galyuduzar''' || ''boomwhackers'' |- | '''geloduzar''' || ''udu'' |- | '''geladuzar''' || ''thunder sheet'' |- ! colspan=2 | Keyboard &#x1f3b9; |- | '''raduzar'''<br>-- '''utekea raduzar'''<br>-- '''agala raduzar'''<br>-- '''sem raduzar''' || ''piano''<br>-- ''player piano''<br>-- ''grand piano''<br>-- ''keyboard'' |- | '''reduzar''' || ''clavichord'' |- | '''riduzar''' || ''harpsichord'' |- | '''ruduzar'''<br>-- '''mufyeg ruduzar'''<br>-- '''maka ruduzar''' || ''organ''<br>-- ''pipe organ''<br>-- ''electric organ'' |- | '''ryoduzar''' || ''accordion'' |- | '''ryaduzar''' || ''dulcimer'' |- | '''ryeduzar''' || ''calliope'' |- | '''ryiduzar''' || ''melodica'' |- | '''ryuduzar''' || ''concertina'' |- ! colspan=2 | Guitar &#x1f3b8; |- | '''baduzar'''<br>-- '''seuxa baduzar'''<br>-- '''maka baduzar'''<br>-- '''yoba baduzar''' || ''guitar''<br>-- ''accoustic guitar''<br>-- ''electric guitar''<br>-- ''bass guitar'' |- | '''beduzar''' || ''banjo'' |- | '''biduzar''' || ''lute'' |- | '''buduzar''' || ''harp'' |- | '''byoduzar''' || ''mandolin'' |- | '''byaduzar''' || ''ukelele'' |- | '''byeduzar''' || ''zither'' |- | '''byiduzar''' || ''lyre'' |- | '''byuduzar''' || ''cithara, kithara'' |- | '''baloduzar''' || ''sitar'' |- | '''baladuzar''' || ''veena'' |- | '''baleduzar''' || ''koto'' |- | '''baliduzar''' || ''balalaika'' |- | '''baluduzar''' || ''charango'' |- | '''balyoduzar''' || ''hurdy-gurdy'' |} ==== Voice Ranges ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Voice Ranges (Deuz nabyani) |- ! Mirad !! English !! Meaning |- ! colspan=3 | Women |- | '''yabdeuztoyb''' || ''soprano'' || "high-voice-female" |- | '''zeyabdeuztoyb''' || ''mezzo-soprano'' || "high-ish-voice-female" |- | '''yobdeuztoyb''' || ''alto, contralto'' || "low-voice-female" |- ! colspan=3 | Men |- | '''yabdeuztwob''' || ''tenor'' || "high-voice-male" |- | '''ze-yabdeuztwob''' || ''baritone'' || "middle-high-voice-male" |- | '''yobdeuztwob''' || ''bass''||"low-voice-male" |- | '''vyo-yabdeuztwob''' || ''falsetto'' || "false-high-voice-male" |- ! colspan=3 | Boys |- | '''yabdeuztwobet''' || ''treble'' || "high-voice-boy" |} : Suffix these nouns with '''-a''' to make them adjectives, eg.: ::* '''His se <u>yabdeuztwoba</u> duznod.'''....''This is a <u>tenor</u> note.'' ==== Solmization Syllables ==== : The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Solmization Syllables |- | '''do''' || '''re''' || '''mi''' || '''fa''' || '''sol''' || '''la''' || '''ti''' || '''do''' |} ==== Musical Score Elements ==== [[File:Gigault-dernier-kyrie-mm9-12.png|thumb]] : The semitone or accidental symbols are: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Accidentals |- ! ENGLISH NAME !! SYMBOL !! MIRAD NAME !! ENGLISH EXAMPLE !! MIRAD EXAMPLE || MIRAD PRONUNCIATION |- | ''flat'' || <big>&#x1D12C;</big>|| '''yobwa''' (=''lowered'')|| ''B flat'' || '''B yobwa''' || '''ba YOBwa''' |- | ''sharp'' || <big>&#x1D130;</big> || '''yabwa''' (=''raised'')|| ''C sharp'' || '''C yabwa''' || '''ca YABwa''' |- | ''natural'' || <big>&#x1D12E;</big> || '''egxwa''' (=''normalized'')|| ''F natural'' || '''F egxwa''' || '''fe EGxwa''' |} : Some staff notation: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Staff Notation |- ! English Name !! Symbol !! Mirad Name |- | ''staff'' || <big>&#x1D119;</big> || '''nuidyan''' |- | ''treble clef, G clef'' || <big>&#x1D11E;</big> || '''G yijar''' |- | ''C clef'' || <big>&#x1D121;</big> || '''C yijar''' |- | ''base clef, F clef'' || <big>&#x1D122;</big> || '''F yijar''' |- | ''note'' || || '''nod''' |- | ''half note'' || <big>&#x1D15E;</big> || '''eyna nod''' |- | ''quarter note'' || <big>&#x1D15F;</big> || '''uyna nod''' |- | ''whole note'' || <big>&#x1D15D;</big> || '''ayna nod''' |- | ''quarter rest'' || <big>&#x1D13D; </big> || '''uyna poys''' |- | ''eighth note'' || <big>&#x1D160; </big> || '''yiyna nod''' |- | ''bar, measure'' || <big>&#x1D100;</big> || '''nodzyan''' |- | ''ligature'' || || '''yanxus''' |} ==== Characteristic Features of Music ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Characteristic Features of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''deup'''||'' beat'' |- |'''seupan'''||'' cadence'' |- |'''jes'''||'' duration'' |- |'''zoyteuz'''||'' echo'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||'' harmony'' |- |'''duzneg'''||''pitch'' |- |'''ijduzneg'''||'' key'' |- |'''druz'''||'' lyric'' |- |'''agala duzmus'''||'' major scale'' |- |'''duznag'''||'' measure'' |- |'''duznad'''||'' melody'' |- |'''duzjob''' ||''tempo'' |- |'''nak'''||'' meter'' |- |'''ogala duzmus'''||'' minor scale'' |- |'''duz'''||'' music'' |- |'''yinig'''||'' octave'' |- |'''byexes'''||'' pulse'' |- |'''zoyseuzen'''||'' resonance'' |- |'''deupyan'''||'' rhythm'' |- |'''duzmus'''||'' scale'' |- |'''duzdreyn'''||'' score'' |- |'''seux'''||'' sound'' |- |'''duzigan'''||'' tempo'' |- |'''seuzvolz'''||'' timbre'' |- |'''seuz'''||'' tone'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||''chord, harmonic'' |- |'''aybseuz'''||''overtone'' |- |'''deuzunog'''||'' tune'' |- |'''deuz'''||'' voice'' |- |'''seuxnid'''||'' volume'' |} ==== Dynamics ==== : Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left ''as is'' in Mirad. : These include: <div style="background:lightyellow; font-style:italics"> : <i>a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo</i>, and others. </div> ==== Types of Arrangements ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Arrangements ! English !! Mirad |- |''a capella song''||'''a kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzari''' |- |''anthem''||'''fizdeuzun, tezdeuzun''' |- |''antiphon''||'''duiddeuzun''' |- |''aria''||'''arya, awat deuzun''' |- |''arrangement''||'''napbeyn''' |- |''art song''||'''tuz deuz''' |- |''ballad''||'''daz deuz, ifonkex deuzun''' |- |''battle hymn''||'''dropek deuzun''' |- |''bird song''||'''pat deuzun''' |- |''broadway song''||'''Broadway deuzun''' |- |''campfire song''||'''tamoftem deuzun''' |- |''cantata''||'''kantata''' |- |''canticle''||'''efyadeuzun''' |- |''carol''||'''ivdeuzun''' |- |''chant''||'''yagdeuzun''' |- |''choral arrangement''||'''deuzutyan napxeyn''' |- |''Christmas carol''||'''Kristtaj ivdeuzun''' |- |''classical song''||'''visauna deuzun''' |- |''composition''||'''duzdrun''' |- |''concerto''||'''koncerto''' |- |''country song''||'''odom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzun''' |- |''dance song''||'''daz deuzun''' |- |''dirge''||'''uvdeuzun''' |- |''ditty''||'''deuzog''' |- |''doggerel verse''||'''dizdeuzun''' |- |''drinking song''||'''tilien deuzun''' |- |''duet''||'''ewat (deuzun)''' |- |''folksong''||'''tyoyd deuzun''' |- |''glee''||'''Gebama deuzun''' |- |''gospel song''||'''fyadin deuzun''' |- |''hip hop song''||'''hip hop deuzun''' |- |''hit song''||'''agakus deuzun''' |- |''hymn''||'''fyadeuzun ''' |- |''instrumental''||'''duzarun''' |- |''jingle''||'''nundeuzunog''' |- |''karaoke song''||'''karaoke deuzun''' |- |''love song''||'''ifon deuzun''' |- |''lullaby''||'''tudet deuzun''' |- |''lute song''||'''riduzar deuzun''' |- |''madrigal''||'''duzuka deuzun''' |- |''marching song''||'''doptyopen deuzun''' |- |''medley''||'''ebmulxwa deuzyan''' |- |''metal song''||'''mug deuzun''' |- |''musical number''||'''duzun''' |- |''old standard''||'''ajdeuzun''' |- |''opera''||'''dyuz, dyuzun''' |- |''oratorio''||'''oratoryo''' |- |''paean''||'''akrun deuzun''' |- |''partsong''||'''gon deuzun''' |- |''patter song''||'''deuzig''' |- |''pop song''||'''tyoda deuzun''' |- |''psalm''||'''afyadeuzun''' |- |''rock song''||'''rok deuzun''' |- |''round''||'''zoydea deuzun''' |- |''sea shanty''||'''mim deuz''' |- |''show tune''||'''duez deuzun''' |- |''signature song''||'''ujak deuzun''' |- |''slow jam''||'''bluz deuzun''' |- |''soliloquy''||'''awat, awat deuzun''' |- |''solo''||'''awat (duzun), awat (deuzun)''' |- |''song''||'''deuzun''' |- |''spiritual, negro spiritual''||'''topa deuzun''' |- |''sporting song''||'''tapifek deuzun''' |- |''symphony''||'''viduzunyag''' |- |''theme song''||'''texzena deuz''' |- |''torch song''||'''ifonok uvdeuzun''' |- |''vaudeville song''||'''Vaudeville deuzun''' |- |''Wienerlied''||'''Viena deuzun''' |} ==== Musicians ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musicians ! English !! Mirad |- |''musician''||'''duzut, duztoyb, duzuyt, duztwob''' |- |''instrumentalist''||'''duzarut''' |- |''violinist''||'''aduzarut''' |- |''conductor''||'''duzdeb''', '''duzutyaneb''' |- |''soloist''||'''anduzut''' |- |''singer, vocalist''||'''deuzut''' |- |''danseur''||'''dyaztwob''' |- |''ballerina''||'''dyazuyt, dyaztoyb''' |- |''dancer''||'''dazut, dazuyt''' |- |''opera singer''||'''dyuzut, dyuzuyt''' |- |''operatist, librettist''||'''dyuzdrut''' |- |''composer''||'''duzdrut''' |- |''lyricist, songwriter''||'''deuzdrut''' |- |''dance conductor''||'''dazeb''' |- |''(symphony) orchestra''||'''duzarutyan''' |- |''philharmonic orchestra''||'''duzarutyanag''' |- |''chorus, chorale'' ||'''deuzutyan''' |- |''dance troupe''||'''dazutyan''' |} ==== Song Parts ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Song Parts ! Mirad !! English |- |'''ujgon'''||''coda'' |- |'''ijgon'''||''intro'' |- |'''ebek'''||''interlude'' |- |'''ijek'''||''finale'' |- |'''gawijun'''||''reprise'' |- |'''gawdeuzun'''||''refrain'' |- |'''agalduznad'''||''theme'' |- |'''nadyan'''||''verse'' |- |'''zeymep'''||''bridge'' |- |'''gawdwas'''||''chorus'' |- |'''ujnadyan'''||''outro'' |} ==== Music Genres ==== : Some genres and styles of music: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Genres of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''a kapella, boy duzari'''||''a capella'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''ambiant'' |- |'''Usoma tyoyduz'''||''American folk'' |- |'''Usoma egona duz'''||''American standard'' |- |'''yizejna'''||''avant garde'' |- |'''Baroka'''||''Baroque'' |- |'''yolza vab'''||''bluegrass'' |- |'''bluz'''||''blues'' |- |'''Bolliwud'''||''Bollywood'' |- |'''bossa nova'''||''bossa nova'' |- |'''kalipso'''||''calypso'' |- |'''Kelta yagdeuz'''||''Celtic chant'' |- |'''Canima tyoyduz'''||''Chinese folk'' |- |'''Canima ajutbyena dyuz'''||''Chinese traditional opera'' |- |'''jejoba deupyan ay bluz'''||''contemporary R&B'' |- |'''maima bluz'''||''country blues'' |- |'''maima duz'''||''country music'' |- |'''maima pop'''||''country pop'' |- |'''maima rap'''||''country rap'' |- |'''maima rok'''||''country rock'' |- |'''dazam pop'''||''dancehall pop'' |- |'''disko'''||''disco'' |- |'''du-wop'''||''doo-wop'' |- |'''maka dauz'''||''electronic dance music (EDM)'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''elevator music'' |- |'''Euma disko'''||''Euro-disco'' |- |'''jwayeka'''||''experimental'' |- |'''flamenko'''||''flamenco'' |- |'''funk'''||''funk'' |- |'''Gregoria yagdeuz'''||''Gregorian chant'' |- |'''hip-hop'''||''hip-hop'' |- |'''honki-tonk'''||''honky-tonk'' |- |'''hyusuna rok'''||''Indie rock'' |- |'''jaz'''||''jazz'' |- |'''makjaz'''||''jazztronica'' |- |'''juju'''||''juju'' |- |'''fyaxela duz'''||''liturgical music'' |- |'''majika'''||''majika'' |- |'''mamo'''||''mambo'' |- |'''merengwe'''||''merengue'' |- |'''mesitzo'''||''mesitzo'' |- |'''mug'''||''metal'' |- |'''Mixuma duz'''||''Mexican'' |- |'''seuz bi Naxvil'''||''Nashville sound'' |- |'''Ejna Orleans bluz'''||''New Orleans blues'' |- |'''dyuz'''||''opera'' |- |'''rancera'''||''ranchera'' |- |'''rap'''||''rap'' |- |'''rege'''||''reggae'' |- |'''deupyan ay blus, ro-ay-ba'''||''rhythm & blues'' |- |'''rok-ay-rol'''||''rock & roll'' |- |'''salsa'''||''salsa'' |- |'''samba'''||''samba'' |- |'''ska'''||''ska'' |- |'''galoduzaruta duz'''||''steel band music'' |- |'''swing'''||''swing'' |- |'''Tehano'''||''Tejano'' |- |'''eyntuj duz'''||''trance music'' |- |'''Zumera visauna'''||''Western classical'' |- |'''Zumeryena'''||''Western'' |- |'''zideko'''||''zydeco'' |} === Geographic Placenames === : As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants. ==== Countries of the World ==== [[File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Johnson's new chart of national emblems, 1868.jpg|thumb|]] Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter '''m''' is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.: : Example 1: : ''Burundi'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI. ::* ''BDI'' is lowercased to ''bdi'' ::* '''b''' is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell '''ba'''. ::* Since ''d'' is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: '''d'''. ::* The vowel ''i'' is left as is: '''i''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''badim''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Badim''' ::* BDI (Burundi) = '''Badim'''. : Example 2: : ''Uzbekistan'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB. ::* ''UZB'' is lowercased to ''uzb'' ::* '''u''' is left as is: '''u'''. ::* '''z''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''zu''' ::* '''b''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''ba''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''uzubam''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Uzubam''' ::* UZB (Uzbekistan) = '''Uzubam'''. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Country Names (click on arrows to sort a column) ! ISO !! English !! Mirad |- | ABW || ''Aruba''||'''Abawum''' |- | AFG || ''Afghanistan''||'''Afegem''' |- | AGO || ''Angola''||'''Agom''' |- | AIA || ''Anguilla''||'''Aiam''' |- | ALA || ''[[w:Åland|Åland Islands]]''||'''Alam''' |- | ALB || ''Albania''||'''Alibam''' |- | AND || ''Andorra''||'''Anidam''' |- | ANT || ''Netherlands Antilles''||'''Anitom''' |- | ARE || ''United Arab Emirates''||'''Arem''' |- | ARG || ''Argentina''||'''Arogem''' |- | ARM || ''Armenia''||'''Aromim''' |- | ASM || ''American Samoa''||'''Asomim''' |- | ATA || ''Antarctica''||'''Atam''' |- | ATF || ''French Southern Territories''||'''Atofem''' |- | ATG || ''Antigua and Barbuda''||'''Atogem''' |- | AUS || ''Australia''||'''Ausom''' |- | AUT || ''Austria''||'''Autom''' |- | AZE || ''Azerbaijan''||'''Azem''' |- | BDI || ''Burundi''||'''Badim''' |- | BEL || ''Belgium''||'''Belim''' |- | BEN || ''Benin''||'''Benim''' |- | BFA || ''Burkina Faso''||'''Bafam''' |- | BGD || ''Bangladesh''||'''Bagedam''' |- | BGR || ''Bulgaria''||'''Bagerom''' |- | BHR || ''Bahrain''||'''Baherom''' |- | BHS || ''[[w|The Bahamas|Bahamas]]''||'''Bahesom''' |- | BIH || ''Bosnia and Herzegovina''||'''Bihem''' |- | BLM || ''Saint Barthélemy''||'''Balimim''' |- | BLR || ''Belarus''||'''Balirom''' |- | BLZ || ''Belize''||'''Balizum''' |- | BMU || ''Bermuda''||'''Bamum''' |- | BOL || ''Bolivia''||'''Bolim''' |- | BRA || ''Brazil''||'''Baram''' |- | BRB || ''Barbados''||'''Barobam''' |- | BRN || ''[[w:Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]]''||'''Baronim''' |- | BTN || ''Bhutan''||'''Batonim''' |- | BVT || ''Bouvet Island''||'''Bavutom''' |- | BWA || ''Botswana''||'''Bawam''' |- | CAF || ''Central African Republic''||'''Cafem''' |- | CAN || ''Canada''||'''Canim''' |- | CCK || ''Cocos Islands''||'''Cacakim''' |- | CHE || ''Switzerland''||'''Cahem''' |- | CHL || ''Chile''||'''Cahelim''' |- | CHN || ''[[w:People's Republic of China|China]]''||'''Cahenim''' |- | CIV || ''Côte d'Ivoire''||'''Civum''' |- | CMR || ''Cameroon''||'''Camirom''' |- | COD || ''Democratic Republic of the Congo''||'''Codam''' |- | COG || ''Republic of the Congo''||'''Cogem''' |- | COK || ''Cook Islands''||'''Cokim''' |- | COL || ''Colombia''||'''Colim''' |- | COM || ''Comoros''||'''Comim''' |- | CPV || ''Cape Verde''||'''Capovum''' |- | CRI || ''Costa Rica''||'''Carim''' |- | CUB || ''Cuba''||'''Cubam''' |- | CXR || ''Christmas Island''||'''Caxurom''' |- | CYM || ''Cayman Islands''||'''Cayumim''' |- | CYP || ''Cyprus''||'''Cayupom''' |- | CZE || ''Czechia''||'''Cazem''' |- | DEU || ''Germany''||'''Deum''' |- | DJI || ''Djibouti''||'''Dajim''' |- | DMA || ''Dominica''||'''Damam''' |- | DNK || ''Denmark''||'''Danikim''' |- | DOM || ''Dominican Republic''||'''Domim''' |- | DZA || ''Algeria''||'''Dazam''' |- | ECU || ''Ecuador''||'''Ecum''' |- | EGY || ''Egypt''||'''Egeyum''' |- | ERI || ''Eritrea''||'''Erim''' |- | ESH || ''Western Sahara''||'''Esohem''' |- | ESP || ''Spain''||'''Esopom''' |- | EST || ''Estonia''||'''Esotom''' |- | ETH || ''Ethiopia''||'''Etohem''' |- | FIN || ''Finland''||'''Finim''' |- | FJI || ''Fiji''||'''Fejim''' |- | FLK || ''Falkland Islands (Malvinas)''||'''Felikim''' |- | FRA || ''France''||'''Feram''' |- | FRO || ''Faroe Islands''||'''Ferom''' |- | FSM || ''Federated States of Micronesia''||'''Fesomim''' |- | GAB || ''Gabon''||'''Gabam''' |- | GBR || ''United Kingdom''||'''Gebarom''' |- | GEO || ''Georgia''||'''Geom''' |- | GGY || ''Guernsey''||'''Gegeyum''' |- | GHA || ''Ghana''||'''Geham''' |- | GIB || ''Gibraltar''||'''Gibam''' |- | GLP || ''Guadeloupe''||'''Gelipom''' |- | GMB || ''Gambia''||'''Gemibam''' |- | GNB || ''Guinea-Bissau''||'''Genibam''' |- | GNQ || ''Equatorial Guinea''||'''Geniqom''' |- | GRC || ''Greece''||'''Gerocam''' |- | GRD || ''Grenada''||'''Gerodam''' |- | GRL || ''Greenland''||'''Gedolim''' |- | GTM || ''Guatemala''||'''Getomim''' |- | GUF || ''French Guiana''||'''Gufem''' |- | GUM || ''Guam''||'''Gumim''' |- | GUY || ''Guyana''||'''Guyum''' |- | HKG || ''Hong Kong''||'''Hekigem''' |- | HMD || ''Heard Island and McDonald Islands''||'''Hemidam''' |- | HND || ''Honduras''||'''Henidam''' |- | HRV || ''Croatia''||'''Herovum''' |- | HTI || ''Haiti''||'''Hetim''' |- | HUN || ''Hungary''||'''Hunim''' |- | IDN || ''Indonesia''||'''Idanim''' |- | IMN || ''Isle of Man''||'''Iminim''' |- | IND || ''India''||'''Inidam''' |- | IOT || ''British Indian Ocean Territory''||'''Iotom''' |- | IRL || ''Republic of Ireland''||'''Irolim''' |- | IRN || ''Iran''||'''Ironim''' |- | IRQ || ''Iraq''||'''Iroqom''' |- | ISL || ''Iceland''||'''Isolim''' |- | ISR || ''Israel''||'''Isorom''' |- | ITA || ''Italy''||'''Itam''' |- | JAM || ''Jamaica''||'''Jamim''' |- | JEY || ''Jersey''||'''Jeyum''' |- | JOR || ''Jordan''||'''Jorom''' |- | JPN || ''Japan''||'''Jiponim''' |- | KAZ || ''Kazakhstan''||'''Kazum''' |- | KEN || ''Kenya''||'''Kenim''' |- | KGZ || ''Kyrgyzstan''||'''Kigezum''' |- | KHM || ''Cambodia''||'''Kihemim''' |- | KIR || ''Kiribati''||'''Kirom''' |- | KNA || ''Saint Kitts and Nevis''||'''Kinam''' |- | KOR || ''[[w:South Korea|Korea, Republic of]]''||'''Korom''' |- | KWT || ''Kuwait''||'''Kiwutom''' |- | LAO || ''Laos''||'''Laom''' |- | LBN || ''Lebanon''||'''Libanim''' |- | LBR || ''Liberia''||'''Libarom''' |- | LBY || ''Libya''||'''Libayum''' |- | LCA || ''Saint Lucia''||'''Licam''' |- | LIE || ''Liechtenstein''||'''Liem''' |- | LKA || ''Sri Lanka''||'''Likam''' |- | LSO || ''Lesotho''||'''Lisom''' |- | LTU || ''Lithuania''||'''Litum''' |- | LUX || ''Luxembourg''||'''Luxum''' |- | LVA || ''Latvia''||'''Livam''' |- | MAC || ''[[W:Macau|Macao]]''||'''Macam''' |- | MAF || ''Saint Martin''||'''Mafem''' |- | MAR || ''Morocco''||'''Marom''' |- | MCO || ''Monaco''||'''Micom''' |- | MDA || ''Moldova''||'''Midam''' |- | MDG || ''Madagascar''||'''Midagem''' |- | MDV || ''Maldives''||'''Midavum''' |- | MEX || ''Mexico''||'''Mexum''' |- | MHL || ''Marshall Islands''||'''Mihelim''' |- | MKD || ''Republic of Macedonia''||'''Mikidam''' |- | MLI || ''Mali''||'''Milim''' |- | MLT || ''Malta''||'''Militom''' |- | MMR || ''Myanmar''||'''Mimirom''' |- | MNE || ''Montenegro''||'''Minem''' |- | MNG || ''Mongolia''||'''Minigem''' |- | MNP || ''Northern Mariana Islands''||'''Minipom''' |- | MOZ || ''Mozambique''||'''Mozum''' |- | MRT || ''Mauritania''||'''Mirotom''' |- | MSR || ''Montserrat''||'''Misorom''' |- | MTQ || ''Martinique''||'''Mitoqom''' |- | MUS || ''Mauritius''||'''Musom''' |- | MWI || ''Malawi''||'''Miwim''' |- | MYS || ''Malaysia''||'''Miyusom''' |- | MYT || ''Mayotte''||'''Miyutom''' |- | NAM || ''Namibia''||'''Namim''' |- | NCL || ''New Caledonia''||'''Nicalim''' |- | NER || ''Niger''||'''Nerom''' |- | NFK || ''Norfolk Island''||'''Nifekim''' |- | NGA || ''Nigeria''||'''Nigam''' |- | NIC || ''Nicaragua''||'''Nicam''' |- | NOR || ''Norway''||'''Norom''' |- | NIU || ''Niue''||'''Nium''' |- | NLD || ''Netherlands''||'''Nilidam''' |- | NPL || ''Nepal''||'''Nipolim''' |- | NRU || ''Nauru''||'''Nirum''' |- | NZL || ''New Zealand''||'''Nizulim''' |- | OMN || ''Oman''||'''Ominim''' |- | PAK || ''Pakistan''||'''Pakim''' |- | PAN || ''Panama''||'''Panim''' |- | PCN || ''Pitcairn Islands''||'''Pocanim''' |- | PER || ''Peru''||'''Perom''' |- | PHL || ''Philippines''||'''Pohelim''' |- | PLW || ''Palau''||'''Poliwum''' |- | PNG || ''Papua New Guinea''||'''Ponigem''' |- | POL || ''Poland''||'''Polim''' |- | PRI || ''Puerto Rico''||'''Porim''' |- | PRK || ''North Korea''||'''Porikim''' |- | PRT || ''Portugal''||'''Porotom''' |- | PRY || ''Paraguay''||'''Poroyum''' |- | PSE || ''Palestinian territories''||'''Posem''' |- | PYF || ''French Polynesia''||'''Poyufem''' |- | QAT || ''Qatar''||'''Qatom''' |- | REU || ''Réunion''||'''Reum''' |- | ROU || ''Romania''||'''Roum''' |- | RUS || ''Russia''||'''Rusom''' |- | RWA || ''Rwanda''||'''Rowam''' |- | SAU || ''Saudi Arabia''||'''Saum''' |- | SDN || ''Sudan''||'''Sodanim''' |- | SEN || ''Senegal''||'''Senim''' |- | SGP || ''Singapore''||'''Sogepom''' |- | SGS || ''South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands''||'''Sogesom''' |- | SHN || ''Saint Helena''||'''Sohenim''' |- | SJM || ''Svalbard and Jan Mayen''||'''Sojimim''' |- | SLB || ''Solomon Islands''||'''Solibam''' |- | SLE || ''Sierra Leone''||'''Solem''' |- | SLV || ''El Salvador''||'''Solivum''' |- | SMR || ''San Marino''||'''Somirom''' |- | SOM || ''Somalia''||'''Somim''' |- | SPM || ''Saint Pierre and Miquelon''||'''Sopomim''' |- | SRB || ''Serbia''||'''Sorobam''' |- | STP || ''São Tomé and Príncipe''||'''Sotopom''' |- | SUR || ''Suriname''||'''Surom''' |- | SVK || ''Slovakia''||'''Sovukim''' |- | SVN || ''Slovenia''||'''Sovunim''' |- | SWE || ''Sweden''||'''Sowem''' |- | SWZ || ''Swaziland''||'''Sowuzum''' |- | SYC || ''Seychelles''||'''Soyucam''' |- | SYR || ''Syria''||'''Soyurom''' |- | TCA || ''Turks and Caicos Islands''||'''Tocam''' |- | TCD || ''Chad''||'''Tocadam''' |- | TGO || ''Togo''||'''Togom''' |- | THA || ''Thailand''||'''Toham''' |- | TJK || ''Tajikistan''||'''Tojikim''' |- | TKL || ''Tokelau''||'''Tokilim''' |- | TKM || ''Turkmenistan''||'''Tokimim''' |- | TLS || ''East Timor''||'''Tolisom''' |- | TON || ''Tonga''||'''Tonim''' |- | TTO || ''Trinidad and Tobago''||'''Totom''' |- | TUN || ''Tunisia''||'''Tunim''' |- | TUR || ''Turkey''||'''Turim''' |- | TUV || ''Tuvalu''||'''Tuvum''' |- | TWN || ''Taiwan''||'''Towunim''' |- | TZA || ''Tanzania''||'''Tozam''' |- | UGA || ''Uganda''||'''Ugam''' |- | UKR || ''Ukraine''||'''Ukirom''' |- | UMI || ''United States Minor Outlying Islands''||'''Umim''' |- | URY || ''Uruguay''||'''Uroyum''' |- | USA || ''United States''||'''Usam''' |- | UZB || ''Uzbekistan''||'''Uzubam''' |- | VAT || ''Vatican City''||'''Vatom''' |- | VCT || ''Saint Vincent and the Grenadines''||'''Vucatom''' |- | VEN || ''Venezuela''||'''Venim''' |- | VGB || ''British Virgin Islands''||'''Vugebam''' |- | VIR || ''United States Virgin Islands''||'''Virom''' |- | VNM || ''Vietnam''||'''Vunimim''' |- | VUT || ''Vanuatu''||'''Vutom''' |- | WLF || ''Wallis and Futuna''||'''Wulifem''' |- | WSM || ''Samoa''||'''Wusomim''' |- | YEM || ''Yemen''||'''Yemim''' |- | ZAF || ''South Africa''||'''Zafem''' |- | ZMB || ''Zambia''||'''Zumibam''' |- | ZWE || ''Zimbabwe''||'''Zuwem''' |} : The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker '''a''', eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''France'' ==> '''Ferama'''....''French'' ::* '''Usam'''....''United States'' ==> '''Usama'''....''American'' ::* '''Deum'''....''Germany'' ==> '''Deuma'''....''German'' : The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final '''m''' of the placename to '''t''' (meaning person), eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferat'''....''a French person, a Frenchman'' : The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg: ::* '''Ferat'''....''a French person'' ==> '''ha Ferati'''....''the French'' ::* '''Etohet'''....''an Ethiopian'' ==> '''Etohwat'''....''an Ethiopian male'' ::* '''Finit'''....''a Finn'' ==> '''Finiyt'''....''a Finnish woman'' : Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: '''Ferama''' refers to the country of ''France'', not the language ''French''. ''French'' the language is '''Ferad.''' ==== Continents ==== [[File:Continental models.gif|thumb]] : The word for ''continent'' in Mirad is '''yanmel''' (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word '''yanmel''' with vectorial prefixes. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Continent Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Ayanmal''' || ''North America'' |- | '''Oyanmel''' || ''South America'' |- | '''Iyanmel''' || ''Asia'' |- | '''Uyanmel''' || ''Europe'' |- | '''Eyanmel''' || ''Africa'' |- | '''Yoyanmel''' || ''Oceania'' |} : The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing '''-a''': :* '''Iyanmela'''....''Asian'' :* '''Uyanmela'''....''European'' : By appending '''-t(i)''' to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants: :* '''Eyanmelat'''....''an African'' :* '''Ayanmelati'''....''North Americans'' : Note: <div style="background: lightyellow"> :* The ''Americas'' is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word '''Aoyanmel''' (a combination of North and South America). :* ''Central America'' is expressed in Mirad by '''Zea Aoyanmel''' (''Central America'') :* The word '''Usam''' means ''United States of America'' or ''USA''. The word ''America'' by itself is not used in Mirad; only ''North America'' or ''South America''. :* The word '''Usamati''' is used for ''Americans'' when referring to inhabitants of the U.S. :* The word '''Ayanmelati''' is used to refer to North Americans (U.S. and Canada). :* The word '''Eyanmel-Usamat''', or more briefly, '''Eusamat''' is used for ''African American''. :* ''Latin America'' is expressed as '''Liada Oyanmel'''. :* ''A Latino, Latina, or Latinx'' in the U.S. is called '''Liadwut, Liaduyt, or Liadut'''. :* In some geographic systems, '''Ausom'''....''Australia'' is considered a continent. </div> : The word for ''island'' is '''yonmel''' (= ''separate land''). An islander is '''yonmelat'''. ==== Oceans ==== : The Mirad word for ocean is '''mimag'''. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word '''mimag''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Ocean Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Amimag''' || ''Arctic Ocean'' |- | '''Omimag''' || ''Southern Ocean'' |- | '''Imimag''' || ''Pacific Ocean'' |- | '''Umimag''' || ''Atlantic Ocean'' |- | '''Emimag''' || ''Indian Ocean'' |} ==== Compass Directions and Poles ==== : The compass directions ('''merizoni''') and poles ('''mernodi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamer'''....''north'' / '''zamera'''....''northern'' / '''zamernod'''....''north pole'' ::* '''zomer'''....''south'' / '''zomera'''....''southern'' / '''zomernod'''....''south pole'' ::* '''zimer'''....''east'' / '''zimera'''....''eastern'' ::* '''zumer'''....''west'' / '''zumera'''....''western'' : The words '''Yibzamer'''....''Arctic'' and '''Yibzomer'''...''Antarctic(a)'' both use the prefix '''yib'''....''far''. : Prefixing the directions with '''iz-'''....''due-'' yields: ::* '''iz zamer'''....''due north'' ::* '''iz zomer'''....''due south'', etc. : Directional words can be hybridized, eg: ::* '''zaomera'''....''north-south'' ::* '''zuimera'''....''east-west'' ::* '''zaumera'''....''north-west'' ::* '''zaimera'''....''north-east'' ==== Earth Grid Lines ==== : The earth grid lines ('''mernadi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamernad'''....''Arctic Circle'' ::* '''zomernad'''....''Antarctic Circle'' ::* '''zaomernad'''....''longitude'' ::* '''zuimernad'''....''latitude'' ::* '''zemernad'''....''equator'' :::* '''abzemernad'''....''Tropic of Capricorn'' :::* '''obzemernad'''....''tropic, Tropic of Cancer'' ::::* '''yizobzemernad'''....''subtropic'' ::* '''eymernad'''....''meridian'' ::* '''mamnad'''....''horizon'' ::* '''aonada'''....''vertical'' ::* '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' ::* '''zyenada'''....''perpendicular'' ==== Languages of the World ==== [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|thumb|]] : Mirad names of languages are based on either: ::* the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or: ::* the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php|Library of Congress ISO639-2 Codes]]. : If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final '''m''' or the country name with '''d'''. For example, '''Enigem''' (''England''), becomes '''Eniged''' (''English''). See [[Mirad_Grammar#Countries of the World|Countries of the World]]. : If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and '''d''' is suffixed to the word. A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel. For example, '''ba''' + '''e''' becomes '''be'''. :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Mirad Language Names |- ! ISO Language Name !! Country or ISO Code !! Mirad Language Name |- | Abkhazian || abk || '''Abakid''' |- | Afar || aar || '''Aarod''' |- | Afrikaans || '''Zafem'''....''South Africa'' || '''Zafed''' |- | Akan || aka || '''Akad''' (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka) |- | Albanian || '''Alibam'''....''Albania'' || '''Alibad''' |- | Amharic || amh || '''Amihed''' |- | Arabic || ara || '''Arad''' |- | Aragonese || arg || '''Aroged''' |- | Armenian || '''Aromim''' || '''Heyud''' |- | Assamese || asm || '''Asomid''' |- | Avaric || ava || '''Avad''' |- | Avestan || ave || '''Aved''' |- | Aymara || aym || '''Ayumid''' |- | Azerbaijani || '''Azem'''....''Azerbaijan'' || '''Azed''' |- | Bambara || bam || '''Bamid''' |- | Bashkir || bak || '''Bakirod''' |- | Basque || baq || '''Baqod''' |- | Belarusian || '''Balirom'''....''Belarusia'' || '''Balirod''' |- | Bengali || '''Bagedim'''....''Bangladesh'' || '''Bagedid''' |- | Bislama || bis || '''Bisod''' |- | Bosnian || '''Bihem'''....''Bosnia'' || '''Bihed''' |- | Breton || bre || '''Bared''' |- | Bulgarian || '''Bagerom'''....''Bulgaria'' || '''Bagerod''' |- | Burmese || '''Mimirom'''....''Miyanmar'' || '''Mimirod''' |} ...and so on... : The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing '''-a''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''(the) English (language)'' ==> '''Enigeda'''....''(in the) English (language)'' ::* '''Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.'''....''This English language document is incomprehensible.'' : The language names can be verbalized with the addition of '''-der'''....''to say'', '''-daler'''....''to speak'', and '''-xer'''....''to translate into'', eg: ::* '''Ferad'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferader'''....''to say in French'' ::* '''Esopod'''....''Spanish'' ==> '''Esopodaler'''....''to speak Spanish'' ::* '''Arad'''....''Arabic'' ==> '''Aradxer'''....''to Arabicize/translate into Arabic'' ::* '''Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.'''....''French has many Anglicizations.'' : The speaker of a language is created by adding '''-ut''' or '''-alut''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''English'' ==> '''Enigedut (or) Enigedalut'''....''English speaker'' ::* '''Duven et Enigedale?'''....''Do you speak English?'' ::* '''Aradu hia dun.'''....''Say this word in Arabic.'' ::* '''At se Itadut/Itadalut.'''....''I am a speaker of Italian.'' : Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Language Variants |- ! Variation Category !! Example |- | '''Ajna'''....''Old/Ancient'' || '''Ajna Eniged'''....''Old English, Anglo-Saxon'' |- | '''Ejoba'''....''Modern'' || '''Ejoba Perod'''....''Modern Persian, Farsi'' |- | '''Visauna'''....''Classical'' || '''Visauna Gerocad'''....''Classical Greek'' |- | '''Vyirina'''....''Puristic'' || '''Vyirina Gerocad'''....''Katharevousa (Puristic Greek)'' |- | '''Tyoda'''....''Vulgar/Popular/Demotic'' || '''Tyoda Latod'''....''Vulgar Latin''<br>'''Tyoda Gerocad'''....''Demotic Greek'' |- | '''Fyaxela'''....''Liturgical'' || '''Fyaxela Hebad'''....''Liturgical Hebrew'' |- | '''Fyadyesa'''....''Biblical'' || '''Fyadyesa Hebad'''....''Biblical Hebrew'' |- | '''Egona'''....''Standard'' || '''Ejoba Egona Arad'''....''Modern Standard Arabic'' |- | '''Egema'''....''Egyptian'' || '''Egema Arad'''....''Egyptian Arabic'' |- | '''Usoma'''....''American'' || '''Usoma Eniged'''....''American English'' |} : There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself. ::* '''Mirad'''....''Mirad'' ('''Mir'''....''world'') ::* '''Meurad'''....''Martian'' ('''Meur'''...''Mars'') ::* ''Celtic'', which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called '''Celid''' in Mirad. ::* ''Indo-European'', with the code "ine", translates to '''Inied''' in Mirad. ==== Cities and Their Residents ==== : Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in '''-a''' or '''-yena'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Cities and Their Residents |- ! City !! Adjective !! Inhabitant |- | '''Paris'''....''Paris'' || '''Paris<u>yena</u>'''....''Parisian'' || '''Paris<u>at</u>'''....''Parisian'' |- | '''Ejna York'''....''New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>a</u>'''....''of New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>at</u>'''....''New Yorker'' |- | '''Rom'''....''Rome'' || '''Rom<u>a</u>'''....''Roman'' || '''Rom<u>at</u>'''....''Roman'' |- | '''Beijing'''....''Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>a</u>'''....''of Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>at</u>'''....''resident of Beijing'' |- | '''Berlin'''....''Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>a</u>'''....''from Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>at</u>'''....''Berliner'' |} : Examples: :* '''Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.'''....''Berlin citizens are called Berliners.'' :* '''Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.'''....''Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.'' === Playing Cards Notation === : The playing card suits and prime denominations are: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Playing Card Suits |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''tiib''' || ''heart''|| <big>{{cards|h}}</big> |- | '''melukar''' || ''spade''|| <big>{{cards|s}}</big> |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond''|| <big>{{cards|d}}</big> |- | '''infayeb''' || ''club''|| <big>{{cards|c}}</big> |} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ High Cards plus the Joker |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''Az bi tiibi''' || ''ace of hearts''||[[File:Simple_h_a.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edweb bi melukari'''||''king of spades''||[[File:Simple_s_k.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edeyb bi amezi'''||''queen of diamonds''||[[File:Simple_d_q.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Yuxtwobet bi infayebi''' || ''jack of clubs''||[[File:Simple_c_j.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''hihiduut''' || ''joker''|| [[File:Simple_jk_b.svg|40px|thumb]] |} : Some useful terms: ::* '''eker drafi'''....''to play cards'' ::* '''zyabuer ha drafi'''....''to deal the card'' ::* '''ebnapxer ha drafi'''....''to shuffle the cards'' ::* '''goler ha nyan'''....''to cut the deck'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to fold'' ::* '''durer'''....''to bid'' ::* '''lokoxer draf'''....''to turn over a card'' ::* '''lokoxer ota tuyab'''....''to show one's hand'' ::* '''abnabxer'''....''to trump'' ::* '''ekdrafnyan'''....''deck of cards'' ::* '''nab'''....''suit'' ::* '''joper nab'''...''to follow suit'' ::* '''kyesdraft'''....''wild card'' ::* '''abnaba draf'''....''trump card'' ::* '''ha yannas'''....''the pot'' ::* '''ha nax'''....''the ante'' ::* '''yaber ha nax'''....''to up/raise the ante'' === Chess Piece Nomenclature === {{chess diagram | tright | |= 8 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= 7 |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= 6 | | | | | | | | |= 5 | | | | |pd| | | |= 4 | | | | |pl|pl| | |= 3 | | | | | | | | |= 2 |pl|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|= 1 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= a b c d e f g h | The King's Gambit }} : The game of chess is called '''xahifek''' in Mirad. : The chess pieces ('''xahifek goyni''') are as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Chess Piece Names |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''edweb''' || ''king'' || [[File:Chess_klt45.svg|thumb|30px]] |- | '''edeyb''' || ''queen'' || [[File:Chess_qlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''efyaxeb''' || ''bishop'' || [[File:Chess_blt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''apetaput''' || ''knight'' || [[File:Chess_nlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''tamaz''' || ''rook'' || [[File:Chess_rlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''melyexut''' || ''pawn'' || [[File:Chess_plt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |} : Some chess terms: ::* ''to checkmate''....'''xahtojber''' ::* ''Check!''....''Xah!'' ::* ''Checkmate!''....'''xahtoj!''' ::* ''chess board''....'''xahifek seym, xahifek drof''' ::* ''to move a piece''....'''paxer goun''' ::* ''to capture a piece''....'''pixler goun''' ::* ''chess clock''....'''xahifek jwobar''' ::* ''chess set''....''xahifek gounyan'' ::* ''chess tournament''....'''xahifekanyan''' ::* ''chess player''....'''xehifekut''' ::* ''my turn''....'''ata nayb''' ::* ''score''....'''aoksag''' ::* ''world champion''....'''miraklut''' === Botanical Nomenclature === : The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the [https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy|international Linnaean taxonomy]. ==== Base Names ==== : So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words: ::* '''fab'''....trees :::* '''feb'''....''fruits and nuts'' ::* '''fayb'''....''vines and shrubs'' :::* '''feyb'''....''berries'' ::* '''vob'''....''crops'' ::* '''vol'''....''vegetables'' ::* '''veel'''....''legumes and beans'' ::* '''vos'''....''flowers'' ==== Specific Names ==== : To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, ''pine'' tree is rendered as '''pifab'''. The '''pi''' prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees ''<u>Pi</u>naceae''. The '''fab''' ending applies to all trees. To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. ''cedar tree'' is '''<u>ce</u>pifab''' from ''Pianaceae <u>Ce</u>drus''. A ''cedar of Lebanon'' is '''<u>li</u>cepifab''' from the more specific ''Pinaceae Cedrus <u>li</u>bani''. : By constructing botanical terms this way, all pine trees can be listed by searching for all names ending in '''pifab'''. [[File:171 Magnolien.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ '''Basic Botanical Terms''' |- |valign=top|'''fob'''....''plant''||valign=top|'''vob'''....''crop''||valign=top|'''vol'''....''vegetable''||valign=top|'''vos'''....''flower'' |- |valign=top|'''fab'''....''tree''<br>'''fayeb'''....''leaf''<br>'''faob'''....''wood''<br>'''fayob'''....''bark''||valign=top|'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''vayob'''....''peel''|| ||'''vosayeb'''....''petal''<br>'''vosayob'''....''sepal'' |- |valign=top|'''feb'''....''fruit/nut''||valign=top|'''veb'''....''ear/tuft''<br>'''veeb'''....''seed''<br>'''veeyb'''....''grain''||valign=top|'''veel'''....''legume''||'''voseb'''....''capitulum'' |- |valign=top|'''fib'''....''trunk''||valign=top|'''vib'''....''stem'' || || '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' |- |valign=top|'''fub'''....''branch''||valign=top|'''vub'''....''blade''<br>'''vulob'''....''thorn'' || || |- |valign=top|'''fyob'''....''root''||valign=top|'''vyob'''....''tuber'' || || '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' |} ===== Product Names ===== : Products derived from plants are formed with the following words: ::* '''-fel'''....''juice (from a pome)'' ::* '''-feel'''....''-ade'' ::* '''-feyl'''....''juice (from a berry)'' ::* '''-fil'''....''alcoholic drink/cider'' ::* '''-fyel'''....''oil/jam/syrup'' ::* '''-fyeyl'''....''jelly'' ::* '''-fol'''....''grounds/powder'' ::* '''-fayel'''....''leaf juice'' : Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Zoological_Nomenclature|Zoological Nomenclature]]. For example, an ''apple'' is from the <u>Ro</u>saceae family of trees, the genus being ''<u>Ma</u>lus''. So the word for ''apple'' becomes '''marofeb'''. ''Apple tree'' is '''marofab''' and ''apple juice'' is '''marofel'''. Thus, ''apple cider'' is '''marofil'''. ===== Crops ===== : Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base '''vob''' with taxonomic syllables. [[File:Usdaemmer1.jpg|thumb|]] : The base words of this group are: ::* '''-vob'''....''crop'' ::* '''-vab'''....''grass'' ::* '''-vayeb'''....''leaf'' ::* '''-veb'''....''ear, cob, head, spike, tuft'' ::* '''-veeb'''....''seed, germ'' ::* '''-veel'''....''bean, legume'' ::* '''-veeyb'''....''grain, kernel, pip'' ::* '''-vib'''....''stem'' ::* '''-vub'''....''blade, sprig, twig'' ::* '''-vyob'''....''tuber'' ::* '''-vel'''....''edible product'' ::* '''-vil'''....''drinkable product, beer'' ::* '''-vyel'''....''syrup'' ::* '''-vol'''....''vegetable'' : From the above base words are derived these products, among others: ::* '''sakol'''....''sugar'' < '''sakvob'''....''sugarcane'' ::* '''povel'''....''bread'' < '''povob'''....''cereal'' ::* '''zepovyel'''....''corn syrup, corn oil'' < '''zepovob'''....''corn'' ::* '''zepovil'''....''whiskey, bourbon'' ::* '''sepovil'''....''rye whiskey'' < '''zepovob'''....''rye'' ::* '''povil'''....''beer'' ::* '''epovil'''....''ale'' ::* '''avpovob mekil'''....''oatmeal'' < '''avpovob'''....''oat'' ::* '''orpovob zyiglal'''....''rice cake'' < '''orpovob'''....''rice'' ::* '''mekuvol'''....''melon'' ===== Vegetables and Legumes ===== : Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base '''vol''' (''vegetable'') or '''veel''' (''legume, bean'') with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy. Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks. [[File:Hrushikesh kulkarni vegetables.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Vegetables |- ! Edible Crop !! Taxonomy |- ! colspan=2| LEGUMES: EDIBLE SEEDS |- |'''faveel'''....''bean'' || ''Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris'' |- |'''lensfaveel'''....''lentil'' || ''Fabaceae Lens culinaris'' |- |'''glifaveel'''....''soybeen'' || ''Fabaceae Glycine max'' |- |'''vigfaveel'''....''black-eyed pea'' || ''Fabaceae Faseolus vigna unguiculata'' |- ! colspan=2 | Vegetables: Berries/Fruits |- |'''lisovol'''....''tomato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum'' |- |'''mesovol'''....''eggplant'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum melongena'' |- |'''perlawvol'''....''avocado'' || ''Lauraceae Persea americana'' |- |'''sakuvol'''....''cucumber'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''akapsovol'''....''chili pepper'' || ''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra'' || ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- ! colspan=2 |bulbs |- |'''amalvol'''....''leek'' || ''Allium ampeloprasum'' |- |'''cepalvol'''....''onion'' || ''Allium cepa'' |- |'''alkalvol'''....''shallot'' || ''Alium ascalonicum'' |- |'''satalvol'''....''garlic'' || ''Allium sativum'' |- |'''zinvol'''....''ginger'' || ''Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale'' |- |'''skoynalvol'''....''chive'' || ''Allium Schoenoprasum'' |- |'''foynapvol'''....''fennel'' || ''Apiaceae Phoenix dactylifera'' |- ! colspan=2 | melons/gourds |- |'''kuvol'''....''squash, gourd''|| ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita'' |- |'''makuvol'''....''pumpkin'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima'' |- |'''mekuvol'''....''melon, honeydew, cantaloupe'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melon'' |- |'''cikuvol'''....''watermelon'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus'' |- |'''pekuvol'''....''zucchini'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo'' |- ! colspan=2 | Tubers/Root Vegetables |- |'''tusovol'''....''potato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum'' |- |'''betamvol'''....''beet, beetroot'' || ''Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris'' |- |'''rafbravol'''....''radish''|| ''Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus'' |- |'''kadawapvol'''....''carrot''||''Apiaceae Daucus carota'' |- |'''nabravol'''....''turnip''|| ''Brassica napus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''pasavol'''....''parsnip'' ||''Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa'' |- |'''eskolaravol'''....''taro'' ||''Araceae Colocasia esculenta'' |- |'''divol'''....''yam'' ||''Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea'' |- ! colspan=2| Leafy/Flowering Vegetables |- |'''bravol'''....''cabbage'' || ''Brassicaceae'' |- |'''botrolbravol'''....''cauliflower''||''Brassica oleracea botrytis'' |- |'''gemolbravol'''....''Brussels sprouts''|| ''Brassica oleracea gemmifera'' |- |'''valkavol'''....''corn salad, lamb's lettuce''|| ''Caprifocilaceae Valerianella locusta'' |- |'''lakasvol'''....''lettuce''|| ''Asteraceae Lactuta sative'' |- |'''spinamvol'''....''spinach'' || ''Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea'' |- |'''rupolivol'''....''sorrel''|| ''Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa'' |- |'''tarasvol'''....''mustard greens''|| ''Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale'' |- |'''itolbravol'''....''broccoli''|| ''Brassica Oleracea italica'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra''|| ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- |'''petapvol'''....''parsley''|| ''Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum'' |- |'''basoclamvol'''....''basil''|| ''Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum'' |- |'''orlamvol'''....''thyme''|| ''Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare'' |- |'''encivol'''....''chicory, endive''|| ''Cichorium endivia'' |- |'''nasbravol'''....''watercress''|| ''Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale'' |- |'''korapvol'''....''coriander''|| ''Apiaceae Coridandrum sativum'' |- ! colspan=2 | Stalks |- |'''aspavol'''....''asparagus''|| ''Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis'' |- |'''gravapvol'''....''celery''|| ''Apiaceae Apium graveolens'' |- |'''rewmpolivol'''....''rhubarb''|| ''Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum'' |- |'''kurzinvol'''....''turmeric''|| ''Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa'' |- |'''kokarvol'''....''heart of palm, swamp cabbage''|| ''Arecaceae Cocos'' |- |'''cimpovol'''....''lemongrass''|| ''Poaceae Cymbopogon'' |} ==== Common Flower Names ==== [[File:Madeira-flowers hg.jpg|thumb|]] ===== Flower Parts ===== : Flower names are built on the base name '''vos''', meaning ''flower''. First, here is a list of flower parts: ::* '''vosayob'''....''sepal'' ::* '''vosayeb'''....''petal'' ::* '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' ::* '''veeybpexus'''....''stigma'' ::*'''vosij'''....''bud, flower bud'' ::* '''tooygon'''....''pistil'' ::* '''veeybyan'''....''pollen'' ::* '''twoogon'''....''stamen'' ::* '''twoogonyif'''....''filament'' ::* '''veeybyem'''....''anther'' ::* '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' ===== Flower Names ===== [[File:Tulipa suaveolens floriade to Canberra.jpg|thumb|]] : Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base '''vos''' that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples: : '''<u>som</u>pavos'''....''opium poppy'' (''<u>Pa</u>paver <u>som</u>niferum'') : '''<u>mag</u>vos'''....''magnolia'' (''<u>Mag</u>noliaceae Magnolia'') : '''<u>or</u>vos'''....''orchid'' (''<u>Or</u>chidaceae Orchis'') : '''<u>krokir</u>vos'''....''crocus'' (''<u>Ir</u>idaceae <u>Cro</u>cus'') : For a fuller list, see the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Flower_Words|Flower Words]]. === Computer Terminology === [[File:Generic-office-desktop2.svg|thumb]] : This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Computerese |- ! Mirad !! English |- |'''agna saibyan syaagir'''||''mainframe computer'' |- |'''absem syaagir'''||''desktop computer'' |- |'''agbanak'''||''byte'' |- |'''ajnexer'''||''to archive'' |- |'''amloagbanak'''||''megabyte'' |- |'''anay dyewa tax'''||''read-only memory, ROM'' |- |'''aota syaagir'''||''personal computer'' |- |'''aottuunyan'''||''profile'' |- |'''aoyebmeyp'''||''port'' |- |'''apaxler'''||''to swipe'' |- |'''aroagbanak'''||''kilobyte'' |- |'''baler buxnuf'''||''to press/hit a key'' |- |'''banak'''||''bit'' |- |'''agdresin kyoxea buxnuf'''||''caps lock key'' |- |'''buxnuf'''||''key'' |- |'''buxnufsemes'''||''keyboard'' |- |'''buxnufseym'''||''keypad'' |- |'''izeaxus'''||''cursor'' |- |'''byuxseym'''||''touchpad'' |- |'''datier'''||''to friend'' |- |'''dodrer ebdras'''||''to post a message'' |- |'''dota zeyn'''||''social medium'' |- |'''ebdrer'''||''to text'' |- |'''dreun'''||''document'' |- |'''dreuzyufer'''||''to scroll, pan'' |- |'''droer naab'''||''to delete a file'' |- |'''drou buxnuf'''||''delete key'' |- |'''drur'''||''printer'' |- |'''drurer naab'''||''to print out a file'' |- |'''drurer'''||''to print out'' |- |'''druru buxnuf'''||''print screen key'' |- |'''drurun'''||''a printout'' |- |'''dunexlar'''||''word processor'' |- |'''dyezier'''||''to take a movie'' |- |'''ebdayler'''||''to chat'' |- |'''ebdaylim'''||''chatroom'' |- |'''emojin'''||''emoji'' |- |'''ex buxnuf'''||''function key'' |- |'''exen vyaab'''||''operating system'' |- |'''extuundras'''||''program, application'' |- |'''extuundrasog'''||''app'' |- |'''extuundrasyan'''||''software'' |- |'''extuundrer'''||''to program'' |- |'''fuk'''||''bug'' |- |'''fukaya'''||''buggy'' |- |'''fukoyxer'''||''to debug'' |- |'''garalyoagbanak'''||''petabyte'' |- |'''gelxer naab'''||''to copy a file'' |- |'''googler'''||''to google'' |- |'''gyia kyos yebiar'''||''solid state drive, SSD'' |- |'''gyia zyiun yebiar'''||''cd drive'' |- |'''haydren dyun'''||''login name'' |- |'''haydrer bay tuyubbal'''||''to log in with one's fingerprint'' |- |'''haydrer'''||''to log in'' |- |'''hoydrer'''||''to log out'' |- |'''huisteaxar'''||''browser'' |- |'''kyeteaxer'''||''to browse'' |- |'''hyux buxnuf'''||''alt key'' |- |'''iber naab'''||''to receive a file'' |- |'''ila mez sinuar, IMS'''||''liquid crystal display, LDC'' |- |'''izbex buxnuf'''||''control key'' |- |'''izbexdrof'''||''motherboard'' |- |'''kliker ab'''||''click on'' |- |'''kodun'''||''password'' |- |'''gawdyunxer naab'''||''to rename a file'' |- |'''kyax buxnuf'''||''shift key'' |- |'''kyea yempuen tax'''||''random access memory, RAM'' |- |'''kyisier naab'''||''to download a file'' |- |'''kyisuer naab'''||''to upload a file'' |- |'''kyiunxar'''||''charger'' |- |'''kyiunxer'''||''to charge'' |- |'''lodatier'''||''to unfriend'' |- |'''makebdren'''||''email'' |- |'''makedrer'''||''to email'' |- |'''man-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOES'''||''LED'' |- |'''mansin dyes'''||''photo album'' |- |'''mis'''||''window'' |- |'''naab'''||''file'' |- |'''naedzyun'''||''trackball'' |- |'''nagonxar'''||''modem'' |- |'''neaf mansiniar'''||''web camera'' |- |'''nexer naab'''||''to save a file'' |- |'''num yibdalir'''||''cellphone'' |- |'''belyafwa syaagir'''||''laptop computer'' |- |'''oglagos'''||''microchip'' |- |'''gwoteexar'''||''microphone'' |- |'''omijber'''||''to boot up'' |- |'''omola tyep'''||''artificial intelligence, AI'' |- |'''gawomijber'''||''to reboot'' |- |'''paxer naab'''||''to move a file'' |- |'''paxyafwa yibdalir'''||''mobile phone'' |- |'''poxu zyumuf buxnuf'''||''scroll lock key'' |- |'''sagbexu buxnuf'''||''numlock key'' |- |'''sagseym'''||''number pad'' |- |'''sam'''||''console'' |- |'''saunapxer naab'''||''to sort a file'' |- |'''semes syaagir'''||''tablet computer'' |- |'''sindren semes'''||''graphics tablet'' |- |'''sindrenyan exlen aun'''||''graphics processing unit, GPU'' |- |'''sines'''||''icon'' |- |'''sinuar'''||''screen, display, monitor'' |- |'''syaager'''||''to compute'' |- |'''syaagir'''||''computer'' |- |'''syaagirdal'''||''computerese'' |- |'''syaagirtun'''||''computer science'' |- |'''syaagnyed'''||''spreadsheet'' |- |'''taam mays'''||''home screen'' |- |'''tampu buxnuf'''||''home key'' |- |'''sirmul'''||''hardware, physical matter'' |- |'''taxdrer'''||''to record'' |- |'''taxmuf'''||''memory stick'' |- |'''teataxdrer'''||''to video'' |- |'''teataxdrun'''||''video'' |- |'''tuunnabyan'''||''database'' |- |'''tuyab izdar'''||''mouse'' |- |'''uber naab'''||''to send a file'' |- |'''uinig buxnuf'''||''tab key'' |- |'''utmansin'''||''selfie'' |- |'''yaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD)'''||''HTML'' |- |'''yeber'''||''to enter, insert'' |- |'''yebu buxnuf'''||''enter key, return key, insert key'' |- |'''yiga zyiun yebiar'''||''hard disk drive, HDD'' |- |'''yijber naab'''||''to open a file'' |- |'''yujber naab'''||''to close a file'' |- |'''makmepdrof'''||''circuitboard'' |- |'''zea exlen aun'''||''central processing unit, CPU'' |- |'''zoynigxu buxnuf'''||''backspace key'' |- |'''zyiun yebiar'''||''disk drive'' |} === Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology === : This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages. ==== Medical Diseases ==== : Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg. ::* '''tiebalyoganbok'''....''asthma'' (lit: shortness of breath illness) ::* '''tiebbok'''....''pneumonia'' (lit: lung illness) ::* '''teibbok'''....''rhinitis'' (lit: nose illness) ::* '''tayibblok'''....''neuropathy'' (lit: nerve suffering) ::* '''tebbyoyk'''....''headache'' (lit: head ache) ::* '''teibzyegikanbok'''....''osteoporosis'' (lit: bone porosity illness) ==== Pharmaceuticals ==== : Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized. ::* '''aspirin'''....''aspirin'' ::* '''Ibupropen'''....''Ibupropen'' : Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose: ::* '''bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol'''....''analgesic, painkiller'' (Lit: pain reliever) ::* '''tikebilokxol'''....''emetic'' (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance) : Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see [https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn|International Nonproprietary Names]). For example, ''phenobarbital''. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ INN names pronunciation |- ! Greco-Roman<br>Spelling !! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | ch || '''k''' |- | ph || '''f''' |- | x || '''ks''' |- | y || '''i''' |- | qu || '''kw''' |- | rh || '''r''' |- | th || '''t''' |- | ae || '''ay''' |- | oe || '''oy''' |- | c before i, e, or y || '''c''' |- | c otherwise || '''k''' |- | final e || silent |- | double consonant || single consonant |} : Examples: ::* '''acetaminophen'''....''a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN'' ::* '''amphetamine'''....''am-fe-ta-MIN'' ::* '''trimethroprim'''....''tri-me-tro-PRIM'' ::* '''sulfamethoxazole'''....''sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL'' ::* '''oxacillin'''....''o-ksa-ci-LIN'' === Mineral and Crystal Nomenclature === : Minerals end in '''-muk''' with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see [[Wikipedia:List_of_mineral_symbols|The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols]]). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. For example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Some Mineral Names |- ! English!! IMA Symbol !! Mirad Spellings !! Mirad Name |- | ''argyrodyte'' || Agy || '''a-ge-yu''' || '''ageyumuk''' |- |''brochantyte'' || Bct || '''ba-ca-to''' || '''bacatomuk''' |- |''chromite'' || Chr || '''ca-he-ro''' || '''caheromuk''' |} : There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.: ::* ''Lemmleinite-K'' (Lem-k) is '''liemikomuk''' in Mirad. : Crystals end in '''-mez'''. The first part of the word is an enumeration. : The common crystals are listed here: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Names of Common Crystals |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''mez''' || ''crystal'' |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond'' |- | '''emez''' || ''topaz'' |- | '''imez''' || ''ruby'' |- | '''umez''' || ''emerald'' |- | '''yomez''' || ''sapphire'' |- | '''yamez''' || ''lapis lazuli'' |- | '''yemez''' || ''amethyst'' |- | '''yimez''' || ''amber'' |- | '''yumez''' || ''quartz'' |- | '''alomez''' || ''opal'' |- | '''alamez''' || ''tourmaline'' |- | '''alemez''' || ''garnet'' |- | '''alimez''' || ''zirconia'' |- | '''alumez''' || ''jasper'' |- | '''alyomez''' || ''jade'' |- | '''alyamez''' || ''marganite'' |} : Other, less common crystals end in '''-mez''' and are formed from the Wikipedia list of mineral symbols. : General words for earthen matter: :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' :* '''muz'''....''ore'' :* '''mug'''....''metal'' :* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :* '''meg'''....''rock, stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' :* '''mel'''....''soil'' :* '''meil'''....''mud'' :* '''mek'''....''dust'' :* '''miek'''....''sand'' :* '''mev'''....''porcelain'' :* '''mef'''....''brick'' ==== Rock Classification ==== : The naming of individual rock types is based on the [[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/download/bgs-rock-classification-scheme-igneous/| BGS Rock Classification Scheme ]]. : All rocks (other than the general word for ''rock'', '''meg''') end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type: ::* '''ameg'''....''sedimentary rock'' ::* '''emeg'''....''igneous rock'' ::* '''imag'''....''metamorphic rock'' : The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final ''e'' is dropped from names that end in ''yte'' or ''ite''. For example, ''trachydacite'' in the scheme becomes '''trachydacit''' in Mirad. This word is then followed by one of the rock types above ('''emeg''' ''igneous rock''). So ''trachydacite'' becomes '''trachydacitemeg''' in Mirad. For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary. :The word '''meg''' ''rock'' has some common derivatives: ::* '''megag'''....''boulder'' ::* '''meg'''....''stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' ::* '''megyel'''....''cement, asphalt, bitumen'' :::* '''megyelyig'''....''concrete'' ::* '''megil'''....''lava'' ::* '''meggos'''....''crag'' ::* '''megyig'''....''flintstone, basalt'' ::* '''meag'''....''marble'' ::* '''meeg'''....''slate'' ::* '''meig'''....''granite'' ::* '''meug'''....''clay, dough'' ::* '''meyog'''....''china'' ::* '''meyag'''....''chalk'' :::* '''meyaz'''....''pastel'' :::* '''meyayg'''....''calcite'' ::* '''meyeg'''....''limestone, sediment'' ::* '''meyig'''....''alabaster'' ::* '''meyug'''....''gypsum'' ::* '''mealog'''....''sandstone, stoneware'' ::* '''mameg'''....''coal'' :::* '''eymameg'''....''coke'' :::* '''maameg'''....''anthracite'' :::* '''maemeg'''....''peat'' :::* '''maimeg'''....''lignite'' : Related are: ::* '''mek'''....''dust'' :::* '''mekes'''....''grit'' :::* '''mekil'''....''grout'' :::* '''meyk'''....''grit'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder'' ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' ::* '''mieg'''....''coral'' ::* '''mel'''....''dirt'' ::* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''meil'''....''mud'' ::* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :::* '''meyz'''....''spar'' :::* '''meyzag'''....''feldspar'' ::* '''muz'''....''ore'' ::* '''memol'''....''alkali'' ::* '''mimol'''....''salt'' ::* '''mef'''....''brick'' === Metric Nomenclature === [[File:Conversion Factors.png|thumb|]] : Mirad uses the [[Wikt:International System of Units (SI)|International System of Units (SI)]]) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names ('''alpha''', '''gamma''', etc.) preceded with the word '''ag-''' if majuscule ('''aggamma''' for ''&Gamma;'') The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ''ohm'' (Ω) is '''agomega'''. All metric units end in the word '''nak'''. ==== SI Base Units ==== :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbeviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} ==== SI Derived Units ==== : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | B | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''agbanak''' |- | '''bit''' | align="center" | b | one bit of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ==== Convenient Non-SI Units ==== ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglinak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heabak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |} ==== Metrical Formulae ==== : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical <br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |} ==== Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes ==== : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for ''b'' (byte) is pronounced '''ba''' in Mirad. A terabyte ( ''Tb'') is therefore pronounced '''ag-to-ba''', which This amounts ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix<br><br>Mirad Pron. !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix !! SI Symbol<br><br>Mirad Pron. |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' ... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''<br>''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''<br>''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''<br>''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''<br>''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''<br>''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yoon-''' <br>''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''<br>''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yaon-'''<br>''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''<br>''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''<br>''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''<br>''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''<br>''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''<br>''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''<br>''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''<br>''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alo-'''<br>''deca-'' || ''da''<br>'''da-a-''' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci-''|| ''d''<br>'''da-''' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''<br>''hexa-'' || ''h''<br>'''hi-''' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi-''|| ''c''<br>'''ca-''' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''<br>''kilo-'' ||''k''<br>'''ki-''' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''<br>''milli-''|| ''m''<br>'''mi-''' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || ''M''<br>'''agmi-''' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-''|| ''r''<br>'''ro-''' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''<br>''giga-'' || ''G''<br>'''agge-''' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-''|| ''n''<br>'''ni-''' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || ''T''<br>'''agto-''' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-''|| ''p''<br>'''po-''' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ''P''<br>'''agpo-'''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-''||''f''<br>'''fe-''' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''<br>''exa-'' || ''E''<br>'''age-'''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''<br>''atto-''||''a''<br>'''a-''' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ''Z''<br>'''agzu-'''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''<br>''zepto-''||''z''<br>'''zu-''' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || '' Y''<br>'''agyu''' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''<br>''yocto-''||''y''<br>'''yu-''' |} : *Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. ==== Abbreviated Symbols ==== : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | Macro !! colspan=2 | Micro |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daage''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dage''' |- | ''hg'' (hexagram)|| '''hege''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cage''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''koge''' || ''mg'' (milligram) ||'''mige''' |- | ''Mg'' (megagram)|| '''agmige''' ||''rg'' or '''μg''' (microgram)|| '''roge''' or '''muge''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggege''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nige''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtoge''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''poge''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpoge''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fege''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agege''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''age''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzege''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zege''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyuge''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yuge''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* '''10 kg2'''....(pronounced as:) ''alo koge gar ewa'' ::* '''12 mm3'''....(pronounced as:) ''ale mimi gar iwa'' === Trigonometric Nomenclature === : This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by '''-naz''' (''value''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Trigonometry Functions |- ! Function (Symbol) !! Mirad Technical Name !! Mirad Ordinary Name |- | ''sine (sin)'' || '''soini-naz''' || '''uznaz''' |- | ''cosine (cos)'' || '''caoso-naz''' || '''yanuznaz''' |- | ''arccosine (arccos, cos^-1)''<br>''anticosine''<br>''inverse cosine''|| '''arocacaoso-naz''' || '''ovuznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic sine (sinh)'' || '''soinihe-naz'''|| '''enuza uznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic cosine (cosh)'' || '''caosohe-naz''' || '''enuza yanuznaz''' |- | ''secant (sec)'' || '''soeca-naz''' || '''golus naz''' |- | ''cosecant (csc)'' || '''casoca-naz''' || '''yangolus naz''' |- | ''arccosecant (arccsc)'' || '''arocacasoca-naz''' || '''enuza yangolus naz''' |} === Poetry Nomenclature === : Mirad uses the nonsense syllables '''di''' and '''da''' to form various poetic meter words that usually are formed with Greek words in English. The syllable '''di''' represents an ''unstressed'' syllable in verse, while the syllable '''da''' denotes a ''stressed'' syllable. These are hyphenated and followed with a space and the word '''deup''' as a noun, which means ''meter'' or ''rhythm''. The adjectival form of the word ends in '''deupa'''. Here are the most common poetic meters: ::* '''di-da deupa'''.... iambic :::* '''di-da yoondeup'''.... ''iambic pentameter'' ::* '''di-di-da deupa'''.... ''anapestic'' ::* '''di-da-da deupa'''.... ''bacchius'' ::* '''da-da deupa'''.... ''spondaic'' ::* '''da-da-da deupa'''.... ''molossus'' ::* '''da-da-di deupa'''.... ''antibacchius'' ::* '''da-di deupa'''.... ''tochaic'' :::* '''da-di deup'''.... ''trochee, choree'' ::* '''da-di-da deupa'''.... ''cretic, amphimacer'' ::* '''da-di-di deupa'''.... ''dactylic'' ::* '''da-di-di yaondeup'''.... ''dactylic hexameter'' ::* '''da-di-di-da deupa'''.... ''amphibrachic'' : Other words representing elements of poetry are: ::* '''drez'''....''poetry, verse'' :::* '''dreza'''....''poetic'' :::* '''drezyen'''....''poesy'' :::* '''drezyan'''....''anthology'' (of poetry) :::* '''drezut'''....''poet'' ::::* '''drezuyt'''....''poetess'' ::::* '''popdrezut'''....''minstrel'' ::::* '''Vikinga drezut'''....''skald'' ::::* '''dreuzut'''....''bard'' :::* '''odrez'''....''prose'' :::* '''vyasma drez'''....''concrete verse'' :::* '''tyoda drez'''....''folk poetry'' :::* '''indeupa drez'''....''trimeter'' :::* '''undeupa drez'''....''tetrameter'' :::* '''yoondeupa drez'''....''pentameter'' :::* '''yaondeupa drez'''....''hexameter'' :::* '''yendeupa drez'''....''heptameter'' :::* '''yindeupa drez'''....''octameter'' :::* '''ogelseuxwa drez'''....''blank verse'' :::* '''yiva drez'''....''free verse'' :::* '''drezun'''....''poem'' ::::* '''deuzwa drezun'''....''sung poem, lay'' ::::* '''dindrezun'''....''ballad'' ::::* '''dizdrezun'''....''limerick'' ::::* '''fiddrezun'''....''ode'' ::::* '''fizdrezun'''....''epic poem'' ::::* '''haikudrezun'''....''haiku'' ::::* '''viysindrezun'''....''idyll'' ::::* '''ifondrezun'''....''love poem, romantic poem'' ::::* '''indrezun'''....''terzain'' ::::* '''jodrezun'''....''epode'' ::::* '''yindrezun'''....''sistina'' ::::* '''klerihyudrezun'''....''clerihew'' ::::* '''meimdrezun'''....''pastoral'' ::::* '''melyexdrezun'''....''georgic'' ::::* '''petnyanuta drezun'''....''pastoral, eclogue'' ::::* '''popduzuta drezun'''....''troubadour poem'' ::::* '''rondodrezun'''....''rondeau, rondel, roundel'' ::::* '''seuz drezun'''....''sound poem'' ::::* '''tadyandrezun'''....''prothalamion, epithalamion'' ::::* '''tankadrezun'''....''tanka'' ::::* '''taxdrezun'''....''epitaph'' ::::* '''tuddrezun'''....''nursery rhyme'' ::::* '''ulondrezun'''....''sonnet'' ::::* '''ujdreznadeon'''....''envoi'' ::::* '''undrezun'''....''quatrain'' ::::* '''unnad drezun'''....''tetrastich'' ::::* '''uvdrezun'''....''elegy'' ::::* '''alyundrezun'''....''villanelle'' ::::* '''virelaydrezun'''....''virelai, virelay'' ::::* '''yizivtos drezun'''....''rhapsody'' ::::* '''yoondrezun'''....''quintain'' ::* '''dreznad'''....''line, -stich, verse'' :::* '''eyndreznad'''...''hemistich'' :::* '''endreznad'''....''couplet'' ::* '''dreznadyan'''....''stanza'' ::* '''gelseux'''....''rhyme'' :::* '''gelseuxyen'''....''rhyme scheme'' :::* '''dunija gelseuxen'''....''alliteration'' ::* '''seuxzoyxen'''....''assonance'' ::* '''geyldyan'''....''simile'' ::* '''yiztyun'''....''metaphor'' ::* '''yanseuzan'''....''consonance'' ::* '''deup'''....''rhythm, beat, metrical foot, meter'' ::* '''kyib'''....''stress'' ::* '''seuz'''....''tone'' === Dimensional Nomenclature === : This chart shows adjectives that describe dimensional relationships: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ Dimensional Words |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- | '''yaba'''....''high(er)'' || '''yeba'''....''inner'' || '''yoba'''....''low(er)'' |- | '''yaiba'''....''tall'' || '''yeiba'''....''deep inside'' || '''yoiba'''....''deep (down)'' |- | '''yauba'''....''short'' || '''yeuba'''....''a short way in'' || '''youba'''....''shallow'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || || '''yoga'''....''short'' |- | '''yiba'''....''far'' || || '''yuba'''....''near'' |- | '''aonada'''....''vertical'' || || '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- | '''kia'''....''diagonal'' || || '''kua'''....''lateral'' |- | '''zyia'''....''flat'' || || '''zyua'''....''round'' |- | '''yaza'''....''concave'' || '''yeza'''....''flush'' || '''yoza'''....''convex'' |} === Geologic Period Nomenclature === : The principal geochronologic units of the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest, are: :** '''joob'''....''eon'' :*** '''ajoob'''....''Hadean Eon'' :*** '''ejoob'''....''Archean Eon'' :*** '''ijoob'''....''Proterozoic Eon'' :*** '''ujoob'''....''Phanerozoic Eon'' :** '''joab'''....''era'' :*** '''ajoab'''....''Eoarchean Era'' :*** '''ejoab'''....''Paleoarchean Era'' :*** '''ijoab'''....''Mesoarchean Era'' :*** '''ujoab'''....''Neoarchean Era'' :*** '''yojoab'''....''Paleoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yajoab'''....''Mesoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yejoab'''....''Neoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yijoab'''....''Paleozoic Era'' :*** '''yujoab'''....''Mesozoic Era'' :*** '''alojoab'''....''Cenozoic Era'' :** '''joeb'''....''period'' :*** '''ajoeb'''....''Siderian Period'' :*** '''ejoeb'''....''Rhyacian Period'' :*** '''ijoeb'''....''Orosirian Period'' :*** '''ujoeb'''....''Statherian Period'' :*** '''yojoeb'''....''Calymmian Period'' :*** '''yajoeb'''....''Ectasian Period'' :*** '''yejoeb'''....''Stenian Period'' :*** '''yijoeb'''....''Tonian Period'' :*** '''yujoeb'''....''Cryogenian Period'' :*** '''alojoeb'''....''Ediacaran Period'' :*** '''alajoeb'''....''Cambrian Period'' :*** '''alejoeb'''....''Ordovician Period'' :*** '''alijoeb'''....''Silurian Period'' :*** '''alujoeb'''....''Devonian Period'' :*** '''alyojoeb'''....''Carboniferous Period'' :*** '''alyajoeb'''....''Permian Period'' :*** '''alyejoeb'''....''Triassic Period'' :*** '''alyijoeb'''....''Jurassic Period'' :*** '''alyujoeb'''....''Cretaceous Period'' :*** '''elojoeb'''....''Paleogene Period'' :*** '''elajoeb'''....''Neogene Period'' :*** '''elejoeb'''....''Quarternary Period'' :** '''joib'''....''epoch'' :*** '''ajoib'''....''Terreneuvian Epoch'' :*** '''ejoib'''....''Series 2 Epoch'' :*** '''ijoib'''....''Miaolingian Epoch'' :*** '''ujoib'''....''Furongian Epoch'' :*** '''yojoib'''....''Lower Epoch'' :*** '''yajoib'''....''Middle Epoch'' :*** '''yejoib'''....''Upper Epoch'' :*** '''yijoib'''....''Llandovery Epoch'' :*** '''yujoib'''....''Wenlock Epoch'' :*** '''alojoib'''....''Ludlow Epoch'' :*** '''alajoib'''....''Pridoli Epoch'' :** '''joub'''....''age'' :*** '''ajoub'''....''Fortunian Age'' :*** '''ejoub'''....''Stage 2 Age'' :*** '''ijoub'''....''Stage 3 Age'' :*** '''ujoub'''....''Stage 4 Age'' :*** '''yojoub'''....''Wulian Age'' :*** '''yajoub'''....''Drumian Age'' :*** '''yejoub'''....''Guzhangian Age'' :*** '''yijoub'''....''Paibian Age'' :*** '''yujoub'''....''Jianshanian Age'' :*** '''alojoub'''....''Stage 10 Age'' :*** '''alajoub'''....''Temadocian Age'' :*** '''alejoub'''....''Floian Age'' :*** '''alijoub'''....''Dapingian Age'' :*** '''alujoub'''....''Darriwilian Age'' :*** '''alyojoub'''....''Sandbian Age'' :*** '''alyajoub'''....''Katian Age'' :*** '''alyejoub'''....''Hirnantian Age'' :*** '''alyijoub'''....''Rhuddanian Age'' :*** '''alyujoub'''....''Aeronian Age'' :*** '''elojoub'''....''Telychian Age'' :*** '''elajoub'''....''Cheinwoodian Age'' :*** '''elejoub'''....''Homerian Age'' :*** '''elijoub'''....''Gorstian Age'' :*** '''elujoub'''....''Ludfordian Age'' :*** '''elyojoub'''....''Pridoli Age'' :*** '''elyajoub'''....''Lochkovian Age'' :*** '''elyejoub'''....''Pragian Age'' :*** '''elyijoub'''....''Emsian Age'' :*** '''elyujoub'''....''Eifelian Age'' :*** '''ilojoub'''....''Givetian Age'' :*** '''ilajoub'''....''Frasnian Age'' :*** '''ilejoub'''....''Famennian Age'' :*** '''ilijoub'''....''Tournaisian Age'' :*** '''ilujoub'''....''Visean Age'' :*** '''ilyojoub'''....''Serpukhovian Age'' :*** '''ilyajoub'''....''Bashkirian Age'' :*** '''ilyejoub'''....''Moscovian Age'' :*** '''ilyijoub'''....''Kasimovian Age'' :*** '''ilyujoub'''....''Gzhelian Age'' :*** '''ulojoub'''....''Asselian Age'' :*** '''ulajoub'''....''Sakmarian Age'' :*** '''ulejoub'''....''Artinskian Age'' :*** '''ulijoub'''....''Kungurian Age'' :*** '''ulujoub'''....''Roadian Age'' :*** '''ulyojoub'''....''Wordian Age'' :*** '''ulyajoub'''....''Capitanian Age'' :*** '''ulyejoub'''....''Wuchiapingian Age'' :*** '''ulyijoub'''....''Changhsingian Age'' :*** '''ulyujoub'''....''Induan Age'' :*** '''yolojoub'''....''Olenekian Age'' :*** '''yolajoub'''....''Anisian Age'' :*** '''yolejoub'''....''Ladnian Age'' :*** '''yolijoub'''....''Carnian Age'' :*** '''yolujoub'''....''Norian Age'' :*** '''yolyojoub'''....''Rhaetian Age'' :*** '''yolyajoub'''....''Hettangian Age'' :*** '''yolyejoub'''....''Sinemurian Age'' :*** '''yolyijoub'''....''Pliensbachian Age'' :*** '''yolyujoub'''....''Toarcian Age'' :*** '''yalojoub'''....''Aalenian Age'' :*** '''yalajoub'''....''Bajocian Age'' :*** '''yalejoub'''....''Bathonian Age'' :*** '''yalijoub'''....''Callovian Age'' :*** '''yalujoub'''....''Oxfordian Age'' :*** '''yalyojoub'''....''Kimmeridgian Age'' :*** '''yalyajoub'''....''Tithonian Age'' :*** '''yalyejoub'''....''Berriasian Age'' :*** '''yalyijoub'''....''Valanginian Age'' :*** '''yalyujoub'''....''Hauterivian Age'' :*** '''yelojoub'''....''Barremian Age '' :*** '''yelajoub'''....''Aptian Age '' :*** '''yelejoub'''....''Albian Age '' :*** '''yelijoub'''....''Cenomanian '' :*** '''yelujoub'''....''Turonian '' :*** '''yelyojoub'''....''Coniacian '' :*** '''yelyajoub'''....''Santonian '' :*** '''yelyejoub'''....''Campanian '' :*** '''yelyijoub'''....''Maastrichtian '' :*** '''yelyujoub'''....''Danian '' :*** '''yilojoub'''....''Selandian '' :*** '''yilajoub'''....''Thanetian '' :*** '''yilejoub'''....''Ypresian '' :*** '''yilijoub'''....''Lutetian '' :*** '''yilujoub'''....''Bartonian '' :*** '''yilyojoub'''....''Priaboanian '' :*** '''yilyajoub'''....''Rupelian '' :*** '''yilyejoub'''....''Chattian '' :*** '''yilyijoub'''....''Aquitanian '' :*** '''yilyujoub'''....''Burdigalian '' :*** '''yulojoub'''....''Langhian '' :*** '''yulajoub'''....''Serravallian '' :*** '''yulejoub'''....''Tortonian '' :*** '''yulijoub'''....''Messinian '' :*** '''yulujoub'''....''Zanclean '' :*** '''yulyojoub'''....''Piacenzian '' :*** '''yulyajoub'''....''Gelasian '' :*** '''yulyejoub'''....''Calabrian '' :*** '''yulyijoub'''....''Chibanian '' :*** '''yulyujoub'''....''Tarantian '' :*** '''asojoub'''....''Greenlandian '' :*** '''asajoub'''....''Northgrippian '' :*** '''asejoub'''....''Meghalayan '' === Names of Diacritics === : The Mirad words for diacritics (= accents) are based on the worldwide Unicode 4.0 standard. There are three kinds of diacritics based on where they are positioned relative to the base: ::* <b>aybsiyn</b>....<i>above mark</i> ::* <b>oybsiyn</b>....<i>below mark</i> ::* <b>absiyn</b>....<i>overlay mark</i> : The names are based on some common shapes: ::* <b>nod</b>....<i>dot</i> ::* <b>grun</b>....<i>hook</i> ::* <b>nad</b>....<i>line</i> ::* <b>kin</b>....<i>slash</i> ::* <b>vu</b>....<i>wedge</i> ::* <b>pyaon</b>....<i>wave</i> ::* <b>zyus</b>....<i>ring</i> ::* <b>uz</b>....<i>arch</i> ::* <b>zeymep</b>....<i>bridge</i> ::* <b>izmufseb</b>....<i>arrowhead</i> ::* <b>mar</b>....<i>star</i> : The above shapes can be modified by adjectives: ::* <b>kia</b>....<i>slanted</i> ::* <b>ao</b>....<i>vertical</i> ::* <b>yoga/yaga</b>....<i>short/long</i> ::* <b>en</b>....<i>double</i> ::* <b>yaba/yoba</b>....<i>up/down</i> ::* <b>zua/zia</b>....<i>left/right</i> ::* <b>oyvuzbwa</b>....<i>inverted</i> : Here is a chart listing the most common diacritics in the world's languages. (Note: Mirad does not use diacritics for its native words.) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;" |+ Mirad Names of Diacritics |- ! Diacritic !! Unicode<br>Value !! Mirad !! Unicode Name |- |<big><b>&#x0301;</b></big>|| 0301||<b> zukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zukin oybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030B;</b></big>|| 030B||<b> enzukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0317;</b></big>|| 0317||<b> zikin oybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030F;</b></big>|| 030F||<b> enzikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> zigrun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0327;</b></big>|| 0327||<b> zugrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>cedilla</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0328;</b></big>|| 0328||<b> zigrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>ogonek, nasal hook</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0302;</b></big>|| 0302||<b> yobvu aybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent, hat</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032D;</b></big>|| 032D||<b> yobvu oybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030C;</b></big>|| 030C||<b> vu aybsiyn</b>||<i>hachek, v above, caron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032C;</b></big>|| 032C||<b> vu oybsiyn</b>||<i>caron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0306;</b></big>|| 0306||<b> yabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0311;</b></big>|| 0311||<b> yobuz aybsin</b>||<i>inverted breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032F;</b></big>|| 032F||<b> yobuz oybsin </b>||<i>inverted breve below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0308;</b></big>|| 0308||<b> ennod aybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis above, double dot above, umlaut, trema</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0324;</b></big>|| 0324||<b> ennod oybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis below, double dot below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0307;</b></big>|| 0307||<b> nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above, overdot, tecka, tittle</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0323;</b></big>|| 0323||<b> nod oybsiyn</b>||<i>dot below, underdot, nang</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0351;</b></big>|| 0351||<b> zua eynzyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031C;</b></big>|| 031C||<b> zua eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia eynzyus aybsign</b>||<i>right half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0339;</b></big>|| 0339||<b> zia eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>right half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0305;</b></big>|| 0305||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>overline, overscore, vinculum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033F;</b></big>|| 033F||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double overline</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0332;</b></big>|| 0332||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>single lowline below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0333;</b></big>|| 0333||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double lowline, double underline, double underscore</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0304;</b></big>|| 0304||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>macron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0331;</b></big>|| 0331||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035E;</b></big>|| 935E||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron, longum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035F;</b></big>|| 035F||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030A;</b></big>|| 030A||<b> zyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>ring above, kroujek, overring</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0325;</b></big>|| 0325||<b> zyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032A;</b></big>|| 032A||<b> zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033A;</b></big>|| 033A||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0303;</b></big>|| 0303||<b> pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0342;</b></big>|| 0342||<b> yagpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek perispomeni</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0360;</b></big>|| 0360||<b> enpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>double tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0330;</b></big>|| 0330||<b> pyaon oybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032B;</b></big>|| 032B||<b> oyvuzbwa enuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted double arch below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033E;</b></big>|| 033E||<b> aonada pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical tilde, yerik</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031A;</b></big>|| 031A||<b> zua gun aybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> aonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> aonad oybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030E;</b></big>|| 030E||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033D;</b></big>|| 033D||<b> xu aybsiyn</b>||<i>x above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0353;</b></big>|| 0353||<b> xu oybsiyn</b>||<i>x below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033C;</b></big>|| 033C||<b> lapiat oybsiyn</b>||<i>seagull below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0310;</b></big>|| 0310||<b> nod ayb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>candrabindu</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0352;</b></big>|| 0352||<b> nod oyb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>fermata</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0314;</b></big>|| 0314||<b> zia grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma above, dasia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0326;</b></big>|| 0326||<b> zia grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0313;</b></big>|| 0313||<b> zua grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>reversed comma above, psili</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0320;</b></big>|| 0320||<b> gobsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>minus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031F;</b></big>|| 031F||<b> gabsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>plus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubay ge aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equals above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0349;</b></big>|| 0349||<b> zua gun oybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033B;</b></big>|| 033B||<b> ungun oybsiyn</b>||<i>square below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0334;</b></big>|| 0334||<b> Gereda nod-kin-nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek dialytika tonos</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia izmufseb aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x08F7;</b></big>|| 0356||<b> zia izmufseb ay yabizmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead and up arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0355;</b></big>|| 0355||<b> zia izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0354;</b></big>|| 0354||<b> zua izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>left arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0318;</b></big>|| 0318||<b> zua zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>left tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0319;</b></big>|| 0319||<b> zia zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>right tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031D;</b></big>|| 031D||<b> yob zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>up tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031E;</b></big>|| 031E||<b> yab zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>down tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0337;</b></big>|| 0337||<b> yoga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>short slash overlay, short solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0338;</b></big>|| 0338||<b> yaga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>long slash overlay, long solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0322;</b></big>|| 0322||<b> zoykixwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>retroflex hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0359;</b></big>|| 0359||<b> mar oybsiyn</b>||<i>asterisk below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035A;</b></big>|| 035A||<b> enzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>double ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0358;</b></big>|| 0358||<b> zinod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above right</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035C;</b></big>|| 035C||<b> enyabuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve below, ligature tie below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035D;</b></big>|| 035D||<b> enyabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0361;</b></big>|| 0361||<b> enyobuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double inverted breve, top ligature, tie bar</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035B;</b></big>|| 035B||<b> uiznad aybsiyn</b>||<i>zigzag above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0347;</b></big>|| 0347||<b> gese oybsiyn</b>||<i>equals sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubgese aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equal to above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0362;</b></big>|| 0362||<b> enziizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>double rightwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034E;</b></big>|| 034E||<b> yabizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>upwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> ziizmuf aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034A;</b></big>|| 034A||<b> opyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>not tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x037A;</b></big>|| 037A||<b> iota oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek ypogegrammeni, iota subscript</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0374;</b></big>|| 0374||<b> Gereda sag aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek numeral sign, dexia keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0375;</b></big>|| 0375||<b> Gereda sag oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek lower numeral sign, aristeri keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0651;</b></big>|| 0651||<b> xadda aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic shadda</i> |- |<big><b>&#x065E;</b></big>|| 065E||<b> fatha aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic fatha with two dots</i> |- |<big><b>&#x061A;</b></big>|| 061A||<b> kasra oybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic small kasra</i> |- |<big><b>&#x064C;</b></big>|| 064C||<b> damma aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic dammatan</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0652;</b></big>|| 0652||<b> sukun aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic sukun</i> |} === Grammar Terms === :*'''drevyab'''....''grammar'' :*'''dun'''....''word'' :*'''dyen'''....''phrase'' :*'''dyan'''....''sentence'' :** '''delyea'''....''declarative'' :** '''didyea'''....''interrogative'' :** '''azteudyea'''....''exclamatory'' :*'''dyangon'''....''clause'' :** '''agala dyangon'''....''main clause'' :** '''abyosyea dyangon'''....''dependent clause'' :** '''obdabyea dyangon'''....''subordinate clause'' :*'''anyendyen'''....''idiom'' :*'''dalzeyn'''....''language'' :*'''dalzeynes'''....''dialect'' :*'''dalyen'''....''locution'' :*'''dungon'''....''syllable'' :*'''dunog'''....''particle'' :*'''abun'''....''affix'' :** '''zabun'''....''prefix'' :** '''zobun'''....''suffix'' :** '''yebun'''....''infix'' :*'''kyid'''....''stress'' :*'''dredyen'''....''spelling, orthography'' :*'''seuxden'''....''pronunciation'' :*'''dalgon'''....''part of speech'' :**'''sundun'''....''noun'' :**'''avdun'''....''pronoun'' :**'''erdun'''....''verb'' :**'''adun'''....''adjective'' :**'''aydun'''....''adverb'' :**'''ebdun'''....''preposition'' :**'''yanxdun'''....''conjunction'' :**'''oybdun'''....''particle'' :**'''asaundun'''....''article, determiner'' :*'''jobyen'''....''tense'' :** '''eja'''....''present tense'' :** '''aja'''....''past tense'' :** '''oja'''....''future tense'' :** '''vensona'''....''conditional'' :* '''teagun'''....''aspect'' :** '''ikna'''....''perfect'' :** '''oikna'''....''imperfect'' :** '''zaypasyea'''....''progressive'' :*'''tipyen'''....''mood'' :** '''izeadyea'''....''indicative mood'' :** '''ovyamxwa'''....''subjunctive mood'' :*'''teuz'''....''voice'' :** '''axlyea'''....''active'' :** '''xolyea'''....''passive'' :** '''syundabea'''....''transitive'' :** '''osyundabea'''....''intransitive'' :** '''zyinzoyubea'''....''reflexive'' :*'''sankyas'''....''case'' :** '''syina'''....''nominative, subject'' :** '''bina'''....''genitive, possessive'' :** '''buna'''....''dative'' :** '''izsyuna'''....''accusative, direct object'' :** '''oizsyuna'''....''indirect object'' :** '''byina'''....''ablative'' :** '''dyuena'''....''vocative'' :*'''toob'''....''gender'' :** '''twooba'''....''masculine'' :** '''tooyba'''....''feminine'' :** '''evtwooba'''....''neuter'' :*'''sag'''....''number'' :** '''ansaga'''....''singular'' :** '''glasaga'''....''plural'' :*'''sagdun'''....''numeral'' == Forming Adjectives == : You can form an adjective by adding the suffix '''a''' to a substantive, any adverb not ending in '''-ay''', or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adjectives |- ! Noun !! Adjective |- | '''taam'''....''home'' || '''taama'''....''domestic'' |- | '''doob'''....''nation'' || '''dooba'''....''national'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''teja'''....''vital'' |- | '''tyoyapyaf'''....''ability to walk'' || '''tyoyapyafa'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''martun'''....''astronomy'' || '''martuna'''....''astronomical'' |- ! Pronoun !! Adjective |- | '''at'''....''I, me'' || '''ata'''....''my'' |- | '''eut'''....''yourself'' || '''euta'''....''your own'' |- | '''hiyen'''....''this kind'' || '''hiyena'''....''this kind of'' |- | '''duhot?'''....''who?'' || '''duhota?'''....''whose?'' |- ! Gerund !! Adjective |- | '''ifeken'''....''recreation'' || '''ifekena'''....''recreational'' |- ! Adverb !! Adjective |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiba'''....''distant'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaba'''....''high, upper'' |- ! Verb Form !! Adjective (= Participle) |- | '''teje'''....''(he) lives'' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- | '''tojo'''....''will die'' || '''tojoa'''....''moribund, about to die'' |- | '''tojbu'''....''would kill'' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- | '''twa'''....''was known'' || '''twaa'''....''known'' (usu. shortened to '''twa''') |} === Adjectival Suffixes === : Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just '''a'''. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Other Adjectives |- ! Suffix !! Meaning !! Noun !! Adjective |- ! rowspan=3|-ava !!rowspan=3| ''pro-, for'' !! !! |- | '''Usom'''<br>''U.S.'' || '''Usomava'''<br>''pro-U.S.'' |- | '''yuvrin'''<br>''slavery'' || '''yuvrinava'''<br>''pro-slavery'' |- ! rowspan=3|-ova !!rowspan=3| ''anti-, against'' !! !! |- | '''dobvyabyan'''<br>''constitution'' || '''dovyabyanova'''<br>''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''dot'''<br>''society'' || '''dotova'''<br>''anti-social'' |- ! rowspan=5|-aya !!rowspan=5| ''full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzaya'''<br>''colorful'' |- | '''futax'''<br>''resentment'' || '''futaxaya'''<br>''resentful'' |- | '''tiibil'''<br>''blood'' || '''tiibilaya'''<br>''bloody'' |- | '''yiflan'''<br>''courage'' || '''yiflanaya'''<br>''courageous'' |- ! rowspan=3|-oya !!rowspan=3| ''bereft of, -less, un-'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzoya'''<br>''colorless, pale'' |- | '''tajyaf'''<br>''talent'' || '''tajyafoya'''<br>''untalented'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ika !!rowspan=2| ''full of, -ous, -ful, -y'' !! !! |- | '''map'''<br>''wind'' || '''mapika'''<br>''windy'' |- ! rowspan=2|-uka !!rowspan=2| ''bereft of, without, -less'' !! !! |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasuka'''<br>''broke, penniless'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yena !! rowspan=4|''-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al'' !! !! |- | '''tudet'''<br>''child'' || '''tudetyena'''<br>''childish, infantile'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' || '''totyena'''<br>''divine, godly'' |- | '''pit'''<br>''fish'' || '''pityena'''<br>''fish-like, fishy'' |- ! rowspan=5|-wa or -awa !! rowspan=5|''-ed, past passive participle''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Past Passive Participle |- | '''t-'''<br>''know'' || '''twa'''<br>''known'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalwa'''<br>''spoken, oral'' |- | '''nixbu-'''<br>''sell'' || '''nixbuwa'''<br>''sold'' |- | '''dr-'''<br>''write'' || '''drawa'''<br>''written'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ea !!rowspan=4| ''-ing''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''ot-'''<br>''not know'' || '''otea'''<br>''ignorant'' |- | '''tej-'''<br>''live'' || '''tejea'''<br>''living, alive'' |- | '''tuj-'''<br>''die'' || '''tujea'''<br>''dying'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yea !!rowspan=5| ''-ive, prone to Xing, given to X''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''tujb-'''<br>''kill'' || '''tujbyea'''<br>''murderous'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texyea'''<br>''pensive, thoughtful'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyea'''<br>''forgetful'' |- | '''axl-'''<br>''act'' || '''axlyea'''<br>''active'' |- ! rowspan=5|-uwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, apt to be Xed''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Passive Participle |- | '''ex-'''<br>''operate'' || '''exuwa'''<br>''operable'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''feel'' || '''tosuwa'''<br>''palpable'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texuwa'''<br>''conceivable'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''teluwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yafa !!rowspan=3| ''-able, capable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafa'''<br>''sightful, able to see'' |- | '''dyed-'''<br>''read'' || '''dyedyafa'''<br>''literate'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yafwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, possible to be Xed''<br> (added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyafwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''telyafwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofa !!rowspan=5| ''incapable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' |- | '''tyoyap-'''<br>''walk'' || '''tyoyapyofa'''<br>''lame'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''dumb, incapable of speaking'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofwa !!rowspan=5| ''un-X-able'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''inaudible'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyofa'''<br>''unforgetable'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''unspeakable'' |- ! rowspan=6|-ifa !!rowspan=6| ''fond of, -phile'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''pot'''<br>''animal'' || '''potifa'''<br>''pet-friendly'' |- | '''hyitoob-'''<br>''same-gender'' || '''hyitoobifa'''<br>''homophile'' |- | '''tobot'''<br>''child'' || '''tobotifa'''<br>''pedophile'' |- | '''fitel'''<br>''food'' || '''fitelifa'''<br>''gourmand'' |- | '''doob'''<br>''nation'' || '''doobifa'''<br>''patriotic'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ifwa !!rowspan=2| ''loved by'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tyod'''<br>''people'' || '''tyodifwa'''<br>''popular'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ufa !!rowspan=4| ''adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tob'''<br>''human'' || '''tobufa'''<br>''misanthropic'' |- | '''hyut-'''<br>''other person'' || '''hyutufa'''<br>''xenophobic'' |- | '''toyb-'''<br>''woman'' || '''toybufa'''<br>''misogynist'' |- ! rowspan=5|-ef(w)a !!rowspan=5|''needful of,<br>(necessary to be X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''til'''<br>''drink'' || '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' |- | '''tel'''<br>''food'' || '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' |- | '''yelb-'''<br>''to oil'' || '''yelbefwa'''<br>''squeaky, in need of oil'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yef(w)a !!rowspan=4| ''worthy of,<br> due to be (deserving of being X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''fid'''<br>''praise'' || '''fidyefa'''<br>''praiseworthy'' |- | '''dud'''<br>''answer'' || '''dudyefa'''<br>''responsible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyefwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yuk(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''easy to, (easily X-ed)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyuka'''<br>''gullible'' |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyukwa'''<br>''incredible, hard to believe'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yik(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''hard to,<br>(hard of X-ing)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyikwa'''<br>''opaque'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyika'''<br>''hard of hearing'' |} === Adjectival Prefixes === ==== Negating the Meaning of Adjectives ==== ::: The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix '''o-'''. ::: Examples: ::::* '''vlea'''....''probable'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>vlea'''....''improbable'' ::::* '''fika'''....''perfect'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fika'''....''imperfect'' ::::* '''twa'''....''known'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>twa'''....''unknown'' ::::* '''bosa'''....''quiet'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>bosa'''....''upset, unquiet'' ::: Note: Occasionally, the prefix '''lo-''' is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case: ::::* '''fwa'''....''wanted'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fwa'''....''prohibited'' <big><</big> '''ofer'''....''to prohibit'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>yo</u>fwa'''....''impossible'' <big><</big> '''yofer'''....''to be unable'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>lo</u>fwa'''....''unwanted'' <big><</big> '''fer'''....''to want'' (disambiguated) ::: The prefixes '''lyo-''' and '''ov''' are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective: ::::* '''data'''....''friendly'' ::::* '''odata'''....''unfriendly'' ::::* '''ovdata'''....''hostile'' ::::* '''lyodata'''....''inimical'' ::::* '''dota'''....''social'' ::::* '''odota'''....''unsocial'' ::::* '''ovdota'''....''antisocial'' ::::* '''lyodota'''....''savage'' ==== Table of Adjective Prefixes ==== ::: As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones: :::{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes<br>Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column |- ! Mirad Prefix !! English Prefix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | '''o-''' || ''un-, a(n)-, in-, non-'' ||'''<u>o</u>baka'''....''unhealthy''<br>'''<u>o</u>yezyebeya'''....''incontinent'', '''<u>o</u>yelpea'''....''non-invasive''<br>'''<u>o</u>totina'''....''atheist'' |- |'''ov-''' || ''anti-, counter-'' || '''<u>ov</u>zuina'''....''anti-leftist''<br>'''<u>ov</u>iztida'''....''counter-intuitive'' |- |'''av-''' || ''pro-'' || '''<u>av</u>hyitoosifa'''....''pro-gay'' |- | '''kovyo-''' ||''pseudo-'' || '''<u>kovyo</u>tepina'''....''pseudo-intellectual'' |- | '''hya(s)-''' || ''all-, pan-, omni-'' || '''<u>hyas</u>tea'''....''all-knowing, omniscient'' |- | '''voy-, gal-''' || ''re-'' || '''<u>voy</u>upya'''....''returned''<br>'''<u>gal</u>abwa'''....''<u>re</u>applied'' |- | '''vyo-''' || ''mis-'' || '''<u>vyo</u>seudxwa'''....''mispronounced'' |- | '''eyn-''' || ''semi-, half-'' ||'''<u>eyn</u>levelaya'''....''semi-sweet''<br>'''<u>eyn</u>tija'''....''half-awake'' |- |'''yiz-''' || ''ultra-, super-'' || '''<u>yiz</u>doobina'''....''ultra-nationalist''<br>'''<u>yiz</u>mola'''....''supernatural'' |- | '''gro-''' || ''under-, hypo-'' || '''<u>gro</u>jaga'''....''under-aged'' |- | '''gra-''' || ''over-, hyper-, uber-'' || '''<u>gra</u>agxwa'''....''overgrown''<br>'''<u>gra</u>toseya'''....''hypersensitive'' |- | '''gla-''' ||''multi-, many-, poly-'' || '''<u>gla</u>kuma'''....''multilateral''<br>'''<u>gla</u>tadaya'''....''polygamous'' |- |'''fu-''' || ''mal-, ill-'' || '''<u>fu</u>teyenxwa'''....''ill-conceived''<br>'''<u>fu</u>sanxwa'''....''malformed'' |- | '''fi-''' || ''well-'' || '''<u>fi</u>tofabwa'''....''well-dressed'' |- | '''yuyb-''' ||''quasi-, almost'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>daba'''....''quasi-governmental'' |- | '''ja-''' || ''pre-, (a)fore-, pro-'' ||'''<u>ja</u>teyenxwa'''....''pre-conceived''<br>'''<u>ja</u>igdawa'''....''aformentioned'' |- | '''jo-''' || ''post-'' || '''<u>jo</u>dropeka'''....''post-war'' |- | '''oyeb-'''|| ''extra-, exo-, '' || '''<u>oyeb</u>tada'''....''extra-marital'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-'' || '''<u>yeb</u>tayoba'''....''endo-dermal'' |- | '''agl(a)-''' || ''macro-'' || '''<u>agla</u>mora'''....''macrocosmic'' |- | '''ogl(a)-''' || ''micro-'' || '''<u>ogla</u>mora'''....''microcosmic'' |- | '''ut-''' || ''auto-, self-, sui-'' || '''<u>ut</u>pana'''....''automatic''<br>'''<u>ut</u>tojbua'''....''suicidal'' |- | '''hyaewa-''' || ''ambi-'' || '''<u>hyaewa</u>tesea'''....''ambivalent'' |- | '''en-''' || ''bi-'' || '''<u>en</u>toobifa'''....''bisexual'' |- | '''yuz-''' || ''circum-'' || '''<u>yuz</u>teaxea'''....''circumspect'' |- | '''gel-''' || ''homo-'' || '''<u>gel</u>sauna'''....''homogeneous'' |- | '''ogel-''' || ''hetero-'' || '''<u>ogel</u>sauna'''....''heterogeneous'' |- | '''oyb-''' || ''infra-, sub-'' || '''<u>oyb</u>ivoza'''....''infrared'' |- | '''ge-''' || ''iso-, equi-'' || '''<u>ge</u>voza'''....''isochromatic'' |- | '''agr(a)-''' || ''mega-'' || '''<u>agra</u>tipa'''....''megamaniacal'' |- | '''ku-''' || ''para-'' || '''<u>ku</u>ega'''....''paranormal'' |- | '''yuyb-''' || ''quasi-, almost, pen-'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>dobyena'''....''quasi-official'' |- | '''yib-''' || ''tele-, far-'' || '''<u>yib</u>pyuxea'''....''far-reaching'' |- | '''zey-''' || ''trans-, cross-'' || '''<u>zey</u>mimaga'''....''transoceanic'' |- | '''aaj-''' || ''paleo-'' || '''<u>aaj</u>toba'''....''paleoloanthropic'' |- | '''eej-''' || ''neo-'' || '''<u>eej</u>visauna'''....''neoclassical'' |- | '''yibaj-''' || ''arch(a)eo-, ancient'' || '''yibajtuna'''....''archaeological'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-, inner, intro-'' || '''yebzena'''....''endocentric''<br>'''yebuzbwa'''....''introverted'' |- | '''oyeb-''' || ''exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)-'' || '''oyebzena'''....''exocentric''<br>'''oyebuzbwa'''....''extroverted'' |- | '''yab(an)-''' || ''high-, up'' || '''yabnoga'''....''upscale''<br>'''yabnayxa'''....''high-priced'' |- | '''yaban-''' || ''acro-'' || '''yabanyufa'''....''acrophobic'' |- | '''yob-''' || ''low-, down-'' || '''yobnoga'''....''low-grade, down-scale'' |} === English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison === : Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared |- ! English Suffix !! Meaning !! Mirad Suffix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | ''-ful'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''voz<u>aya</u>'''....''colorful''<br> '''tuz<u>ika</u>'''....''skillful'' |- | ''-ous'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''naz<u>ika</u>'''....''precious''<br> '''mil<u>aya</u>'''....''aqueous'' |- | ''-filled'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoke-filled'' |- | ''-y'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoky''<br> |- | ''-ous'' || of<br> like || '''-a''' || '''totin<u>a</u>'''....''religious''<br> '''vyos<u>a</u>'''....''erroneous'' |- | ''-ly'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tot<u>yena</u>'''....''godly''<br> '''toyb<u>yena</u>'''....''womanly'' |- | ''-like'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pat<u>yena</u>'''....''bird-like'' |- | ''-ish'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tobot<u>yena</u>'''....''childish'' |- | ''-y'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''fyab<u>yena</u>'''....''fruity'' |- | ''-ic'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tuz<u>yena</u>'''....''artistic''<br> '''sil<u>yena</u>'''....''acidic'' |- | ''-ic'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''tun<u>a</u>'''....''scientific''<br> '''bek<u>a</u>'''....''therapeutic'' |- | ''-ical'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''zyunid<u>a</u>'''....''spherical''<br> '''iztex<u>a</u>'''....''logical'' |- | ''-ological'' || pertaining to the study of || '''-tuna''' || '''tej<u>tuna</u>'''....''biological'' |- | ''-ist(ic)'' || pertaining to the doctrine of || '''-ina''' || '''dopar<u>ina</u>'''....''militarist(ic)''<br> '''nasyan<u>ina</u>'''....''capitalist(ic)'' |- | ''-ophobic'' (and ''miso-'' prefix) || hating<br> fearful of || '''-ufa''' || '''yudat<u>ufa</u>'''....''xenophonic''<br> '''tobyan<u>ufa</u>'''....''misanthropic'' |- | ''-ophilic'' (and ''philo-'' prefix) || loving || '''-ifa''' || '''tobot<u>ifa</u>'''....''pedophilic''<br> '''tob<u>ifa</u>'''....''philanthropic'' |- | ''-al'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pyot<u>yena</u>'''....''bestial'' |- | ''-al'' || of<br> pertaining to || '''-a''' || '''tej<u>a</u>'''....''vital''<br> '''aman<u>a</u>'''....''thermal'' |- | ''-less'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''tej<u>uka</u>'''....''lifeless''<br> '''tobot<u>oya</u>'''....''childless'' |- | ''-free'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''yom<u>uka</u>'''....''ice-free''<br> '''vyos<u>oya</u>'''....''error-free'' |- | ''-safe<br> -proof'' || free<br> not subject to || '''-vaka''' || '''mil<u>vaka</u>'''....''water<u>proof</u>'' |} == Forming Adverbs == : Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix '''a''', in other words, by adding a '''y''' to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''fi<u>a</u>'''....''good'' || '''fi<u>ay</u>'''....''well'' |- | '''vya<u>a</u>'''....''true'' || '''vya<u>ay</u>'''....''truly'' |- | '''gyu<u>a</u>'''....''easy'' || '''gyu<u>ay</u>'''....''easily'' |- | '''ig<u>a</u>'''....''quick'' || '''ig<u>ay</u>'''....''quickly'' |- | '''aut<u>a</u>'''....''personal'' || '''aut<u>ay</u>'''....''personally'' |} : For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example: ::* '''It tyoyape <u>ig</u>.'''....''He walks <u>fast</u>.'' ::* '''Yit xa has <u>fi</u>.'''....''They did it <u>well</u>.'' === Special Adverbs === : Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in '''-ay'''. : Here are the principal such adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Special Adverbs |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''vay'''||''indeed, really, certainly, do'' (cf. '''va'''....''yes'') |- | '''vey'''||''possibly, may, might'' (cf. '''ve'''....''maybe'') |- | '''voy'''||''not'' (cf. '''vo'''....''no'') |- | '''ga'''||''more'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gay'''||''also, moreover, further, still'' |- | '''ge'''||''as, equally'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gey'''||''even'' |- | '''go'''||''less'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''goy'''||''no longer, no more'' |- | '''gla'''||''very'' |- | '''glay'''||''quite, rather, so'' |- | '''gle'''||''so'' |- | '''glo'''||''not very, not so'' |- | '''gra'''||''too'' |- | '''gre'''||''enough, sufficiently, over-'' |- | '''gro'''||''not...enough, inadequately, under-'' |- | '''gwa'''||''most, super-'' |- | '''gwe'''||''average'' |- | '''gwo'''||''least, sub-'' |- | '''zay'''||''ahead, forward'' |- | '''zey'''||''across'' |- | '''zoy'''||''back'' |- | '''zye'''||''through'' |- | '''zya'''||''throughout'' |} : The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow: ::* AFFIRMATIVE: '''Va, at <u>vay</u> se taduwa.'''....''Yes, I am <u>indeed</u> married.'' ::* DUBITIVE: '''Iyta dud se <u>vey</u> vyosa.'''....''Her response is <u>possibly</u> wrong.'' ::* NEGATIVE: '''At <u>voy</u> se eta yuxrut.'''....''I am <u>not</u> your slave.'' : The adverbs above beginning with '''g''' are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb: ::* '''Et se <u>gla</u> via.'''....''You are <u>very</u> beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].'' ::* '''Et peya <u>gra</u> ig.'''....''You were going <u>too</u> fast [=ADVERB].'' ::* '''It <u>gra</u> dale.'''....''He talks [=VERB] <u>too</u> much.'' : Adverbs can be combined with prepositions to form compound prepositions. If the adverbs ends in '''b''' and the preposition following it begins in '''b''', they are joined together with a single '''b'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Compound Prepositions |- ! Special Adverb !! Example |- | '''yab'''....''up'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yabu''' || '''Ha pat papa <u>yabu</u> ha mam.'''....''The bird flew <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yobu'''|| '''Teaxu <u>yobu</u> ha mel.'''....''Look <u>down to</u> the ground.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yobi''' || '''Upu <u>yobi</u> ha abmas!'''....''Come <u>down from</u> the roof!'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yubi''' || '''Besu <u>yubi</u> ha mas.'''....''Stay <u>near (from)</u> the wall.'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yibi''' || '''Ha tobi igpia <u>yibi</u> ha yovbyokam.'''....''The people ran <u>far from</u> the prison.'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in, inward, inside'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yebu''' || '''Kyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa <u>yebu</u>ha tam!'''....''Guess who just walked <u>into</u> the house!'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out, outside'' + '''zye'''....''through'' || '''It tyoyapa <u>oyeb zye</u> ha zames.'''....''He walked <u>out</u> through the front door.'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>iz bu</u> hat.'''....''Go <u>right up to</u> him.'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''ub'''....''toward''|| '''Uzpu <u>zi ub</u> yat!'''....''Turn <u>right toward</u> us!'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Hat uzpa <u>zu ib</u> at.'''....''He turned <u>left away from</u> me.'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>zay bu</u> ha uj.'''....''Go <u>on to</u> the end.'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Upu <u>zoy bi</u> hua nem.'''....''Come <u>back from</u> that place.'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' + '''bay'''....''with'' || '''Van yat tyopu <u>yan bay</u> ha hyuti.'''....''Let's walk <u>together with</u> the others.'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Ha meri kyapeye <u>yon bi </u> hyuisi.'''....''The planets are drifting <u>apart from</u> one another.'' |} === Pro-adverbs === : There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as '''''pro-adverbs'''''. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like '''duhom?''' (''where?''), '''duhoyen?''' (''how?''), '''duhoj?''' (''when?''), '''duhogla''' (''to what extent?''), and their answers, such as '''hum''' (''there''), '''heyen''' (''somehow''), and '''hyoj''' (''never''), '''hugla''' (''so, to that extent''). These words are discussed under the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners|Deictic Determiners]]. == Forming Verbs == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech: ::* Noun stems ::* Adjective stems ::* Verb stems === Forming Verbs from Nouns === : Verbs can sometimes be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix '''er''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Denominal Verb Derivation |- ! Noun !! Verb |- | '''ak'''....''a gain'' || '''aker'''....''to win'' |- | '''af'''....''permission'' || '''afer'''....''may, be allowed'' |- | '''teud'''....''cry, shout'' || '''teuder'''....''to cry, shout, exclaim'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''tajer'''....''to be born'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tejer'''....''to live'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''tojer'''....''to die'' |- | '''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejer'''....''to continue'' |- | '''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijer'''....''to begin'' |- | '''uj'''....''end'' || '''ijer'''....''to end'' |- | '''yuj'''....''sleep'' || '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' |} === Verb Formants === : More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such '''''verb formants''''' are in this chart: :* '''-ser'''....''to be/become'' usually intransitive and stative (''unite'' = ''become one'') ::* '''-sler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-srer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-xer'''....''to do/make'' usually transitive and dynamic (''unite'' = ''make one'') ::* '''-xler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-xrer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-per'''....''to go'' usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (''mount'' = ''get onto'') ::* '''-pler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-prer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ber'''....''to put'' usually transitive and a verb of gesture (''apply'' = ''put onto'') ::* '''-bler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-brer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ier''' a stub from the verb '''bier'''....''to take'', usually an action verb benefiting the agent (''eat'' = ''take food'') :* '''-uer''' a stub from the verb '''buer'''....''to give'', usually an action verb benefiting the patient (''feed'' = ''give food'') :* '''-der'''....''to say'', a verb of communication (''affirm'' = ''say yes'') :* '''-drer'''....''to write'' :* '''-ter'''....''to know'', verbs of the perception and knowledge ('''teater''' = ''see'') :: Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids '''l''' or '''r''', eg.'''sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Verb Formants |- ! Noun !! Auxiliary Verb Or Verb Stub Formant !! Verb |- | '''yav'''....''innocence'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''yavder'''....''to acquit'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''yovaber'''....''to shame, accuse'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''yovober'''....''to excuse, exculpate'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''tofaber'''....''to dress, don'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''tofober'''....''to undress, strip'' |- | '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''detser'''....''to associate'' |- | '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''datxer'''....''to befriend'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''sanser'''....''to form (intransitive)'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''sanxer'''....''to form (transitive)'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''telier'''....''to eat, consume'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed, nourish'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tajber'''....''to give birth'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tejper'''....''to come alive'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tejber'''....''to bring to life'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tojber'''....''to kill'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tijper'''....''to wake up'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tijber'''....''to awaken'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''taxier'''....''to recall'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''yev'''....''justice'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''vyan'''....''truth'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyander'''....''to tell the truth'' |- | '''vyon'''....''falsehood'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyonder'''....''to tell a lie'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aker'''....''to gain'' || '''ilaker'''....''to take on liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' || '''iloker'''....''to leak, lose liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ilier'''....''to soak up'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour, water'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikser'''....''to get full'' || '''ilikser'''....''to be soaked'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikxer'''....''to fill up'' || '''ilikxer'''....''to flood, soak'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukser'''....''to become empty'' || '''ilukser'''....''to drain'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukxer'''....''to empty'' || '''ilukxer'''....''to flush'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''ilser'''....''to liquify, melt'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''ilxer'''....''to liquify, melt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''ilaber'''....''to wash'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aper'''....''to get on'' || '''ilaper'''....''to float'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''ilper'''....''to flow'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' || '''ilzyaber'''....''to spray, shower'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyober'''....''to squeeze'' || '''ilzyober'''....''to squirt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''pyexer'''....''to strike'' || '''ilpyexer'''....''to splash (with liquid)'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''yujer'''....''to close'' || '''ilyujer'''....''to plug'' |} : Note that verbs ending in '''-ser''' and '''-ier''' are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in '''-xer''' and '''-uer''' are transitive. Also, '''-ier''' verbs are subject-directed, while '''-uer''' verbs are object-directive or causative (making someone do something). === Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser === : The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with '''-xer'''....''to do, make, cause'', and the intransitive group with '''-ser'''....''to be, become''. : The following chart shows how these verbs are formed: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aza'''....''strong'' || '''azaxer'''....''fortify, strengthen, make strong'' || '''azaser'''....''get strong'' |- | '''oza'''....''week'' || '''ozaxer'''....''weaken'' || '''ozaser'''....''grow weaker'' |- | '''kyia'''....''heavy'' || '''kyiaxer'''....''weigh down'' || '''kyiaser'''....''grow heavy'' |- | '''kyua'''....''light'' || '''kyuaxer'''....''lighten, make lighter'' || '''kyuaser'''....''get lighter'' |- | '''yana'''....''together'' || '''yanaxer'''....''bring together'' || '''yanaser'''....''get together'' |} : The final adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the '''a''' makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agaxer'''....''magnify'' || '''agaser'''....''get big'' |- | || '''agxer'''....''grow'' || '''agxer'''....''grow up, mature'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iga'''....''fast'' || '''igaxer'''....''accelerate'' || '''igaser'''....''speed up'' |- | || '''igxer'''....''rush'' || '''igser'''....''hurry up'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''baka'''....''healthy'' || '''bakaxer'''....''make healthy'' || '''bakaser'''....''get healthy'' |- | || '''bakxer'''....''heal'' || '''bakser'''....''heal'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''sana'''....''formal'' || '''sanaxer'''....''formalize'' || '''sanaser'''....''become formal'' |- | || '''sanxer'''....''form, shape'' || '''sanser'''....''form, take shape'' |} === Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per === : Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb '''ber'''....''to put'', while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb '''per'''....''to go''. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in '''b''', the '''b''' is dropped. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Ber and Per |- ! Preposition<br>Base !! Transitive Gesture Verb !! Intransitive Motion Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply, put on'' || '''aper'''....''mount, get on'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove, take off'' || '''oper'''....''dismount, get off'' |- | '''ib'''....''away'' || '''iber'''....''receive'' || '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''send'' || '''uper'''....''come'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yeber'''....''insert''<br>'''oyeber'''....''take out'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''<br>'''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''lower'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''move away'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- ! !! !! |- |- | '''za'''....''front'' || '''zaber'''....''put up front'' || '''zaper'''....''take the lead'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''zayber'''....''advance'' || '''zayper'''....''advance, go forward'' |- | '''ze'''....''middle'' || '''zeber'''....''balance'' || '''zeper'''....''balance'' |- | '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zeyber'''....''take across, transfer'' || '''zeyper'''....''cross, go over, transit'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zober'''....''hinder'' || '''zoper'''....''trail, lag'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoyber'''....''set back, return'' || '''zoyper'''....''retreat, go back, return'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izber'''....''guide'' || '''izper'''....''aim for'' |- | '''uz'''....''crooked'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''turn, diverge'' |- |- '''zi'''....''right'' || '''ziber'''....''set to the right'' || '''ziper'''....''go right'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuber'''....''set to the left'' || '''zuper'''.... ''go left'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''take beyond'' || '''yizper'''....''pass by'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''take around'' || '''yuzper'''....''go around'' |} ==== Deriving Further Verbs of Gesture and Motion ==== : More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of '''ser''' and '''xer''', plus the intensifiers '''y''', '''l''' and '''r'''. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial '''p''' is a more semantically intense version of '''b'''. Also the verb endings '''-sler''' and '''-srer''' and more intense versions of the intransitive ending '''-ser''', while '''-xler''' and '''-xrer''' and more intense version of the transitve ending '''-xer'''. Verbs ending in '''-ler''' and '''-rer''' are transitive voice by nature, '''-rer''' being more semantically intense. Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating More Elaborate Verbs |- ! colspan="2"| Gesture Verb !! colspan="2"| Motion Verb |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | -- ||'''ber'''....''put'' <br>'''beer'''....''have'' <br>'''beler'''....''carry'' <br>'''bexer'''....''hold'' <br>'''bexler'''....''keep'' | '''per'''....''go''||-- |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press''<br>'''yanbaler'''....''compress''<br>'''yobaler'''....''depress, suppress''<br>'''yuzbaler'''....''hug''<br>'''zoybaler'''....''repress''<br>'''barer'''....''crush'' ||'''paer'''....''hover'' || |- |'''baser'''....''gesticulate'' || '''baxer'''....''make a gesture''<br>'''abaxer'''....''caress, pat'' || '''paser'''....''move''||'''paxer'''....''move'' |- |'''byaser'''....''stand up'' || '''byaxer'''....''set up, erect'' || '''pyaser'''....''jump up'' || '''pyaxer'''....''shoot, launch'' |- |'''basler'''....''budge'' || '''baxler'''....''rouse''<br>'''abaxler'''....''stroke'' || '''paaser'''....''get excited'' || '''paaxer'''....''excite''<br>'''apaxler'''....''sweep'' |- |'''basrer'''....''shake'' || '''baxrer'''....''shake''<br>'''abaxrer'''....''rub'' || || '''apaxrer'''....''scrub'' |- ! !! !! !! |- |'''beser'''....''stay'' || '''bexer'''....''hold''<br>'''zoybexer'''....''restrain''<br>'''yobexer'''....''detain, hold down'' || '''peser'''....''wait'' || '''pexer'''....''trap''<br>'''pexler'''....''capture''<br>'''pexrer'''....''abduct'' |- |'''byeser'''....''behave''|| '''byexer'''....''hit'' || '''pyeser'''....''run into, bump into''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike, knock''<br>'''yonpyexer'''....''break''<br>'''yopyexer'''....''knock down''<br>'''epyexer'''....''fight''<br>'''apyexer'''....''attack''<br>'''ovpyexer'''....''offend''<br>'''kunpyexer'''....''sideswipe''<br>'''tuyapyexer'''....''slap'' |- |'''besler'''....''adhere'' || '''bexler'''....''retain''|| || '''pyexler'''....''pound, beat''<br>'''apyexler'''....''assault''<br>'''yonpexler'''....''shatter, burst'' |- | || || '''yanpyesrer'''....''implode''<br>'''yonpyesler'''....''explode'' || '''pyexler'''....''blast, bomb'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''boser'''....''calm down''<br>'''boyser'''....''rest'' || '''boxer'''....''quieten, quell'' || '''poser'''....''stop''<br>'''poyser'''....''pause'' || '''poxer'''....''stop'' |- | '''byoser'''....''hang'' || '''byoxer'''....''hang'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall''<br>'''yonpyoser'''....''decay'' || '''pyoxer'''....''drop, throw down''<br>'''yopyoxer'''....''topple''<br> |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''biser'''....''originate'' || '''bixer'''....''pull''<br>'''yanbixer'''....''contract''<br>'''yonbixer'''....''distract''<br>'''yubixer'''....''attract''<br>'''yibixer'''....''distract''<br>'''oyebixer'''....''extract''<br>'''yebixer'''....''push in'' || || '''pixer'''....''catch'' |- |'''bisler'''....''spring'' || '''bixler'''....''yank''<br>'''bixrer'''....''ravage'' || || '''pixler'''....''snatch''<br>'''pixrer'''....''rape'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''buser'''....''be destined'' || '''buxer'''....''push, drive''<br>'''zyobuxer'''....''squeeze''<br>'''yebuxer'''....''expel''<br>'''abuxer'''....''impose'' || '''apuser'''....''assault'' || '''puxer'''....''throw, thrust'' |- |'''byuser'''....''bump into'' || '''byuxer'''....''touch''<br>'''yanbyuxer'''....''contact'' ||'''pyuser'''....''run into'' || '''pyuxer'''....''crash'' |- |'''busler'''....''swoop'' || '''buxler'''....''shove'' || '''pusler'''....''lunge, pounce'' || '''puxler'''....''thrust''<br>'''zyapuxler'''....''splatter'' |} === Deriving New Verbs with Prefixes === : Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb '''baxer''' (and its intransitive partner '''baser''') as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Baxer Verbs |- ! Prefix !! Verb |- ! colspan=2 | '''baxer'''....''gesture, make a bodily motion'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abaxer'''....''caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izbaxer'''....''point'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tebaxer'''....''nod'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' || '''vatebaxer'''....''nod yes'' |- | '''vo'''....''no'' || '''votebaxer'''....''nod no'' |- | '''ve'''....''maybe'' || '''vetebaxer'''....''shrug'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''tuyabaxer'''....''wave'' |- | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''tubaxer'''....''flail, swing'' |- | '''teubab'''....''tongue'' || '''teubabaxer'''....''lick'' |- | '''teab'''....''eye'' || '''teubaxer'''....''wink'' |- | '''patub'''....''wing'' || '''patubaxer'''....''flap'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''tail'' || '''tiyubaxer'''....''wag'' |- ! colspan=2 | '''baser'''....''gesticulate'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igbaser'''....''jerk'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''igzaybaser'''....''lurch'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoybaser'''....''recoil'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobaser'''....''bow, bend down'' |- | '''ku-'''....''side'' || '''kubaser'''....''slide'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igkubaser'''....''slip'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' + '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uizbaser'''....''sway, swagger, swish'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle, wobble, totter'' |} === Forming Frequentative Verbs === : A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by prefixing the syllable '''je-''' to the verb. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ The -eg- Frequentative Infix |- ! Regular Verb !! Frequantative Verb |- | '''paser'''....''move'' || '''jepaser'''....''shake, shudder'' |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump'' || '''jepyaser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''paper'''....''fly'' || '''jepaper'''....''flutter, flit'' |- | '''braser'''....''shake'' || '''jebraser'''....''shudder, quiver, vibrate'' |- | '''teupixer'''....''bite'' || '''jeteupiger'''....''nibble'' |- | '''ilzyaber'''....''spray'' || '''jeilzyaber'''....''sprinkle'' |- | '''pyexer'''....''beat'' || '''jepyexer'''....''batter, whip'' |} === Forming Hybrid Words === : Expressions with alternating components like ''back-and-forth'', ''up-and-down'', etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Words |- ! Alternative Components !! Hybrid Expression !! Examples |- | '''yab'''....''up'' +<br>'''yob'''....''down'' || '''yao(b)-'''....''up-and-down'' || '''yaoper'''....''fluctuate'', '''yaopuser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''a-'''....''up, north, skyward'' +<br>'''o-'''....''down, south'' || '''ao-'''....''vertical'' || '''aonada'''....''vertical'', '''aonab'''....''column'' |- | '''za(y)'''....''forth, north'' +<br>'''zo(y)'''....''back, south'' || '''zao(b)-'''....''front-back/north-to-south'' || '''zaobaser'''....''rock'', '''zaomera'''....''north/south'' |- |- '''zu'''....''left/west'' +<br>'''zi'''....''right/east'' || '''zui(b)-'''....''right-to-left/east-to-west'' || '''zuinada'''....''horizontal'', '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle'', '''zuimera'''....''east/west'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' +<br>'''bi'''....''from'' || '''bui-'''....''to-and-from'' || '''buipar'''....''shuttle'', '''buipop'''....''round-trip'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' +<br>'''ob'''....''off'' || '''ao(b)-'''....''on-and-off'' || '''aoper'''....''get on and off'' |- | '''yuj-'''....''closed'' +<br>'''yij-'''....''open'' || '''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut'' || '''yuijbar'''....''switch'', '''igyuijer'''....''blink'' |- | '''uj-'''....''stop'' +<br>'''ij-'''....''start'' || '''uij-'''....''stop-and-start'' || '''uijparpan'''....''stop-and-go traffic'' |- | '''(a)yeb'''....''in'' +<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''aoye(b)-'''....''in-and-out'' || '''igaoyeper'''....''run in-and-out'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' +<br>'''yib'''....''far'' || '''yui(b)-'''....''near-and-far'' || '''yuipoper'''....''travel near-and-far'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' +<br>'''ib'''....''away'' || '''ui(b)-'''....''toward-and-away'' || '''uipen'''....''coming and going'' |- | '''hum'''....''there'' +<br>'''him'''....''here'' || '''huim'''....''here-and-there'' || '''huimkexer'''....''search high-and-low (here-and-there)'' |- | '''hus'''....''that'' +<br>'''his'''....''this'' || '''huis'''....''this-and-that'' || '''huisyexer'''....''do odd jobs, work at this-or-that'' |- | '''hyut'''....''other person'' +<br>'''hyit'''....''same person'' || '''hyuit'''....''one another'' || '''hyuitifer'''....''love one another'', '''hyuita'''....''mutual, reciprocal'' |} : Here are some more examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ More Hybrids ! Hybrid Word !! English Gloss !! Alternating Components |- |'''aogsen'''||'' fluctuation (in size) ''|| '''ag-''' (''big'') + '''og-''' (''little'') + '''s-''' (''become'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''aonada'''||''vertical ''|| '''a-''' (''up/north'') + '''o-''' (''down/south'') + '''nad''' (''line'') + '''-a''' (''adj.'') |- |'''aopuys'''||'' hop-on-hop-off ''|| '''a(p)-''' (''on'') + '''o(p)-''' (''off'') + '''puys-''' (''hop'') |- |'''buien'''||'' trading, swapping ''|| '''bu-''' (''give'') + '''bi-''' (''trake'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''buip'''||'' traffic ''|| '''bu-''' (''to'') + '''bi-''' (''from'') + '''p-''' (''go'') |- |'''buixar'''||''spring''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix''' (''pull'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''buixek'''||'' tug-o-war ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- |'''buixnyem'''||'' drawer ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''nyem''' (''box'') |- |'''byaosen'''||'' teetering, stumbling ''|| '''byas-''' (''stand'') + '''byos-''' (''fall'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''diep'''||'' marine force ''|| '''dip''' (''sea force'') + '''dep''' (''land force'') |- |'''duid'''||'' q&a, interview ''|| '''dud''' (''answer'') + '''did''' (''question'') |- |'''eigpyexer''' || ''batter, whip'' || '''eg-''' (''again'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') + '''pyexer''' (''to hit'') |- |'''gao'''||'' more-or-less ''|| '''ga''' (''more'') + '''go''' (''less'') |- |'''glaojo'''||'' sooner or later ''|| '''gla''' (''very'') + '''glo''' (''slightly'') + '''jo''' (''after'') |- | '''huimkexer''' || ''search here and there'' || '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-m''' (''place'') + '''kex''' (''search'') + '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''huis'''||'' this-and-that ''|| '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-s''' (''thing'') |- |'''hyuit'''||'' one another ''|| '''hyu-''' (''other'') + '''hyi-''' (''same'') + '''-t''' (''person'') |- |'''kyaopen'''||'' fluctuation ''|| '''kya-''' (''mobile'') + '''kyo''' (''static'') + '''-pen''' (''going'') |- |'''maluier'''||'' breathe ''|| '''mal-''' (''air'') + '''u-''' (''let out'') + '''i-''' (''take in'') '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''maojyex'''||'' double-shift work ''|| '''maj''' (''day'') + '''moj''' (''night'') + '''yex''' (''work'') |- |'''maonig'''||'' flicker ''|| '''man''' (''light'') + '''mon''' (''dark'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') |- |'''maolza'''||'' black&white/gray ''|| '''malza''' (''white'') + '''molza''' (''black'') |- |'''meil'''||'' mud ''|| '''mel''' (''soil'') + '''mil''' (''water'') |- |'''memuiben'''||'' import-exports ''|| '''mem''' (''country'') + '''ub-''' (''send'') + '''ib-''' (''receive'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''mial'''||'' vapor ''|| '''mil''' (''water'') + '''mal''' (''air'') |- |'''mieg'''||'' reef ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-g''' (''stone'') |- |'''miek'''||'' sand ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-k''' (''rocky substance'') |- |'''miem'''||'' swamp ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''mem''' (''land'') |- |'''mimpuin'''||'' dock ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''mimpyaos'''||'' surf ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''sink'') |- |'''mimuip'''||'' tide ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip-''' (''go'') |- |'''peit'''||'' amphibian ''|| '''pet''' (''land animal'') + '''pit''' (''sea creature'') |- |'''puim'''||'' kiss-and-ride zone''|| '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''puixek'''||'' baseball ''|| '''pux-''' (''pitch'') + '''pix-''' (''catch'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- | '''pyaos''' || ''wave'' || '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''crest'') |- |'''teabyuij'''||'' blink ''|| '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') |- |'''tuijea'''||'' nodding off ''|| '''tuj-''' (''sleep'') + '''tij''' (''wake'') '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''uijdal'''||'' stutter ''|| '''uj-''' (''finish'') + '''ij-''' (''start'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''uipeni'''||'' comings & goings ''|| '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip''' (''go'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') + '''-i''' (''pl.'') |- |'''uiza'''||'' serpentine, snaky ''|| '''uza''' (''crooked'') + '''iza''' (''straight'') |- |'''vao?'''||'' yes or no? ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') |- |'''vaod'''||'' decision ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') + '''d-''' (''say'') |- |'''yaobar'''||'' elevator ''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaobyuijar'''||''piston''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open '') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaoplas'''||''oscillation''|| '''yap-''' (''up'') + '''yop-''' (''down'') + '''plas''' (''shake'') |- |'''yaopsim'''||''seesaw''|| '''yap-''' (''ascend'') + '''yop-''' (''descend'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''yaopus'''||''bounce''|| ya(''b'')'''-''' (''up'') + yo(''b'')'''-''' (''down'') + '''pus''' (''jump'') |- |'''yaovdut'''||''juror''|| '''yav-''' (''innocent'') + '''yov-''' (''guilty'') + '''d-''' (''say'') + '''-ut''' (''agent'') |- |'''yaoza'''||''uneven, bumpy, serrated''|| '''yaza''' (''convex'') + '''yoza''' (''concave'') |- |'''yaozgoblar'''||''saw''|| '''yaz''' (''protrusion '') + '''yoz''' (''indentation'') + '''gobl-''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaozil'''||''wave''|| '''yaz''' (''swell'') + '''yoz''' (''trough'') + '''-il''' (''liquid'') |- |'''yuibteabar'''||''bifocals''|| '''yub''' (''near'') + '''yib''' (''far'') + '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yuijar'''||'' valve, switch''|| '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaobelur'''||''ferry''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''bel-''' (''carry'') + '''-ur''' (''vehicle'') |- |'''zaobyexar'''||''swatter, bat''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''byex-''' (''strike'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaodal'''||''dialog''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''zaogoblar'''||''saw''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''gobl''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaokyax'''||''alternation''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''kyax''' (''change'') |- |'''zaopasen'''||''swinging''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo-''' (''back'') + '''pasen''' (''moving'') |- |'''zaopsim'''||''swing or rocker''|| '''zap-''' (''go forth'') + '''zap''' (''go back'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''zuibasen'''||''wiggling''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bas-''' (''move bodily'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuibayx'''||''wag''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bayx-''' (''slight body move'') |- |'''zuibyoxea'''||''dangling''|| '''zu''' (''left'') + '''zi''' (''right'') + '''byox-''' (''hang down'') + '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuiyafa'''||''ambidextrous''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''yafa''' (''capable'') |- |'''zyaobas'''||''throb''|| '''zya-''' (''wide'') + '''zyo-''' (''narrow'') + '''bas''' (''bodily movement'') |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Acronyms and Abbreviations|Word Families}}</noinclude> 3pgpjx5fzkxev1mjk9uazlrbkdnx46w 4635609 4635608 2026-05-13T17:46:05Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Meronymic Vowel Gradation */ 4635609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right|limit=3}} == Introduction == : In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels. : The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of '''''base words''''' and '''''derived words'''''. : The vocabulary is built on '''''base words''''', that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by: ::* The meaning of each letter of the word. ::* The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: ''fixed'' vs. ''variable''. ::* How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language. ::* The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about). ::* The logic of its composition. ::* The mnemonic associations this word suggests. : The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called '''''vocabulary-building rules''''', which are spelled out below. == Base Words == : '''''Base words''''' are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups: ::* Group 1:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''nouns''''' ::* Group 2:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs'''''. == Base words of Group 1 == : Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters: :::* The first, a consonant called the '''''classifier''''' :::* The second, a vowel called the '''''ordinal''''' :::* The third, a consonant called the '''''generic''''' These words can be thought of as noun templates. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Base Word Composition |- ! Classifier !! Ordinal !! Generic !! Meaning |- | '''t''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''man'' |- | '''d''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''society'' |- | '''p''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''animal'' |- | '''f''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''plant'' |} == Base words of Group 2 == : Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as '''-er''' (verb infinitive marker) or '''-a''' (adjective marker): ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words | '''b-'''....''put'' || '''p-'''....''go'' |- | '''s-'''....''be'' || '''x-'''....''do'' |- | '''d-'''....''say'' || '''t-'''....''know'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ob'''....''off'' |- |'''bu'''....''to'' || '''bi'''....''from'' |- |'''if-'''....''love'' || '''uf-'''....''hate'' |- |'''fi-'''....''good'' || '''fu-'''....''bad'' |- |'''va'''....''yes'' || '''vo'''....''no'' |- |'''vya-'''^*....''true'' || '''vyo-'''....''false'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''o'''....''zero'' |} : *<small> As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include glided vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides '''y''' or '''w'''. So, for purposes here, '''ya''', '''ye''', '''yi''', '''yo''', '''yu''', '''wa''', and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "glided vowels".</small> == Consonants and Their Meanings == : The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Consonants and Their Meanings |- ! Consonant !! Group 1 Classifier !! Group 1 Generic !! Group 2 Classifier !! In Numbers |- | '''b''' || organ, health || organism || gesture, position || |- | '''d''' || society || family || communicating || |- | '''f''' || vegetation || textile, clothing || volition, attributes || |- | '''g''' || -- || measurement || quantity, attributes || |- | '''j''' || time || time || time || |- | '''k''' || -- || health || change, risk, attributes || |- | '''l''' || -- || element, food, liquid, nature || -- || '''l''' = ten |- | '''m''' || nature || place, building, furniture || temperature, light || '''ml''' = million<br>'''mr''' = billion |- | '''n''' || commerce || -- || -- || |- | '''p''' || animal, vehicle || motion || movement || |- | '''r''' || -- || tool, machine, cosmos || -- || '''r''' = thousand |- | '''s''' || form, image, furniture || thing || being, form, thing || '''s''' = hundred |- | '''t''' || human, body || person, animal || intelligence, knowing || |- | '''v''' || plant, color || linen || truth, attributes || |- | '''x''' || action || -- || action, doing, making || |- | '''z''' || -- || precious, art || spatial, attributes || |} : The following consonants functions rather than, or in addition to, semantic values: ::* '''l''' and '''r''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: '''baer'''....''to lean'', '''baler'''....''to press'', '''barer'''....''to crush''; ::* '''y''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''voa'''....''negative'' -> '''vyoa'''....''false'', or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''ama'''....''hot'' -> '''ayma'''....''warm''. ::* '''h''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Used functionally only in certain interjections like '''hoy'''....''goodbye'' and determiners like '''his'''....''this'', and has no semantic value. ::* '''w''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. '''tob'''....''person'' -> '''twob'''....''man'', or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. '''uber'''....''to send'' -> '''ubwer'''....''to be sent'', or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. '''awa'''....''one'', or 4) sometimes to substitute for '''y''' when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. '''jwo'''....''late'', instead of '''jyo'''. ::* '''n''':&nbsp;&nbsp; In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in '''ana'''....''only'', or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as '''fian'''....''goodness'' from '''fia'''....''good'', or from a verb, such '''axnen'''....''behaving'' from '''axner'''....''to behave''. == Vowels and Their Meanings == : Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types: ::* meronymic ::* hierarchical ::* geo-specific ::* oppositional/polar ::* vectorial ::* directional and positional ::* special === Ordinal Vowel Values === :: The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with '''y''' are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Vowels|Vowels]]. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Numeric Values of Vowels |- ! Ordinal Vowel !! '''o''' !! '''a''' !! '''e''' !! '''i''' !! '''u''' !! '''yo''' !! '''ya''' !! '''ye''' !! '''yi''' !! '''yu''' |- !row=1| Cardinal Number | 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 |} === Meronymic Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|meronymic}}''''' series. (This gradation can also be called '''''taxonomic'''''. The top element, or hypernym, has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are hyponyms or meronyms (= parts of the whole), and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. '''T<u>a</u>b''' (''body'') is the first meronym of '''t<u>o</u>b''' (''human being''), the hypernym or zeroth element. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Meronymic Series |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=7| Meronymic or Taxonomic |- ! 0 | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''fob'''....''plant'' || '''vob'''....''crop''|| '''mos'''....''floor''||'''som'''....''furniture''||'''tom'''....''building''||'''job'''....''time'' |- ! 1 | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''fab'''....''tree'' || '''vab'''....''grass''|| '''mas'''....''wall''||'''sam'''....''chest of drawers''||'''tam'''....''house''||'''jab'''....''year'' |- ! 2 | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''feb'''....''fruit'' || '''veb'''....''tuft''|| '''mes'''....''door''||'''sem'''....''table''||'''tem'''....''hall''||'''jeb'''....''season'' |- ! 3 | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''fib'''....''trunk'' || '''vib'''....''stalk''|| '''mis'''....''window''||'''sim'''....''chair''||'''tim'''....''room''||'''jib'''....''month'' |- ! 4 | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''fub'''....''branch'' || '''vub'''....''shoot''||'''mus'''....''stairs''||'''sum'''....''bed''||'''tum'''....''closet''||'''jub'''....''day'' |- ! 5 | '''tyob'''....''leg'' || '''fyob'''....''root'' || '''vyob'''....''tuber''|| || || ||'''jwob'''^*....''hour'' |- ! 6 | || || || || || ||'''jwab'''^*....''minute'' |- ! 7 | || || || || || ||'''jweb'''^*....''second'' |} * The letter '''w''' replaces the letter '''y''' following a '''j''', for ease of pronunciation. : The words that descend from the base word are called '''''meronyms'''''. A hypernym is a word that is higher in scale. === Hierarchical Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|hierarchical}}''''' series where the top element has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hierarchical Vowel Gradation |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=4| Hierarchy |- ! 0 | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''dot'''....''society'' || '''tod'''....''family''||'''xob'''....''organization'' |- ! 1 | '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''tad'''....''spouse''||'''xab'''....''staff'' |- ! 2 | '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ted'''....''parent''||'''xeb'''....''boss'' |- ! 3 | '''dib'''....''ministry'' || '''dit'''....''citizen'' ||'''tid'''....''sibling''||'''xib'''....''department'' |- ! 4 | '''dub'''....''minister'' || '''dut'''....''gentleman'' || '''tud'''....''child''||'''xub'''....''branch'' |} === Geo-specific Vowel Gradation === : Ordinals can have '''''{{color|blue|geo-specific}}''''' values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Geo-specific Vowel Values |- ! Ordinal ! Geo-sphere ! colspan=7| Examples |- | align=center | '''o''' || ''outer space, top level'' || '''m<u>o</u>p'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''outer space''|| '''mol'''....''nature''||'''dop'''....''military''||'''pop'''....''voyage''||'''mol'''....''nature''||'''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- | align=center | '''a''' || ''air, gas, sky'' || '''m<u>a</u>p'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' ||'''mal'''....''air''||'''dap'''....''air force''||'''pap'''....''flight''||'''mal'''....''wind''||'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | align=center | '''e''' || ''ground, soil, solid'' || '''m<u>e</u>p'''....''road'' || '''mem'''....''land''|| '''mel'''....''soil''||'''dep'''....''army''||'''pep'''....''ride''||'''mel'''....''soil''||'''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' |- | align=center | '''i''' || ''liquid'', ''water'', ''sea'' || '''m<u>i</u>p'''....''river'' || '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''mil'''....''water''||'''dip'''....''marines''|| '''pip'''....''navigation/sail''||'''mil'''....''water''||'''pit'''....''fish'' |- | align=center | '''u''' || ''underground'', ''mineral'', ''substance'' || '''m<u>u</u>p'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || '''mul'''....''mineral''|| ||'''pup'''....''tunneling''||'''mul'''....''matter''|| |} === Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation === : The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation |- ! Order || Mirad !! English |- | 0 || '''olza'''¹ || ''blank, of no color'' |- | 1 || '''alza''' || ''red'' |- | 2 || '''elza''' || ''orange'' |- | 3 || '''ilza''' || ''yellow'' |- | 4 || '''ulza''' || ''green'' |- | 5 || '''yolza''' || ''blue'' |- | 6 || '''yalza''' || ''purple'' |- | 7 || '''yelza''' || ''indigo'' |} {{small/top}} : 1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order. {{small/end}} : The colors black and white are: :* '''malza'''....''white'' :* '''molza'''....''black'' : Some colors are hybrids of two colors: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hybrid Colors |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''aolza''' || ''pink'' (a blend of ''blank'' and ''red'') |- | '''youlza''' || ''blue-green'' |- | '''maolza''' || ''gray'' (a blend of ''black'' and ''white'') |} : The word for ''brown'' is based on the word for ''soil'': :* '''melza'''....''brown'' (< '''mel'''....''soil'') : Two other colors are based on metals: :* '''agelkza'''....''silver'' (based on '''agelk'''....''silver metal'' :* '''aulkza'''....''gold'' (based on '''aulk'''....''gold metal'' === Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values === : In Group 2 stems: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Oppositional Vowel Values |- | '''a'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ya''' || intermediate || '''i'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yi''' |- | <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative || '''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ye''' || <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative |- | '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yo''' || value || '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yu''' |} ::* positive '''a''' contrasts with negative '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''av'''....''for'' vs. '''ov'''....''against'') ::* positive '''ya''' contrasts with negative '''yo'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yava'''....''innocent'' vs. '''yova'''....''guilty'') ::* positive '''i''' contrasts with negative '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''fia'''....''good'' vs. '''fua'''....''bad'') ::* positive '''yi''' contrasts with negative '''yu'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yiva'''....''free'' vs. '''yuva'''....''bound'') ::* '''e''' and '''ye''' are in-between values&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''eva'''....''neutral'', '''yeva'''....''fair'') ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation |- ! positive !! intermediate !! negative |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''ega'''....''normal'' || '''oga'''....''small'' |- | '''yava'''....''innocent'' || '''yeva'''....''just''|| '''yova'''....''guilty'' |- | '''ava'''....''for'' || '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''ova'''....''against'' |- | '''aker'''....''to win'' || '''eker'''....''to risk'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' |- | '''yak'''....''expectation'' || '''yek'''....''attempt'' || '''yok'''....''surprise'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || || '''fua'''....''bad'' |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || || '''ufer'''....''hate'' |- | '''yifa'''....''brave'' || || '''yufa'''....''afraid'' |} : Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit '''''oppositional''''' values: : The Group 1 base word '''bok''' (''illness'') is a good example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Group 1 base word with oppositional values |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- valign=top |'''bak'''....''health''||'''bek'''....''treatment''||'''bok'''....''illness'' |- |'''byak'''....''hygiene''||'''byek'''....''cure''||'''byok'''....''pain''<br>'''byoyk'''....''ache''<br>'''blok'''....''suffering''<br>'''brok'''....''agony'' |- |'''baak'''....''sanitation''|| ||'''book'''....''fatigue'' |- |'''bik'''....''care''|| ||'''buk'''....''wound''<br>'''buyk'''....''sore'' |} === Vectorial Vowel Values === : These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc. {{big/top}}&nbsp;&nbsp; ::::::'''a''' ::::::↑ ::::'''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;←&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;→&nbsp;&nbsp;'''i''' ::::::↓ ::::::'''o''' {{big/end}} :::'''a'''....''on, above, north'' ('''ab'''....''on'', '''zamer'''....''north'') :::'''e'''....''center, middle, equator'' ('''eb'''....''between'', '''ze'''....''center'') :::'''o'''....''off, below, south'' ('''ob'''....''off'', '''zomer'''....''south'') :::'''i'''....''right, east'' ('''zi'''....''right'', '''zimer'''....''east'') :::'''u'''....''left, west'' ('''zu'''....''left'', '''zumer'''....''west'') === Directional and Positional Vowel Values === {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Directional and Positional Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''z<u>a</u>mer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''b<u>a</u>er'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''<u>a</u>ber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''b<u>ya</u>er'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''<u>ya</u>ber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''z<u>o</u>mer'''....''south'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''b<u>yo</u>er'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''<u>o</u>per'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''p<u>yo</u>ser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''<u>yo</u>per'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''z<u>u</u>mer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''<u>u</u>ber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''p<u>yu</u>er'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''<u>yu</u>ber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''b<u>yu</u>ser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''z''i''mer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''p<u>i</u>er'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''<u>i</u>per'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''<u>yi</u>per'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''p<u>yi</u>ser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''z<u>e</u>mer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''<u>e</u>b'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''b<u>e</u>xer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''<u>ye</u>per'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''contain''|| '''b<u>ye</u>er'''....''contain'' |} === Special value of certain letters === : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular''. ::* '''aot'''....''person'' ::* '''anot'''....''individual'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yanber'''....''to compose'' ::* '''yonber'''....''to separate'' : The letter '''y''' is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural: ::* '''at'''....''I, me'' as opposed to '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''et'''....''you'' as opposed to '''yet'''....''you (pl.), you all'' ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''yit'''....''they, them'' ::* '''is'''....''it'' as opposed to '''yis'''....''they, them'' : The letter '''y''' is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''iyt'''....''she, her'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''toyb'''....''woman'' : The letter '''w''' is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''wit'''....''he, him'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''twob'''....''man'' === The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words === :: The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants. :: The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values. :: The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants |- ! Base Word !! Classifier Consonant !! Generic Consonant !! Scalarity Type |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''t''' = ''human'' || '''b''' = ''organism'' || meronymic |- | '''tof'''....''clothing'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''fabric'' || meronymic |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''society'' || meronymic |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place'' || meronymic |- | '''tov'''....''lingerie'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen'' || meronymic |- | '''tol'''....''nourishment'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''food'' || oppositional |- | '''top'''....''soul, spirit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''motion'' || meronymic |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''d''' = ''society'' || '''b''' = ''organism''||hierarchical |- | '''dop'''....''military'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement'' || geo-specific |- | '''dot'''....''society'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''human''|| hierarchical |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''j''' = ''time'' || '''b'''....''organism''|| hierarchical |- | '''fob'''....''vegetation'' || '''f''' = ''vegetable'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vob'''....''crop'' || '''v''' = ''plant'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vos'''....''flower'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''volz'''....''color'' || " " " || '''lz''' = ''color, art''|| spectral |- | '''som'''....''furniture'' || '''s''' = ''thing'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| meronymic |- | '''mos'''....''floor'' || '''m''' = ''place, nature'' || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''mor'''....''universe'' || " " " || '''r''' = ''machine, system''|| geo-specific |- | '''mom'''....''outer space'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''mol'''....''nature'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''substance''|| geo-specific |- | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement''|| geo-specific |- | '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''p''' = ''movement'' || '''t''' = ''human, animal''|| geo-specific |- | '''bok'''....''illness'' || '''b''' = ''organ'' || '''k''' = ''condition''|| oppositional |- | '''nom'''....''place'' || '''n''' = ''commercial'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| special |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || " " " || '''g''' = ''measurement''|| special |- | '''nof'''....''cloth'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''cloth''|| special |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen''|| special |- | '''nod'''....''point'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''communication''|| special |- | '''xob'''....''organization'' || '''x''' = ''action'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| hierarchical |} ==== Special Arrangement ==== : Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart. {| border=0 {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Other Group 1 Base Words |- valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! d- <br>communication |- | '''daz'''<br>''dance'' |- | '''dyaz'''<br>''ballet'' |- | '''dyez'''<br>''cinema'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''dez'''<br>''theater'' |- | '''diz'''<br>''comedy'' |- | '''din'''<br>''story'' |- | '''dun'''<br>''word'' |- | '''duz'''<br>''music'' |- | '''dyun'''<br>''name'' |- | '''dyan'''<br>''sentence'' |- | '''dyes'''<br>''book'' |- | '''deup'''<br>''rhythm'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! dr- <br>write |- | '''drof'''<br>''board'' |- | '''draf'''<br>''card'' |- | '''dref'''<br>''paper'' |- | '''drov'''<br>''cardboard'' |- | '''drav'''<br>''notebook'' |- | '''drev'''<br>''page'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''drar'''<br>''pencil'' |- | '''drir'''<br>''typewriter'' |- | '''drur'''<br>''printer'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! m- <br>nature |- | '''mag'''<br>''fire'' |- | '''mak'''<br>''electricity'' |- | '''mog'''<br>''ash'' |- | '''meg'''<br>''stone'' |- | '''mef'''<br>''brick'' |- | '''mug'''<br>''metal'' |- | '''muk'''<br>''mineral'' |- | '''mez'''<br>''crystal'' |- | '''mek'''<br>''dust'' |- | '''myek'''<br>''powder'' |- | '''mav'''<br>''flame'' |- | '''mov'''<br>''smoke'' |- | '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' |- | '''maj'''<br>''daytime'' |- | '''moj'''<br>''night'' |- | '''man'''<br>''light'' |- | '''maz'''<br>''shine'' |- | '''mon'''<br>''shade'' |- | '''moz'''<br>''dark'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! n- <br>commerce |- | '''naz'''<br>''value'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' |- | '''nax'''<br>''price'' |- | '''nyaz'''<br>''wealth'' |- | '''nyan'''<br>''stack'' |- | '''nox'''<br>''expense'' |- | '''nyox'''<br>''waste'' |- | '''nex'''<br>''saving'' |- | '''nyex'''<br>''storing'' |- | '''nix'''<br>''earning'' |- | '''nyix'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nux'''<br>''pay'' |- | '''nyux'''<br>''supply'' |- | '''nun'''<br>''merchandise'' |- | '''nyun'''<br>''product'' |- | '''nuz'''<br>''jewel'' |- | '''nem'''<br>''location'' |- | '''nyem'''<br>''place'' |- | '''nyeb'''<br>''box'' |- | '''nab'''<br>''row'' |- | '''nap'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nad'''<br>''line'' |- | '''nod'''<br>''point'' |- | '''ned'''<br>''plane'' |- | '''nyed'''<br>''grid'' |- | '''nyad'''<br>''chain'' |- | '''nid'''<br>''volume'' |- | '''nag'''<br>''measure'' |- | '''nak'''<br>''metric value'' |- | '''nog'''<br>''degree'' |- | '''nig'''<br>''space'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! j- <br>time |- | '''jag'''<br>''age'' |- | '''jud'''<br>''date'' |- | '''jod'''<br>''instance'' |- | '''jop'''<br>''sequence'' |- | '''jep'''<br>''process'' |- | '''jwap'''<br>''moment'' |- | '''jwep'''<br>''instant'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! s- <br>thing |- | '''sag'''<br>''number'' |- | '''saz'''<br>''sculpture'' |- | '''san'''<br>''form'' |- | '''saun'''<br>''kind'' |- | '''son'''<br>''matter (abstract)'' |- | '''sin'''<br>''image'' |- | '''siz'''<br>''painting'' |- | '''sun'''<br>''thing (concrete)'' |- | '''syan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''syen'''<br>''style'' |- | '''syin'''<br>''subject'' |- | '''syun'''<br>''object'' |- | '''sar'''<br>''instrument'' |- | '''sir'''<br>''machine'' |- | '''sor'''<br>''engine'' |- | '''sur'''<br>''motor'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! t- <br>human / knowledge |- | '''taz'''<br>''statue'' |- | '''tap'''<br>''physique'' |- | '''tep'''<br>''mind'' |- | '''top'''<br>''spirit'' |- | '''tuz'''<br>''art'' |- | '''toz'''<br>''skin color'' |- | '''tez'''<br>''culture'' |- | '''tyez'''<br>''magic'' |- | '''tin'''<br>''doctrine'' |- | '''tun'''<br>''science'' |- | '''tyan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''tyen'''<br>''skill'' |- | '''tyun'''<br>''idea'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''sensation'' |- | '''tes'''<br>''meaning'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' |- | '''tat'''<br>''angel'' |} |} === The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words === :: The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival ('''-a'''), adverbial ('''-ay'''), and verbal inflections ('''-er''', '''-ser''', '''-xer''', etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem. :: The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Stems of Group 2 Base Words |- ! Classifier Consonant !! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative |- ! rowspan=4|'''j''' <br>(''time'') | '''ja'''<br>''before'' || '''je'''<br>''during'' || '''jo'''<br>''after''||'''ji'''<br>''since'' || '''ju'''<br>''until'' |- | '''aj'''<br>''past'' || '''ej'''<br>''present'' || '''oj'''<br>''future'' || '''ij^er'''<br>''beginning/begin'' || '''uj/^er'''<br>''end/end'' |- | '''taj^er'''<br>''birth/to be born'' || '''tej^er'''<br>''life/to live'' || '''toj^er'''<br>''death/to die'' || '''tij^er'''<br>''awake state/to be awake'' || '''tuj^er'''<br>''sleep/to sleep'' |- | '''jwa'''<br>''early'' || '''jwe'''<br>''on time'' || '''jwo'''<br>''late'' || '''yij^a'''<br>''opening/open'' || '''yuj^a'''<br>''closing/closed'' |- !rowspan=4| '''g'''<br>(''measurement'') | '''ga'''<br>''more'' || '''ge'''<br>''equal'' || '''go'''<br>''less''|| '''gi'''ⁿ<br>''point'' || '''gu'''ⁿ<br>''angle'' |- | '''ag'''^a<br>''big'' || '''eg^a'''<br>''normal'' || '''og'''^a<br>''small'' || '''ig'''^a<br>''fast'' || '''ug'''^a<br>''slow'' |- | '''yag'''^a<br>''long'' || '''yeg'''^a<br>''normal'' || '''yog'''^a<br>''short'' || '''yig'''^a<br>''hard'' || '''yug'''^a<br>''soft'' |- | '''gya'''^a<br>''thick'' || '''gye'''^a<br>''enough'' || '''gyo-'''<br>''thin'' || '''gyi'''^a<br>''solid'' || '''gyu'''^a<br>''fragile'' |- !rowspan=4| '''k'''<br>(''randomness'') | '''ka'''^xer<br>''find'' || '''ke'''^xer<br>''seek'' || '''ko'''^xer<br>''hide'' || '''ki'''^a<br>''oblique''|| '''ku'''^a<br>''lateral'' |- | '''ak'''^er<br>''win'' || '''ek'''^er<br>''play'' || '''ok'''^er<br>''lose'' || '''ik'''^a<br>''full'' || '''uk'''^a<br>''empty'' |- | '''yak'''^er<br>''expect'' || '''yek'''^er<br>''try'' || '''yok'''^er<br>''suprise'' || '''yik'''^a<br>''difficult'' || '''yuk'''^a<br>''easy'' |- | '''kya'''^a<br>''mobile'' || '''kye'''^a<br>''haphazard'' || '''kyo'''^a<br>''fixed'' ||'''kyi'''^a<br>''heavy'' || '''kyu'''^a<br>''light'' |- ! '''m'''<br>(''nature'') | '''am'''^a<br>''hot'' || -- || '''om'''^a<br>''cold'' || '''im'''^a<br>''wet'' || '''um'''^a<br>''dry'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''f'''^er<br>(''want'', qualities) | || || || '''fi'''^a<br>''good'' || '''fu'''^a<br>''bad'' |- | '''fya'''^a<br>''holy'' || '''fye'''^a<br>''mythical'' || '''fyo'''^a<br>''profane''|| '''fyi'''^a<br>''useful'' || '''fyu'''^a<br>''harmful'' |- | '''yaf'''^er<br>''be able'' || '''yef'''^er<br>''must''|| '''yof'''^er<br>''cannot'' || '''yif'''^er<br>''dare'' || '''yuf'''^er<br>''fear'' |- | '''af'''^er<br>''may'' || '''ef'''^er<br>''need'' || '''of'''^er<br>''be prohibited'' || '''if'''^er<br>''love'' || '''uf'''^er<br>''hate'' |- !rowspan=6| '''v'''<br>(''truth, qualities'' ) | '''va'''<br>''yes'' || '''ve'''<br>''maybe'' || '''vo'''<br>''no''|| '''vi'''^a<br>''beautiful'' || '''vu'''^a<br>''ugly'' |- | '''vay'''<br>''really''||'''vey'''<br>''may''||'''voy'''<br>''not'' || || |- | '''av'''<br>''for'' || '''ev'''^a<br>''neutral'' || '''ov'''<br>''against''|| '''iv'''^a<br>''happy'' || '''uv'''^a<br>''sad'' |- | '''vya'''^a<br>''true'' || '''vye'''^a<br>''relative'' || '''vyo'''^a<br>''false''|| '''vyi'''^a<br>''clean'' || '''vyu'''^a<br>''dirty'' |- | '''yav'''^a<br>''innocent'' || '''yev'''^a<br>''fair'' || '''yov'''^a<br>''guilty''|| '''yiv'''^a<br>''free'' || '''yuv'''^a<br>''captive'' |- | '''van'''<br>''that'' || '''ven'''<br>''if'' || '''von'''<br>''lest''|| || |- ! rowspan=5|'''z'''<br>(spatial) | '''za'''<br>''in front of'' || '''ze'''<br>''in the middle of'' || '''zo'''<br>''in back of''|| '''zi'''^a<br>''right'' || '''zu'''^a<br>''left'' |- | '''zay'''<br>''ahead'' || '''zey'''<br>''across'' || '''zoy'''<br>''back, re-''|| || |- | '''zya'''^a<br>''wide'' || '''zye'''<br>''through'' || '''zyo'''^a<br>''narrow''||'''zyi'''^a<br>''flat'' || '''zyu'''^a<br>''round'' |- | '''az'''^a<br>''strong'' || '''ez'''^a<br>''moderate'' || '''oz'''^a<br>''weak''|| '''iz'''^a<br>''straight'' || '''uz'''^a<br>''curved'' |- | '''yaz'''^a<br>''convex'' || '''yez'''<br>''along'' || '''yoz'''^a<br>''concave'' || '''yiz'''<br>''beyond'' || '''yuz'''<br>''around'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''b-'''^er<br>(''put'') | '''ba'''^y/(^xer)<br>''with, (agitate)'' || '''be'''^y/(^(xer))<br>''at/by, (hold)'' || '''bo'''^y(^xer)<br>''without/(calm)''|| '''bi^(er/xer)'''<br>''from, (take/pull)'' || '''bu'''^(er/xer)<br>''to, (give/push)'' |- | '''ab'''^(er)<br>''on,(put on)'' || '''eb'''^(er)<br>''between,(block)'' || '''ob'''(^er)<br>''off,(take off)'' || '''ib'''^(er)<br>''away,(receive)'' || '''ub'''^(er)<br>''toward,(send)'' |- | '''bya'''^ser/xer<br>''stand/erect'' || '''bye'''^xer<br>''tap'' || '''byo'''^ser/xer<br>''hang/hang''|| '''byi'''^(ser)<br>''since,(originate)'' || '''byu'''^(ser/xer)<br>''up to,(contact/touch)'' |- | '''yab'''^(er)<br>''up,(raise)'' || '''yeb'''^(er)<br>''in,(put in)''<br>'''oyeb'''^(er)<br>''out,(take out)'' || '''yob'''^(er)<br>''down,(lower)''|| '''yib'''^(er)<br>''far,(remove)'' || '''yub'''^(er)<br>''near,(bring)'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''p'''^er<br>(''go'') | '''pa'''^ser/xer<br>''move/move'' || '''pe'''^ser/xer<br>''wait/trap'' || '''po'''^ser/xer<br>''stop/stop''|| '''pi'''^er/ser/xer<br>''leave/withdraw/catch'' || '''pu'''^er/ser/xer<br>''arrive/jump/throw'' |- | '''pya'''^er/ser/xer<br>''hover/jump up/launch'' || '''pye'''^ser/xer<br>''encounter/strike'' || '''pyo'''^ser/xer<br>''fall/drop''|| '''pyi'''^ser/xer<br>''emanate/derive'' || '''pyu'''^ser/xer<br>''reach/impact'' |- | '''yap'''^er<br>''rise'' || '''yep'''^er<br>''enter'' || '''yop'''^er<br>''descend''|| '''yip'''^er<br>''go far'' || '''yup'''^er<br>''approach'' |- | '''ap'''^er<br>''get on'' || '''ep'''^er<br>''intervene'' || '''op'''^er<br>''get off'' || '''ip'''^er<br>''go away'' ||'''up'''^er<br>''come'' |- !rowspan=2| '''s'''^er<br>(''be'') | '''sa'''^n/s/xer<br>''shape/evolve/make'' ||'''se'''^xer<br>''build'' || '''so'''^n/xer<br>''matter/destroy''|| '''si'''^n/yn<br>''image/sign'' || '''su'''^n/er/xer<br>''thing/provide/realize'' |- | '''as'''^er<br>''become'' || '''es'''^er<br>''exist'' || '''os'''^er<br>''cease to be'' || || |- ! rowspan=3|'''x'''^er<br>(''do'' ) | '''xa'''^ler<br>''execute'' || '''xe'''^ler<br>''practice'' || '''xo'''^ler<br>''fail'' || '''xi'''^ler<br>''undertake'' || '''xu'''^ler<br>''provoke'' |- |'''ax'''^ler<br>''act'' || '''ex'''^er<br>''function'' || '''ox'''^ler<br>''abstain'' || '''ix'''^er<br>''effect'' || '''ux'''^er<br>''cause'' |- | '''yax'''^er<br>''be busy'' || '''yex'''^er<br>''work'' || '''yox'''^er<br>''be idle'' || '''yix'''^er<br>''use'' || '''yux'''^er<br>''help'' |- ! '''t'''^er/rer/yer<br>(''know/recognize/know how'') | '''ta'''^xer<br>''remember'' || '''te'''^xer<br>''think'' || '''to'''^xer<br>''forget'' || '''ti'''^er/xer<br>''learn/study''<br>'''tri'''^er<br>''get to know''<br>'''tyi'''^er<br>''learn how'' || '''tu'''^er/xer/uxer<br>''inform/teach/raise''<br>'''tru'''^er<br>''familiarize''<br>'''tyu'''^er<br>''train'' |- ! '''d'''^er/rer<br>(''say/write'') | '''da'''^ler<br>''talk'' || '''de'''^ler<br>''state''<br>'''dye'''^er<br>''read'' || '''do'''^ler<br>''be silent''<br>'''dro'''^er<br>''erase'' || '''di'''^er/ler/rer<br>''ask/beg/require'' || '''du'''^er/ler/rer<br>''suggest/insist/demand''<br>'''dyu'''^er<br>''call'' |- ! rowspan=2|'''h-'''<br>(determiners) | '''ha'''^(a)<br>''the'' || '''he'''^a<br>''some'' || '''ho'''^a<br>''which'' || '''hi'''^a<br>''this'' || '''hu'''^a<br>''that'' |- | '''hya'''^(a)<br>''all'' || '''hye'''^a<br>''any'' || '''hyo'''^a<br>''no'' || '''hyi'''^a<br>''same'' || '''hyu'''^a<br>''other'' |- ! rowspan=2| (conjunctions) |'''ay'''<br>''and'' || '''ey'''<br>''or'' || '''oy'''<br>''but'' || || |- |'''ya'''ⁿ<br>''together'' || ||'''yo'''ⁿ<br>''apart''|| || |- ! rowspan=2| (numbers) | '''a'''<br>''one''|| '''e'''<br>''two''|| '''o'''<br>''zero''|| '''i'''<br>''three''|| '''u'''<br>''four'' |- | '''ya'''<br>''six''|| '''ye'''<br>''seven''|| '''yo'''<br>''five''|| '''yi'''<br>''eight''|| '''yu'''<br>''nine'' |- ! rowspan=1| (privatives) | || || '''lo-''' (''dis-/un-'')<br>'''lyo-''' (''dis-'')<br>'''oy-''' (''-less'')|| || |} :: <small>* Mixed root. '''taj/tej/toj''' instead of '''yaj/yej/yoj''', because the human letter root '''t''' is more intuitive.</small> :: Note: The opposition '''(y)a'''-'''(y)e'''-'''(y)o''' is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but '''(y)i-(y)u''' is two-way, without any intermediary sense. == Derived Word Formation Rules == : Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building: : These consist of the following rules: ::# Compounding ::# Affixation ::# Ordinal Vowel Scaling ::# Overlapping ::# Adding Ordinal Vowels ::# Swapping Generic Consonants ::# Marking Words for Gender ::# Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels ::# Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels ::# Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern ::# Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === Rule #1: Compounding === [[File:Compound 6 (maraviroc development).svg|thumb|]] : Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Compounding |- ! Component 1 !! Component 2 !! Compound |- | '''mor'''....''cosmos'' || '''tun'''....''science, -ology'' || '''mortun'''....''cosmology'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''memyaz'''....''mountain'' || '''magmemyaz'''....''volcano'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''mem'''....''land'' || '''dobmem'''....''territory'' |- | '''tul'''....''dish'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''tuldras'''....''menu'' |- | '''sin'''....''picture'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''sindras'''....''description'' |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''kyoxer'''....''to fix (in place)'' || '''tamkyoxer'''....''to settle'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''kyo-'''....''fixed'' || '''tep-'''....''mind'' || '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn'' |} : Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for ''rain'', for example, is '''ma(m)''' (''sky'') + '''mil''' (''water''), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, '''mamil'''. : When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg: :* '''uzra'''....''twisted'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ---> '''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' :* '''kyoa'''....''fixed'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn, obsessed'' :* '''aza'''....''strong'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''tepaza'''....''intelligent'' :* '''fua'''....''bad'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''futipa'''....''cross, ill-tempered'' :* '''aga'''....''big'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''tipaga'''....''magnanimous, generous'' === Rule #2: Affixation === [[File:Word Cloud of Various Prefixes.png|thumb|]] : Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes: ==== Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Base !! Compound |- | '''ja'''....''before'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''japer'''....''to precede'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''joper'''....''to follow'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' ||'''der'''....''to say'' || '''vader'''....''to affirm'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''dras'''....''something written'' || '''jodras'''....''postscript'' |- | '''za'''....''ahead'' ||'''jub'''....''day'' || '''zajub'''....''tomorrow'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' ||'''mel'''....''land'' || '''yonmel'''....''island'' |} : Prepositional prefixes ending in '''b''' with verbs '''per''' and '''ber''' (and their derivations) lose the '''b''' before verbal elements based on '''per''' (''go'') and '''ber''' (''put''), as shown in the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Assimilation of b and p |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! New Verb |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' (NOT: '''yabber''') |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' (NOT: '''yabper''') |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''aber'''....''put on, apply'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''aper'''....''get on, mount'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''ober'''....''take off, remove'' |- | '''ob'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''bux'''....''a push'' || '''yebux'''....''impulse'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall'' || '''yepyoser'''....''collapse'' |} : The loss of the '''b''' in the above words in one of the only cases of '''''fusion''''' in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form. Another case of fusion is when so-called '''''stubs''''' are combined. For example, '''doyijem''' (''public square''), which is composed of '''do(m)'''....''city'' + '''yij(a)'''....''open'' + '''(n)em'''....''place''. The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix '''a-''' can have many different meaninings. : The adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped¹, as is the '''er''' or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that '''tyoyab''' becomes '''tyoya-'''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! Compound Verb |- | '''oza'''....''weak'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ozder'''....''whisper'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yagder'''....''ramble'' |- | '''aja'''....''past'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ajder'''....''evoke'' |- | '''yoga'''....''short'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yogder'''....''summarize'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''tyoyaper'''....''walk'' |- | '''dreer'''....''write'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' || '''dresar'''....''pencil'' |- | '''tuyob'''....''hand'' || '''dren'''....''writing'' || '''tuyodren'''....''manuscript'' |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mamil'''....''rain'' |} : <small>¹: Sometimes, the adjective ending '''a''' is retained when an adjective is compounded with '''xer''' or '''ser'''. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, '''aga''' + '''xer''' can produce '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' or '''agxer'''....''to grow''. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.</small> ==== Most Common Mirad Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Common Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Examples |- |'''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-''||'''anzyukpar'''....''unicycle''<br> '''antotin'''....''monotheism''<br>'''adeb'''....''emperor'' |- |'''aa-'''....''arch-, first-, prime''||'''aadub'''....''prime minister''<br>'''aatat'''....''archangel''<br>'''aavyan'''....''principle''<br>'''aasaun'''....''prototype'' |- |'''aag-'''....''arch-, main, macro-''||'''aagmep'''....''highway''<br> '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution''<br> '''aagovekut'''....''archrival'' |- |'''aaj-'''....''paleo-, proto-''||'''aajtobtun'''....''paleoanthropology''<br> '''aajsiyn'''....''fossil'' |- |'''ab-'''....''ad-, top, on, epi-''||'''abtob'''....''superman''<br> '''abtim'''....''attic''<br> '''abzen'''....''epicenter'' |- |'''aj-'''....''former, ex-'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife''<br>'''ajdeb'''....''former leader'' |- |'''ayb-'''....''over-, super-, hyper-, sur-''||'''aybmep'''....''overpass''<br>'''aybdresin'''....''superscript''<br>'''aybdyun'''....''hypernym'' |- |'''ag-'''....''mega(lo)-'' || '''agvyotos'''....''megalomania''<br>'''agtoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''alo(n)-'''....''deca-, ten-''||'''alojaga'''....''ten years old''<br> '''alojab'''....''decade''<br> '''alonsuna'''....''decimal'' |- |'''aloy(n)-'''....''deci-, tenth-''||'''aloynux'''....''tithe''<br> '''aloyngoler'''....''decimate'' |- |'''am-'''....''thermo-''||'''amzemula'''....''thermonuclear''<br> '''amvyabxar'''....''thermostat'' |- |'''amlo(n)-'''....''mega-''||'''amloagvunak'''....''megavolt''<br> '''amlotoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''amloyn-'''....''micro-''||'''amloynjweb'''....''microsecond'' |- |'''anyen-'''....''idio-''||'''anyenboka'''....''idiopathic''<br> '''anyendyan'''....''idiom''<br> '''anyentepa'''....''idiotic'' |- |'''ao(b/p)-'''....''north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axis''||'''aonab'''....''column'', ''x-y-axis''<br> '''aopuys yuzpar'''....''hop-on-hop-off bus''<br> '''aonada'''....''vertical'' |- |'''aoye(b/p)-'''....''in-and-out''||'''aoyebar'''....''piston''<br> '''aoyebelen'''....''import-exports''<br> '''aoyepaper'''....''fly in and out'' |- |'''aro(n)-'''....''kilo-''||'''aronminak'''....''kilometer''<br> '''arobanak'''....''kilobit'' |- |'''aroyn-'''....''milli-''||'''aroynvunak'''....''millivolt''<br> '''aoynwunak'''....''milliwatt'' |- |'''(a)so(n)'''....''cent-''||'''asojagat'''....''centenarian''<br> '''asolinak'''....''hectoliter''<br> '''sojab'''....''century'' |- |'''asoy(n)-'''....''cent-, centi-''||'''asoygenak'''....''centigram''<br> '''asoylinak'''....''centiliter'' |- |'''av-'''....''pro-''||'''avYanotina'''....''pro-Communist'' |- |'''ayn-'''....''full-, holo-, whole-''||'''aynnuut'''....''wholesaler''<br> '''aynsin'''....''hologram''<br> '''aynteptija'''....''fully-conscious'' |- |'''e(b/p)-'''....''inter-''||'''ebmos'''....''mezzanine''<br> '''ebyanmulxer'''....''intermingle''<br> '''eper'''....''intercede'' |- |'''ejna-'''....''neo-''||'''ejnadun'''....''neologism''<br> '''ejnaobdabin'''....''neocolonialism'' |- |'''e(n)-'''....''ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two-''||'''entyoba'''....''bipedal''<br> '''enzyuspar'''....''bicycle''<br> '''envolza'''....''dichromatic'' |- |'''eon-'''....''duo-, double-, twin-''||'''eonin'''....''dualism''<br> '''eondal'''....''double-speak''<br> '''eonsum'''....''twin bed'' |- |'''ev-'''....''a-, neutral'' ||'''evdofina'''....''amoral''<br>'''evdabtuna'''....''apolitical'' |- |'''ey(b/p)-'''....''intra-, among''||'''eybmasa'''....''intramural''<br> '''eybmimkuma'''....''intracoastal'' |- |'''eyn-'''....''demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi-''||'''eynzyus'''....''semi-circle''<br> '''eynzyup'''....''half-turn''<br> '''eyntilsyeb'''....''demitassee''<br> '''eynyonmel'''....''peninsula'' |- |'''fi-'''....''bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well-''||'''fixut'''....''benefactor''<br> '''fidrawa'''....''well-written''<br> '''fitos'''...''euphoria'' |- |'''fu-'''....''dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly-''||'''futos'''....''dysphoria''<br> '''futuwa'''....''ill-informed''<br> '''fuxeyn'''....''malfeasance'' |- |'''fya-'''....''hiero-, holy-, sancti-''||'''fyasdresiyn'''....''hieroglyphic''<br> '''fyader'''....''sanctify''<br> '''fyatwed'''....''holy father'' |- |'''fye-'''....''mythical, fantasy''||'''fyetop'''....''phantom''<br> '''fyetobet'''....''elfin''<br> '''fyetexer'''...''fantacize''<br> '''fyedin'''....''fantasy'' |- |'''fyo-'''....''evil, profane'' ||'''fyotez'''....''occult''<br>'''fyotat'''....''devil''<br>'''fyotyez'''....''witchcraft'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-, again'' || '''gawteaper'''....''revisit''<br> '''gawaker'''....''regain'' |- |'''garale-'''....''tera-''||'''garaleagbanak'''....''terabyte'' |- |'''garalyi-'''....''exa-''||'''garalyibanak'''....''exabit'' |- |'''garalyo-'''....''peta-''||'''galayoagbanak'''....''petabyte'' |- |'''garela-'''....''zetta-''||'''garelaagbanak'''....''zettabyte'' |- |'''garelu-'''....''yotta-''||'''gareluagbanak'''....''yottabyte'' |- |'''ge-'''....''equal to, equi-, even-''||'''geyafwa'''....''equipollent''<br> '''genaza'''....''equivalent'' |- |'''gel-'''....''homo-, like-, simul-''||'''gelzena'''....''homocentric''<br> '''gelvolza'''....''homochromatic'' |- |'''geyl-'''....''simul-''||'''geyldyan'''....''simile''<br> '''geylxer'''....''assimilate'' |- |'''gla-'''....''many-, multi-, poly-''||'''glatyenika'''....''multi-skilled''<br> '''glatwada'''....''polyandrous''<br> '''glavolza'''....''many-hued'' |- |'''glo-'''....''mini-, little-, few-''||'''gloduna'''....''succint, of few words''<br> '''glonixea'''....''low-earning'' |- |'''gorale-'''....''pico-''||'''goraleagfenak'''....''picofarad'' |- |'''goralyi-'''....''atto-''||'''goralyigenak'''....''attogram'' |- |'''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||'''goralyoon'''....''quadrillionth'' |- |'''goralyu-'''....''nano-''||'''goralyusonak'''....''nanosecond'' |- |'''gorela-'''....''zepto-''||'''gorelagenak'''....''zeptogram'' |- |'''gorelu-'''....''yocto-''||'''gorelugenak'''....''yoctogram'' |- |'''gra-'''....''extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra-''||'''gratosea'''....''hypersensitive''<br> '''grazoyaxler'''....''overreact''<br> '''granoxea'''....''extravagant'' |- |'''gro-'''....''hypo-, under-''||'''groyixlawa'''....''underemployed''<br> '''groaman'''....''hypothermia'' |- |'''gwa-'''....''hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure, macro-''||'''gwayelza'''....''pure pink''<br> '''gwayafa'''....''supreme''<br> '''gwauja'''....''ultimate''<br> '''gwazoa'''....''hindmost'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''least-, mini-, micro-''||'''gwosag'''....''minimum''<br> '''gwoyuzpur'''....''minibus''<br>'''gwoexlus'''....''microprocessor'' |- |'''hi-'''....''hither, these, this''||'''his'''....''this''<br> '''hisi'''....''these''<br> '''him'''....''here'' |- |'''hya(s)-'''....''pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every-''||'''hyas'''....''everything''<br> '''hyati'''....''all of them''<br> '''hyastea'''....''omniscient''<br> '''hyataadifa'''....''pansexual'' |- |'''hu-'''....''that''||'''hus'''....''that''<br> '''huj'''....''then''<br> '''huyen'''...''that way'' |- |'''huim-'''....''here-and-there, here-and-yon''||'''huimkexer'''....''search high and low''<br> '''huimpaper'''....''fly here and there''<br> '''hyuimpoper'''....''travel here-and-there'' |- |'''huu-'''....''so, such''||'''huugla'''....''so, so very''<br> '''hus'''....''such''<br> '''huyen'''....''in such a way, so, thus'' |- |'''hyaewa-'''....''ambi-''||'''hyaewati'''....''both of them''<br> '''hyaewaziza'''....''ambidextrous''<br> '''hyaewatoobifa'''....''ambi-sexual'' |- |'''hye-'''....''-ever, any, whatever, whichever''||'''hyem'''....''anywhere, wherever''<br> '''hyempea'''....''erratic''<br> '''hjej'''....''ever, anytime'' |- |'''hyi-'''....''homo-, like-, same, syn-''||'''hyitoobifa'''....''homosexual''<br> '''hyis'''....''same thing''<br> '''hyijoba'''....''synchronous'' |- |'''hyo(s)-'''....''nothing, a-'' || '''hyostosea'''....''apathetic'' |- |'''hyu(t/s)-'''....''alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, else''||'''hyutoobifa'''....''heterosexual''<br> '''hyua'''....''another, alternate''<br> '''hyutufa'''....''xenophobic''<br> '''hyus'''....''something else'' |- |'''hyui(t/s)-'''....''cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal''||'''hyuitvikaxen'''....''mutual admiration''<br> '''hyuixer'''....''reciprocate''<br> '''hyuisa'''....''mutual, reciprocal''<br> '''hyuitif'''....''mutual love'' |- |'''i-'''....''toward the speaker''||'''iber'''....''receive''<br>'''ixer'''....''result'' |- |'''ik-'''....''fully, thoroughly''||'''iktoxer'''....''forget completely''<br> '''iktos'''....''satisfaction''<br> '''ikyebixer'''....''engulf, swallow up completely'' |- |'''in-'''....''three-, tri-, tripl-, tern-''||'''inzyuspar'''....''tricycle''<br> '''inaga'''....''three-dimensional''<br> '''injiba'''....''trimensual''<br> '''insuna'''....''ternary''<br> '''intotan'''....''trinity'' |- |'''iyn-'''....''terci-, third''||'''iyna'''....''terciary''<br> '''iynxer'''....''cut into thirds'' |- |'''iz-'''....''ortho-, recti-, right-, straight-''||'''iznada'''....''rectilinear''<br> '''izguna'''....''orthogonal''<br> '''iztin'''....''orthdoxy''<br> '''izdea'''....''forthright'' |- |'''ja-'''....''ante-, fore-, pre-''||'''jaupya'''....''foregone''<br> '''jauper'''....''precede''<br> '''jadropeka'''....''antebellum'' |- |'''je-'''....''per-, continuously, ever-''||'''jetejer'''....''persevere''<br>'''jeteaxer'''....''watch''<br>'''jexrer'''....''perpetuate'' |- |'''jo-'''....''after-, meta-, post-''||'''joexlen'''....''postprocessing''<br> '''jomir'''....''metasphere''<br> '''jotej'''....''afterlife'' |- |'''jwa-'''....''early-, eo-, preter-, proto-''||'''jwaber'''....''prepare''<br> '''jwatuun'''....''premonition''<br> '''jwadodin'''....''early history, protohistory''<br> '''jwamola'''....''preternatural''<br> '''jwajoeb'''....''eocene'' |- |'''jwo-'''....''ceno-, late-, latter-, tard-''||'''jwonux'''....''late payment''<br> '''jwoa'''....''tardy''<br> '''jwoteja'''....''cenozoic'' |- |'''ko-'''....''cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth-''||'''koa'''....''covert''<br> '''koexut'''....''spy''<br> '''koyeper'''....''sneak in'' |- |'''(ko)vyo-'''....''pseudo-, mis-, wrong-''||'''kovyotun'''....''pseudoscience''<br>'''vyobekuer'''....''to mistreat'' |- |'''ku-'''....''para-''||'''kuifut'''....''paramour''<br> '''kuteliut'''....''parasite''<br> '''kuteptun'''....''parapsychology'' |- |'''kya-'''....''alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross-''||'''kyaember'''....''relocate''<br> '''kyajoba'''....''diachronic''<br> '''kyatajnad'''....''crossbreed''<br> '''kyatooba'''....''transgendered''<br> '''kyavolza'''....''variegated, motley'' |- |'''kyao-'''....''falteringly, unsteadily''||'''kyaoper'''....''stagger''<br> '''kyaotexer'''....''vacillate'' |- |'''kye-'''....''chance-, hap-, random-''||'''kyea'''....''haphazard''<br> '''kyebyus'''....''chance encounter''<br> '''kyeteater'''....''happen to see''<br> '''kyesauna'''....''of a random type'' |- |'''kyo-'''....''fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat-''||'''kyosaun'''....''stereotype''<br> '''kyopa'''....''stable, static, stationary''<br> '''kyoson'''....''status'' |- |'''lo-'''....''dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un-''||'''lozeb'''....''disequilibrium''<br> '''loyuvlaxer'''....''disengage''<br> '''loyuzyuber'''....''uncoil''<br> '''lomulvyusber'''....''decontaminate'' |- |'''logel-'''....''hetero-, different-''||'''logelsauna'''....''heterogenous''<br>'''logelaxer'''....''differentiate'' |- |'''maz-'''....''bright-''||'''mazteaba'''....''bright-eyed'' |- |'''mial-'''....''hygro-, atmo-, vapori-''||'''mialama'''....''hygrothermal''<br>'''mialnagar'''....''atomometer, vaporimeter'' |- |'''mil-'''....''aqua-, hydro-, water-''||'''milyexun'''....''aquaculture''<br> '''milmaka'''....''hydroelectric''<br> '''miltilsyeb'''....''water glass'' |- |'''mul-'''....''hylo-, substance''||'''mulsana'''....''hylomorphic'' |- |'''o(l)-'''....''a-, dis-, non-, un-, in-''||'''ovyilxwa'''....''unwashed''<br> '''omalza'''....''non-white''<br> '''ototina'''....''atheist''<br> '''otepzexea'''....''inattentive'' |- |'''o(b/p)-'''....''de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice-''||'''oper'''....''get off''<br> '''obneg'''....''sublevel''<br> '''obxeb'''....''sous-chef, sub-officer''<br>'''obtyodeb'''....''vice-president'' |- |'''oog-'''....''micro-'' || '''oogpob'''....''microorganism'' <nowiki>-</nowiki> |- | '''oj-'''....''future'' || '''ojtayd'''....''bride, future wife'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-'' ||'''gawder'''....''to repeat''<br>'''gawdyeer'''....''to re-read'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''micro-, mini-'' || '''ogalmor'''....''microcosm''<br>'''ogalteaxer'''....''microscope''<br>'''gowaxer'''....''minimize'' |- |'''of-'''....''prohibited'' ||'''ofbier'''....''steal''<br>'''ofbekul'''....''prohibited drug''<br>'''ofemkyoxer'''....''to squat'' |- |'''ov-'''....''contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un-''||'''ovalxer'''....''countervail''<br> '''ovper'''....''contravene''<br> '''ovkyin'''....''counterweight''<br> '''ovdat'''....''enemy''<br> '''olovmasbwa'''....''undefended'' |- |'''oy-'''....''-less, a(n)-, without''||'''oytofa'''...''naked''<br> '''oyxer'''....''deprive''<br> '''oytosen'''....''apathy''<br> '''oyteupiba'''....''toothless'' |- |'''oyb-'''....''hypo-, infra-, sub-, under-''||'''oybnadrer'''....''underline''<br> '''oybtomsan'''....''infrastructure''<br> '''oybseuxa'''....''subsonic''<br> '''oybtayoba'''....''hypodermic'' |- |'''oyeb-'''....''ex-, extra-, out-''||'''oyebnad'''....''outline''<br> '''oyebyujber'''....''exclude''<br> '''oyebdoabuer'''....''extradite'' |- |'''oyv-'''....''contra-, opposite, reverse''||'''oyvkuma'''...''opposite''<br> '''oyvder'''....''contradict''<br>'''oyvduer'''....''contraindicate''<br>'''oyvaxer'''....''reverse'' |- |'''tayi(b)-'''....''neuro-, nerve''||'''tayibteptun'''....''neuropsychology''<br> '''tayibyok'''....''neuralgia'' |- |'''teeb-'''....''auri-, oto-, ear-''||'''teebbekut'''....''aurist''<br> '''teeteiteyobtut'''....''otorhinolaryngologist''<br> '''teebyel'''....''earwax'' |- |'''tee(s/x/t)-'''....''audio-, son-, phono-''||'''teesnagen'''....''audiography''<br> '''teestaxdras'''....''phonogram''<br> '''teestun'''....''audiology''<br> '''teexdras'''....''audiogram''<br> '''teetyofwa'''....''inaudible'' |- |'''tei(b)-'''....''nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo-''||'''teibbok'''....''rhinitis''<br> '''teibyeg'''....''nostril''<br> '''teiz'''....''perfume''<br> '''teizuka'''....''aroma-free''<br> '''teityaf'''....''olfactory sense'' |- |'''tiibil-'''....''blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin-''||'''tiibililp'''....''hemorrhage''<br> '''tiibiliut'''....''bloodsucker''<br> '''tiibloker'''....''exsanguinate''<br> '''tiibiltun'''....''hematology'' |- |'''tuj-'''....''hypno-, somni-, sopor-''||'''tujbek'''....''hyptotherapy''<br> '''tujbyea'''....''somniferous, soporific'' |- |'''u(b/p)-'''....''toward''||'''uber'''....''send''<br>'''ubaer'''....''lean toward'' |- |'''ui-'''....''horizontal, left-right, x-axis''||'''uinab'''....''row'', ''x-axis''<br> '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- |'''uib-'''....''back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receive''||'''uibar'''....''transceiver'' |- |'''uig-'''....''fast-and-slow''||'''uigpar'''....''scooter'' |- |'''uij-'''....''begin-and-end, start-and-stop''||'''uijdaler'''....''stutter'' |- |'''uip-'''....''come-and-go''||'''uipen'''....''traffic, coming and going'' |- |'''uiz-'''....''straight-then-crooked''||'''uizbaser'''....''swagger''<br> '''uizdrer'''....''scribble''<br> '''uizpaser'''....''swerve'' |- |'''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater-''||'''ungona'''....''quadripartite''<br> '''unnednid'''....''tetrahedron''<br> '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' |- |'''uyn-'''....''fourth-, quarti-''||'''uynxer'''....''quarter''<br> '''uynjab'''....''quarter (of a year)'' |- |'''ut-'''....''auto-, self-, sui-, ego-''||'''utifon'''....''egoism''<br> '''utgober'''....''autodecrement''<br> '''utfuyix'''....''self-abuse''<br> '''uttujben'''....''suicide'' |- |'''uz-'''....''crooked, di-''||'''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- |'''va-'''....''yes''||'''vayovder'''....''convict''<br> '''vabier'''....''accept''<br> '''vatexer'''....''believe'' |- |'''vao-'''....''yes-no''||'''vaoder'''....''decide''<br> '''vaodaler'''....''waffle''<br> '''vaonaza'''....''boolean'' |- |'''vi-'''....''bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri-''||'''vituzyan'''....''fine arts, beaux arts''<br> '''vidun'''....''euphemism''<br> '''vidrenyan'''....''literature, belles lettres''<br> '''visuana'''....''classic'' |- |'''vo-'''....''non-, neg-''||'''voyafxer'''....''veto''<br> '''voxer'''....''negate''<br> '''voyovder'''....''acquit, declare not guilty'' |- |'''vya-'''....''justi-, recti-, true-, reg-''||'''vyadin'''....''true story''<br> '''vyader'''....''avow''<br> '''vyamol'''....''essence'' |- | '''vyao-'''....''right or wrong'' ||'''vyaoyek'''....''test'' |- |'''vyak-'''....''ortho-, correct-''||'''vyakdred'''....''orthography''<br> '''vyakxer'''....''correct'' |- |'''vyo-'''....''mis-, para-, wrong-''||'''vyoyufa'''....''paranoid''<br> '''vyoyux'''....''perfidy''<br> '''vyoyixer'''....''misuse'' |- |'''ya-'''....''more than one, multi-''||'''yaota'''....''communal'' |- |'''yab-'''....''hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper-''||'''yabdom'''....''uptown''<br> '''yabdoneg'''....''upper class''<br> '''yabduzneg'''....''high pitch''<br> '''yabexer'''....''support''<br> '''yabzyobix'''....''hypertension'' |- |'''yabnan-'''....''height-, hypso-, alti-''||'''yabnanagar'''....''hypsometer, altimeter'' |- |'''yag-'''....''long-''||'''yagyiban'''....''long distance''<br> '''yagyeker'''....''strive''<br> '''yagblokea'''....''long-suffering'' |- |'''yan-'''....''co(n)-, fellow-, -mate''||'''yanzena'''....''concentric''<br> '''yanyeker'''....''compete''<br> '''yandit'''....''fellow-citizen'' |- |'''yao(b/p)-'''....''up-and-down''||'''yaopuyser'''....''skip''<br> '''yaopsim'''....''seesaw''<br> '''yaoblir'''....''elevator''<br> '''yaobaser'''....''bounce'' |- |'''ya(on)-'''....''six-, hexa-, sex-''||'''yaonat'''....''sextet''<br> '''yaongun'''....''hexagon''<br> '''yaona'''....''six-fold, sextuple''<br>'''yagol'''....''sextile'' |- |'''yaov-'''....''guilty-or-innocent''||'''yaovder'''....''adjudicate''<br> '''yaovdutyan'''....''jury''<br> '''yaovkader'''....''plead''<br> '''yaovyek'''....''trial'' |- |'''yaoz-'''....''serrated, bumpy, jagged''||'''yaozaxer'''....''serrate''<br> '''yaozgoblar'''....''saw''<br> '''yaozper'''....''bump along'' |- |'''yayb-'''....''supra-''||'''yaybdooba'''....''supranational'' |- |'''yayn-'''....''sex-, sixth''||'''yayna'''...''sixth'' |- |'''ye(on)-'''....''hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven-''||'''yejub'''....''week''<br> '''yeongun'''....''heptagon''<br> '''yeonat'''....''septuplet'' |- |'''ye(b/p)-'''....''en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro-''||'''yebuzaser'''....''.inflect''<br> '''yebzoytiibufa'''....''intravenous''<br> '''yebyujer'''....''enclode''<br> '''yebtayoba'''....''endodermal''<br> '''yeper'''....''enter''<br> '''yeber'''....''introduce'' |- |'''yeov-'''....''fair or not ''|| '''yeovdut'''....''umpire'' |- |'''yeyb-'''....''intra-''||'''yeybmepyan'''....''intranet''<br> '''yeybdoeba'''....''intrastate'' |- |'''ye-'''....''hepto-, seven-, septi-''||'''yejub'''....''week'' |- |'''yeyn-'''....''seventh''|| '''yeynxer'''....''split into sevenths'' |- |'''yez'''....''para-, alongside''|| '''yezteptun'''....''parapsychology''<br>'''yezuper'''....''come alongside'' |- |'''yi(on)-'''....''oct-, eight-''||'''yiona'''...''eight-fold''<br>''octuple'' |- |'''yib-'''....''far-, tele-, remote''||'''yibsin'''....''televison''<br> '''yibteata'''....''far-sighted''<br> '''yibtrawa'''....''famous'' |- |'''yibaj-'''....''archai-, archeo-, ancient''||'''yibajtun'''....''archaeology'','''yibajtun'''....''archeology'' |- |'''yiyn-'''....''eighth''||'''yiynxer'''....''divide into eighths'' |- |'''yiz-'''....''beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-''||'''yiztyun'''...''metaphor''<br> '''yizeza'''....''paranormal''<br> '''yizmeirat'''....''extraterrestrial''<br> '''yizseux'''....''utrasound'' |- |'''yoon-'''....''five-, penta-, quint-''||'''yoongun'''....''pentagon''<br> '''yoongol'''...''quintile''<br> '''yoon'''....''group of five''<br> ''quintet'' |- |'''yo(b/p)-'''....''down-, hypo-, sub-''||'''yobdom'''...''downtown''<br> '''yoper'''....''go down''<br> '''yobgoler'''....''subdivide'' |- |'''yon-'''....''apart, dis-, se-''||'''yonzyaber'''....''disperse''<br> '''yonxer'''....''separate''<br> '''yonsauna'''....''distinct'' |- |'''yoyn-'''....''fifth-, quinti-''||'''yoynnaga'''....''quintic''<br> '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' |- |'''yu(n)-'''....''nine-, nona-''||'''yunapa'''....''ninth (in order)''<br> '''yungunid'''....''nonagon''<br> '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' |- |'''yub-'''....''near-, proxi-, para-''||'''yuboj'''....''near future''<br> '''yubna'''....''next''<br> '''yubteas'''....''closeup (view)''<br> '''yubge'''....''almost''<br> '''yubfia'''....''intimate''<br> '''yubgeser'''....''approximate''<br>'''yubdopa'''....''paramilitary'' |- |'''yui(b/p)-'''....''near-and-far''||'''yuibjo'''....''sooner or later''<br> '''yuibteabar'''....''bifocals''<br> '''yuipoper'''....''travel near and far'' |- |'''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut''||'''yuijar'''....''valve''<br> '''yuijer'''....''blink'', ''wink''<br> '''manyuijer'''....''blink''<br> '''makyuijar'''....''switch'' |- |'''yuyb-'''....''quasi-, pen-, almost''||'''yuybyonmel'''....''peninsula''<br> '''yuybega'''....''quasi-normal'' |- |'''yuon-'''....''ninth-, novi-''||'''yuonat'''....''nonuplet'' |- |'''yuz-'''....''circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round-''||'''yuzper'''....''circulate''<br> '''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br> '''yuzof'''....''wrap-around''<br> '''yuznadrer'''....''circumscribe'' |- |'''za-'''....''ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro-, north''||'''zatim'''....''antechamber''<br> '''zamimuf'''....''foremast''<br> '''zagab'''....''prefix''<br> '''zajuber'''....''procrastinate''<br>'''zamer'''....''north'' |- |'''zao-'''....''back-and-forth, front-and-back''||'''zaopaser'''....''wobble''<br> '''zaokuper'''....''slalom''<br> '''zaopyoser'''....''pendulate'' |- |'''zay-'''....''forth-, pro-, forward, ahead''||'''zaypuyser'''....''skip ahead''<br> '''zaypuxer'''....''propel''<br> '''zayper'''....''go forward, procede''<br> '''zayupea'''....''forthcoming'' |- |'''ze-'''....''mid-, central, medio-''||'''zetej'''....''midlife''<br> '''zepoxer'''....''interrupt, stop midway''<br> '''zetem'''....''central hall'' |- |'''zey-'''....''cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, across''||'''zeyper'''....''transit, get across''<br> '''zeynod'''....''crosspoint''<br> '''zeytyun'''....''metaphor'' |- |'''zi-'''....''right, east, dextro-''||'''zim'''....''right side''<br>'''zimera'''....''eastern'' |- |'''zo-'''....''back-, hind-, retro-, south''||'''zotib'''....''back''<br> '''zotiub'''....''hindquarters''<br> '''zonapa'''....''retrograde''<br>'''zomer'''....''south'' |- |'''zoy-'''....''back-, retro-, re-''||'''zoyper'''....''recede, go back''<br> '''zoybeler'''....''carry back''<br> '''zoyzyublen'''....''backspin'' |- |'''zu-'''....''left-, west-''||'''zutinut'''....''leftist''<br> '''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zumera'''....''western'' |- |'''zui-'''....''left-and-right, zig-zag, east-west''||'''zuibyoser'''....''dangle, hang left-and-right''<br> '''zuiper'''....''zigzag''<br> '''zuituyaba'''....''ambidextrous''<br>'''zuimera'''....''east-west'' |- |'''zya-'''....''-wide, wide-, broad-, all about''||'''zyauber'''....''broadcast''<br> '''zyateaba'''....''wide-eyed''<br> '''zyasauna'''....''general''<br> '''zyapoper'''....''cruise, wander''<br> '''zyamira'''....''global, worldwide'' |- |'''zye-'''....''per-, thorough-, thru-, trans-''||'''zyetejer'''....''live through, experience''<br> '''zyeteaxer'''....''peruse''<br> '''zyeteatyafwa'''....''transparent''<br> '''zyemep'''....''thoroughfare''<br> '''zyeper'''....''permeate, transit'' |- |'''zyo-'''....''narrow, steno-'' || '''zyotepa'''....''narrow-minded''<br>'''zyoteat'''....''tunnel vision''<br>'''zyoyija'''....''stenopeic'' |- |'''zyu-'''....''cyclo-, rot-, round-, gyro''||'''zyutim'''....''rotunda''<br> '''zyusem'''....''roundtable''<br> '''zyuper'''....''cycle, gyrate, rotate'' |} ==== Suffixes ==== : Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes. : '''Semantic Stub Suffixes''' ::: Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Stub Suffixes |- valign=top ! Suffix Stub !! Suffix Full Form !! Suffixed Example < Base Word |- | '''-il'''....''liquid, drink'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''teab<u>il</u>'''....''tear''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teub<u>il</u>'''....''saliva''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''tayeb<u>il</u>'''....''sweat''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayeb'''....''skin''<br>'''mam<u>il</u>'''....''rain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mam'''....''sky'' |- | '''-al'''....''gas'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''tieb<u>al</u>'''....''breath''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' |- | '''-(e)l'''....''food'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''sup<u>el</u>'''....''pork''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''<u>sup</u>et'''....''swine''<br>'''ta<u>ol</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''taob'''....''flesh''<br>'''fe<u>l</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''feb'''....''fruit'' |- | '''-ul'''....''stuff'' || '''mul'''....''substance'' || '''vix<u>ul</u>'''....''cosmetic''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vix-'''....''to beautify''<br>'''bek<u>ul</u>'''....''medecine''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment'' |- | '''-yel'''....''oil, gel, wax, pulp'' || '''yel'''....''oil'' || '''olf<u>yel</u>'''....''olive oil''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''olfeb'''....''olive''<br>'''appelat<u>yel</u>'''....''wax''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''appelat'''....''bee''<br>'''mag<u>yel</u>'''....''grease''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mag'''....''fire''<br>'''bek<u>yel</u>'''....''salve''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment''<br>'''meg<u>yel</u>'''....''cement''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''meg'''....''stone''<br>'''yan<u>yel</u>'''....''paste''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yan'''....''together'' |- | '''-am'''....''house'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''apat<u>am</u>'''....''chicken coop''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apat'''....''chicken''<br>'''apellat<u>am</u>'''....''beehive''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apellat'''....''bee''<br>'''melyex<u>am</u>'''....''farmhouse''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''melyex'''....''agriculture''<br>'''datib<u>am</u>'''....''hostel''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''datib'''....''guest-reception'' |- | '''-(e)m'''....''place'' || '''nem'''....''place'' || '''vobyex<u>em</u>'''....''plantation, farm''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vob'''....''plant'' + '''yex'''....''work''<br>'''vab<u>em</u>'''....''field''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ab'''....''above, upper''<br>'''ze<u>m</u>'''....''middle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ze(a)'''....''middle'' <br> '''tim'''....''room'' |- | '''-im'''....''room'' || '''tim'''....''room'' || '''tul<u>im</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tul'''....''cuisine''<br>'''tuj<u>im</u>'''....''bedroom''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tuj'''....''sleep'' |- | '''-um'''....''cell, booth'' || '''tum'''....''compartment''|| '''pex<u>um</u>'''....''cage''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pexer'''....''catch''<br>'''ilzyapux<u>um</u>'''....''shower stall''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ilzyapux'''....''shower'' |- | '''-yem'''....''space'' || '''nyem'''....''enclosure'' || '''yom<u>yem</u>'''....''icebox''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yom'''....''ice'' |- | '''-yeb'''....''container'' || '''nyeb'''....''container'' || '''z<u>yeb</u>'''....''bottle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zye(f)'''....''glass''<br>'''vos<u>yeb</u>'''....''vase''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vos'''....''flower'' |- | '''-of'''....''material'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''t<u>of</u>'''....''clothes''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''t-'''....''human''<br>'''mis<u>of</u>'''....''curtain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mis'''....''window''<br>'''fa<u>of</u>'''....''wood''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''fa(b)-'''....''tree''<br>'''tay<u>of</u>'''....''leather''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayo(b)'''....''skin'' |- | '''-ov'''....''linen'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tey<u>ov</u>'''....''collar''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck'' |- | '''-ar'''....''instrument'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' ||'''p<u>ar</u>'''....''cart''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''p-'''....''motion''<br>'''zyup<u>ar</u>'''....''rotor''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyup'''....''turn''<br>'''gobr<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gobrar'''....''cut''<br>'''jwob<u>ar</u>'''....''watch''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-ir'''....''machine'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''dr<u>ir</u>'''....''typewriter''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dr-'''....''write''<br>'''gwob<u>ir</u>'''....''clock'' |- | '''-ur'''....''large machine'' || '''sur'''....''engine'' || '''p<u>ur</u>r'''....''car''<br>'''jwob<u>ur</u>r'''....''grandfather clock''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-(u)n'''....''thing'' || '''sun'''....''thing'' || '''d<u>un</u>'''....''word''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''d-'''....''utter, say''<br>'''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''piece, scrap''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gofrer'''....''rip, shread, tear''<br>'''zyi<u>un</u>'''....''plaque, plate''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyia'''....''flat''<br>'''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vyua'''....''dirty'' |- | '''-on'''....''abstract thing'' || '''son'''....''issue'' || '''yov<u>on</u>'''....''tort, wrong''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yov'''....''guilt'' |- | '''yen'''....''manner, kind'' || '''byen'''....''manner'' || '''tex<u>yen</u>'''....''opinion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tex'''....''thought''<br>'''hi<u>yen</u>'''....''this way, thus''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''hi-'''....''this''<br>'''es<u>yen</u>'''....''status''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''es-'''....''exist'' |- | '''-in'''....''-ism'' || '''tin'''....''doctrine'' || '''tot<u>in</u>'''....''theism, religion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tot-'''....''god''<br>'''Krist<u>in</u>'''....''Christianity''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Krist'''....''Christ''<br>'''vyisat<u>in</u>'''....''puritanism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vysiat'''....''puritan, clean person''<br>'''oytof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''oytofa'''....''nude'' |- | '''-ufyeg'''....''cylinder'' || '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' || '''man<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''candle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''man'''....''light''<br>'''tiib<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''artery''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tiib'''....''heart''<br>'''mil<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''toilet''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mil'''....''water''<br>'''mov<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''cheminee''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mov'''....''smoke'' |- | '''-ab'''....''government'' || '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dit<u>ab</u>'''....''democracy''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dit'''....''citizen'' |- | '''-eb'''....''leader'' || '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''x<u>eb</u>'''....''boss''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''x-'''....''do''<br>'''tam<u>eb</u>'''....''master of the house''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tam'''....''house'' |- | '''-ub'''....''branch'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''pat<u>ub</u>'''....''wing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | '''-ad'''....''language'' || '''-a''' + '''d(alzeyn)'''....''language'' || '''Frans<u>ad</u>'''....''French (language)'' |- | '''-uz'''....''jewelry'' || '''nuz'''....''jewel'' || '''teyob<u>uz</u>'''....''necklace''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck''<br>'''teeb<u>uz</u>'''....''earring''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teeb'''....''ear'' |- | '''-u(er)'''....''give'' || '''buer'''....''give'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>er'''....''exhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-i(er)'''....''take'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''tiebal<u>i</u>er'''....''inhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-ui(er)'''....''exchange'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>ier'''....''breathe''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |} ==== Derviational Suffixes ==== ::: Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivational Suffixes |- ! Derivational<br>Suffix !! Function || Base Word <br><br>--> Suffixed<br>Derivation |- | '''-er''' || Noun <br>--> Verbal Infinitive || '''sag'''....''count'' <big><br>--></big> '''sag<u>er</u>'''....''to count'' |- | '''-n''' || Present Tense Verb <br>--> Verbal Noun (Gerund)<br>Adjective <br>--> Abstract Noun || '''yexe'''....''(he/she/...) works'' <big><br>--></big> '''yexe<u>n</u>'''....''working''<br>'''via'''....''beautiful'' <big><br>--></big> '''via<u>n</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yuba'''....''near'' <big><br>--></big> '''yuba<u>n</u>'''....''proximity, nearness'' |- | '''-a''' || Noun <br>--> Adjective<br>Active Verb<br>--> Verbal Adjective (Present Participle)<br>Past Passive Verb <br>--> Perfect Passive Participle (Adjective)||'''mor'''....''universe'' <big><br>--></big> '''mor<u>a</u>'''....''universal''<br>'''ake'''....''wins'' <big><br>--></big> '''ake<u>a</u>'''....''winning''<br>'''teatwa'''....''was seen'' <big><br>--></big>'''teatwa<u>a</u>''' (or, shortened to: '''teatw<u>a</u>'''....''seen'') |- | '''-ya''' || INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM <br>--> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE || '''ip-'''....''go away'' <big><br>--></big> '''ip<u>ya</u>'''....''gone away'' |- | '''-yea''' || VERB STEM <br>--> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE) || '''zaypas-'''....''progress'' <big><br>--></big> '''zaypas<u>yea</u>'''....''progressive'' |- | '''-y''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ADVERB || '''iga'''....''quick'' <big><br>--></big> '''iga<u>y</u>'''....''quickly''<br>'''tea-'''....''knowing''<big><br>--></big>'''tea<u>y</u>'''....''knowingly'' |- | '''-ut''' || VERB STEM <br>--> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''one who Xes, -er'' || '''ak-'''....''win'' <big><br>--></big> '''ak<u>ut</u>''' ....''winner'' |- | '''-us''' || VERB STEM <br>--> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''thing that Xes, -er'' || '''gol-'''....''divide'' <big><br>--></big> '''gol<u>us</u>''' ....''divisor'' |- |- '''-t''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ANIMATE NOUN (human, one who is...) || '''yibtrawa'''....''well-known'' <big>-<br>--></big>'''yibtrawa<u>t</u>'''....''celebrity'' |- |- '''-s''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> INANIMATE NOUN (thing, something X) || '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big><br>--></big>'''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery'' |} ::: <small>*Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker '''-i''' fall under the latter category.</small> ==== Normal Semantic Suffixes==== :* Augmentative Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Augmentative Suffixes |- ! Augmentative Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-ag''' (augmentative) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamag'''....''mansion'' |- | '''-ayg''' (affectionate augmentative) || '''sem'''....''chair'' || '''semayg'''....''big old chair'' |- | '''-yag''' (pejorative augmentative) || '''apet'''....''horse'' || '''apetyag'''....''nag'' |} :* Diminutive Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Diminutive Suffixes |- ! Diminutive Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-og''' (diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamog'''....''hut'' |- | '''-oyg''' (affectionate diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamoyg'''....''cottage'' |- | '''-yog''' (pejorative diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamyog'''....''shack'' |- | '''-et''' (a smaller person) || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' |- | '''-es''' (thing of lesser importance) || '''nas'''....''money'' || '''nases'''....''change, coin'' |- | '''-ud''' (child of, offspring) || '''tob'''....''man'' || '''tobud'''....''infant'' |} :* Semantic Adjectival Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Adjectival Suffixes |- ! Adjectival Suffix !! Meaning !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-a''' || '''mor'''....''universe'' || ''related to, -al, -ic'' || '''mora'''....''universal'' |- | '''-aya''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekaya'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-oya''' || '''vyun'''....''spot'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''vyunoya'''....''spotless'' |- | '''-ika''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekika'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-uka''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''miekuka'''....''dust-free'' |- | '''-yea''' || '''vyod'''....''lie'' || ''given to doing X, -ive'' || '''vyodyea'''....''mendacious, given to lying'' |- | '''-yena''' || '''tat'''....''angel'' || ''like, -ly, -ic'' || '''tatyena'''....''angelic'' |} :* Other Semantic Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Other Semantic Suffixes |- ! Suffix !! Base Word || Derivation |- | '''-tun'''....''science, ...ology'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>tun</u>'''....''biology'' |- | '''-tut'''....''-ologist, expert, -ist'' || '''dar'''....''language'' || '''dar<u>tut</u>'''....''linquist'' |- | '''-tuin'''....''theory'' || '''tob'''....''mar'' || '''mar<u>tuin</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | '''-yan'''....''collection, aggregate'' || '''fab'''....''tree''|| '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest'' |- |'''-tyen'''....''trade, -ics'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''sir<u>tyen</u>'''....''mechanics'' |- | '''-if'''....''pet name'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''twed<u>if</u>'''....''papa'' |- | '''ifa'''....''-philic, -loving'' || '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''dyes<u>ifa</u>'''....''bibliophilic'' |- | '''ifwa'''....''liked by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ifwa</u>'''....''popular'' |- | '''ufa'''....''-phobic, -hating'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>ufa</u>'''....''misogynous'' |- | '''ufwa'''....''hated by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ufwa</u>'''....''unpopular'' |- | '''yafa'''....''able to'' || '''tyoyap-'''....''walk'' || '''tyoyap<u>yafa</u>'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''yafwa'''....''possible to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yafwa</u>'''....''visible'' |- | '''yofa'''....''unable to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yofa</u>'''....''blind'' |- | '''yofwa'''....''impossible to'' || '''dye-'''....''read'' || '''dye<u>yofwa</u>'''....''illegible'' |- | '''yika'''....''hard of...ing'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yika</u>'''....''hard of hearing'' |- | '''yikwa'''....''hard to'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yikwa</u>'''....''hard to hear'' |- | '''yuka'''....''easy at...ing'' || '''vatex-'''....''believe'' || '''vatex<u>yuka</u>'''....''gullible'' |- | '''yukwa'''....''easily...ed'' || '''test-'''....''understand'' || '''test<u>yukwa</u>'''....''easily understood'' |- | '''yufa'''....''fearful of, -phobic'' || '''tot'''....''god'' || '''tot<u>yufa</u>'''....''god-fearing'' |- | '''yufwa'''....''feared'' || '''hyat'''....''everybody'' || '''hyat<u>yufwa</u>'''....''feared by all'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''efa'''....''needful of'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''tel<u>efa</u>'''....''hungry'' |- | '''efwa'''....''necessary to'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>efa</u>'''....''vital'' |- | '''yefa'''....''duty-bound to, -worthy of'' || '''dud'''....''answer'' || '''dud<u>yefa</u>'''....''responsible'' |- | '''yefwa'''....''due, -worthy of'' || '''fid-'''....''laud'' || '''fid<u>yefwa</u>'''....''praiseworthy'' |- | '''afa'''....''authorized to'' || '''dokebi-'''....''vote'' || '''dokebi<u>afa</u>'''....''franchised'' |- | '''ofwa'''....''prohibited to'' || '''movi-'''....''smoke'' || '''movi<u>ofwa</u>gonem'''....''no-smoking zone'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''yivwa'''....''free to be ...ed'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yivwa</u>'''....''optional'' |- | '''yuva'''....''bound'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tam<u>yuva</u>'''....''house-bound'' |- | '''ova'''....''resistant, anti-'' || '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution'' || '''aagdovyab<u>ova</u>'''....''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''ava'''....''in favor of, pro-'' || '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' || '''tyodab<u>ava</u>'''....''pro-democracy'' |- | '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''toos'''....''gender'' || '''toos<u>eva</u>'''....''gender-neutral'' |} === Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling === : Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called '''''first-level ordinal scaling'''''. ==== First-level Ordinal Scaling ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ First-level Ordinal Scaling |- valign=top ! ORDINAL VOWEL !! t...b !! m...r !! j...b !! m...s !! t...m !! d...b || f...b || s...m || d...t || t...d |- !row=1| '''o''' = 0 |'''tob'''<br>''man'' || '''mor'''<br>''universe'' || '''job'''<br>''time'' || '''mos'''<br>''floor''|| '''tom'''<br>''building'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' || '''fob'''<br>''plant'' || '''som'''<br>''furniture''||'''dot'''<br>''society''||'''tod'''<br>''family'' |- !row=1| '''a''' = 1 |'''tab'''<br>''body'' || '''mar'''<br>''sun'' || '''jab'''<br>''year'' || '''mas'''<br>''wall'' || '''tam'''<br>''house'' || '''dab'''<br>''government'' || '''fab'''<br>''tree'' || '''sam'''<br>''armoire''||'''dat'''<br>''friend'' || '''tad'''<br>''spouse'' |- !row=1| '''e''' = 2 |'''teb'''<br>''head'' || '''mer'''<br>''planet'' || '''jeb'''<br>''season''|| '''mes'''<br>''door'' || '''tem'''<br>''hall'' || '''deb'''<br>''leader'' || '''feb'''<br>''fruit'' || '''sem'''<br>''table''||'''det'''<br>''associate'' || '''ted'''<br>''parent'' |- !row=1| '''i''' = 3 |'''tib'''<br>''trunk'' || '''mir'''<br>''earth'' || '''jib'''<br>''month'' || '''mis'''<br>''window'' || '''tim'''<br>''room'' || '''dib'''<br>''office'' || '''fib'''<br>''tree trunk'' || '''sim'''<br>''chair''||'''dit'''<br>''citizen'' || '''tid'''<br>''sibling'' |- !row=1| '''u''' = 4 |'''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''mur'''<br>''moon'' || '''jub'''<br>''day'' || '''mus'''<br>''stairs'' || '''tum'''<br>''cell'' || '''dub'''<br>''minister'' || '''fub'''<br>''branch'' || '''sum'''<br>''bed''||'''dut'''<br>''gentleperson'' || '''tud'''<br>''child'' |- !row=1| '''yo''' = 5 |'''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || || '''jyob*'''<br>''hour'' || || || || '''fyob'''<br>''root'' || || || '''tyod'''<br>''people'' |} ::: <small>* The palatal glide '''y''' in these words, which follows a palatal '''j''' is hard to pronounce, so the '''y''' is replaced with a '''w''', giving '''jwob''', '''jwab''', and '''jweb'''.</small> ==== Second-level Ordinal Scaling ==== :: A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding an ordinal vowel immediately after a word's stem vowel. ::: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Second-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''mi...p''' !! '''me...p''' !! '''tu...b''' !! '''tyo...b'''!! '''ma...f''' !! '''me...g''' !! '''do...b''' |- | '''mip'''<br>''river'' || '''mep'''<br>''way'' || '''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' || '''meg'''<br>''stone'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' |- | '''mi<u>a</u>p'''<br>''stream'' || '''meap'''<br>''road'' || '''tuab'''<br>''shoulder'' || '''tyoab'''<br>''hip''|| '''maaf'''<br>''stratus'' || '''meag'''<br>''marble'' || '''doab'''...''fatherland'' |- | '''mi<u>e</u>p'''<br>''brook'' || '''meep'''<br>''path'' || '''tueb'''<br>''upper arm'' || '''tyoeb'''<br>''thigh''|| '''maef'''<br>''cumulus'' || '''meeg'''<br>''slate'' || '''doeb'''<br>''province, state'' |- | '''mi<u>i</u>p'''<br>''rivulet'' || '''meip'''<br>''trail'' || '''tuib'''<br>''elbow'' || '''tyoib'''<br>''knee''|| '''maif'''<br>''stratocumulus'' || '''meig'''<br>''granite'' || '''doib'''<br>''county, shire'' |- | '''mi<u>u</u>p'''<br>''torrent'' || '''meup'''<br>''track'' || '''tuub'''<br>''forearm'' || '''tyoub'''<br>''shin''|| '''mauf'''<br>''cumulonimbus'' || '''meug'''<br>''clay, dough'' || '''doub'''<br>''district'' |- | '''mi<u>yo</u>p'''<br>''trickle'' || || '''tuyob'''<br>''wrist'' || '''tyoyob'''<br>''ankle''||'''mayof'''<br>''nimbostatus'' || '''meyog'''<br>''china'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ya</u>b'''<br>''hand'' || '''tyoyab'''<br>''foot''||'''mayaf'''<br>''altostratus'' || '''meyag'''<br>''chalk'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ye</u>b'''<br>''fist'' || '''tyoyeb'''<br>''heel''|| '''mayef'''<br>''altocumulus'' || '''meyeg'''<br>''limestone'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yi</u>b'''<br>''palm'' || '''tyoyib'''<br>''sole''|| '''mayif'''<br>''cirrus'' || '''meyig'''<br>''alabaster'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yu</u>b'''<br>''finger'' || '''tyoyub'''<br>''toe''|| '''mayuf'''<br>''cirrostratus'' || '''meyug'''<br>''gypsum''|| |- | || || '''tu<u>lo</u>b'''<br>''fingernail'' || '''tyolob'''<br>''toenail''||'''malof'''<br>''cirrocumulus'' || |} ==== Third-level Ordinal Scaling ==== ::: A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing an ordinal number vowel to the word. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Third-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | '''<u>a</u>tuyub'''....''thumb'' |- | '''<u>e</u>tuyub'''....''index'' |- | '''<u>i</u>tuyub'''....''middle finger'' |- | '''<u>u</u>tuyub'''....''ring finger'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>tuyub'''....''pinky'' |} ::: So, to sum up, we have: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:6.4em; font-size:smaller" |+ Summary of Scaling |- ! '''t...b''' !! '''tob''' = ''human being'' |- | FIRST-LEVEL || '''tub'''....''arm'' |- | SECOND-LEVEL || '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | THIRD-LEVEL || '''atuyub'''....''thumb'' |} ==== Scaling with Prefixed Numbering ==== ::: We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words by prefixing an ordinal vowel even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first level usually begins with '''a'''. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefix Numbering |- ! align=left | NUMBER || '''dob'''....''state'' !! '''deb'''....''leader'' !! '''mez'''....''gem'' !! '''mer'''....''planet'' || '''maf'''....''cloud'' || '''sagtun'''....''mathematics'' |- ! 1 | '''<u>a</u>dob'''....''empire'' || '''adeb'''....''emperor'' || '''amez'''....''diamond'' || '''Amer'''....''Mercury'' || '''amaf'''....''nimbus'' || '''asagtun'''....''arithmetic'' |- ! 2 | '''<u>e</u>dob'''....''kingdom'' || '''edeb'''....''king'' || '''emez'''....''topaz'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' || '''emaf'''....''stratus'' || '''esagtun'''....''geometry'' |- ! 3 | '''<u>i</u>dob'''....''principality'' || '''ideb'''....''prince'' || '''imez'''....''ruby'' || '''Imer'''....''Earth'' || '''imaf'''....''nimbostatus'' || '''isagtun'''....''algebra'' |- ! 4 | '''<u>u</u>dob'''....''duchy'' || '''udeb'''....''duke'' || '''umez'''....''emerald'' ||'''Umer'''....''Mars'' || '''umaf'''....''cumulus'' || '''usagtun'''....''trigonometry'' |- ! 5 | '''<u>yo</u>dob'''....''marquisate'' || '''yodeb'''....''marquis'' || '''yomez'''....''saphire'' || '''Yomer'''....''Jupiter'' || '''yomaf'''....''cumulostatus'' || '''yosagtun'''....''calculus'' |- ! 6 | '''<u>ya</u>dob'''....''county'' || '''yadeb'''....''count'' || '''yamez'''....''lapis lazuli'' || '''Yamer'''....''Saturn'' || '''yamaf'''....''stratocumulus'' || |- ! 7 | '''<u>ye</u>dob'''....''dominion'' || '''yedeb'''....''lord'' || '''yemez'''....''amthyst'' || '''Yemer'''....''Uranus'' || '''yemaf'''....''altocumulus'' || |- ! 8 | '''<u>yi</u>dob'''....''viscounty'' || '''yideb'''....''viscount'' || '''yimez'''....''amber'' ||'''Yimer'''....''Pluto'' || '''yimaf'''....''altostratus'' || |- ! 9 | '''<u>yu</u>dob'''....''barony'' || '''yudeb'''....''baron'' || '''yumez'''....''topaz'' || || '''yumaf'''....''cirrocumulus'' || |- ! 10 | '''<u>alo</u>dob'''....''tribe'' || '''alodeb'''....''tribal chief'' || '''alomez'''....''opal'' || || '''alomaf'''....''cirrus'' || |} === Rule #4: Overlapping === : When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in '''''overlapping''''' or a '''''portmanteau'''''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Overlapping in Compounds |- ! First Word !! Second Word !! Portmanteau |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''mep'''....''road'' || '''domep'''....''boulevard'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''teub'''....''mouth'' || '''pateub'''....''beak'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''patub'''....''wing'' |- | '''teupib'''....''tooth'' || '''byok'''....''pain'' || '''teypibyok'''....''toothache'' |} : In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided. === Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels === : When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an '''o''', replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word. : Examples: ::* '''edob'''....''kingdom'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''edeb'''....''monarch'' ('''edweb'''....''king'', '''edeyb'''....''queen'') ::* '''udob'''....''principality'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''udeb'''....''prince'' ('''udweb'''....''prince'', '''udeyb'''....''princess'') : By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant: : Examples: : '''mil'''....''water'' + '''mal'''....''air'' -> '''mial'''....''vapor, steam'' === Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants === : When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant. : Example: <b>to<u>b</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D8;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-b</b> = <i>organism</i>) (<b>t-</b> = <i>human</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>tof</b>....<i>clothing, apparel</i> (<b>n-</b> = <i>commercial</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>nof</b>....<i>cloth, fabric</i> <b>no<u>f</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D7;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-f</b> = <i>cloth</i>) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Swapping Generic Consonants |- ! Base Word 1 !! Base Word 2 !! Derived Word |- | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tov'''....''lingerie'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''taf'''....''suit'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tef'''....''hat'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tif'''....''vest'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tyoyaf'''....''shoe'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tuyaf'''....''glove'' |- | '''doob'''^*....''nation'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''doof'''....''flag'' |- | '''taob'''^*....''flesh'' || '''tol'''....''food'' || '''taol'''....''meat'' |} :<small>* This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.</small> === Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender === : Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix '''w''' and the feminine infix '''y'''. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''w'''. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''y'''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Marking Animate Nouns for Gender |- ! Gender-Neutral !! Male !! Female |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''young person'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''it'''....''he/she/it'' || '''wit'''....''he'' || '''iyt'''....''she'' |- | '''apat'''....''cock'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''toob'''....''gender'' || '''twoob'''....''male'' || '''tooyb'''....''female'' |} ::* Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for women, rather than men, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Making Inanimate Objects Female-related |- ! Male-oriented or Neutral !! Female-oriented |- | '''taf'''....''suit'' || '''tayf'''....''dress'' |- | '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' || '''tyoyayv'''....''stockings'' |- | '''tiav'''....''shirt'' || '''tiayv'''....''blouse'' |} ::* Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Body Parts Genderized |- ! Neutral !! Male-oriented !! Female-oriented |- | '''tilab'''....''breast'' || '''twilab'''....''male breast'' || '''tilayb'''....''female breast'' |- | || '''twiyib'''....''testicals'' || '''tiyiyb'''....''ovary'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''sexual organ'' || '''twiyub'''....''penis'' || '''tiyuyb'''....''vagina'' |} ::* In nouns that end in '''-ut''', the agentive suffix meaning ''-er, one who...'', the nouns can be feminized by changing '''-ut''' to '''-uyt''', eg. '''dezut'''....''actor'' -> '''dezuyt'''....''actress''. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing '''-ut''' with '''w''' to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the '''w''' can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like '''dezut''' can mean ''actor'' of neutral or male gender. ::* Animate nouns having the ending '''-et''' (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding '''w''' or '''y''' to the semantic base of the word, eg. '''tobet'''....''child, youth'' -> '''toybet'''....''girl'' or '''twobet'''....''boy''. === Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels === : A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings. : Geo-specific Vowels: <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* '''o'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''outer space, abstract object, initial stuff''' ::* '''a'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sky, air, gas''' ::* '''e'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''land, soil, solid''' ::* '''i'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sea, water, liquid''' ::* '''u'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''underground, mineral, concrete object, other''' </div> :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels |- ! !!'''m...p''' !! '''m...m''' !! '''d...p''' !! '''p...t''' !! '''m...l''' !! '''m...r''' |- ! Space | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''space'' || '''dop'''....''military'' || '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''mol'''....''nature'' || '''mor'''....''universe'' |- ! Sky | '''map'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''dap'''....''air force'' || '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''mar'''....''star'' |- ! Land | '''mep'''....''road''|| '''mem'''....''land''|| '''dep'''....''army'' || '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''mer'''....''planet'' |- ! Water | '''mip'''....''river''|| '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''dip'''....''marine force'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mir'''....''world'' |- ! Underground (or other) | '''mup'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || || || '''mul'''....''stuff'' || '''mur'''....''moon'' |} : This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Hybrids|Hybrids]] for more on this subject. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Hybrid nouns |- ! First-level Derivation !! + Geospecific Vowel !! Second-level Derivation |- | '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''i'''....''water, sea''|| '''pe<u>i</u>t'''....''aquatic mammal'' |- | '''pelt'''....''insect'' || '''a'''....''air, sky''|| '''pel<u>a</u>t'''....''flying insect'' |- | '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''i'''....''water, sea'' || '''me<u>i</u>l'''....''mud'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''a'''....''air, gas'' || '''mi<u>a</u>l'''....''vapor'' |} === Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels === : The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Vectorial Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact. :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" border="0" |+ Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''amer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''baer'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''aber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''byaer'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''yaber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''omer'''....''south'' |- | '''o''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''boer'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''oper'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''pyoser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''yoper'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''uber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''pyuer'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''yuber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''byuser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''pier'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''yiper'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''pyiser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''emer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''eb'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''bexer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''up against, strike''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike'' |} ==== Special value of certain vowels ==== : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular'': ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual'' ::* '''anota'''....''alone, solitary'' ::* '''anay'''....''only'' ::* '''aun'''....''unit'' : The prefixes '''ya-''' or '''yan-''' meaning ''collection, plural'': ::* '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''yanot'''....''constituent'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' ::* '''yanotyan'''....''community'' ::* '''yan'''....''together'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yon'''....''apart'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' vs. '''yonota'''....''private'' ::* '''yanxer'''....''to combine'' vs. '''yonxer'''....''to separate'' === Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns === : Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning. : For example, the mnemonic '''eu''' pattern from the word for mouth, '''teud''' can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Mnemonic Pattern Derivation |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teub'''....''mouth'' !! Classifier !! Generic |- | '''teud'''....''shout'' || '''t''' = human || '''d''' = communication |- | '''teuz'''....''voice'' || '''t''' = human || '''z''' = art |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''d''' = communication || '''z''' = art |- | '''seuz'''....''tone'' || '''s''' = thing || '''z''' = art |- | '''seux'''....''sound'' || '''s''' = thing || '''x''' = action |- | '''xeus'''....''noise'' || '''x''' = action || '''s''' = thing |- | '''teuf'''....''muzzle'' || '''t''' = human || '''f''' = apparel |- | '''teuv'''....''mask'' || '''t''' = human || '''v''' = linen |- | '''teus'''....''taste''|| '''t''' = human || '''s''' = thing |- | '''deup'''....''rhythm''|| '''d''' = communication || '''p''' = ''motion'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teab'''....''eye'' !! '''(t)ea-''' = ''see'' !! Generic |- | '''teaper'''....''visit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teader'''....''witness'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teaxer'''....''look'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teaser'''....''seem'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teater'''....''see'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keaxer'''....''scan'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleaxer'''....''check'' || '''vyal-''' = ''certain''|| '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''yoneater'''....''distinguish'' || '''yon-''' = ''apart''|| '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''beaxer'''....''guard'' || '''be-''' = ''hold'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teatier'''....''perceive'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teatuer'''....''show'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teeb'''....''ear'' !! '''(t)ee-''' = ''hear'' !! Generic |- | '''teeper'''....''attend'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teeder'''....''testify'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teexer'''....''listen'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teeser'''....''sound (like)'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teeter'''....''hear'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keexer'''....''scan (acoustically)'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''koteexer'''....''snoop on'' || '''ko-''' = ''hide'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleexer'''....''sound out'' || '''vyal-''' = certain || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teetier'''....''get wind of'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teetuer'''....''make heard'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- | '''zyateetuer'''....''rumor'' || '''zya-''' = ''all around'' || '''-u-''' = objected-directed |} : A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Shortening Long Compounds |- ! Word 1 !! Word 2 !! Long Compound !! Shortened Compound |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''ekpeteuder''' || '''ekpeder'''....''neigh'' |- | '''serpyet'''....''snake'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''serpyeteuder''' || '''sepyeder'''....''hiss'' |- | '''vifeb'''....''grape'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''vifebil'''....''grape juice'' || '''vifil'''....''wine'' |- | '''povob'''....''grain'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''povobil''' || '''povil'''....''beer'' |} : Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ From Full Words to Stubs |- ! Compound !! New Stub !! Derivation |- | '''tilabil'''....''breast milk'' || '''bil'''....''milk''|| '''bilyug'''....''butter'' |- | '''fauf'''....''log'' || '''-uf'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''cylinder''|| '''muf'''....''rod, stick'' |- | '''zyeg'''....''hole'' || '''-yeg'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''hole'', ''hollow thing''|| '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' |} : The clipped word '''bil''' now gives rise to other compounds: ::* '''bilyig'''....''cheese'' ::* '''bilyigem'''....''cheese factory'' ::* '''bilyug'''....''butter'' ::* '''bilyugyena'''....''butter-like'' : The word '''mufyeg''' (Lit: hollow stick) means '''pipe, reed, cylinder''' === Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === : Words which follow Rule #11 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation. : These nuances are obtained by: :* Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel. :: These vowels are: ::: '''a''' for '''a''' and '''ya''' ::: '''e''' for '''e''' and '''ye''' ::: '''i''' for '''i''' and '''yi''' ::: '''o''' for '''o''' and '''yo''' ::: '''u''' for '''u''' and '''yu''' :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nad'''....''line'' || '''naad'''....''rail'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''doob'''....''nation'' |- | '''vyab'''....''rule'' || '''vyayab'''....''system'' |- | '''boka'''....''sick'' || '''booka'''....''tired'' |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || '''noog'''....''phase'' |- | '''bil'''....''milk'' || '''biil'''....''juice'' |} :* Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''less''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deintensification with Post-y-gliding |- ! Word !! Mitigated Derivation |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''iyfer'''....''like'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''iyva'''....''glad'' |- | '''zyutom'''....''tower'' || '''zyutoym'''....''turret'' |- | '''ama'''....''hot'' || '''ayma'''....''warm'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''oyma'''....''cool'' |} :* Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''greater''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding |- ! Word !! Enhanced Derivation |- | '''pot'''....''wild animal'' || '''pyot'''....''predator animal'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pyat'''....''bird of prey'' |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''yoma'''....''frozen'' |- | '''nuxer'''....''pay'' || '''nyuxer'''....''deliver'' |- | '''nexer'''....''save'' || '''nyexer'''....''store'' |} :* Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid '''l''' or the further intensifying liquid '''r''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with L and R |- ! Word !! L-Intensitifed || R-Intensified |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''ifler'''....''be fond of'' || '''ifrer'''....''adore'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''ivla'''....''content'' || '''ivra'''....''delighted'' |- | '''vaa'''....''affirmative'' || '''vlaa'''....''sure'' || '''vraa'''....''indubitable'' |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agla'''....''huge'' || '''agra'''....''immense'' |- | '''ga'''....''more'' || '''gala'''....''multiple'' || '''gara'''....''exponential'' |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press'' || '''barer'''....''crush'' |- | '''yexer'''....''work'' || '''yexler'''....''labor'' || '''yexrer'''....''toil, slave'' |- | '''yixer'''....''use'' || '''yixler'''....''hire'' || '''yixrer'''....''exploit'' |} :* Adding consonants other than '''l''' or '''r''' as the generic consonant: : Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like '''t''', '''f''', '''s''', '''k''', and '''z''' are used, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with Other Consonants |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fika'''....''perfect''<br>'''fira'''....''excellent'' |- | '''fua'''....''bad'' || '''futa'''....''wicked''<br>'''fura'''....''rotten'' |- | '''gea'''....''equal'' || '''geta'''....''identical''<br>'''gela'''....''alike'' |- | '''vyaa'''....''true'' || '''vyaka'''....''correct''<br>'''vyama'''....''real'' |- | '''vyoa'''....''false'' || '''vyoka'''....''incorrect''<br>'''vyoma'''....''fake'' |- | '''yiga'''....''hard'' || '''yigza'''....''sour''<br>'''yigla'''....''brusk''<br>'''yigra'''....''brutal'' |- | '''yuga'''....''soft'' || '''yugfa'''....''smooth''<br>'''yugla'''....''tender''<br>'''yugra'''....''mild'' |} :* Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nab'''....''row'' || '''nap'''....''order'' |- | '''vyava'''....''just'' || '''vyafa'''....''precise'' |- | '''jwab'''....''minute'' || '''jwap'''....''moment'' |- | '''jweb'''....''second'' || '''jwep'''....''instant'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''tap'''....''physique'' |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''top'''....''soul, animus'' |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' |- | '''naz'''....''value'' || '''nas'''....''money'' |- | '''nag'''....''dimension'' || '''nak'''...''unit of measurement'' |} == Technical Nomenclature == : The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features. === Zoological Nomenclature === {{status|100%}} [[File:Animal diversity.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of animals are formed in a systematic way. ==== Base Names ==== : First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with '''p''' (mobile) and end with '''t''' (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures. : The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air ('''a'''), water ('''i'''), land ('''e'''), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild ('''o'''), tame, or predatory ('''y'''); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms |- ! Type !! Air = a !! Water = i !! Land = e !! Anywhere = o |- valign=top !row=1| Ordinary |'''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' || '''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Predatory |'''pyat'''....''raptor'' || '''pyit'''....''predatory fish'' || '''pyet'''....''reptile'' ||'''pyot'''....''predatory animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Hybrid |'''piat'''....''waterfowl''<br>'''pelat'''....''flying insect''<br>'''paet'''....''flightless bird'' ||'''piit'''....''crustacean''<br>'''pilt'''....''marine invertebrate''<br>'''peit'''....''mammalian fish''<br>'''pyeit'''....''mollusk''|| '''payet'''....''flying reptile''<br>'''piyet'''....''batracian''<br>'''peyet'''....''worm''<br>'''pelt'''....''insect'' ||'''piot'''....''aquatic mammal'' |} ==== Derived Names ==== : The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the [https://www.itis.gov/| Linnaean taxonomy]. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name '''Canidae''' (''canids''). The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin. ''Ca'' in Latin is pronounced '''ka'''. See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad. In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory. So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix '''ka''' to the base name for domestic land animal '''pet''', yielding '''kapet''' (''dog''). All other members of the dog family end in '''pot''' (feral animal) or '''pyot''' (predatory animal). The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel. If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, ''prairie dog'' (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by '''ci³xi²ro¹pot''' from '''<u>Ro</u>¹dentia <u>Sci</u>²uridae <u>Cy</u>³nomys''', where '''pot''' is the basic animal type ''wild animal''. All rodents have the taxonomic syllable '''ro''' from the Latin "order" taxon ''Rodentia'', while all squirrel names will have the syllable '''xi''' from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon ''<u>Sci</u>uridae'' ('''<u>xi</u>uriday'''). The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family: :: <u>Ca</u>nidae (''dog family'') > ::: '''<u>ka</u>pet'''...''the common domestic dog'' (only one species, ''Canis familiaris'') ::: '''<u>ka</u>pot'''...''wild dog'' ::: '''<u>ka</u>pyot'''...''predatory dog'' : Species under '''kapyot''' are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names: :: ''Canis <u>lu</u>pus'' > '''<u>lu</u>kapyot'''...''gray wolf (or just wolf)'' :: ''Canis <u>la</u>trans'' > '''<u>la</u>kapyot'''...''coyote, prairie wolf'' ::: ''Canis latrans <u>les</u>tes'' > '''<u>les</u>lakapyot'''...''mountain coyote'' :: ''Canis <u>au</u>rus'' > '''<u>aw</u>kapyot''' > ''jackal, golden jackal'' ::: ''Canis aurus <u>cur</u>ensis'' > '''<u>kur</u>awkapyot'''....''Indochinese jackal'' :: ''Canis <u>vul</u>pus'' > '''<u>vul</u>kapyot'''...''fox, red fox'' : If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is '''awkapyot''' and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from ''curensis'' would normally be '''ku''', but it has to be extended to '''kur''' because the base begins in a vowel. : The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Latin/Greek - Mirad correspondences |- ! Latin/Greek Spelling !! Latin Sound !! Mirad Spelling !! Example |- | ''au'' || ''aw'' || '''aw''' || ''<u>au</u>rus''....'''aw-''' |- | ''eu'' || ''ew'' || '''ew''' || ''<u>eu</u>ropa''....'''ew-''' |- | ''ai''<br>''ae'' || ''ay'' || '''ay''' || ''<u>ae</u>gyptus''....'''ay-''' |- | ''ei'' <br> ''ey'' || ''ey'' || '''ey''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''oe'' || ''oy'' || '''oy''' || ''F<u>oe</u>niculum''....'''oy''' |- | ''ua'' || ''wa'' || '''wa''' || ''s<u>ua</u>vis''....'''s<u>wa</u>''' |- | ''ca/co/cu'' || ''ka/ko/ku'' || '''ka/ko/ku''' || ''<u>ca</u>nis''....'''<u>ka</u>''' |- | ''ce/ci/cy''' || ''che/chi/chi'' || '''ce/ci/cy''' || ''<u>cy</u>pris''....'''<u>ci</u>''' |- | ''y'' || ''i'' || '''i''' || ''c<u>y</u>pris''....'''<u>i</u>''' |- | ''g''' || ''g'' || '''g''' || ''<u>Ge</u>ococcyx''/''<u>Ga</u>stropoda''....'''<u>g</u>''' |- | ''ch'' || ''k'' || '''k''' || ''<u>Chi</u>roptera''....'''<u>ki</u>''' |- | ''ph'' || ''f'' || '''f''' ||''S<u>ph</u>yrapicus''....'''<u>f</u>''' |- | ''rh'' || ''r'' || '''r''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''x'' || ''ks'' || '''ks''' || ''Lo<u>x</u>odonta''....'''<u>ks</u>''' |- | ''qu'' || ''kw'' || '''kw''' || ''<u>Qu</u>ercus''....'''<u>kw</u>''' |- | ''j'' || ''y'' || '''j''' || ''<u>ju</u>lianus''....'''<u>ju</u>''' |- | ''sci'' || ''shi'' || '''xi''' || ''<u>Sci</u>uridae''....'''<u>xi</u>''' |- | ''th'' || ''t'' || '''t''' || ''<u>Th</u>unnus''....'''<u>t</u>''' |- | ''cci'' || ''ksi'' || '''ksi''' || ''Va<u>cc</u>inus''....'''<u>ksi</u>''' |} : Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for ''Cinnamomum'' would be '''cin'''. : The Latin letter ''j'' is represented in Mirad with '''j''' even though it is pronounced like a ''y''. This is for better recognizability. ==== Genderized and Other Forms ==== : Form the female of an animal by inserting a '''y''' before the '''t''' of the base adult name: ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kape<u>y</u>t'''....''bitch'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkapyo<u>y</u>t'''....''vixen'' : Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a '''w''' right after the '''p''' of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with '''py''' in which case the '''w''' is inserted just before the '''t''' of the base name: ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekp<u>w</u>et'''....''stallion'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbop<u>w</u>et'''....''ram'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkpyo<u>w</u>t'''....''dog fox'' : Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an '''o''' after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name: ::* '''bopet'''....''bovine'' ====> '''bopwe<u>o</u>t'''....''ox'' ::* '''gafapat'''....''cock'' ====> '''gafapwe<u>o</u>t'''....''capon'' : The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-ud''', the stub for '''tud'''....''child'': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>ud</u>'''....''colt'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>ud</u>'''....''pup'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopet<u>ud</u>'''....''lamb'' : The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing '''-if''': ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>if</u>'''....''puppy'' ::* '''fepet'''....''cat'' ====> '''fepet<u>if</u>'''....''kitty'' : The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-og''': ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supet<u>og</u>'''....''piggy'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>og</u>'''....''pony'' : Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal '''ekpet'''....''horse'' can serve as an example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivations of Horse |- ! Variation !! Mirad Name !! English Name |- !row=1| Adult |'''ekpet'''||''horse'' |- !row=1| Male | '''ekpwet'''||''stallion'' |- !row=1| Female | '''ekpeyt'''||''mare'' |- !row=1| Offspring | '''ekpetud'''||''colt'' |- !row=1| Female Offspring | '''ekpetuyd'''||''filly'' |- !row=1| Small adult |'''ekpetog'''||''pony'' |- !row=1| Gelded | '''ekpweot'''||''gelding'' |} ==== Animal Sounds ==== : The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the '''t''' of the base name with '''d''', the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in '''-der''': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeder'''....''to neigh'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapeder'''....''to bark'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''pader'''....''to tweet, chirp'' ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpyeder'''....''to hiss'' : A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing '''-yan''' or '''-nyan''': ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotyan'''....''a pride of lions'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopetyan'''....''a herd of sheep'' ::* '''pit'''....''fish'' ====> '''pityan'''....''a school of fish'' : Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final '''t''' of the base name with '''-per'''....''to go'': ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpeper'''....''to slither'' ::* '''lapet'''....''rabbit'' ====> '''lapeper'''....''to hop'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeper'''....''to gallop'' : The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in '''l''' (a stub for '''tel''', meaning ''food''): ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supel'''....''pork'' ::* '''supetyob'''....''hog leg'' ====> '''supetyol'''....''ham'' ::* '''bopet'''....''steer'' ====> '''bopel'''....''beef'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopel'''....''mutton'' ::* '''bopetud'''....''calf'' ====> '''bopetul'''....''veal'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatel'''....''honey'' : The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing '''-am'''....''house'', '''-um'''....''cage'', etc. to the base name: ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supetam'''....''pigsty'' ::* '''gafapayt'''....''chicken'' ====> '''gafapaytam'''....''chicken coop'' ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotam'''....''lion's den'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapetam'''....''doghouse'' ::* '''forpelt'''....''ant'' ====> '''forpeltam'''....''anthill'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatam'''....''bee hive'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''patum'''....''birdcage'', '''patsum'''....''nest'', '''patyanam'''...''aviary'' ::* '''pot'''....''wild animal'' ====> '''potam'''....''lair'' ==== Dog Breeds ==== [[File:The dog book - a popular history of the dog, with practical information as to care and management of house, kennel, and exhibition dogs, and descriptions of all the important breeds (1909) (20785715825).jpg|thumb|]] : Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to '''kapet'''....''dog'' that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site [[https://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/]]. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership. : The base of the dog breed name is '''kapet'''....''dog''. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants ('''b''', '''c''', '''d''', etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned to the ordinal vowel '''o''', so '''bokepet''' is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the '''o'''....''zero'' to '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed. : As an example: : To get the name for ''basset hound'': ::* Start with the word for dog: '''kapet'''. : This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is '''h'''. This is prefixed to '''kapet''', with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with '''a''' for ''one''. The ''basset hound'' is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes '''ha-'''. ::* '''hakapet''' is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with '''ha kapet'''....''the dog''.). A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel '''i'''.... ''three'' is prefixed: ::* '''ihakapet''' is a "small-sized scent hound" : A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word '''a'''.... ''one'' is prefixed (with a '''w''' buffer glide when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, '''Gebaroma''' is placed in front, separated by a space: ::* '''Gebaroma awahikapet''' is a ''basset hound'', a dog breed name owned by Great Britain. The name can usually be abbreviated by dropping the country owner name, thus: '''awahikapet''' <gallery> </gallery> : Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site. Group 1 = '''<u>b</u>okapet'''....sheepdogs/cattledogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''b<u>a</u>kapet'''....sheepdogs ::::* Belgian only entry = '''Belima bakapet'''....''Belgian shepherd dog'' ::::* German only entry = '''Deuma bakapet'''....''German shepherd'' ::* Section 2 = '''bekapet'''....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>bekapet'''....''Welsh corgi (Cardigan)'' Group 2 = '''<u>c</u>okapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''c<u>a</u>kapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer type ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''c<u>e</u>kapet'''....Molossian type ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''c<u>i</u>kapet'''....''Swiss mountain/cattledogs'' Group 3 = '''<u>d</u>okapet'''....''terriers'' ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....large and medium-sized terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>9</u>th entry = '''Gebaroma <u>yu</u>dakapet'''....''Welsh terrier'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....small-sized terriers ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''d<u>e</u>kapet'''....bull type terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>3</u>rd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>i</u>dekapet'''....''Staffordshire bull terrier'' ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....toy terriers Group 4 = '''<u>f</u>okapet'''....<u>dachshunds</u> ::::* Germany only entry = '''fakapet'''....''dachshund'' Group 5 = '''<u>g</u>okapet'''....spitz and primitive types ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''g<u>a</u>kapet'''....nordic sledge dogs :::: USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''<u>a</u>gakapet'''....''Siberian husky'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''g<u>e</u>kapet'''....nordic hunting dogs ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''g<u>i</u>kapet'''....nordic watchdogs/herders ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''g<u>u</u>kapet'''....European spits ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''g<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Asian spitz and related breeds ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''g<u>ya</u>kapet'''....primitive types ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''g<u>ye</u>kapet'''....hunting dogs Group 6 = '''<u>h</u>okapet'''....scent hounds and related breeds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''h<u>a</u>kapet'''....''scent hounds'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>1</u> = '''<u>a</u>hakapet'''....large-sized hounds ::::* USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''Usoma <u>aw</u>ahakapet'''....''American foxhound'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>2</u> = '''<u>e</u>hakapet'''....medium-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain only entry = '''Gebaroma ehakapet'''....''harrier'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>3</u> = '''<u>i</u>hakapet'''....small-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>aw</u>ihakapet'''....''basset hound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>ew</u>ihakapet'''....''beagle'' Group 7 = '''<u>j</u>okapet'''....pointing dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''j<u>a</u>kapet'''....''continental pointing dogs'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''j<u>e</u>kapet'''....''British and Irish pointers and setters'' Group 8 = '''<u>k</u>akapet'''....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''k<u>a</u>kapet'''....''retrievers'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''k<u>e</u>kapet'''....''flushing dogs'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''k<u>i</u>kapet'''....''water dogs'' Group 9 = '''<u>l</u>okapet'''....companion and toy dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''l<u>a</u>kapet'''....bichons ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''l<u>e</u>kapet'''....poodles ::::* France only entry = '''Ferama lekapet'''....''poodle'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''l<u>i</u>kapet'''....small Belgian dogs ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''l<u>u</u>kapet'''....hairless dogs ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''l<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Tibetan breeds ::::* Tibet <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Tibama <u>e</u>lekapet'''....''shih tzu'' ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''l<u>ya</u>kapet'''....Chihuahueno ::::* Mexico only entry = '''Mexuma lyakapet'''....''chihuahua'' ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''l<u>ye</u>kapet'''....English toy spaniels ::* Section <u>8</u> = '''l<u>yi</u>kapet'''....Japan Chin and Pekingese ::* Section <u>9</u> = '''l<u>yu</u>kapet'''....continental toy spaniel and others ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>alo</u>kapet'''....Kromforhl&auml;nder ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>ale</u>kapet'''....small Molossian type dogs Group 10 = '''<u>m</u>okapet'''....sight hounds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''m<u>a</u>kapet'''....long-haired sighthounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>a</u>makapet'''....''greyhound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>makapet'''....''whippet'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''m<u>e</u>kapet'''....rough-haired sighthounds ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''m<u>i</u>kapet'''....short-haired sighthounds ==== Cat Breeds ==== : The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See [https://cfa.org/breeds/]. You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat '''fepet'''. : This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Cat Breed Names |- ! CFA Name !! First Letters<br>Lowercase !! Number<br>If Any + fepet!! Mirad Name |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Shorthair'' || '''am''' || '''a + fepet'''|| '''amafepet''' |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Wirehair'' || '''am''' || '''e + fepet'''|| '''amefepet''' |- | ''<u>Bal</u>inese'' || '''bal''' || '''bal + fepet''' || '''balfepet''' |- | ''<u>Ben</u>gal'' || '''ben''' || '''ben + fepet''' || '''benfepet''' |} === Color Nomenclature === : The word for ''color'' in Mirad is '''volz''', which is mnemonically related to the word for ''flower'' ('''vos'''). The diminutive of ''color'' is '''voylz''', meaning ''tint, shade, hue''. : The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub '''-lza'''. The zeroth-color is no color, simple ''blank'', ''clear'', or ''transparent''. :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Basic Color Words |- ! 0 - clear !! 1 - red !!2 - orange !!3 - yellow !!4 - green !! 5 - blue !! 6 - purple !! 7 - indigo |- |<br><br><br> ||bgcolor="#d30000"| ||bgcolor="#fc6600"| ||bgcolor="#fff200"| ||bgcolor="#3bb143"| ||bgcolor="#0018f9"| || bgcolor="#b200ed"| || bgcolor="#4b0082"| |- | '''olza''' || '''alza''' || '''elza''' || '''ilza''' || '''ulza''' || '''yolza''' || '''yalza''' || '''yelza''' |} : There are some other common colors: :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Basic Color Words |- |bgcolor="white"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || '''malza'''....''white'' ||(Associated with '''man''' (''light'') |- |bgcolor="#7c4700"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|| '''melza'''....''brown'' ||(Associated with '''mel''' (''soil'') |- |bgcolor="#222021"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''molza'''....''black'' ||(Associated with '''mon''' (''dark'') |- |bgcolor="#828282"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''maolza'''....''gray'' ||(A blend of '''malza''' and '''molza''') |- |bgcolor="#fc0fc0"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''aolza'''....''pink'' ||(A blend of '''olza'''....''clear'' and '''malza'''....''red'') |} : All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example: ::* '''mecirufeb-ulza'''....''lime green'' from '''mecirufeb'''....''lime fruit'' + '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''aquamarine'' from '''mim'''....''sea'' + '''yalza'''....''blue'' ::* '''licirufeb-ilza'''....''lemon yellow'' from '''licirufeb'''....''lemon'' + '''ilza'''....''yellow'' ::* '''salpyit-alza'''....''salmon red'' ::* '''magmef-alza'''....''firebrick red'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''sea blue, aquamarine'' : Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner: ::# A "light" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''ylza''': '''uylza'''....''light green'' ::# A "-ish" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzyena''': '''ulzyena'''....''greenish'' ::# A "bright" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzayna''': '''ulzayna'''....''bright green'' ::# A "dark" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzoyna''': '''ulzoyna'''....''dark green'' : Shaded variants can also be created by prefixing adjectival components such as these: :* '''oz-'''....''-ish, light-'' :* '''az-'''....''bright-, dark-'' :* '''kyu-'''....''light-'' :* '''maz-'''....''bright-'' :* '''eyn-'''....''semi-'' etc. : Some hybrid colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel: ::* '''maolza'''....''gray'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''molza'''....''black'' ::* '''yaulza'''....''blue-green, cyan'' from '''yalza'''....''blue'' and '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''maelza'''....''beige'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''melza'''....''brown'' : Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix '''-a''': ::* '''<u>Ulz</u> se via volz.'''....''<u>Green</u> is a beautiful color.'' ::* '''At gafe <u>yalzayn</u>.'''....''I prefer <u>dark blue</u>.'' : Colors can also be used to form verbs: ::* '''Iyta teobi <u>alzasa</u>.'''....''Her cheeks <u>turned red (= blushed)</u>.'' ::* '''His se fia <u>teubip malzaxus</u>.'''....''This is a good <u>teeth whitener</u>.'' ::* '''Eta teupibi <u>ilzaseye</u>.'''....''Your teeth are <u>yellowing</u>.'' ==== Rarely Used Colors ==== : The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the [[w:List_of_RAL_colors|Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors]] expressed in Mirad + '''-lz'''. For example, the color ''golden yellow'' has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 ('''ase''', in Mirad), thus, the color is named '''aselz'''. The adjectival form of this color is '''aselza'''. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names. ===== Skin colors ===== [[File:Coloured-family.jpg|thumb|]] : When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix '''tayo(b)-''' is used. The final '''-b''' of '''tayob''' is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for ''skin-color'' itself is '''tayovolz'''. Thus: ::* '''(tayo-)molzat'''....''black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)malzat'''....''white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)melzat'''....''brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omalzat'''....''non-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omolzat'''....''non-black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omelzat'''....''non-brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymolzat'''....''half-black(skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymalzat'''....''half-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)maolzat'''....''mulatto, mixed-skinned person'' ::* '''(tayob)olzat'''....''albino'' ::* '''hyetayovolza'''....''of any skin-tone'' ::* '''hyatayovolzati'''....''people of all colors'' ::* '''Iyt se duhotayovolza?'''....''What skin color is she?'' ==== Hair Colors ==== : Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, '''tayeb'''. The final '''-b''' of '''tayeb''' is dropped before a consonant or '''y'''. The word for ''hair color'' is '''tayevolz'''. ::* '''tayebalza'''....''red-headed, auburn'' ::** '''tayebalzayt'''....''an auburn female'' ::* '''tayemolza'''....''brunette'' ::* '''tayemelza'''....''brown-haired'' ::* '''tayebiylza'''....''blond'' ::* '''tayemaolza'''....''gray, gray-haired'' :::* '''It gwa tayemaolzaso.'''....''He will go gray early.'' ::* '''Duhotayevolza iyt se?'''....''What color hair is she?'' ==== Eye Colors ==== : Eye colors are expressed by the prefix '''tea(b)''' followed by the color. The word for ''eye color'' is '''teavolz'''. In the following examples, '''teab''' (''eye'') becomes '''tea''' before any consonants or glides: ::* '''teayolza'''....''blue-eyed'' ::* '''teabulza'''....''green-eyed'' ::* '''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' :::* '''teamelzat'''....''brown-eyed person'' ::* '''teamolz'''....''a black eye'' ::* '''teamalz'''....''the white of the eye'' ::* '''Duhoteavolza et se?'''....''What color eyes do you have?'' === Chemical Nomenclature === [[File:14LaAc periodic table IIb.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding '''lk''', a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for ''hydrogen'' is ''H''. So we replace that with the word for lowercase '''h''' in Mirad: '''he'''. By adding the stub suffix '''lk''', we get '''helk'''. : Use the names of the '''''small''''' letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name '''ca''' is pronounced '''cha''' as in English ''cha-cha''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" valign=top; align=center |+ Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names |- ! Lowercase !! a !! b !! c !! d !! !! e !! f !! g !! h !! !! i !! j !! k !! l !! m !! n !! !! o !! p !! q !! r !! s !! t !! !! u !! v !! w !! x !! y !! z |- align=center | !row=1| Mirad Name | '''a''' || '''ba''' || '''ca''' || '''da''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''e''' || '''fe''' || '''ge''' || '''he''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''i''' || '''ji''' || '''ki''' || '''li''' || '''mi''' || '''ni''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''o''' || '''po''' || '''ko''' || '''ro''' || '''so''' || '''to''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''u''' || '''vu''' || '''wu''' || '''xu''' || '''yu''' || '''zu''' |} ==== Coding Chemical Elements ==== : The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Coding Chemical Elements |- ! English Element Name !! Abbreviation !! Mirad Name |- | ''silver'' || ''Ar'' || '''arolk''' |- | ''iron'' || ''Fe'' || '''feelk''' |- | ''hydrogen'' || ''H'' || '''helk''' |- | ''nitrogen'' || ''N'' || '''nilk''' |- | ''mercury'' || ''Hg'' || '''hegelk''' |- | ''darmstadtium'' || ''Ds'' || '''dasolk''' |} : In chemical compounds, the '''lk''' is used only on the last element of the compound. : Chemical compounds such as ''H₂O (hydrogen dioxide)'' are coded in the following manner. ::# The ''H'' for ''hydrogen'' is rendered as '''he''' (without the '''-lk'''). ::# The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for ''two, bi-'', '''en-''' is prefixed to the '''h''', giving '''enhe'''. ::# The word for ''oxygen'', '''ol''' is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the '''lk''' is suffixed. ::# The English word ends in ''-ide'', which is rendered in Mirad as '''-iyd''', giving '''enheolkiyd''' : Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below: : Given the chemical element ''sulfur'', which has the abbreviation ''S'', the Mirad equivalent for this solid is '''solk'''. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are: ==== Chemical Compound Suffixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Chemical Suffix Equivalents |- ! English Suffix !! Mirad Equivalent !! English Example !! Mirad Equivalent |- | ''-ide'' || '''-iyd''' || ''sulfide'' || '''solkiyd''' |- | ''-ite'' || '''-iyt''' || ''sulfite'' || '''solkiyt''' |- | ''-ate'' || '''-ayt''' || ''sulfate'' || '''solkayt''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''-iyn''' || ''iodine'' || '''ilkiyn''' |- | ''-ane'' || '''-ayn''' || ''methane'' || '''ahelkayn''' |- | ''-ene'' || '''-eyn''' || ''benzene'' || '''ehelkeyn''' |- | ''-one'' || '''-oyn''' || ''ketone'' || '''ketoyn''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''--iyn''' || ''alanine'' || '''alaniyn''' |- | ''-ic'' || '''-a''' || ''ferric'' || '''feelka''' |- | ''-ous'' || '''aya''' || ''ferrous'' || '''feelkaya''' |} : Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in '''-n'''. : The numeral prefixes ''5'' and ''6'' end in '''-on''' instead of '''-n''' so as to distinguish them from the words '''yan'''....''together'' and '''yon'''....''apart''. : The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Numeric Prefixes |- ! Number !! Prefix !! Example |- | '''a'''....''mono-'' || '''an''' || '''anolkiyd'''....''<u>mono</u>xide (O)'' |- | '''e'''....''bi-/di-'' || '''en''' || '''encalkayt'''....''<u>bi</u>carbonate (C₂)'' |- | '''i'''....''tri-'' || '''in''' || '''inolkiyd-'''....''trioxide (O₃)'' |- | '''u'''....''tetr(a)-'' || '''un''' || '''unolkiyd-'''....''tetroxide (O₄)'' |- | '''yo'''....''pent(a)-'' || '''yoon''' || '''yoonolkiyd-'''....''pentoxide (O₅)'' |- | '''ya'''....''hex(a)-'' || '''yaon''' || '''yaonolkiyd'''....''hexoxide (O₆)'' |- | '''ye'''....''hept(a)-'' || '''yen''' || '''yenolkiyd'''....''heptoxide (O₇)'' |- | '''yi'''....''oct(o)-'' || '''yin''' || '''yinolkiyd-'''....''octoxide (O₈)'' |- | '''yu'''....''non(a)-'' || '''yun''' || '''yunolkiyd-'''....''nonoxide (O₉)'' |- | '''alo'''....''dec(a)-'' || '''alon''' || '''alonolkayt-'''....''decoxidate (O₁₀)'' |} : Examples: ::* ''carbon <u>di</u>oxide (C₂O)''....'''calk <u>en</u>olkiyd''' ::* ''sodium <u>bi</u>carbonate (Na2C)''....'''nialk <u>en</u>calkayt''' ::* ''calcium <u>di</u>hydrogen phosphate''....'''caalk <u>en</u>helk polkayt''' ::* ''glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)''....'''<u>yaon</u>ca<u>alan</u>he<u>yaon</u>olk''' (or: '''sakolos''') ::* ''methanol (C₃HOH)''....'''ca<u>in</u>heohelk''' : Note: the '''-lk''' is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings '''-iyd''', '''-iyt''', and '''-ayt''', etc. ==== Names of Atomic Parts ==== : The word for ''atom'' in Mirad is '''gwomulk''', which literally is ''least particle''. : The main particles in an atom are: ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' (positive) ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' (neutral) ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' (negative) : Every atom contains '''mulki''' (''subatomic particles''). [[File:Standard Model of Elementary Particles.svg|thumb|392x392px|The [[Standard Model]] classification of particles]] : The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart to the right, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See [[wikipedia:Subatomic_particle]] ). ::* '''hamulk'''....''hadron'' :::* '''mi-hamulk'''....''meson'' ::::* '''pimi-hamulk'''....''pion'' ::::* '''kami-hamulk'''....''kaon'' :::* '''ba-hamulk'''....''baryon'' ::::* '''lambda-ba-hamulk'''....''lambda baryon'' ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' ::* '''zemulk'''....''nucleon'' ::* '''alfamulk'''....''alpha particle'' ::* '''fermimulk'''....''fermion'' ::* '''goryumulk'''....''nanoparticle'' ::* '''kyiazon mulk'''....''graviton'' ::* '''bamulk'''....''boson particle'' :::* '''agha-bamulk'''....''higgs particle'' :::* '''agwu-bamulk'''....''W boson'' :::* '''agzu-bamulk'''....''Z boson'' :::* '''gamma-bamulk'''....''photon'' :::* '''ge-bamulk'''....''gluon'' ::* '''qomulk'''....''quark'' :::* '''ba-qomulk'''....''bottom quark'' :::* '''ca-qomulk'''....''charm quark'' :::* '''da-qomulk'''....''down quark'' :::* '''ov-qomulk'''....''antiparticle, antiquark'' :::* '''penta-qomulk'''....''penta quark'' :::* '''tetra-qomulk'''....''tetra quark'' :::* '''to-qomulk'''....''top quark'' :::* '''u-qomulk'''....''up quark'' :::* '''so-qomulk'''....''strange quark'' ::* '''limulk'''....''lepton'' :::* '''gamma-limulk'''....''photon'' (also: '''manmulk''') :::* '''mu-limulk'''....''muon'' :::* '''pi-limulk'''....''pion'' :::* '''tau-limulk'''....''tau'' :::* '''vu-e-limulk'''....''electron neutrino'' :::* '''vu-mu-limulk'''....''muon neutrino'' :::* '''vu-tau-limulk'''....''tau neutrino'' :::* '''e-limulk'''....''electron'' (also: '''vomulk''') : The nucleus of an atom is called '''zemulk'''. Therefore, '''zemulka''' means ''nuclear''. === Musical Nomenclature === ==== Musical Instruments ==== : The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument ('''duzar''' < '''duz''' (''music'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument''). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played. [[File:Madras musical instruments and snake charmer's music.jpg|thumb|<small>Madras_musical_instruments_and_snake_charmer's_music</small>]] {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Instruments |- ! Mirad !! English |- ! colspan=2 | Bowed-String |- | '''aduzar''' || ''violin'' |- | '''eduzar''' || ''violin alto'' |- | '''iduzar''' || ''cello'', ''violoncello'' |- | '''uduzar'''<br>'''eona uduzar''' || ''bass''<br>''double bass'' |- | '''yoduzar''' || ''viola'' |- | '''yaduzar''' || ''fiddle'' |- | '''yeduzar''' || ''viol'' |- |- '''yiduzar''' || ''erhu'' |- | '''yuduzar''' || ''hardanger fiddle'' |- | '''aloduzar''' || ''kemenche'' |- | '''aladuzar''' || ''nyckelharpa'' |- | '''aleduzar''' || ''rebab'' |- ! colspan=2 | Woodwind |- | '''faduzar''' || ''flute'' |- | '''feduzar''' || ''oboe'' |- | '''fiduzar''' || ''clarinet'' |- | '''fuduzar''' || ''bassoon'' |- | '''fyoduzar''' || ''French harp, harmonica'' |- | '''fyaduzar''' || ''recorder'' |- | '''fyeduzar''' || ''bagpipe'' |- | '''fyiduzar''' || ''didgeridoo'' |- | '''fyuduzar''' || ''piccolo'' |- | '''faloduzar''' || ''fife, hornpipe'' |- | '''faladuzar''' || ''ocarina, ocarine'' |- | '''faleduzar''' || ''sheng'' |- | '''faliduzar''' || ''duduk'' |- | '''faluduzar''' || ''bansuri'' |- | '''falyoduzar''' || ''suling'' |- ! colspan=2 | Brass &#x1f3b7; |- | '''voduzar''' || ''horn'' |- | '''vaduzar''' || ''trumpet'' |- | '''veduzar''' || ''trombone'' |- | '''vuduzar'''<br>-- '''avuduzar'''<br>-- '''evuduzar'''<br>--'''ivuduzar'''|| ''saxophone''<br>-- ''tenor saxophone''<br>-- ''alto saxophone''<br>-- ''bass saxophone'' |- | '''vyoduzar''' || ''tuba'' |- | '''vyaduzar''' || ''bugle'' |- | '''vyeduzar''' || ''French horn'' |- | '''vyiduzar''' || ''cornet'' |- | '''vyuduzar''' || ''baritone horn'' |- | '''valoduzar''' || ''alto horn'' |- | '''valaduzar''' || ''euphonium'' |- | '''valeduzar''' || ''flugelhorn'' |- | '''validuzar''' || ''sousaphone'' |- | '''valuduzar''' || ''clarion'' |- | '''valyoduzar''' || ''mellophone'' |- | '''valyaduzar''' || ''climbasso'' |- | '''valyeduzar''' || ''ophicleide'' |- ! colspan=2 | Percussion |- | '''kaduzar'''<br>-- '''akaduzar'''<br>-- '''ekaduzar'''<br>-- '''ikaduzar'''<br>-- '''ukaduzar'''<br>-- '''yokaduzar'''<br>-- '''yakaduzar'''<br>-- '''yekaduzar'''<br>-- '''yikaduzar'''<br>-- '''yukaduzar'''<br>-- '''alokaduzar'''<br>-- '''alakaduzar'''<br>-- '''alekaduzar'''<br>-- '''alikaduzar'''<br>-- '''alukaduzar''' || ''drum''<br>-- ''snare drum''<br>-- ''bass drum''<br>-- ''tenor drum''<br>-- ''steel drum''<br>-- ''bongo drum''<br>-- ''timbrel''<br>-- ''kettledrum''<br>-- ''hang drum''<br>-- ''tupan''<br>-- ''taiko''<br>-- ''spring drum''<br>-- ''octoban''<br>-- ''candombe drum''<br>-- ''steel tongue drum'' |- | '''keduzar''' || ''glockenspiel'' |- | '''kiduzar''' || ''vibraphone'' |- | '''kuduzar''' || ''marimba'' |- | '''kyoduzar''' || ''tubular bell'' |- | '''gaduzar''' || ''triangle'' |- | '''geduzar''' || ''gong'' |- | '''giduzar''' || ''castanet'' |- | '''guduzar''' || ''rattle'' |- | '''gyoduzar''' || ''xylophone'' |- | '''gyaduzar''' || ''maraca'' |- | '''gyeduzar''' || ''caj&oacute;n'' |- | '''gyiduzar''' || ''cymbal'' |- | '''gyuduzar''' || ''tambourine'' |- | '''galoduzar''' || ''steelpan'' |- | '''galaduzar''' || ''wind chime'' |- | '''galeduzar''' || ''chime bar'' |- | '''galiduzar''' || ''celeste'' |- | '''galuduzar''' || ''clapper'' |- | '''galyoduzar''' || ''Jew's harp'' |- | '''galyaduzar''' || ''bazooka'' |- | '''galyeduzar''' || ''waterphone'' |- | '''galyiduzar''' || ''balafon'' |- | '''galyuduzar''' || ''boomwhackers'' |- | '''geloduzar''' || ''udu'' |- | '''geladuzar''' || ''thunder sheet'' |- ! colspan=2 | Keyboard &#x1f3b9; |- | '''raduzar'''<br>-- '''utekea raduzar'''<br>-- '''agala raduzar'''<br>-- '''sem raduzar''' || ''piano''<br>-- ''player piano''<br>-- ''grand piano''<br>-- ''keyboard'' |- | '''reduzar''' || ''clavichord'' |- | '''riduzar''' || ''harpsichord'' |- | '''ruduzar'''<br>-- '''mufyeg ruduzar'''<br>-- '''maka ruduzar''' || ''organ''<br>-- ''pipe organ''<br>-- ''electric organ'' |- | '''ryoduzar''' || ''accordion'' |- | '''ryaduzar''' || ''dulcimer'' |- | '''ryeduzar''' || ''calliope'' |- | '''ryiduzar''' || ''melodica'' |- | '''ryuduzar''' || ''concertina'' |- ! colspan=2 | Guitar &#x1f3b8; |- | '''baduzar'''<br>-- '''seuxa baduzar'''<br>-- '''maka baduzar'''<br>-- '''yoba baduzar''' || ''guitar''<br>-- ''accoustic guitar''<br>-- ''electric guitar''<br>-- ''bass guitar'' |- | '''beduzar''' || ''banjo'' |- | '''biduzar''' || ''lute'' |- | '''buduzar''' || ''harp'' |- | '''byoduzar''' || ''mandolin'' |- | '''byaduzar''' || ''ukelele'' |- | '''byeduzar''' || ''zither'' |- | '''byiduzar''' || ''lyre'' |- | '''byuduzar''' || ''cithara, kithara'' |- | '''baloduzar''' || ''sitar'' |- | '''baladuzar''' || ''veena'' |- | '''baleduzar''' || ''koto'' |- | '''baliduzar''' || ''balalaika'' |- | '''baluduzar''' || ''charango'' |- | '''balyoduzar''' || ''hurdy-gurdy'' |} ==== Voice Ranges ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Voice Ranges (Deuz nabyani) |- ! Mirad !! English !! Meaning |- ! colspan=3 | Women |- | '''yabdeuztoyb''' || ''soprano'' || "high-voice-female" |- | '''zeyabdeuztoyb''' || ''mezzo-soprano'' || "high-ish-voice-female" |- | '''yobdeuztoyb''' || ''alto, contralto'' || "low-voice-female" |- ! colspan=3 | Men |- | '''yabdeuztwob''' || ''tenor'' || "high-voice-male" |- | '''ze-yabdeuztwob''' || ''baritone'' || "middle-high-voice-male" |- | '''yobdeuztwob''' || ''bass''||"low-voice-male" |- | '''vyo-yabdeuztwob''' || ''falsetto'' || "false-high-voice-male" |- ! colspan=3 | Boys |- | '''yabdeuztwobet''' || ''treble'' || "high-voice-boy" |} : Suffix these nouns with '''-a''' to make them adjectives, eg.: ::* '''His se <u>yabdeuztwoba</u> duznod.'''....''This is a <u>tenor</u> note.'' ==== Solmization Syllables ==== : The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Solmization Syllables |- | '''do''' || '''re''' || '''mi''' || '''fa''' || '''sol''' || '''la''' || '''ti''' || '''do''' |} ==== Musical Score Elements ==== [[File:Gigault-dernier-kyrie-mm9-12.png|thumb]] : The semitone or accidental symbols are: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Accidentals |- ! ENGLISH NAME !! SYMBOL !! MIRAD NAME !! ENGLISH EXAMPLE !! MIRAD EXAMPLE || MIRAD PRONUNCIATION |- | ''flat'' || <big>&#x1D12C;</big>|| '''yobwa''' (=''lowered'')|| ''B flat'' || '''B yobwa''' || '''ba YOBwa''' |- | ''sharp'' || <big>&#x1D130;</big> || '''yabwa''' (=''raised'')|| ''C sharp'' || '''C yabwa''' || '''ca YABwa''' |- | ''natural'' || <big>&#x1D12E;</big> || '''egxwa''' (=''normalized'')|| ''F natural'' || '''F egxwa''' || '''fe EGxwa''' |} : Some staff notation: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Staff Notation |- ! English Name !! Symbol !! Mirad Name |- | ''staff'' || <big>&#x1D119;</big> || '''nuidyan''' |- | ''treble clef, G clef'' || <big>&#x1D11E;</big> || '''G yijar''' |- | ''C clef'' || <big>&#x1D121;</big> || '''C yijar''' |- | ''base clef, F clef'' || <big>&#x1D122;</big> || '''F yijar''' |- | ''note'' || || '''nod''' |- | ''half note'' || <big>&#x1D15E;</big> || '''eyna nod''' |- | ''quarter note'' || <big>&#x1D15F;</big> || '''uyna nod''' |- | ''whole note'' || <big>&#x1D15D;</big> || '''ayna nod''' |- | ''quarter rest'' || <big>&#x1D13D; </big> || '''uyna poys''' |- | ''eighth note'' || <big>&#x1D160; </big> || '''yiyna nod''' |- | ''bar, measure'' || <big>&#x1D100;</big> || '''nodzyan''' |- | ''ligature'' || || '''yanxus''' |} ==== Characteristic Features of Music ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Characteristic Features of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''deup'''||'' beat'' |- |'''seupan'''||'' cadence'' |- |'''jes'''||'' duration'' |- |'''zoyteuz'''||'' echo'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||'' harmony'' |- |'''duzneg'''||''pitch'' |- |'''ijduzneg'''||'' key'' |- |'''druz'''||'' lyric'' |- |'''agala duzmus'''||'' major scale'' |- |'''duznag'''||'' measure'' |- |'''duznad'''||'' melody'' |- |'''duzjob''' ||''tempo'' |- |'''nak'''||'' meter'' |- |'''ogala duzmus'''||'' minor scale'' |- |'''duz'''||'' music'' |- |'''yinig'''||'' octave'' |- |'''byexes'''||'' pulse'' |- |'''zoyseuzen'''||'' resonance'' |- |'''deupyan'''||'' rhythm'' |- |'''duzmus'''||'' scale'' |- |'''duzdreyn'''||'' score'' |- |'''seux'''||'' sound'' |- |'''duzigan'''||'' tempo'' |- |'''seuzvolz'''||'' timbre'' |- |'''seuz'''||'' tone'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||''chord, harmonic'' |- |'''aybseuz'''||''overtone'' |- |'''deuzunog'''||'' tune'' |- |'''deuz'''||'' voice'' |- |'''seuxnid'''||'' volume'' |} ==== Dynamics ==== : Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left ''as is'' in Mirad. : These include: <div style="background:lightyellow; font-style:italics"> : <i>a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo</i>, and others. </div> ==== Types of Arrangements ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Arrangements ! English !! Mirad |- |''a capella song''||'''a kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzari''' |- |''anthem''||'''fizdeuzun, tezdeuzun''' |- |''antiphon''||'''duiddeuzun''' |- |''aria''||'''arya, awat deuzun''' |- |''arrangement''||'''napbeyn''' |- |''art song''||'''tuz deuz''' |- |''ballad''||'''daz deuz, ifonkex deuzun''' |- |''battle hymn''||'''dropek deuzun''' |- |''bird song''||'''pat deuzun''' |- |''broadway song''||'''Broadway deuzun''' |- |''campfire song''||'''tamoftem deuzun''' |- |''cantata''||'''kantata''' |- |''canticle''||'''efyadeuzun''' |- |''carol''||'''ivdeuzun''' |- |''chant''||'''yagdeuzun''' |- |''choral arrangement''||'''deuzutyan napxeyn''' |- |''Christmas carol''||'''Kristtaj ivdeuzun''' |- |''classical song''||'''visauna deuzun''' |- |''composition''||'''duzdrun''' |- |''concerto''||'''koncerto''' |- |''country song''||'''odom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzun''' |- |''dance song''||'''daz deuzun''' |- |''dirge''||'''uvdeuzun''' |- |''ditty''||'''deuzog''' |- |''doggerel verse''||'''dizdeuzun''' |- |''drinking song''||'''tilien deuzun''' |- |''duet''||'''ewat (deuzun)''' |- |''folksong''||'''tyoyd deuzun''' |- |''glee''||'''Gebama deuzun''' |- |''gospel song''||'''fyadin deuzun''' |- |''hip hop song''||'''hip hop deuzun''' |- |''hit song''||'''agakus deuzun''' |- |''hymn''||'''fyadeuzun ''' |- |''instrumental''||'''duzarun''' |- |''jingle''||'''nundeuzunog''' |- |''karaoke song''||'''karaoke deuzun''' |- |''love song''||'''ifon deuzun''' |- |''lullaby''||'''tudet deuzun''' |- |''lute song''||'''riduzar deuzun''' |- |''madrigal''||'''duzuka deuzun''' |- |''marching song''||'''doptyopen deuzun''' |- |''medley''||'''ebmulxwa deuzyan''' |- |''metal song''||'''mug deuzun''' |- |''musical number''||'''duzun''' |- |''old standard''||'''ajdeuzun''' |- |''opera''||'''dyuz, dyuzun''' |- |''oratorio''||'''oratoryo''' |- |''paean''||'''akrun deuzun''' |- |''partsong''||'''gon deuzun''' |- |''patter song''||'''deuzig''' |- |''pop song''||'''tyoda deuzun''' |- |''psalm''||'''afyadeuzun''' |- |''rock song''||'''rok deuzun''' |- |''round''||'''zoydea deuzun''' |- |''sea shanty''||'''mim deuz''' |- |''show tune''||'''duez deuzun''' |- |''signature song''||'''ujak deuzun''' |- |''slow jam''||'''bluz deuzun''' |- |''soliloquy''||'''awat, awat deuzun''' |- |''solo''||'''awat (duzun), awat (deuzun)''' |- |''song''||'''deuzun''' |- |''spiritual, negro spiritual''||'''topa deuzun''' |- |''sporting song''||'''tapifek deuzun''' |- |''symphony''||'''viduzunyag''' |- |''theme song''||'''texzena deuz''' |- |''torch song''||'''ifonok uvdeuzun''' |- |''vaudeville song''||'''Vaudeville deuzun''' |- |''Wienerlied''||'''Viena deuzun''' |} ==== Musicians ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musicians ! English !! Mirad |- |''musician''||'''duzut, duztoyb, duzuyt, duztwob''' |- |''instrumentalist''||'''duzarut''' |- |''violinist''||'''aduzarut''' |- |''conductor''||'''duzdeb''', '''duzutyaneb''' |- |''soloist''||'''anduzut''' |- |''singer, vocalist''||'''deuzut''' |- |''danseur''||'''dyaztwob''' |- |''ballerina''||'''dyazuyt, dyaztoyb''' |- |''dancer''||'''dazut, dazuyt''' |- |''opera singer''||'''dyuzut, dyuzuyt''' |- |''operatist, librettist''||'''dyuzdrut''' |- |''composer''||'''duzdrut''' |- |''lyricist, songwriter''||'''deuzdrut''' |- |''dance conductor''||'''dazeb''' |- |''(symphony) orchestra''||'''duzarutyan''' |- |''philharmonic orchestra''||'''duzarutyanag''' |- |''chorus, chorale'' ||'''deuzutyan''' |- |''dance troupe''||'''dazutyan''' |} ==== Song Parts ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Song Parts ! Mirad !! English |- |'''ujgon'''||''coda'' |- |'''ijgon'''||''intro'' |- |'''ebek'''||''interlude'' |- |'''ijek'''||''finale'' |- |'''gawijun'''||''reprise'' |- |'''gawdeuzun'''||''refrain'' |- |'''agalduznad'''||''theme'' |- |'''nadyan'''||''verse'' |- |'''zeymep'''||''bridge'' |- |'''gawdwas'''||''chorus'' |- |'''ujnadyan'''||''outro'' |} ==== Music Genres ==== : Some genres and styles of music: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Genres of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''a kapella, boy duzari'''||''a capella'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''ambiant'' |- |'''Usoma tyoyduz'''||''American folk'' |- |'''Usoma egona duz'''||''American standard'' |- |'''yizejna'''||''avant garde'' |- |'''Baroka'''||''Baroque'' |- |'''yolza vab'''||''bluegrass'' |- |'''bluz'''||''blues'' |- |'''Bolliwud'''||''Bollywood'' |- |'''bossa nova'''||''bossa nova'' |- |'''kalipso'''||''calypso'' |- |'''Kelta yagdeuz'''||''Celtic chant'' |- |'''Canima tyoyduz'''||''Chinese folk'' |- |'''Canima ajutbyena dyuz'''||''Chinese traditional opera'' |- |'''jejoba deupyan ay bluz'''||''contemporary R&B'' |- |'''maima bluz'''||''country blues'' |- |'''maima duz'''||''country music'' |- |'''maima pop'''||''country pop'' |- |'''maima rap'''||''country rap'' |- |'''maima rok'''||''country rock'' |- |'''dazam pop'''||''dancehall pop'' |- |'''disko'''||''disco'' |- |'''du-wop'''||''doo-wop'' |- |'''maka dauz'''||''electronic dance music (EDM)'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''elevator music'' |- |'''Euma disko'''||''Euro-disco'' |- |'''jwayeka'''||''experimental'' |- |'''flamenko'''||''flamenco'' |- |'''funk'''||''funk'' |- |'''Gregoria yagdeuz'''||''Gregorian chant'' |- |'''hip-hop'''||''hip-hop'' |- |'''honki-tonk'''||''honky-tonk'' |- |'''hyusuna rok'''||''Indie rock'' |- |'''jaz'''||''jazz'' |- |'''makjaz'''||''jazztronica'' |- |'''juju'''||''juju'' |- |'''fyaxela duz'''||''liturgical music'' |- |'''majika'''||''majika'' |- |'''mamo'''||''mambo'' |- |'''merengwe'''||''merengue'' |- |'''mesitzo'''||''mesitzo'' |- |'''mug'''||''metal'' |- |'''Mixuma duz'''||''Mexican'' |- |'''seuz bi Naxvil'''||''Nashville sound'' |- |'''Ejna Orleans bluz'''||''New Orleans blues'' |- |'''dyuz'''||''opera'' |- |'''rancera'''||''ranchera'' |- |'''rap'''||''rap'' |- |'''rege'''||''reggae'' |- |'''deupyan ay blus, ro-ay-ba'''||''rhythm & blues'' |- |'''rok-ay-rol'''||''rock & roll'' |- |'''salsa'''||''salsa'' |- |'''samba'''||''samba'' |- |'''ska'''||''ska'' |- |'''galoduzaruta duz'''||''steel band music'' |- |'''swing'''||''swing'' |- |'''Tehano'''||''Tejano'' |- |'''eyntuj duz'''||''trance music'' |- |'''Zumera visauna'''||''Western classical'' |- |'''Zumeryena'''||''Western'' |- |'''zideko'''||''zydeco'' |} === Geographic Placenames === : As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants. ==== Countries of the World ==== [[File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Johnson's new chart of national emblems, 1868.jpg|thumb|]] Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter '''m''' is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.: : Example 1: : ''Burundi'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI. ::* ''BDI'' is lowercased to ''bdi'' ::* '''b''' is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell '''ba'''. ::* Since ''d'' is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: '''d'''. ::* The vowel ''i'' is left as is: '''i''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''badim''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Badim''' ::* BDI (Burundi) = '''Badim'''. : Example 2: : ''Uzbekistan'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB. ::* ''UZB'' is lowercased to ''uzb'' ::* '''u''' is left as is: '''u'''. ::* '''z''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''zu''' ::* '''b''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''ba''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''uzubam''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Uzubam''' ::* UZB (Uzbekistan) = '''Uzubam'''. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Country Names (click on arrows to sort a column) ! ISO !! English !! Mirad |- | ABW || ''Aruba''||'''Abawum''' |- | AFG || ''Afghanistan''||'''Afegem''' |- | AGO || ''Angola''||'''Agom''' |- | AIA || ''Anguilla''||'''Aiam''' |- | ALA || ''[[w:Åland|Åland Islands]]''||'''Alam''' |- | ALB || ''Albania''||'''Alibam''' |- | AND || ''Andorra''||'''Anidam''' |- | ANT || ''Netherlands Antilles''||'''Anitom''' |- | ARE || ''United Arab Emirates''||'''Arem''' |- | ARG || ''Argentina''||'''Arogem''' |- | ARM || ''Armenia''||'''Aromim''' |- | ASM || ''American Samoa''||'''Asomim''' |- | ATA || ''Antarctica''||'''Atam''' |- | ATF || ''French Southern Territories''||'''Atofem''' |- | ATG || ''Antigua and Barbuda''||'''Atogem''' |- | AUS || ''Australia''||'''Ausom''' |- | AUT || ''Austria''||'''Autom''' |- | AZE || ''Azerbaijan''||'''Azem''' |- | BDI || ''Burundi''||'''Badim''' |- | BEL || ''Belgium''||'''Belim''' |- | BEN || ''Benin''||'''Benim''' |- | BFA || ''Burkina Faso''||'''Bafam''' |- | BGD || ''Bangladesh''||'''Bagedam''' |- | BGR || ''Bulgaria''||'''Bagerom''' |- | BHR || ''Bahrain''||'''Baherom''' |- | BHS || ''[[w|The Bahamas|Bahamas]]''||'''Bahesom''' |- | BIH || ''Bosnia and Herzegovina''||'''Bihem''' |- | BLM || ''Saint Barthélemy''||'''Balimim''' |- | BLR || ''Belarus''||'''Balirom''' |- | BLZ || ''Belize''||'''Balizum''' |- | BMU || ''Bermuda''||'''Bamum''' |- | BOL || ''Bolivia''||'''Bolim''' |- | BRA || ''Brazil''||'''Baram''' |- | BRB || ''Barbados''||'''Barobam''' |- | BRN || ''[[w:Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]]''||'''Baronim''' |- | BTN || ''Bhutan''||'''Batonim''' |- | BVT || ''Bouvet Island''||'''Bavutom''' |- | BWA || ''Botswana''||'''Bawam''' |- | CAF || ''Central African Republic''||'''Cafem''' |- | CAN || ''Canada''||'''Canim''' |- | CCK || ''Cocos Islands''||'''Cacakim''' |- | CHE || ''Switzerland''||'''Cahem''' |- | CHL || ''Chile''||'''Cahelim''' |- | CHN || ''[[w:People's Republic of China|China]]''||'''Cahenim''' |- | CIV || ''Côte d'Ivoire''||'''Civum''' |- | CMR || ''Cameroon''||'''Camirom''' |- | COD || ''Democratic Republic of the Congo''||'''Codam''' |- | COG || ''Republic of the Congo''||'''Cogem''' |- | COK || ''Cook Islands''||'''Cokim''' |- | COL || ''Colombia''||'''Colim''' |- | COM || ''Comoros''||'''Comim''' |- | CPV || ''Cape Verde''||'''Capovum''' |- | CRI || ''Costa Rica''||'''Carim''' |- | CUB || ''Cuba''||'''Cubam''' |- | CXR || ''Christmas Island''||'''Caxurom''' |- | CYM || ''Cayman Islands''||'''Cayumim''' |- | CYP || ''Cyprus''||'''Cayupom''' |- | CZE || ''Czechia''||'''Cazem''' |- | DEU || ''Germany''||'''Deum''' |- | DJI || ''Djibouti''||'''Dajim''' |- | DMA || ''Dominica''||'''Damam''' |- | DNK || ''Denmark''||'''Danikim''' |- | DOM || ''Dominican Republic''||'''Domim''' |- | DZA || ''Algeria''||'''Dazam''' |- | ECU || ''Ecuador''||'''Ecum''' |- | EGY || ''Egypt''||'''Egeyum''' |- | ERI || ''Eritrea''||'''Erim''' |- | ESH || ''Western Sahara''||'''Esohem''' |- | ESP || ''Spain''||'''Esopom''' |- | EST || ''Estonia''||'''Esotom''' |- | ETH || ''Ethiopia''||'''Etohem''' |- | FIN || ''Finland''||'''Finim''' |- | FJI || ''Fiji''||'''Fejim''' |- | FLK || ''Falkland Islands (Malvinas)''||'''Felikim''' |- | FRA || ''France''||'''Feram''' |- | FRO || ''Faroe Islands''||'''Ferom''' |- | FSM || ''Federated States of Micronesia''||'''Fesomim''' |- | GAB || ''Gabon''||'''Gabam''' |- | GBR || ''United Kingdom''||'''Gebarom''' |- | GEO || ''Georgia''||'''Geom''' |- | GGY || ''Guernsey''||'''Gegeyum''' |- | GHA || ''Ghana''||'''Geham''' |- | GIB || ''Gibraltar''||'''Gibam''' |- | GLP || ''Guadeloupe''||'''Gelipom''' |- | GMB || ''Gambia''||'''Gemibam''' |- | GNB || ''Guinea-Bissau''||'''Genibam''' |- | GNQ || ''Equatorial Guinea''||'''Geniqom''' |- | GRC || ''Greece''||'''Gerocam''' |- | GRD || ''Grenada''||'''Gerodam''' |- | GRL || ''Greenland''||'''Gedolim''' |- | GTM || ''Guatemala''||'''Getomim''' |- | GUF || ''French Guiana''||'''Gufem''' |- | GUM || ''Guam''||'''Gumim''' |- | GUY || ''Guyana''||'''Guyum''' |- | HKG || ''Hong Kong''||'''Hekigem''' |- | HMD || ''Heard Island and McDonald Islands''||'''Hemidam''' |- | HND || ''Honduras''||'''Henidam''' |- | HRV || ''Croatia''||'''Herovum''' |- | HTI || ''Haiti''||'''Hetim''' |- | HUN || ''Hungary''||'''Hunim''' |- | IDN || ''Indonesia''||'''Idanim''' |- | IMN || ''Isle of Man''||'''Iminim''' |- | IND || ''India''||'''Inidam''' |- | IOT || ''British Indian Ocean Territory''||'''Iotom''' |- | IRL || ''Republic of Ireland''||'''Irolim''' |- | IRN || ''Iran''||'''Ironim''' |- | IRQ || ''Iraq''||'''Iroqom''' |- | ISL || ''Iceland''||'''Isolim''' |- | ISR || ''Israel''||'''Isorom''' |- | ITA || ''Italy''||'''Itam''' |- | JAM || ''Jamaica''||'''Jamim''' |- | JEY || ''Jersey''||'''Jeyum''' |- | JOR || ''Jordan''||'''Jorom''' |- | JPN || ''Japan''||'''Jiponim''' |- | KAZ || ''Kazakhstan''||'''Kazum''' |- | KEN || ''Kenya''||'''Kenim''' |- | KGZ || ''Kyrgyzstan''||'''Kigezum''' |- | KHM || ''Cambodia''||'''Kihemim''' |- | KIR || ''Kiribati''||'''Kirom''' |- | KNA || ''Saint Kitts and Nevis''||'''Kinam''' |- | KOR || ''[[w:South Korea|Korea, Republic of]]''||'''Korom''' |- | KWT || ''Kuwait''||'''Kiwutom''' |- | LAO || ''Laos''||'''Laom''' |- | LBN || ''Lebanon''||'''Libanim''' |- | LBR || ''Liberia''||'''Libarom''' |- | LBY || ''Libya''||'''Libayum''' |- | LCA || ''Saint Lucia''||'''Licam''' |- | LIE || ''Liechtenstein''||'''Liem''' |- | LKA || ''Sri Lanka''||'''Likam''' |- | LSO || ''Lesotho''||'''Lisom''' |- | LTU || ''Lithuania''||'''Litum''' |- | LUX || ''Luxembourg''||'''Luxum''' |- | LVA || ''Latvia''||'''Livam''' |- | MAC || ''[[W:Macau|Macao]]''||'''Macam''' |- | MAF || ''Saint Martin''||'''Mafem''' |- | MAR || ''Morocco''||'''Marom''' |- | MCO || ''Monaco''||'''Micom''' |- | MDA || ''Moldova''||'''Midam''' |- | MDG || ''Madagascar''||'''Midagem''' |- | MDV || ''Maldives''||'''Midavum''' |- | MEX || ''Mexico''||'''Mexum''' |- | MHL || ''Marshall Islands''||'''Mihelim''' |- | MKD || ''Republic of Macedonia''||'''Mikidam''' |- | MLI || ''Mali''||'''Milim''' |- | MLT || ''Malta''||'''Militom''' |- | MMR || ''Myanmar''||'''Mimirom''' |- | MNE || ''Montenegro''||'''Minem''' |- | MNG || ''Mongolia''||'''Minigem''' |- | MNP || ''Northern Mariana Islands''||'''Minipom''' |- | MOZ || ''Mozambique''||'''Mozum''' |- | MRT || ''Mauritania''||'''Mirotom''' |- | MSR || ''Montserrat''||'''Misorom''' |- | MTQ || ''Martinique''||'''Mitoqom''' |- | MUS || ''Mauritius''||'''Musom''' |- | MWI || ''Malawi''||'''Miwim''' |- | MYS || ''Malaysia''||'''Miyusom''' |- | MYT || ''Mayotte''||'''Miyutom''' |- | NAM || ''Namibia''||'''Namim''' |- | NCL || ''New Caledonia''||'''Nicalim''' |- | NER || ''Niger''||'''Nerom''' |- | NFK || ''Norfolk Island''||'''Nifekim''' |- | NGA || ''Nigeria''||'''Nigam''' |- | NIC || ''Nicaragua''||'''Nicam''' |- | NOR || ''Norway''||'''Norom''' |- | NIU || ''Niue''||'''Nium''' |- | NLD || ''Netherlands''||'''Nilidam''' |- | NPL || ''Nepal''||'''Nipolim''' |- | NRU || ''Nauru''||'''Nirum''' |- | NZL || ''New Zealand''||'''Nizulim''' |- | OMN || ''Oman''||'''Ominim''' |- | PAK || ''Pakistan''||'''Pakim''' |- | PAN || ''Panama''||'''Panim''' |- | PCN || ''Pitcairn Islands''||'''Pocanim''' |- | PER || ''Peru''||'''Perom''' |- | PHL || ''Philippines''||'''Pohelim''' |- | PLW || ''Palau''||'''Poliwum''' |- | PNG || ''Papua New Guinea''||'''Ponigem''' |- | POL || ''Poland''||'''Polim''' |- | PRI || ''Puerto Rico''||'''Porim''' |- | PRK || ''North Korea''||'''Porikim''' |- | PRT || ''Portugal''||'''Porotom''' |- | PRY || ''Paraguay''||'''Poroyum''' |- | PSE || ''Palestinian territories''||'''Posem''' |- | PYF || ''French Polynesia''||'''Poyufem''' |- | QAT || ''Qatar''||'''Qatom''' |- | REU || ''Réunion''||'''Reum''' |- | ROU || ''Romania''||'''Roum''' |- | RUS || ''Russia''||'''Rusom''' |- | RWA || ''Rwanda''||'''Rowam''' |- | SAU || ''Saudi Arabia''||'''Saum''' |- | SDN || ''Sudan''||'''Sodanim''' |- | SEN || ''Senegal''||'''Senim''' |- | SGP || ''Singapore''||'''Sogepom''' |- | SGS || ''South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands''||'''Sogesom''' |- | SHN || ''Saint Helena''||'''Sohenim''' |- | SJM || ''Svalbard and Jan Mayen''||'''Sojimim''' |- | SLB || ''Solomon Islands''||'''Solibam''' |- | SLE || ''Sierra Leone''||'''Solem''' |- | SLV || ''El Salvador''||'''Solivum''' |- | SMR || ''San Marino''||'''Somirom''' |- | SOM || ''Somalia''||'''Somim''' |- | SPM || ''Saint Pierre and Miquelon''||'''Sopomim''' |- | SRB || ''Serbia''||'''Sorobam''' |- | STP || ''São Tomé and Príncipe''||'''Sotopom''' |- | SUR || ''Suriname''||'''Surom''' |- | SVK || ''Slovakia''||'''Sovukim''' |- | SVN || ''Slovenia''||'''Sovunim''' |- | SWE || ''Sweden''||'''Sowem''' |- | SWZ || ''Swaziland''||'''Sowuzum''' |- | SYC || ''Seychelles''||'''Soyucam''' |- | SYR || ''Syria''||'''Soyurom''' |- | TCA || ''Turks and Caicos Islands''||'''Tocam''' |- | TCD || ''Chad''||'''Tocadam''' |- | TGO || ''Togo''||'''Togom''' |- | THA || ''Thailand''||'''Toham''' |- | TJK || ''Tajikistan''||'''Tojikim''' |- | TKL || ''Tokelau''||'''Tokilim''' |- | TKM || ''Turkmenistan''||'''Tokimim''' |- | TLS || ''East Timor''||'''Tolisom''' |- | TON || ''Tonga''||'''Tonim''' |- | TTO || ''Trinidad and Tobago''||'''Totom''' |- | TUN || ''Tunisia''||'''Tunim''' |- | TUR || ''Turkey''||'''Turim''' |- | TUV || ''Tuvalu''||'''Tuvum''' |- | TWN || ''Taiwan''||'''Towunim''' |- | TZA || ''Tanzania''||'''Tozam''' |- | UGA || ''Uganda''||'''Ugam''' |- | UKR || ''Ukraine''||'''Ukirom''' |- | UMI || ''United States Minor Outlying Islands''||'''Umim''' |- | URY || ''Uruguay''||'''Uroyum''' |- | USA || ''United States''||'''Usam''' |- | UZB || ''Uzbekistan''||'''Uzubam''' |- | VAT || ''Vatican City''||'''Vatom''' |- | VCT || ''Saint Vincent and the Grenadines''||'''Vucatom''' |- | VEN || ''Venezuela''||'''Venim''' |- | VGB || ''British Virgin Islands''||'''Vugebam''' |- | VIR || ''United States Virgin Islands''||'''Virom''' |- | VNM || ''Vietnam''||'''Vunimim''' |- | VUT || ''Vanuatu''||'''Vutom''' |- | WLF || ''Wallis and Futuna''||'''Wulifem''' |- | WSM || ''Samoa''||'''Wusomim''' |- | YEM || ''Yemen''||'''Yemim''' |- | ZAF || ''South Africa''||'''Zafem''' |- | ZMB || ''Zambia''||'''Zumibam''' |- | ZWE || ''Zimbabwe''||'''Zuwem''' |} : The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker '''a''', eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''France'' ==> '''Ferama'''....''French'' ::* '''Usam'''....''United States'' ==> '''Usama'''....''American'' ::* '''Deum'''....''Germany'' ==> '''Deuma'''....''German'' : The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final '''m''' of the placename to '''t''' (meaning person), eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferat'''....''a French person, a Frenchman'' : The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg: ::* '''Ferat'''....''a French person'' ==> '''ha Ferati'''....''the French'' ::* '''Etohet'''....''an Ethiopian'' ==> '''Etohwat'''....''an Ethiopian male'' ::* '''Finit'''....''a Finn'' ==> '''Finiyt'''....''a Finnish woman'' : Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: '''Ferama''' refers to the country of ''France'', not the language ''French''. ''French'' the language is '''Ferad.''' ==== Continents ==== [[File:Continental models.gif|thumb]] : The word for ''continent'' in Mirad is '''yanmel''' (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word '''yanmel''' with vectorial prefixes. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Continent Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Ayanmal''' || ''North America'' |- | '''Oyanmel''' || ''South America'' |- | '''Iyanmel''' || ''Asia'' |- | '''Uyanmel''' || ''Europe'' |- | '''Eyanmel''' || ''Africa'' |- | '''Yoyanmel''' || ''Oceania'' |} : The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing '''-a''': :* '''Iyanmela'''....''Asian'' :* '''Uyanmela'''....''European'' : By appending '''-t(i)''' to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants: :* '''Eyanmelat'''....''an African'' :* '''Ayanmelati'''....''North Americans'' : Note: <div style="background: lightyellow"> :* The ''Americas'' is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word '''Aoyanmel''' (a combination of North and South America). :* ''Central America'' is expressed in Mirad by '''Zea Aoyanmel''' (''Central America'') :* The word '''Usam''' means ''United States of America'' or ''USA''. The word ''America'' by itself is not used in Mirad; only ''North America'' or ''South America''. :* The word '''Usamati''' is used for ''Americans'' when referring to inhabitants of the U.S. :* The word '''Ayanmelati''' is used to refer to North Americans (U.S. and Canada). :* The word '''Eyanmel-Usamat''', or more briefly, '''Eusamat''' is used for ''African American''. :* ''Latin America'' is expressed as '''Liada Oyanmel'''. :* ''A Latino, Latina, or Latinx'' in the U.S. is called '''Liadwut, Liaduyt, or Liadut'''. :* In some geographic systems, '''Ausom'''....''Australia'' is considered a continent. </div> : The word for ''island'' is '''yonmel''' (= ''separate land''). An islander is '''yonmelat'''. ==== Oceans ==== : The Mirad word for ocean is '''mimag'''. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word '''mimag''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Ocean Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Amimag''' || ''Arctic Ocean'' |- | '''Omimag''' || ''Southern Ocean'' |- | '''Imimag''' || ''Pacific Ocean'' |- | '''Umimag''' || ''Atlantic Ocean'' |- | '''Emimag''' || ''Indian Ocean'' |} ==== Compass Directions and Poles ==== : The compass directions ('''merizoni''') and poles ('''mernodi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamer'''....''north'' / '''zamera'''....''northern'' / '''zamernod'''....''north pole'' ::* '''zomer'''....''south'' / '''zomera'''....''southern'' / '''zomernod'''....''south pole'' ::* '''zimer'''....''east'' / '''zimera'''....''eastern'' ::* '''zumer'''....''west'' / '''zumera'''....''western'' : The words '''Yibzamer'''....''Arctic'' and '''Yibzomer'''...''Antarctic(a)'' both use the prefix '''yib'''....''far''. : Prefixing the directions with '''iz-'''....''due-'' yields: ::* '''iz zamer'''....''due north'' ::* '''iz zomer'''....''due south'', etc. : Directional words can be hybridized, eg: ::* '''zaomera'''....''north-south'' ::* '''zuimera'''....''east-west'' ::* '''zaumera'''....''north-west'' ::* '''zaimera'''....''north-east'' ==== Earth Grid Lines ==== : The earth grid lines ('''mernadi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamernad'''....''Arctic Circle'' ::* '''zomernad'''....''Antarctic Circle'' ::* '''zaomernad'''....''longitude'' ::* '''zuimernad'''....''latitude'' ::* '''zemernad'''....''equator'' :::* '''abzemernad'''....''Tropic of Capricorn'' :::* '''obzemernad'''....''tropic, Tropic of Cancer'' ::::* '''yizobzemernad'''....''subtropic'' ::* '''eymernad'''....''meridian'' ::* '''mamnad'''....''horizon'' ::* '''aonada'''....''vertical'' ::* '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' ::* '''zyenada'''....''perpendicular'' ==== Languages of the World ==== [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|thumb|]] : Mirad names of languages are based on either: ::* the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or: ::* the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php|Library of Congress ISO639-2 Codes]]. : If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final '''m''' or the country name with '''d'''. For example, '''Enigem''' (''England''), becomes '''Eniged''' (''English''). See [[Mirad_Grammar#Countries of the World|Countries of the World]]. : If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and '''d''' is suffixed to the word. A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel. For example, '''ba''' + '''e''' becomes '''be'''. :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Mirad Language Names |- ! ISO Language Name !! Country or ISO Code !! Mirad Language Name |- | Abkhazian || abk || '''Abakid''' |- | Afar || aar || '''Aarod''' |- | Afrikaans || '''Zafem'''....''South Africa'' || '''Zafed''' |- | Akan || aka || '''Akad''' (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka) |- | Albanian || '''Alibam'''....''Albania'' || '''Alibad''' |- | Amharic || amh || '''Amihed''' |- | Arabic || ara || '''Arad''' |- | Aragonese || arg || '''Aroged''' |- | Armenian || '''Aromim''' || '''Heyud''' |- | Assamese || asm || '''Asomid''' |- | Avaric || ava || '''Avad''' |- | Avestan || ave || '''Aved''' |- | Aymara || aym || '''Ayumid''' |- | Azerbaijani || '''Azem'''....''Azerbaijan'' || '''Azed''' |- | Bambara || bam || '''Bamid''' |- | Bashkir || bak || '''Bakirod''' |- | Basque || baq || '''Baqod''' |- | Belarusian || '''Balirom'''....''Belarusia'' || '''Balirod''' |- | Bengali || '''Bagedim'''....''Bangladesh'' || '''Bagedid''' |- | Bislama || bis || '''Bisod''' |- | Bosnian || '''Bihem'''....''Bosnia'' || '''Bihed''' |- | Breton || bre || '''Bared''' |- | Bulgarian || '''Bagerom'''....''Bulgaria'' || '''Bagerod''' |- | Burmese || '''Mimirom'''....''Miyanmar'' || '''Mimirod''' |} ...and so on... : The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing '''-a''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''(the) English (language)'' ==> '''Enigeda'''....''(in the) English (language)'' ::* '''Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.'''....''This English language document is incomprehensible.'' : The language names can be verbalized with the addition of '''-der'''....''to say'', '''-daler'''....''to speak'', and '''-xer'''....''to translate into'', eg: ::* '''Ferad'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferader'''....''to say in French'' ::* '''Esopod'''....''Spanish'' ==> '''Esopodaler'''....''to speak Spanish'' ::* '''Arad'''....''Arabic'' ==> '''Aradxer'''....''to Arabicize/translate into Arabic'' ::* '''Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.'''....''French has many Anglicizations.'' : The speaker of a language is created by adding '''-ut''' or '''-alut''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''English'' ==> '''Enigedut (or) Enigedalut'''....''English speaker'' ::* '''Duven et Enigedale?'''....''Do you speak English?'' ::* '''Aradu hia dun.'''....''Say this word in Arabic.'' ::* '''At se Itadut/Itadalut.'''....''I am a speaker of Italian.'' : Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Language Variants |- ! Variation Category !! Example |- | '''Ajna'''....''Old/Ancient'' || '''Ajna Eniged'''....''Old English, Anglo-Saxon'' |- | '''Ejoba'''....''Modern'' || '''Ejoba Perod'''....''Modern Persian, Farsi'' |- | '''Visauna'''....''Classical'' || '''Visauna Gerocad'''....''Classical Greek'' |- | '''Vyirina'''....''Puristic'' || '''Vyirina Gerocad'''....''Katharevousa (Puristic Greek)'' |- | '''Tyoda'''....''Vulgar/Popular/Demotic'' || '''Tyoda Latod'''....''Vulgar Latin''<br>'''Tyoda Gerocad'''....''Demotic Greek'' |- | '''Fyaxela'''....''Liturgical'' || '''Fyaxela Hebad'''....''Liturgical Hebrew'' |- | '''Fyadyesa'''....''Biblical'' || '''Fyadyesa Hebad'''....''Biblical Hebrew'' |- | '''Egona'''....''Standard'' || '''Ejoba Egona Arad'''....''Modern Standard Arabic'' |- | '''Egema'''....''Egyptian'' || '''Egema Arad'''....''Egyptian Arabic'' |- | '''Usoma'''....''American'' || '''Usoma Eniged'''....''American English'' |} : There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself. ::* '''Mirad'''....''Mirad'' ('''Mir'''....''world'') ::* '''Meurad'''....''Martian'' ('''Meur'''...''Mars'') ::* ''Celtic'', which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called '''Celid''' in Mirad. ::* ''Indo-European'', with the code "ine", translates to '''Inied''' in Mirad. ==== Cities and Their Residents ==== : Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in '''-a''' or '''-yena'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Cities and Their Residents |- ! City !! Adjective !! Inhabitant |- | '''Paris'''....''Paris'' || '''Paris<u>yena</u>'''....''Parisian'' || '''Paris<u>at</u>'''....''Parisian'' |- | '''Ejna York'''....''New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>a</u>'''....''of New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>at</u>'''....''New Yorker'' |- | '''Rom'''....''Rome'' || '''Rom<u>a</u>'''....''Roman'' || '''Rom<u>at</u>'''....''Roman'' |- | '''Beijing'''....''Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>a</u>'''....''of Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>at</u>'''....''resident of Beijing'' |- | '''Berlin'''....''Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>a</u>'''....''from Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>at</u>'''....''Berliner'' |} : Examples: :* '''Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.'''....''Berlin citizens are called Berliners.'' :* '''Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.'''....''Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.'' === Playing Cards Notation === : The playing card suits and prime denominations are: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Playing Card Suits |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''tiib''' || ''heart''|| <big>{{cards|h}}</big> |- | '''melukar''' || ''spade''|| <big>{{cards|s}}</big> |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond''|| <big>{{cards|d}}</big> |- | '''infayeb''' || ''club''|| <big>{{cards|c}}</big> |} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ High Cards plus the Joker |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''Az bi tiibi''' || ''ace of hearts''||[[File:Simple_h_a.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edweb bi melukari'''||''king of spades''||[[File:Simple_s_k.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edeyb bi amezi'''||''queen of diamonds''||[[File:Simple_d_q.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Yuxtwobet bi infayebi''' || ''jack of clubs''||[[File:Simple_c_j.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''hihiduut''' || ''joker''|| [[File:Simple_jk_b.svg|40px|thumb]] |} : Some useful terms: ::* '''eker drafi'''....''to play cards'' ::* '''zyabuer ha drafi'''....''to deal the card'' ::* '''ebnapxer ha drafi'''....''to shuffle the cards'' ::* '''goler ha nyan'''....''to cut the deck'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to fold'' ::* '''durer'''....''to bid'' ::* '''lokoxer draf'''....''to turn over a card'' ::* '''lokoxer ota tuyab'''....''to show one's hand'' ::* '''abnabxer'''....''to trump'' ::* '''ekdrafnyan'''....''deck of cards'' ::* '''nab'''....''suit'' ::* '''joper nab'''...''to follow suit'' ::* '''kyesdraft'''....''wild card'' ::* '''abnaba draf'''....''trump card'' ::* '''ha yannas'''....''the pot'' ::* '''ha nax'''....''the ante'' ::* '''yaber ha nax'''....''to up/raise the ante'' === Chess Piece Nomenclature === {{chess diagram | tright | |= 8 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= 7 |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= 6 | | | | | | | | |= 5 | | | | |pd| | | |= 4 | | | | |pl|pl| | |= 3 | | | | | | | | |= 2 |pl|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|= 1 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= a b c d e f g h | The King's Gambit }} : The game of chess is called '''xahifek''' in Mirad. : The chess pieces ('''xahifek goyni''') are as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Chess Piece Names |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''edweb''' || ''king'' || [[File:Chess_klt45.svg|thumb|30px]] |- | '''edeyb''' || ''queen'' || [[File:Chess_qlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''efyaxeb''' || ''bishop'' || [[File:Chess_blt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''apetaput''' || ''knight'' || [[File:Chess_nlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''tamaz''' || ''rook'' || [[File:Chess_rlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''melyexut''' || ''pawn'' || [[File:Chess_plt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |} : Some chess terms: ::* ''to checkmate''....'''xahtojber''' ::* ''Check!''....''Xah!'' ::* ''Checkmate!''....'''xahtoj!''' ::* ''chess board''....'''xahifek seym, xahifek drof''' ::* ''to move a piece''....'''paxer goun''' ::* ''to capture a piece''....'''pixler goun''' ::* ''chess clock''....'''xahifek jwobar''' ::* ''chess set''....''xahifek gounyan'' ::* ''chess tournament''....'''xahifekanyan''' ::* ''chess player''....'''xehifekut''' ::* ''my turn''....'''ata nayb''' ::* ''score''....'''aoksag''' ::* ''world champion''....'''miraklut''' === Botanical Nomenclature === : The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the [https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy|international Linnaean taxonomy]. ==== Base Names ==== : So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words: ::* '''fab'''....trees :::* '''feb'''....''fruits and nuts'' ::* '''fayb'''....''vines and shrubs'' :::* '''feyb'''....''berries'' ::* '''vob'''....''crops'' ::* '''vol'''....''vegetables'' ::* '''veel'''....''legumes and beans'' ::* '''vos'''....''flowers'' ==== Specific Names ==== : To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, ''pine'' tree is rendered as '''pifab'''. The '''pi''' prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees ''<u>Pi</u>naceae''. The '''fab''' ending applies to all trees. To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. ''cedar tree'' is '''<u>ce</u>pifab''' from ''Pianaceae <u>Ce</u>drus''. A ''cedar of Lebanon'' is '''<u>li</u>cepifab''' from the more specific ''Pinaceae Cedrus <u>li</u>bani''. : By constructing botanical terms this way, all pine trees can be listed by searching for all names ending in '''pifab'''. [[File:171 Magnolien.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ '''Basic Botanical Terms''' |- |valign=top|'''fob'''....''plant''||valign=top|'''vob'''....''crop''||valign=top|'''vol'''....''vegetable''||valign=top|'''vos'''....''flower'' |- |valign=top|'''fab'''....''tree''<br>'''fayeb'''....''leaf''<br>'''faob'''....''wood''<br>'''fayob'''....''bark''||valign=top|'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''vayob'''....''peel''|| ||'''vosayeb'''....''petal''<br>'''vosayob'''....''sepal'' |- |valign=top|'''feb'''....''fruit/nut''||valign=top|'''veb'''....''ear/tuft''<br>'''veeb'''....''seed''<br>'''veeyb'''....''grain''||valign=top|'''veel'''....''legume''||'''voseb'''....''capitulum'' |- |valign=top|'''fib'''....''trunk''||valign=top|'''vib'''....''stem'' || || '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' |- |valign=top|'''fub'''....''branch''||valign=top|'''vub'''....''blade''<br>'''vulob'''....''thorn'' || || |- |valign=top|'''fyob'''....''root''||valign=top|'''vyob'''....''tuber'' || || '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' |} ===== Product Names ===== : Products derived from plants are formed with the following words: ::* '''-fel'''....''juice (from a pome)'' ::* '''-feel'''....''-ade'' ::* '''-feyl'''....''juice (from a berry)'' ::* '''-fil'''....''alcoholic drink/cider'' ::* '''-fyel'''....''oil/jam/syrup'' ::* '''-fyeyl'''....''jelly'' ::* '''-fol'''....''grounds/powder'' ::* '''-fayel'''....''leaf juice'' : Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Zoological_Nomenclature|Zoological Nomenclature]]. For example, an ''apple'' is from the <u>Ro</u>saceae family of trees, the genus being ''<u>Ma</u>lus''. So the word for ''apple'' becomes '''marofeb'''. ''Apple tree'' is '''marofab''' and ''apple juice'' is '''marofel'''. Thus, ''apple cider'' is '''marofil'''. ===== Crops ===== : Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base '''vob''' with taxonomic syllables. [[File:Usdaemmer1.jpg|thumb|]] : The base words of this group are: ::* '''-vob'''....''crop'' ::* '''-vab'''....''grass'' ::* '''-vayeb'''....''leaf'' ::* '''-veb'''....''ear, cob, head, spike, tuft'' ::* '''-veeb'''....''seed, germ'' ::* '''-veel'''....''bean, legume'' ::* '''-veeyb'''....''grain, kernel, pip'' ::* '''-vib'''....''stem'' ::* '''-vub'''....''blade, sprig, twig'' ::* '''-vyob'''....''tuber'' ::* '''-vel'''....''edible product'' ::* '''-vil'''....''drinkable product, beer'' ::* '''-vyel'''....''syrup'' ::* '''-vol'''....''vegetable'' : From the above base words are derived these products, among others: ::* '''sakol'''....''sugar'' < '''sakvob'''....''sugarcane'' ::* '''povel'''....''bread'' < '''povob'''....''cereal'' ::* '''zepovyel'''....''corn syrup, corn oil'' < '''zepovob'''....''corn'' ::* '''zepovil'''....''whiskey, bourbon'' ::* '''sepovil'''....''rye whiskey'' < '''zepovob'''....''rye'' ::* '''povil'''....''beer'' ::* '''epovil'''....''ale'' ::* '''avpovob mekil'''....''oatmeal'' < '''avpovob'''....''oat'' ::* '''orpovob zyiglal'''....''rice cake'' < '''orpovob'''....''rice'' ::* '''mekuvol'''....''melon'' ===== Vegetables and Legumes ===== : Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base '''vol''' (''vegetable'') or '''veel''' (''legume, bean'') with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy. Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks. [[File:Hrushikesh kulkarni vegetables.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Vegetables |- ! Edible Crop !! Taxonomy |- ! colspan=2| LEGUMES: EDIBLE SEEDS |- |'''faveel'''....''bean'' || ''Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris'' |- |'''lensfaveel'''....''lentil'' || ''Fabaceae Lens culinaris'' |- |'''glifaveel'''....''soybeen'' || ''Fabaceae Glycine max'' |- |'''vigfaveel'''....''black-eyed pea'' || ''Fabaceae Faseolus vigna unguiculata'' |- ! colspan=2 | Vegetables: Berries/Fruits |- |'''lisovol'''....''tomato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum'' |- |'''mesovol'''....''eggplant'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum melongena'' |- |'''perlawvol'''....''avocado'' || ''Lauraceae Persea americana'' |- |'''sakuvol'''....''cucumber'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''akapsovol'''....''chili pepper'' || ''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra'' || ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- ! colspan=2 |bulbs |- |'''amalvol'''....''leek'' || ''Allium ampeloprasum'' |- |'''cepalvol'''....''onion'' || ''Allium cepa'' |- |'''alkalvol'''....''shallot'' || ''Alium ascalonicum'' |- |'''satalvol'''....''garlic'' || ''Allium sativum'' |- |'''zinvol'''....''ginger'' || ''Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale'' |- |'''skoynalvol'''....''chive'' || ''Allium Schoenoprasum'' |- |'''foynapvol'''....''fennel'' || ''Apiaceae Phoenix dactylifera'' |- ! colspan=2 | melons/gourds |- |'''kuvol'''....''squash, gourd''|| ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita'' |- |'''makuvol'''....''pumpkin'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima'' |- |'''mekuvol'''....''melon, honeydew, cantaloupe'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melon'' |- |'''cikuvol'''....''watermelon'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus'' |- |'''pekuvol'''....''zucchini'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo'' |- ! colspan=2 | Tubers/Root Vegetables |- |'''tusovol'''....''potato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum'' |- |'''betamvol'''....''beet, beetroot'' || ''Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris'' |- |'''rafbravol'''....''radish''|| ''Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus'' |- |'''kadawapvol'''....''carrot''||''Apiaceae Daucus carota'' |- |'''nabravol'''....''turnip''|| ''Brassica napus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''pasavol'''....''parsnip'' ||''Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa'' |- |'''eskolaravol'''....''taro'' ||''Araceae Colocasia esculenta'' |- |'''divol'''....''yam'' ||''Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea'' |- ! colspan=2| Leafy/Flowering Vegetables |- |'''bravol'''....''cabbage'' || ''Brassicaceae'' |- |'''botrolbravol'''....''cauliflower''||''Brassica oleracea botrytis'' |- |'''gemolbravol'''....''Brussels sprouts''|| ''Brassica oleracea gemmifera'' |- |'''valkavol'''....''corn salad, lamb's lettuce''|| ''Caprifocilaceae Valerianella locusta'' |- |'''lakasvol'''....''lettuce''|| ''Asteraceae Lactuta sative'' |- |'''spinamvol'''....''spinach'' || ''Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea'' |- |'''rupolivol'''....''sorrel''|| ''Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa'' |- |'''tarasvol'''....''mustard greens''|| ''Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale'' |- |'''itolbravol'''....''broccoli''|| ''Brassica Oleracea italica'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra''|| ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- |'''petapvol'''....''parsley''|| ''Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum'' |- |'''basoclamvol'''....''basil''|| ''Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum'' |- |'''orlamvol'''....''thyme''|| ''Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare'' |- |'''encivol'''....''chicory, endive''|| ''Cichorium endivia'' |- |'''nasbravol'''....''watercress''|| ''Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale'' |- |'''korapvol'''....''coriander''|| ''Apiaceae Coridandrum sativum'' |- ! colspan=2 | Stalks |- |'''aspavol'''....''asparagus''|| ''Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis'' |- |'''gravapvol'''....''celery''|| ''Apiaceae Apium graveolens'' |- |'''rewmpolivol'''....''rhubarb''|| ''Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum'' |- |'''kurzinvol'''....''turmeric''|| ''Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa'' |- |'''kokarvol'''....''heart of palm, swamp cabbage''|| ''Arecaceae Cocos'' |- |'''cimpovol'''....''lemongrass''|| ''Poaceae Cymbopogon'' |} ==== Common Flower Names ==== [[File:Madeira-flowers hg.jpg|thumb|]] ===== Flower Parts ===== : Flower names are built on the base name '''vos''', meaning ''flower''. First, here is a list of flower parts: ::* '''vosayob'''....''sepal'' ::* '''vosayeb'''....''petal'' ::* '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' ::* '''veeybpexus'''....''stigma'' ::*'''vosij'''....''bud, flower bud'' ::* '''tooygon'''....''pistil'' ::* '''veeybyan'''....''pollen'' ::* '''twoogon'''....''stamen'' ::* '''twoogonyif'''....''filament'' ::* '''veeybyem'''....''anther'' ::* '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' ===== Flower Names ===== [[File:Tulipa suaveolens floriade to Canberra.jpg|thumb|]] : Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base '''vos''' that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples: : '''<u>som</u>pavos'''....''opium poppy'' (''<u>Pa</u>paver <u>som</u>niferum'') : '''<u>mag</u>vos'''....''magnolia'' (''<u>Mag</u>noliaceae Magnolia'') : '''<u>or</u>vos'''....''orchid'' (''<u>Or</u>chidaceae Orchis'') : '''<u>krokir</u>vos'''....''crocus'' (''<u>Ir</u>idaceae <u>Cro</u>cus'') : For a fuller list, see the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Flower_Words|Flower Words]]. === Computer Terminology === [[File:Generic-office-desktop2.svg|thumb]] : This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Computerese |- ! Mirad !! English |- |'''agna saibyan syaagir'''||''mainframe computer'' |- |'''absem syaagir'''||''desktop computer'' |- |'''agbanak'''||''byte'' |- |'''ajnexer'''||''to archive'' |- |'''amloagbanak'''||''megabyte'' |- |'''anay dyewa tax'''||''read-only memory, ROM'' |- |'''aota syaagir'''||''personal computer'' |- |'''aottuunyan'''||''profile'' |- |'''aoyebmeyp'''||''port'' |- |'''apaxler'''||''to swipe'' |- |'''aroagbanak'''||''kilobyte'' |- |'''baler buxnuf'''||''to press/hit a key'' |- |'''banak'''||''bit'' |- |'''agdresin kyoxea buxnuf'''||''caps lock key'' |- |'''buxnuf'''||''key'' |- |'''buxnufsemes'''||''keyboard'' |- |'''buxnufseym'''||''keypad'' |- |'''izeaxus'''||''cursor'' |- |'''byuxseym'''||''touchpad'' |- |'''datier'''||''to friend'' |- |'''dodrer ebdras'''||''to post a message'' |- |'''dota zeyn'''||''social medium'' |- |'''ebdrer'''||''to text'' |- |'''dreun'''||''document'' |- |'''dreuzyufer'''||''to scroll, pan'' |- |'''droer naab'''||''to delete a file'' |- |'''drou buxnuf'''||''delete key'' |- |'''drur'''||''printer'' |- |'''drurer naab'''||''to print out a file'' |- |'''drurer'''||''to print out'' |- |'''druru buxnuf'''||''print screen key'' |- |'''drurun'''||''a printout'' |- |'''dunexlar'''||''word processor'' |- |'''dyezier'''||''to take a movie'' |- |'''ebdayler'''||''to chat'' |- |'''ebdaylim'''||''chatroom'' |- |'''emojin'''||''emoji'' |- |'''ex buxnuf'''||''function key'' |- |'''exen vyaab'''||''operating system'' |- |'''extuundras'''||''program, application'' |- |'''extuundrasog'''||''app'' |- |'''extuundrasyan'''||''software'' |- |'''extuundrer'''||''to program'' |- |'''fuk'''||''bug'' |- |'''fukaya'''||''buggy'' |- |'''fukoyxer'''||''to debug'' |- |'''garalyoagbanak'''||''petabyte'' |- |'''gelxer naab'''||''to copy a file'' |- |'''googler'''||''to google'' |- |'''gyia kyos yebiar'''||''solid state drive, SSD'' |- |'''gyia zyiun yebiar'''||''cd drive'' |- |'''haydren dyun'''||''login name'' |- |'''haydrer bay tuyubbal'''||''to log in with one's fingerprint'' |- |'''haydrer'''||''to log in'' |- |'''hoydrer'''||''to log out'' |- |'''huisteaxar'''||''browser'' |- |'''kyeteaxer'''||''to browse'' |- |'''hyux buxnuf'''||''alt key'' |- |'''iber naab'''||''to receive a file'' |- |'''ila mez sinuar, IMS'''||''liquid crystal display, LDC'' |- |'''izbex buxnuf'''||''control key'' |- |'''izbexdrof'''||''motherboard'' |- |'''kliker ab'''||''click on'' |- |'''kodun'''||''password'' |- |'''gawdyunxer naab'''||''to rename a file'' |- |'''kyax buxnuf'''||''shift key'' |- |'''kyea yempuen tax'''||''random access memory, RAM'' |- |'''kyisier naab'''||''to download a file'' |- |'''kyisuer naab'''||''to upload a file'' |- |'''kyiunxar'''||''charger'' |- |'''kyiunxer'''||''to charge'' |- |'''lodatier'''||''to unfriend'' |- |'''makebdren'''||''email'' |- |'''makedrer'''||''to email'' |- |'''man-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOES'''||''LED'' |- |'''mansin dyes'''||''photo album'' |- |'''mis'''||''window'' |- |'''naab'''||''file'' |- |'''naedzyun'''||''trackball'' |- |'''nagonxar'''||''modem'' |- |'''neaf mansiniar'''||''web camera'' |- |'''nexer naab'''||''to save a file'' |- |'''num yibdalir'''||''cellphone'' |- |'''belyafwa syaagir'''||''laptop computer'' |- |'''oglagos'''||''microchip'' |- |'''gwoteexar'''||''microphone'' |- |'''omijber'''||''to boot up'' |- |'''omola tyep'''||''artificial intelligence, AI'' |- |'''gawomijber'''||''to reboot'' |- |'''paxer naab'''||''to move a file'' |- |'''paxyafwa yibdalir'''||''mobile phone'' |- |'''poxu zyumuf buxnuf'''||''scroll lock key'' |- |'''sagbexu buxnuf'''||''numlock key'' |- |'''sagseym'''||''number pad'' |- |'''sam'''||''console'' |- |'''saunapxer naab'''||''to sort a file'' |- |'''semes syaagir'''||''tablet computer'' |- |'''sindren semes'''||''graphics tablet'' |- |'''sindrenyan exlen aun'''||''graphics processing unit, GPU'' |- |'''sines'''||''icon'' |- |'''sinuar'''||''screen, display, monitor'' |- |'''syaager'''||''to compute'' |- |'''syaagir'''||''computer'' |- |'''syaagirdal'''||''computerese'' |- |'''syaagirtun'''||''computer science'' |- |'''syaagnyed'''||''spreadsheet'' |- |'''taam mays'''||''home screen'' |- |'''tampu buxnuf'''||''home key'' |- |'''sirmul'''||''hardware, physical matter'' |- |'''taxdrer'''||''to record'' |- |'''taxmuf'''||''memory stick'' |- |'''teataxdrer'''||''to video'' |- |'''teataxdrun'''||''video'' |- |'''tuunnabyan'''||''database'' |- |'''tuyab izdar'''||''mouse'' |- |'''uber naab'''||''to send a file'' |- |'''uinig buxnuf'''||''tab key'' |- |'''utmansin'''||''selfie'' |- |'''yaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD)'''||''HTML'' |- |'''yeber'''||''to enter, insert'' |- |'''yebu buxnuf'''||''enter key, return key, insert key'' |- |'''yiga zyiun yebiar'''||''hard disk drive, HDD'' |- |'''yijber naab'''||''to open a file'' |- |'''yujber naab'''||''to close a file'' |- |'''makmepdrof'''||''circuitboard'' |- |'''zea exlen aun'''||''central processing unit, CPU'' |- |'''zoynigxu buxnuf'''||''backspace key'' |- |'''zyiun yebiar'''||''disk drive'' |} === Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology === : This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages. ==== Medical Diseases ==== : Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg. ::* '''tiebalyoganbok'''....''asthma'' (lit: shortness of breath illness) ::* '''tiebbok'''....''pneumonia'' (lit: lung illness) ::* '''teibbok'''....''rhinitis'' (lit: nose illness) ::* '''tayibblok'''....''neuropathy'' (lit: nerve suffering) ::* '''tebbyoyk'''....''headache'' (lit: head ache) ::* '''teibzyegikanbok'''....''osteoporosis'' (lit: bone porosity illness) ==== Pharmaceuticals ==== : Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized. ::* '''aspirin'''....''aspirin'' ::* '''Ibupropen'''....''Ibupropen'' : Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose: ::* '''bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol'''....''analgesic, painkiller'' (Lit: pain reliever) ::* '''tikebilokxol'''....''emetic'' (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance) : Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see [https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn|International Nonproprietary Names]). For example, ''phenobarbital''. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ INN names pronunciation |- ! Greco-Roman<br>Spelling !! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | ch || '''k''' |- | ph || '''f''' |- | x || '''ks''' |- | y || '''i''' |- | qu || '''kw''' |- | rh || '''r''' |- | th || '''t''' |- | ae || '''ay''' |- | oe || '''oy''' |- | c before i, e, or y || '''c''' |- | c otherwise || '''k''' |- | final e || silent |- | double consonant || single consonant |} : Examples: ::* '''acetaminophen'''....''a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN'' ::* '''amphetamine'''....''am-fe-ta-MIN'' ::* '''trimethroprim'''....''tri-me-tro-PRIM'' ::* '''sulfamethoxazole'''....''sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL'' ::* '''oxacillin'''....''o-ksa-ci-LIN'' === Mineral and Crystal Nomenclature === : Minerals end in '''-muk''' with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see [[Wikipedia:List_of_mineral_symbols|The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols]]). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. For example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Some Mineral Names |- ! English!! IMA Symbol !! Mirad Spellings !! Mirad Name |- | ''argyrodyte'' || Agy || '''a-ge-yu''' || '''ageyumuk''' |- |''brochantyte'' || Bct || '''ba-ca-to''' || '''bacatomuk''' |- |''chromite'' || Chr || '''ca-he-ro''' || '''caheromuk''' |} : There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.: ::* ''Lemmleinite-K'' (Lem-k) is '''liemikomuk''' in Mirad. : Crystals end in '''-mez'''. The first part of the word is an enumeration. : The common crystals are listed here: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Names of Common Crystals |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''mez''' || ''crystal'' |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond'' |- | '''emez''' || ''topaz'' |- | '''imez''' || ''ruby'' |- | '''umez''' || ''emerald'' |- | '''yomez''' || ''sapphire'' |- | '''yamez''' || ''lapis lazuli'' |- | '''yemez''' || ''amethyst'' |- | '''yimez''' || ''amber'' |- | '''yumez''' || ''quartz'' |- | '''alomez''' || ''opal'' |- | '''alamez''' || ''tourmaline'' |- | '''alemez''' || ''garnet'' |- | '''alimez''' || ''zirconia'' |- | '''alumez''' || ''jasper'' |- | '''alyomez''' || ''jade'' |- | '''alyamez''' || ''marganite'' |} : Other, less common crystals end in '''-mez''' and are formed from the Wikipedia list of mineral symbols. : General words for earthen matter: :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' :* '''muz'''....''ore'' :* '''mug'''....''metal'' :* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :* '''meg'''....''rock, stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' :* '''mel'''....''soil'' :* '''meil'''....''mud'' :* '''mek'''....''dust'' :* '''miek'''....''sand'' :* '''mev'''....''porcelain'' :* '''mef'''....''brick'' ==== Rock Classification ==== : The naming of individual rock types is based on the [[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/download/bgs-rock-classification-scheme-igneous/| BGS Rock Classification Scheme ]]. : All rocks (other than the general word for ''rock'', '''meg''') end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type: ::* '''ameg'''....''sedimentary rock'' ::* '''emeg'''....''igneous rock'' ::* '''imag'''....''metamorphic rock'' : The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final ''e'' is dropped from names that end in ''yte'' or ''ite''. For example, ''trachydacite'' in the scheme becomes '''trachydacit''' in Mirad. This word is then followed by one of the rock types above ('''emeg''' ''igneous rock''). So ''trachydacite'' becomes '''trachydacitemeg''' in Mirad. For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary. :The word '''meg''' ''rock'' has some common derivatives: ::* '''megag'''....''boulder'' ::* '''meg'''....''stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' ::* '''megyel'''....''cement, asphalt, bitumen'' :::* '''megyelyig'''....''concrete'' ::* '''megil'''....''lava'' ::* '''meggos'''....''crag'' ::* '''megyig'''....''flintstone, basalt'' ::* '''meag'''....''marble'' ::* '''meeg'''....''slate'' ::* '''meig'''....''granite'' ::* '''meug'''....''clay, dough'' ::* '''meyog'''....''china'' ::* '''meyag'''....''chalk'' :::* '''meyaz'''....''pastel'' :::* '''meyayg'''....''calcite'' ::* '''meyeg'''....''limestone, sediment'' ::* '''meyig'''....''alabaster'' ::* '''meyug'''....''gypsum'' ::* '''mealog'''....''sandstone, stoneware'' ::* '''mameg'''....''coal'' :::* '''eymameg'''....''coke'' :::* '''maameg'''....''anthracite'' :::* '''maemeg'''....''peat'' :::* '''maimeg'''....''lignite'' : Related are: ::* '''mek'''....''dust'' :::* '''mekes'''....''grit'' :::* '''mekil'''....''grout'' :::* '''meyk'''....''grit'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder'' ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' ::* '''mieg'''....''coral'' ::* '''mel'''....''dirt'' ::* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''meil'''....''mud'' ::* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :::* '''meyz'''....''spar'' :::* '''meyzag'''....''feldspar'' ::* '''muz'''....''ore'' ::* '''memol'''....''alkali'' ::* '''mimol'''....''salt'' ::* '''mef'''....''brick'' === Metric Nomenclature === [[File:Conversion Factors.png|thumb|]] : Mirad uses the [[Wikt:International System of Units (SI)|International System of Units (SI)]]) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names ('''alpha''', '''gamma''', etc.) preceded with the word '''ag-''' if majuscule ('''aggamma''' for ''&Gamma;'') The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ''ohm'' (Ω) is '''agomega'''. All metric units end in the word '''nak'''. ==== SI Base Units ==== :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbeviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} ==== SI Derived Units ==== : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | B | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''agbanak''' |- | '''bit''' | align="center" | b | one bit of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ==== Convenient Non-SI Units ==== ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglinak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heabak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |} ==== Metrical Formulae ==== : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical <br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |} ==== Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes ==== : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for ''b'' (byte) is pronounced '''ba''' in Mirad. A terabyte ( ''Tb'') is therefore pronounced '''ag-to-ba''', which This amounts ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix<br><br>Mirad Pron. !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix !! SI Symbol<br><br>Mirad Pron. |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' ... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''<br>''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''<br>''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''<br>''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''<br>''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''<br>''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yoon-''' <br>''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''<br>''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yaon-'''<br>''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''<br>''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''<br>''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''<br>''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''<br>''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''<br>''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''<br>''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''<br>''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alo-'''<br>''deca-'' || ''da''<br>'''da-a-''' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci-''|| ''d''<br>'''da-''' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''<br>''hexa-'' || ''h''<br>'''hi-''' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi-''|| ''c''<br>'''ca-''' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''<br>''kilo-'' ||''k''<br>'''ki-''' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''<br>''milli-''|| ''m''<br>'''mi-''' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || ''M''<br>'''agmi-''' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-''|| ''r''<br>'''ro-''' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''<br>''giga-'' || ''G''<br>'''agge-''' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-''|| ''n''<br>'''ni-''' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || ''T''<br>'''agto-''' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-''|| ''p''<br>'''po-''' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ''P''<br>'''agpo-'''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-''||''f''<br>'''fe-''' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''<br>''exa-'' || ''E''<br>'''age-'''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''<br>''atto-''||''a''<br>'''a-''' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ''Z''<br>'''agzu-'''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''<br>''zepto-''||''z''<br>'''zu-''' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || '' Y''<br>'''agyu''' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''<br>''yocto-''||''y''<br>'''yu-''' |} : *Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. ==== Abbreviated Symbols ==== : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | Macro !! colspan=2 | Micro |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daage''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dage''' |- | ''hg'' (hexagram)|| '''hege''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cage''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''koge''' || ''mg'' (milligram) ||'''mige''' |- | ''Mg'' (megagram)|| '''agmige''' ||''rg'' or '''μg''' (microgram)|| '''roge''' or '''muge''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggege''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nige''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtoge''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''poge''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpoge''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fege''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agege''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''age''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzege''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zege''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyuge''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yuge''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* '''10 kg2'''....(pronounced as:) ''alo koge gar ewa'' ::* '''12 mm3'''....(pronounced as:) ''ale mimi gar iwa'' === Trigonometric Nomenclature === : This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by '''-naz''' (''value''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Trigonometry Functions |- ! Function (Symbol) !! Mirad Technical Name !! Mirad Ordinary Name |- | ''sine (sin)'' || '''soini-naz''' || '''uznaz''' |- | ''cosine (cos)'' || '''caoso-naz''' || '''yanuznaz''' |- | ''arccosine (arccos, cos^-1)''<br>''anticosine''<br>''inverse cosine''|| '''arocacaoso-naz''' || '''ovuznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic sine (sinh)'' || '''soinihe-naz'''|| '''enuza uznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic cosine (cosh)'' || '''caosohe-naz''' || '''enuza yanuznaz''' |- | ''secant (sec)'' || '''soeca-naz''' || '''golus naz''' |- | ''cosecant (csc)'' || '''casoca-naz''' || '''yangolus naz''' |- | ''arccosecant (arccsc)'' || '''arocacasoca-naz''' || '''enuza yangolus naz''' |} === Poetry Nomenclature === : Mirad uses the nonsense syllables '''di''' and '''da''' to form various poetic meter words that usually are formed with Greek words in English. The syllable '''di''' represents an ''unstressed'' syllable in verse, while the syllable '''da''' denotes a ''stressed'' syllable. These are hyphenated and followed with a space and the word '''deup''' as a noun, which means ''meter'' or ''rhythm''. The adjectival form of the word ends in '''deupa'''. Here are the most common poetic meters: ::* '''di-da deupa'''.... iambic :::* '''di-da yoondeup'''.... ''iambic pentameter'' ::* '''di-di-da deupa'''.... ''anapestic'' ::* '''di-da-da deupa'''.... ''bacchius'' ::* '''da-da deupa'''.... ''spondaic'' ::* '''da-da-da deupa'''.... ''molossus'' ::* '''da-da-di deupa'''.... ''antibacchius'' ::* '''da-di deupa'''.... ''tochaic'' :::* '''da-di deup'''.... ''trochee, choree'' ::* '''da-di-da deupa'''.... ''cretic, amphimacer'' ::* '''da-di-di deupa'''.... ''dactylic'' ::* '''da-di-di yaondeup'''.... ''dactylic hexameter'' ::* '''da-di-di-da deupa'''.... ''amphibrachic'' : Other words representing elements of poetry are: ::* '''drez'''....''poetry, verse'' :::* '''dreza'''....''poetic'' :::* '''drezyen'''....''poesy'' :::* '''drezyan'''....''anthology'' (of poetry) :::* '''drezut'''....''poet'' ::::* '''drezuyt'''....''poetess'' ::::* '''popdrezut'''....''minstrel'' ::::* '''Vikinga drezut'''....''skald'' ::::* '''dreuzut'''....''bard'' :::* '''odrez'''....''prose'' :::* '''vyasma drez'''....''concrete verse'' :::* '''tyoda drez'''....''folk poetry'' :::* '''indeupa drez'''....''trimeter'' :::* '''undeupa drez'''....''tetrameter'' :::* '''yoondeupa drez'''....''pentameter'' :::* '''yaondeupa drez'''....''hexameter'' :::* '''yendeupa drez'''....''heptameter'' :::* '''yindeupa drez'''....''octameter'' :::* '''ogelseuxwa drez'''....''blank verse'' :::* '''yiva drez'''....''free verse'' :::* '''drezun'''....''poem'' ::::* '''deuzwa drezun'''....''sung poem, lay'' ::::* '''dindrezun'''....''ballad'' ::::* '''dizdrezun'''....''limerick'' ::::* '''fiddrezun'''....''ode'' ::::* '''fizdrezun'''....''epic poem'' ::::* '''haikudrezun'''....''haiku'' ::::* '''viysindrezun'''....''idyll'' ::::* '''ifondrezun'''....''love poem, romantic poem'' ::::* '''indrezun'''....''terzain'' ::::* '''jodrezun'''....''epode'' ::::* '''yindrezun'''....''sistina'' ::::* '''klerihyudrezun'''....''clerihew'' ::::* '''meimdrezun'''....''pastoral'' ::::* '''melyexdrezun'''....''georgic'' ::::* '''petnyanuta drezun'''....''pastoral, eclogue'' ::::* '''popduzuta drezun'''....''troubadour poem'' ::::* '''rondodrezun'''....''rondeau, rondel, roundel'' ::::* '''seuz drezun'''....''sound poem'' ::::* '''tadyandrezun'''....''prothalamion, epithalamion'' ::::* '''tankadrezun'''....''tanka'' ::::* '''taxdrezun'''....''epitaph'' ::::* '''tuddrezun'''....''nursery rhyme'' ::::* '''ulondrezun'''....''sonnet'' ::::* '''ujdreznadeon'''....''envoi'' ::::* '''undrezun'''....''quatrain'' ::::* '''unnad drezun'''....''tetrastich'' ::::* '''uvdrezun'''....''elegy'' ::::* '''alyundrezun'''....''villanelle'' ::::* '''virelaydrezun'''....''virelai, virelay'' ::::* '''yizivtos drezun'''....''rhapsody'' ::::* '''yoondrezun'''....''quintain'' ::* '''dreznad'''....''line, -stich, verse'' :::* '''eyndreznad'''...''hemistich'' :::* '''endreznad'''....''couplet'' ::* '''dreznadyan'''....''stanza'' ::* '''gelseux'''....''rhyme'' :::* '''gelseuxyen'''....''rhyme scheme'' :::* '''dunija gelseuxen'''....''alliteration'' ::* '''seuxzoyxen'''....''assonance'' ::* '''geyldyan'''....''simile'' ::* '''yiztyun'''....''metaphor'' ::* '''yanseuzan'''....''consonance'' ::* '''deup'''....''rhythm, beat, metrical foot, meter'' ::* '''kyib'''....''stress'' ::* '''seuz'''....''tone'' === Dimensional Nomenclature === : This chart shows adjectives that describe dimensional relationships: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ Dimensional Words |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- | '''yaba'''....''high(er)'' || '''yeba'''....''inner'' || '''yoba'''....''low(er)'' |- | '''yaiba'''....''tall'' || '''yeiba'''....''deep inside'' || '''yoiba'''....''deep (down)'' |- | '''yauba'''....''short'' || '''yeuba'''....''a short way in'' || '''youba'''....''shallow'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || || '''yoga'''....''short'' |- | '''yiba'''....''far'' || || '''yuba'''....''near'' |- | '''aonada'''....''vertical'' || || '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- | '''kia'''....''diagonal'' || || '''kua'''....''lateral'' |- | '''zyia'''....''flat'' || || '''zyua'''....''round'' |- | '''yaza'''....''concave'' || '''yeza'''....''flush'' || '''yoza'''....''convex'' |} === Geologic Period Nomenclature === : The principal geochronologic units of the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest, are: :** '''joob'''....''eon'' :*** '''ajoob'''....''Hadean Eon'' :*** '''ejoob'''....''Archean Eon'' :*** '''ijoob'''....''Proterozoic Eon'' :*** '''ujoob'''....''Phanerozoic Eon'' :** '''joab'''....''era'' :*** '''ajoab'''....''Eoarchean Era'' :*** '''ejoab'''....''Paleoarchean Era'' :*** '''ijoab'''....''Mesoarchean Era'' :*** '''ujoab'''....''Neoarchean Era'' :*** '''yojoab'''....''Paleoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yajoab'''....''Mesoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yejoab'''....''Neoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yijoab'''....''Paleozoic Era'' :*** '''yujoab'''....''Mesozoic Era'' :*** '''alojoab'''....''Cenozoic Era'' :** '''joeb'''....''period'' :*** '''ajoeb'''....''Siderian Period'' :*** '''ejoeb'''....''Rhyacian Period'' :*** '''ijoeb'''....''Orosirian Period'' :*** '''ujoeb'''....''Statherian Period'' :*** '''yojoeb'''....''Calymmian Period'' :*** '''yajoeb'''....''Ectasian Period'' :*** '''yejoeb'''....''Stenian Period'' :*** '''yijoeb'''....''Tonian Period'' :*** '''yujoeb'''....''Cryogenian Period'' :*** '''alojoeb'''....''Ediacaran Period'' :*** '''alajoeb'''....''Cambrian Period'' :*** '''alejoeb'''....''Ordovician Period'' :*** '''alijoeb'''....''Silurian Period'' :*** '''alujoeb'''....''Devonian Period'' :*** '''alyojoeb'''....''Carboniferous Period'' :*** '''alyajoeb'''....''Permian Period'' :*** '''alyejoeb'''....''Triassic Period'' :*** '''alyijoeb'''....''Jurassic Period'' :*** '''alyujoeb'''....''Cretaceous Period'' :*** '''elojoeb'''....''Paleogene Period'' :*** '''elajoeb'''....''Neogene Period'' :*** '''elejoeb'''....''Quarternary Period'' :** '''joib'''....''epoch'' :*** '''ajoib'''....''Terreneuvian Epoch'' :*** '''ejoib'''....''Series 2 Epoch'' :*** '''ijoib'''....''Miaolingian Epoch'' :*** '''ujoib'''....''Furongian Epoch'' :*** '''yojoib'''....''Lower Epoch'' :*** '''yajoib'''....''Middle Epoch'' :*** '''yejoib'''....''Upper Epoch'' :*** '''yijoib'''....''Llandovery Epoch'' :*** '''yujoib'''....''Wenlock Epoch'' :*** '''alojoib'''....''Ludlow Epoch'' :*** '''alajoib'''....''Pridoli Epoch'' :** '''joub'''....''age'' :*** '''ajoub'''....''Fortunian Age'' :*** '''ejoub'''....''Stage 2 Age'' :*** '''ijoub'''....''Stage 3 Age'' :*** '''ujoub'''....''Stage 4 Age'' :*** '''yojoub'''....''Wulian Age'' :*** '''yajoub'''....''Drumian Age'' :*** '''yejoub'''....''Guzhangian Age'' :*** '''yijoub'''....''Paibian Age'' :*** '''yujoub'''....''Jianshanian Age'' :*** '''alojoub'''....''Stage 10 Age'' :*** '''alajoub'''....''Temadocian Age'' :*** '''alejoub'''....''Floian Age'' :*** '''alijoub'''....''Dapingian Age'' :*** '''alujoub'''....''Darriwilian Age'' :*** '''alyojoub'''....''Sandbian Age'' :*** '''alyajoub'''....''Katian Age'' :*** '''alyejoub'''....''Hirnantian Age'' :*** '''alyijoub'''....''Rhuddanian Age'' :*** '''alyujoub'''....''Aeronian Age'' :*** '''elojoub'''....''Telychian Age'' :*** '''elajoub'''....''Cheinwoodian Age'' :*** '''elejoub'''....''Homerian Age'' :*** '''elijoub'''....''Gorstian Age'' :*** '''elujoub'''....''Ludfordian Age'' :*** '''elyojoub'''....''Pridoli Age'' :*** '''elyajoub'''....''Lochkovian Age'' :*** '''elyejoub'''....''Pragian Age'' :*** '''elyijoub'''....''Emsian Age'' :*** '''elyujoub'''....''Eifelian Age'' :*** '''ilojoub'''....''Givetian Age'' :*** '''ilajoub'''....''Frasnian Age'' :*** '''ilejoub'''....''Famennian Age'' :*** '''ilijoub'''....''Tournaisian Age'' :*** '''ilujoub'''....''Visean Age'' :*** '''ilyojoub'''....''Serpukhovian Age'' :*** '''ilyajoub'''....''Bashkirian Age'' :*** '''ilyejoub'''....''Moscovian Age'' :*** '''ilyijoub'''....''Kasimovian Age'' :*** '''ilyujoub'''....''Gzhelian Age'' :*** '''ulojoub'''....''Asselian Age'' :*** '''ulajoub'''....''Sakmarian Age'' :*** '''ulejoub'''....''Artinskian Age'' :*** '''ulijoub'''....''Kungurian Age'' :*** '''ulujoub'''....''Roadian Age'' :*** '''ulyojoub'''....''Wordian Age'' :*** '''ulyajoub'''....''Capitanian Age'' :*** '''ulyejoub'''....''Wuchiapingian Age'' :*** '''ulyijoub'''....''Changhsingian Age'' :*** '''ulyujoub'''....''Induan Age'' :*** '''yolojoub'''....''Olenekian Age'' :*** '''yolajoub'''....''Anisian Age'' :*** '''yolejoub'''....''Ladnian Age'' :*** '''yolijoub'''....''Carnian Age'' :*** '''yolujoub'''....''Norian Age'' :*** '''yolyojoub'''....''Rhaetian Age'' :*** '''yolyajoub'''....''Hettangian Age'' :*** '''yolyejoub'''....''Sinemurian Age'' :*** '''yolyijoub'''....''Pliensbachian Age'' :*** '''yolyujoub'''....''Toarcian Age'' :*** '''yalojoub'''....''Aalenian Age'' :*** '''yalajoub'''....''Bajocian Age'' :*** '''yalejoub'''....''Bathonian Age'' :*** '''yalijoub'''....''Callovian Age'' :*** '''yalujoub'''....''Oxfordian Age'' :*** '''yalyojoub'''....''Kimmeridgian Age'' :*** '''yalyajoub'''....''Tithonian Age'' :*** '''yalyejoub'''....''Berriasian Age'' :*** '''yalyijoub'''....''Valanginian Age'' :*** '''yalyujoub'''....''Hauterivian Age'' :*** '''yelojoub'''....''Barremian Age '' :*** '''yelajoub'''....''Aptian Age '' :*** '''yelejoub'''....''Albian Age '' :*** '''yelijoub'''....''Cenomanian '' :*** '''yelujoub'''....''Turonian '' :*** '''yelyojoub'''....''Coniacian '' :*** '''yelyajoub'''....''Santonian '' :*** '''yelyejoub'''....''Campanian '' :*** '''yelyijoub'''....''Maastrichtian '' :*** '''yelyujoub'''....''Danian '' :*** '''yilojoub'''....''Selandian '' :*** '''yilajoub'''....''Thanetian '' :*** '''yilejoub'''....''Ypresian '' :*** '''yilijoub'''....''Lutetian '' :*** '''yilujoub'''....''Bartonian '' :*** '''yilyojoub'''....''Priaboanian '' :*** '''yilyajoub'''....''Rupelian '' :*** '''yilyejoub'''....''Chattian '' :*** '''yilyijoub'''....''Aquitanian '' :*** '''yilyujoub'''....''Burdigalian '' :*** '''yulojoub'''....''Langhian '' :*** '''yulajoub'''....''Serravallian '' :*** '''yulejoub'''....''Tortonian '' :*** '''yulijoub'''....''Messinian '' :*** '''yulujoub'''....''Zanclean '' :*** '''yulyojoub'''....''Piacenzian '' :*** '''yulyajoub'''....''Gelasian '' :*** '''yulyejoub'''....''Calabrian '' :*** '''yulyijoub'''....''Chibanian '' :*** '''yulyujoub'''....''Tarantian '' :*** '''asojoub'''....''Greenlandian '' :*** '''asajoub'''....''Northgrippian '' :*** '''asejoub'''....''Meghalayan '' === Names of Diacritics === : The Mirad words for diacritics (= accents) are based on the worldwide Unicode 4.0 standard. There are three kinds of diacritics based on where they are positioned relative to the base: ::* <b>aybsiyn</b>....<i>above mark</i> ::* <b>oybsiyn</b>....<i>below mark</i> ::* <b>absiyn</b>....<i>overlay mark</i> : The names are based on some common shapes: ::* <b>nod</b>....<i>dot</i> ::* <b>grun</b>....<i>hook</i> ::* <b>nad</b>....<i>line</i> ::* <b>kin</b>....<i>slash</i> ::* <b>vu</b>....<i>wedge</i> ::* <b>pyaon</b>....<i>wave</i> ::* <b>zyus</b>....<i>ring</i> ::* <b>uz</b>....<i>arch</i> ::* <b>zeymep</b>....<i>bridge</i> ::* <b>izmufseb</b>....<i>arrowhead</i> ::* <b>mar</b>....<i>star</i> : The above shapes can be modified by adjectives: ::* <b>kia</b>....<i>slanted</i> ::* <b>ao</b>....<i>vertical</i> ::* <b>yoga/yaga</b>....<i>short/long</i> ::* <b>en</b>....<i>double</i> ::* <b>yaba/yoba</b>....<i>up/down</i> ::* <b>zua/zia</b>....<i>left/right</i> ::* <b>oyvuzbwa</b>....<i>inverted</i> : Here is a chart listing the most common diacritics in the world's languages. (Note: Mirad does not use diacritics for its native words.) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;" |+ Mirad Names of Diacritics |- ! Diacritic !! Unicode<br>Value !! Mirad !! Unicode Name |- |<big><b>&#x0301;</b></big>|| 0301||<b> zukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zukin oybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030B;</b></big>|| 030B||<b> enzukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0317;</b></big>|| 0317||<b> zikin oybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030F;</b></big>|| 030F||<b> enzikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> zigrun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0327;</b></big>|| 0327||<b> zugrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>cedilla</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0328;</b></big>|| 0328||<b> zigrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>ogonek, nasal hook</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0302;</b></big>|| 0302||<b> yobvu aybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent, hat</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032D;</b></big>|| 032D||<b> yobvu oybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030C;</b></big>|| 030C||<b> vu aybsiyn</b>||<i>hachek, v above, caron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032C;</b></big>|| 032C||<b> vu oybsiyn</b>||<i>caron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0306;</b></big>|| 0306||<b> yabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0311;</b></big>|| 0311||<b> yobuz aybsin</b>||<i>inverted breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032F;</b></big>|| 032F||<b> yobuz oybsin </b>||<i>inverted breve below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0308;</b></big>|| 0308||<b> ennod aybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis above, double dot above, umlaut, trema</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0324;</b></big>|| 0324||<b> ennod oybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis below, double dot below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0307;</b></big>|| 0307||<b> nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above, overdot, tecka, tittle</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0323;</b></big>|| 0323||<b> nod oybsiyn</b>||<i>dot below, underdot, nang</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0351;</b></big>|| 0351||<b> zua eynzyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031C;</b></big>|| 031C||<b> zua eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia eynzyus aybsign</b>||<i>right half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0339;</b></big>|| 0339||<b> zia eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>right half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0305;</b></big>|| 0305||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>overline, overscore, vinculum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033F;</b></big>|| 033F||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double overline</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0332;</b></big>|| 0332||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>single lowline below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0333;</b></big>|| 0333||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double lowline, double underline, double underscore</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0304;</b></big>|| 0304||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>macron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0331;</b></big>|| 0331||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035E;</b></big>|| 935E||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron, longum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035F;</b></big>|| 035F||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030A;</b></big>|| 030A||<b> zyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>ring above, kroujek, overring</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0325;</b></big>|| 0325||<b> zyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032A;</b></big>|| 032A||<b> zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033A;</b></big>|| 033A||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0303;</b></big>|| 0303||<b> pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0342;</b></big>|| 0342||<b> yagpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek perispomeni</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0360;</b></big>|| 0360||<b> enpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>double tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0330;</b></big>|| 0330||<b> pyaon oybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032B;</b></big>|| 032B||<b> oyvuzbwa enuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted double arch below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033E;</b></big>|| 033E||<b> aonada pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical tilde, yerik</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031A;</b></big>|| 031A||<b> zua gun aybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> aonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> aonad oybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030E;</b></big>|| 030E||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033D;</b></big>|| 033D||<b> xu aybsiyn</b>||<i>x above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0353;</b></big>|| 0353||<b> xu oybsiyn</b>||<i>x below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033C;</b></big>|| 033C||<b> lapiat oybsiyn</b>||<i>seagull below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0310;</b></big>|| 0310||<b> nod ayb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>candrabindu</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0352;</b></big>|| 0352||<b> nod oyb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>fermata</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0314;</b></big>|| 0314||<b> zia grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma above, dasia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0326;</b></big>|| 0326||<b> zia grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0313;</b></big>|| 0313||<b> zua grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>reversed comma above, psili</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0320;</b></big>|| 0320||<b> gobsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>minus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031F;</b></big>|| 031F||<b> gabsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>plus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubay ge aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equals above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0349;</b></big>|| 0349||<b> zua gun oybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033B;</b></big>|| 033B||<b> ungun oybsiyn</b>||<i>square below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0334;</b></big>|| 0334||<b> Gereda nod-kin-nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek dialytika tonos</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia izmufseb aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x08F7;</b></big>|| 0356||<b> zia izmufseb ay yabizmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead and up arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0355;</b></big>|| 0355||<b> zia izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0354;</b></big>|| 0354||<b> zua izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>left arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0318;</b></big>|| 0318||<b> zua zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>left tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0319;</b></big>|| 0319||<b> zia zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>right tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031D;</b></big>|| 031D||<b> yob zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>up tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031E;</b></big>|| 031E||<b> yab zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>down tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0337;</b></big>|| 0337||<b> yoga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>short slash overlay, short solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0338;</b></big>|| 0338||<b> yaga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>long slash overlay, long solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0322;</b></big>|| 0322||<b> zoykixwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>retroflex hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0359;</b></big>|| 0359||<b> mar oybsiyn</b>||<i>asterisk below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035A;</b></big>|| 035A||<b> enzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>double ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0358;</b></big>|| 0358||<b> zinod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above right</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035C;</b></big>|| 035C||<b> enyabuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve below, ligature tie below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035D;</b></big>|| 035D||<b> enyabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0361;</b></big>|| 0361||<b> enyobuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double inverted breve, top ligature, tie bar</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035B;</b></big>|| 035B||<b> uiznad aybsiyn</b>||<i>zigzag above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0347;</b></big>|| 0347||<b> gese oybsiyn</b>||<i>equals sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubgese aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equal to above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0362;</b></big>|| 0362||<b> enziizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>double rightwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034E;</b></big>|| 034E||<b> yabizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>upwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> ziizmuf aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034A;</b></big>|| 034A||<b> opyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>not tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x037A;</b></big>|| 037A||<b> iota oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek ypogegrammeni, iota subscript</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0374;</b></big>|| 0374||<b> Gereda sag aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek numeral sign, dexia keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0375;</b></big>|| 0375||<b> Gereda sag oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek lower numeral sign, aristeri keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0651;</b></big>|| 0651||<b> xadda aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic shadda</i> |- |<big><b>&#x065E;</b></big>|| 065E||<b> fatha aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic fatha with two dots</i> |- |<big><b>&#x061A;</b></big>|| 061A||<b> kasra oybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic small kasra</i> |- |<big><b>&#x064C;</b></big>|| 064C||<b> damma aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic dammatan</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0652;</b></big>|| 0652||<b> sukun aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic sukun</i> |} === Grammar Terms === :*'''drevyab'''....''grammar'' :*'''dun'''....''word'' :*'''dyen'''....''phrase'' :*'''dyan'''....''sentence'' :** '''delyea'''....''declarative'' :** '''didyea'''....''interrogative'' :** '''azteudyea'''....''exclamatory'' :*'''dyangon'''....''clause'' :** '''agala dyangon'''....''main clause'' :** '''abyosyea dyangon'''....''dependent clause'' :** '''obdabyea dyangon'''....''subordinate clause'' :*'''anyendyen'''....''idiom'' :*'''dalzeyn'''....''language'' :*'''dalzeynes'''....''dialect'' :*'''dalyen'''....''locution'' :*'''dungon'''....''syllable'' :*'''dunog'''....''particle'' :*'''abun'''....''affix'' :** '''zabun'''....''prefix'' :** '''zobun'''....''suffix'' :** '''yebun'''....''infix'' :*'''kyid'''....''stress'' :*'''dredyen'''....''spelling, orthography'' :*'''seuxden'''....''pronunciation'' :*'''dalgon'''....''part of speech'' :**'''sundun'''....''noun'' :**'''avdun'''....''pronoun'' :**'''erdun'''....''verb'' :**'''adun'''....''adjective'' :**'''aydun'''....''adverb'' :**'''ebdun'''....''preposition'' :**'''yanxdun'''....''conjunction'' :**'''oybdun'''....''particle'' :**'''asaundun'''....''article, determiner'' :*'''jobyen'''....''tense'' :** '''eja'''....''present tense'' :** '''aja'''....''past tense'' :** '''oja'''....''future tense'' :** '''vensona'''....''conditional'' :* '''teagun'''....''aspect'' :** '''ikna'''....''perfect'' :** '''oikna'''....''imperfect'' :** '''zaypasyea'''....''progressive'' :*'''tipyen'''....''mood'' :** '''izeadyea'''....''indicative mood'' :** '''ovyamxwa'''....''subjunctive mood'' :*'''teuz'''....''voice'' :** '''axlyea'''....''active'' :** '''xolyea'''....''passive'' :** '''syundabea'''....''transitive'' :** '''osyundabea'''....''intransitive'' :** '''zyinzoyubea'''....''reflexive'' :*'''sankyas'''....''case'' :** '''syina'''....''nominative, subject'' :** '''bina'''....''genitive, possessive'' :** '''buna'''....''dative'' :** '''izsyuna'''....''accusative, direct object'' :** '''oizsyuna'''....''indirect object'' :** '''byina'''....''ablative'' :** '''dyuena'''....''vocative'' :*'''toob'''....''gender'' :** '''twooba'''....''masculine'' :** '''tooyba'''....''feminine'' :** '''evtwooba'''....''neuter'' :*'''sag'''....''number'' :** '''ansaga'''....''singular'' :** '''glasaga'''....''plural'' :*'''sagdun'''....''numeral'' == Forming Adjectives == : You can form an adjective by adding the suffix '''a''' to a substantive, any adverb not ending in '''-ay''', or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adjectives |- ! Noun !! Adjective |- | '''taam'''....''home'' || '''taama'''....''domestic'' |- | '''doob'''....''nation'' || '''dooba'''....''national'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''teja'''....''vital'' |- | '''tyoyapyaf'''....''ability to walk'' || '''tyoyapyafa'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''martun'''....''astronomy'' || '''martuna'''....''astronomical'' |- ! Pronoun !! Adjective |- | '''at'''....''I, me'' || '''ata'''....''my'' |- | '''eut'''....''yourself'' || '''euta'''....''your own'' |- | '''hiyen'''....''this kind'' || '''hiyena'''....''this kind of'' |- | '''duhot?'''....''who?'' || '''duhota?'''....''whose?'' |- ! Gerund !! Adjective |- | '''ifeken'''....''recreation'' || '''ifekena'''....''recreational'' |- ! Adverb !! Adjective |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiba'''....''distant'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaba'''....''high, upper'' |- ! Verb Form !! Adjective (= Participle) |- | '''teje'''....''(he) lives'' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- | '''tojo'''....''will die'' || '''tojoa'''....''moribund, about to die'' |- | '''tojbu'''....''would kill'' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- | '''twa'''....''was known'' || '''twaa'''....''known'' (usu. shortened to '''twa''') |} === Adjectival Suffixes === : Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just '''a'''. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Other Adjectives |- ! Suffix !! Meaning !! Noun !! Adjective |- ! rowspan=3|-ava !!rowspan=3| ''pro-, for'' !! !! |- | '''Usom'''<br>''U.S.'' || '''Usomava'''<br>''pro-U.S.'' |- | '''yuvrin'''<br>''slavery'' || '''yuvrinava'''<br>''pro-slavery'' |- ! rowspan=3|-ova !!rowspan=3| ''anti-, against'' !! !! |- | '''dobvyabyan'''<br>''constitution'' || '''dovyabyanova'''<br>''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''dot'''<br>''society'' || '''dotova'''<br>''anti-social'' |- ! rowspan=5|-aya !!rowspan=5| ''full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzaya'''<br>''colorful'' |- | '''futax'''<br>''resentment'' || '''futaxaya'''<br>''resentful'' |- | '''tiibil'''<br>''blood'' || '''tiibilaya'''<br>''bloody'' |- | '''yiflan'''<br>''courage'' || '''yiflanaya'''<br>''courageous'' |- ! rowspan=3|-oya !!rowspan=3| ''bereft of, -less, un-'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzoya'''<br>''colorless, pale'' |- | '''tajyaf'''<br>''talent'' || '''tajyafoya'''<br>''untalented'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ika !!rowspan=2| ''full of, -ous, -ful, -y'' !! !! |- | '''map'''<br>''wind'' || '''mapika'''<br>''windy'' |- ! rowspan=2|-uka !!rowspan=2| ''bereft of, without, -less'' !! !! |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasuka'''<br>''broke, penniless'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yena !! rowspan=4|''-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al'' !! !! |- | '''tudet'''<br>''child'' || '''tudetyena'''<br>''childish, infantile'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' || '''totyena'''<br>''divine, godly'' |- | '''pit'''<br>''fish'' || '''pityena'''<br>''fish-like, fishy'' |- ! rowspan=5|-wa or -awa !! rowspan=5|''-ed, past passive participle''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Past Passive Participle |- | '''t-'''<br>''know'' || '''twa'''<br>''known'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalwa'''<br>''spoken, oral'' |- | '''nixbu-'''<br>''sell'' || '''nixbuwa'''<br>''sold'' |- | '''dr-'''<br>''write'' || '''drawa'''<br>''written'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ea !!rowspan=4| ''-ing''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''ot-'''<br>''not know'' || '''otea'''<br>''ignorant'' |- | '''tej-'''<br>''live'' || '''tejea'''<br>''living, alive'' |- | '''tuj-'''<br>''die'' || '''tujea'''<br>''dying'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yea !!rowspan=5| ''-ive, prone to Xing, given to X''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''tujb-'''<br>''kill'' || '''tujbyea'''<br>''murderous'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texyea'''<br>''pensive, thoughtful'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyea'''<br>''forgetful'' |- | '''axl-'''<br>''act'' || '''axlyea'''<br>''active'' |- ! rowspan=5|-uwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, apt to be Xed''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Passive Participle |- | '''ex-'''<br>''operate'' || '''exuwa'''<br>''operable'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''feel'' || '''tosuwa'''<br>''palpable'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texuwa'''<br>''conceivable'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''teluwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yafa !!rowspan=3| ''-able, capable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafa'''<br>''sightful, able to see'' |- | '''dyed-'''<br>''read'' || '''dyedyafa'''<br>''literate'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yafwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, possible to be Xed''<br> (added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyafwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''telyafwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofa !!rowspan=5| ''incapable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' |- | '''tyoyap-'''<br>''walk'' || '''tyoyapyofa'''<br>''lame'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''dumb, incapable of speaking'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofwa !!rowspan=5| ''un-X-able'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''inaudible'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyofa'''<br>''unforgetable'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''unspeakable'' |- ! rowspan=6|-ifa !!rowspan=6| ''fond of, -phile'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''pot'''<br>''animal'' || '''potifa'''<br>''pet-friendly'' |- | '''hyitoob-'''<br>''same-gender'' || '''hyitoobifa'''<br>''homophile'' |- | '''tobot'''<br>''child'' || '''tobotifa'''<br>''pedophile'' |- | '''fitel'''<br>''food'' || '''fitelifa'''<br>''gourmand'' |- | '''doob'''<br>''nation'' || '''doobifa'''<br>''patriotic'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ifwa !!rowspan=2| ''loved by'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tyod'''<br>''people'' || '''tyodifwa'''<br>''popular'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ufa !!rowspan=4| ''adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tob'''<br>''human'' || '''tobufa'''<br>''misanthropic'' |- | '''hyut-'''<br>''other person'' || '''hyutufa'''<br>''xenophobic'' |- | '''toyb-'''<br>''woman'' || '''toybufa'''<br>''misogynist'' |- ! rowspan=5|-ef(w)a !!rowspan=5|''needful of,<br>(necessary to be X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''til'''<br>''drink'' || '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' |- | '''tel'''<br>''food'' || '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' |- | '''yelb-'''<br>''to oil'' || '''yelbefwa'''<br>''squeaky, in need of oil'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yef(w)a !!rowspan=4| ''worthy of,<br> due to be (deserving of being X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''fid'''<br>''praise'' || '''fidyefa'''<br>''praiseworthy'' |- | '''dud'''<br>''answer'' || '''dudyefa'''<br>''responsible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyefwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yuk(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''easy to, (easily X-ed)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyuka'''<br>''gullible'' |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyukwa'''<br>''incredible, hard to believe'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yik(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''hard to,<br>(hard of X-ing)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyikwa'''<br>''opaque'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyika'''<br>''hard of hearing'' |} === Adjectival Prefixes === ==== Negating the Meaning of Adjectives ==== ::: The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix '''o-'''. ::: Examples: ::::* '''vlea'''....''probable'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>vlea'''....''improbable'' ::::* '''fika'''....''perfect'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fika'''....''imperfect'' ::::* '''twa'''....''known'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>twa'''....''unknown'' ::::* '''bosa'''....''quiet'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>bosa'''....''upset, unquiet'' ::: Note: Occasionally, the prefix '''lo-''' is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case: ::::* '''fwa'''....''wanted'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fwa'''....''prohibited'' <big><</big> '''ofer'''....''to prohibit'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>yo</u>fwa'''....''impossible'' <big><</big> '''yofer'''....''to be unable'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>lo</u>fwa'''....''unwanted'' <big><</big> '''fer'''....''to want'' (disambiguated) ::: The prefixes '''lyo-''' and '''ov''' are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective: ::::* '''data'''....''friendly'' ::::* '''odata'''....''unfriendly'' ::::* '''ovdata'''....''hostile'' ::::* '''lyodata'''....''inimical'' ::::* '''dota'''....''social'' ::::* '''odota'''....''unsocial'' ::::* '''ovdota'''....''antisocial'' ::::* '''lyodota'''....''savage'' ==== Table of Adjective Prefixes ==== ::: As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones: :::{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes<br>Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column |- ! Mirad Prefix !! English Prefix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | '''o-''' || ''un-, a(n)-, in-, non-'' ||'''<u>o</u>baka'''....''unhealthy''<br>'''<u>o</u>yezyebeya'''....''incontinent'', '''<u>o</u>yelpea'''....''non-invasive''<br>'''<u>o</u>totina'''....''atheist'' |- |'''ov-''' || ''anti-, counter-'' || '''<u>ov</u>zuina'''....''anti-leftist''<br>'''<u>ov</u>iztida'''....''counter-intuitive'' |- |'''av-''' || ''pro-'' || '''<u>av</u>hyitoosifa'''....''pro-gay'' |- | '''kovyo-''' ||''pseudo-'' || '''<u>kovyo</u>tepina'''....''pseudo-intellectual'' |- | '''hya(s)-''' || ''all-, pan-, omni-'' || '''<u>hyas</u>tea'''....''all-knowing, omniscient'' |- | '''voy-, gal-''' || ''re-'' || '''<u>voy</u>upya'''....''returned''<br>'''<u>gal</u>abwa'''....''<u>re</u>applied'' |- | '''vyo-''' || ''mis-'' || '''<u>vyo</u>seudxwa'''....''mispronounced'' |- | '''eyn-''' || ''semi-, half-'' ||'''<u>eyn</u>levelaya'''....''semi-sweet''<br>'''<u>eyn</u>tija'''....''half-awake'' |- |'''yiz-''' || ''ultra-, super-'' || '''<u>yiz</u>doobina'''....''ultra-nationalist''<br>'''<u>yiz</u>mola'''....''supernatural'' |- | '''gro-''' || ''under-, hypo-'' || '''<u>gro</u>jaga'''....''under-aged'' |- | '''gra-''' || ''over-, hyper-, uber-'' || '''<u>gra</u>agxwa'''....''overgrown''<br>'''<u>gra</u>toseya'''....''hypersensitive'' |- | '''gla-''' ||''multi-, many-, poly-'' || '''<u>gla</u>kuma'''....''multilateral''<br>'''<u>gla</u>tadaya'''....''polygamous'' |- |'''fu-''' || ''mal-, ill-'' || '''<u>fu</u>teyenxwa'''....''ill-conceived''<br>'''<u>fu</u>sanxwa'''....''malformed'' |- | '''fi-''' || ''well-'' || '''<u>fi</u>tofabwa'''....''well-dressed'' |- | '''yuyb-''' ||''quasi-, almost'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>daba'''....''quasi-governmental'' |- | '''ja-''' || ''pre-, (a)fore-, pro-'' ||'''<u>ja</u>teyenxwa'''....''pre-conceived''<br>'''<u>ja</u>igdawa'''....''aformentioned'' |- | '''jo-''' || ''post-'' || '''<u>jo</u>dropeka'''....''post-war'' |- | '''oyeb-'''|| ''extra-, exo-, '' || '''<u>oyeb</u>tada'''....''extra-marital'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-'' || '''<u>yeb</u>tayoba'''....''endo-dermal'' |- | '''agl(a)-''' || ''macro-'' || '''<u>agla</u>mora'''....''macrocosmic'' |- | '''ogl(a)-''' || ''micro-'' || '''<u>ogla</u>mora'''....''microcosmic'' |- | '''ut-''' || ''auto-, self-, sui-'' || '''<u>ut</u>pana'''....''automatic''<br>'''<u>ut</u>tojbua'''....''suicidal'' |- | '''hyaewa-''' || ''ambi-'' || '''<u>hyaewa</u>tesea'''....''ambivalent'' |- | '''en-''' || ''bi-'' || '''<u>en</u>toobifa'''....''bisexual'' |- | '''yuz-''' || ''circum-'' || '''<u>yuz</u>teaxea'''....''circumspect'' |- | '''gel-''' || ''homo-'' || '''<u>gel</u>sauna'''....''homogeneous'' |- | '''ogel-''' || ''hetero-'' || '''<u>ogel</u>sauna'''....''heterogeneous'' |- | '''oyb-''' || ''infra-, sub-'' || '''<u>oyb</u>ivoza'''....''infrared'' |- | '''ge-''' || ''iso-, equi-'' || '''<u>ge</u>voza'''....''isochromatic'' |- | '''agr(a)-''' || ''mega-'' || '''<u>agra</u>tipa'''....''megamaniacal'' |- | '''ku-''' || ''para-'' || '''<u>ku</u>ega'''....''paranormal'' |- | '''yuyb-''' || ''quasi-, almost, pen-'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>dobyena'''....''quasi-official'' |- | '''yib-''' || ''tele-, far-'' || '''<u>yib</u>pyuxea'''....''far-reaching'' |- | '''zey-''' || ''trans-, cross-'' || '''<u>zey</u>mimaga'''....''transoceanic'' |- | '''aaj-''' || ''paleo-'' || '''<u>aaj</u>toba'''....''paleoloanthropic'' |- | '''eej-''' || ''neo-'' || '''<u>eej</u>visauna'''....''neoclassical'' |- | '''yibaj-''' || ''arch(a)eo-, ancient'' || '''yibajtuna'''....''archaeological'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-, inner, intro-'' || '''yebzena'''....''endocentric''<br>'''yebuzbwa'''....''introverted'' |- | '''oyeb-''' || ''exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)-'' || '''oyebzena'''....''exocentric''<br>'''oyebuzbwa'''....''extroverted'' |- | '''yab(an)-''' || ''high-, up'' || '''yabnoga'''....''upscale''<br>'''yabnayxa'''....''high-priced'' |- | '''yaban-''' || ''acro-'' || '''yabanyufa'''....''acrophobic'' |- | '''yob-''' || ''low-, down-'' || '''yobnoga'''....''low-grade, down-scale'' |} === English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison === : Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared |- ! English Suffix !! Meaning !! Mirad Suffix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | ''-ful'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''voz<u>aya</u>'''....''colorful''<br> '''tuz<u>ika</u>'''....''skillful'' |- | ''-ous'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''naz<u>ika</u>'''....''precious''<br> '''mil<u>aya</u>'''....''aqueous'' |- | ''-filled'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoke-filled'' |- | ''-y'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoky''<br> |- | ''-ous'' || of<br> like || '''-a''' || '''totin<u>a</u>'''....''religious''<br> '''vyos<u>a</u>'''....''erroneous'' |- | ''-ly'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tot<u>yena</u>'''....''godly''<br> '''toyb<u>yena</u>'''....''womanly'' |- | ''-like'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pat<u>yena</u>'''....''bird-like'' |- | ''-ish'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tobot<u>yena</u>'''....''childish'' |- | ''-y'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''fyab<u>yena</u>'''....''fruity'' |- | ''-ic'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tuz<u>yena</u>'''....''artistic''<br> '''sil<u>yena</u>'''....''acidic'' |- | ''-ic'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''tun<u>a</u>'''....''scientific''<br> '''bek<u>a</u>'''....''therapeutic'' |- | ''-ical'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''zyunid<u>a</u>'''....''spherical''<br> '''iztex<u>a</u>'''....''logical'' |- | ''-ological'' || pertaining to the study of || '''-tuna''' || '''tej<u>tuna</u>'''....''biological'' |- | ''-ist(ic)'' || pertaining to the doctrine of || '''-ina''' || '''dopar<u>ina</u>'''....''militarist(ic)''<br> '''nasyan<u>ina</u>'''....''capitalist(ic)'' |- | ''-ophobic'' (and ''miso-'' prefix) || hating<br> fearful of || '''-ufa''' || '''yudat<u>ufa</u>'''....''xenophonic''<br> '''tobyan<u>ufa</u>'''....''misanthropic'' |- | ''-ophilic'' (and ''philo-'' prefix) || loving || '''-ifa''' || '''tobot<u>ifa</u>'''....''pedophilic''<br> '''tob<u>ifa</u>'''....''philanthropic'' |- | ''-al'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pyot<u>yena</u>'''....''bestial'' |- | ''-al'' || of<br> pertaining to || '''-a''' || '''tej<u>a</u>'''....''vital''<br> '''aman<u>a</u>'''....''thermal'' |- | ''-less'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''tej<u>uka</u>'''....''lifeless''<br> '''tobot<u>oya</u>'''....''childless'' |- | ''-free'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''yom<u>uka</u>'''....''ice-free''<br> '''vyos<u>oya</u>'''....''error-free'' |- | ''-safe<br> -proof'' || free<br> not subject to || '''-vaka''' || '''mil<u>vaka</u>'''....''water<u>proof</u>'' |} == Forming Adverbs == : Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix '''a''', in other words, by adding a '''y''' to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''fi<u>a</u>'''....''good'' || '''fi<u>ay</u>'''....''well'' |- | '''vya<u>a</u>'''....''true'' || '''vya<u>ay</u>'''....''truly'' |- | '''gyu<u>a</u>'''....''easy'' || '''gyu<u>ay</u>'''....''easily'' |- | '''ig<u>a</u>'''....''quick'' || '''ig<u>ay</u>'''....''quickly'' |- | '''aut<u>a</u>'''....''personal'' || '''aut<u>ay</u>'''....''personally'' |} : For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example: ::* '''It tyoyape <u>ig</u>.'''....''He walks <u>fast</u>.'' ::* '''Yit xa has <u>fi</u>.'''....''They did it <u>well</u>.'' === Special Adverbs === : Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in '''-ay'''. : Here are the principal such adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Special Adverbs |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''vay'''||''indeed, really, certainly, do'' (cf. '''va'''....''yes'') |- | '''vey'''||''possibly, may, might'' (cf. '''ve'''....''maybe'') |- | '''voy'''||''not'' (cf. '''vo'''....''no'') |- | '''ga'''||''more'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gay'''||''also, moreover, further, still'' |- | '''ge'''||''as, equally'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gey'''||''even'' |- | '''go'''||''less'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''goy'''||''no longer, no more'' |- | '''gla'''||''very'' |- | '''glay'''||''quite, rather, so'' |- | '''gle'''||''so'' |- | '''glo'''||''not very, not so'' |- | '''gra'''||''too'' |- | '''gre'''||''enough, sufficiently, over-'' |- | '''gro'''||''not...enough, inadequately, under-'' |- | '''gwa'''||''most, super-'' |- | '''gwe'''||''average'' |- | '''gwo'''||''least, sub-'' |- | '''zay'''||''ahead, forward'' |- | '''zey'''||''across'' |- | '''zoy'''||''back'' |- | '''zye'''||''through'' |- | '''zya'''||''throughout'' |} : The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow: ::* AFFIRMATIVE: '''Va, at <u>vay</u> se taduwa.'''....''Yes, I am <u>indeed</u> married.'' ::* DUBITIVE: '''Iyta dud se <u>vey</u> vyosa.'''....''Her response is <u>possibly</u> wrong.'' ::* NEGATIVE: '''At <u>voy</u> se eta yuxrut.'''....''I am <u>not</u> your slave.'' : The adverbs above beginning with '''g''' are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb: ::* '''Et se <u>gla</u> via.'''....''You are <u>very</u> beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].'' ::* '''Et peya <u>gra</u> ig.'''....''You were going <u>too</u> fast [=ADVERB].'' ::* '''It <u>gra</u> dale.'''....''He talks [=VERB] <u>too</u> much.'' : Adverbs can be combined with prepositions to form compound prepositions. If the adverbs ends in '''b''' and the preposition following it begins in '''b''', they are joined together with a single '''b'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Compound Prepositions |- ! Special Adverb !! Example |- | '''yab'''....''up'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yabu''' || '''Ha pat papa <u>yabu</u> ha mam.'''....''The bird flew <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yobu'''|| '''Teaxu <u>yobu</u> ha mel.'''....''Look <u>down to</u> the ground.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yobi''' || '''Upu <u>yobi</u> ha abmas!'''....''Come <u>down from</u> the roof!'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yubi''' || '''Besu <u>yubi</u> ha mas.'''....''Stay <u>near (from)</u> the wall.'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yibi''' || '''Ha tobi igpia <u>yibi</u> ha yovbyokam.'''....''The people ran <u>far from</u> the prison.'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in, inward, inside'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yebu''' || '''Kyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa <u>yebu</u>ha tam!'''....''Guess who just walked <u>into</u> the house!'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out, outside'' + '''zye'''....''through'' || '''It tyoyapa <u>oyeb zye</u> ha zames.'''....''He walked <u>out</u> through the front door.'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>iz bu</u> hat.'''....''Go <u>right up to</u> him.'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''ub'''....''toward''|| '''Uzpu <u>zi ub</u> yat!'''....''Turn <u>right toward</u> us!'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Hat uzpa <u>zu ib</u> at.'''....''He turned <u>left away from</u> me.'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>zay bu</u> ha uj.'''....''Go <u>on to</u> the end.'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Upu <u>zoy bi</u> hua nem.'''....''Come <u>back from</u> that place.'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' + '''bay'''....''with'' || '''Van yat tyopu <u>yan bay</u> ha hyuti.'''....''Let's walk <u>together with</u> the others.'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Ha meri kyapeye <u>yon bi </u> hyuisi.'''....''The planets are drifting <u>apart from</u> one another.'' |} === Pro-adverbs === : There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as '''''pro-adverbs'''''. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like '''duhom?''' (''where?''), '''duhoyen?''' (''how?''), '''duhoj?''' (''when?''), '''duhogla''' (''to what extent?''), and their answers, such as '''hum''' (''there''), '''heyen''' (''somehow''), and '''hyoj''' (''never''), '''hugla''' (''so, to that extent''). These words are discussed under the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners|Deictic Determiners]]. == Forming Verbs == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech: ::* Noun stems ::* Adjective stems ::* Verb stems === Forming Verbs from Nouns === : Verbs can sometimes be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix '''er''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Denominal Verb Derivation |- ! Noun !! Verb |- | '''ak'''....''a gain'' || '''aker'''....''to win'' |- | '''af'''....''permission'' || '''afer'''....''may, be allowed'' |- | '''teud'''....''cry, shout'' || '''teuder'''....''to cry, shout, exclaim'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''tajer'''....''to be born'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tejer'''....''to live'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''tojer'''....''to die'' |- | '''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejer'''....''to continue'' |- | '''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijer'''....''to begin'' |- | '''uj'''....''end'' || '''ijer'''....''to end'' |- | '''yuj'''....''sleep'' || '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' |} === Verb Formants === : More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such '''''verb formants''''' are in this chart: :* '''-ser'''....''to be/become'' usually intransitive and stative (''unite'' = ''become one'') ::* '''-sler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-srer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-xer'''....''to do/make'' usually transitive and dynamic (''unite'' = ''make one'') ::* '''-xler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-xrer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-per'''....''to go'' usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (''mount'' = ''get onto'') ::* '''-pler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-prer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ber'''....''to put'' usually transitive and a verb of gesture (''apply'' = ''put onto'') ::* '''-bler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-brer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ier''' a stub from the verb '''bier'''....''to take'', usually an action verb benefiting the agent (''eat'' = ''take food'') :* '''-uer''' a stub from the verb '''buer'''....''to give'', usually an action verb benefiting the patient (''feed'' = ''give food'') :* '''-der'''....''to say'', a verb of communication (''affirm'' = ''say yes'') :* '''-drer'''....''to write'' :* '''-ter'''....''to know'', verbs of the perception and knowledge ('''teater''' = ''see'') :: Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids '''l''' or '''r''', eg.'''sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Verb Formants |- ! Noun !! Auxiliary Verb Or Verb Stub Formant !! Verb |- | '''yav'''....''innocence'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''yavder'''....''to acquit'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''yovaber'''....''to shame, accuse'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''yovober'''....''to excuse, exculpate'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''tofaber'''....''to dress, don'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''tofober'''....''to undress, strip'' |- | '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''detser'''....''to associate'' |- | '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''datxer'''....''to befriend'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''sanser'''....''to form (intransitive)'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''sanxer'''....''to form (transitive)'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''telier'''....''to eat, consume'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed, nourish'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tajber'''....''to give birth'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tejper'''....''to come alive'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tejber'''....''to bring to life'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tojber'''....''to kill'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tijper'''....''to wake up'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tijber'''....''to awaken'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''taxier'''....''to recall'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''yev'''....''justice'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''vyan'''....''truth'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyander'''....''to tell the truth'' |- | '''vyon'''....''falsehood'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyonder'''....''to tell a lie'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aker'''....''to gain'' || '''ilaker'''....''to take on liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' || '''iloker'''....''to leak, lose liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ilier'''....''to soak up'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour, water'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikser'''....''to get full'' || '''ilikser'''....''to be soaked'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikxer'''....''to fill up'' || '''ilikxer'''....''to flood, soak'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukser'''....''to become empty'' || '''ilukser'''....''to drain'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukxer'''....''to empty'' || '''ilukxer'''....''to flush'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''ilser'''....''to liquify, melt'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''ilxer'''....''to liquify, melt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''ilaber'''....''to wash'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aper'''....''to get on'' || '''ilaper'''....''to float'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''ilper'''....''to flow'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' || '''ilzyaber'''....''to spray, shower'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyober'''....''to squeeze'' || '''ilzyober'''....''to squirt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''pyexer'''....''to strike'' || '''ilpyexer'''....''to splash (with liquid)'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''yujer'''....''to close'' || '''ilyujer'''....''to plug'' |} : Note that verbs ending in '''-ser''' and '''-ier''' are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in '''-xer''' and '''-uer''' are transitive. Also, '''-ier''' verbs are subject-directed, while '''-uer''' verbs are object-directive or causative (making someone do something). === Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser === : The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with '''-xer'''....''to do, make, cause'', and the intransitive group with '''-ser'''....''to be, become''. : The following chart shows how these verbs are formed: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aza'''....''strong'' || '''azaxer'''....''fortify, strengthen, make strong'' || '''azaser'''....''get strong'' |- | '''oza'''....''week'' || '''ozaxer'''....''weaken'' || '''ozaser'''....''grow weaker'' |- | '''kyia'''....''heavy'' || '''kyiaxer'''....''weigh down'' || '''kyiaser'''....''grow heavy'' |- | '''kyua'''....''light'' || '''kyuaxer'''....''lighten, make lighter'' || '''kyuaser'''....''get lighter'' |- | '''yana'''....''together'' || '''yanaxer'''....''bring together'' || '''yanaser'''....''get together'' |} : The final adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the '''a''' makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agaxer'''....''magnify'' || '''agaser'''....''get big'' |- | || '''agxer'''....''grow'' || '''agxer'''....''grow up, mature'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iga'''....''fast'' || '''igaxer'''....''accelerate'' || '''igaser'''....''speed up'' |- | || '''igxer'''....''rush'' || '''igser'''....''hurry up'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''baka'''....''healthy'' || '''bakaxer'''....''make healthy'' || '''bakaser'''....''get healthy'' |- | || '''bakxer'''....''heal'' || '''bakser'''....''heal'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''sana'''....''formal'' || '''sanaxer'''....''formalize'' || '''sanaser'''....''become formal'' |- | || '''sanxer'''....''form, shape'' || '''sanser'''....''form, take shape'' |} === Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per === : Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb '''ber'''....''to put'', while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb '''per'''....''to go''. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in '''b''', the '''b''' is dropped. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Ber and Per |- ! Preposition<br>Base !! Transitive Gesture Verb !! Intransitive Motion Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply, put on'' || '''aper'''....''mount, get on'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove, take off'' || '''oper'''....''dismount, get off'' |- | '''ib'''....''away'' || '''iber'''....''receive'' || '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''send'' || '''uper'''....''come'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yeber'''....''insert''<br>'''oyeber'''....''take out'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''<br>'''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''lower'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''move away'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- ! !! !! |- |- | '''za'''....''front'' || '''zaber'''....''put up front'' || '''zaper'''....''take the lead'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''zayber'''....''advance'' || '''zayper'''....''advance, go forward'' |- | '''ze'''....''middle'' || '''zeber'''....''balance'' || '''zeper'''....''balance'' |- | '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zeyber'''....''take across, transfer'' || '''zeyper'''....''cross, go over, transit'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zober'''....''hinder'' || '''zoper'''....''trail, lag'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoyber'''....''set back, return'' || '''zoyper'''....''retreat, go back, return'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izber'''....''guide'' || '''izper'''....''aim for'' |- | '''uz'''....''crooked'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''turn, diverge'' |- |- '''zi'''....''right'' || '''ziber'''....''set to the right'' || '''ziper'''....''go right'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuber'''....''set to the left'' || '''zuper'''.... ''go left'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''take beyond'' || '''yizper'''....''pass by'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''take around'' || '''yuzper'''....''go around'' |} ==== Deriving Further Verbs of Gesture and Motion ==== : More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of '''ser''' and '''xer''', plus the intensifiers '''y''', '''l''' and '''r'''. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial '''p''' is a more semantically intense version of '''b'''. Also the verb endings '''-sler''' and '''-srer''' and more intense versions of the intransitive ending '''-ser''', while '''-xler''' and '''-xrer''' and more intense version of the transitve ending '''-xer'''. Verbs ending in '''-ler''' and '''-rer''' are transitive voice by nature, '''-rer''' being more semantically intense. Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating More Elaborate Verbs |- ! colspan="2"| Gesture Verb !! colspan="2"| Motion Verb |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | -- ||'''ber'''....''put'' <br>'''beer'''....''have'' <br>'''beler'''....''carry'' <br>'''bexer'''....''hold'' <br>'''bexler'''....''keep'' | '''per'''....''go''||-- |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press''<br>'''yanbaler'''....''compress''<br>'''yobaler'''....''depress, suppress''<br>'''yuzbaler'''....''hug''<br>'''zoybaler'''....''repress''<br>'''barer'''....''crush'' ||'''paer'''....''hover'' || |- |'''baser'''....''gesticulate'' || '''baxer'''....''make a gesture''<br>'''abaxer'''....''caress, pat'' || '''paser'''....''move''||'''paxer'''....''move'' |- |'''byaser'''....''stand up'' || '''byaxer'''....''set up, erect'' || '''pyaser'''....''jump up'' || '''pyaxer'''....''shoot, launch'' |- |'''basler'''....''budge'' || '''baxler'''....''rouse''<br>'''abaxler'''....''stroke'' || '''paaser'''....''get excited'' || '''paaxer'''....''excite''<br>'''apaxler'''....''sweep'' |- |'''basrer'''....''shake'' || '''baxrer'''....''shake''<br>'''abaxrer'''....''rub'' || || '''apaxrer'''....''scrub'' |- ! !! !! !! |- |'''beser'''....''stay'' || '''bexer'''....''hold''<br>'''zoybexer'''....''restrain''<br>'''yobexer'''....''detain, hold down'' || '''peser'''....''wait'' || '''pexer'''....''trap''<br>'''pexler'''....''capture''<br>'''pexrer'''....''abduct'' |- |'''byeser'''....''behave''|| '''byexer'''....''hit'' || '''pyeser'''....''run into, bump into''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike, knock''<br>'''yonpyexer'''....''break''<br>'''yopyexer'''....''knock down''<br>'''epyexer'''....''fight''<br>'''apyexer'''....''attack''<br>'''ovpyexer'''....''offend''<br>'''kunpyexer'''....''sideswipe''<br>'''tuyapyexer'''....''slap'' |- |'''besler'''....''adhere'' || '''bexler'''....''retain''|| || '''pyexler'''....''pound, beat''<br>'''apyexler'''....''assault''<br>'''yonpexler'''....''shatter, burst'' |- | || || '''yanpyesrer'''....''implode''<br>'''yonpyesler'''....''explode'' || '''pyexler'''....''blast, bomb'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''boser'''....''calm down''<br>'''boyser'''....''rest'' || '''boxer'''....''quieten, quell'' || '''poser'''....''stop''<br>'''poyser'''....''pause'' || '''poxer'''....''stop'' |- | '''byoser'''....''hang'' || '''byoxer'''....''hang'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall''<br>'''yonpyoser'''....''decay'' || '''pyoxer'''....''drop, throw down''<br>'''yopyoxer'''....''topple''<br> |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''biser'''....''originate'' || '''bixer'''....''pull''<br>'''yanbixer'''....''contract''<br>'''yonbixer'''....''distract''<br>'''yubixer'''....''attract''<br>'''yibixer'''....''distract''<br>'''oyebixer'''....''extract''<br>'''yebixer'''....''push in'' || || '''pixer'''....''catch'' |- |'''bisler'''....''spring'' || '''bixler'''....''yank''<br>'''bixrer'''....''ravage'' || || '''pixler'''....''snatch''<br>'''pixrer'''....''rape'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''buser'''....''be destined'' || '''buxer'''....''push, drive''<br>'''zyobuxer'''....''squeeze''<br>'''yebuxer'''....''expel''<br>'''abuxer'''....''impose'' || '''apuser'''....''assault'' || '''puxer'''....''throw, thrust'' |- |'''byuser'''....''bump into'' || '''byuxer'''....''touch''<br>'''yanbyuxer'''....''contact'' ||'''pyuser'''....''run into'' || '''pyuxer'''....''crash'' |- |'''busler'''....''swoop'' || '''buxler'''....''shove'' || '''pusler'''....''lunge, pounce'' || '''puxler'''....''thrust''<br>'''zyapuxler'''....''splatter'' |} === Deriving New Verbs with Prefixes === : Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb '''baxer''' (and its intransitive partner '''baser''') as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Baxer Verbs |- ! Prefix !! Verb |- ! colspan=2 | '''baxer'''....''gesture, make a bodily motion'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abaxer'''....''caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izbaxer'''....''point'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tebaxer'''....''nod'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' || '''vatebaxer'''....''nod yes'' |- | '''vo'''....''no'' || '''votebaxer'''....''nod no'' |- | '''ve'''....''maybe'' || '''vetebaxer'''....''shrug'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''tuyabaxer'''....''wave'' |- | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''tubaxer'''....''flail, swing'' |- | '''teubab'''....''tongue'' || '''teubabaxer'''....''lick'' |- | '''teab'''....''eye'' || '''teubaxer'''....''wink'' |- | '''patub'''....''wing'' || '''patubaxer'''....''flap'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''tail'' || '''tiyubaxer'''....''wag'' |- ! colspan=2 | '''baser'''....''gesticulate'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igbaser'''....''jerk'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''igzaybaser'''....''lurch'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoybaser'''....''recoil'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobaser'''....''bow, bend down'' |- | '''ku-'''....''side'' || '''kubaser'''....''slide'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igkubaser'''....''slip'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' + '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uizbaser'''....''sway, swagger, swish'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle, wobble, totter'' |} === Forming Frequentative Verbs === : A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by prefixing the syllable '''je-''' to the verb. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ The -eg- Frequentative Infix |- ! Regular Verb !! Frequantative Verb |- | '''paser'''....''move'' || '''jepaser'''....''shake, shudder'' |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump'' || '''jepyaser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''paper'''....''fly'' || '''jepaper'''....''flutter, flit'' |- | '''braser'''....''shake'' || '''jebraser'''....''shudder, quiver, vibrate'' |- | '''teupixer'''....''bite'' || '''jeteupiger'''....''nibble'' |- | '''ilzyaber'''....''spray'' || '''jeilzyaber'''....''sprinkle'' |- | '''pyexer'''....''beat'' || '''jepyexer'''....''batter, whip'' |} === Forming Hybrid Words === : Expressions with alternating components like ''back-and-forth'', ''up-and-down'', etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Words |- ! Alternative Components !! Hybrid Expression !! Examples |- | '''yab'''....''up'' +<br>'''yob'''....''down'' || '''yao(b)-'''....''up-and-down'' || '''yaoper'''....''fluctuate'', '''yaopuser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''a-'''....''up, north, skyward'' +<br>'''o-'''....''down, south'' || '''ao-'''....''vertical'' || '''aonada'''....''vertical'', '''aonab'''....''column'' |- | '''za(y)'''....''forth, north'' +<br>'''zo(y)'''....''back, south'' || '''zao(b)-'''....''front-back/north-to-south'' || '''zaobaser'''....''rock'', '''zaomera'''....''north/south'' |- |- '''zu'''....''left/west'' +<br>'''zi'''....''right/east'' || '''zui(b)-'''....''right-to-left/east-to-west'' || '''zuinada'''....''horizontal'', '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle'', '''zuimera'''....''east/west'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' +<br>'''bi'''....''from'' || '''bui-'''....''to-and-from'' || '''buipar'''....''shuttle'', '''buipop'''....''round-trip'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' +<br>'''ob'''....''off'' || '''ao(b)-'''....''on-and-off'' || '''aoper'''....''get on and off'' |- | '''yuj-'''....''closed'' +<br>'''yij-'''....''open'' || '''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut'' || '''yuijbar'''....''switch'', '''igyuijer'''....''blink'' |- | '''uj-'''....''stop'' +<br>'''ij-'''....''start'' || '''uij-'''....''stop-and-start'' || '''uijparpan'''....''stop-and-go traffic'' |- | '''(a)yeb'''....''in'' +<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''aoye(b)-'''....''in-and-out'' || '''igaoyeper'''....''run in-and-out'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' +<br>'''yib'''....''far'' || '''yui(b)-'''....''near-and-far'' || '''yuipoper'''....''travel near-and-far'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' +<br>'''ib'''....''away'' || '''ui(b)-'''....''toward-and-away'' || '''uipen'''....''coming and going'' |- | '''hum'''....''there'' +<br>'''him'''....''here'' || '''huim'''....''here-and-there'' || '''huimkexer'''....''search high-and-low (here-and-there)'' |- | '''hus'''....''that'' +<br>'''his'''....''this'' || '''huis'''....''this-and-that'' || '''huisyexer'''....''do odd jobs, work at this-or-that'' |- | '''hyut'''....''other person'' +<br>'''hyit'''....''same person'' || '''hyuit'''....''one another'' || '''hyuitifer'''....''love one another'', '''hyuita'''....''mutual, reciprocal'' |} : Here are some more examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ More Hybrids ! Hybrid Word !! English Gloss !! Alternating Components |- |'''aogsen'''||'' fluctuation (in size) ''|| '''ag-''' (''big'') + '''og-''' (''little'') + '''s-''' (''become'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''aonada'''||''vertical ''|| '''a-''' (''up/north'') + '''o-''' (''down/south'') + '''nad''' (''line'') + '''-a''' (''adj.'') |- |'''aopuys'''||'' hop-on-hop-off ''|| '''a(p)-''' (''on'') + '''o(p)-''' (''off'') + '''puys-''' (''hop'') |- |'''buien'''||'' trading, swapping ''|| '''bu-''' (''give'') + '''bi-''' (''trake'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''buip'''||'' traffic ''|| '''bu-''' (''to'') + '''bi-''' (''from'') + '''p-''' (''go'') |- |'''buixar'''||''spring''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix''' (''pull'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''buixek'''||'' tug-o-war ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- |'''buixnyem'''||'' drawer ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''nyem''' (''box'') |- |'''byaosen'''||'' teetering, stumbling ''|| '''byas-''' (''stand'') + '''byos-''' (''fall'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''diep'''||'' marine force ''|| '''dip''' (''sea force'') + '''dep''' (''land force'') |- |'''duid'''||'' q&a, interview ''|| '''dud''' (''answer'') + '''did''' (''question'') |- |'''eigpyexer''' || ''batter, whip'' || '''eg-''' (''again'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') + '''pyexer''' (''to hit'') |- |'''gao'''||'' more-or-less ''|| '''ga''' (''more'') + '''go''' (''less'') |- |'''glaojo'''||'' sooner or later ''|| '''gla''' (''very'') + '''glo''' (''slightly'') + '''jo''' (''after'') |- | '''huimkexer''' || ''search here and there'' || '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-m''' (''place'') + '''kex''' (''search'') + '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''huis'''||'' this-and-that ''|| '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-s''' (''thing'') |- |'''hyuit'''||'' one another ''|| '''hyu-''' (''other'') + '''hyi-''' (''same'') + '''-t''' (''person'') |- |'''kyaopen'''||'' fluctuation ''|| '''kya-''' (''mobile'') + '''kyo''' (''static'') + '''-pen''' (''going'') |- |'''maluier'''||'' breathe ''|| '''mal-''' (''air'') + '''u-''' (''let out'') + '''i-''' (''take in'') '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''maojyex'''||'' double-shift work ''|| '''maj''' (''day'') + '''moj''' (''night'') + '''yex''' (''work'') |- |'''maonig'''||'' flicker ''|| '''man''' (''light'') + '''mon''' (''dark'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') |- |'''maolza'''||'' black&white/gray ''|| '''malza''' (''white'') + '''molza''' (''black'') |- |'''meil'''||'' mud ''|| '''mel''' (''soil'') + '''mil''' (''water'') |- |'''memuiben'''||'' import-exports ''|| '''mem''' (''country'') + '''ub-''' (''send'') + '''ib-''' (''receive'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''mial'''||'' vapor ''|| '''mil''' (''water'') + '''mal''' (''air'') |- |'''mieg'''||'' reef ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-g''' (''stone'') |- |'''miek'''||'' sand ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-k''' (''rocky substance'') |- |'''miem'''||'' swamp ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''mem''' (''land'') |- |'''mimpuin'''||'' dock ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''mimpyaos'''||'' surf ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''sink'') |- |'''mimuip'''||'' tide ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip-''' (''go'') |- |'''peit'''||'' amphibian ''|| '''pet''' (''land animal'') + '''pit''' (''sea creature'') |- |'''puim'''||'' kiss-and-ride zone''|| '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''puixek'''||'' baseball ''|| '''pux-''' (''pitch'') + '''pix-''' (''catch'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- | '''pyaos''' || ''wave'' || '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''crest'') |- |'''teabyuij'''||'' blink ''|| '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') |- |'''tuijea'''||'' nodding off ''|| '''tuj-''' (''sleep'') + '''tij''' (''wake'') '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''uijdal'''||'' stutter ''|| '''uj-''' (''finish'') + '''ij-''' (''start'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''uipeni'''||'' comings & goings ''|| '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip''' (''go'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') + '''-i''' (''pl.'') |- |'''uiza'''||'' serpentine, snaky ''|| '''uza''' (''crooked'') + '''iza''' (''straight'') |- |'''vao?'''||'' yes or no? ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') |- |'''vaod'''||'' decision ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') + '''d-''' (''say'') |- |'''yaobar'''||'' elevator ''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaobyuijar'''||''piston''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open '') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaoplas'''||''oscillation''|| '''yap-''' (''up'') + '''yop-''' (''down'') + '''plas''' (''shake'') |- |'''yaopsim'''||''seesaw''|| '''yap-''' (''ascend'') + '''yop-''' (''descend'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''yaopus'''||''bounce''|| ya(''b'')'''-''' (''up'') + yo(''b'')'''-''' (''down'') + '''pus''' (''jump'') |- |'''yaovdut'''||''juror''|| '''yav-''' (''innocent'') + '''yov-''' (''guilty'') + '''d-''' (''say'') + '''-ut''' (''agent'') |- |'''yaoza'''||''uneven, bumpy, serrated''|| '''yaza''' (''convex'') + '''yoza''' (''concave'') |- |'''yaozgoblar'''||''saw''|| '''yaz''' (''protrusion '') + '''yoz''' (''indentation'') + '''gobl-''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaozil'''||''wave''|| '''yaz''' (''swell'') + '''yoz''' (''trough'') + '''-il''' (''liquid'') |- |'''yuibteabar'''||''bifocals''|| '''yub''' (''near'') + '''yib''' (''far'') + '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yuijar'''||'' valve, switch''|| '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaobelur'''||''ferry''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''bel-''' (''carry'') + '''-ur''' (''vehicle'') |- |'''zaobyexar'''||''swatter, bat''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''byex-''' (''strike'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaodal'''||''dialog''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''zaogoblar'''||''saw''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''gobl''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaokyax'''||''alternation''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''kyax''' (''change'') |- |'''zaopasen'''||''swinging''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo-''' (''back'') + '''pasen''' (''moving'') |- |'''zaopsim'''||''swing or rocker''|| '''zap-''' (''go forth'') + '''zap''' (''go back'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''zuibasen'''||''wiggling''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bas-''' (''move bodily'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuibayx'''||''wag''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bayx-''' (''slight body move'') |- |'''zuibyoxea'''||''dangling''|| '''zu''' (''left'') + '''zi''' (''right'') + '''byox-''' (''hang down'') + '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuiyafa'''||''ambidextrous''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''yafa''' (''capable'') |- |'''zyaobas'''||''throb''|| '''zya-''' (''wide'') + '''zyo-''' (''narrow'') + '''bas''' (''bodily movement'') |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Acronyms and Abbreviations|Word Families}}</noinclude> 5yk2hldt81rhrdr0x5v0zee845hskiw 4635611 4635609 2026-05-13T17:48:09Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation */ 4635611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right|limit=3}} == Introduction == : In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels. : The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of '''''base words''''' and '''''derived words'''''. : The vocabulary is built on '''''base words''''', that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by: ::* The meaning of each letter of the word. ::* The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: ''fixed'' vs. ''variable''. ::* How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language. ::* The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about). ::* The logic of its composition. ::* The mnemonic associations this word suggests. : The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called '''''vocabulary-building rules''''', which are spelled out below. == Base Words == : '''''Base words''''' are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups: ::* Group 1:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''nouns''''' ::* Group 2:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs'''''. == Base words of Group 1 == : Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters: :::* The first, a consonant called the '''''classifier''''' :::* The second, a vowel called the '''''ordinal''''' :::* The third, a consonant called the '''''generic''''' These words can be thought of as noun templates. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Base Word Composition |- ! Classifier !! Ordinal !! Generic !! Meaning |- | '''t''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''man'' |- | '''d''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''society'' |- | '''p''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''animal'' |- | '''f''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''plant'' |} == Base words of Group 2 == : Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as '''-er''' (verb infinitive marker) or '''-a''' (adjective marker): ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words | '''b-'''....''put'' || '''p-'''....''go'' |- | '''s-'''....''be'' || '''x-'''....''do'' |- | '''d-'''....''say'' || '''t-'''....''know'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ob'''....''off'' |- |'''bu'''....''to'' || '''bi'''....''from'' |- |'''if-'''....''love'' || '''uf-'''....''hate'' |- |'''fi-'''....''good'' || '''fu-'''....''bad'' |- |'''va'''....''yes'' || '''vo'''....''no'' |- |'''vya-'''^*....''true'' || '''vyo-'''....''false'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''o'''....''zero'' |} : *<small> As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include glided vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides '''y''' or '''w'''. So, for purposes here, '''ya''', '''ye''', '''yi''', '''yo''', '''yu''', '''wa''', and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "glided vowels".</small> == Consonants and Their Meanings == : The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Consonants and Their Meanings |- ! Consonant !! Group 1 Classifier !! Group 1 Generic !! Group 2 Classifier !! In Numbers |- | '''b''' || organ, health || organism || gesture, position || |- | '''d''' || society || family || communicating || |- | '''f''' || vegetation || textile, clothing || volition, attributes || |- | '''g''' || -- || measurement || quantity, attributes || |- | '''j''' || time || time || time || |- | '''k''' || -- || health || change, risk, attributes || |- | '''l''' || -- || element, food, liquid, nature || -- || '''l''' = ten |- | '''m''' || nature || place, building, furniture || temperature, light || '''ml''' = million<br>'''mr''' = billion |- | '''n''' || commerce || -- || -- || |- | '''p''' || animal, vehicle || motion || movement || |- | '''r''' || -- || tool, machine, cosmos || -- || '''r''' = thousand |- | '''s''' || form, image, furniture || thing || being, form, thing || '''s''' = hundred |- | '''t''' || human, body || person, animal || intelligence, knowing || |- | '''v''' || plant, color || linen || truth, attributes || |- | '''x''' || action || -- || action, doing, making || |- | '''z''' || -- || precious, art || spatial, attributes || |} : The following consonants functions rather than, or in addition to, semantic values: ::* '''l''' and '''r''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: '''baer'''....''to lean'', '''baler'''....''to press'', '''barer'''....''to crush''; ::* '''y''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''voa'''....''negative'' -> '''vyoa'''....''false'', or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''ama'''....''hot'' -> '''ayma'''....''warm''. ::* '''h''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Used functionally only in certain interjections like '''hoy'''....''goodbye'' and determiners like '''his'''....''this'', and has no semantic value. ::* '''w''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. '''tob'''....''person'' -> '''twob'''....''man'', or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. '''uber'''....''to send'' -> '''ubwer'''....''to be sent'', or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. '''awa'''....''one'', or 4) sometimes to substitute for '''y''' when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. '''jwo'''....''late'', instead of '''jyo'''. ::* '''n''':&nbsp;&nbsp; In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in '''ana'''....''only'', or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as '''fian'''....''goodness'' from '''fia'''....''good'', or from a verb, such '''axnen'''....''behaving'' from '''axner'''....''to behave''. == Vowels and Their Meanings == : Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types: ::* meronymic ::* hierarchical ::* geo-specific ::* oppositional/polar ::* vectorial ::* directional and positional ::* special === Ordinal Vowel Values === :: The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with '''y''' are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Vowels|Vowels]]. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Numeric Values of Vowels |- ! Ordinal Vowel !! '''o''' !! '''a''' !! '''e''' !! '''i''' !! '''u''' !! '''yo''' !! '''ya''' !! '''ye''' !! '''yi''' !! '''yu''' |- !row=1| Cardinal Number | 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 |} === Meronymic Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|meronymic}}''''' series. (This gradation can also be called '''''taxonomic'''''. The top element, or hypernym, has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are hyponyms or meronyms (= parts of the whole), and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. '''T<u>a</u>b''' (''body'') is the first meronym of '''t<u>o</u>b''' (''human being''), the hypernym or zeroth element. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Meronymic Series |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=7| Meronymic or Taxonomic |- ! 0 | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''fob'''....''plant'' || '''vob'''....''crop''|| '''mos'''....''floor''||'''som'''....''furniture''||'''tom'''....''building''||'''job'''....''time'' |- ! 1 | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''fab'''....''tree'' || '''vab'''....''grass''|| '''mas'''....''wall''||'''sam'''....''chest of drawers''||'''tam'''....''house''||'''jab'''....''year'' |- ! 2 | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''feb'''....''fruit'' || '''veb'''....''tuft''|| '''mes'''....''door''||'''sem'''....''table''||'''tem'''....''hall''||'''jeb'''....''season'' |- ! 3 | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''fib'''....''trunk'' || '''vib'''....''stalk''|| '''mis'''....''window''||'''sim'''....''chair''||'''tim'''....''room''||'''jib'''....''month'' |- ! 4 | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''fub'''....''branch'' || '''vub'''....''shoot''||'''mus'''....''stairs''||'''sum'''....''bed''||'''tum'''....''closet''||'''jub'''....''day'' |- ! 5 | '''tyob'''....''leg'' || '''fyob'''....''root'' || '''vyob'''....''tuber''|| || || ||'''jwob'''^*....''hour'' |- ! 6 | || || || || || ||'''jwab'''^*....''minute'' |- ! 7 | || || || || || ||'''jweb'''^*....''second'' |} * The letter '''w''' replaces the letter '''y''' following a '''j''', for ease of pronunciation. : The words that descend from the base word are called '''''meronyms'''''. A hypernym is a word that is higher in scale. === Hierarchical Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|hierarchical}}''''' series where the top element has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hierarchical Vowel Gradation |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=4| Hierarchy |- ! 0 | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''dot'''....''society'' || '''tod'''....''family''||'''xob'''....''organization'' |- ! 1 | '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''tad'''....''spouse''||'''xab'''....''staff'' |- ! 2 | '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ted'''....''parent''||'''xeb'''....''boss'' |- ! 3 | '''dib'''....''ministry'' || '''dit'''....''citizen'' ||'''tid'''....''sibling''||'''xib'''....''department'' |- ! 4 | '''dub'''....''minister'' || '''dut'''....''gentleman'' || '''tud'''....''child''||'''xub'''....''branch'' |} === Geo-specific Vowel Gradation === : Ordinals can have '''''{{color|blue|geo-specific}}''''' values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Geo-specific Vowel Values |- ! Ordinal ! Geo-sphere ! colspan=7| Examples |- | align=center | '''o''' || ''outer space, top level'' || '''m<u>o</u>p'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''outer space''|| '''mol'''....''nature''||'''dop'''....''military''||'''pop'''....''voyage''||'''mol'''....''nature''||'''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- | align=center | '''a''' || ''air, gas, sky'' || '''m<u>a</u>p'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' ||'''mal'''....''air''||'''dap'''....''air force''||'''pap'''....''flight''||'''mal'''....''wind''||'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | align=center | '''e''' || ''ground, soil, solid'' || '''m<u>e</u>p'''....''road'' || '''mem'''....''land''|| '''mel'''....''soil''||'''dep'''....''army''||'''pep'''....''ride''||'''mel'''....''soil''||'''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' |- | align=center | '''i''' || ''liquid'', ''water'', ''sea'' || '''m<u>i</u>p'''....''river'' || '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''mil'''....''water''||'''dip'''....''marines''|| '''pip'''....''navigation/sail''||'''mil'''....''water''||'''pit'''....''fish'' |- | align=center | '''u''' || ''underground'', ''mineral'', ''substance'' || '''m<u>u</u>p'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || '''mul'''....''mineral''|| ||'''pup'''....''tunneling''||'''mul'''....''matter''|| |} === Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation === : The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation |- ! Order || Mirad !! English |- | 0 || '''olza'''¹ || ''blank, of no color'' |- | 1 || '''alza''' || ''red'' |- | 2 || '''elza''' || ''orange'' |- | 3 || '''ilza''' || ''yellow'' |- | 4 || '''ulza''' || ''green'' |- | 5 || '''yolza''' || ''blue'' |- | 6 || '''yalza''' || ''purple'' |- | 7 || '''yelza''' || ''indigo'' |} {{small/top}} : 1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order. {{small/end}} : The colors black and white are: :* '''malza'''....''white'' :* '''molza'''....''black'' : Some colors are hybrids of two colors: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hybrid Colors |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''aolza''' || ''pink'' (a blend of ''blank'' and ''red'') |- | '''youlza''' || ''blue-green'' |- | '''maolza''' || ''gray'' (a blend of ''black'' and ''white'') |} : The word for ''brown'' is based on the word for ''soil'': :* '''melza'''....''brown'' (< '''mel'''....''soil'') : Two other colors are based on metals: :* '''agelkza'''....''silver'' (based on '''agelk'''....''silver metal'' :* '''aulkza'''....''gold'' (based on '''aulk'''....''gold metal'' === Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values === : In Group 2 stems: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Oppositional Vowel Values |- | '''a'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ya''' || intermediate || '''i'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yi''' |- | <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative || '''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ye''' || <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative |- | '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yo''' || value || '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yu''' |} ::* positive '''a''' contrasts with negative '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''av'''....''for'' vs. '''ov'''....''against'') ::* positive '''ya''' contrasts with negative '''yo'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yava'''....''innocent'' vs. '''yova'''....''guilty'') ::* positive '''i''' contrasts with negative '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''fia'''....''good'' vs. '''fua'''....''bad'') ::* positive '''yi''' contrasts with negative '''yu'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yiva'''....''free'' vs. '''yuva'''....''bound'') ::* '''e''' and '''ye''' are in-between values&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''eva'''....''neutral'', '''yeva'''....''fair'') ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation |- ! positive !! intermediate !! negative |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''ega'''....''normal'' || '''oga'''....''small'' |- | '''yava'''....''innocent'' || '''yeva'''....''just''|| '''yova'''....''guilty'' |- | '''ava'''....''for'' || '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''ova'''....''against'' |- | '''aker'''....''to win'' || '''eker'''....''to risk'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' |- | '''yak'''....''expectation'' || '''yek'''....''attempt'' || '''yok'''....''surprise'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || || '''fua'''....''bad'' |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || || '''ufer'''....''hate'' |- | '''yifa'''....''brave'' || || '''yufa'''....''afraid'' |} : Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit '''''oppositional''''' values: : The Group 1 base word '''bok''' (''illness'') is a good example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Group 1 base word with oppositional values |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- valign=top |'''bak'''....''health''||'''bek'''....''treatment''||'''bok'''....''illness'' |- |'''byak'''....''hygiene''||'''byek'''....''cure''||'''byok'''....''pain''<br>'''byoyk'''....''ache''<br>'''blok'''....''suffering''<br>'''brok'''....''agony'' |- |'''baak'''....''sanitation''|| ||'''book'''....''fatigue'' |- |'''bik'''....''care''|| ||'''buk'''....''wound''<br>'''buyk'''....''sore'' |} === Vectorial Vowel Values === : These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc. {{big/top}}&nbsp;&nbsp; ::::::'''a''' ::::::↑ ::::'''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;←&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;→&nbsp;&nbsp;'''i''' ::::::↓ ::::::'''o''' {{big/end}} :::'''a'''....''on, above, north'' ('''ab'''....''on'', '''zamer'''....''north'') :::'''e'''....''center, middle, equator'' ('''eb'''....''between'', '''ze'''....''center'') :::'''o'''....''off, below, south'' ('''ob'''....''off'', '''zomer'''....''south'') :::'''i'''....''right, east'' ('''zi'''....''right'', '''zimer'''....''east'') :::'''u'''....''left, west'' ('''zu'''....''left'', '''zumer'''....''west'') === Directional and Positional Vowel Values === {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Directional and Positional Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''z<u>a</u>mer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''b<u>a</u>er'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''<u>a</u>ber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''b<u>ya</u>er'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''<u>ya</u>ber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''z<u>o</u>mer'''....''south'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''b<u>yo</u>er'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''<u>o</u>per'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''p<u>yo</u>ser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''<u>yo</u>per'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''z<u>u</u>mer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''<u>u</u>ber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''p<u>yu</u>er'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''<u>yu</u>ber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''b<u>yu</u>ser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''z''i''mer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''p<u>i</u>er'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''<u>i</u>per'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''<u>yi</u>per'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''p<u>yi</u>ser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''z<u>e</u>mer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''<u>e</u>b'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''b<u>e</u>xer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''<u>ye</u>per'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''contain''|| '''b<u>ye</u>er'''....''contain'' |} === Special value of certain letters === : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular''. ::* '''aot'''....''person'' ::* '''anot'''....''individual'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yanber'''....''to compose'' ::* '''yonber'''....''to separate'' : The letter '''y''' is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural: ::* '''at'''....''I, me'' as opposed to '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''et'''....''you'' as opposed to '''yet'''....''you (pl.), you all'' ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''yit'''....''they, them'' ::* '''is'''....''it'' as opposed to '''yis'''....''they, them'' : The letter '''y''' is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''iyt'''....''she, her'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''toyb'''....''woman'' : The letter '''w''' is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''wit'''....''he, him'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''twob'''....''man'' === The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words === :: The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants. :: The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values. :: The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants |- ! Base Word !! Classifier Consonant !! Generic Consonant !! Scalarity Type |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''t''' = ''human'' || '''b''' = ''organism'' || meronymic |- | '''tof'''....''clothing'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''fabric'' || meronymic |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''society'' || meronymic |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place'' || meronymic |- | '''tov'''....''lingerie'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen'' || meronymic |- | '''tol'''....''nourishment'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''food'' || oppositional |- | '''top'''....''soul, spirit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''motion'' || meronymic |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''d''' = ''society'' || '''b''' = ''organism''||hierarchical |- | '''dop'''....''military'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement'' || geo-specific |- | '''dot'''....''society'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''human''|| hierarchical |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''j''' = ''time'' || '''b'''....''organism''|| hierarchical |- | '''fob'''....''vegetation'' || '''f''' = ''vegetable'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vob'''....''crop'' || '''v''' = ''plant'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vos'''....''flower'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''volz'''....''color'' || " " " || '''lz''' = ''color, art''|| spectral |- | '''som'''....''furniture'' || '''s''' = ''thing'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| meronymic |- | '''mos'''....''floor'' || '''m''' = ''place, nature'' || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''mor'''....''universe'' || " " " || '''r''' = ''machine, system''|| geo-specific |- | '''mom'''....''outer space'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''mol'''....''nature'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''substance''|| geo-specific |- | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement''|| geo-specific |- | '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''p''' = ''movement'' || '''t''' = ''human, animal''|| geo-specific |- | '''bok'''....''illness'' || '''b''' = ''organ'' || '''k''' = ''condition''|| oppositional |- | '''nom'''....''place'' || '''n''' = ''commercial'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| special |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || " " " || '''g''' = ''measurement''|| special |- | '''nof'''....''cloth'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''cloth''|| special |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen''|| special |- | '''nod'''....''point'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''communication''|| special |- | '''xob'''....''organization'' || '''x''' = ''action'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| hierarchical |} ==== Special Arrangement ==== : Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart. {| border=0 {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Other Group 1 Base Words |- valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! d- <br>communication |- | '''daz'''<br>''dance'' |- | '''dyaz'''<br>''ballet'' |- | '''dyez'''<br>''cinema'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''dez'''<br>''theater'' |- | '''diz'''<br>''comedy'' |- | '''din'''<br>''story'' |- | '''dun'''<br>''word'' |- | '''duz'''<br>''music'' |- | '''dyun'''<br>''name'' |- | '''dyan'''<br>''sentence'' |- | '''dyes'''<br>''book'' |- | '''deup'''<br>''rhythm'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! dr- <br>write |- | '''drof'''<br>''board'' |- | '''draf'''<br>''card'' |- | '''dref'''<br>''paper'' |- | '''drov'''<br>''cardboard'' |- | '''drav'''<br>''notebook'' |- | '''drev'''<br>''page'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''drar'''<br>''pencil'' |- | '''drir'''<br>''typewriter'' |- | '''drur'''<br>''printer'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! m- <br>nature |- | '''mag'''<br>''fire'' |- | '''mak'''<br>''electricity'' |- | '''mog'''<br>''ash'' |- | '''meg'''<br>''stone'' |- | '''mef'''<br>''brick'' |- | '''mug'''<br>''metal'' |- | '''muk'''<br>''mineral'' |- | '''mez'''<br>''crystal'' |- | '''mek'''<br>''dust'' |- | '''myek'''<br>''powder'' |- | '''mav'''<br>''flame'' |- | '''mov'''<br>''smoke'' |- | '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' |- | '''maj'''<br>''daytime'' |- | '''moj'''<br>''night'' |- | '''man'''<br>''light'' |- | '''maz'''<br>''shine'' |- | '''mon'''<br>''shade'' |- | '''moz'''<br>''dark'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! n- <br>commerce |- | '''naz'''<br>''value'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' |- | '''nax'''<br>''price'' |- | '''nyaz'''<br>''wealth'' |- | '''nyan'''<br>''stack'' |- | '''nox'''<br>''expense'' |- | '''nyox'''<br>''waste'' |- | '''nex'''<br>''saving'' |- | '''nyex'''<br>''storing'' |- | '''nix'''<br>''earning'' |- | '''nyix'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nux'''<br>''pay'' |- | '''nyux'''<br>''supply'' |- | '''nun'''<br>''merchandise'' |- | '''nyun'''<br>''product'' |- | '''nuz'''<br>''jewel'' |- | '''nem'''<br>''location'' |- | '''nyem'''<br>''place'' |- | '''nyeb'''<br>''box'' |- | '''nab'''<br>''row'' |- | '''nap'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nad'''<br>''line'' |- | '''nod'''<br>''point'' |- | '''ned'''<br>''plane'' |- | '''nyed'''<br>''grid'' |- | '''nyad'''<br>''chain'' |- | '''nid'''<br>''volume'' |- | '''nag'''<br>''measure'' |- | '''nak'''<br>''metric value'' |- | '''nog'''<br>''degree'' |- | '''nig'''<br>''space'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! j- <br>time |- | '''jag'''<br>''age'' |- | '''jud'''<br>''date'' |- | '''jod'''<br>''instance'' |- | '''jop'''<br>''sequence'' |- | '''jep'''<br>''process'' |- | '''jwap'''<br>''moment'' |- | '''jwep'''<br>''instant'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! s- <br>thing |- | '''sag'''<br>''number'' |- | '''saz'''<br>''sculpture'' |- | '''san'''<br>''form'' |- | '''saun'''<br>''kind'' |- | '''son'''<br>''matter (abstract)'' |- | '''sin'''<br>''image'' |- | '''siz'''<br>''painting'' |- | '''sun'''<br>''thing (concrete)'' |- | '''syan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''syen'''<br>''style'' |- | '''syin'''<br>''subject'' |- | '''syun'''<br>''object'' |- | '''sar'''<br>''instrument'' |- | '''sir'''<br>''machine'' |- | '''sor'''<br>''engine'' |- | '''sur'''<br>''motor'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! t- <br>human / knowledge |- | '''taz'''<br>''statue'' |- | '''tap'''<br>''physique'' |- | '''tep'''<br>''mind'' |- | '''top'''<br>''spirit'' |- | '''tuz'''<br>''art'' |- | '''toz'''<br>''skin color'' |- | '''tez'''<br>''culture'' |- | '''tyez'''<br>''magic'' |- | '''tin'''<br>''doctrine'' |- | '''tun'''<br>''science'' |- | '''tyan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''tyen'''<br>''skill'' |- | '''tyun'''<br>''idea'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''sensation'' |- | '''tes'''<br>''meaning'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' |- | '''tat'''<br>''angel'' |} |} === The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words === :: The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival ('''-a'''), adverbial ('''-ay'''), and verbal inflections ('''-er''', '''-ser''', '''-xer''', etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem. :: The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Stems of Group 2 Base Words |- ! Classifier Consonant !! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative |- ! rowspan=4|'''j''' <br>(''time'') | '''ja'''<br>''before'' || '''je'''<br>''during'' || '''jo'''<br>''after''||'''ji'''<br>''since'' || '''ju'''<br>''until'' |- | '''aj'''<br>''past'' || '''ej'''<br>''present'' || '''oj'''<br>''future'' || '''ij^er'''<br>''beginning/begin'' || '''uj/^er'''<br>''end/end'' |- | '''taj^er'''<br>''birth/to be born'' || '''tej^er'''<br>''life/to live'' || '''toj^er'''<br>''death/to die'' || '''tij^er'''<br>''awake state/to be awake'' || '''tuj^er'''<br>''sleep/to sleep'' |- | '''jwa'''<br>''early'' || '''jwe'''<br>''on time'' || '''jwo'''<br>''late'' || '''yij^a'''<br>''opening/open'' || '''yuj^a'''<br>''closing/closed'' |- !rowspan=4| '''g'''<br>(''measurement'') | '''ga'''<br>''more'' || '''ge'''<br>''equal'' || '''go'''<br>''less''|| '''gi'''ⁿ<br>''point'' || '''gu'''ⁿ<br>''angle'' |- | '''ag'''^a<br>''big'' || '''eg^a'''<br>''normal'' || '''og'''^a<br>''small'' || '''ig'''^a<br>''fast'' || '''ug'''^a<br>''slow'' |- | '''yag'''^a<br>''long'' || '''yeg'''^a<br>''normal'' || '''yog'''^a<br>''short'' || '''yig'''^a<br>''hard'' || '''yug'''^a<br>''soft'' |- | '''gya'''^a<br>''thick'' || '''gye'''^a<br>''enough'' || '''gyo-'''<br>''thin'' || '''gyi'''^a<br>''solid'' || '''gyu'''^a<br>''fragile'' |- !rowspan=4| '''k'''<br>(''randomness'') | '''ka'''^xer<br>''find'' || '''ke'''^xer<br>''seek'' || '''ko'''^xer<br>''hide'' || '''ki'''^a<br>''oblique''|| '''ku'''^a<br>''lateral'' |- | '''ak'''^er<br>''win'' || '''ek'''^er<br>''play'' || '''ok'''^er<br>''lose'' || '''ik'''^a<br>''full'' || '''uk'''^a<br>''empty'' |- | '''yak'''^er<br>''expect'' || '''yek'''^er<br>''try'' || '''yok'''^er<br>''suprise'' || '''yik'''^a<br>''difficult'' || '''yuk'''^a<br>''easy'' |- | '''kya'''^a<br>''mobile'' || '''kye'''^a<br>''haphazard'' || '''kyo'''^a<br>''fixed'' ||'''kyi'''^a<br>''heavy'' || '''kyu'''^a<br>''light'' |- ! '''m'''<br>(''nature'') | '''am'''^a<br>''hot'' || -- || '''om'''^a<br>''cold'' || '''im'''^a<br>''wet'' || '''um'''^a<br>''dry'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''f'''^er<br>(''want'', qualities) | || || || '''fi'''^a<br>''good'' || '''fu'''^a<br>''bad'' |- | '''fya'''^a<br>''holy'' || '''fye'''^a<br>''mythical'' || '''fyo'''^a<br>''profane''|| '''fyi'''^a<br>''useful'' || '''fyu'''^a<br>''harmful'' |- | '''yaf'''^er<br>''be able'' || '''yef'''^er<br>''must''|| '''yof'''^er<br>''cannot'' || '''yif'''^er<br>''dare'' || '''yuf'''^er<br>''fear'' |- | '''af'''^er<br>''may'' || '''ef'''^er<br>''need'' || '''of'''^er<br>''be prohibited'' || '''if'''^er<br>''love'' || '''uf'''^er<br>''hate'' |- !rowspan=6| '''v'''<br>(''truth, qualities'' ) | '''va'''<br>''yes'' || '''ve'''<br>''maybe'' || '''vo'''<br>''no''|| '''vi'''^a<br>''beautiful'' || '''vu'''^a<br>''ugly'' |- | '''vay'''<br>''really''||'''vey'''<br>''may''||'''voy'''<br>''not'' || || |- | '''av'''<br>''for'' || '''ev'''^a<br>''neutral'' || '''ov'''<br>''against''|| '''iv'''^a<br>''happy'' || '''uv'''^a<br>''sad'' |- | '''vya'''^a<br>''true'' || '''vye'''^a<br>''relative'' || '''vyo'''^a<br>''false''|| '''vyi'''^a<br>''clean'' || '''vyu'''^a<br>''dirty'' |- | '''yav'''^a<br>''innocent'' || '''yev'''^a<br>''fair'' || '''yov'''^a<br>''guilty''|| '''yiv'''^a<br>''free'' || '''yuv'''^a<br>''captive'' |- | '''van'''<br>''that'' || '''ven'''<br>''if'' || '''von'''<br>''lest''|| || |- ! rowspan=5|'''z'''<br>(spatial) | '''za'''<br>''in front of'' || '''ze'''<br>''in the middle of'' || '''zo'''<br>''in back of''|| '''zi'''^a<br>''right'' || '''zu'''^a<br>''left'' |- | '''zay'''<br>''ahead'' || '''zey'''<br>''across'' || '''zoy'''<br>''back, re-''|| || |- | '''zya'''^a<br>''wide'' || '''zye'''<br>''through'' || '''zyo'''^a<br>''narrow''||'''zyi'''^a<br>''flat'' || '''zyu'''^a<br>''round'' |- | '''az'''^a<br>''strong'' || '''ez'''^a<br>''moderate'' || '''oz'''^a<br>''weak''|| '''iz'''^a<br>''straight'' || '''uz'''^a<br>''curved'' |- | '''yaz'''^a<br>''convex'' || '''yez'''<br>''along'' || '''yoz'''^a<br>''concave'' || '''yiz'''<br>''beyond'' || '''yuz'''<br>''around'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''b-'''^er<br>(''put'') | '''ba'''^y/(^xer)<br>''with, (agitate)'' || '''be'''^y/(^(xer))<br>''at/by, (hold)'' || '''bo'''^y(^xer)<br>''without/(calm)''|| '''bi^(er/xer)'''<br>''from, (take/pull)'' || '''bu'''^(er/xer)<br>''to, (give/push)'' |- | '''ab'''^(er)<br>''on,(put on)'' || '''eb'''^(er)<br>''between,(block)'' || '''ob'''(^er)<br>''off,(take off)'' || '''ib'''^(er)<br>''away,(receive)'' || '''ub'''^(er)<br>''toward,(send)'' |- | '''bya'''^ser/xer<br>''stand/erect'' || '''bye'''^xer<br>''tap'' || '''byo'''^ser/xer<br>''hang/hang''|| '''byi'''^(ser)<br>''since,(originate)'' || '''byu'''^(ser/xer)<br>''up to,(contact/touch)'' |- | '''yab'''^(er)<br>''up,(raise)'' || '''yeb'''^(er)<br>''in,(put in)''<br>'''oyeb'''^(er)<br>''out,(take out)'' || '''yob'''^(er)<br>''down,(lower)''|| '''yib'''^(er)<br>''far,(remove)'' || '''yub'''^(er)<br>''near,(bring)'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''p'''^er<br>(''go'') | '''pa'''^ser/xer<br>''move/move'' || '''pe'''^ser/xer<br>''wait/trap'' || '''po'''^ser/xer<br>''stop/stop''|| '''pi'''^er/ser/xer<br>''leave/withdraw/catch'' || '''pu'''^er/ser/xer<br>''arrive/jump/throw'' |- | '''pya'''^er/ser/xer<br>''hover/jump up/launch'' || '''pye'''^ser/xer<br>''encounter/strike'' || '''pyo'''^ser/xer<br>''fall/drop''|| '''pyi'''^ser/xer<br>''emanate/derive'' || '''pyu'''^ser/xer<br>''reach/impact'' |- | '''yap'''^er<br>''rise'' || '''yep'''^er<br>''enter'' || '''yop'''^er<br>''descend''|| '''yip'''^er<br>''go far'' || '''yup'''^er<br>''approach'' |- | '''ap'''^er<br>''get on'' || '''ep'''^er<br>''intervene'' || '''op'''^er<br>''get off'' || '''ip'''^er<br>''go away'' ||'''up'''^er<br>''come'' |- !rowspan=2| '''s'''^er<br>(''be'') | '''sa'''^n/s/xer<br>''shape/evolve/make'' ||'''se'''^xer<br>''build'' || '''so'''^n/xer<br>''matter/destroy''|| '''si'''^n/yn<br>''image/sign'' || '''su'''^n/er/xer<br>''thing/provide/realize'' |- | '''as'''^er<br>''become'' || '''es'''^er<br>''exist'' || '''os'''^er<br>''cease to be'' || || |- ! rowspan=3|'''x'''^er<br>(''do'' ) | '''xa'''^ler<br>''execute'' || '''xe'''^ler<br>''practice'' || '''xo'''^ler<br>''fail'' || '''xi'''^ler<br>''undertake'' || '''xu'''^ler<br>''provoke'' |- |'''ax'''^ler<br>''act'' || '''ex'''^er<br>''function'' || '''ox'''^ler<br>''abstain'' || '''ix'''^er<br>''effect'' || '''ux'''^er<br>''cause'' |- | '''yax'''^er<br>''be busy'' || '''yex'''^er<br>''work'' || '''yox'''^er<br>''be idle'' || '''yix'''^er<br>''use'' || '''yux'''^er<br>''help'' |- ! '''t'''^er/rer/yer<br>(''know/recognize/know how'') | '''ta'''^xer<br>''remember'' || '''te'''^xer<br>''think'' || '''to'''^xer<br>''forget'' || '''ti'''^er/xer<br>''learn/study''<br>'''tri'''^er<br>''get to know''<br>'''tyi'''^er<br>''learn how'' || '''tu'''^er/xer/uxer<br>''inform/teach/raise''<br>'''tru'''^er<br>''familiarize''<br>'''tyu'''^er<br>''train'' |- ! '''d'''^er/rer<br>(''say/write'') | '''da'''^ler<br>''talk'' || '''de'''^ler<br>''state''<br>'''dye'''^er<br>''read'' || '''do'''^ler<br>''be silent''<br>'''dro'''^er<br>''erase'' || '''di'''^er/ler/rer<br>''ask/beg/require'' || '''du'''^er/ler/rer<br>''suggest/insist/demand''<br>'''dyu'''^er<br>''call'' |- ! rowspan=2|'''h-'''<br>(determiners) | '''ha'''^(a)<br>''the'' || '''he'''^a<br>''some'' || '''ho'''^a<br>''which'' || '''hi'''^a<br>''this'' || '''hu'''^a<br>''that'' |- | '''hya'''^(a)<br>''all'' || '''hye'''^a<br>''any'' || '''hyo'''^a<br>''no'' || '''hyi'''^a<br>''same'' || '''hyu'''^a<br>''other'' |- ! rowspan=2| (conjunctions) |'''ay'''<br>''and'' || '''ey'''<br>''or'' || '''oy'''<br>''but'' || || |- |'''ya'''ⁿ<br>''together'' || ||'''yo'''ⁿ<br>''apart''|| || |- ! rowspan=2| (numbers) | '''a'''<br>''one''|| '''e'''<br>''two''|| '''o'''<br>''zero''|| '''i'''<br>''three''|| '''u'''<br>''four'' |- | '''ya'''<br>''six''|| '''ye'''<br>''seven''|| '''yo'''<br>''five''|| '''yi'''<br>''eight''|| '''yu'''<br>''nine'' |- ! rowspan=1| (privatives) | || || '''lo-''' (''dis-/un-'')<br>'''lyo-''' (''dis-'')<br>'''oy-''' (''-less'')|| || |} :: <small>* Mixed root. '''taj/tej/toj''' instead of '''yaj/yej/yoj''', because the human letter root '''t''' is more intuitive.</small> :: Note: The opposition '''(y)a'''-'''(y)e'''-'''(y)o''' is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but '''(y)i-(y)u''' is two-way, without any intermediary sense. == Derived Word Formation Rules == : Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building: : These consist of the following rules: ::# Compounding ::# Affixation ::# Ordinal Vowel Scaling ::# Overlapping ::# Adding Ordinal Vowels ::# Swapping Generic Consonants ::# Marking Words for Gender ::# Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels ::# Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels ::# Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern ::# Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === Rule #1: Compounding === [[File:Compound 6 (maraviroc development).svg|thumb|]] : Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Compounding |- ! Component 1 !! Component 2 !! Compound |- | '''mor'''....''cosmos'' || '''tun'''....''science, -ology'' || '''mortun'''....''cosmology'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''memyaz'''....''mountain'' || '''magmemyaz'''....''volcano'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''mem'''....''land'' || '''dobmem'''....''territory'' |- | '''tul'''....''dish'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''tuldras'''....''menu'' |- | '''sin'''....''picture'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''sindras'''....''description'' |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''kyoxer'''....''to fix (in place)'' || '''tamkyoxer'''....''to settle'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''kyo-'''....''fixed'' || '''tep-'''....''mind'' || '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn'' |} : Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for ''rain'', for example, is '''ma(m)''' (''sky'') + '''mil''' (''water''), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, '''mamil'''. : When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg: :* '''uzra'''....''twisted'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ---> '''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' :* '''kyoa'''....''fixed'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn, obsessed'' :* '''aza'''....''strong'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''tepaza'''....''intelligent'' :* '''fua'''....''bad'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''futipa'''....''cross, ill-tempered'' :* '''aga'''....''big'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''tipaga'''....''magnanimous, generous'' === Rule #2: Affixation === [[File:Word Cloud of Various Prefixes.png|thumb|]] : Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes: ==== Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Base !! Compound |- | '''ja'''....''before'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''japer'''....''to precede'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''joper'''....''to follow'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' ||'''der'''....''to say'' || '''vader'''....''to affirm'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''dras'''....''something written'' || '''jodras'''....''postscript'' |- | '''za'''....''ahead'' ||'''jub'''....''day'' || '''zajub'''....''tomorrow'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' ||'''mel'''....''land'' || '''yonmel'''....''island'' |} : Prepositional prefixes ending in '''b''' with verbs '''per''' and '''ber''' (and their derivations) lose the '''b''' before verbal elements based on '''per''' (''go'') and '''ber''' (''put''), as shown in the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Assimilation of b and p |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! New Verb |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' (NOT: '''yabber''') |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' (NOT: '''yabper''') |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''aber'''....''put on, apply'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''aper'''....''get on, mount'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''ober'''....''take off, remove'' |- | '''ob'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''bux'''....''a push'' || '''yebux'''....''impulse'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall'' || '''yepyoser'''....''collapse'' |} : The loss of the '''b''' in the above words in one of the only cases of '''''fusion''''' in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form. Another case of fusion is when so-called '''''stubs''''' are combined. For example, '''doyijem''' (''public square''), which is composed of '''do(m)'''....''city'' + '''yij(a)'''....''open'' + '''(n)em'''....''place''. The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix '''a-''' can have many different meaninings. : The adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped¹, as is the '''er''' or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that '''tyoyab''' becomes '''tyoya-'''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! Compound Verb |- | '''oza'''....''weak'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ozder'''....''whisper'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yagder'''....''ramble'' |- | '''aja'''....''past'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ajder'''....''evoke'' |- | '''yoga'''....''short'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yogder'''....''summarize'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''tyoyaper'''....''walk'' |- | '''dreer'''....''write'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' || '''dresar'''....''pencil'' |- | '''tuyob'''....''hand'' || '''dren'''....''writing'' || '''tuyodren'''....''manuscript'' |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mamil'''....''rain'' |} : <small>¹: Sometimes, the adjective ending '''a''' is retained when an adjective is compounded with '''xer''' or '''ser'''. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, '''aga''' + '''xer''' can produce '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' or '''agxer'''....''to grow''. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.</small> ==== Most Common Mirad Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Common Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Examples |- |'''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-''||'''anzyukpar'''....''unicycle''<br> '''antotin'''....''monotheism''<br>'''adeb'''....''emperor'' |- |'''aa-'''....''arch-, first-, prime''||'''aadub'''....''prime minister''<br>'''aatat'''....''archangel''<br>'''aavyan'''....''principle''<br>'''aasaun'''....''prototype'' |- |'''aag-'''....''arch-, main, macro-''||'''aagmep'''....''highway''<br> '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution''<br> '''aagovekut'''....''archrival'' |- |'''aaj-'''....''paleo-, proto-''||'''aajtobtun'''....''paleoanthropology''<br> '''aajsiyn'''....''fossil'' |- |'''ab-'''....''ad-, top, on, epi-''||'''abtob'''....''superman''<br> '''abtim'''....''attic''<br> '''abzen'''....''epicenter'' |- |'''aj-'''....''former, ex-'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife''<br>'''ajdeb'''....''former leader'' |- |'''ayb-'''....''over-, super-, hyper-, sur-''||'''aybmep'''....''overpass''<br>'''aybdresin'''....''superscript''<br>'''aybdyun'''....''hypernym'' |- |'''ag-'''....''mega(lo)-'' || '''agvyotos'''....''megalomania''<br>'''agtoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''alo(n)-'''....''deca-, ten-''||'''alojaga'''....''ten years old''<br> '''alojab'''....''decade''<br> '''alonsuna'''....''decimal'' |- |'''aloy(n)-'''....''deci-, tenth-''||'''aloynux'''....''tithe''<br> '''aloyngoler'''....''decimate'' |- |'''am-'''....''thermo-''||'''amzemula'''....''thermonuclear''<br> '''amvyabxar'''....''thermostat'' |- |'''amlo(n)-'''....''mega-''||'''amloagvunak'''....''megavolt''<br> '''amlotoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''amloyn-'''....''micro-''||'''amloynjweb'''....''microsecond'' |- |'''anyen-'''....''idio-''||'''anyenboka'''....''idiopathic''<br> '''anyendyan'''....''idiom''<br> '''anyentepa'''....''idiotic'' |- |'''ao(b/p)-'''....''north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axis''||'''aonab'''....''column'', ''x-y-axis''<br> '''aopuys yuzpar'''....''hop-on-hop-off bus''<br> '''aonada'''....''vertical'' |- |'''aoye(b/p)-'''....''in-and-out''||'''aoyebar'''....''piston''<br> '''aoyebelen'''....''import-exports''<br> '''aoyepaper'''....''fly in and out'' |- |'''aro(n)-'''....''kilo-''||'''aronminak'''....''kilometer''<br> '''arobanak'''....''kilobit'' |- |'''aroyn-'''....''milli-''||'''aroynvunak'''....''millivolt''<br> '''aoynwunak'''....''milliwatt'' |- |'''(a)so(n)'''....''cent-''||'''asojagat'''....''centenarian''<br> '''asolinak'''....''hectoliter''<br> '''sojab'''....''century'' |- |'''asoy(n)-'''....''cent-, centi-''||'''asoygenak'''....''centigram''<br> '''asoylinak'''....''centiliter'' |- |'''av-'''....''pro-''||'''avYanotina'''....''pro-Communist'' |- |'''ayn-'''....''full-, holo-, whole-''||'''aynnuut'''....''wholesaler''<br> '''aynsin'''....''hologram''<br> '''aynteptija'''....''fully-conscious'' |- |'''e(b/p)-'''....''inter-''||'''ebmos'''....''mezzanine''<br> '''ebyanmulxer'''....''intermingle''<br> '''eper'''....''intercede'' |- |'''ejna-'''....''neo-''||'''ejnadun'''....''neologism''<br> '''ejnaobdabin'''....''neocolonialism'' |- |'''e(n)-'''....''ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two-''||'''entyoba'''....''bipedal''<br> '''enzyuspar'''....''bicycle''<br> '''envolza'''....''dichromatic'' |- |'''eon-'''....''duo-, double-, twin-''||'''eonin'''....''dualism''<br> '''eondal'''....''double-speak''<br> '''eonsum'''....''twin bed'' |- |'''ev-'''....''a-, neutral'' ||'''evdofina'''....''amoral''<br>'''evdabtuna'''....''apolitical'' |- |'''ey(b/p)-'''....''intra-, among''||'''eybmasa'''....''intramural''<br> '''eybmimkuma'''....''intracoastal'' |- |'''eyn-'''....''demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi-''||'''eynzyus'''....''semi-circle''<br> '''eynzyup'''....''half-turn''<br> '''eyntilsyeb'''....''demitassee''<br> '''eynyonmel'''....''peninsula'' |- |'''fi-'''....''bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well-''||'''fixut'''....''benefactor''<br> '''fidrawa'''....''well-written''<br> '''fitos'''...''euphoria'' |- |'''fu-'''....''dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly-''||'''futos'''....''dysphoria''<br> '''futuwa'''....''ill-informed''<br> '''fuxeyn'''....''malfeasance'' |- |'''fya-'''....''hiero-, holy-, sancti-''||'''fyasdresiyn'''....''hieroglyphic''<br> '''fyader'''....''sanctify''<br> '''fyatwed'''....''holy father'' |- |'''fye-'''....''mythical, fantasy''||'''fyetop'''....''phantom''<br> '''fyetobet'''....''elfin''<br> '''fyetexer'''...''fantacize''<br> '''fyedin'''....''fantasy'' |- |'''fyo-'''....''evil, profane'' ||'''fyotez'''....''occult''<br>'''fyotat'''....''devil''<br>'''fyotyez'''....''witchcraft'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-, again'' || '''gawteaper'''....''revisit''<br> '''gawaker'''....''regain'' |- |'''garale-'''....''tera-''||'''garaleagbanak'''....''terabyte'' |- |'''garalyi-'''....''exa-''||'''garalyibanak'''....''exabit'' |- |'''garalyo-'''....''peta-''||'''galayoagbanak'''....''petabyte'' |- |'''garela-'''....''zetta-''||'''garelaagbanak'''....''zettabyte'' |- |'''garelu-'''....''yotta-''||'''gareluagbanak'''....''yottabyte'' |- |'''ge-'''....''equal to, equi-, even-''||'''geyafwa'''....''equipollent''<br> '''genaza'''....''equivalent'' |- |'''gel-'''....''homo-, like-, simul-''||'''gelzena'''....''homocentric''<br> '''gelvolza'''....''homochromatic'' |- |'''geyl-'''....''simul-''||'''geyldyan'''....''simile''<br> '''geylxer'''....''assimilate'' |- |'''gla-'''....''many-, multi-, poly-''||'''glatyenika'''....''multi-skilled''<br> '''glatwada'''....''polyandrous''<br> '''glavolza'''....''many-hued'' |- |'''glo-'''....''mini-, little-, few-''||'''gloduna'''....''succint, of few words''<br> '''glonixea'''....''low-earning'' |- |'''gorale-'''....''pico-''||'''goraleagfenak'''....''picofarad'' |- |'''goralyi-'''....''atto-''||'''goralyigenak'''....''attogram'' |- |'''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||'''goralyoon'''....''quadrillionth'' |- |'''goralyu-'''....''nano-''||'''goralyusonak'''....''nanosecond'' |- |'''gorela-'''....''zepto-''||'''gorelagenak'''....''zeptogram'' |- |'''gorelu-'''....''yocto-''||'''gorelugenak'''....''yoctogram'' |- |'''gra-'''....''extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra-''||'''gratosea'''....''hypersensitive''<br> '''grazoyaxler'''....''overreact''<br> '''granoxea'''....''extravagant'' |- |'''gro-'''....''hypo-, under-''||'''groyixlawa'''....''underemployed''<br> '''groaman'''....''hypothermia'' |- |'''gwa-'''....''hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure, macro-''||'''gwayelza'''....''pure pink''<br> '''gwayafa'''....''supreme''<br> '''gwauja'''....''ultimate''<br> '''gwazoa'''....''hindmost'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''least-, mini-, micro-''||'''gwosag'''....''minimum''<br> '''gwoyuzpur'''....''minibus''<br>'''gwoexlus'''....''microprocessor'' |- |'''hi-'''....''hither, these, this''||'''his'''....''this''<br> '''hisi'''....''these''<br> '''him'''....''here'' |- |'''hya(s)-'''....''pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every-''||'''hyas'''....''everything''<br> '''hyati'''....''all of them''<br> '''hyastea'''....''omniscient''<br> '''hyataadifa'''....''pansexual'' |- |'''hu-'''....''that''||'''hus'''....''that''<br> '''huj'''....''then''<br> '''huyen'''...''that way'' |- |'''huim-'''....''here-and-there, here-and-yon''||'''huimkexer'''....''search high and low''<br> '''huimpaper'''....''fly here and there''<br> '''hyuimpoper'''....''travel here-and-there'' |- |'''huu-'''....''so, such''||'''huugla'''....''so, so very''<br> '''hus'''....''such''<br> '''huyen'''....''in such a way, so, thus'' |- |'''hyaewa-'''....''ambi-''||'''hyaewati'''....''both of them''<br> '''hyaewaziza'''....''ambidextrous''<br> '''hyaewatoobifa'''....''ambi-sexual'' |- |'''hye-'''....''-ever, any, whatever, whichever''||'''hyem'''....''anywhere, wherever''<br> '''hyempea'''....''erratic''<br> '''hjej'''....''ever, anytime'' |- |'''hyi-'''....''homo-, like-, same, syn-''||'''hyitoobifa'''....''homosexual''<br> '''hyis'''....''same thing''<br> '''hyijoba'''....''synchronous'' |- |'''hyo(s)-'''....''nothing, a-'' || '''hyostosea'''....''apathetic'' |- |'''hyu(t/s)-'''....''alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, else''||'''hyutoobifa'''....''heterosexual''<br> '''hyua'''....''another, alternate''<br> '''hyutufa'''....''xenophobic''<br> '''hyus'''....''something else'' |- |'''hyui(t/s)-'''....''cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal''||'''hyuitvikaxen'''....''mutual admiration''<br> '''hyuixer'''....''reciprocate''<br> '''hyuisa'''....''mutual, reciprocal''<br> '''hyuitif'''....''mutual love'' |- |'''i-'''....''toward the speaker''||'''iber'''....''receive''<br>'''ixer'''....''result'' |- |'''ik-'''....''fully, thoroughly''||'''iktoxer'''....''forget completely''<br> '''iktos'''....''satisfaction''<br> '''ikyebixer'''....''engulf, swallow up completely'' |- |'''in-'''....''three-, tri-, tripl-, tern-''||'''inzyuspar'''....''tricycle''<br> '''inaga'''....''three-dimensional''<br> '''injiba'''....''trimensual''<br> '''insuna'''....''ternary''<br> '''intotan'''....''trinity'' |- |'''iyn-'''....''terci-, third''||'''iyna'''....''terciary''<br> '''iynxer'''....''cut into thirds'' |- |'''iz-'''....''ortho-, recti-, right-, straight-''||'''iznada'''....''rectilinear''<br> '''izguna'''....''orthogonal''<br> '''iztin'''....''orthdoxy''<br> '''izdea'''....''forthright'' |- |'''ja-'''....''ante-, fore-, pre-''||'''jaupya'''....''foregone''<br> '''jauper'''....''precede''<br> '''jadropeka'''....''antebellum'' |- |'''je-'''....''per-, continuously, ever-''||'''jetejer'''....''persevere''<br>'''jeteaxer'''....''watch''<br>'''jexrer'''....''perpetuate'' |- |'''jo-'''....''after-, meta-, post-''||'''joexlen'''....''postprocessing''<br> '''jomir'''....''metasphere''<br> '''jotej'''....''afterlife'' |- |'''jwa-'''....''early-, eo-, preter-, proto-''||'''jwaber'''....''prepare''<br> '''jwatuun'''....''premonition''<br> '''jwadodin'''....''early history, protohistory''<br> '''jwamola'''....''preternatural''<br> '''jwajoeb'''....''eocene'' |- |'''jwo-'''....''ceno-, late-, latter-, tard-''||'''jwonux'''....''late payment''<br> '''jwoa'''....''tardy''<br> '''jwoteja'''....''cenozoic'' |- |'''ko-'''....''cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth-''||'''koa'''....''covert''<br> '''koexut'''....''spy''<br> '''koyeper'''....''sneak in'' |- |'''(ko)vyo-'''....''pseudo-, mis-, wrong-''||'''kovyotun'''....''pseudoscience''<br>'''vyobekuer'''....''to mistreat'' |- |'''ku-'''....''para-''||'''kuifut'''....''paramour''<br> '''kuteliut'''....''parasite''<br> '''kuteptun'''....''parapsychology'' |- |'''kya-'''....''alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross-''||'''kyaember'''....''relocate''<br> '''kyajoba'''....''diachronic''<br> '''kyatajnad'''....''crossbreed''<br> '''kyatooba'''....''transgendered''<br> '''kyavolza'''....''variegated, motley'' |- |'''kyao-'''....''falteringly, unsteadily''||'''kyaoper'''....''stagger''<br> '''kyaotexer'''....''vacillate'' |- |'''kye-'''....''chance-, hap-, random-''||'''kyea'''....''haphazard''<br> '''kyebyus'''....''chance encounter''<br> '''kyeteater'''....''happen to see''<br> '''kyesauna'''....''of a random type'' |- |'''kyo-'''....''fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat-''||'''kyosaun'''....''stereotype''<br> '''kyopa'''....''stable, static, stationary''<br> '''kyoson'''....''status'' |- |'''lo-'''....''dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un-''||'''lozeb'''....''disequilibrium''<br> '''loyuvlaxer'''....''disengage''<br> '''loyuzyuber'''....''uncoil''<br> '''lomulvyusber'''....''decontaminate'' |- |'''logel-'''....''hetero-, different-''||'''logelsauna'''....''heterogenous''<br>'''logelaxer'''....''differentiate'' |- |'''maz-'''....''bright-''||'''mazteaba'''....''bright-eyed'' |- |'''mial-'''....''hygro-, atmo-, vapori-''||'''mialama'''....''hygrothermal''<br>'''mialnagar'''....''atomometer, vaporimeter'' |- |'''mil-'''....''aqua-, hydro-, water-''||'''milyexun'''....''aquaculture''<br> '''milmaka'''....''hydroelectric''<br> '''miltilsyeb'''....''water glass'' |- |'''mul-'''....''hylo-, substance''||'''mulsana'''....''hylomorphic'' |- |'''o(l)-'''....''a-, dis-, non-, un-, in-''||'''ovyilxwa'''....''unwashed''<br> '''omalza'''....''non-white''<br> '''ototina'''....''atheist''<br> '''otepzexea'''....''inattentive'' |- |'''o(b/p)-'''....''de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice-''||'''oper'''....''get off''<br> '''obneg'''....''sublevel''<br> '''obxeb'''....''sous-chef, sub-officer''<br>'''obtyodeb'''....''vice-president'' |- |'''oog-'''....''micro-'' || '''oogpob'''....''microorganism'' <nowiki>-</nowiki> |- | '''oj-'''....''future'' || '''ojtayd'''....''bride, future wife'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-'' ||'''gawder'''....''to repeat''<br>'''gawdyeer'''....''to re-read'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''micro-, mini-'' || '''ogalmor'''....''microcosm''<br>'''ogalteaxer'''....''microscope''<br>'''gowaxer'''....''minimize'' |- |'''of-'''....''prohibited'' ||'''ofbier'''....''steal''<br>'''ofbekul'''....''prohibited drug''<br>'''ofemkyoxer'''....''to squat'' |- |'''ov-'''....''contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un-''||'''ovalxer'''....''countervail''<br> '''ovper'''....''contravene''<br> '''ovkyin'''....''counterweight''<br> '''ovdat'''....''enemy''<br> '''olovmasbwa'''....''undefended'' |- |'''oy-'''....''-less, a(n)-, without''||'''oytofa'''...''naked''<br> '''oyxer'''....''deprive''<br> '''oytosen'''....''apathy''<br> '''oyteupiba'''....''toothless'' |- |'''oyb-'''....''hypo-, infra-, sub-, under-''||'''oybnadrer'''....''underline''<br> '''oybtomsan'''....''infrastructure''<br> '''oybseuxa'''....''subsonic''<br> '''oybtayoba'''....''hypodermic'' |- |'''oyeb-'''....''ex-, extra-, out-''||'''oyebnad'''....''outline''<br> '''oyebyujber'''....''exclude''<br> '''oyebdoabuer'''....''extradite'' |- |'''oyv-'''....''contra-, opposite, reverse''||'''oyvkuma'''...''opposite''<br> '''oyvder'''....''contradict''<br>'''oyvduer'''....''contraindicate''<br>'''oyvaxer'''....''reverse'' |- |'''tayi(b)-'''....''neuro-, nerve''||'''tayibteptun'''....''neuropsychology''<br> '''tayibyok'''....''neuralgia'' |- |'''teeb-'''....''auri-, oto-, ear-''||'''teebbekut'''....''aurist''<br> '''teeteiteyobtut'''....''otorhinolaryngologist''<br> '''teebyel'''....''earwax'' |- |'''tee(s/x/t)-'''....''audio-, son-, phono-''||'''teesnagen'''....''audiography''<br> '''teestaxdras'''....''phonogram''<br> '''teestun'''....''audiology''<br> '''teexdras'''....''audiogram''<br> '''teetyofwa'''....''inaudible'' |- |'''tei(b)-'''....''nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo-''||'''teibbok'''....''rhinitis''<br> '''teibyeg'''....''nostril''<br> '''teiz'''....''perfume''<br> '''teizuka'''....''aroma-free''<br> '''teityaf'''....''olfactory sense'' |- |'''tiibil-'''....''blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin-''||'''tiibililp'''....''hemorrhage''<br> '''tiibiliut'''....''bloodsucker''<br> '''tiibloker'''....''exsanguinate''<br> '''tiibiltun'''....''hematology'' |- |'''tuj-'''....''hypno-, somni-, sopor-''||'''tujbek'''....''hyptotherapy''<br> '''tujbyea'''....''somniferous, soporific'' |- |'''u(b/p)-'''....''toward''||'''uber'''....''send''<br>'''ubaer'''....''lean toward'' |- |'''ui-'''....''horizontal, left-right, x-axis''||'''uinab'''....''row'', ''x-axis''<br> '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- |'''uib-'''....''back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receive''||'''uibar'''....''transceiver'' |- |'''uig-'''....''fast-and-slow''||'''uigpar'''....''scooter'' |- |'''uij-'''....''begin-and-end, start-and-stop''||'''uijdaler'''....''stutter'' |- |'''uip-'''....''come-and-go''||'''uipen'''....''traffic, coming and going'' |- |'''uiz-'''....''straight-then-crooked''||'''uizbaser'''....''swagger''<br> '''uizdrer'''....''scribble''<br> '''uizpaser'''....''swerve'' |- |'''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater-''||'''ungona'''....''quadripartite''<br> '''unnednid'''....''tetrahedron''<br> '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' |- |'''uyn-'''....''fourth-, quarti-''||'''uynxer'''....''quarter''<br> '''uynjab'''....''quarter (of a year)'' |- |'''ut-'''....''auto-, self-, sui-, ego-''||'''utifon'''....''egoism''<br> '''utgober'''....''autodecrement''<br> '''utfuyix'''....''self-abuse''<br> '''uttujben'''....''suicide'' |- |'''uz-'''....''crooked, di-''||'''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- |'''va-'''....''yes''||'''vayovder'''....''convict''<br> '''vabier'''....''accept''<br> '''vatexer'''....''believe'' |- |'''vao-'''....''yes-no''||'''vaoder'''....''decide''<br> '''vaodaler'''....''waffle''<br> '''vaonaza'''....''boolean'' |- |'''vi-'''....''bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri-''||'''vituzyan'''....''fine arts, beaux arts''<br> '''vidun'''....''euphemism''<br> '''vidrenyan'''....''literature, belles lettres''<br> '''visuana'''....''classic'' |- |'''vo-'''....''non-, neg-''||'''voyafxer'''....''veto''<br> '''voxer'''....''negate''<br> '''voyovder'''....''acquit, declare not guilty'' |- |'''vya-'''....''justi-, recti-, true-, reg-''||'''vyadin'''....''true story''<br> '''vyader'''....''avow''<br> '''vyamol'''....''essence'' |- | '''vyao-'''....''right or wrong'' ||'''vyaoyek'''....''test'' |- |'''vyak-'''....''ortho-, correct-''||'''vyakdred'''....''orthography''<br> '''vyakxer'''....''correct'' |- |'''vyo-'''....''mis-, para-, wrong-''||'''vyoyufa'''....''paranoid''<br> '''vyoyux'''....''perfidy''<br> '''vyoyixer'''....''misuse'' |- |'''ya-'''....''more than one, multi-''||'''yaota'''....''communal'' |- |'''yab-'''....''hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper-''||'''yabdom'''....''uptown''<br> '''yabdoneg'''....''upper class''<br> '''yabduzneg'''....''high pitch''<br> '''yabexer'''....''support''<br> '''yabzyobix'''....''hypertension'' |- |'''yabnan-'''....''height-, hypso-, alti-''||'''yabnanagar'''....''hypsometer, altimeter'' |- |'''yag-'''....''long-''||'''yagyiban'''....''long distance''<br> '''yagyeker'''....''strive''<br> '''yagblokea'''....''long-suffering'' |- |'''yan-'''....''co(n)-, fellow-, -mate''||'''yanzena'''....''concentric''<br> '''yanyeker'''....''compete''<br> '''yandit'''....''fellow-citizen'' |- |'''yao(b/p)-'''....''up-and-down''||'''yaopuyser'''....''skip''<br> '''yaopsim'''....''seesaw''<br> '''yaoblir'''....''elevator''<br> '''yaobaser'''....''bounce'' |- |'''ya(on)-'''....''six-, hexa-, sex-''||'''yaonat'''....''sextet''<br> '''yaongun'''....''hexagon''<br> '''yaona'''....''six-fold, sextuple''<br>'''yagol'''....''sextile'' |- |'''yaov-'''....''guilty-or-innocent''||'''yaovder'''....''adjudicate''<br> '''yaovdutyan'''....''jury''<br> '''yaovkader'''....''plead''<br> '''yaovyek'''....''trial'' |- |'''yaoz-'''....''serrated, bumpy, jagged''||'''yaozaxer'''....''serrate''<br> '''yaozgoblar'''....''saw''<br> '''yaozper'''....''bump along'' |- |'''yayb-'''....''supra-''||'''yaybdooba'''....''supranational'' |- |'''yayn-'''....''sex-, sixth''||'''yayna'''...''sixth'' |- |'''ye(on)-'''....''hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven-''||'''yejub'''....''week''<br> '''yeongun'''....''heptagon''<br> '''yeonat'''....''septuplet'' |- |'''ye(b/p)-'''....''en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro-''||'''yebuzaser'''....''.inflect''<br> '''yebzoytiibufa'''....''intravenous''<br> '''yebyujer'''....''enclode''<br> '''yebtayoba'''....''endodermal''<br> '''yeper'''....''enter''<br> '''yeber'''....''introduce'' |- |'''yeov-'''....''fair or not ''|| '''yeovdut'''....''umpire'' |- |'''yeyb-'''....''intra-''||'''yeybmepyan'''....''intranet''<br> '''yeybdoeba'''....''intrastate'' |- |'''ye-'''....''hepto-, seven-, septi-''||'''yejub'''....''week'' |- |'''yeyn-'''....''seventh''|| '''yeynxer'''....''split into sevenths'' |- |'''yez'''....''para-, alongside''|| '''yezteptun'''....''parapsychology''<br>'''yezuper'''....''come alongside'' |- |'''yi(on)-'''....''oct-, eight-''||'''yiona'''...''eight-fold''<br>''octuple'' |- |'''yib-'''....''far-, tele-, remote''||'''yibsin'''....''televison''<br> '''yibteata'''....''far-sighted''<br> '''yibtrawa'''....''famous'' |- |'''yibaj-'''....''archai-, archeo-, ancient''||'''yibajtun'''....''archaeology'','''yibajtun'''....''archeology'' |- |'''yiyn-'''....''eighth''||'''yiynxer'''....''divide into eighths'' |- |'''yiz-'''....''beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-''||'''yiztyun'''...''metaphor''<br> '''yizeza'''....''paranormal''<br> '''yizmeirat'''....''extraterrestrial''<br> '''yizseux'''....''utrasound'' |- |'''yoon-'''....''five-, penta-, quint-''||'''yoongun'''....''pentagon''<br> '''yoongol'''...''quintile''<br> '''yoon'''....''group of five''<br> ''quintet'' |- |'''yo(b/p)-'''....''down-, hypo-, sub-''||'''yobdom'''...''downtown''<br> '''yoper'''....''go down''<br> '''yobgoler'''....''subdivide'' |- |'''yon-'''....''apart, dis-, se-''||'''yonzyaber'''....''disperse''<br> '''yonxer'''....''separate''<br> '''yonsauna'''....''distinct'' |- |'''yoyn-'''....''fifth-, quinti-''||'''yoynnaga'''....''quintic''<br> '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' |- |'''yu(n)-'''....''nine-, nona-''||'''yunapa'''....''ninth (in order)''<br> '''yungunid'''....''nonagon''<br> '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' |- |'''yub-'''....''near-, proxi-, para-''||'''yuboj'''....''near future''<br> '''yubna'''....''next''<br> '''yubteas'''....''closeup (view)''<br> '''yubge'''....''almost''<br> '''yubfia'''....''intimate''<br> '''yubgeser'''....''approximate''<br>'''yubdopa'''....''paramilitary'' |- |'''yui(b/p)-'''....''near-and-far''||'''yuibjo'''....''sooner or later''<br> '''yuibteabar'''....''bifocals''<br> '''yuipoper'''....''travel near and far'' |- |'''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut''||'''yuijar'''....''valve''<br> '''yuijer'''....''blink'', ''wink''<br> '''manyuijer'''....''blink''<br> '''makyuijar'''....''switch'' |- |'''yuyb-'''....''quasi-, pen-, almost''||'''yuybyonmel'''....''peninsula''<br> '''yuybega'''....''quasi-normal'' |- |'''yuon-'''....''ninth-, novi-''||'''yuonat'''....''nonuplet'' |- |'''yuz-'''....''circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round-''||'''yuzper'''....''circulate''<br> '''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br> '''yuzof'''....''wrap-around''<br> '''yuznadrer'''....''circumscribe'' |- |'''za-'''....''ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro-, north''||'''zatim'''....''antechamber''<br> '''zamimuf'''....''foremast''<br> '''zagab'''....''prefix''<br> '''zajuber'''....''procrastinate''<br>'''zamer'''....''north'' |- |'''zao-'''....''back-and-forth, front-and-back''||'''zaopaser'''....''wobble''<br> '''zaokuper'''....''slalom''<br> '''zaopyoser'''....''pendulate'' |- |'''zay-'''....''forth-, pro-, forward, ahead''||'''zaypuyser'''....''skip ahead''<br> '''zaypuxer'''....''propel''<br> '''zayper'''....''go forward, procede''<br> '''zayupea'''....''forthcoming'' |- |'''ze-'''....''mid-, central, medio-''||'''zetej'''....''midlife''<br> '''zepoxer'''....''interrupt, stop midway''<br> '''zetem'''....''central hall'' |- |'''zey-'''....''cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, across''||'''zeyper'''....''transit, get across''<br> '''zeynod'''....''crosspoint''<br> '''zeytyun'''....''metaphor'' |- |'''zi-'''....''right, east, dextro-''||'''zim'''....''right side''<br>'''zimera'''....''eastern'' |- |'''zo-'''....''back-, hind-, retro-, south''||'''zotib'''....''back''<br> '''zotiub'''....''hindquarters''<br> '''zonapa'''....''retrograde''<br>'''zomer'''....''south'' |- |'''zoy-'''....''back-, retro-, re-''||'''zoyper'''....''recede, go back''<br> '''zoybeler'''....''carry back''<br> '''zoyzyublen'''....''backspin'' |- |'''zu-'''....''left-, west-''||'''zutinut'''....''leftist''<br> '''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zumera'''....''western'' |- |'''zui-'''....''left-and-right, zig-zag, east-west''||'''zuibyoser'''....''dangle, hang left-and-right''<br> '''zuiper'''....''zigzag''<br> '''zuituyaba'''....''ambidextrous''<br>'''zuimera'''....''east-west'' |- |'''zya-'''....''-wide, wide-, broad-, all about''||'''zyauber'''....''broadcast''<br> '''zyateaba'''....''wide-eyed''<br> '''zyasauna'''....''general''<br> '''zyapoper'''....''cruise, wander''<br> '''zyamira'''....''global, worldwide'' |- |'''zye-'''....''per-, thorough-, thru-, trans-''||'''zyetejer'''....''live through, experience''<br> '''zyeteaxer'''....''peruse''<br> '''zyeteatyafwa'''....''transparent''<br> '''zyemep'''....''thoroughfare''<br> '''zyeper'''....''permeate, transit'' |- |'''zyo-'''....''narrow, steno-'' || '''zyotepa'''....''narrow-minded''<br>'''zyoteat'''....''tunnel vision''<br>'''zyoyija'''....''stenopeic'' |- |'''zyu-'''....''cyclo-, rot-, round-, gyro''||'''zyutim'''....''rotunda''<br> '''zyusem'''....''roundtable''<br> '''zyuper'''....''cycle, gyrate, rotate'' |} ==== Suffixes ==== : Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes. : '''Semantic Stub Suffixes''' ::: Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Stub Suffixes |- valign=top ! Suffix Stub !! Suffix Full Form !! Suffixed Example < Base Word |- | '''-il'''....''liquid, drink'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''teab<u>il</u>'''....''tear''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teub<u>il</u>'''....''saliva''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''tayeb<u>il</u>'''....''sweat''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayeb'''....''skin''<br>'''mam<u>il</u>'''....''rain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mam'''....''sky'' |- | '''-al'''....''gas'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''tieb<u>al</u>'''....''breath''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' |- | '''-(e)l'''....''food'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''sup<u>el</u>'''....''pork''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''<u>sup</u>et'''....''swine''<br>'''ta<u>ol</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''taob'''....''flesh''<br>'''fe<u>l</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''feb'''....''fruit'' |- | '''-ul'''....''stuff'' || '''mul'''....''substance'' || '''vix<u>ul</u>'''....''cosmetic''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vix-'''....''to beautify''<br>'''bek<u>ul</u>'''....''medecine''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment'' |- | '''-yel'''....''oil, gel, wax, pulp'' || '''yel'''....''oil'' || '''olf<u>yel</u>'''....''olive oil''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''olfeb'''....''olive''<br>'''appelat<u>yel</u>'''....''wax''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''appelat'''....''bee''<br>'''mag<u>yel</u>'''....''grease''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mag'''....''fire''<br>'''bek<u>yel</u>'''....''salve''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment''<br>'''meg<u>yel</u>'''....''cement''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''meg'''....''stone''<br>'''yan<u>yel</u>'''....''paste''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yan'''....''together'' |- | '''-am'''....''house'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''apat<u>am</u>'''....''chicken coop''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apat'''....''chicken''<br>'''apellat<u>am</u>'''....''beehive''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apellat'''....''bee''<br>'''melyex<u>am</u>'''....''farmhouse''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''melyex'''....''agriculture''<br>'''datib<u>am</u>'''....''hostel''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''datib'''....''guest-reception'' |- | '''-(e)m'''....''place'' || '''nem'''....''place'' || '''vobyex<u>em</u>'''....''plantation, farm''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vob'''....''plant'' + '''yex'''....''work''<br>'''vab<u>em</u>'''....''field''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ab'''....''above, upper''<br>'''ze<u>m</u>'''....''middle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ze(a)'''....''middle'' <br> '''tim'''....''room'' |- | '''-im'''....''room'' || '''tim'''....''room'' || '''tul<u>im</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tul'''....''cuisine''<br>'''tuj<u>im</u>'''....''bedroom''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tuj'''....''sleep'' |- | '''-um'''....''cell, booth'' || '''tum'''....''compartment''|| '''pex<u>um</u>'''....''cage''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pexer'''....''catch''<br>'''ilzyapux<u>um</u>'''....''shower stall''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ilzyapux'''....''shower'' |- | '''-yem'''....''space'' || '''nyem'''....''enclosure'' || '''yom<u>yem</u>'''....''icebox''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yom'''....''ice'' |- | '''-yeb'''....''container'' || '''nyeb'''....''container'' || '''z<u>yeb</u>'''....''bottle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zye(f)'''....''glass''<br>'''vos<u>yeb</u>'''....''vase''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vos'''....''flower'' |- | '''-of'''....''material'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''t<u>of</u>'''....''clothes''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''t-'''....''human''<br>'''mis<u>of</u>'''....''curtain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mis'''....''window''<br>'''fa<u>of</u>'''....''wood''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''fa(b)-'''....''tree''<br>'''tay<u>of</u>'''....''leather''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayo(b)'''....''skin'' |- | '''-ov'''....''linen'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tey<u>ov</u>'''....''collar''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck'' |- | '''-ar'''....''instrument'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' ||'''p<u>ar</u>'''....''cart''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''p-'''....''motion''<br>'''zyup<u>ar</u>'''....''rotor''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyup'''....''turn''<br>'''gobr<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gobrar'''....''cut''<br>'''jwob<u>ar</u>'''....''watch''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-ir'''....''machine'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''dr<u>ir</u>'''....''typewriter''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dr-'''....''write''<br>'''gwob<u>ir</u>'''....''clock'' |- | '''-ur'''....''large machine'' || '''sur'''....''engine'' || '''p<u>ur</u>r'''....''car''<br>'''jwob<u>ur</u>r'''....''grandfather clock''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-(u)n'''....''thing'' || '''sun'''....''thing'' || '''d<u>un</u>'''....''word''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''d-'''....''utter, say''<br>'''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''piece, scrap''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gofrer'''....''rip, shread, tear''<br>'''zyi<u>un</u>'''....''plaque, plate''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyia'''....''flat''<br>'''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vyua'''....''dirty'' |- | '''-on'''....''abstract thing'' || '''son'''....''issue'' || '''yov<u>on</u>'''....''tort, wrong''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yov'''....''guilt'' |- | '''yen'''....''manner, kind'' || '''byen'''....''manner'' || '''tex<u>yen</u>'''....''opinion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tex'''....''thought''<br>'''hi<u>yen</u>'''....''this way, thus''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''hi-'''....''this''<br>'''es<u>yen</u>'''....''status''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''es-'''....''exist'' |- | '''-in'''....''-ism'' || '''tin'''....''doctrine'' || '''tot<u>in</u>'''....''theism, religion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tot-'''....''god''<br>'''Krist<u>in</u>'''....''Christianity''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Krist'''....''Christ''<br>'''vyisat<u>in</u>'''....''puritanism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vysiat'''....''puritan, clean person''<br>'''oytof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''oytofa'''....''nude'' |- | '''-ufyeg'''....''cylinder'' || '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' || '''man<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''candle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''man'''....''light''<br>'''tiib<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''artery''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tiib'''....''heart''<br>'''mil<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''toilet''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mil'''....''water''<br>'''mov<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''cheminee''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mov'''....''smoke'' |- | '''-ab'''....''government'' || '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dit<u>ab</u>'''....''democracy''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dit'''....''citizen'' |- | '''-eb'''....''leader'' || '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''x<u>eb</u>'''....''boss''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''x-'''....''do''<br>'''tam<u>eb</u>'''....''master of the house''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tam'''....''house'' |- | '''-ub'''....''branch'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''pat<u>ub</u>'''....''wing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | '''-ad'''....''language'' || '''-a''' + '''d(alzeyn)'''....''language'' || '''Frans<u>ad</u>'''....''French (language)'' |- | '''-uz'''....''jewelry'' || '''nuz'''....''jewel'' || '''teyob<u>uz</u>'''....''necklace''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck''<br>'''teeb<u>uz</u>'''....''earring''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teeb'''....''ear'' |- | '''-u(er)'''....''give'' || '''buer'''....''give'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>er'''....''exhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-i(er)'''....''take'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''tiebal<u>i</u>er'''....''inhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-ui(er)'''....''exchange'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>ier'''....''breathe''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |} ==== Derviational Suffixes ==== ::: Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivational Suffixes |- ! Derivational<br>Suffix !! Function || Base Word <br><br>--> Suffixed<br>Derivation |- | '''-er''' || Noun <br>--> Verbal Infinitive || '''sag'''....''count'' <big><br>--></big> '''sag<u>er</u>'''....''to count'' |- | '''-n''' || Present Tense Verb <br>--> Verbal Noun (Gerund)<br>Adjective <br>--> Abstract Noun || '''yexe'''....''(he/she/...) works'' <big><br>--></big> '''yexe<u>n</u>'''....''working''<br>'''via'''....''beautiful'' <big><br>--></big> '''via<u>n</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yuba'''....''near'' <big><br>--></big> '''yuba<u>n</u>'''....''proximity, nearness'' |- | '''-a''' || Noun <br>--> Adjective<br>Active Verb<br>--> Verbal Adjective (Present Participle)<br>Past Passive Verb <br>--> Perfect Passive Participle (Adjective)||'''mor'''....''universe'' <big><br>--></big> '''mor<u>a</u>'''....''universal''<br>'''ake'''....''wins'' <big><br>--></big> '''ake<u>a</u>'''....''winning''<br>'''teatwa'''....''was seen'' <big><br>--></big>'''teatwa<u>a</u>''' (or, shortened to: '''teatw<u>a</u>'''....''seen'') |- | '''-ya''' || INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM <br>--> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE || '''ip-'''....''go away'' <big><br>--></big> '''ip<u>ya</u>'''....''gone away'' |- | '''-yea''' || VERB STEM <br>--> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE) || '''zaypas-'''....''progress'' <big><br>--></big> '''zaypas<u>yea</u>'''....''progressive'' |- | '''-y''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ADVERB || '''iga'''....''quick'' <big><br>--></big> '''iga<u>y</u>'''....''quickly''<br>'''tea-'''....''knowing''<big><br>--></big>'''tea<u>y</u>'''....''knowingly'' |- | '''-ut''' || VERB STEM <br>--> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''one who Xes, -er'' || '''ak-'''....''win'' <big><br>--></big> '''ak<u>ut</u>''' ....''winner'' |- | '''-us''' || VERB STEM <br>--> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''thing that Xes, -er'' || '''gol-'''....''divide'' <big><br>--></big> '''gol<u>us</u>''' ....''divisor'' |- |- '''-t''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ANIMATE NOUN (human, one who is...) || '''yibtrawa'''....''well-known'' <big>-<br>--></big>'''yibtrawa<u>t</u>'''....''celebrity'' |- |- '''-s''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> INANIMATE NOUN (thing, something X) || '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big><br>--></big>'''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery'' |} ::: <small>*Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker '''-i''' fall under the latter category.</small> ==== Normal Semantic Suffixes==== :* Augmentative Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Augmentative Suffixes |- ! Augmentative Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-ag''' (augmentative) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamag'''....''mansion'' |- | '''-ayg''' (affectionate augmentative) || '''sem'''....''chair'' || '''semayg'''....''big old chair'' |- | '''-yag''' (pejorative augmentative) || '''apet'''....''horse'' || '''apetyag'''....''nag'' |} :* Diminutive Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Diminutive Suffixes |- ! Diminutive Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-og''' (diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamog'''....''hut'' |- | '''-oyg''' (affectionate diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamoyg'''....''cottage'' |- | '''-yog''' (pejorative diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamyog'''....''shack'' |- | '''-et''' (a smaller person) || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' |- | '''-es''' (thing of lesser importance) || '''nas'''....''money'' || '''nases'''....''change, coin'' |- | '''-ud''' (child of, offspring) || '''tob'''....''man'' || '''tobud'''....''infant'' |} :* Semantic Adjectival Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Adjectival Suffixes |- ! Adjectival Suffix !! Meaning !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-a''' || '''mor'''....''universe'' || ''related to, -al, -ic'' || '''mora'''....''universal'' |- | '''-aya''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekaya'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-oya''' || '''vyun'''....''spot'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''vyunoya'''....''spotless'' |- | '''-ika''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekika'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-uka''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''miekuka'''....''dust-free'' |- | '''-yea''' || '''vyod'''....''lie'' || ''given to doing X, -ive'' || '''vyodyea'''....''mendacious, given to lying'' |- | '''-yena''' || '''tat'''....''angel'' || ''like, -ly, -ic'' || '''tatyena'''....''angelic'' |} :* Other Semantic Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Other Semantic Suffixes |- ! Suffix !! Base Word || Derivation |- | '''-tun'''....''science, ...ology'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>tun</u>'''....''biology'' |- | '''-tut'''....''-ologist, expert, -ist'' || '''dar'''....''language'' || '''dar<u>tut</u>'''....''linquist'' |- | '''-tuin'''....''theory'' || '''tob'''....''mar'' || '''mar<u>tuin</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | '''-yan'''....''collection, aggregate'' || '''fab'''....''tree''|| '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest'' |- |'''-tyen'''....''trade, -ics'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''sir<u>tyen</u>'''....''mechanics'' |- | '''-if'''....''pet name'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''twed<u>if</u>'''....''papa'' |- | '''ifa'''....''-philic, -loving'' || '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''dyes<u>ifa</u>'''....''bibliophilic'' |- | '''ifwa'''....''liked by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ifwa</u>'''....''popular'' |- | '''ufa'''....''-phobic, -hating'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>ufa</u>'''....''misogynous'' |- | '''ufwa'''....''hated by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ufwa</u>'''....''unpopular'' |- | '''yafa'''....''able to'' || '''tyoyap-'''....''walk'' || '''tyoyap<u>yafa</u>'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''yafwa'''....''possible to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yafwa</u>'''....''visible'' |- | '''yofa'''....''unable to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yofa</u>'''....''blind'' |- | '''yofwa'''....''impossible to'' || '''dye-'''....''read'' || '''dye<u>yofwa</u>'''....''illegible'' |- | '''yika'''....''hard of...ing'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yika</u>'''....''hard of hearing'' |- | '''yikwa'''....''hard to'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yikwa</u>'''....''hard to hear'' |- | '''yuka'''....''easy at...ing'' || '''vatex-'''....''believe'' || '''vatex<u>yuka</u>'''....''gullible'' |- | '''yukwa'''....''easily...ed'' || '''test-'''....''understand'' || '''test<u>yukwa</u>'''....''easily understood'' |- | '''yufa'''....''fearful of, -phobic'' || '''tot'''....''god'' || '''tot<u>yufa</u>'''....''god-fearing'' |- | '''yufwa'''....''feared'' || '''hyat'''....''everybody'' || '''hyat<u>yufwa</u>'''....''feared by all'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''efa'''....''needful of'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''tel<u>efa</u>'''....''hungry'' |- | '''efwa'''....''necessary to'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>efa</u>'''....''vital'' |- | '''yefa'''....''duty-bound to, -worthy of'' || '''dud'''....''answer'' || '''dud<u>yefa</u>'''....''responsible'' |- | '''yefwa'''....''due, -worthy of'' || '''fid-'''....''laud'' || '''fid<u>yefwa</u>'''....''praiseworthy'' |- | '''afa'''....''authorized to'' || '''dokebi-'''....''vote'' || '''dokebi<u>afa</u>'''....''franchised'' |- | '''ofwa'''....''prohibited to'' || '''movi-'''....''smoke'' || '''movi<u>ofwa</u>gonem'''....''no-smoking zone'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''yivwa'''....''free to be ...ed'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yivwa</u>'''....''optional'' |- | '''yuva'''....''bound'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tam<u>yuva</u>'''....''house-bound'' |- | '''ova'''....''resistant, anti-'' || '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution'' || '''aagdovyab<u>ova</u>'''....''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''ava'''....''in favor of, pro-'' || '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' || '''tyodab<u>ava</u>'''....''pro-democracy'' |- | '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''toos'''....''gender'' || '''toos<u>eva</u>'''....''gender-neutral'' |} === Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling === : Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called '''''first-level ordinal scaling'''''. ==== First-level Ordinal Scaling ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ First-level Ordinal Scaling |- valign=top ! ORDINAL VOWEL !! t...b !! m...r !! j...b !! m...s !! t...m !! d...b || f...b || s...m || d...t || t...d |- !row=1| '''o''' = 0 |'''tob'''<br>''man'' || '''mor'''<br>''universe'' || '''job'''<br>''time'' || '''mos'''<br>''floor''|| '''tom'''<br>''building'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' || '''fob'''<br>''plant'' || '''som'''<br>''furniture''||'''dot'''<br>''society''||'''tod'''<br>''family'' |- !row=1| '''a''' = 1 |'''tab'''<br>''body'' || '''mar'''<br>''sun'' || '''jab'''<br>''year'' || '''mas'''<br>''wall'' || '''tam'''<br>''house'' || '''dab'''<br>''government'' || '''fab'''<br>''tree'' || '''sam'''<br>''armoire''||'''dat'''<br>''friend'' || '''tad'''<br>''spouse'' |- !row=1| '''e''' = 2 |'''teb'''<br>''head'' || '''mer'''<br>''planet'' || '''jeb'''<br>''season''|| '''mes'''<br>''door'' || '''tem'''<br>''hall'' || '''deb'''<br>''leader'' || '''feb'''<br>''fruit'' || '''sem'''<br>''table''||'''det'''<br>''associate'' || '''ted'''<br>''parent'' |- !row=1| '''i''' = 3 |'''tib'''<br>''trunk'' || '''mir'''<br>''earth'' || '''jib'''<br>''month'' || '''mis'''<br>''window'' || '''tim'''<br>''room'' || '''dib'''<br>''office'' || '''fib'''<br>''tree trunk'' || '''sim'''<br>''chair''||'''dit'''<br>''citizen'' || '''tid'''<br>''sibling'' |- !row=1| '''u''' = 4 |'''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''mur'''<br>''moon'' || '''jub'''<br>''day'' || '''mus'''<br>''stairs'' || '''tum'''<br>''cell'' || '''dub'''<br>''minister'' || '''fub'''<br>''branch'' || '''sum'''<br>''bed''||'''dut'''<br>''gentleperson'' || '''tud'''<br>''child'' |- !row=1| '''yo''' = 5 |'''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || || '''jyob*'''<br>''hour'' || || || || '''fyob'''<br>''root'' || || || '''tyod'''<br>''people'' |} ::: <small>* The palatal glide '''y''' in these words, which follows a palatal '''j''' is hard to pronounce, so the '''y''' is replaced with a '''w''', giving '''jwob''', '''jwab''', and '''jweb'''.</small> ==== Second-level Ordinal Scaling ==== :: A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding an ordinal vowel immediately after a word's stem vowel. ::: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Second-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''mi...p''' !! '''me...p''' !! '''tu...b''' !! '''tyo...b'''!! '''ma...f''' !! '''me...g''' !! '''do...b''' |- | '''mip'''<br>''river'' || '''mep'''<br>''way'' || '''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' || '''meg'''<br>''stone'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' |- | '''mi<u>a</u>p'''<br>''stream'' || '''meap'''<br>''road'' || '''tuab'''<br>''shoulder'' || '''tyoab'''<br>''hip''|| '''maaf'''<br>''stratus'' || '''meag'''<br>''marble'' || '''doab'''...''fatherland'' |- | '''mi<u>e</u>p'''<br>''brook'' || '''meep'''<br>''path'' || '''tueb'''<br>''upper arm'' || '''tyoeb'''<br>''thigh''|| '''maef'''<br>''cumulus'' || '''meeg'''<br>''slate'' || '''doeb'''<br>''province, state'' |- | '''mi<u>i</u>p'''<br>''rivulet'' || '''meip'''<br>''trail'' || '''tuib'''<br>''elbow'' || '''tyoib'''<br>''knee''|| '''maif'''<br>''stratocumulus'' || '''meig'''<br>''granite'' || '''doib'''<br>''county, shire'' |- | '''mi<u>u</u>p'''<br>''torrent'' || '''meup'''<br>''track'' || '''tuub'''<br>''forearm'' || '''tyoub'''<br>''shin''|| '''mauf'''<br>''cumulonimbus'' || '''meug'''<br>''clay, dough'' || '''doub'''<br>''district'' |- | '''mi<u>yo</u>p'''<br>''trickle'' || || '''tuyob'''<br>''wrist'' || '''tyoyob'''<br>''ankle''||'''mayof'''<br>''nimbostatus'' || '''meyog'''<br>''china'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ya</u>b'''<br>''hand'' || '''tyoyab'''<br>''foot''||'''mayaf'''<br>''altostratus'' || '''meyag'''<br>''chalk'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ye</u>b'''<br>''fist'' || '''tyoyeb'''<br>''heel''|| '''mayef'''<br>''altocumulus'' || '''meyeg'''<br>''limestone'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yi</u>b'''<br>''palm'' || '''tyoyib'''<br>''sole''|| '''mayif'''<br>''cirrus'' || '''meyig'''<br>''alabaster'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yu</u>b'''<br>''finger'' || '''tyoyub'''<br>''toe''|| '''mayuf'''<br>''cirrostratus'' || '''meyug'''<br>''gypsum''|| |- | || || '''tu<u>lo</u>b'''<br>''fingernail'' || '''tyolob'''<br>''toenail''||'''malof'''<br>''cirrocumulus'' || |} ==== Third-level Ordinal Scaling ==== ::: A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing an ordinal number vowel to the word. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Third-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | '''<u>a</u>tuyub'''....''thumb'' |- | '''<u>e</u>tuyub'''....''index'' |- | '''<u>i</u>tuyub'''....''middle finger'' |- | '''<u>u</u>tuyub'''....''ring finger'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>tuyub'''....''pinky'' |} ::: So, to sum up, we have: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:6.4em; font-size:smaller" |+ Summary of Scaling |- ! '''t...b''' !! '''tob''' = ''human being'' |- | FIRST-LEVEL || '''tub'''....''arm'' |- | SECOND-LEVEL || '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | THIRD-LEVEL || '''atuyub'''....''thumb'' |} ==== Scaling with Prefixed Numbering ==== ::: We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words by prefixing an ordinal vowel even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first level usually begins with '''a'''. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefix Numbering |- ! align=left | NUMBER || '''dob'''....''state'' !! '''deb'''....''leader'' !! '''mez'''....''gem'' !! '''mer'''....''planet'' || '''maf'''....''cloud'' || '''sagtun'''....''mathematics'' |- ! 1 | '''<u>a</u>dob'''....''empire'' || '''adeb'''....''emperor'' || '''amez'''....''diamond'' || '''Amer'''....''Mercury'' || '''amaf'''....''nimbus'' || '''asagtun'''....''arithmetic'' |- ! 2 | '''<u>e</u>dob'''....''kingdom'' || '''edeb'''....''king'' || '''emez'''....''topaz'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' || '''emaf'''....''stratus'' || '''esagtun'''....''geometry'' |- ! 3 | '''<u>i</u>dob'''....''principality'' || '''ideb'''....''prince'' || '''imez'''....''ruby'' || '''Imer'''....''Earth'' || '''imaf'''....''nimbostatus'' || '''isagtun'''....''algebra'' |- ! 4 | '''<u>u</u>dob'''....''duchy'' || '''udeb'''....''duke'' || '''umez'''....''emerald'' ||'''Umer'''....''Mars'' || '''umaf'''....''cumulus'' || '''usagtun'''....''trigonometry'' |- ! 5 | '''<u>yo</u>dob'''....''marquisate'' || '''yodeb'''....''marquis'' || '''yomez'''....''saphire'' || '''Yomer'''....''Jupiter'' || '''yomaf'''....''cumulostatus'' || '''yosagtun'''....''calculus'' |- ! 6 | '''<u>ya</u>dob'''....''county'' || '''yadeb'''....''count'' || '''yamez'''....''lapis lazuli'' || '''Yamer'''....''Saturn'' || '''yamaf'''....''stratocumulus'' || |- ! 7 | '''<u>ye</u>dob'''....''dominion'' || '''yedeb'''....''lord'' || '''yemez'''....''amthyst'' || '''Yemer'''....''Uranus'' || '''yemaf'''....''altocumulus'' || |- ! 8 | '''<u>yi</u>dob'''....''viscounty'' || '''yideb'''....''viscount'' || '''yimez'''....''amber'' ||'''Yimer'''....''Pluto'' || '''yimaf'''....''altostratus'' || |- ! 9 | '''<u>yu</u>dob'''....''barony'' || '''yudeb'''....''baron'' || '''yumez'''....''topaz'' || || '''yumaf'''....''cirrocumulus'' || |- ! 10 | '''<u>alo</u>dob'''....''tribe'' || '''alodeb'''....''tribal chief'' || '''alomez'''....''opal'' || || '''alomaf'''....''cirrus'' || |} === Rule #4: Overlapping === : When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in '''''overlapping''''' or a '''''portmanteau'''''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Overlapping in Compounds |- ! First Word !! Second Word !! Portmanteau |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''mep'''....''road'' || '''domep'''....''boulevard'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''teub'''....''mouth'' || '''pateub'''....''beak'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''patub'''....''wing'' |- | '''teupib'''....''tooth'' || '''byok'''....''pain'' || '''teypibyok'''....''toothache'' |} : In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided. === Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels === : When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an '''o''', replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word. : Examples: ::* '''edob'''....''kingdom'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''edeb'''....''monarch'' ('''edweb'''....''king'', '''edeyb'''....''queen'') ::* '''udob'''....''principality'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''udeb'''....''prince'' ('''udweb'''....''prince'', '''udeyb'''....''princess'') : By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant: : Examples: : '''mil'''....''water'' + '''mal'''....''air'' -> '''mial'''....''vapor, steam'' === Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants === : When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant. : Example: <b>to<u>b</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D8;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-b</b> = <i>organism</i>) (<b>t-</b> = <i>human</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>tof</b>....<i>clothing, apparel</i> (<b>n-</b> = <i>commercial</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>nof</b>....<i>cloth, fabric</i> <b>no<u>f</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D7;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-f</b> = <i>cloth</i>) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Swapping Generic Consonants |- ! Base Word 1 !! Base Word 2 !! Derived Word |- | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tov'''....''lingerie'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''taf'''....''suit'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tef'''....''hat'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tif'''....''vest'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tyoyaf'''....''shoe'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tuyaf'''....''glove'' |- | '''doob'''^*....''nation'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''doof'''....''flag'' |- | '''taob'''^*....''flesh'' || '''tol'''....''food'' || '''taol'''....''meat'' |} :<small>* This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.</small> === Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender === : Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix '''w''' and the feminine infix '''y'''. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''w'''. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''y'''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Marking Animate Nouns for Gender |- ! Gender-Neutral !! Male !! Female |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''young person'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''it'''....''he/she/it'' || '''wit'''....''he'' || '''iyt'''....''she'' |- | '''apat'''....''cock'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''toob'''....''gender'' || '''twoob'''....''male'' || '''tooyb'''....''female'' |} ::* Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for women, rather than men, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Making Inanimate Objects Female-related |- ! Male-oriented or Neutral !! Female-oriented |- | '''taf'''....''suit'' || '''tayf'''....''dress'' |- | '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' || '''tyoyayv'''....''stockings'' |- | '''tiav'''....''shirt'' || '''tiayv'''....''blouse'' |} ::* Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Body Parts Genderized |- ! Neutral !! Male-oriented !! Female-oriented |- | '''tilab'''....''breast'' || '''twilab'''....''male breast'' || '''tilayb'''....''female breast'' |- | || '''twiyib'''....''testicals'' || '''tiyiyb'''....''ovary'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''sexual organ'' || '''twiyub'''....''penis'' || '''tiyuyb'''....''vagina'' |} ::* In nouns that end in '''-ut''', the agentive suffix meaning ''-er, one who...'', the nouns can be feminized by changing '''-ut''' to '''-uyt''', eg. '''dezut'''....''actor'' -> '''dezuyt'''....''actress''. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing '''-ut''' with '''w''' to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the '''w''' can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like '''dezut''' can mean ''actor'' of neutral or male gender. ::* Animate nouns having the ending '''-et''' (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding '''w''' or '''y''' to the semantic base of the word, eg. '''tobet'''....''child, youth'' -> '''toybet'''....''girl'' or '''twobet'''....''boy''. === Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels === : A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings. : Geo-specific Vowels: <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* '''o'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''outer space, abstract object, initial stuff''' ::* '''a'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sky, air, gas''' ::* '''e'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''land, soil, solid''' ::* '''i'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sea, water, liquid''' ::* '''u'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''underground, mineral, concrete object, other''' </div> :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels |- ! !!'''m...p''' !! '''m...m''' !! '''d...p''' !! '''p...t''' !! '''m...l''' !! '''m...r''' |- ! Space | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''space'' || '''dop'''....''military'' || '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''mol'''....''nature'' || '''mor'''....''universe'' |- ! Sky | '''map'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''dap'''....''air force'' || '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''mar'''....''star'' |- ! Land | '''mep'''....''road''|| '''mem'''....''land''|| '''dep'''....''army'' || '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''mer'''....''planet'' |- ! Water | '''mip'''....''river''|| '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''dip'''....''marine force'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mir'''....''world'' |- ! Underground (or other) | '''mup'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || || || '''mul'''....''stuff'' || '''mur'''....''moon'' |} : This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Hybrids|Hybrids]] for more on this subject. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Hybrid nouns |- ! First-level Derivation !! + Geospecific Vowel !! Second-level Derivation |- | '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''i'''....''water, sea''|| '''pe<u>i</u>t'''....''aquatic mammal'' |- | '''pelt'''....''insect'' || '''a'''....''air, sky''|| '''pel<u>a</u>t'''....''flying insect'' |- | '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''i'''....''water, sea'' || '''me<u>i</u>l'''....''mud'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''a'''....''air, gas'' || '''mi<u>a</u>l'''....''vapor'' |} === Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels === : The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Vectorial Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact. :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" border="0" |+ Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''amer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''baer'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''aber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''byaer'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''yaber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''omer'''....''south'' |- | '''o''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''boer'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''oper'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''pyoser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''yoper'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''uber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''pyuer'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''yuber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''byuser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''pier'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''yiper'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''pyiser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''emer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''eb'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''bexer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''up against, strike''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike'' |} ==== Special value of certain vowels ==== : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular'': ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual'' ::* '''anota'''....''alone, solitary'' ::* '''anay'''....''only'' ::* '''aun'''....''unit'' : The prefixes '''ya-''' or '''yan-''' meaning ''collection, plural'': ::* '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''yanot'''....''constituent'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' ::* '''yanotyan'''....''community'' ::* '''yan'''....''together'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yon'''....''apart'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' vs. '''yonota'''....''private'' ::* '''yanxer'''....''to combine'' vs. '''yonxer'''....''to separate'' === Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns === : Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning. : For example, the mnemonic '''eu''' pattern from the word for mouth, '''teud''' can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Mnemonic Pattern Derivation |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teub'''....''mouth'' !! Classifier !! Generic |- | '''teud'''....''shout'' || '''t''' = human || '''d''' = communication |- | '''teuz'''....''voice'' || '''t''' = human || '''z''' = art |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''d''' = communication || '''z''' = art |- | '''seuz'''....''tone'' || '''s''' = thing || '''z''' = art |- | '''seux'''....''sound'' || '''s''' = thing || '''x''' = action |- | '''xeus'''....''noise'' || '''x''' = action || '''s''' = thing |- | '''teuf'''....''muzzle'' || '''t''' = human || '''f''' = apparel |- | '''teuv'''....''mask'' || '''t''' = human || '''v''' = linen |- | '''teus'''....''taste''|| '''t''' = human || '''s''' = thing |- | '''deup'''....''rhythm''|| '''d''' = communication || '''p''' = ''motion'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teab'''....''eye'' !! '''(t)ea-''' = ''see'' !! Generic |- | '''teaper'''....''visit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teader'''....''witness'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teaxer'''....''look'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teaser'''....''seem'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teater'''....''see'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keaxer'''....''scan'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleaxer'''....''check'' || '''vyal-''' = ''certain''|| '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''yoneater'''....''distinguish'' || '''yon-''' = ''apart''|| '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''beaxer'''....''guard'' || '''be-''' = ''hold'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teatier'''....''perceive'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teatuer'''....''show'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teeb'''....''ear'' !! '''(t)ee-''' = ''hear'' !! Generic |- | '''teeper'''....''attend'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teeder'''....''testify'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teexer'''....''listen'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teeser'''....''sound (like)'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teeter'''....''hear'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keexer'''....''scan (acoustically)'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''koteexer'''....''snoop on'' || '''ko-''' = ''hide'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleexer'''....''sound out'' || '''vyal-''' = certain || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teetier'''....''get wind of'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teetuer'''....''make heard'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- | '''zyateetuer'''....''rumor'' || '''zya-''' = ''all around'' || '''-u-''' = objected-directed |} : A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Shortening Long Compounds |- ! Word 1 !! Word 2 !! Long Compound !! Shortened Compound |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''ekpeteuder''' || '''ekpeder'''....''neigh'' |- | '''serpyet'''....''snake'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''serpyeteuder''' || '''sepyeder'''....''hiss'' |- | '''vifeb'''....''grape'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''vifebil'''....''grape juice'' || '''vifil'''....''wine'' |- | '''povob'''....''grain'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''povobil''' || '''povil'''....''beer'' |} : Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ From Full Words to Stubs |- ! Compound !! New Stub !! Derivation |- | '''tilabil'''....''breast milk'' || '''bil'''....''milk''|| '''bilyug'''....''butter'' |- | '''fauf'''....''log'' || '''-uf'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''cylinder''|| '''muf'''....''rod, stick'' |- | '''zyeg'''....''hole'' || '''-yeg'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''hole'', ''hollow thing''|| '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' |} : The clipped word '''bil''' now gives rise to other compounds: ::* '''bilyig'''....''cheese'' ::* '''bilyigem'''....''cheese factory'' ::* '''bilyug'''....''butter'' ::* '''bilyugyena'''....''butter-like'' : The word '''mufyeg''' (Lit: hollow stick) means '''pipe, reed, cylinder''' === Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === : Words which follow Rule #11 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation. : These nuances are obtained by: :* Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel. :: These vowels are: ::: '''a''' for '''a''' and '''ya''' ::: '''e''' for '''e''' and '''ye''' ::: '''i''' for '''i''' and '''yi''' ::: '''o''' for '''o''' and '''yo''' ::: '''u''' for '''u''' and '''yu''' :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nad'''....''line'' || '''naad'''....''rail'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''doob'''....''nation'' |- | '''vyab'''....''rule'' || '''vyayab'''....''system'' |- | '''boka'''....''sick'' || '''booka'''....''tired'' |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || '''noog'''....''phase'' |- | '''bil'''....''milk'' || '''biil'''....''juice'' |} :* Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''less''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deintensification with Post-y-gliding |- ! Word !! Mitigated Derivation |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''iyfer'''....''like'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''iyva'''....''glad'' |- | '''zyutom'''....''tower'' || '''zyutoym'''....''turret'' |- | '''ama'''....''hot'' || '''ayma'''....''warm'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''oyma'''....''cool'' |} :* Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''greater''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding |- ! Word !! Enhanced Derivation |- | '''pot'''....''wild animal'' || '''pyot'''....''predator animal'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pyat'''....''bird of prey'' |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''yoma'''....''frozen'' |- | '''nuxer'''....''pay'' || '''nyuxer'''....''deliver'' |- | '''nexer'''....''save'' || '''nyexer'''....''store'' |} :* Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid '''l''' or the further intensifying liquid '''r''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with L and R |- ! Word !! L-Intensitifed || R-Intensified |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''ifler'''....''be fond of'' || '''ifrer'''....''adore'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''ivla'''....''content'' || '''ivra'''....''delighted'' |- | '''vaa'''....''affirmative'' || '''vlaa'''....''sure'' || '''vraa'''....''indubitable'' |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agla'''....''huge'' || '''agra'''....''immense'' |- | '''ga'''....''more'' || '''gala'''....''multiple'' || '''gara'''....''exponential'' |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press'' || '''barer'''....''crush'' |- | '''yexer'''....''work'' || '''yexler'''....''labor'' || '''yexrer'''....''toil, slave'' |- | '''yixer'''....''use'' || '''yixler'''....''hire'' || '''yixrer'''....''exploit'' |} :* Adding consonants other than '''l''' or '''r''' as the generic consonant: : Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like '''t''', '''f''', '''s''', '''k''', and '''z''' are used, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with Other Consonants |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fika'''....''perfect''<br>'''fira'''....''excellent'' |- | '''fua'''....''bad'' || '''futa'''....''wicked''<br>'''fura'''....''rotten'' |- | '''gea'''....''equal'' || '''geta'''....''identical''<br>'''gela'''....''alike'' |- | '''vyaa'''....''true'' || '''vyaka'''....''correct''<br>'''vyama'''....''real'' |- | '''vyoa'''....''false'' || '''vyoka'''....''incorrect''<br>'''vyoma'''....''fake'' |- | '''yiga'''....''hard'' || '''yigza'''....''sour''<br>'''yigla'''....''brusk''<br>'''yigra'''....''brutal'' |- | '''yuga'''....''soft'' || '''yugfa'''....''smooth''<br>'''yugla'''....''tender''<br>'''yugra'''....''mild'' |} :* Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nab'''....''row'' || '''nap'''....''order'' |- | '''vyava'''....''just'' || '''vyafa'''....''precise'' |- | '''jwab'''....''minute'' || '''jwap'''....''moment'' |- | '''jweb'''....''second'' || '''jwep'''....''instant'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''tap'''....''physique'' |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''top'''....''soul, animus'' |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' |- | '''naz'''....''value'' || '''nas'''....''money'' |- | '''nag'''....''dimension'' || '''nak'''...''unit of measurement'' |} == Technical Nomenclature == : The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features. === Zoological Nomenclature === {{status|100%}} [[File:Animal diversity.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of animals are formed in a systematic way. ==== Base Names ==== : First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with '''p''' (mobile) and end with '''t''' (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures. : The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air ('''a'''), water ('''i'''), land ('''e'''), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild ('''o'''), tame, or predatory ('''y'''); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms |- ! Type !! Air = a !! Water = i !! Land = e !! Anywhere = o |- valign=top !row=1| Ordinary |'''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' || '''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Predatory |'''pyat'''....''raptor'' || '''pyit'''....''predatory fish'' || '''pyet'''....''reptile'' ||'''pyot'''....''predatory animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Hybrid |'''piat'''....''waterfowl''<br>'''pelat'''....''flying insect''<br>'''paet'''....''flightless bird'' ||'''piit'''....''crustacean''<br>'''pilt'''....''marine invertebrate''<br>'''peit'''....''mammalian fish''<br>'''pyeit'''....''mollusk''|| '''payet'''....''flying reptile''<br>'''piyet'''....''batracian''<br>'''peyet'''....''worm''<br>'''pelt'''....''insect'' ||'''piot'''....''aquatic mammal'' |} ==== Derived Names ==== : The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the [https://www.itis.gov/| Linnaean taxonomy]. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name '''Canidae''' (''canids''). The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin. ''Ca'' in Latin is pronounced '''ka'''. See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad. In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory. So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix '''ka''' to the base name for domestic land animal '''pet''', yielding '''kapet''' (''dog''). All other members of the dog family end in '''pot''' (feral animal) or '''pyot''' (predatory animal). The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel. If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, ''prairie dog'' (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by '''ci³xi²ro¹pot''' from '''<u>Ro</u>¹dentia <u>Sci</u>²uridae <u>Cy</u>³nomys''', where '''pot''' is the basic animal type ''wild animal''. All rodents have the taxonomic syllable '''ro''' from the Latin "order" taxon ''Rodentia'', while all squirrel names will have the syllable '''xi''' from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon ''<u>Sci</u>uridae'' ('''<u>xi</u>uriday'''). The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family: :: <u>Ca</u>nidae (''dog family'') > ::: '''<u>ka</u>pet'''...''the common domestic dog'' (only one species, ''Canis familiaris'') ::: '''<u>ka</u>pot'''...''wild dog'' ::: '''<u>ka</u>pyot'''...''predatory dog'' : Species under '''kapyot''' are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names: :: ''Canis <u>lu</u>pus'' > '''<u>lu</u>kapyot'''...''gray wolf (or just wolf)'' :: ''Canis <u>la</u>trans'' > '''<u>la</u>kapyot'''...''coyote, prairie wolf'' ::: ''Canis latrans <u>les</u>tes'' > '''<u>les</u>lakapyot'''...''mountain coyote'' :: ''Canis <u>au</u>rus'' > '''<u>aw</u>kapyot''' > ''jackal, golden jackal'' ::: ''Canis aurus <u>cur</u>ensis'' > '''<u>kur</u>awkapyot'''....''Indochinese jackal'' :: ''Canis <u>vul</u>pus'' > '''<u>vul</u>kapyot'''...''fox, red fox'' : If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is '''awkapyot''' and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from ''curensis'' would normally be '''ku''', but it has to be extended to '''kur''' because the base begins in a vowel. : The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Latin/Greek - Mirad correspondences |- ! Latin/Greek Spelling !! Latin Sound !! Mirad Spelling !! Example |- | ''au'' || ''aw'' || '''aw''' || ''<u>au</u>rus''....'''aw-''' |- | ''eu'' || ''ew'' || '''ew''' || ''<u>eu</u>ropa''....'''ew-''' |- | ''ai''<br>''ae'' || ''ay'' || '''ay''' || ''<u>ae</u>gyptus''....'''ay-''' |- | ''ei'' <br> ''ey'' || ''ey'' || '''ey''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''oe'' || ''oy'' || '''oy''' || ''F<u>oe</u>niculum''....'''oy''' |- | ''ua'' || ''wa'' || '''wa''' || ''s<u>ua</u>vis''....'''s<u>wa</u>''' |- | ''ca/co/cu'' || ''ka/ko/ku'' || '''ka/ko/ku''' || ''<u>ca</u>nis''....'''<u>ka</u>''' |- | ''ce/ci/cy''' || ''che/chi/chi'' || '''ce/ci/cy''' || ''<u>cy</u>pris''....'''<u>ci</u>''' |- | ''y'' || ''i'' || '''i''' || ''c<u>y</u>pris''....'''<u>i</u>''' |- | ''g''' || ''g'' || '''g''' || ''<u>Ge</u>ococcyx''/''<u>Ga</u>stropoda''....'''<u>g</u>''' |- | ''ch'' || ''k'' || '''k''' || ''<u>Chi</u>roptera''....'''<u>ki</u>''' |- | ''ph'' || ''f'' || '''f''' ||''S<u>ph</u>yrapicus''....'''<u>f</u>''' |- | ''rh'' || ''r'' || '''r''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''x'' || ''ks'' || '''ks''' || ''Lo<u>x</u>odonta''....'''<u>ks</u>''' |- | ''qu'' || ''kw'' || '''kw''' || ''<u>Qu</u>ercus''....'''<u>kw</u>''' |- | ''j'' || ''y'' || '''j''' || ''<u>ju</u>lianus''....'''<u>ju</u>''' |- | ''sci'' || ''shi'' || '''xi''' || ''<u>Sci</u>uridae''....'''<u>xi</u>''' |- | ''th'' || ''t'' || '''t''' || ''<u>Th</u>unnus''....'''<u>t</u>''' |- | ''cci'' || ''ksi'' || '''ksi''' || ''Va<u>cc</u>inus''....'''<u>ksi</u>''' |} : Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for ''Cinnamomum'' would be '''cin'''. : The Latin letter ''j'' is represented in Mirad with '''j''' even though it is pronounced like a ''y''. This is for better recognizability. ==== Genderized and Other Forms ==== : Form the female of an animal by inserting a '''y''' before the '''t''' of the base adult name: ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kape<u>y</u>t'''....''bitch'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkapyo<u>y</u>t'''....''vixen'' : Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a '''w''' right after the '''p''' of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with '''py''' in which case the '''w''' is inserted just before the '''t''' of the base name: ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekp<u>w</u>et'''....''stallion'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbop<u>w</u>et'''....''ram'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkpyo<u>w</u>t'''....''dog fox'' : Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an '''o''' after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name: ::* '''bopet'''....''bovine'' ====> '''bopwe<u>o</u>t'''....''ox'' ::* '''gafapat'''....''cock'' ====> '''gafapwe<u>o</u>t'''....''capon'' : The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-ud''', the stub for '''tud'''....''child'': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>ud</u>'''....''colt'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>ud</u>'''....''pup'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopet<u>ud</u>'''....''lamb'' : The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing '''-if''': ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>if</u>'''....''puppy'' ::* '''fepet'''....''cat'' ====> '''fepet<u>if</u>'''....''kitty'' : The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-og''': ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supet<u>og</u>'''....''piggy'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>og</u>'''....''pony'' : Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal '''ekpet'''....''horse'' can serve as an example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivations of Horse |- ! Variation !! Mirad Name !! English Name |- !row=1| Adult |'''ekpet'''||''horse'' |- !row=1| Male | '''ekpwet'''||''stallion'' |- !row=1| Female | '''ekpeyt'''||''mare'' |- !row=1| Offspring | '''ekpetud'''||''colt'' |- !row=1| Female Offspring | '''ekpetuyd'''||''filly'' |- !row=1| Small adult |'''ekpetog'''||''pony'' |- !row=1| Gelded | '''ekpweot'''||''gelding'' |} ==== Animal Sounds ==== : The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the '''t''' of the base name with '''d''', the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in '''-der''': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeder'''....''to neigh'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapeder'''....''to bark'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''pader'''....''to tweet, chirp'' ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpyeder'''....''to hiss'' : A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing '''-yan''' or '''-nyan''': ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotyan'''....''a pride of lions'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopetyan'''....''a herd of sheep'' ::* '''pit'''....''fish'' ====> '''pityan'''....''a school of fish'' : Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final '''t''' of the base name with '''-per'''....''to go'': ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpeper'''....''to slither'' ::* '''lapet'''....''rabbit'' ====> '''lapeper'''....''to hop'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeper'''....''to gallop'' : The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in '''l''' (a stub for '''tel''', meaning ''food''): ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supel'''....''pork'' ::* '''supetyob'''....''hog leg'' ====> '''supetyol'''....''ham'' ::* '''bopet'''....''steer'' ====> '''bopel'''....''beef'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopel'''....''mutton'' ::* '''bopetud'''....''calf'' ====> '''bopetul'''....''veal'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatel'''....''honey'' : The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing '''-am'''....''house'', '''-um'''....''cage'', etc. to the base name: ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supetam'''....''pigsty'' ::* '''gafapayt'''....''chicken'' ====> '''gafapaytam'''....''chicken coop'' ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotam'''....''lion's den'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapetam'''....''doghouse'' ::* '''forpelt'''....''ant'' ====> '''forpeltam'''....''anthill'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatam'''....''bee hive'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''patum'''....''birdcage'', '''patsum'''....''nest'', '''patyanam'''...''aviary'' ::* '''pot'''....''wild animal'' ====> '''potam'''....''lair'' ==== Dog Breeds ==== [[File:The dog book - a popular history of the dog, with practical information as to care and management of house, kennel, and exhibition dogs, and descriptions of all the important breeds (1909) (20785715825).jpg|thumb|]] : Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to '''kapet'''....''dog'' that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site [[https://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/]]. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership. : The base of the dog breed name is '''kapet'''....''dog''. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants ('''b''', '''c''', '''d''', etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned to the ordinal vowel '''o''', so '''bokepet''' is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the '''o'''....''zero'' to '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed. : As an example: : To get the name for ''basset hound'': ::* Start with the word for dog: '''kapet'''. : This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is '''h'''. This is prefixed to '''kapet''', with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with '''a''' for ''one''. The ''basset hound'' is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes '''ha-'''. ::* '''hakapet''' is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with '''ha kapet'''....''the dog''.). A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel '''i'''.... ''three'' is prefixed: ::* '''ihakapet''' is a "small-sized scent hound" : A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word '''a'''.... ''one'' is prefixed (with a '''w''' buffer glide when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, '''Gebaroma''' is placed in front, separated by a space: ::* '''Gebaroma awahikapet''' is a ''basset hound'', a dog breed name owned by Great Britain. The name can usually be abbreviated by dropping the country owner name, thus: '''awahikapet''' <gallery> </gallery> : Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site. Group 1 = '''<u>b</u>okapet'''....sheepdogs/cattledogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''b<u>a</u>kapet'''....sheepdogs ::::* Belgian only entry = '''Belima bakapet'''....''Belgian shepherd dog'' ::::* German only entry = '''Deuma bakapet'''....''German shepherd'' ::* Section 2 = '''bekapet'''....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>bekapet'''....''Welsh corgi (Cardigan)'' Group 2 = '''<u>c</u>okapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''c<u>a</u>kapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer type ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''c<u>e</u>kapet'''....Molossian type ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''c<u>i</u>kapet'''....''Swiss mountain/cattledogs'' Group 3 = '''<u>d</u>okapet'''....''terriers'' ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....large and medium-sized terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>9</u>th entry = '''Gebaroma <u>yu</u>dakapet'''....''Welsh terrier'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....small-sized terriers ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''d<u>e</u>kapet'''....bull type terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>3</u>rd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>i</u>dekapet'''....''Staffordshire bull terrier'' ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....toy terriers Group 4 = '''<u>f</u>okapet'''....<u>dachshunds</u> ::::* Germany only entry = '''fakapet'''....''dachshund'' Group 5 = '''<u>g</u>okapet'''....spitz and primitive types ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''g<u>a</u>kapet'''....nordic sledge dogs :::: USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''<u>a</u>gakapet'''....''Siberian husky'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''g<u>e</u>kapet'''....nordic hunting dogs ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''g<u>i</u>kapet'''....nordic watchdogs/herders ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''g<u>u</u>kapet'''....European spits ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''g<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Asian spitz and related breeds ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''g<u>ya</u>kapet'''....primitive types ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''g<u>ye</u>kapet'''....hunting dogs Group 6 = '''<u>h</u>okapet'''....scent hounds and related breeds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''h<u>a</u>kapet'''....''scent hounds'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>1</u> = '''<u>a</u>hakapet'''....large-sized hounds ::::* USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''Usoma <u>aw</u>ahakapet'''....''American foxhound'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>2</u> = '''<u>e</u>hakapet'''....medium-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain only entry = '''Gebaroma ehakapet'''....''harrier'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>3</u> = '''<u>i</u>hakapet'''....small-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>aw</u>ihakapet'''....''basset hound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>ew</u>ihakapet'''....''beagle'' Group 7 = '''<u>j</u>okapet'''....pointing dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''j<u>a</u>kapet'''....''continental pointing dogs'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''j<u>e</u>kapet'''....''British and Irish pointers and setters'' Group 8 = '''<u>k</u>akapet'''....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''k<u>a</u>kapet'''....''retrievers'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''k<u>e</u>kapet'''....''flushing dogs'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''k<u>i</u>kapet'''....''water dogs'' Group 9 = '''<u>l</u>okapet'''....companion and toy dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''l<u>a</u>kapet'''....bichons ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''l<u>e</u>kapet'''....poodles ::::* France only entry = '''Ferama lekapet'''....''poodle'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''l<u>i</u>kapet'''....small Belgian dogs ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''l<u>u</u>kapet'''....hairless dogs ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''l<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Tibetan breeds ::::* Tibet <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Tibama <u>e</u>lekapet'''....''shih tzu'' ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''l<u>ya</u>kapet'''....Chihuahueno ::::* Mexico only entry = '''Mexuma lyakapet'''....''chihuahua'' ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''l<u>ye</u>kapet'''....English toy spaniels ::* Section <u>8</u> = '''l<u>yi</u>kapet'''....Japan Chin and Pekingese ::* Section <u>9</u> = '''l<u>yu</u>kapet'''....continental toy spaniel and others ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>alo</u>kapet'''....Kromforhl&auml;nder ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>ale</u>kapet'''....small Molossian type dogs Group 10 = '''<u>m</u>okapet'''....sight hounds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''m<u>a</u>kapet'''....long-haired sighthounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>a</u>makapet'''....''greyhound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>makapet'''....''whippet'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''m<u>e</u>kapet'''....rough-haired sighthounds ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''m<u>i</u>kapet'''....short-haired sighthounds ==== Cat Breeds ==== : The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See [https://cfa.org/breeds/]. You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat '''fepet'''. : This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Cat Breed Names |- ! CFA Name !! First Letters<br>Lowercase !! Number<br>If Any + fepet!! Mirad Name |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Shorthair'' || '''am''' || '''a + fepet'''|| '''amafepet''' |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Wirehair'' || '''am''' || '''e + fepet'''|| '''amefepet''' |- | ''<u>Bal</u>inese'' || '''bal''' || '''bal + fepet''' || '''balfepet''' |- | ''<u>Ben</u>gal'' || '''ben''' || '''ben + fepet''' || '''benfepet''' |} === Color Nomenclature === : The word for ''color'' in Mirad is '''volz''', which is mnemonically related to the word for ''flower'' ('''vos'''). The diminutive of ''color'' is '''voylz''', meaning ''tint, shade, hue''. : The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub '''-lza'''. The zeroth-color is no color, simple ''blank'', ''clear'', or ''transparent''. :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Basic Color Words |- ! 0 - clear !! 1 - red !!2 - orange !!3 - yellow !!4 - green !! 5 - blue !! 6 - purple !! 7 - indigo |- |<br><br><br> ||bgcolor="#d30000"| ||bgcolor="#fc6600"| ||bgcolor="#fff200"| ||bgcolor="#3bb143"| ||bgcolor="#0018f9"| || bgcolor="#b200ed"| || bgcolor="#4b0082"| |- | '''olza''' || '''alza''' || '''elza''' || '''ilza''' || '''ulza''' || '''yolza''' || '''yalza''' || '''yelza''' |} : There are some other common colors: :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Basic Color Words |- |bgcolor="white"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || '''malza'''....''white'' ||(Associated with '''man''' (''light'') |- |bgcolor="#7c4700"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|| '''melza'''....''brown'' ||(Associated with '''mel''' (''soil'') |- |bgcolor="#222021"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''molza'''....''black'' ||(Associated with '''mon''' (''dark'') |- |bgcolor="#828282"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''maolza'''....''gray'' ||(A blend of '''malza''' and '''molza''') |- |bgcolor="#fc0fc0"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''aolza'''....''pink'' ||(A blend of '''olza'''....''clear'' and '''malza'''....''red'') |} : All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example: ::* '''mecirufeb-ulza'''....''lime green'' from '''mecirufeb'''....''lime fruit'' + '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''aquamarine'' from '''mim'''....''sea'' + '''yalza'''....''blue'' ::* '''licirufeb-ilza'''....''lemon yellow'' from '''licirufeb'''....''lemon'' + '''ilza'''....''yellow'' ::* '''salpyit-alza'''....''salmon red'' ::* '''magmef-alza'''....''firebrick red'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''sea blue, aquamarine'' : Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner: ::# A "light" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''ylza''': '''uylza'''....''light green'' ::# A "-ish" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzyena''': '''ulzyena'''....''greenish'' ::# A "bright" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzayna''': '''ulzayna'''....''bright green'' ::# A "dark" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzoyna''': '''ulzoyna'''....''dark green'' : Shaded variants can also be created by prefixing adjectival components such as these: :* '''oz-'''....''-ish, light-'' :* '''az-'''....''bright-, dark-'' :* '''kyu-'''....''light-'' :* '''maz-'''....''bright-'' :* '''eyn-'''....''semi-'' etc. : Some hybrid colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel: ::* '''maolza'''....''gray'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''molza'''....''black'' ::* '''yaulza'''....''blue-green, cyan'' from '''yalza'''....''blue'' and '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''maelza'''....''beige'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''melza'''....''brown'' : Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix '''-a''': ::* '''<u>Ulz</u> se via volz.'''....''<u>Green</u> is a beautiful color.'' ::* '''At gafe <u>yalzayn</u>.'''....''I prefer <u>dark blue</u>.'' : Colors can also be used to form verbs: ::* '''Iyta teobi <u>alzasa</u>.'''....''Her cheeks <u>turned red (= blushed)</u>.'' ::* '''His se fia <u>teubip malzaxus</u>.'''....''This is a good <u>teeth whitener</u>.'' ::* '''Eta teupibi <u>ilzaseye</u>.'''....''Your teeth are <u>yellowing</u>.'' ==== Rarely Used Colors ==== : The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the [[w:List_of_RAL_colors|Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors]] expressed in Mirad + '''-lz'''. For example, the color ''golden yellow'' has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 ('''ase''', in Mirad), thus, the color is named '''aselz'''. The adjectival form of this color is '''aselza'''. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names. ===== Skin colors ===== [[File:Coloured-family.jpg|thumb|]] : When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix '''tayo(b)-''' is used. The final '''-b''' of '''tayob''' is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for ''skin-color'' itself is '''tayovolz'''. Thus: ::* '''(tayo-)molzat'''....''black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)malzat'''....''white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)melzat'''....''brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omalzat'''....''non-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omolzat'''....''non-black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omelzat'''....''non-brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymolzat'''....''half-black(skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymalzat'''....''half-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)maolzat'''....''mulatto, mixed-skinned person'' ::* '''(tayob)olzat'''....''albino'' ::* '''hyetayovolza'''....''of any skin-tone'' ::* '''hyatayovolzati'''....''people of all colors'' ::* '''Iyt se duhotayovolza?'''....''What skin color is she?'' ==== Hair Colors ==== : Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, '''tayeb'''. The final '''-b''' of '''tayeb''' is dropped before a consonant or '''y'''. The word for ''hair color'' is '''tayevolz'''. ::* '''tayebalza'''....''red-headed, auburn'' ::** '''tayebalzayt'''....''an auburn female'' ::* '''tayemolza'''....''brunette'' ::* '''tayemelza'''....''brown-haired'' ::* '''tayebiylza'''....''blond'' ::* '''tayemaolza'''....''gray, gray-haired'' :::* '''It gwa tayemaolzaso.'''....''He will go gray early.'' ::* '''Duhotayevolza iyt se?'''....''What color hair is she?'' ==== Eye Colors ==== : Eye colors are expressed by the prefix '''tea(b)''' followed by the color. The word for ''eye color'' is '''teavolz'''. In the following examples, '''teab''' (''eye'') becomes '''tea''' before any consonants or glides: ::* '''teayolza'''....''blue-eyed'' ::* '''teabulza'''....''green-eyed'' ::* '''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' :::* '''teamelzat'''....''brown-eyed person'' ::* '''teamolz'''....''a black eye'' ::* '''teamalz'''....''the white of the eye'' ::* '''Duhoteavolza et se?'''....''What color eyes do you have?'' === Chemical Nomenclature === [[File:14LaAc periodic table IIb.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding '''lk''', a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for ''hydrogen'' is ''H''. So we replace that with the word for lowercase '''h''' in Mirad: '''he'''. By adding the stub suffix '''lk''', we get '''helk'''. : Use the names of the '''''small''''' letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name '''ca''' is pronounced '''cha''' as in English ''cha-cha''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" valign=top; align=center |+ Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names |- ! Lowercase !! a !! b !! c !! d !! !! e !! f !! g !! h !! !! i !! j !! k !! l !! m !! n !! !! o !! p !! q !! r !! s !! t !! !! u !! v !! w !! x !! y !! z |- align=center | !row=1| Mirad Name | '''a''' || '''ba''' || '''ca''' || '''da''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''e''' || '''fe''' || '''ge''' || '''he''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''i''' || '''ji''' || '''ki''' || '''li''' || '''mi''' || '''ni''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''o''' || '''po''' || '''ko''' || '''ro''' || '''so''' || '''to''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''u''' || '''vu''' || '''wu''' || '''xu''' || '''yu''' || '''zu''' |} ==== Coding Chemical Elements ==== : The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Coding Chemical Elements |- ! English Element Name !! Abbreviation !! Mirad Name |- | ''silver'' || ''Ar'' || '''arolk''' |- | ''iron'' || ''Fe'' || '''feelk''' |- | ''hydrogen'' || ''H'' || '''helk''' |- | ''nitrogen'' || ''N'' || '''nilk''' |- | ''mercury'' || ''Hg'' || '''hegelk''' |- | ''darmstadtium'' || ''Ds'' || '''dasolk''' |} : In chemical compounds, the '''lk''' is used only on the last element of the compound. : Chemical compounds such as ''H₂O (hydrogen dioxide)'' are coded in the following manner. ::# The ''H'' for ''hydrogen'' is rendered as '''he''' (without the '''-lk'''). ::# The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for ''two, bi-'', '''en-''' is prefixed to the '''h''', giving '''enhe'''. ::# The word for ''oxygen'', '''ol''' is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the '''lk''' is suffixed. ::# The English word ends in ''-ide'', which is rendered in Mirad as '''-iyd''', giving '''enheolkiyd''' : Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below: : Given the chemical element ''sulfur'', which has the abbreviation ''S'', the Mirad equivalent for this solid is '''solk'''. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are: ==== Chemical Compound Suffixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Chemical Suffix Equivalents |- ! English Suffix !! Mirad Equivalent !! English Example !! Mirad Equivalent |- | ''-ide'' || '''-iyd''' || ''sulfide'' || '''solkiyd''' |- | ''-ite'' || '''-iyt''' || ''sulfite'' || '''solkiyt''' |- | ''-ate'' || '''-ayt''' || ''sulfate'' || '''solkayt''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''-iyn''' || ''iodine'' || '''ilkiyn''' |- | ''-ane'' || '''-ayn''' || ''methane'' || '''ahelkayn''' |- | ''-ene'' || '''-eyn''' || ''benzene'' || '''ehelkeyn''' |- | ''-one'' || '''-oyn''' || ''ketone'' || '''ketoyn''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''--iyn''' || ''alanine'' || '''alaniyn''' |- | ''-ic'' || '''-a''' || ''ferric'' || '''feelka''' |- | ''-ous'' || '''aya''' || ''ferrous'' || '''feelkaya''' |} : Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in '''-n'''. : The numeral prefixes ''5'' and ''6'' end in '''-on''' instead of '''-n''' so as to distinguish them from the words '''yan'''....''together'' and '''yon'''....''apart''. : The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Numeric Prefixes |- ! Number !! Prefix !! Example |- | '''a'''....''mono-'' || '''an''' || '''anolkiyd'''....''<u>mono</u>xide (O)'' |- | '''e'''....''bi-/di-'' || '''en''' || '''encalkayt'''....''<u>bi</u>carbonate (C₂)'' |- | '''i'''....''tri-'' || '''in''' || '''inolkiyd-'''....''trioxide (O₃)'' |- | '''u'''....''tetr(a)-'' || '''un''' || '''unolkiyd-'''....''tetroxide (O₄)'' |- | '''yo'''....''pent(a)-'' || '''yoon''' || '''yoonolkiyd-'''....''pentoxide (O₅)'' |- | '''ya'''....''hex(a)-'' || '''yaon''' || '''yaonolkiyd'''....''hexoxide (O₆)'' |- | '''ye'''....''hept(a)-'' || '''yen''' || '''yenolkiyd'''....''heptoxide (O₇)'' |- | '''yi'''....''oct(o)-'' || '''yin''' || '''yinolkiyd-'''....''octoxide (O₈)'' |- | '''yu'''....''non(a)-'' || '''yun''' || '''yunolkiyd-'''....''nonoxide (O₉)'' |- | '''alo'''....''dec(a)-'' || '''alon''' || '''alonolkayt-'''....''decoxidate (O₁₀)'' |} : Examples: ::* ''carbon <u>di</u>oxide (C₂O)''....'''calk <u>en</u>olkiyd''' ::* ''sodium <u>bi</u>carbonate (Na2C)''....'''nialk <u>en</u>calkayt''' ::* ''calcium <u>di</u>hydrogen phosphate''....'''caalk <u>en</u>helk polkayt''' ::* ''glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)''....'''<u>yaon</u>ca<u>alan</u>he<u>yaon</u>olk''' (or: '''sakolos''') ::* ''methanol (C₃HOH)''....'''ca<u>in</u>heohelk''' : Note: the '''-lk''' is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings '''-iyd''', '''-iyt''', and '''-ayt''', etc. ==== Names of Atomic Parts ==== : The word for ''atom'' in Mirad is '''gwomulk''', which literally is ''least particle''. : The main particles in an atom are: ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' (positive) ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' (neutral) ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' (negative) : Every atom contains '''mulki''' (''subatomic particles''). [[File:Standard Model of Elementary Particles.svg|thumb|392x392px|The [[Standard Model]] classification of particles]] : The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart to the right, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See [[wikipedia:Subatomic_particle]] ). ::* '''hamulk'''....''hadron'' :::* '''mi-hamulk'''....''meson'' ::::* '''pimi-hamulk'''....''pion'' ::::* '''kami-hamulk'''....''kaon'' :::* '''ba-hamulk'''....''baryon'' ::::* '''lambda-ba-hamulk'''....''lambda baryon'' ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' ::* '''zemulk'''....''nucleon'' ::* '''alfamulk'''....''alpha particle'' ::* '''fermimulk'''....''fermion'' ::* '''goryumulk'''....''nanoparticle'' ::* '''kyiazon mulk'''....''graviton'' ::* '''bamulk'''....''boson particle'' :::* '''agha-bamulk'''....''higgs particle'' :::* '''agwu-bamulk'''....''W boson'' :::* '''agzu-bamulk'''....''Z boson'' :::* '''gamma-bamulk'''....''photon'' :::* '''ge-bamulk'''....''gluon'' ::* '''qomulk'''....''quark'' :::* '''ba-qomulk'''....''bottom quark'' :::* '''ca-qomulk'''....''charm quark'' :::* '''da-qomulk'''....''down quark'' :::* '''ov-qomulk'''....''antiparticle, antiquark'' :::* '''penta-qomulk'''....''penta quark'' :::* '''tetra-qomulk'''....''tetra quark'' :::* '''to-qomulk'''....''top quark'' :::* '''u-qomulk'''....''up quark'' :::* '''so-qomulk'''....''strange quark'' ::* '''limulk'''....''lepton'' :::* '''gamma-limulk'''....''photon'' (also: '''manmulk''') :::* '''mu-limulk'''....''muon'' :::* '''pi-limulk'''....''pion'' :::* '''tau-limulk'''....''tau'' :::* '''vu-e-limulk'''....''electron neutrino'' :::* '''vu-mu-limulk'''....''muon neutrino'' :::* '''vu-tau-limulk'''....''tau neutrino'' :::* '''e-limulk'''....''electron'' (also: '''vomulk''') : The nucleus of an atom is called '''zemulk'''. Therefore, '''zemulka''' means ''nuclear''. === Musical Nomenclature === ==== Musical Instruments ==== : The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument ('''duzar''' < '''duz''' (''music'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument''). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played. [[File:Madras musical instruments and snake charmer's music.jpg|thumb|<small>Madras_musical_instruments_and_snake_charmer's_music</small>]] {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Instruments |- ! Mirad !! English |- ! colspan=2 | Bowed-String |- | '''aduzar''' || ''violin'' |- | '''eduzar''' || ''violin alto'' |- | '''iduzar''' || ''cello'', ''violoncello'' |- | '''uduzar'''<br>'''eona uduzar''' || ''bass''<br>''double bass'' |- | '''yoduzar''' || ''viola'' |- | '''yaduzar''' || ''fiddle'' |- | '''yeduzar''' || ''viol'' |- |- '''yiduzar''' || ''erhu'' |- | '''yuduzar''' || ''hardanger fiddle'' |- | '''aloduzar''' || ''kemenche'' |- | '''aladuzar''' || ''nyckelharpa'' |- | '''aleduzar''' || ''rebab'' |- ! colspan=2 | Woodwind |- | '''faduzar''' || ''flute'' |- | '''feduzar''' || ''oboe'' |- | '''fiduzar''' || ''clarinet'' |- | '''fuduzar''' || ''bassoon'' |- | '''fyoduzar''' || ''French harp, harmonica'' |- | '''fyaduzar''' || ''recorder'' |- | '''fyeduzar''' || ''bagpipe'' |- | '''fyiduzar''' || ''didgeridoo'' |- | '''fyuduzar''' || ''piccolo'' |- | '''faloduzar''' || ''fife, hornpipe'' |- | '''faladuzar''' || ''ocarina, ocarine'' |- | '''faleduzar''' || ''sheng'' |- | '''faliduzar''' || ''duduk'' |- | '''faluduzar''' || ''bansuri'' |- | '''falyoduzar''' || ''suling'' |- ! colspan=2 | Brass &#x1f3b7; |- | '''voduzar''' || ''horn'' |- | '''vaduzar''' || ''trumpet'' |- | '''veduzar''' || ''trombone'' |- | '''vuduzar'''<br>-- '''avuduzar'''<br>-- '''evuduzar'''<br>--'''ivuduzar'''|| ''saxophone''<br>-- ''tenor saxophone''<br>-- ''alto saxophone''<br>-- ''bass saxophone'' |- | '''vyoduzar''' || ''tuba'' |- | '''vyaduzar''' || ''bugle'' |- | '''vyeduzar''' || ''French horn'' |- | '''vyiduzar''' || ''cornet'' |- | '''vyuduzar''' || ''baritone horn'' |- | '''valoduzar''' || ''alto horn'' |- | '''valaduzar''' || ''euphonium'' |- | '''valeduzar''' || ''flugelhorn'' |- | '''validuzar''' || ''sousaphone'' |- | '''valuduzar''' || ''clarion'' |- | '''valyoduzar''' || ''mellophone'' |- | '''valyaduzar''' || ''climbasso'' |- | '''valyeduzar''' || ''ophicleide'' |- ! colspan=2 | Percussion |- | '''kaduzar'''<br>-- '''akaduzar'''<br>-- '''ekaduzar'''<br>-- '''ikaduzar'''<br>-- '''ukaduzar'''<br>-- '''yokaduzar'''<br>-- '''yakaduzar'''<br>-- '''yekaduzar'''<br>-- '''yikaduzar'''<br>-- '''yukaduzar'''<br>-- '''alokaduzar'''<br>-- '''alakaduzar'''<br>-- '''alekaduzar'''<br>-- '''alikaduzar'''<br>-- '''alukaduzar''' || ''drum''<br>-- ''snare drum''<br>-- ''bass drum''<br>-- ''tenor drum''<br>-- ''steel drum''<br>-- ''bongo drum''<br>-- ''timbrel''<br>-- ''kettledrum''<br>-- ''hang drum''<br>-- ''tupan''<br>-- ''taiko''<br>-- ''spring drum''<br>-- ''octoban''<br>-- ''candombe drum''<br>-- ''steel tongue drum'' |- | '''keduzar''' || ''glockenspiel'' |- | '''kiduzar''' || ''vibraphone'' |- | '''kuduzar''' || ''marimba'' |- | '''kyoduzar''' || ''tubular bell'' |- | '''gaduzar''' || ''triangle'' |- | '''geduzar''' || ''gong'' |- | '''giduzar''' || ''castanet'' |- | '''guduzar''' || ''rattle'' |- | '''gyoduzar''' || ''xylophone'' |- | '''gyaduzar''' || ''maraca'' |- | '''gyeduzar''' || ''caj&oacute;n'' |- | '''gyiduzar''' || ''cymbal'' |- | '''gyuduzar''' || ''tambourine'' |- | '''galoduzar''' || ''steelpan'' |- | '''galaduzar''' || ''wind chime'' |- | '''galeduzar''' || ''chime bar'' |- | '''galiduzar''' || ''celeste'' |- | '''galuduzar''' || ''clapper'' |- | '''galyoduzar''' || ''Jew's harp'' |- | '''galyaduzar''' || ''bazooka'' |- | '''galyeduzar''' || ''waterphone'' |- | '''galyiduzar''' || ''balafon'' |- | '''galyuduzar''' || ''boomwhackers'' |- | '''geloduzar''' || ''udu'' |- | '''geladuzar''' || ''thunder sheet'' |- ! colspan=2 | Keyboard &#x1f3b9; |- | '''raduzar'''<br>-- '''utekea raduzar'''<br>-- '''agala raduzar'''<br>-- '''sem raduzar''' || ''piano''<br>-- ''player piano''<br>-- ''grand piano''<br>-- ''keyboard'' |- | '''reduzar''' || ''clavichord'' |- | '''riduzar''' || ''harpsichord'' |- | '''ruduzar'''<br>-- '''mufyeg ruduzar'''<br>-- '''maka ruduzar''' || ''organ''<br>-- ''pipe organ''<br>-- ''electric organ'' |- | '''ryoduzar''' || ''accordion'' |- | '''ryaduzar''' || ''dulcimer'' |- | '''ryeduzar''' || ''calliope'' |- | '''ryiduzar''' || ''melodica'' |- | '''ryuduzar''' || ''concertina'' |- ! colspan=2 | Guitar &#x1f3b8; |- | '''baduzar'''<br>-- '''seuxa baduzar'''<br>-- '''maka baduzar'''<br>-- '''yoba baduzar''' || ''guitar''<br>-- ''accoustic guitar''<br>-- ''electric guitar''<br>-- ''bass guitar'' |- | '''beduzar''' || ''banjo'' |- | '''biduzar''' || ''lute'' |- | '''buduzar''' || ''harp'' |- | '''byoduzar''' || ''mandolin'' |- | '''byaduzar''' || ''ukelele'' |- | '''byeduzar''' || ''zither'' |- | '''byiduzar''' || ''lyre'' |- | '''byuduzar''' || ''cithara, kithara'' |- | '''baloduzar''' || ''sitar'' |- | '''baladuzar''' || ''veena'' |- | '''baleduzar''' || ''koto'' |- | '''baliduzar''' || ''balalaika'' |- | '''baluduzar''' || ''charango'' |- | '''balyoduzar''' || ''hurdy-gurdy'' |} ==== Voice Ranges ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Voice Ranges (Deuz nabyani) |- ! Mirad !! English !! Meaning |- ! colspan=3 | Women |- | '''yabdeuztoyb''' || ''soprano'' || "high-voice-female" |- | '''zeyabdeuztoyb''' || ''mezzo-soprano'' || "high-ish-voice-female" |- | '''yobdeuztoyb''' || ''alto, contralto'' || "low-voice-female" |- ! colspan=3 | Men |- | '''yabdeuztwob''' || ''tenor'' || "high-voice-male" |- | '''ze-yabdeuztwob''' || ''baritone'' || "middle-high-voice-male" |- | '''yobdeuztwob''' || ''bass''||"low-voice-male" |- | '''vyo-yabdeuztwob''' || ''falsetto'' || "false-high-voice-male" |- ! colspan=3 | Boys |- | '''yabdeuztwobet''' || ''treble'' || "high-voice-boy" |} : Suffix these nouns with '''-a''' to make them adjectives, eg.: ::* '''His se <u>yabdeuztwoba</u> duznod.'''....''This is a <u>tenor</u> note.'' ==== Solmization Syllables ==== : The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Solmization Syllables |- | '''do''' || '''re''' || '''mi''' || '''fa''' || '''sol''' || '''la''' || '''ti''' || '''do''' |} ==== Musical Score Elements ==== [[File:Gigault-dernier-kyrie-mm9-12.png|thumb]] : The semitone or accidental symbols are: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Accidentals |- ! ENGLISH NAME !! SYMBOL !! MIRAD NAME !! ENGLISH EXAMPLE !! MIRAD EXAMPLE || MIRAD PRONUNCIATION |- | ''flat'' || <big>&#x1D12C;</big>|| '''yobwa''' (=''lowered'')|| ''B flat'' || '''B yobwa''' || '''ba YOBwa''' |- | ''sharp'' || <big>&#x1D130;</big> || '''yabwa''' (=''raised'')|| ''C sharp'' || '''C yabwa''' || '''ca YABwa''' |- | ''natural'' || <big>&#x1D12E;</big> || '''egxwa''' (=''normalized'')|| ''F natural'' || '''F egxwa''' || '''fe EGxwa''' |} : Some staff notation: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Staff Notation |- ! English Name !! Symbol !! Mirad Name |- | ''staff'' || <big>&#x1D119;</big> || '''nuidyan''' |- | ''treble clef, G clef'' || <big>&#x1D11E;</big> || '''G yijar''' |- | ''C clef'' || <big>&#x1D121;</big> || '''C yijar''' |- | ''base clef, F clef'' || <big>&#x1D122;</big> || '''F yijar''' |- | ''note'' || || '''nod''' |- | ''half note'' || <big>&#x1D15E;</big> || '''eyna nod''' |- | ''quarter note'' || <big>&#x1D15F;</big> || '''uyna nod''' |- | ''whole note'' || <big>&#x1D15D;</big> || '''ayna nod''' |- | ''quarter rest'' || <big>&#x1D13D; </big> || '''uyna poys''' |- | ''eighth note'' || <big>&#x1D160; </big> || '''yiyna nod''' |- | ''bar, measure'' || <big>&#x1D100;</big> || '''nodzyan''' |- | ''ligature'' || || '''yanxus''' |} ==== Characteristic Features of Music ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Characteristic Features of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''deup'''||'' beat'' |- |'''seupan'''||'' cadence'' |- |'''jes'''||'' duration'' |- |'''zoyteuz'''||'' echo'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||'' harmony'' |- |'''duzneg'''||''pitch'' |- |'''ijduzneg'''||'' key'' |- |'''druz'''||'' lyric'' |- |'''agala duzmus'''||'' major scale'' |- |'''duznag'''||'' measure'' |- |'''duznad'''||'' melody'' |- |'''duzjob''' ||''tempo'' |- |'''nak'''||'' meter'' |- |'''ogala duzmus'''||'' minor scale'' |- |'''duz'''||'' music'' |- |'''yinig'''||'' octave'' |- |'''byexes'''||'' pulse'' |- |'''zoyseuzen'''||'' resonance'' |- |'''deupyan'''||'' rhythm'' |- |'''duzmus'''||'' scale'' |- |'''duzdreyn'''||'' score'' |- |'''seux'''||'' sound'' |- |'''duzigan'''||'' tempo'' |- |'''seuzvolz'''||'' timbre'' |- |'''seuz'''||'' tone'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||''chord, harmonic'' |- |'''aybseuz'''||''overtone'' |- |'''deuzunog'''||'' tune'' |- |'''deuz'''||'' voice'' |- |'''seuxnid'''||'' volume'' |} ==== Dynamics ==== : Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left ''as is'' in Mirad. : These include: <div style="background:lightyellow; font-style:italics"> : <i>a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo</i>, and others. </div> ==== Types of Arrangements ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Arrangements ! English !! Mirad |- |''a capella song''||'''a kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzari''' |- |''anthem''||'''fizdeuzun, tezdeuzun''' |- |''antiphon''||'''duiddeuzun''' |- |''aria''||'''arya, awat deuzun''' |- |''arrangement''||'''napbeyn''' |- |''art song''||'''tuz deuz''' |- |''ballad''||'''daz deuz, ifonkex deuzun''' |- |''battle hymn''||'''dropek deuzun''' |- |''bird song''||'''pat deuzun''' |- |''broadway song''||'''Broadway deuzun''' |- |''campfire song''||'''tamoftem deuzun''' |- |''cantata''||'''kantata''' |- |''canticle''||'''efyadeuzun''' |- |''carol''||'''ivdeuzun''' |- |''chant''||'''yagdeuzun''' |- |''choral arrangement''||'''deuzutyan napxeyn''' |- |''Christmas carol''||'''Kristtaj ivdeuzun''' |- |''classical song''||'''visauna deuzun''' |- |''composition''||'''duzdrun''' |- |''concerto''||'''koncerto''' |- |''country song''||'''odom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzun''' |- |''dance song''||'''daz deuzun''' |- |''dirge''||'''uvdeuzun''' |- |''ditty''||'''deuzog''' |- |''doggerel verse''||'''dizdeuzun''' |- |''drinking song''||'''tilien deuzun''' |- |''duet''||'''ewat (deuzun)''' |- |''folksong''||'''tyoyd deuzun''' |- |''glee''||'''Gebama deuzun''' |- |''gospel song''||'''fyadin deuzun''' |- |''hip hop song''||'''hip hop deuzun''' |- |''hit song''||'''agakus deuzun''' |- |''hymn''||'''fyadeuzun ''' |- |''instrumental''||'''duzarun''' |- |''jingle''||'''nundeuzunog''' |- |''karaoke song''||'''karaoke deuzun''' |- |''love song''||'''ifon deuzun''' |- |''lullaby''||'''tudet deuzun''' |- |''lute song''||'''riduzar deuzun''' |- |''madrigal''||'''duzuka deuzun''' |- |''marching song''||'''doptyopen deuzun''' |- |''medley''||'''ebmulxwa deuzyan''' |- |''metal song''||'''mug deuzun''' |- |''musical number''||'''duzun''' |- |''old standard''||'''ajdeuzun''' |- |''opera''||'''dyuz, dyuzun''' |- |''oratorio''||'''oratoryo''' |- |''paean''||'''akrun deuzun''' |- |''partsong''||'''gon deuzun''' |- |''patter song''||'''deuzig''' |- |''pop song''||'''tyoda deuzun''' |- |''psalm''||'''afyadeuzun''' |- |''rock song''||'''rok deuzun''' |- |''round''||'''zoydea deuzun''' |- |''sea shanty''||'''mim deuz''' |- |''show tune''||'''duez deuzun''' |- |''signature song''||'''ujak deuzun''' |- |''slow jam''||'''bluz deuzun''' |- |''soliloquy''||'''awat, awat deuzun''' |- |''solo''||'''awat (duzun), awat (deuzun)''' |- |''song''||'''deuzun''' |- |''spiritual, negro spiritual''||'''topa deuzun''' |- |''sporting song''||'''tapifek deuzun''' |- |''symphony''||'''viduzunyag''' |- |''theme song''||'''texzena deuz''' |- |''torch song''||'''ifonok uvdeuzun''' |- |''vaudeville song''||'''Vaudeville deuzun''' |- |''Wienerlied''||'''Viena deuzun''' |} ==== Musicians ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musicians ! English !! Mirad |- |''musician''||'''duzut, duztoyb, duzuyt, duztwob''' |- |''instrumentalist''||'''duzarut''' |- |''violinist''||'''aduzarut''' |- |''conductor''||'''duzdeb''', '''duzutyaneb''' |- |''soloist''||'''anduzut''' |- |''singer, vocalist''||'''deuzut''' |- |''danseur''||'''dyaztwob''' |- |''ballerina''||'''dyazuyt, dyaztoyb''' |- |''dancer''||'''dazut, dazuyt''' |- |''opera singer''||'''dyuzut, dyuzuyt''' |- |''operatist, librettist''||'''dyuzdrut''' |- |''composer''||'''duzdrut''' |- |''lyricist, songwriter''||'''deuzdrut''' |- |''dance conductor''||'''dazeb''' |- |''(symphony) orchestra''||'''duzarutyan''' |- |''philharmonic orchestra''||'''duzarutyanag''' |- |''chorus, chorale'' ||'''deuzutyan''' |- |''dance troupe''||'''dazutyan''' |} ==== Song Parts ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Song Parts ! Mirad !! English |- |'''ujgon'''||''coda'' |- |'''ijgon'''||''intro'' |- |'''ebek'''||''interlude'' |- |'''ijek'''||''finale'' |- |'''gawijun'''||''reprise'' |- |'''gawdeuzun'''||''refrain'' |- |'''agalduznad'''||''theme'' |- |'''nadyan'''||''verse'' |- |'''zeymep'''||''bridge'' |- |'''gawdwas'''||''chorus'' |- |'''ujnadyan'''||''outro'' |} ==== Music Genres ==== : Some genres and styles of music: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Genres of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''a kapella, boy duzari'''||''a capella'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''ambiant'' |- |'''Usoma tyoyduz'''||''American folk'' |- |'''Usoma egona duz'''||''American standard'' |- |'''yizejna'''||''avant garde'' |- |'''Baroka'''||''Baroque'' |- |'''yolza vab'''||''bluegrass'' |- |'''bluz'''||''blues'' |- |'''Bolliwud'''||''Bollywood'' |- |'''bossa nova'''||''bossa nova'' |- |'''kalipso'''||''calypso'' |- |'''Kelta yagdeuz'''||''Celtic chant'' |- |'''Canima tyoyduz'''||''Chinese folk'' |- |'''Canima ajutbyena dyuz'''||''Chinese traditional opera'' |- |'''jejoba deupyan ay bluz'''||''contemporary R&B'' |- |'''maima bluz'''||''country blues'' |- |'''maima duz'''||''country music'' |- |'''maima pop'''||''country pop'' |- |'''maima rap'''||''country rap'' |- |'''maima rok'''||''country rock'' |- |'''dazam pop'''||''dancehall pop'' |- |'''disko'''||''disco'' |- |'''du-wop'''||''doo-wop'' |- |'''maka dauz'''||''electronic dance music (EDM)'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''elevator music'' |- |'''Euma disko'''||''Euro-disco'' |- |'''jwayeka'''||''experimental'' |- |'''flamenko'''||''flamenco'' |- |'''funk'''||''funk'' |- |'''Gregoria yagdeuz'''||''Gregorian chant'' |- |'''hip-hop'''||''hip-hop'' |- |'''honki-tonk'''||''honky-tonk'' |- |'''hyusuna rok'''||''Indie rock'' |- |'''jaz'''||''jazz'' |- |'''makjaz'''||''jazztronica'' |- |'''juju'''||''juju'' |- |'''fyaxela duz'''||''liturgical music'' |- |'''majika'''||''majika'' |- |'''mamo'''||''mambo'' |- |'''merengwe'''||''merengue'' |- |'''mesitzo'''||''mesitzo'' |- |'''mug'''||''metal'' |- |'''Mixuma duz'''||''Mexican'' |- |'''seuz bi Naxvil'''||''Nashville sound'' |- |'''Ejna Orleans bluz'''||''New Orleans blues'' |- |'''dyuz'''||''opera'' |- |'''rancera'''||''ranchera'' |- |'''rap'''||''rap'' |- |'''rege'''||''reggae'' |- |'''deupyan ay blus, ro-ay-ba'''||''rhythm & blues'' |- |'''rok-ay-rol'''||''rock & roll'' |- |'''salsa'''||''salsa'' |- |'''samba'''||''samba'' |- |'''ska'''||''ska'' |- |'''galoduzaruta duz'''||''steel band music'' |- |'''swing'''||''swing'' |- |'''Tehano'''||''Tejano'' |- |'''eyntuj duz'''||''trance music'' |- |'''Zumera visauna'''||''Western classical'' |- |'''Zumeryena'''||''Western'' |- |'''zideko'''||''zydeco'' |} === Geographic Placenames === : As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants. ==== Countries of the World ==== [[File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Johnson's new chart of national emblems, 1868.jpg|thumb|]] Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter '''m''' is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.: : Example 1: : ''Burundi'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI. ::* ''BDI'' is lowercased to ''bdi'' ::* '''b''' is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell '''ba'''. ::* Since ''d'' is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: '''d'''. ::* The vowel ''i'' is left as is: '''i''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''badim''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Badim''' ::* BDI (Burundi) = '''Badim'''. : Example 2: : ''Uzbekistan'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB. ::* ''UZB'' is lowercased to ''uzb'' ::* '''u''' is left as is: '''u'''. ::* '''z''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''zu''' ::* '''b''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''ba''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''uzubam''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Uzubam''' ::* UZB (Uzbekistan) = '''Uzubam'''. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Country Names (click on arrows to sort a column) ! ISO !! English !! Mirad |- | ABW || ''Aruba''||'''Abawum''' |- | AFG || ''Afghanistan''||'''Afegem''' |- | AGO || ''Angola''||'''Agom''' |- | AIA || ''Anguilla''||'''Aiam''' |- | ALA || ''[[w:Åland|Åland Islands]]''||'''Alam''' |- | ALB || ''Albania''||'''Alibam''' |- | AND || ''Andorra''||'''Anidam''' |- | ANT || ''Netherlands Antilles''||'''Anitom''' |- | ARE || ''United Arab Emirates''||'''Arem''' |- | ARG || ''Argentina''||'''Arogem''' |- | ARM || ''Armenia''||'''Aromim''' |- | ASM || ''American Samoa''||'''Asomim''' |- | ATA || ''Antarctica''||'''Atam''' |- | ATF || ''French Southern Territories''||'''Atofem''' |- | ATG || ''Antigua and Barbuda''||'''Atogem''' |- | AUS || ''Australia''||'''Ausom''' |- | AUT || ''Austria''||'''Autom''' |- | AZE || ''Azerbaijan''||'''Azem''' |- | BDI || ''Burundi''||'''Badim''' |- | BEL || ''Belgium''||'''Belim''' |- | BEN || ''Benin''||'''Benim''' |- | BFA || ''Burkina Faso''||'''Bafam''' |- | BGD || ''Bangladesh''||'''Bagedam''' |- | BGR || ''Bulgaria''||'''Bagerom''' |- | BHR || ''Bahrain''||'''Baherom''' |- | BHS || ''[[w|The Bahamas|Bahamas]]''||'''Bahesom''' |- | BIH || ''Bosnia and Herzegovina''||'''Bihem''' |- | BLM || ''Saint Barthélemy''||'''Balimim''' |- | BLR || ''Belarus''||'''Balirom''' |- | BLZ || ''Belize''||'''Balizum''' |- | BMU || ''Bermuda''||'''Bamum''' |- | BOL || ''Bolivia''||'''Bolim''' |- | BRA || ''Brazil''||'''Baram''' |- | BRB || ''Barbados''||'''Barobam''' |- | BRN || ''[[w:Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]]''||'''Baronim''' |- | BTN || ''Bhutan''||'''Batonim''' |- | BVT || ''Bouvet Island''||'''Bavutom''' |- | BWA || ''Botswana''||'''Bawam''' |- | CAF || ''Central African Republic''||'''Cafem''' |- | CAN || ''Canada''||'''Canim''' |- | CCK || ''Cocos Islands''||'''Cacakim''' |- | CHE || ''Switzerland''||'''Cahem''' |- | CHL || ''Chile''||'''Cahelim''' |- | CHN || ''[[w:People's Republic of China|China]]''||'''Cahenim''' |- | CIV || ''Côte d'Ivoire''||'''Civum''' |- | CMR || ''Cameroon''||'''Camirom''' |- | COD || ''Democratic Republic of the Congo''||'''Codam''' |- | COG || ''Republic of the Congo''||'''Cogem''' |- | COK || ''Cook Islands''||'''Cokim''' |- | COL || ''Colombia''||'''Colim''' |- | COM || ''Comoros''||'''Comim''' |- | CPV || ''Cape Verde''||'''Capovum''' |- | CRI || ''Costa Rica''||'''Carim''' |- | CUB || ''Cuba''||'''Cubam''' |- | CXR || ''Christmas Island''||'''Caxurom''' |- | CYM || ''Cayman Islands''||'''Cayumim''' |- | CYP || ''Cyprus''||'''Cayupom''' |- | CZE || ''Czechia''||'''Cazem''' |- | DEU || ''Germany''||'''Deum''' |- | DJI || ''Djibouti''||'''Dajim''' |- | DMA || ''Dominica''||'''Damam''' |- | DNK || ''Denmark''||'''Danikim''' |- | DOM || ''Dominican Republic''||'''Domim''' |- | DZA || ''Algeria''||'''Dazam''' |- | ECU || ''Ecuador''||'''Ecum''' |- | EGY || ''Egypt''||'''Egeyum''' |- | ERI || ''Eritrea''||'''Erim''' |- | ESH || ''Western Sahara''||'''Esohem''' |- | ESP || ''Spain''||'''Esopom''' |- | EST || ''Estonia''||'''Esotom''' |- | ETH || ''Ethiopia''||'''Etohem''' |- | FIN || ''Finland''||'''Finim''' |- | FJI || ''Fiji''||'''Fejim''' |- | FLK || ''Falkland Islands (Malvinas)''||'''Felikim''' |- | FRA || ''France''||'''Feram''' |- | FRO || ''Faroe Islands''||'''Ferom''' |- | FSM || ''Federated States of Micronesia''||'''Fesomim''' |- | GAB || ''Gabon''||'''Gabam''' |- | GBR || ''United Kingdom''||'''Gebarom''' |- | GEO || ''Georgia''||'''Geom''' |- | GGY || ''Guernsey''||'''Gegeyum''' |- | GHA || ''Ghana''||'''Geham''' |- | GIB || ''Gibraltar''||'''Gibam''' |- | GLP || ''Guadeloupe''||'''Gelipom''' |- | GMB || ''Gambia''||'''Gemibam''' |- | GNB || ''Guinea-Bissau''||'''Genibam''' |- | GNQ || ''Equatorial Guinea''||'''Geniqom''' |- | GRC || ''Greece''||'''Gerocam''' |- | GRD || ''Grenada''||'''Gerodam''' |- | GRL || ''Greenland''||'''Gedolim''' |- | GTM || ''Guatemala''||'''Getomim''' |- | GUF || ''French Guiana''||'''Gufem''' |- | GUM || ''Guam''||'''Gumim''' |- | GUY || ''Guyana''||'''Guyum''' |- | HKG || ''Hong Kong''||'''Hekigem''' |- | HMD || ''Heard Island and McDonald Islands''||'''Hemidam''' |- | HND || ''Honduras''||'''Henidam''' |- | HRV || ''Croatia''||'''Herovum''' |- | HTI || ''Haiti''||'''Hetim''' |- | HUN || ''Hungary''||'''Hunim''' |- | IDN || ''Indonesia''||'''Idanim''' |- | IMN || ''Isle of Man''||'''Iminim''' |- | IND || ''India''||'''Inidam''' |- | IOT || ''British Indian Ocean Territory''||'''Iotom''' |- | IRL || ''Republic of Ireland''||'''Irolim''' |- | IRN || ''Iran''||'''Ironim''' |- | IRQ || ''Iraq''||'''Iroqom''' |- | ISL || ''Iceland''||'''Isolim''' |- | ISR || ''Israel''||'''Isorom''' |- | ITA || ''Italy''||'''Itam''' |- | JAM || ''Jamaica''||'''Jamim''' |- | JEY || ''Jersey''||'''Jeyum''' |- | JOR || ''Jordan''||'''Jorom''' |- | JPN || ''Japan''||'''Jiponim''' |- | KAZ || ''Kazakhstan''||'''Kazum''' |- | KEN || ''Kenya''||'''Kenim''' |- | KGZ || ''Kyrgyzstan''||'''Kigezum''' |- | KHM || ''Cambodia''||'''Kihemim''' |- | KIR || ''Kiribati''||'''Kirom''' |- | KNA || ''Saint Kitts and Nevis''||'''Kinam''' |- | KOR || ''[[w:South Korea|Korea, Republic of]]''||'''Korom''' |- | KWT || ''Kuwait''||'''Kiwutom''' |- | LAO || ''Laos''||'''Laom''' |- | LBN || ''Lebanon''||'''Libanim''' |- | LBR || ''Liberia''||'''Libarom''' |- | LBY || ''Libya''||'''Libayum''' |- | LCA || ''Saint Lucia''||'''Licam''' |- | LIE || ''Liechtenstein''||'''Liem''' |- | LKA || ''Sri Lanka''||'''Likam''' |- | LSO || ''Lesotho''||'''Lisom''' |- | LTU || ''Lithuania''||'''Litum''' |- | LUX || ''Luxembourg''||'''Luxum''' |- | LVA || ''Latvia''||'''Livam''' |- | MAC || ''[[W:Macau|Macao]]''||'''Macam''' |- | MAF || ''Saint Martin''||'''Mafem''' |- | MAR || ''Morocco''||'''Marom''' |- | MCO || ''Monaco''||'''Micom''' |- | MDA || ''Moldova''||'''Midam''' |- | MDG || ''Madagascar''||'''Midagem''' |- | MDV || ''Maldives''||'''Midavum''' |- | MEX || ''Mexico''||'''Mexum''' |- | MHL || ''Marshall Islands''||'''Mihelim''' |- | MKD || ''Republic of Macedonia''||'''Mikidam''' |- | MLI || ''Mali''||'''Milim''' |- | MLT || ''Malta''||'''Militom''' |- | MMR || ''Myanmar''||'''Mimirom''' |- | MNE || ''Montenegro''||'''Minem''' |- | MNG || ''Mongolia''||'''Minigem''' |- | MNP || ''Northern Mariana Islands''||'''Minipom''' |- | MOZ || ''Mozambique''||'''Mozum''' |- | MRT || ''Mauritania''||'''Mirotom''' |- | MSR || ''Montserrat''||'''Misorom''' |- | MTQ || ''Martinique''||'''Mitoqom''' |- | MUS || ''Mauritius''||'''Musom''' |- | MWI || ''Malawi''||'''Miwim''' |- | MYS || ''Malaysia''||'''Miyusom''' |- | MYT || ''Mayotte''||'''Miyutom''' |- | NAM || ''Namibia''||'''Namim''' |- | NCL || ''New Caledonia''||'''Nicalim''' |- | NER || ''Niger''||'''Nerom''' |- | NFK || ''Norfolk Island''||'''Nifekim''' |- | NGA || ''Nigeria''||'''Nigam''' |- | NIC || ''Nicaragua''||'''Nicam''' |- | NOR || ''Norway''||'''Norom''' |- | NIU || ''Niue''||'''Nium''' |- | NLD || ''Netherlands''||'''Nilidam''' |- | NPL || ''Nepal''||'''Nipolim''' |- | NRU || ''Nauru''||'''Nirum''' |- | NZL || ''New Zealand''||'''Nizulim''' |- | OMN || ''Oman''||'''Ominim''' |- | PAK || ''Pakistan''||'''Pakim''' |- | PAN || ''Panama''||'''Panim''' |- | PCN || ''Pitcairn Islands''||'''Pocanim''' |- | PER || ''Peru''||'''Perom''' |- | PHL || ''Philippines''||'''Pohelim''' |- | PLW || ''Palau''||'''Poliwum''' |- | PNG || ''Papua New Guinea''||'''Ponigem''' |- | POL || ''Poland''||'''Polim''' |- | PRI || ''Puerto Rico''||'''Porim''' |- | PRK || ''North Korea''||'''Porikim''' |- | PRT || ''Portugal''||'''Porotom''' |- | PRY || ''Paraguay''||'''Poroyum''' |- | PSE || ''Palestinian territories''||'''Posem''' |- | PYF || ''French Polynesia''||'''Poyufem''' |- | QAT || ''Qatar''||'''Qatom''' |- | REU || ''Réunion''||'''Reum''' |- | ROU || ''Romania''||'''Roum''' |- | RUS || ''Russia''||'''Rusom''' |- | RWA || ''Rwanda''||'''Rowam''' |- | SAU || ''Saudi Arabia''||'''Saum''' |- | SDN || ''Sudan''||'''Sodanim''' |- | SEN || ''Senegal''||'''Senim''' |- | SGP || ''Singapore''||'''Sogepom''' |- | SGS || ''South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands''||'''Sogesom''' |- | SHN || ''Saint Helena''||'''Sohenim''' |- | SJM || ''Svalbard and Jan Mayen''||'''Sojimim''' |- | SLB || ''Solomon Islands''||'''Solibam''' |- | SLE || ''Sierra Leone''||'''Solem''' |- | SLV || ''El Salvador''||'''Solivum''' |- | SMR || ''San Marino''||'''Somirom''' |- | SOM || ''Somalia''||'''Somim''' |- | SPM || ''Saint Pierre and Miquelon''||'''Sopomim''' |- | SRB || ''Serbia''||'''Sorobam''' |- | STP || ''São Tomé and Príncipe''||'''Sotopom''' |- | SUR || ''Suriname''||'''Surom''' |- | SVK || ''Slovakia''||'''Sovukim''' |- | SVN || ''Slovenia''||'''Sovunim''' |- | SWE || ''Sweden''||'''Sowem''' |- | SWZ || ''Swaziland''||'''Sowuzum''' |- | SYC || ''Seychelles''||'''Soyucam''' |- | SYR || ''Syria''||'''Soyurom''' |- | TCA || ''Turks and Caicos Islands''||'''Tocam''' |- | TCD || ''Chad''||'''Tocadam''' |- | TGO || ''Togo''||'''Togom''' |- | THA || ''Thailand''||'''Toham''' |- | TJK || ''Tajikistan''||'''Tojikim''' |- | TKL || ''Tokelau''||'''Tokilim''' |- | TKM || ''Turkmenistan''||'''Tokimim''' |- | TLS || ''East Timor''||'''Tolisom''' |- | TON || ''Tonga''||'''Tonim''' |- | TTO || ''Trinidad and Tobago''||'''Totom''' |- | TUN || ''Tunisia''||'''Tunim''' |- | TUR || ''Turkey''||'''Turim''' |- | TUV || ''Tuvalu''||'''Tuvum''' |- | TWN || ''Taiwan''||'''Towunim''' |- | TZA || ''Tanzania''||'''Tozam''' |- | UGA || ''Uganda''||'''Ugam''' |- | UKR || ''Ukraine''||'''Ukirom''' |- | UMI || ''United States Minor Outlying Islands''||'''Umim''' |- | URY || ''Uruguay''||'''Uroyum''' |- | USA || ''United States''||'''Usam''' |- | UZB || ''Uzbekistan''||'''Uzubam''' |- | VAT || ''Vatican City''||'''Vatom''' |- | VCT || ''Saint Vincent and the Grenadines''||'''Vucatom''' |- | VEN || ''Venezuela''||'''Venim''' |- | VGB || ''British Virgin Islands''||'''Vugebam''' |- | VIR || ''United States Virgin Islands''||'''Virom''' |- | VNM || ''Vietnam''||'''Vunimim''' |- | VUT || ''Vanuatu''||'''Vutom''' |- | WLF || ''Wallis and Futuna''||'''Wulifem''' |- | WSM || ''Samoa''||'''Wusomim''' |- | YEM || ''Yemen''||'''Yemim''' |- | ZAF || ''South Africa''||'''Zafem''' |- | ZMB || ''Zambia''||'''Zumibam''' |- | ZWE || ''Zimbabwe''||'''Zuwem''' |} : The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker '''a''', eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''France'' ==> '''Ferama'''....''French'' ::* '''Usam'''....''United States'' ==> '''Usama'''....''American'' ::* '''Deum'''....''Germany'' ==> '''Deuma'''....''German'' : The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final '''m''' of the placename to '''t''' (meaning person), eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferat'''....''a French person, a Frenchman'' : The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg: ::* '''Ferat'''....''a French person'' ==> '''ha Ferati'''....''the French'' ::* '''Etohet'''....''an Ethiopian'' ==> '''Etohwat'''....''an Ethiopian male'' ::* '''Finit'''....''a Finn'' ==> '''Finiyt'''....''a Finnish woman'' : Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: '''Ferama''' refers to the country of ''France'', not the language ''French''. ''French'' the language is '''Ferad.''' ==== Continents ==== [[File:Continental models.gif|thumb]] : The word for ''continent'' in Mirad is '''yanmel''' (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word '''yanmel''' with vectorial prefixes. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Continent Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Ayanmal''' || ''North America'' |- | '''Oyanmel''' || ''South America'' |- | '''Iyanmel''' || ''Asia'' |- | '''Uyanmel''' || ''Europe'' |- | '''Eyanmel''' || ''Africa'' |- | '''Yoyanmel''' || ''Oceania'' |} : The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing '''-a''': :* '''Iyanmela'''....''Asian'' :* '''Uyanmela'''....''European'' : By appending '''-t(i)''' to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants: :* '''Eyanmelat'''....''an African'' :* '''Ayanmelati'''....''North Americans'' : Note: <div style="background: lightyellow"> :* The ''Americas'' is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word '''Aoyanmel''' (a combination of North and South America). :* ''Central America'' is expressed in Mirad by '''Zea Aoyanmel''' (''Central America'') :* The word '''Usam''' means ''United States of America'' or ''USA''. The word ''America'' by itself is not used in Mirad; only ''North America'' or ''South America''. :* The word '''Usamati''' is used for ''Americans'' when referring to inhabitants of the U.S. :* The word '''Ayanmelati''' is used to refer to North Americans (U.S. and Canada). :* The word '''Eyanmel-Usamat''', or more briefly, '''Eusamat''' is used for ''African American''. :* ''Latin America'' is expressed as '''Liada Oyanmel'''. :* ''A Latino, Latina, or Latinx'' in the U.S. is called '''Liadwut, Liaduyt, or Liadut'''. :* In some geographic systems, '''Ausom'''....''Australia'' is considered a continent. </div> : The word for ''island'' is '''yonmel''' (= ''separate land''). An islander is '''yonmelat'''. ==== Oceans ==== : The Mirad word for ocean is '''mimag'''. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word '''mimag''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Ocean Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Amimag''' || ''Arctic Ocean'' |- | '''Omimag''' || ''Southern Ocean'' |- | '''Imimag''' || ''Pacific Ocean'' |- | '''Umimag''' || ''Atlantic Ocean'' |- | '''Emimag''' || ''Indian Ocean'' |} ==== Compass Directions and Poles ==== : The compass directions ('''merizoni''') and poles ('''mernodi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamer'''....''north'' / '''zamera'''....''northern'' / '''zamernod'''....''north pole'' ::* '''zomer'''....''south'' / '''zomera'''....''southern'' / '''zomernod'''....''south pole'' ::* '''zimer'''....''east'' / '''zimera'''....''eastern'' ::* '''zumer'''....''west'' / '''zumera'''....''western'' : The words '''Yibzamer'''....''Arctic'' and '''Yibzomer'''...''Antarctic(a)'' both use the prefix '''yib'''....''far''. : Prefixing the directions with '''iz-'''....''due-'' yields: ::* '''iz zamer'''....''due north'' ::* '''iz zomer'''....''due south'', etc. : Directional words can be hybridized, eg: ::* '''zaomera'''....''north-south'' ::* '''zuimera'''....''east-west'' ::* '''zaumera'''....''north-west'' ::* '''zaimera'''....''north-east'' ==== Earth Grid Lines ==== : The earth grid lines ('''mernadi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamernad'''....''Arctic Circle'' ::* '''zomernad'''....''Antarctic Circle'' ::* '''zaomernad'''....''longitude'' ::* '''zuimernad'''....''latitude'' ::* '''zemernad'''....''equator'' :::* '''abzemernad'''....''Tropic of Capricorn'' :::* '''obzemernad'''....''tropic, Tropic of Cancer'' ::::* '''yizobzemernad'''....''subtropic'' ::* '''eymernad'''....''meridian'' ::* '''mamnad'''....''horizon'' ::* '''aonada'''....''vertical'' ::* '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' ::* '''zyenada'''....''perpendicular'' ==== Languages of the World ==== [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|thumb|]] : Mirad names of languages are based on either: ::* the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or: ::* the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php|Library of Congress ISO639-2 Codes]]. : If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final '''m''' or the country name with '''d'''. For example, '''Enigem''' (''England''), becomes '''Eniged''' (''English''). See [[Mirad_Grammar#Countries of the World|Countries of the World]]. : If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and '''d''' is suffixed to the word. A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel. For example, '''ba''' + '''e''' becomes '''be'''. :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Mirad Language Names |- ! ISO Language Name !! Country or ISO Code !! Mirad Language Name |- | Abkhazian || abk || '''Abakid''' |- | Afar || aar || '''Aarod''' |- | Afrikaans || '''Zafem'''....''South Africa'' || '''Zafed''' |- | Akan || aka || '''Akad''' (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka) |- | Albanian || '''Alibam'''....''Albania'' || '''Alibad''' |- | Amharic || amh || '''Amihed''' |- | Arabic || ara || '''Arad''' |- | Aragonese || arg || '''Aroged''' |- | Armenian || '''Aromim''' || '''Heyud''' |- | Assamese || asm || '''Asomid''' |- | Avaric || ava || '''Avad''' |- | Avestan || ave || '''Aved''' |- | Aymara || aym || '''Ayumid''' |- | Azerbaijani || '''Azem'''....''Azerbaijan'' || '''Azed''' |- | Bambara || bam || '''Bamid''' |- | Bashkir || bak || '''Bakirod''' |- | Basque || baq || '''Baqod''' |- | Belarusian || '''Balirom'''....''Belarusia'' || '''Balirod''' |- | Bengali || '''Bagedim'''....''Bangladesh'' || '''Bagedid''' |- | Bislama || bis || '''Bisod''' |- | Bosnian || '''Bihem'''....''Bosnia'' || '''Bihed''' |- | Breton || bre || '''Bared''' |- | Bulgarian || '''Bagerom'''....''Bulgaria'' || '''Bagerod''' |- | Burmese || '''Mimirom'''....''Miyanmar'' || '''Mimirod''' |} ...and so on... : The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing '''-a''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''(the) English (language)'' ==> '''Enigeda'''....''(in the) English (language)'' ::* '''Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.'''....''This English language document is incomprehensible.'' : The language names can be verbalized with the addition of '''-der'''....''to say'', '''-daler'''....''to speak'', and '''-xer'''....''to translate into'', eg: ::* '''Ferad'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferader'''....''to say in French'' ::* '''Esopod'''....''Spanish'' ==> '''Esopodaler'''....''to speak Spanish'' ::* '''Arad'''....''Arabic'' ==> '''Aradxer'''....''to Arabicize/translate into Arabic'' ::* '''Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.'''....''French has many Anglicizations.'' : The speaker of a language is created by adding '''-ut''' or '''-alut''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''English'' ==> '''Enigedut (or) Enigedalut'''....''English speaker'' ::* '''Duven et Enigedale?'''....''Do you speak English?'' ::* '''Aradu hia dun.'''....''Say this word in Arabic.'' ::* '''At se Itadut/Itadalut.'''....''I am a speaker of Italian.'' : Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Language Variants |- ! Variation Category !! Example |- | '''Ajna'''....''Old/Ancient'' || '''Ajna Eniged'''....''Old English, Anglo-Saxon'' |- | '''Ejoba'''....''Modern'' || '''Ejoba Perod'''....''Modern Persian, Farsi'' |- | '''Visauna'''....''Classical'' || '''Visauna Gerocad'''....''Classical Greek'' |- | '''Vyirina'''....''Puristic'' || '''Vyirina Gerocad'''....''Katharevousa (Puristic Greek)'' |- | '''Tyoda'''....''Vulgar/Popular/Demotic'' || '''Tyoda Latod'''....''Vulgar Latin''<br>'''Tyoda Gerocad'''....''Demotic Greek'' |- | '''Fyaxela'''....''Liturgical'' || '''Fyaxela Hebad'''....''Liturgical Hebrew'' |- | '''Fyadyesa'''....''Biblical'' || '''Fyadyesa Hebad'''....''Biblical Hebrew'' |- | '''Egona'''....''Standard'' || '''Ejoba Egona Arad'''....''Modern Standard Arabic'' |- | '''Egema'''....''Egyptian'' || '''Egema Arad'''....''Egyptian Arabic'' |- | '''Usoma'''....''American'' || '''Usoma Eniged'''....''American English'' |} : There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself. ::* '''Mirad'''....''Mirad'' ('''Mir'''....''world'') ::* '''Meurad'''....''Martian'' ('''Meur'''...''Mars'') ::* ''Celtic'', which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called '''Celid''' in Mirad. ::* ''Indo-European'', with the code "ine", translates to '''Inied''' in Mirad. ==== Cities and Their Residents ==== : Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in '''-a''' or '''-yena'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Cities and Their Residents |- ! City !! Adjective !! Inhabitant |- | '''Paris'''....''Paris'' || '''Paris<u>yena</u>'''....''Parisian'' || '''Paris<u>at</u>'''....''Parisian'' |- | '''Ejna York'''....''New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>a</u>'''....''of New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>at</u>'''....''New Yorker'' |- | '''Rom'''....''Rome'' || '''Rom<u>a</u>'''....''Roman'' || '''Rom<u>at</u>'''....''Roman'' |- | '''Beijing'''....''Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>a</u>'''....''of Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>at</u>'''....''resident of Beijing'' |- | '''Berlin'''....''Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>a</u>'''....''from Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>at</u>'''....''Berliner'' |} : Examples: :* '''Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.'''....''Berlin citizens are called Berliners.'' :* '''Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.'''....''Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.'' === Playing Cards Notation === : The playing card suits and prime denominations are: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Playing Card Suits |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''tiib''' || ''heart''|| <big>{{cards|h}}</big> |- | '''melukar''' || ''spade''|| <big>{{cards|s}}</big> |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond''|| <big>{{cards|d}}</big> |- | '''infayeb''' || ''club''|| <big>{{cards|c}}</big> |} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ High Cards plus the Joker |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''Az bi tiibi''' || ''ace of hearts''||[[File:Simple_h_a.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edweb bi melukari'''||''king of spades''||[[File:Simple_s_k.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edeyb bi amezi'''||''queen of diamonds''||[[File:Simple_d_q.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Yuxtwobet bi infayebi''' || ''jack of clubs''||[[File:Simple_c_j.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''hihiduut''' || ''joker''|| [[File:Simple_jk_b.svg|40px|thumb]] |} : Some useful terms: ::* '''eker drafi'''....''to play cards'' ::* '''zyabuer ha drafi'''....''to deal the card'' ::* '''ebnapxer ha drafi'''....''to shuffle the cards'' ::* '''goler ha nyan'''....''to cut the deck'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to fold'' ::* '''durer'''....''to bid'' ::* '''lokoxer draf'''....''to turn over a card'' ::* '''lokoxer ota tuyab'''....''to show one's hand'' ::* '''abnabxer'''....''to trump'' ::* '''ekdrafnyan'''....''deck of cards'' ::* '''nab'''....''suit'' ::* '''joper nab'''...''to follow suit'' ::* '''kyesdraft'''....''wild card'' ::* '''abnaba draf'''....''trump card'' ::* '''ha yannas'''....''the pot'' ::* '''ha nax'''....''the ante'' ::* '''yaber ha nax'''....''to up/raise the ante'' === Chess Piece Nomenclature === {{chess diagram | tright | |= 8 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= 7 |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= 6 | | | | | | | | |= 5 | | | | |pd| | | |= 4 | | | | |pl|pl| | |= 3 | | | | | | | | |= 2 |pl|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|= 1 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= a b c d e f g h | The King's Gambit }} : The game of chess is called '''xahifek''' in Mirad. : The chess pieces ('''xahifek goyni''') are as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Chess Piece Names |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''edweb''' || ''king'' || [[File:Chess_klt45.svg|thumb|30px]] |- | '''edeyb''' || ''queen'' || [[File:Chess_qlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''efyaxeb''' || ''bishop'' || [[File:Chess_blt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''apetaput''' || ''knight'' || [[File:Chess_nlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''tamaz''' || ''rook'' || [[File:Chess_rlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''melyexut''' || ''pawn'' || [[File:Chess_plt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |} : Some chess terms: ::* ''to checkmate''....'''xahtojber''' ::* ''Check!''....''Xah!'' ::* ''Checkmate!''....'''xahtoj!''' ::* ''chess board''....'''xahifek seym, xahifek drof''' ::* ''to move a piece''....'''paxer goun''' ::* ''to capture a piece''....'''pixler goun''' ::* ''chess clock''....'''xahifek jwobar''' ::* ''chess set''....''xahifek gounyan'' ::* ''chess tournament''....'''xahifekanyan''' ::* ''chess player''....'''xehifekut''' ::* ''my turn''....'''ata nayb''' ::* ''score''....'''aoksag''' ::* ''world champion''....'''miraklut''' === Botanical Nomenclature === : The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the [https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy|international Linnaean taxonomy]. ==== Base Names ==== : So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words: ::* '''fab'''....trees :::* '''feb'''....''fruits and nuts'' ::* '''fayb'''....''vines and shrubs'' :::* '''feyb'''....''berries'' ::* '''vob'''....''crops'' ::* '''vol'''....''vegetables'' ::* '''veel'''....''legumes and beans'' ::* '''vos'''....''flowers'' ==== Specific Names ==== : To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, ''pine'' tree is rendered as '''pifab'''. The '''pi''' prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees ''<u>Pi</u>naceae''. The '''fab''' ending applies to all trees. To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. ''cedar tree'' is '''<u>ce</u>pifab''' from ''Pianaceae <u>Ce</u>drus''. A ''cedar of Lebanon'' is '''<u>li</u>cepifab''' from the more specific ''Pinaceae Cedrus <u>li</u>bani''. : By constructing botanical terms this way, all pine trees can be listed by searching for all names ending in '''pifab'''. [[File:171 Magnolien.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ '''Basic Botanical Terms''' |- |valign=top|'''fob'''....''plant''||valign=top|'''vob'''....''crop''||valign=top|'''vol'''....''vegetable''||valign=top|'''vos'''....''flower'' |- |valign=top|'''fab'''....''tree''<br>'''fayeb'''....''leaf''<br>'''faob'''....''wood''<br>'''fayob'''....''bark''||valign=top|'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''vayob'''....''peel''|| ||'''vosayeb'''....''petal''<br>'''vosayob'''....''sepal'' |- |valign=top|'''feb'''....''fruit/nut''||valign=top|'''veb'''....''ear/tuft''<br>'''veeb'''....''seed''<br>'''veeyb'''....''grain''||valign=top|'''veel'''....''legume''||'''voseb'''....''capitulum'' |- |valign=top|'''fib'''....''trunk''||valign=top|'''vib'''....''stem'' || || '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' |- |valign=top|'''fub'''....''branch''||valign=top|'''vub'''....''blade''<br>'''vulob'''....''thorn'' || || |- |valign=top|'''fyob'''....''root''||valign=top|'''vyob'''....''tuber'' || || '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' |} ===== Product Names ===== : Products derived from plants are formed with the following words: ::* '''-fel'''....''juice (from a pome)'' ::* '''-feel'''....''-ade'' ::* '''-feyl'''....''juice (from a berry)'' ::* '''-fil'''....''alcoholic drink/cider'' ::* '''-fyel'''....''oil/jam/syrup'' ::* '''-fyeyl'''....''jelly'' ::* '''-fol'''....''grounds/powder'' ::* '''-fayel'''....''leaf juice'' : Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Zoological_Nomenclature|Zoological Nomenclature]]. For example, an ''apple'' is from the <u>Ro</u>saceae family of trees, the genus being ''<u>Ma</u>lus''. So the word for ''apple'' becomes '''marofeb'''. ''Apple tree'' is '''marofab''' and ''apple juice'' is '''marofel'''. Thus, ''apple cider'' is '''marofil'''. ===== Crops ===== : Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base '''vob''' with taxonomic syllables. [[File:Usdaemmer1.jpg|thumb|]] : The base words of this group are: ::* '''-vob'''....''crop'' ::* '''-vab'''....''grass'' ::* '''-vayeb'''....''leaf'' ::* '''-veb'''....''ear, cob, head, spike, tuft'' ::* '''-veeb'''....''seed, germ'' ::* '''-veel'''....''bean, legume'' ::* '''-veeyb'''....''grain, kernel, pip'' ::* '''-vib'''....''stem'' ::* '''-vub'''....''blade, sprig, twig'' ::* '''-vyob'''....''tuber'' ::* '''-vel'''....''edible product'' ::* '''-vil'''....''drinkable product, beer'' ::* '''-vyel'''....''syrup'' ::* '''-vol'''....''vegetable'' : From the above base words are derived these products, among others: ::* '''sakol'''....''sugar'' < '''sakvob'''....''sugarcane'' ::* '''povel'''....''bread'' < '''povob'''....''cereal'' ::* '''zepovyel'''....''corn syrup, corn oil'' < '''zepovob'''....''corn'' ::* '''zepovil'''....''whiskey, bourbon'' ::* '''sepovil'''....''rye whiskey'' < '''zepovob'''....''rye'' ::* '''povil'''....''beer'' ::* '''epovil'''....''ale'' ::* '''avpovob mekil'''....''oatmeal'' < '''avpovob'''....''oat'' ::* '''orpovob zyiglal'''....''rice cake'' < '''orpovob'''....''rice'' ::* '''mekuvol'''....''melon'' ===== Vegetables and Legumes ===== : Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base '''vol''' (''vegetable'') or '''veel''' (''legume, bean'') with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy. Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks. [[File:Hrushikesh kulkarni vegetables.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Vegetables |- ! Edible Crop !! Taxonomy |- ! colspan=2| LEGUMES: EDIBLE SEEDS |- |'''faveel'''....''bean'' || ''Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris'' |- |'''lensfaveel'''....''lentil'' || ''Fabaceae Lens culinaris'' |- |'''glifaveel'''....''soybeen'' || ''Fabaceae Glycine max'' |- |'''vigfaveel'''....''black-eyed pea'' || ''Fabaceae Faseolus vigna unguiculata'' |- ! colspan=2 | Vegetables: Berries/Fruits |- |'''lisovol'''....''tomato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum'' |- |'''mesovol'''....''eggplant'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum melongena'' |- |'''perlawvol'''....''avocado'' || ''Lauraceae Persea americana'' |- |'''sakuvol'''....''cucumber'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''akapsovol'''....''chili pepper'' || ''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra'' || ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- ! colspan=2 |bulbs |- |'''amalvol'''....''leek'' || ''Allium ampeloprasum'' |- |'''cepalvol'''....''onion'' || ''Allium cepa'' |- |'''alkalvol'''....''shallot'' || ''Alium ascalonicum'' |- |'''satalvol'''....''garlic'' || ''Allium sativum'' |- |'''zinvol'''....''ginger'' || ''Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale'' |- |'''skoynalvol'''....''chive'' || ''Allium Schoenoprasum'' |- |'''foynapvol'''....''fennel'' || ''Apiaceae Phoenix dactylifera'' |- ! colspan=2 | melons/gourds |- |'''kuvol'''....''squash, gourd''|| ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita'' |- |'''makuvol'''....''pumpkin'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima'' |- |'''mekuvol'''....''melon, honeydew, cantaloupe'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melon'' |- |'''cikuvol'''....''watermelon'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus'' |- |'''pekuvol'''....''zucchini'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo'' |- ! colspan=2 | Tubers/Root Vegetables |- |'''tusovol'''....''potato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum'' |- |'''betamvol'''....''beet, beetroot'' || ''Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris'' |- |'''rafbravol'''....''radish''|| ''Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus'' |- |'''kadawapvol'''....''carrot''||''Apiaceae Daucus carota'' |- |'''nabravol'''....''turnip''|| ''Brassica napus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''pasavol'''....''parsnip'' ||''Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa'' |- |'''eskolaravol'''....''taro'' ||''Araceae Colocasia esculenta'' |- |'''divol'''....''yam'' ||''Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea'' |- ! colspan=2| Leafy/Flowering Vegetables |- |'''bravol'''....''cabbage'' || ''Brassicaceae'' |- |'''botrolbravol'''....''cauliflower''||''Brassica oleracea botrytis'' |- |'''gemolbravol'''....''Brussels sprouts''|| ''Brassica oleracea gemmifera'' |- |'''valkavol'''....''corn salad, lamb's lettuce''|| ''Caprifocilaceae Valerianella locusta'' |- |'''lakasvol'''....''lettuce''|| ''Asteraceae Lactuta sative'' |- |'''spinamvol'''....''spinach'' || ''Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea'' |- |'''rupolivol'''....''sorrel''|| ''Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa'' |- |'''tarasvol'''....''mustard greens''|| ''Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale'' |- |'''itolbravol'''....''broccoli''|| ''Brassica Oleracea italica'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra''|| ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- |'''petapvol'''....''parsley''|| ''Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum'' |- |'''basoclamvol'''....''basil''|| ''Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum'' |- |'''orlamvol'''....''thyme''|| ''Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare'' |- |'''encivol'''....''chicory, endive''|| ''Cichorium endivia'' |- |'''nasbravol'''....''watercress''|| ''Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale'' |- |'''korapvol'''....''coriander''|| ''Apiaceae Coridandrum sativum'' |- ! colspan=2 | Stalks |- |'''aspavol'''....''asparagus''|| ''Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis'' |- |'''gravapvol'''....''celery''|| ''Apiaceae Apium graveolens'' |- |'''rewmpolivol'''....''rhubarb''|| ''Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum'' |- |'''kurzinvol'''....''turmeric''|| ''Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa'' |- |'''kokarvol'''....''heart of palm, swamp cabbage''|| ''Arecaceae Cocos'' |- |'''cimpovol'''....''lemongrass''|| ''Poaceae Cymbopogon'' |} ==== Common Flower Names ==== [[File:Madeira-flowers hg.jpg|thumb|]] ===== Flower Parts ===== : Flower names are built on the base name '''vos''', meaning ''flower''. First, here is a list of flower parts: ::* '''vosayob'''....''sepal'' ::* '''vosayeb'''....''petal'' ::* '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' ::* '''veeybpexus'''....''stigma'' ::*'''vosij'''....''bud, flower bud'' ::* '''tooygon'''....''pistil'' ::* '''veeybyan'''....''pollen'' ::* '''twoogon'''....''stamen'' ::* '''twoogonyif'''....''filament'' ::* '''veeybyem'''....''anther'' ::* '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' ===== Flower Names ===== [[File:Tulipa suaveolens floriade to Canberra.jpg|thumb|]] : Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base '''vos''' that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples: : '''<u>som</u>pavos'''....''opium poppy'' (''<u>Pa</u>paver <u>som</u>niferum'') : '''<u>mag</u>vos'''....''magnolia'' (''<u>Mag</u>noliaceae Magnolia'') : '''<u>or</u>vos'''....''orchid'' (''<u>Or</u>chidaceae Orchis'') : '''<u>krokir</u>vos'''....''crocus'' (''<u>Ir</u>idaceae <u>Cro</u>cus'') : For a fuller list, see the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Flower_Words|Flower Words]]. === Computer Terminology === [[File:Generic-office-desktop2.svg|thumb]] : This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Computerese |- ! Mirad !! English |- |'''agna saibyan syaagir'''||''mainframe computer'' |- |'''absem syaagir'''||''desktop computer'' |- |'''agbanak'''||''byte'' |- |'''ajnexer'''||''to archive'' |- |'''amloagbanak'''||''megabyte'' |- |'''anay dyewa tax'''||''read-only memory, ROM'' |- |'''aota syaagir'''||''personal computer'' |- |'''aottuunyan'''||''profile'' |- |'''aoyebmeyp'''||''port'' |- |'''apaxler'''||''to swipe'' |- |'''aroagbanak'''||''kilobyte'' |- |'''baler buxnuf'''||''to press/hit a key'' |- |'''banak'''||''bit'' |- |'''agdresin kyoxea buxnuf'''||''caps lock key'' |- |'''buxnuf'''||''key'' |- |'''buxnufsemes'''||''keyboard'' |- |'''buxnufseym'''||''keypad'' |- |'''izeaxus'''||''cursor'' |- |'''byuxseym'''||''touchpad'' |- |'''datier'''||''to friend'' |- |'''dodrer ebdras'''||''to post a message'' |- |'''dota zeyn'''||''social medium'' |- |'''ebdrer'''||''to text'' |- |'''dreun'''||''document'' |- |'''dreuzyufer'''||''to scroll, pan'' |- |'''droer naab'''||''to delete a file'' |- |'''drou buxnuf'''||''delete key'' |- |'''drur'''||''printer'' |- |'''drurer naab'''||''to print out a file'' |- |'''drurer'''||''to print out'' |- |'''druru buxnuf'''||''print screen key'' |- |'''drurun'''||''a printout'' |- |'''dunexlar'''||''word processor'' |- |'''dyezier'''||''to take a movie'' |- |'''ebdayler'''||''to chat'' |- |'''ebdaylim'''||''chatroom'' |- |'''emojin'''||''emoji'' |- |'''ex buxnuf'''||''function key'' |- |'''exen vyaab'''||''operating system'' |- |'''extuundras'''||''program, application'' |- |'''extuundrasog'''||''app'' |- |'''extuundrasyan'''||''software'' |- |'''extuundrer'''||''to program'' |- |'''fuk'''||''bug'' |- |'''fukaya'''||''buggy'' |- |'''fukoyxer'''||''to debug'' |- |'''garalyoagbanak'''||''petabyte'' |- |'''gelxer naab'''||''to copy a file'' |- |'''googler'''||''to google'' |- |'''gyia kyos yebiar'''||''solid state drive, SSD'' |- |'''gyia zyiun yebiar'''||''cd drive'' |- |'''haydren dyun'''||''login name'' |- |'''haydrer bay tuyubbal'''||''to log in with one's fingerprint'' |- |'''haydrer'''||''to log in'' |- |'''hoydrer'''||''to log out'' |- |'''huisteaxar'''||''browser'' |- |'''kyeteaxer'''||''to browse'' |- |'''hyux buxnuf'''||''alt key'' |- |'''iber naab'''||''to receive a file'' |- |'''ila mez sinuar, IMS'''||''liquid crystal display, LDC'' |- |'''izbex buxnuf'''||''control key'' |- |'''izbexdrof'''||''motherboard'' |- |'''kliker ab'''||''click on'' |- |'''kodun'''||''password'' |- |'''gawdyunxer naab'''||''to rename a file'' |- |'''kyax buxnuf'''||''shift key'' |- |'''kyea yempuen tax'''||''random access memory, RAM'' |- |'''kyisier naab'''||''to download a file'' |- |'''kyisuer naab'''||''to upload a file'' |- |'''kyiunxar'''||''charger'' |- |'''kyiunxer'''||''to charge'' |- |'''lodatier'''||''to unfriend'' |- |'''makebdren'''||''email'' |- |'''makedrer'''||''to email'' |- |'''man-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOES'''||''LED'' |- |'''mansin dyes'''||''photo album'' |- |'''mis'''||''window'' |- |'''naab'''||''file'' |- |'''naedzyun'''||''trackball'' |- |'''nagonxar'''||''modem'' |- |'''neaf mansiniar'''||''web camera'' |- |'''nexer naab'''||''to save a file'' |- |'''num yibdalir'''||''cellphone'' |- |'''belyafwa syaagir'''||''laptop computer'' |- |'''oglagos'''||''microchip'' |- |'''gwoteexar'''||''microphone'' |- |'''omijber'''||''to boot up'' |- |'''omola tyep'''||''artificial intelligence, AI'' |- |'''gawomijber'''||''to reboot'' |- |'''paxer naab'''||''to move a file'' |- |'''paxyafwa yibdalir'''||''mobile phone'' |- |'''poxu zyumuf buxnuf'''||''scroll lock key'' |- |'''sagbexu buxnuf'''||''numlock key'' |- |'''sagseym'''||''number pad'' |- |'''sam'''||''console'' |- |'''saunapxer naab'''||''to sort a file'' |- |'''semes syaagir'''||''tablet computer'' |- |'''sindren semes'''||''graphics tablet'' |- |'''sindrenyan exlen aun'''||''graphics processing unit, GPU'' |- |'''sines'''||''icon'' |- |'''sinuar'''||''screen, display, monitor'' |- |'''syaager'''||''to compute'' |- |'''syaagir'''||''computer'' |- |'''syaagirdal'''||''computerese'' |- |'''syaagirtun'''||''computer science'' |- |'''syaagnyed'''||''spreadsheet'' |- |'''taam mays'''||''home screen'' |- |'''tampu buxnuf'''||''home key'' |- |'''sirmul'''||''hardware, physical matter'' |- |'''taxdrer'''||''to record'' |- |'''taxmuf'''||''memory stick'' |- |'''teataxdrer'''||''to video'' |- |'''teataxdrun'''||''video'' |- |'''tuunnabyan'''||''database'' |- |'''tuyab izdar'''||''mouse'' |- |'''uber naab'''||''to send a file'' |- |'''uinig buxnuf'''||''tab key'' |- |'''utmansin'''||''selfie'' |- |'''yaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD)'''||''HTML'' |- |'''yeber'''||''to enter, insert'' |- |'''yebu buxnuf'''||''enter key, return key, insert key'' |- |'''yiga zyiun yebiar'''||''hard disk drive, HDD'' |- |'''yijber naab'''||''to open a file'' |- |'''yujber naab'''||''to close a file'' |- |'''makmepdrof'''||''circuitboard'' |- |'''zea exlen aun'''||''central processing unit, CPU'' |- |'''zoynigxu buxnuf'''||''backspace key'' |- |'''zyiun yebiar'''||''disk drive'' |} === Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology === : This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages. ==== Medical Diseases ==== : Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg. ::* '''tiebalyoganbok'''....''asthma'' (lit: shortness of breath illness) ::* '''tiebbok'''....''pneumonia'' (lit: lung illness) ::* '''teibbok'''....''rhinitis'' (lit: nose illness) ::* '''tayibblok'''....''neuropathy'' (lit: nerve suffering) ::* '''tebbyoyk'''....''headache'' (lit: head ache) ::* '''teibzyegikanbok'''....''osteoporosis'' (lit: bone porosity illness) ==== Pharmaceuticals ==== : Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized. ::* '''aspirin'''....''aspirin'' ::* '''Ibupropen'''....''Ibupropen'' : Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose: ::* '''bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol'''....''analgesic, painkiller'' (Lit: pain reliever) ::* '''tikebilokxol'''....''emetic'' (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance) : Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see [https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn|International Nonproprietary Names]). For example, ''phenobarbital''. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ INN names pronunciation |- ! Greco-Roman<br>Spelling !! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | ch || '''k''' |- | ph || '''f''' |- | x || '''ks''' |- | y || '''i''' |- | qu || '''kw''' |- | rh || '''r''' |- | th || '''t''' |- | ae || '''ay''' |- | oe || '''oy''' |- | c before i, e, or y || '''c''' |- | c otherwise || '''k''' |- | final e || silent |- | double consonant || single consonant |} : Examples: ::* '''acetaminophen'''....''a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN'' ::* '''amphetamine'''....''am-fe-ta-MIN'' ::* '''trimethroprim'''....''tri-me-tro-PRIM'' ::* '''sulfamethoxazole'''....''sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL'' ::* '''oxacillin'''....''o-ksa-ci-LIN'' === Mineral and Crystal Nomenclature === : Minerals end in '''-muk''' with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see [[Wikipedia:List_of_mineral_symbols|The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols]]). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. For example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Some Mineral Names |- ! English!! IMA Symbol !! Mirad Spellings !! Mirad Name |- | ''argyrodyte'' || Agy || '''a-ge-yu''' || '''ageyumuk''' |- |''brochantyte'' || Bct || '''ba-ca-to''' || '''bacatomuk''' |- |''chromite'' || Chr || '''ca-he-ro''' || '''caheromuk''' |} : There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.: ::* ''Lemmleinite-K'' (Lem-k) is '''liemikomuk''' in Mirad. : Crystals end in '''-mez'''. The first part of the word is an enumeration. : The common crystals are listed here: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Names of Common Crystals |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''mez''' || ''crystal'' |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond'' |- | '''emez''' || ''topaz'' |- | '''imez''' || ''ruby'' |- | '''umez''' || ''emerald'' |- | '''yomez''' || ''sapphire'' |- | '''yamez''' || ''lapis lazuli'' |- | '''yemez''' || ''amethyst'' |- | '''yimez''' || ''amber'' |- | '''yumez''' || ''quartz'' |- | '''alomez''' || ''opal'' |- | '''alamez''' || ''tourmaline'' |- | '''alemez''' || ''garnet'' |- | '''alimez''' || ''zirconia'' |- | '''alumez''' || ''jasper'' |- | '''alyomez''' || ''jade'' |- | '''alyamez''' || ''marganite'' |} : Other, less common crystals end in '''-mez''' and are formed from the Wikipedia list of mineral symbols. : General words for earthen matter: :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' :* '''muz'''....''ore'' :* '''mug'''....''metal'' :* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :* '''meg'''....''rock, stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' :* '''mel'''....''soil'' :* '''meil'''....''mud'' :* '''mek'''....''dust'' :* '''miek'''....''sand'' :* '''mev'''....''porcelain'' :* '''mef'''....''brick'' ==== Rock Classification ==== : The naming of individual rock types is based on the [[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/download/bgs-rock-classification-scheme-igneous/| BGS Rock Classification Scheme ]]. : All rocks (other than the general word for ''rock'', '''meg''') end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type: ::* '''ameg'''....''sedimentary rock'' ::* '''emeg'''....''igneous rock'' ::* '''imag'''....''metamorphic rock'' : The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final ''e'' is dropped from names that end in ''yte'' or ''ite''. For example, ''trachydacite'' in the scheme becomes '''trachydacit''' in Mirad. This word is then followed by one of the rock types above ('''emeg''' ''igneous rock''). So ''trachydacite'' becomes '''trachydacitemeg''' in Mirad. For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary. :The word '''meg''' ''rock'' has some common derivatives: ::* '''megag'''....''boulder'' ::* '''meg'''....''stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' ::* '''megyel'''....''cement, asphalt, bitumen'' :::* '''megyelyig'''....''concrete'' ::* '''megil'''....''lava'' ::* '''meggos'''....''crag'' ::* '''megyig'''....''flintstone, basalt'' ::* '''meag'''....''marble'' ::* '''meeg'''....''slate'' ::* '''meig'''....''granite'' ::* '''meug'''....''clay, dough'' ::* '''meyog'''....''china'' ::* '''meyag'''....''chalk'' :::* '''meyaz'''....''pastel'' :::* '''meyayg'''....''calcite'' ::* '''meyeg'''....''limestone, sediment'' ::* '''meyig'''....''alabaster'' ::* '''meyug'''....''gypsum'' ::* '''mealog'''....''sandstone, stoneware'' ::* '''mameg'''....''coal'' :::* '''eymameg'''....''coke'' :::* '''maameg'''....''anthracite'' :::* '''maemeg'''....''peat'' :::* '''maimeg'''....''lignite'' : Related are: ::* '''mek'''....''dust'' :::* '''mekes'''....''grit'' :::* '''mekil'''....''grout'' :::* '''meyk'''....''grit'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder'' ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' ::* '''mieg'''....''coral'' ::* '''mel'''....''dirt'' ::* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''meil'''....''mud'' ::* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :::* '''meyz'''....''spar'' :::* '''meyzag'''....''feldspar'' ::* '''muz'''....''ore'' ::* '''memol'''....''alkali'' ::* '''mimol'''....''salt'' ::* '''mef'''....''brick'' === Metric Nomenclature === [[File:Conversion Factors.png|thumb|]] : Mirad uses the [[Wikt:International System of Units (SI)|International System of Units (SI)]]) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names ('''alpha''', '''gamma''', etc.) preceded with the word '''ag-''' if majuscule ('''aggamma''' for ''&Gamma;'') The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ''ohm'' (Ω) is '''agomega'''. All metric units end in the word '''nak'''. ==== SI Base Units ==== :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbeviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} ==== SI Derived Units ==== : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | B | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''agbanak''' |- | '''bit''' | align="center" | b | one bit of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ==== Convenient Non-SI Units ==== ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglinak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heabak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |} ==== Metrical Formulae ==== : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical <br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |} ==== Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes ==== : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for ''b'' (byte) is pronounced '''ba''' in Mirad. A terabyte ( ''Tb'') is therefore pronounced '''ag-to-ba''', which This amounts ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix<br><br>Mirad Pron. !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix !! SI Symbol<br><br>Mirad Pron. |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' ... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''<br>''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''<br>''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''<br>''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''<br>''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''<br>''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yoon-''' <br>''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''<br>''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yaon-'''<br>''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''<br>''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''<br>''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''<br>''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''<br>''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''<br>''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''<br>''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''<br>''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alo-'''<br>''deca-'' || ''da''<br>'''da-a-''' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci-''|| ''d''<br>'''da-''' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''<br>''hexa-'' || ''h''<br>'''hi-''' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi-''|| ''c''<br>'''ca-''' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''<br>''kilo-'' ||''k''<br>'''ki-''' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''<br>''milli-''|| ''m''<br>'''mi-''' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || ''M''<br>'''agmi-''' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-''|| ''r''<br>'''ro-''' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''<br>''giga-'' || ''G''<br>'''agge-''' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-''|| ''n''<br>'''ni-''' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || ''T''<br>'''agto-''' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-''|| ''p''<br>'''po-''' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ''P''<br>'''agpo-'''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-''||''f''<br>'''fe-''' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''<br>''exa-'' || ''E''<br>'''age-'''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''<br>''atto-''||''a''<br>'''a-''' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ''Z''<br>'''agzu-'''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''<br>''zepto-''||''z''<br>'''zu-''' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || '' Y''<br>'''agyu''' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''<br>''yocto-''||''y''<br>'''yu-''' |} : *Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. ==== Abbreviated Symbols ==== : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | Macro !! colspan=2 | Micro |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daage''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dage''' |- | ''hg'' (hexagram)|| '''hege''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cage''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''koge''' || ''mg'' (milligram) ||'''mige''' |- | ''Mg'' (megagram)|| '''agmige''' ||''rg'' or '''μg''' (microgram)|| '''roge''' or '''muge''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggege''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nige''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtoge''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''poge''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpoge''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fege''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agege''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''age''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzege''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zege''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyuge''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yuge''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* '''10 kg2'''....(pronounced as:) ''alo koge gar ewa'' ::* '''12 mm3'''....(pronounced as:) ''ale mimi gar iwa'' === Trigonometric Nomenclature === : This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by '''-naz''' (''value''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Trigonometry Functions |- ! Function (Symbol) !! Mirad Technical Name !! Mirad Ordinary Name |- | ''sine (sin)'' || '''soini-naz''' || '''uznaz''' |- | ''cosine (cos)'' || '''caoso-naz''' || '''yanuznaz''' |- | ''arccosine (arccos, cos^-1)''<br>''anticosine''<br>''inverse cosine''|| '''arocacaoso-naz''' || '''ovuznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic sine (sinh)'' || '''soinihe-naz'''|| '''enuza uznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic cosine (cosh)'' || '''caosohe-naz''' || '''enuza yanuznaz''' |- | ''secant (sec)'' || '''soeca-naz''' || '''golus naz''' |- | ''cosecant (csc)'' || '''casoca-naz''' || '''yangolus naz''' |- | ''arccosecant (arccsc)'' || '''arocacasoca-naz''' || '''enuza yangolus naz''' |} === Poetry Nomenclature === : Mirad uses the nonsense syllables '''di''' and '''da''' to form various poetic meter words that usually are formed with Greek words in English. The syllable '''di''' represents an ''unstressed'' syllable in verse, while the syllable '''da''' denotes a ''stressed'' syllable. These are hyphenated and followed with a space and the word '''deup''' as a noun, which means ''meter'' or ''rhythm''. The adjectival form of the word ends in '''deupa'''. Here are the most common poetic meters: ::* '''di-da deupa'''.... iambic :::* '''di-da yoondeup'''.... ''iambic pentameter'' ::* '''di-di-da deupa'''.... ''anapestic'' ::* '''di-da-da deupa'''.... ''bacchius'' ::* '''da-da deupa'''.... ''spondaic'' ::* '''da-da-da deupa'''.... ''molossus'' ::* '''da-da-di deupa'''.... ''antibacchius'' ::* '''da-di deupa'''.... ''tochaic'' :::* '''da-di deup'''.... ''trochee, choree'' ::* '''da-di-da deupa'''.... ''cretic, amphimacer'' ::* '''da-di-di deupa'''.... ''dactylic'' ::* '''da-di-di yaondeup'''.... ''dactylic hexameter'' ::* '''da-di-di-da deupa'''.... ''amphibrachic'' : Other words representing elements of poetry are: ::* '''drez'''....''poetry, verse'' :::* '''dreza'''....''poetic'' :::* '''drezyen'''....''poesy'' :::* '''drezyan'''....''anthology'' (of poetry) :::* '''drezut'''....''poet'' ::::* '''drezuyt'''....''poetess'' ::::* '''popdrezut'''....''minstrel'' ::::* '''Vikinga drezut'''....''skald'' ::::* '''dreuzut'''....''bard'' :::* '''odrez'''....''prose'' :::* '''vyasma drez'''....''concrete verse'' :::* '''tyoda drez'''....''folk poetry'' :::* '''indeupa drez'''....''trimeter'' :::* '''undeupa drez'''....''tetrameter'' :::* '''yoondeupa drez'''....''pentameter'' :::* '''yaondeupa drez'''....''hexameter'' :::* '''yendeupa drez'''....''heptameter'' :::* '''yindeupa drez'''....''octameter'' :::* '''ogelseuxwa drez'''....''blank verse'' :::* '''yiva drez'''....''free verse'' :::* '''drezun'''....''poem'' ::::* '''deuzwa drezun'''....''sung poem, lay'' ::::* '''dindrezun'''....''ballad'' ::::* '''dizdrezun'''....''limerick'' ::::* '''fiddrezun'''....''ode'' ::::* '''fizdrezun'''....''epic poem'' ::::* '''haikudrezun'''....''haiku'' ::::* '''viysindrezun'''....''idyll'' ::::* '''ifondrezun'''....''love poem, romantic poem'' ::::* '''indrezun'''....''terzain'' ::::* '''jodrezun'''....''epode'' ::::* '''yindrezun'''....''sistina'' ::::* '''klerihyudrezun'''....''clerihew'' ::::* '''meimdrezun'''....''pastoral'' ::::* '''melyexdrezun'''....''georgic'' ::::* '''petnyanuta drezun'''....''pastoral, eclogue'' ::::* '''popduzuta drezun'''....''troubadour poem'' ::::* '''rondodrezun'''....''rondeau, rondel, roundel'' ::::* '''seuz drezun'''....''sound poem'' ::::* '''tadyandrezun'''....''prothalamion, epithalamion'' ::::* '''tankadrezun'''....''tanka'' ::::* '''taxdrezun'''....''epitaph'' ::::* '''tuddrezun'''....''nursery rhyme'' ::::* '''ulondrezun'''....''sonnet'' ::::* '''ujdreznadeon'''....''envoi'' ::::* '''undrezun'''....''quatrain'' ::::* '''unnad drezun'''....''tetrastich'' ::::* '''uvdrezun'''....''elegy'' ::::* '''alyundrezun'''....''villanelle'' ::::* '''virelaydrezun'''....''virelai, virelay'' ::::* '''yizivtos drezun'''....''rhapsody'' ::::* '''yoondrezun'''....''quintain'' ::* '''dreznad'''....''line, -stich, verse'' :::* '''eyndreznad'''...''hemistich'' :::* '''endreznad'''....''couplet'' ::* '''dreznadyan'''....''stanza'' ::* '''gelseux'''....''rhyme'' :::* '''gelseuxyen'''....''rhyme scheme'' :::* '''dunija gelseuxen'''....''alliteration'' ::* '''seuxzoyxen'''....''assonance'' ::* '''geyldyan'''....''simile'' ::* '''yiztyun'''....''metaphor'' ::* '''yanseuzan'''....''consonance'' ::* '''deup'''....''rhythm, beat, metrical foot, meter'' ::* '''kyib'''....''stress'' ::* '''seuz'''....''tone'' === Dimensional Nomenclature === : This chart shows adjectives that describe dimensional relationships: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ Dimensional Words |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- | '''yaba'''....''high(er)'' || '''yeba'''....''inner'' || '''yoba'''....''low(er)'' |- | '''yaiba'''....''tall'' || '''yeiba'''....''deep inside'' || '''yoiba'''....''deep (down)'' |- | '''yauba'''....''short'' || '''yeuba'''....''a short way in'' || '''youba'''....''shallow'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || || '''yoga'''....''short'' |- | '''yiba'''....''far'' || || '''yuba'''....''near'' |- | '''aonada'''....''vertical'' || || '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- | '''kia'''....''diagonal'' || || '''kua'''....''lateral'' |- | '''zyia'''....''flat'' || || '''zyua'''....''round'' |- | '''yaza'''....''concave'' || '''yeza'''....''flush'' || '''yoza'''....''convex'' |} === Geologic Period Nomenclature === : The principal geochronologic units of the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest, are: :** '''joob'''....''eon'' :*** '''ajoob'''....''Hadean Eon'' :*** '''ejoob'''....''Archean Eon'' :*** '''ijoob'''....''Proterozoic Eon'' :*** '''ujoob'''....''Phanerozoic Eon'' :** '''joab'''....''era'' :*** '''ajoab'''....''Eoarchean Era'' :*** '''ejoab'''....''Paleoarchean Era'' :*** '''ijoab'''....''Mesoarchean Era'' :*** '''ujoab'''....''Neoarchean Era'' :*** '''yojoab'''....''Paleoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yajoab'''....''Mesoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yejoab'''....''Neoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yijoab'''....''Paleozoic Era'' :*** '''yujoab'''....''Mesozoic Era'' :*** '''alojoab'''....''Cenozoic Era'' :** '''joeb'''....''period'' :*** '''ajoeb'''....''Siderian Period'' :*** '''ejoeb'''....''Rhyacian Period'' :*** '''ijoeb'''....''Orosirian Period'' :*** '''ujoeb'''....''Statherian Period'' :*** '''yojoeb'''....''Calymmian Period'' :*** '''yajoeb'''....''Ectasian Period'' :*** '''yejoeb'''....''Stenian Period'' :*** '''yijoeb'''....''Tonian Period'' :*** '''yujoeb'''....''Cryogenian Period'' :*** '''alojoeb'''....''Ediacaran Period'' :*** '''alajoeb'''....''Cambrian Period'' :*** '''alejoeb'''....''Ordovician Period'' :*** '''alijoeb'''....''Silurian Period'' :*** '''alujoeb'''....''Devonian Period'' :*** '''alyojoeb'''....''Carboniferous Period'' :*** '''alyajoeb'''....''Permian Period'' :*** '''alyejoeb'''....''Triassic Period'' :*** '''alyijoeb'''....''Jurassic Period'' :*** '''alyujoeb'''....''Cretaceous Period'' :*** '''elojoeb'''....''Paleogene Period'' :*** '''elajoeb'''....''Neogene Period'' :*** '''elejoeb'''....''Quarternary Period'' :** '''joib'''....''epoch'' :*** '''ajoib'''....''Terreneuvian Epoch'' :*** '''ejoib'''....''Series 2 Epoch'' :*** '''ijoib'''....''Miaolingian Epoch'' :*** '''ujoib'''....''Furongian Epoch'' :*** '''yojoib'''....''Lower Epoch'' :*** '''yajoib'''....''Middle Epoch'' :*** '''yejoib'''....''Upper Epoch'' :*** '''yijoib'''....''Llandovery Epoch'' :*** '''yujoib'''....''Wenlock Epoch'' :*** '''alojoib'''....''Ludlow Epoch'' :*** '''alajoib'''....''Pridoli Epoch'' :** '''joub'''....''age'' :*** '''ajoub'''....''Fortunian Age'' :*** '''ejoub'''....''Stage 2 Age'' :*** '''ijoub'''....''Stage 3 Age'' :*** '''ujoub'''....''Stage 4 Age'' :*** '''yojoub'''....''Wulian Age'' :*** '''yajoub'''....''Drumian Age'' :*** '''yejoub'''....''Guzhangian Age'' :*** '''yijoub'''....''Paibian Age'' :*** '''yujoub'''....''Jianshanian Age'' :*** '''alojoub'''....''Stage 10 Age'' :*** '''alajoub'''....''Temadocian Age'' :*** '''alejoub'''....''Floian Age'' :*** '''alijoub'''....''Dapingian Age'' :*** '''alujoub'''....''Darriwilian Age'' :*** '''alyojoub'''....''Sandbian Age'' :*** '''alyajoub'''....''Katian Age'' :*** '''alyejoub'''....''Hirnantian Age'' :*** '''alyijoub'''....''Rhuddanian Age'' :*** '''alyujoub'''....''Aeronian Age'' :*** '''elojoub'''....''Telychian Age'' :*** '''elajoub'''....''Cheinwoodian Age'' :*** '''elejoub'''....''Homerian Age'' :*** '''elijoub'''....''Gorstian Age'' :*** '''elujoub'''....''Ludfordian Age'' :*** '''elyojoub'''....''Pridoli Age'' :*** '''elyajoub'''....''Lochkovian Age'' :*** '''elyejoub'''....''Pragian Age'' :*** '''elyijoub'''....''Emsian Age'' :*** '''elyujoub'''....''Eifelian Age'' :*** '''ilojoub'''....''Givetian Age'' :*** '''ilajoub'''....''Frasnian Age'' :*** '''ilejoub'''....''Famennian Age'' :*** '''ilijoub'''....''Tournaisian Age'' :*** '''ilujoub'''....''Visean Age'' :*** '''ilyojoub'''....''Serpukhovian Age'' :*** '''ilyajoub'''....''Bashkirian Age'' :*** '''ilyejoub'''....''Moscovian Age'' :*** '''ilyijoub'''....''Kasimovian Age'' :*** '''ilyujoub'''....''Gzhelian Age'' :*** '''ulojoub'''....''Asselian Age'' :*** '''ulajoub'''....''Sakmarian Age'' :*** '''ulejoub'''....''Artinskian Age'' :*** '''ulijoub'''....''Kungurian Age'' :*** '''ulujoub'''....''Roadian Age'' :*** '''ulyojoub'''....''Wordian Age'' :*** '''ulyajoub'''....''Capitanian Age'' :*** '''ulyejoub'''....''Wuchiapingian Age'' :*** '''ulyijoub'''....''Changhsingian Age'' :*** '''ulyujoub'''....''Induan Age'' :*** '''yolojoub'''....''Olenekian Age'' :*** '''yolajoub'''....''Anisian Age'' :*** '''yolejoub'''....''Ladnian Age'' :*** '''yolijoub'''....''Carnian Age'' :*** '''yolujoub'''....''Norian Age'' :*** '''yolyojoub'''....''Rhaetian Age'' :*** '''yolyajoub'''....''Hettangian Age'' :*** '''yolyejoub'''....''Sinemurian Age'' :*** '''yolyijoub'''....''Pliensbachian Age'' :*** '''yolyujoub'''....''Toarcian Age'' :*** '''yalojoub'''....''Aalenian Age'' :*** '''yalajoub'''....''Bajocian Age'' :*** '''yalejoub'''....''Bathonian Age'' :*** '''yalijoub'''....''Callovian Age'' :*** '''yalujoub'''....''Oxfordian Age'' :*** '''yalyojoub'''....''Kimmeridgian Age'' :*** '''yalyajoub'''....''Tithonian Age'' :*** '''yalyejoub'''....''Berriasian Age'' :*** '''yalyijoub'''....''Valanginian Age'' :*** '''yalyujoub'''....''Hauterivian Age'' :*** '''yelojoub'''....''Barremian Age '' :*** '''yelajoub'''....''Aptian Age '' :*** '''yelejoub'''....''Albian Age '' :*** '''yelijoub'''....''Cenomanian '' :*** '''yelujoub'''....''Turonian '' :*** '''yelyojoub'''....''Coniacian '' :*** '''yelyajoub'''....''Santonian '' :*** '''yelyejoub'''....''Campanian '' :*** '''yelyijoub'''....''Maastrichtian '' :*** '''yelyujoub'''....''Danian '' :*** '''yilojoub'''....''Selandian '' :*** '''yilajoub'''....''Thanetian '' :*** '''yilejoub'''....''Ypresian '' :*** '''yilijoub'''....''Lutetian '' :*** '''yilujoub'''....''Bartonian '' :*** '''yilyojoub'''....''Priaboanian '' :*** '''yilyajoub'''....''Rupelian '' :*** '''yilyejoub'''....''Chattian '' :*** '''yilyijoub'''....''Aquitanian '' :*** '''yilyujoub'''....''Burdigalian '' :*** '''yulojoub'''....''Langhian '' :*** '''yulajoub'''....''Serravallian '' :*** '''yulejoub'''....''Tortonian '' :*** '''yulijoub'''....''Messinian '' :*** '''yulujoub'''....''Zanclean '' :*** '''yulyojoub'''....''Piacenzian '' :*** '''yulyajoub'''....''Gelasian '' :*** '''yulyejoub'''....''Calabrian '' :*** '''yulyijoub'''....''Chibanian '' :*** '''yulyujoub'''....''Tarantian '' :*** '''asojoub'''....''Greenlandian '' :*** '''asajoub'''....''Northgrippian '' :*** '''asejoub'''....''Meghalayan '' === Names of Diacritics === : The Mirad words for diacritics (= accents) are based on the worldwide Unicode 4.0 standard. There are three kinds of diacritics based on where they are positioned relative to the base: ::* <b>aybsiyn</b>....<i>above mark</i> ::* <b>oybsiyn</b>....<i>below mark</i> ::* <b>absiyn</b>....<i>overlay mark</i> : The names are based on some common shapes: ::* <b>nod</b>....<i>dot</i> ::* <b>grun</b>....<i>hook</i> ::* <b>nad</b>....<i>line</i> ::* <b>kin</b>....<i>slash</i> ::* <b>vu</b>....<i>wedge</i> ::* <b>pyaon</b>....<i>wave</i> ::* <b>zyus</b>....<i>ring</i> ::* <b>uz</b>....<i>arch</i> ::* <b>zeymep</b>....<i>bridge</i> ::* <b>izmufseb</b>....<i>arrowhead</i> ::* <b>mar</b>....<i>star</i> : The above shapes can be modified by adjectives: ::* <b>kia</b>....<i>slanted</i> ::* <b>ao</b>....<i>vertical</i> ::* <b>yoga/yaga</b>....<i>short/long</i> ::* <b>en</b>....<i>double</i> ::* <b>yaba/yoba</b>....<i>up/down</i> ::* <b>zua/zia</b>....<i>left/right</i> ::* <b>oyvuzbwa</b>....<i>inverted</i> : Here is a chart listing the most common diacritics in the world's languages. (Note: Mirad does not use diacritics for its native words.) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;" |+ Mirad Names of Diacritics |- ! Diacritic !! Unicode<br>Value !! Mirad !! Unicode Name |- |<big><b>&#x0301;</b></big>|| 0301||<b> zukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zukin oybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030B;</b></big>|| 030B||<b> enzukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0317;</b></big>|| 0317||<b> zikin oybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030F;</b></big>|| 030F||<b> enzikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> zigrun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0327;</b></big>|| 0327||<b> zugrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>cedilla</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0328;</b></big>|| 0328||<b> zigrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>ogonek, nasal hook</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0302;</b></big>|| 0302||<b> yobvu aybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent, hat</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032D;</b></big>|| 032D||<b> yobvu oybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030C;</b></big>|| 030C||<b> vu aybsiyn</b>||<i>hachek, v above, caron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032C;</b></big>|| 032C||<b> vu oybsiyn</b>||<i>caron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0306;</b></big>|| 0306||<b> yabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0311;</b></big>|| 0311||<b> yobuz aybsin</b>||<i>inverted breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032F;</b></big>|| 032F||<b> yobuz oybsin </b>||<i>inverted breve below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0308;</b></big>|| 0308||<b> ennod aybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis above, double dot above, umlaut, trema</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0324;</b></big>|| 0324||<b> ennod oybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis below, double dot below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0307;</b></big>|| 0307||<b> nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above, overdot, tecka, tittle</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0323;</b></big>|| 0323||<b> nod oybsiyn</b>||<i>dot below, underdot, nang</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0351;</b></big>|| 0351||<b> zua eynzyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031C;</b></big>|| 031C||<b> zua eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia eynzyus aybsign</b>||<i>right half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0339;</b></big>|| 0339||<b> zia eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>right half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0305;</b></big>|| 0305||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>overline, overscore, vinculum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033F;</b></big>|| 033F||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double overline</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0332;</b></big>|| 0332||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>single lowline below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0333;</b></big>|| 0333||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double lowline, double underline, double underscore</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0304;</b></big>|| 0304||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>macron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0331;</b></big>|| 0331||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035E;</b></big>|| 935E||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron, longum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035F;</b></big>|| 035F||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030A;</b></big>|| 030A||<b> zyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>ring above, kroujek, overring</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0325;</b></big>|| 0325||<b> zyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032A;</b></big>|| 032A||<b> zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033A;</b></big>|| 033A||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0303;</b></big>|| 0303||<b> pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0342;</b></big>|| 0342||<b> yagpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek perispomeni</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0360;</b></big>|| 0360||<b> enpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>double tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0330;</b></big>|| 0330||<b> pyaon oybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032B;</b></big>|| 032B||<b> oyvuzbwa enuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted double arch below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033E;</b></big>|| 033E||<b> aonada pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical tilde, yerik</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031A;</b></big>|| 031A||<b> zua gun aybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> aonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> aonad oybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030E;</b></big>|| 030E||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033D;</b></big>|| 033D||<b> xu aybsiyn</b>||<i>x above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0353;</b></big>|| 0353||<b> xu oybsiyn</b>||<i>x below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033C;</b></big>|| 033C||<b> lapiat oybsiyn</b>||<i>seagull below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0310;</b></big>|| 0310||<b> nod ayb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>candrabindu</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0352;</b></big>|| 0352||<b> nod oyb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>fermata</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0314;</b></big>|| 0314||<b> zia grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma above, dasia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0326;</b></big>|| 0326||<b> zia grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0313;</b></big>|| 0313||<b> zua grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>reversed comma above, psili</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0320;</b></big>|| 0320||<b> gobsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>minus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031F;</b></big>|| 031F||<b> gabsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>plus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubay ge aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equals above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0349;</b></big>|| 0349||<b> zua gun oybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033B;</b></big>|| 033B||<b> ungun oybsiyn</b>||<i>square below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0334;</b></big>|| 0334||<b> Gereda nod-kin-nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek dialytika tonos</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia izmufseb aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x08F7;</b></big>|| 0356||<b> zia izmufseb ay yabizmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead and up arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0355;</b></big>|| 0355||<b> zia izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0354;</b></big>|| 0354||<b> zua izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>left arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0318;</b></big>|| 0318||<b> zua zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>left tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0319;</b></big>|| 0319||<b> zia zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>right tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031D;</b></big>|| 031D||<b> yob zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>up tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031E;</b></big>|| 031E||<b> yab zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>down tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0337;</b></big>|| 0337||<b> yoga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>short slash overlay, short solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0338;</b></big>|| 0338||<b> yaga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>long slash overlay, long solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0322;</b></big>|| 0322||<b> zoykixwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>retroflex hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0359;</b></big>|| 0359||<b> mar oybsiyn</b>||<i>asterisk below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035A;</b></big>|| 035A||<b> enzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>double ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0358;</b></big>|| 0358||<b> zinod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above right</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035C;</b></big>|| 035C||<b> enyabuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve below, ligature tie below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035D;</b></big>|| 035D||<b> enyabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0361;</b></big>|| 0361||<b> enyobuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double inverted breve, top ligature, tie bar</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035B;</b></big>|| 035B||<b> uiznad aybsiyn</b>||<i>zigzag above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0347;</b></big>|| 0347||<b> gese oybsiyn</b>||<i>equals sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubgese aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equal to above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0362;</b></big>|| 0362||<b> enziizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>double rightwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034E;</b></big>|| 034E||<b> yabizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>upwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> ziizmuf aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034A;</b></big>|| 034A||<b> opyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>not tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x037A;</b></big>|| 037A||<b> iota oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek ypogegrammeni, iota subscript</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0374;</b></big>|| 0374||<b> Gereda sag aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek numeral sign, dexia keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0375;</b></big>|| 0375||<b> Gereda sag oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek lower numeral sign, aristeri keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0651;</b></big>|| 0651||<b> xadda aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic shadda</i> |- |<big><b>&#x065E;</b></big>|| 065E||<b> fatha aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic fatha with two dots</i> |- |<big><b>&#x061A;</b></big>|| 061A||<b> kasra oybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic small kasra</i> |- |<big><b>&#x064C;</b></big>|| 064C||<b> damma aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic dammatan</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0652;</b></big>|| 0652||<b> sukun aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic sukun</i> |} === Grammar Terms === :*'''drevyab'''....''grammar'' :*'''dun'''....''word'' :*'''dyen'''....''phrase'' :*'''dyan'''....''sentence'' :** '''delyea'''....''declarative'' :** '''didyea'''....''interrogative'' :** '''azteudyea'''....''exclamatory'' :*'''dyangon'''....''clause'' :** '''agala dyangon'''....''main clause'' :** '''abyosyea dyangon'''....''dependent clause'' :** '''obdabyea dyangon'''....''subordinate clause'' :*'''anyendyen'''....''idiom'' :*'''dalzeyn'''....''language'' :*'''dalzeynes'''....''dialect'' :*'''dalyen'''....''locution'' :*'''dungon'''....''syllable'' :*'''dunog'''....''particle'' :*'''abun'''....''affix'' :** '''zabun'''....''prefix'' :** '''zobun'''....''suffix'' :** '''yebun'''....''infix'' :*'''kyid'''....''stress'' :*'''dredyen'''....''spelling, orthography'' :*'''seuxden'''....''pronunciation'' :*'''dalgon'''....''part of speech'' :**'''sundun'''....''noun'' :**'''avdun'''....''pronoun'' :**'''erdun'''....''verb'' :**'''adun'''....''adjective'' :**'''aydun'''....''adverb'' :**'''ebdun'''....''preposition'' :**'''yanxdun'''....''conjunction'' :**'''oybdun'''....''particle'' :**'''asaundun'''....''article, determiner'' :*'''jobyen'''....''tense'' :** '''eja'''....''present tense'' :** '''aja'''....''past tense'' :** '''oja'''....''future tense'' :** '''vensona'''....''conditional'' :* '''teagun'''....''aspect'' :** '''ikna'''....''perfect'' :** '''oikna'''....''imperfect'' :** '''zaypasyea'''....''progressive'' :*'''tipyen'''....''mood'' :** '''izeadyea'''....''indicative mood'' :** '''ovyamxwa'''....''subjunctive mood'' :*'''teuz'''....''voice'' :** '''axlyea'''....''active'' :** '''xolyea'''....''passive'' :** '''syundabea'''....''transitive'' :** '''osyundabea'''....''intransitive'' :** '''zyinzoyubea'''....''reflexive'' :*'''sankyas'''....''case'' :** '''syina'''....''nominative, subject'' :** '''bina'''....''genitive, possessive'' :** '''buna'''....''dative'' :** '''izsyuna'''....''accusative, direct object'' :** '''oizsyuna'''....''indirect object'' :** '''byina'''....''ablative'' :** '''dyuena'''....''vocative'' :*'''toob'''....''gender'' :** '''twooba'''....''masculine'' :** '''tooyba'''....''feminine'' :** '''evtwooba'''....''neuter'' :*'''sag'''....''number'' :** '''ansaga'''....''singular'' :** '''glasaga'''....''plural'' :*'''sagdun'''....''numeral'' == Forming Adjectives == : You can form an adjective by adding the suffix '''a''' to a substantive, any adverb not ending in '''-ay''', or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adjectives |- ! Noun !! Adjective |- | '''taam'''....''home'' || '''taama'''....''domestic'' |- | '''doob'''....''nation'' || '''dooba'''....''national'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''teja'''....''vital'' |- | '''tyoyapyaf'''....''ability to walk'' || '''tyoyapyafa'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''martun'''....''astronomy'' || '''martuna'''....''astronomical'' |- ! Pronoun !! Adjective |- | '''at'''....''I, me'' || '''ata'''....''my'' |- | '''eut'''....''yourself'' || '''euta'''....''your own'' |- | '''hiyen'''....''this kind'' || '''hiyena'''....''this kind of'' |- | '''duhot?'''....''who?'' || '''duhota?'''....''whose?'' |- ! Gerund !! Adjective |- | '''ifeken'''....''recreation'' || '''ifekena'''....''recreational'' |- ! Adverb !! Adjective |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiba'''....''distant'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaba'''....''high, upper'' |- ! Verb Form !! Adjective (= Participle) |- | '''teje'''....''(he) lives'' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- | '''tojo'''....''will die'' || '''tojoa'''....''moribund, about to die'' |- | '''tojbu'''....''would kill'' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- | '''twa'''....''was known'' || '''twaa'''....''known'' (usu. shortened to '''twa''') |} === Adjectival Suffixes === : Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just '''a'''. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Other Adjectives |- ! Suffix !! Meaning !! Noun !! Adjective |- ! rowspan=3|-ava !!rowspan=3| ''pro-, for'' !! !! |- | '''Usom'''<br>''U.S.'' || '''Usomava'''<br>''pro-U.S.'' |- | '''yuvrin'''<br>''slavery'' || '''yuvrinava'''<br>''pro-slavery'' |- ! rowspan=3|-ova !!rowspan=3| ''anti-, against'' !! !! |- | '''dobvyabyan'''<br>''constitution'' || '''dovyabyanova'''<br>''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''dot'''<br>''society'' || '''dotova'''<br>''anti-social'' |- ! rowspan=5|-aya !!rowspan=5| ''full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzaya'''<br>''colorful'' |- | '''futax'''<br>''resentment'' || '''futaxaya'''<br>''resentful'' |- | '''tiibil'''<br>''blood'' || '''tiibilaya'''<br>''bloody'' |- | '''yiflan'''<br>''courage'' || '''yiflanaya'''<br>''courageous'' |- ! rowspan=3|-oya !!rowspan=3| ''bereft of, -less, un-'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzoya'''<br>''colorless, pale'' |- | '''tajyaf'''<br>''talent'' || '''tajyafoya'''<br>''untalented'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ika !!rowspan=2| ''full of, -ous, -ful, -y'' !! !! |- | '''map'''<br>''wind'' || '''mapika'''<br>''windy'' |- ! rowspan=2|-uka !!rowspan=2| ''bereft of, without, -less'' !! !! |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasuka'''<br>''broke, penniless'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yena !! rowspan=4|''-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al'' !! !! |- | '''tudet'''<br>''child'' || '''tudetyena'''<br>''childish, infantile'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' || '''totyena'''<br>''divine, godly'' |- | '''pit'''<br>''fish'' || '''pityena'''<br>''fish-like, fishy'' |- ! rowspan=5|-wa or -awa !! rowspan=5|''-ed, past passive participle''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Past Passive Participle |- | '''t-'''<br>''know'' || '''twa'''<br>''known'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalwa'''<br>''spoken, oral'' |- | '''nixbu-'''<br>''sell'' || '''nixbuwa'''<br>''sold'' |- | '''dr-'''<br>''write'' || '''drawa'''<br>''written'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ea !!rowspan=4| ''-ing''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''ot-'''<br>''not know'' || '''otea'''<br>''ignorant'' |- | '''tej-'''<br>''live'' || '''tejea'''<br>''living, alive'' |- | '''tuj-'''<br>''die'' || '''tujea'''<br>''dying'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yea !!rowspan=5| ''-ive, prone to Xing, given to X''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''tujb-'''<br>''kill'' || '''tujbyea'''<br>''murderous'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texyea'''<br>''pensive, thoughtful'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyea'''<br>''forgetful'' |- | '''axl-'''<br>''act'' || '''axlyea'''<br>''active'' |- ! rowspan=5|-uwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, apt to be Xed''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Passive Participle |- | '''ex-'''<br>''operate'' || '''exuwa'''<br>''operable'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''feel'' || '''tosuwa'''<br>''palpable'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texuwa'''<br>''conceivable'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''teluwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yafa !!rowspan=3| ''-able, capable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafa'''<br>''sightful, able to see'' |- | '''dyed-'''<br>''read'' || '''dyedyafa'''<br>''literate'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yafwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, possible to be Xed''<br> (added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyafwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''telyafwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofa !!rowspan=5| ''incapable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' |- | '''tyoyap-'''<br>''walk'' || '''tyoyapyofa'''<br>''lame'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''dumb, incapable of speaking'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofwa !!rowspan=5| ''un-X-able'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''inaudible'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyofa'''<br>''unforgetable'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''unspeakable'' |- ! rowspan=6|-ifa !!rowspan=6| ''fond of, -phile'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''pot'''<br>''animal'' || '''potifa'''<br>''pet-friendly'' |- | '''hyitoob-'''<br>''same-gender'' || '''hyitoobifa'''<br>''homophile'' |- | '''tobot'''<br>''child'' || '''tobotifa'''<br>''pedophile'' |- | '''fitel'''<br>''food'' || '''fitelifa'''<br>''gourmand'' |- | '''doob'''<br>''nation'' || '''doobifa'''<br>''patriotic'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ifwa !!rowspan=2| ''loved by'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tyod'''<br>''people'' || '''tyodifwa'''<br>''popular'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ufa !!rowspan=4| ''adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tob'''<br>''human'' || '''tobufa'''<br>''misanthropic'' |- | '''hyut-'''<br>''other person'' || '''hyutufa'''<br>''xenophobic'' |- | '''toyb-'''<br>''woman'' || '''toybufa'''<br>''misogynist'' |- ! rowspan=5|-ef(w)a !!rowspan=5|''needful of,<br>(necessary to be X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''til'''<br>''drink'' || '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' |- | '''tel'''<br>''food'' || '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' |- | '''yelb-'''<br>''to oil'' || '''yelbefwa'''<br>''squeaky, in need of oil'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yef(w)a !!rowspan=4| ''worthy of,<br> due to be (deserving of being X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''fid'''<br>''praise'' || '''fidyefa'''<br>''praiseworthy'' |- | '''dud'''<br>''answer'' || '''dudyefa'''<br>''responsible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyefwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yuk(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''easy to, (easily X-ed)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyuka'''<br>''gullible'' |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyukwa'''<br>''incredible, hard to believe'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yik(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''hard to,<br>(hard of X-ing)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyikwa'''<br>''opaque'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyika'''<br>''hard of hearing'' |} === Adjectival Prefixes === ==== Negating the Meaning of Adjectives ==== ::: The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix '''o-'''. ::: Examples: ::::* '''vlea'''....''probable'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>vlea'''....''improbable'' ::::* '''fika'''....''perfect'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fika'''....''imperfect'' ::::* '''twa'''....''known'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>twa'''....''unknown'' ::::* '''bosa'''....''quiet'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>bosa'''....''upset, unquiet'' ::: Note: Occasionally, the prefix '''lo-''' is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case: ::::* '''fwa'''....''wanted'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fwa'''....''prohibited'' <big><</big> '''ofer'''....''to prohibit'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>yo</u>fwa'''....''impossible'' <big><</big> '''yofer'''....''to be unable'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>lo</u>fwa'''....''unwanted'' <big><</big> '''fer'''....''to want'' (disambiguated) ::: The prefixes '''lyo-''' and '''ov''' are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective: ::::* '''data'''....''friendly'' ::::* '''odata'''....''unfriendly'' ::::* '''ovdata'''....''hostile'' ::::* '''lyodata'''....''inimical'' ::::* '''dota'''....''social'' ::::* '''odota'''....''unsocial'' ::::* '''ovdota'''....''antisocial'' ::::* '''lyodota'''....''savage'' ==== Table of Adjective Prefixes ==== ::: As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones: :::{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes<br>Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column |- ! Mirad Prefix !! English Prefix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | '''o-''' || ''un-, a(n)-, in-, non-'' ||'''<u>o</u>baka'''....''unhealthy''<br>'''<u>o</u>yezyebeya'''....''incontinent'', '''<u>o</u>yelpea'''....''non-invasive''<br>'''<u>o</u>totina'''....''atheist'' |- |'''ov-''' || ''anti-, counter-'' || '''<u>ov</u>zuina'''....''anti-leftist''<br>'''<u>ov</u>iztida'''....''counter-intuitive'' |- |'''av-''' || ''pro-'' || '''<u>av</u>hyitoosifa'''....''pro-gay'' |- | '''kovyo-''' ||''pseudo-'' || '''<u>kovyo</u>tepina'''....''pseudo-intellectual'' |- | '''hya(s)-''' || ''all-, pan-, omni-'' || '''<u>hyas</u>tea'''....''all-knowing, omniscient'' |- | '''voy-, gal-''' || ''re-'' || '''<u>voy</u>upya'''....''returned''<br>'''<u>gal</u>abwa'''....''<u>re</u>applied'' |- | '''vyo-''' || ''mis-'' || '''<u>vyo</u>seudxwa'''....''mispronounced'' |- | '''eyn-''' || ''semi-, half-'' ||'''<u>eyn</u>levelaya'''....''semi-sweet''<br>'''<u>eyn</u>tija'''....''half-awake'' |- |'''yiz-''' || ''ultra-, super-'' || '''<u>yiz</u>doobina'''....''ultra-nationalist''<br>'''<u>yiz</u>mola'''....''supernatural'' |- | '''gro-''' || ''under-, hypo-'' || '''<u>gro</u>jaga'''....''under-aged'' |- | '''gra-''' || ''over-, hyper-, uber-'' || '''<u>gra</u>agxwa'''....''overgrown''<br>'''<u>gra</u>toseya'''....''hypersensitive'' |- | '''gla-''' ||''multi-, many-, poly-'' || '''<u>gla</u>kuma'''....''multilateral''<br>'''<u>gla</u>tadaya'''....''polygamous'' |- |'''fu-''' || ''mal-, ill-'' || '''<u>fu</u>teyenxwa'''....''ill-conceived''<br>'''<u>fu</u>sanxwa'''....''malformed'' |- | '''fi-''' || ''well-'' || '''<u>fi</u>tofabwa'''....''well-dressed'' |- | '''yuyb-''' ||''quasi-, almost'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>daba'''....''quasi-governmental'' |- | '''ja-''' || ''pre-, (a)fore-, pro-'' ||'''<u>ja</u>teyenxwa'''....''pre-conceived''<br>'''<u>ja</u>igdawa'''....''aformentioned'' |- | '''jo-''' || ''post-'' || '''<u>jo</u>dropeka'''....''post-war'' |- | '''oyeb-'''|| ''extra-, exo-, '' || '''<u>oyeb</u>tada'''....''extra-marital'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-'' || '''<u>yeb</u>tayoba'''....''endo-dermal'' |- | '''agl(a)-''' || ''macro-'' || '''<u>agla</u>mora'''....''macrocosmic'' |- | '''ogl(a)-''' || ''micro-'' || '''<u>ogla</u>mora'''....''microcosmic'' |- | '''ut-''' || ''auto-, self-, sui-'' || '''<u>ut</u>pana'''....''automatic''<br>'''<u>ut</u>tojbua'''....''suicidal'' |- | '''hyaewa-''' || ''ambi-'' || '''<u>hyaewa</u>tesea'''....''ambivalent'' |- | '''en-''' || ''bi-'' || '''<u>en</u>toobifa'''....''bisexual'' |- | '''yuz-''' || ''circum-'' || '''<u>yuz</u>teaxea'''....''circumspect'' |- | '''gel-''' || ''homo-'' || '''<u>gel</u>sauna'''....''homogeneous'' |- | '''ogel-''' || ''hetero-'' || '''<u>ogel</u>sauna'''....''heterogeneous'' |- | '''oyb-''' || ''infra-, sub-'' || '''<u>oyb</u>ivoza'''....''infrared'' |- | '''ge-''' || ''iso-, equi-'' || '''<u>ge</u>voza'''....''isochromatic'' |- | '''agr(a)-''' || ''mega-'' || '''<u>agra</u>tipa'''....''megamaniacal'' |- | '''ku-''' || ''para-'' || '''<u>ku</u>ega'''....''paranormal'' |- | '''yuyb-''' || ''quasi-, almost, pen-'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>dobyena'''....''quasi-official'' |- | '''yib-''' || ''tele-, far-'' || '''<u>yib</u>pyuxea'''....''far-reaching'' |- | '''zey-''' || ''trans-, cross-'' || '''<u>zey</u>mimaga'''....''transoceanic'' |- | '''aaj-''' || ''paleo-'' || '''<u>aaj</u>toba'''....''paleoloanthropic'' |- | '''eej-''' || ''neo-'' || '''<u>eej</u>visauna'''....''neoclassical'' |- | '''yibaj-''' || ''arch(a)eo-, ancient'' || '''yibajtuna'''....''archaeological'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-, inner, intro-'' || '''yebzena'''....''endocentric''<br>'''yebuzbwa'''....''introverted'' |- | '''oyeb-''' || ''exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)-'' || '''oyebzena'''....''exocentric''<br>'''oyebuzbwa'''....''extroverted'' |- | '''yab(an)-''' || ''high-, up'' || '''yabnoga'''....''upscale''<br>'''yabnayxa'''....''high-priced'' |- | '''yaban-''' || ''acro-'' || '''yabanyufa'''....''acrophobic'' |- | '''yob-''' || ''low-, down-'' || '''yobnoga'''....''low-grade, down-scale'' |} === English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison === : Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared |- ! English Suffix !! Meaning !! Mirad Suffix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | ''-ful'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''voz<u>aya</u>'''....''colorful''<br> '''tuz<u>ika</u>'''....''skillful'' |- | ''-ous'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''naz<u>ika</u>'''....''precious''<br> '''mil<u>aya</u>'''....''aqueous'' |- | ''-filled'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoke-filled'' |- | ''-y'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoky''<br> |- | ''-ous'' || of<br> like || '''-a''' || '''totin<u>a</u>'''....''religious''<br> '''vyos<u>a</u>'''....''erroneous'' |- | ''-ly'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tot<u>yena</u>'''....''godly''<br> '''toyb<u>yena</u>'''....''womanly'' |- | ''-like'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pat<u>yena</u>'''....''bird-like'' |- | ''-ish'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tobot<u>yena</u>'''....''childish'' |- | ''-y'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''fyab<u>yena</u>'''....''fruity'' |- | ''-ic'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tuz<u>yena</u>'''....''artistic''<br> '''sil<u>yena</u>'''....''acidic'' |- | ''-ic'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''tun<u>a</u>'''....''scientific''<br> '''bek<u>a</u>'''....''therapeutic'' |- | ''-ical'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''zyunid<u>a</u>'''....''spherical''<br> '''iztex<u>a</u>'''....''logical'' |- | ''-ological'' || pertaining to the study of || '''-tuna''' || '''tej<u>tuna</u>'''....''biological'' |- | ''-ist(ic)'' || pertaining to the doctrine of || '''-ina''' || '''dopar<u>ina</u>'''....''militarist(ic)''<br> '''nasyan<u>ina</u>'''....''capitalist(ic)'' |- | ''-ophobic'' (and ''miso-'' prefix) || hating<br> fearful of || '''-ufa''' || '''yudat<u>ufa</u>'''....''xenophonic''<br> '''tobyan<u>ufa</u>'''....''misanthropic'' |- | ''-ophilic'' (and ''philo-'' prefix) || loving || '''-ifa''' || '''tobot<u>ifa</u>'''....''pedophilic''<br> '''tob<u>ifa</u>'''....''philanthropic'' |- | ''-al'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pyot<u>yena</u>'''....''bestial'' |- | ''-al'' || of<br> pertaining to || '''-a''' || '''tej<u>a</u>'''....''vital''<br> '''aman<u>a</u>'''....''thermal'' |- | ''-less'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''tej<u>uka</u>'''....''lifeless''<br> '''tobot<u>oya</u>'''....''childless'' |- | ''-free'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''yom<u>uka</u>'''....''ice-free''<br> '''vyos<u>oya</u>'''....''error-free'' |- | ''-safe<br> -proof'' || free<br> not subject to || '''-vaka''' || '''mil<u>vaka</u>'''....''water<u>proof</u>'' |} == Forming Adverbs == : Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix '''a''', in other words, by adding a '''y''' to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''fi<u>a</u>'''....''good'' || '''fi<u>ay</u>'''....''well'' |- | '''vya<u>a</u>'''....''true'' || '''vya<u>ay</u>'''....''truly'' |- | '''gyu<u>a</u>'''....''easy'' || '''gyu<u>ay</u>'''....''easily'' |- | '''ig<u>a</u>'''....''quick'' || '''ig<u>ay</u>'''....''quickly'' |- | '''aut<u>a</u>'''....''personal'' || '''aut<u>ay</u>'''....''personally'' |} : For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example: ::* '''It tyoyape <u>ig</u>.'''....''He walks <u>fast</u>.'' ::* '''Yit xa has <u>fi</u>.'''....''They did it <u>well</u>.'' === Special Adverbs === : Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in '''-ay'''. : Here are the principal such adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Special Adverbs |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''vay'''||''indeed, really, certainly, do'' (cf. '''va'''....''yes'') |- | '''vey'''||''possibly, may, might'' (cf. '''ve'''....''maybe'') |- | '''voy'''||''not'' (cf. '''vo'''....''no'') |- | '''ga'''||''more'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gay'''||''also, moreover, further, still'' |- | '''ge'''||''as, equally'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gey'''||''even'' |- | '''go'''||''less'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''goy'''||''no longer, no more'' |- | '''gla'''||''very'' |- | '''glay'''||''quite, rather, so'' |- | '''gle'''||''so'' |- | '''glo'''||''not very, not so'' |- | '''gra'''||''too'' |- | '''gre'''||''enough, sufficiently, over-'' |- | '''gro'''||''not...enough, inadequately, under-'' |- | '''gwa'''||''most, super-'' |- | '''gwe'''||''average'' |- | '''gwo'''||''least, sub-'' |- | '''zay'''||''ahead, forward'' |- | '''zey'''||''across'' |- | '''zoy'''||''back'' |- | '''zye'''||''through'' |- | '''zya'''||''throughout'' |} : The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow: ::* AFFIRMATIVE: '''Va, at <u>vay</u> se taduwa.'''....''Yes, I am <u>indeed</u> married.'' ::* DUBITIVE: '''Iyta dud se <u>vey</u> vyosa.'''....''Her response is <u>possibly</u> wrong.'' ::* NEGATIVE: '''At <u>voy</u> se eta yuxrut.'''....''I am <u>not</u> your slave.'' : The adverbs above beginning with '''g''' are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb: ::* '''Et se <u>gla</u> via.'''....''You are <u>very</u> beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].'' ::* '''Et peya <u>gra</u> ig.'''....''You were going <u>too</u> fast [=ADVERB].'' ::* '''It <u>gra</u> dale.'''....''He talks [=VERB] <u>too</u> much.'' : Adverbs can be combined with prepositions to form compound prepositions. If the adverbs ends in '''b''' and the preposition following it begins in '''b''', they are joined together with a single '''b'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Compound Prepositions |- ! Special Adverb !! Example |- | '''yab'''....''up'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yabu''' || '''Ha pat papa <u>yabu</u> ha mam.'''....''The bird flew <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yobu'''|| '''Teaxu <u>yobu</u> ha mel.'''....''Look <u>down to</u> the ground.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yobi''' || '''Upu <u>yobi</u> ha abmas!'''....''Come <u>down from</u> the roof!'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yubi''' || '''Besu <u>yubi</u> ha mas.'''....''Stay <u>near (from)</u> the wall.'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yibi''' || '''Ha tobi igpia <u>yibi</u> ha yovbyokam.'''....''The people ran <u>far from</u> the prison.'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in, inward, inside'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yebu''' || '''Kyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa <u>yebu</u>ha tam!'''....''Guess who just walked <u>into</u> the house!'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out, outside'' + '''zye'''....''through'' || '''It tyoyapa <u>oyeb zye</u> ha zames.'''....''He walked <u>out</u> through the front door.'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>iz bu</u> hat.'''....''Go <u>right up to</u> him.'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''ub'''....''toward''|| '''Uzpu <u>zi ub</u> yat!'''....''Turn <u>right toward</u> us!'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Hat uzpa <u>zu ib</u> at.'''....''He turned <u>left away from</u> me.'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>zay bu</u> ha uj.'''....''Go <u>on to</u> the end.'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Upu <u>zoy bi</u> hua nem.'''....''Come <u>back from</u> that place.'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' + '''bay'''....''with'' || '''Van yat tyopu <u>yan bay</u> ha hyuti.'''....''Let's walk <u>together with</u> the others.'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Ha meri kyapeye <u>yon bi </u> hyuisi.'''....''The planets are drifting <u>apart from</u> one another.'' |} === Pro-adverbs === : There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as '''''pro-adverbs'''''. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like '''duhom?''' (''where?''), '''duhoyen?''' (''how?''), '''duhoj?''' (''when?''), '''duhogla''' (''to what extent?''), and their answers, such as '''hum''' (''there''), '''heyen''' (''somehow''), and '''hyoj''' (''never''), '''hugla''' (''so, to that extent''). These words are discussed under the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners|Deictic Determiners]]. == Forming Verbs == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech: ::* Noun stems ::* Adjective stems ::* Verb stems === Forming Verbs from Nouns === : Verbs can sometimes be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix '''er''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Denominal Verb Derivation |- ! Noun !! Verb |- | '''ak'''....''a gain'' || '''aker'''....''to win'' |- | '''af'''....''permission'' || '''afer'''....''may, be allowed'' |- | '''teud'''....''cry, shout'' || '''teuder'''....''to cry, shout, exclaim'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''tajer'''....''to be born'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tejer'''....''to live'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''tojer'''....''to die'' |- | '''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejer'''....''to continue'' |- | '''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijer'''....''to begin'' |- | '''uj'''....''end'' || '''ijer'''....''to end'' |- | '''yuj'''....''sleep'' || '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' |} === Verb Formants === : More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such '''''verb formants''''' are in this chart: :* '''-ser'''....''to be/become'' usually intransitive and stative (''unite'' = ''become one'') ::* '''-sler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-srer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-xer'''....''to do/make'' usually transitive and dynamic (''unite'' = ''make one'') ::* '''-xler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-xrer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-per'''....''to go'' usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (''mount'' = ''get onto'') ::* '''-pler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-prer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ber'''....''to put'' usually transitive and a verb of gesture (''apply'' = ''put onto'') ::* '''-bler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-brer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ier''' a stub from the verb '''bier'''....''to take'', usually an action verb benefiting the agent (''eat'' = ''take food'') :* '''-uer''' a stub from the verb '''buer'''....''to give'', usually an action verb benefiting the patient (''feed'' = ''give food'') :* '''-der'''....''to say'', a verb of communication (''affirm'' = ''say yes'') :* '''-drer'''....''to write'' :* '''-ter'''....''to know'', verbs of the perception and knowledge ('''teater''' = ''see'') :: Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids '''l''' or '''r''', eg.'''sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Verb Formants |- ! Noun !! Auxiliary Verb Or Verb Stub Formant !! Verb |- | '''yav'''....''innocence'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''yavder'''....''to acquit'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''yovaber'''....''to shame, accuse'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''yovober'''....''to excuse, exculpate'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''tofaber'''....''to dress, don'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''tofober'''....''to undress, strip'' |- | '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''detser'''....''to associate'' |- | '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''datxer'''....''to befriend'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''sanser'''....''to form (intransitive)'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''sanxer'''....''to form (transitive)'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''telier'''....''to eat, consume'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed, nourish'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tajber'''....''to give birth'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tejper'''....''to come alive'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tejber'''....''to bring to life'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tojber'''....''to kill'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tijper'''....''to wake up'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tijber'''....''to awaken'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''taxier'''....''to recall'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''yev'''....''justice'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''vyan'''....''truth'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyander'''....''to tell the truth'' |- | '''vyon'''....''falsehood'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyonder'''....''to tell a lie'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aker'''....''to gain'' || '''ilaker'''....''to take on liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' || '''iloker'''....''to leak, lose liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ilier'''....''to soak up'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour, water'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikser'''....''to get full'' || '''ilikser'''....''to be soaked'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikxer'''....''to fill up'' || '''ilikxer'''....''to flood, soak'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukser'''....''to become empty'' || '''ilukser'''....''to drain'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukxer'''....''to empty'' || '''ilukxer'''....''to flush'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''ilser'''....''to liquify, melt'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''ilxer'''....''to liquify, melt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''ilaber'''....''to wash'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aper'''....''to get on'' || '''ilaper'''....''to float'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''ilper'''....''to flow'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' || '''ilzyaber'''....''to spray, shower'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyober'''....''to squeeze'' || '''ilzyober'''....''to squirt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''pyexer'''....''to strike'' || '''ilpyexer'''....''to splash (with liquid)'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''yujer'''....''to close'' || '''ilyujer'''....''to plug'' |} : Note that verbs ending in '''-ser''' and '''-ier''' are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in '''-xer''' and '''-uer''' are transitive. Also, '''-ier''' verbs are subject-directed, while '''-uer''' verbs are object-directive or causative (making someone do something). === Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser === : The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with '''-xer'''....''to do, make, cause'', and the intransitive group with '''-ser'''....''to be, become''. : The following chart shows how these verbs are formed: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aza'''....''strong'' || '''azaxer'''....''fortify, strengthen, make strong'' || '''azaser'''....''get strong'' |- | '''oza'''....''week'' || '''ozaxer'''....''weaken'' || '''ozaser'''....''grow weaker'' |- | '''kyia'''....''heavy'' || '''kyiaxer'''....''weigh down'' || '''kyiaser'''....''grow heavy'' |- | '''kyua'''....''light'' || '''kyuaxer'''....''lighten, make lighter'' || '''kyuaser'''....''get lighter'' |- | '''yana'''....''together'' || '''yanaxer'''....''bring together'' || '''yanaser'''....''get together'' |} : The final adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the '''a''' makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agaxer'''....''magnify'' || '''agaser'''....''get big'' |- | || '''agxer'''....''grow'' || '''agxer'''....''grow up, mature'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iga'''....''fast'' || '''igaxer'''....''accelerate'' || '''igaser'''....''speed up'' |- | || '''igxer'''....''rush'' || '''igser'''....''hurry up'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''baka'''....''healthy'' || '''bakaxer'''....''make healthy'' || '''bakaser'''....''get healthy'' |- | || '''bakxer'''....''heal'' || '''bakser'''....''heal'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''sana'''....''formal'' || '''sanaxer'''....''formalize'' || '''sanaser'''....''become formal'' |- | || '''sanxer'''....''form, shape'' || '''sanser'''....''form, take shape'' |} === Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per === : Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb '''ber'''....''to put'', while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb '''per'''....''to go''. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in '''b''', the '''b''' is dropped. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Ber and Per |- ! Preposition<br>Base !! Transitive Gesture Verb !! Intransitive Motion Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply, put on'' || '''aper'''....''mount, get on'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove, take off'' || '''oper'''....''dismount, get off'' |- | '''ib'''....''away'' || '''iber'''....''receive'' || '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''send'' || '''uper'''....''come'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yeber'''....''insert''<br>'''oyeber'''....''take out'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''<br>'''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''lower'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''move away'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- ! !! !! |- |- | '''za'''....''front'' || '''zaber'''....''put up front'' || '''zaper'''....''take the lead'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''zayber'''....''advance'' || '''zayper'''....''advance, go forward'' |- | '''ze'''....''middle'' || '''zeber'''....''balance'' || '''zeper'''....''balance'' |- | '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zeyber'''....''take across, transfer'' || '''zeyper'''....''cross, go over, transit'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zober'''....''hinder'' || '''zoper'''....''trail, lag'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoyber'''....''set back, return'' || '''zoyper'''....''retreat, go back, return'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izber'''....''guide'' || '''izper'''....''aim for'' |- | '''uz'''....''crooked'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''turn, diverge'' |- |- '''zi'''....''right'' || '''ziber'''....''set to the right'' || '''ziper'''....''go right'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuber'''....''set to the left'' || '''zuper'''.... ''go left'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''take beyond'' || '''yizper'''....''pass by'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''take around'' || '''yuzper'''....''go around'' |} ==== Deriving Further Verbs of Gesture and Motion ==== : More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of '''ser''' and '''xer''', plus the intensifiers '''y''', '''l''' and '''r'''. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial '''p''' is a more semantically intense version of '''b'''. Also the verb endings '''-sler''' and '''-srer''' and more intense versions of the intransitive ending '''-ser''', while '''-xler''' and '''-xrer''' and more intense version of the transitve ending '''-xer'''. Verbs ending in '''-ler''' and '''-rer''' are transitive voice by nature, '''-rer''' being more semantically intense. Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating More Elaborate Verbs |- ! colspan="2"| Gesture Verb !! colspan="2"| Motion Verb |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | -- ||'''ber'''....''put'' <br>'''beer'''....''have'' <br>'''beler'''....''carry'' <br>'''bexer'''....''hold'' <br>'''bexler'''....''keep'' | '''per'''....''go''||-- |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press''<br>'''yanbaler'''....''compress''<br>'''yobaler'''....''depress, suppress''<br>'''yuzbaler'''....''hug''<br>'''zoybaler'''....''repress''<br>'''barer'''....''crush'' ||'''paer'''....''hover'' || |- |'''baser'''....''gesticulate'' || '''baxer'''....''make a gesture''<br>'''abaxer'''....''caress, pat'' || '''paser'''....''move''||'''paxer'''....''move'' |- |'''byaser'''....''stand up'' || '''byaxer'''....''set up, erect'' || '''pyaser'''....''jump up'' || '''pyaxer'''....''shoot, launch'' |- |'''basler'''....''budge'' || '''baxler'''....''rouse''<br>'''abaxler'''....''stroke'' || '''paaser'''....''get excited'' || '''paaxer'''....''excite''<br>'''apaxler'''....''sweep'' |- |'''basrer'''....''shake'' || '''baxrer'''....''shake''<br>'''abaxrer'''....''rub'' || || '''apaxrer'''....''scrub'' |- ! !! !! !! |- |'''beser'''....''stay'' || '''bexer'''....''hold''<br>'''zoybexer'''....''restrain''<br>'''yobexer'''....''detain, hold down'' || '''peser'''....''wait'' || '''pexer'''....''trap''<br>'''pexler'''....''capture''<br>'''pexrer'''....''abduct'' |- |'''byeser'''....''behave''|| '''byexer'''....''hit'' || '''pyeser'''....''run into, bump into''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike, knock''<br>'''yonpyexer'''....''break''<br>'''yopyexer'''....''knock down''<br>'''epyexer'''....''fight''<br>'''apyexer'''....''attack''<br>'''ovpyexer'''....''offend''<br>'''kunpyexer'''....''sideswipe''<br>'''tuyapyexer'''....''slap'' |- |'''besler'''....''adhere'' || '''bexler'''....''retain''|| || '''pyexler'''....''pound, beat''<br>'''apyexler'''....''assault''<br>'''yonpexler'''....''shatter, burst'' |- | || || '''yanpyesrer'''....''implode''<br>'''yonpyesler'''....''explode'' || '''pyexler'''....''blast, bomb'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''boser'''....''calm down''<br>'''boyser'''....''rest'' || '''boxer'''....''quieten, quell'' || '''poser'''....''stop''<br>'''poyser'''....''pause'' || '''poxer'''....''stop'' |- | '''byoser'''....''hang'' || '''byoxer'''....''hang'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall''<br>'''yonpyoser'''....''decay'' || '''pyoxer'''....''drop, throw down''<br>'''yopyoxer'''....''topple''<br> |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''biser'''....''originate'' || '''bixer'''....''pull''<br>'''yanbixer'''....''contract''<br>'''yonbixer'''....''distract''<br>'''yubixer'''....''attract''<br>'''yibixer'''....''distract''<br>'''oyebixer'''....''extract''<br>'''yebixer'''....''push in'' || || '''pixer'''....''catch'' |- |'''bisler'''....''spring'' || '''bixler'''....''yank''<br>'''bixrer'''....''ravage'' || || '''pixler'''....''snatch''<br>'''pixrer'''....''rape'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''buser'''....''be destined'' || '''buxer'''....''push, drive''<br>'''zyobuxer'''....''squeeze''<br>'''yebuxer'''....''expel''<br>'''abuxer'''....''impose'' || '''apuser'''....''assault'' || '''puxer'''....''throw, thrust'' |- |'''byuser'''....''bump into'' || '''byuxer'''....''touch''<br>'''yanbyuxer'''....''contact'' ||'''pyuser'''....''run into'' || '''pyuxer'''....''crash'' |- |'''busler'''....''swoop'' || '''buxler'''....''shove'' || '''pusler'''....''lunge, pounce'' || '''puxler'''....''thrust''<br>'''zyapuxler'''....''splatter'' |} === Deriving New Verbs with Prefixes === : Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb '''baxer''' (and its intransitive partner '''baser''') as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Baxer Verbs |- ! Prefix !! Verb |- ! colspan=2 | '''baxer'''....''gesture, make a bodily motion'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abaxer'''....''caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izbaxer'''....''point'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tebaxer'''....''nod'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' || '''vatebaxer'''....''nod yes'' |- | '''vo'''....''no'' || '''votebaxer'''....''nod no'' |- | '''ve'''....''maybe'' || '''vetebaxer'''....''shrug'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''tuyabaxer'''....''wave'' |- | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''tubaxer'''....''flail, swing'' |- | '''teubab'''....''tongue'' || '''teubabaxer'''....''lick'' |- | '''teab'''....''eye'' || '''teubaxer'''....''wink'' |- | '''patub'''....''wing'' || '''patubaxer'''....''flap'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''tail'' || '''tiyubaxer'''....''wag'' |- ! colspan=2 | '''baser'''....''gesticulate'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igbaser'''....''jerk'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''igzaybaser'''....''lurch'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoybaser'''....''recoil'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobaser'''....''bow, bend down'' |- | '''ku-'''....''side'' || '''kubaser'''....''slide'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igkubaser'''....''slip'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' + '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uizbaser'''....''sway, swagger, swish'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle, wobble, totter'' |} === Forming Frequentative Verbs === : A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by prefixing the syllable '''je-''' to the verb. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ The -eg- Frequentative Infix |- ! Regular Verb !! Frequantative Verb |- | '''paser'''....''move'' || '''jepaser'''....''shake, shudder'' |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump'' || '''jepyaser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''paper'''....''fly'' || '''jepaper'''....''flutter, flit'' |- | '''braser'''....''shake'' || '''jebraser'''....''shudder, quiver, vibrate'' |- | '''teupixer'''....''bite'' || '''jeteupiger'''....''nibble'' |- | '''ilzyaber'''....''spray'' || '''jeilzyaber'''....''sprinkle'' |- | '''pyexer'''....''beat'' || '''jepyexer'''....''batter, whip'' |} === Forming Hybrid Words === : Expressions with alternating components like ''back-and-forth'', ''up-and-down'', etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Words |- ! Alternative Components !! Hybrid Expression !! Examples |- | '''yab'''....''up'' +<br>'''yob'''....''down'' || '''yao(b)-'''....''up-and-down'' || '''yaoper'''....''fluctuate'', '''yaopuser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''a-'''....''up, north, skyward'' +<br>'''o-'''....''down, south'' || '''ao-'''....''vertical'' || '''aonada'''....''vertical'', '''aonab'''....''column'' |- | '''za(y)'''....''forth, north'' +<br>'''zo(y)'''....''back, south'' || '''zao(b)-'''....''front-back/north-to-south'' || '''zaobaser'''....''rock'', '''zaomera'''....''north/south'' |- |- '''zu'''....''left/west'' +<br>'''zi'''....''right/east'' || '''zui(b)-'''....''right-to-left/east-to-west'' || '''zuinada'''....''horizontal'', '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle'', '''zuimera'''....''east/west'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' +<br>'''bi'''....''from'' || '''bui-'''....''to-and-from'' || '''buipar'''....''shuttle'', '''buipop'''....''round-trip'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' +<br>'''ob'''....''off'' || '''ao(b)-'''....''on-and-off'' || '''aoper'''....''get on and off'' |- | '''yuj-'''....''closed'' +<br>'''yij-'''....''open'' || '''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut'' || '''yuijbar'''....''switch'', '''igyuijer'''....''blink'' |- | '''uj-'''....''stop'' +<br>'''ij-'''....''start'' || '''uij-'''....''stop-and-start'' || '''uijparpan'''....''stop-and-go traffic'' |- | '''(a)yeb'''....''in'' +<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''aoye(b)-'''....''in-and-out'' || '''igaoyeper'''....''run in-and-out'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' +<br>'''yib'''....''far'' || '''yui(b)-'''....''near-and-far'' || '''yuipoper'''....''travel near-and-far'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' +<br>'''ib'''....''away'' || '''ui(b)-'''....''toward-and-away'' || '''uipen'''....''coming and going'' |- | '''hum'''....''there'' +<br>'''him'''....''here'' || '''huim'''....''here-and-there'' || '''huimkexer'''....''search high-and-low (here-and-there)'' |- | '''hus'''....''that'' +<br>'''his'''....''this'' || '''huis'''....''this-and-that'' || '''huisyexer'''....''do odd jobs, work at this-or-that'' |- | '''hyut'''....''other person'' +<br>'''hyit'''....''same person'' || '''hyuit'''....''one another'' || '''hyuitifer'''....''love one another'', '''hyuita'''....''mutual, reciprocal'' |} : Here are some more examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ More Hybrids ! Hybrid Word !! English Gloss !! Alternating Components |- |'''aogsen'''||'' fluctuation (in size) ''|| '''ag-''' (''big'') + '''og-''' (''little'') + '''s-''' (''become'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''aonada'''||''vertical ''|| '''a-''' (''up/north'') + '''o-''' (''down/south'') + '''nad''' (''line'') + '''-a''' (''adj.'') |- |'''aopuys'''||'' hop-on-hop-off ''|| '''a(p)-''' (''on'') + '''o(p)-''' (''off'') + '''puys-''' (''hop'') |- |'''buien'''||'' trading, swapping ''|| '''bu-''' (''give'') + '''bi-''' (''trake'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''buip'''||'' traffic ''|| '''bu-''' (''to'') + '''bi-''' (''from'') + '''p-''' (''go'') |- |'''buixar'''||''spring''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix''' (''pull'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''buixek'''||'' tug-o-war ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- |'''buixnyem'''||'' drawer ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''nyem''' (''box'') |- |'''byaosen'''||'' teetering, stumbling ''|| '''byas-''' (''stand'') + '''byos-''' (''fall'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''diep'''||'' marine force ''|| '''dip''' (''sea force'') + '''dep''' (''land force'') |- |'''duid'''||'' q&a, interview ''|| '''dud''' (''answer'') + '''did''' (''question'') |- |'''eigpyexer''' || ''batter, whip'' || '''eg-''' (''again'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') + '''pyexer''' (''to hit'') |- |'''gao'''||'' more-or-less ''|| '''ga''' (''more'') + '''go''' (''less'') |- |'''glaojo'''||'' sooner or later ''|| '''gla''' (''very'') + '''glo''' (''slightly'') + '''jo''' (''after'') |- | '''huimkexer''' || ''search here and there'' || '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-m''' (''place'') + '''kex''' (''search'') + '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''huis'''||'' this-and-that ''|| '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-s''' (''thing'') |- |'''hyuit'''||'' one another ''|| '''hyu-''' (''other'') + '''hyi-''' (''same'') + '''-t''' (''person'') |- |'''kyaopen'''||'' fluctuation ''|| '''kya-''' (''mobile'') + '''kyo''' (''static'') + '''-pen''' (''going'') |- |'''maluier'''||'' breathe ''|| '''mal-''' (''air'') + '''u-''' (''let out'') + '''i-''' (''take in'') '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''maojyex'''||'' double-shift work ''|| '''maj''' (''day'') + '''moj''' (''night'') + '''yex''' (''work'') |- |'''maonig'''||'' flicker ''|| '''man''' (''light'') + '''mon''' (''dark'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') |- |'''maolza'''||'' black&white/gray ''|| '''malza''' (''white'') + '''molza''' (''black'') |- |'''meil'''||'' mud ''|| '''mel''' (''soil'') + '''mil''' (''water'') |- |'''memuiben'''||'' import-exports ''|| '''mem''' (''country'') + '''ub-''' (''send'') + '''ib-''' (''receive'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''mial'''||'' vapor ''|| '''mil''' (''water'') + '''mal''' (''air'') |- |'''mieg'''||'' reef ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-g''' (''stone'') |- |'''miek'''||'' sand ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-k''' (''rocky substance'') |- |'''miem'''||'' swamp ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''mem''' (''land'') |- |'''mimpuin'''||'' dock ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''mimpyaos'''||'' surf ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''sink'') |- |'''mimuip'''||'' tide ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip-''' (''go'') |- |'''peit'''||'' amphibian ''|| '''pet''' (''land animal'') + '''pit''' (''sea creature'') |- |'''puim'''||'' kiss-and-ride zone''|| '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''puixek'''||'' baseball ''|| '''pux-''' (''pitch'') + '''pix-''' (''catch'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- | '''pyaos''' || ''wave'' || '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''crest'') |- |'''teabyuij'''||'' blink ''|| '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') |- |'''tuijea'''||'' nodding off ''|| '''tuj-''' (''sleep'') + '''tij''' (''wake'') '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''uijdal'''||'' stutter ''|| '''uj-''' (''finish'') + '''ij-''' (''start'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''uipeni'''||'' comings & goings ''|| '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip''' (''go'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') + '''-i''' (''pl.'') |- |'''uiza'''||'' serpentine, snaky ''|| '''uza''' (''crooked'') + '''iza''' (''straight'') |- |'''vao?'''||'' yes or no? ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') |- |'''vaod'''||'' decision ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') + '''d-''' (''say'') |- |'''yaobar'''||'' elevator ''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaobyuijar'''||''piston''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open '') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaoplas'''||''oscillation''|| '''yap-''' (''up'') + '''yop-''' (''down'') + '''plas''' (''shake'') |- |'''yaopsim'''||''seesaw''|| '''yap-''' (''ascend'') + '''yop-''' (''descend'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''yaopus'''||''bounce''|| ya(''b'')'''-''' (''up'') + yo(''b'')'''-''' (''down'') + '''pus''' (''jump'') |- |'''yaovdut'''||''juror''|| '''yav-''' (''innocent'') + '''yov-''' (''guilty'') + '''d-''' (''say'') + '''-ut''' (''agent'') |- |'''yaoza'''||''uneven, bumpy, serrated''|| '''yaza''' (''convex'') + '''yoza''' (''concave'') |- |'''yaozgoblar'''||''saw''|| '''yaz''' (''protrusion '') + '''yoz''' (''indentation'') + '''gobl-''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaozil'''||''wave''|| '''yaz''' (''swell'') + '''yoz''' (''trough'') + '''-il''' (''liquid'') |- |'''yuibteabar'''||''bifocals''|| '''yub''' (''near'') + '''yib''' (''far'') + '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yuijar'''||'' valve, switch''|| '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaobelur'''||''ferry''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''bel-''' (''carry'') + '''-ur''' (''vehicle'') |- |'''zaobyexar'''||''swatter, bat''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''byex-''' (''strike'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaodal'''||''dialog''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''zaogoblar'''||''saw''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''gobl''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaokyax'''||''alternation''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''kyax''' (''change'') |- |'''zaopasen'''||''swinging''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo-''' (''back'') + '''pasen''' (''moving'') |- |'''zaopsim'''||''swing or rocker''|| '''zap-''' (''go forth'') + '''zap''' (''go back'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''zuibasen'''||''wiggling''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bas-''' (''move bodily'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuibayx'''||''wag''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bayx-''' (''slight body move'') |- |'''zuibyoxea'''||''dangling''|| '''zu''' (''left'') + '''zi''' (''right'') + '''byox-''' (''hang down'') + '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuiyafa'''||''ambidextrous''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''yafa''' (''capable'') |- |'''zyaobas'''||''throb''|| '''zya-''' (''wide'') + '''zyo-''' (''narrow'') + '''bas''' (''bodily movement'') |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Acronyms and Abbreviations|Word Families}}</noinclude> kluzdn6dico0yj4co350w7b9isztiqu 4635614 4635611 2026-05-13T18:09:27Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Rule #2: Affixation */ 4635614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right|limit=3}} == Introduction == : In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels. : The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of '''''base words''''' and '''''derived words'''''. : The vocabulary is built on '''''base words''''', that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by: ::* The meaning of each letter of the word. ::* The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: ''fixed'' vs. ''variable''. ::* How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language. ::* The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about). ::* The logic of its composition. ::* The mnemonic associations this word suggests. : The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called '''''vocabulary-building rules''''', which are spelled out below. == Base Words == : '''''Base words''''' are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups: ::* Group 1:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''nouns''''' ::* Group 2:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs'''''. == Base words of Group 1 == : Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters: :::* The first, a consonant called the '''''classifier''''' :::* The second, a vowel called the '''''ordinal''''' :::* The third, a consonant called the '''''generic''''' These words can be thought of as noun templates. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Base Word Composition |- ! Classifier !! Ordinal !! Generic !! Meaning |- | '''t''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''man'' |- | '''d''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''society'' |- | '''p''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''animal'' |- | '''f''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''plant'' |} == Base words of Group 2 == : Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as '''-er''' (verb infinitive marker) or '''-a''' (adjective marker): ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words | '''b-'''....''put'' || '''p-'''....''go'' |- | '''s-'''....''be'' || '''x-'''....''do'' |- | '''d-'''....''say'' || '''t-'''....''know'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ob'''....''off'' |- |'''bu'''....''to'' || '''bi'''....''from'' |- |'''if-'''....''love'' || '''uf-'''....''hate'' |- |'''fi-'''....''good'' || '''fu-'''....''bad'' |- |'''va'''....''yes'' || '''vo'''....''no'' |- |'''vya-'''^*....''true'' || '''vyo-'''....''false'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''o'''....''zero'' |} : *<small> As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include glided vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides '''y''' or '''w'''. So, for purposes here, '''ya''', '''ye''', '''yi''', '''yo''', '''yu''', '''wa''', and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "glided vowels".</small> == Consonants and Their Meanings == : The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Consonants and Their Meanings |- ! Consonant !! Group 1 Classifier !! Group 1 Generic !! Group 2 Classifier !! In Numbers |- | '''b''' || organ, health || organism || gesture, position || |- | '''d''' || society || family || communicating || |- | '''f''' || vegetation || textile, clothing || volition, attributes || |- | '''g''' || -- || measurement || quantity, attributes || |- | '''j''' || time || time || time || |- | '''k''' || -- || health || change, risk, attributes || |- | '''l''' || -- || element, food, liquid, nature || -- || '''l''' = ten |- | '''m''' || nature || place, building, furniture || temperature, light || '''ml''' = million<br>'''mr''' = billion |- | '''n''' || commerce || -- || -- || |- | '''p''' || animal, vehicle || motion || movement || |- | '''r''' || -- || tool, machine, cosmos || -- || '''r''' = thousand |- | '''s''' || form, image, furniture || thing || being, form, thing || '''s''' = hundred |- | '''t''' || human, body || person, animal || intelligence, knowing || |- | '''v''' || plant, color || linen || truth, attributes || |- | '''x''' || action || -- || action, doing, making || |- | '''z''' || -- || precious, art || spatial, attributes || |} : The following consonants functions rather than, or in addition to, semantic values: ::* '''l''' and '''r''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: '''baer'''....''to lean'', '''baler'''....''to press'', '''barer'''....''to crush''; ::* '''y''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''voa'''....''negative'' -> '''vyoa'''....''false'', or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''ama'''....''hot'' -> '''ayma'''....''warm''. ::* '''h''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Used functionally only in certain interjections like '''hoy'''....''goodbye'' and determiners like '''his'''....''this'', and has no semantic value. ::* '''w''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. '''tob'''....''person'' -> '''twob'''....''man'', or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. '''uber'''....''to send'' -> '''ubwer'''....''to be sent'', or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. '''awa'''....''one'', or 4) sometimes to substitute for '''y''' when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. '''jwo'''....''late'', instead of '''jyo'''. ::* '''n''':&nbsp;&nbsp; In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in '''ana'''....''only'', or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as '''fian'''....''goodness'' from '''fia'''....''good'', or from a verb, such '''axnen'''....''behaving'' from '''axner'''....''to behave''. == Vowels and Their Meanings == : Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types: ::* meronymic ::* hierarchical ::* geo-specific ::* oppositional/polar ::* vectorial ::* directional and positional ::* special === Ordinal Vowel Values === :: The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with '''y''' are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Vowels|Vowels]]. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Numeric Values of Vowels |- ! Ordinal Vowel !! '''o''' !! '''a''' !! '''e''' !! '''i''' !! '''u''' !! '''yo''' !! '''ya''' !! '''ye''' !! '''yi''' !! '''yu''' |- !row=1| Cardinal Number | 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 |} === Meronymic Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|meronymic}}''''' series. (This gradation can also be called '''''taxonomic'''''. The top element, or hypernym, has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are hyponyms or meronyms (= parts of the whole), and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. '''T<u>a</u>b''' (''body'') is the first meronym of '''t<u>o</u>b''' (''human being''), the hypernym or zeroth element. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Meronymic Series |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=7| Meronymic or Taxonomic |- ! 0 | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''fob'''....''plant'' || '''vob'''....''crop''|| '''mos'''....''floor''||'''som'''....''furniture''||'''tom'''....''building''||'''job'''....''time'' |- ! 1 | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''fab'''....''tree'' || '''vab'''....''grass''|| '''mas'''....''wall''||'''sam'''....''chest of drawers''||'''tam'''....''house''||'''jab'''....''year'' |- ! 2 | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''feb'''....''fruit'' || '''veb'''....''tuft''|| '''mes'''....''door''||'''sem'''....''table''||'''tem'''....''hall''||'''jeb'''....''season'' |- ! 3 | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''fib'''....''trunk'' || '''vib'''....''stalk''|| '''mis'''....''window''||'''sim'''....''chair''||'''tim'''....''room''||'''jib'''....''month'' |- ! 4 | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''fub'''....''branch'' || '''vub'''....''shoot''||'''mus'''....''stairs''||'''sum'''....''bed''||'''tum'''....''closet''||'''jub'''....''day'' |- ! 5 | '''tyob'''....''leg'' || '''fyob'''....''root'' || '''vyob'''....''tuber''|| || || ||'''jwob'''^*....''hour'' |- ! 6 | || || || || || ||'''jwab'''^*....''minute'' |- ! 7 | || || || || || ||'''jweb'''^*....''second'' |} * The letter '''w''' replaces the letter '''y''' following a '''j''', for ease of pronunciation. : The words that descend from the base word are called '''''meronyms'''''. A hypernym is a word that is higher in scale. === Hierarchical Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|hierarchical}}''''' series where the top element has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hierarchical Vowel Gradation |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=4| Hierarchy |- ! 0 | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''dot'''....''society'' || '''tod'''....''family''||'''xob'''....''organization'' |- ! 1 | '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''tad'''....''spouse''||'''xab'''....''staff'' |- ! 2 | '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ted'''....''parent''||'''xeb'''....''boss'' |- ! 3 | '''dib'''....''ministry'' || '''dit'''....''citizen'' ||'''tid'''....''sibling''||'''xib'''....''department'' |- ! 4 | '''dub'''....''minister'' || '''dut'''....''gentleman'' || '''tud'''....''child''||'''xub'''....''branch'' |} === Geo-specific Vowel Gradation === : Ordinals can have '''''{{color|blue|geo-specific}}''''' values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Geo-specific Vowel Values |- ! Ordinal ! Geo-sphere ! colspan=7| Examples |- | align=center | '''o''' || ''outer space, top level'' || '''m<u>o</u>p'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''outer space''|| '''mol'''....''nature''||'''dop'''....''military''||'''pop'''....''voyage''||'''mol'''....''nature''||'''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- | align=center | '''a''' || ''air, gas, sky'' || '''m<u>a</u>p'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' ||'''mal'''....''air''||'''dap'''....''air force''||'''pap'''....''flight''||'''mal'''....''wind''||'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | align=center | '''e''' || ''ground, soil, solid'' || '''m<u>e</u>p'''....''road'' || '''mem'''....''land''|| '''mel'''....''soil''||'''dep'''....''army''||'''pep'''....''ride''||'''mel'''....''soil''||'''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' |- | align=center | '''i''' || ''liquid'', ''water'', ''sea'' || '''m<u>i</u>p'''....''river'' || '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''mil'''....''water''||'''dip'''....''marines''|| '''pip'''....''navigation/sail''||'''mil'''....''water''||'''pit'''....''fish'' |- | align=center | '''u''' || ''underground'', ''mineral'', ''substance'' || '''m<u>u</u>p'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || '''mul'''....''mineral''|| ||'''pup'''....''tunneling''||'''mul'''....''matter''|| |} === Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation === : The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation |- ! Order || Mirad !! English |- | 0 || '''olza'''¹ || ''blank, of no color'' |- | 1 || '''alza''' || ''red'' |- | 2 || '''elza''' || ''orange'' |- | 3 || '''ilza''' || ''yellow'' |- | 4 || '''ulza''' || ''green'' |- | 5 || '''yolza''' || ''blue'' |- | 6 || '''yalza''' || ''purple'' |- | 7 || '''yelza''' || ''indigo'' |} {{small/top}} : 1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order. {{small/end}} : The colors black and white are: :* '''malza'''....''white'' :* '''molza'''....''black'' : Some colors are hybrids of two colors: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hybrid Colors |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''aolza''' || ''pink'' (a blend of ''blank'' and ''red'') |- | '''youlza''' || ''blue-green'' |- | '''maolza''' || ''gray'' (a blend of ''black'' and ''white'') |} : The word for ''brown'' is based on the word for ''soil'': :* '''melza'''....''brown'' (< '''mel'''....''soil'') : Two other colors are based on metals: :* '''agelkza'''....''silver'' (based on '''agelk'''....''silver metal'' :* '''aulkza'''....''gold'' (based on '''aulk'''....''gold metal'' === Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values === : In Group 2 stems: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Oppositional Vowel Values |- | '''a'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ya''' || intermediate || '''i'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yi''' |- | <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative || '''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ye''' || <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative |- | '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yo''' || value || '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yu''' |} ::* positive '''a''' contrasts with negative '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''av'''....''for'' vs. '''ov'''....''against'') ::* positive '''ya''' contrasts with negative '''yo'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yava'''....''innocent'' vs. '''yova'''....''guilty'') ::* positive '''i''' contrasts with negative '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''fia'''....''good'' vs. '''fua'''....''bad'') ::* positive '''yi''' contrasts with negative '''yu'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yiva'''....''free'' vs. '''yuva'''....''bound'') ::* '''e''' and '''ye''' are in-between values&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''eva'''....''neutral'', '''yeva'''....''fair'') ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation |- ! positive !! intermediate !! negative |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''ega'''....''normal'' || '''oga'''....''small'' |- | '''yava'''....''innocent'' || '''yeva'''....''just''|| '''yova'''....''guilty'' |- | '''ava'''....''for'' || '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''ova'''....''against'' |- | '''aker'''....''to win'' || '''eker'''....''to risk'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' |- | '''yak'''....''expectation'' || '''yek'''....''attempt'' || '''yok'''....''surprise'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || || '''fua'''....''bad'' |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || || '''ufer'''....''hate'' |- | '''yifa'''....''brave'' || || '''yufa'''....''afraid'' |} : Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit '''''oppositional''''' values: : The Group 1 base word '''bok''' (''illness'') is a good example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Group 1 base word with oppositional values |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- valign=top |'''bak'''....''health''||'''bek'''....''treatment''||'''bok'''....''illness'' |- |'''byak'''....''hygiene''||'''byek'''....''cure''||'''byok'''....''pain''<br>'''byoyk'''....''ache''<br>'''blok'''....''suffering''<br>'''brok'''....''agony'' |- |'''baak'''....''sanitation''|| ||'''book'''....''fatigue'' |- |'''bik'''....''care''|| ||'''buk'''....''wound''<br>'''buyk'''....''sore'' |} === Vectorial Vowel Values === : These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc. {{big/top}}&nbsp;&nbsp; ::::::'''a''' ::::::↑ ::::'''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;←&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;→&nbsp;&nbsp;'''i''' ::::::↓ ::::::'''o''' {{big/end}} :::'''a'''....''on, above, north'' ('''ab'''....''on'', '''zamer'''....''north'') :::'''e'''....''center, middle, equator'' ('''eb'''....''between'', '''ze'''....''center'') :::'''o'''....''off, below, south'' ('''ob'''....''off'', '''zomer'''....''south'') :::'''i'''....''right, east'' ('''zi'''....''right'', '''zimer'''....''east'') :::'''u'''....''left, west'' ('''zu'''....''left'', '''zumer'''....''west'') === Directional and Positional Vowel Values === {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Directional and Positional Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''z<u>a</u>mer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''b<u>a</u>er'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''<u>a</u>ber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''b<u>ya</u>er'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''<u>ya</u>ber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''z<u>o</u>mer'''....''south'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''b<u>yo</u>er'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''<u>o</u>per'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''p<u>yo</u>ser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''<u>yo</u>per'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''z<u>u</u>mer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''<u>u</u>ber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''p<u>yu</u>er'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''<u>yu</u>ber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''b<u>yu</u>ser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''z''i''mer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''p<u>i</u>er'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''<u>i</u>per'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''<u>yi</u>per'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''p<u>yi</u>ser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''z<u>e</u>mer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''<u>e</u>b'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''b<u>e</u>xer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''<u>ye</u>per'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''contain''|| '''b<u>ye</u>er'''....''contain'' |} === Special value of certain letters === : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular''. ::* '''aot'''....''person'' ::* '''anot'''....''individual'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yanber'''....''to compose'' ::* '''yonber'''....''to separate'' : The letter '''y''' is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural: ::* '''at'''....''I, me'' as opposed to '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''et'''....''you'' as opposed to '''yet'''....''you (pl.), you all'' ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''yit'''....''they, them'' ::* '''is'''....''it'' as opposed to '''yis'''....''they, them'' : The letter '''y''' is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''iyt'''....''she, her'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''toyb'''....''woman'' : The letter '''w''' is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''wit'''....''he, him'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''twob'''....''man'' === The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words === :: The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants. :: The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values. :: The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants |- ! Base Word !! Classifier Consonant !! Generic Consonant !! Scalarity Type |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''t''' = ''human'' || '''b''' = ''organism'' || meronymic |- | '''tof'''....''clothing'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''fabric'' || meronymic |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''society'' || meronymic |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place'' || meronymic |- | '''tov'''....''lingerie'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen'' || meronymic |- | '''tol'''....''nourishment'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''food'' || oppositional |- | '''top'''....''soul, spirit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''motion'' || meronymic |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''d''' = ''society'' || '''b''' = ''organism''||hierarchical |- | '''dop'''....''military'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement'' || geo-specific |- | '''dot'''....''society'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''human''|| hierarchical |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''j''' = ''time'' || '''b'''....''organism''|| hierarchical |- | '''fob'''....''vegetation'' || '''f''' = ''vegetable'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vob'''....''crop'' || '''v''' = ''plant'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vos'''....''flower'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''volz'''....''color'' || " " " || '''lz''' = ''color, art''|| spectral |- | '''som'''....''furniture'' || '''s''' = ''thing'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| meronymic |- | '''mos'''....''floor'' || '''m''' = ''place, nature'' || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''mor'''....''universe'' || " " " || '''r''' = ''machine, system''|| geo-specific |- | '''mom'''....''outer space'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''mol'''....''nature'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''substance''|| geo-specific |- | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement''|| geo-specific |- | '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''p''' = ''movement'' || '''t''' = ''human, animal''|| geo-specific |- | '''bok'''....''illness'' || '''b''' = ''organ'' || '''k''' = ''condition''|| oppositional |- | '''nom'''....''place'' || '''n''' = ''commercial'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| special |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || " " " || '''g''' = ''measurement''|| special |- | '''nof'''....''cloth'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''cloth''|| special |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen''|| special |- | '''nod'''....''point'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''communication''|| special |- | '''xob'''....''organization'' || '''x''' = ''action'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| hierarchical |} ==== Special Arrangement ==== : Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart. {| border=0 {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Other Group 1 Base Words |- valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! d- <br>communication |- | '''daz'''<br>''dance'' |- | '''dyaz'''<br>''ballet'' |- | '''dyez'''<br>''cinema'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''dez'''<br>''theater'' |- | '''diz'''<br>''comedy'' |- | '''din'''<br>''story'' |- | '''dun'''<br>''word'' |- | '''duz'''<br>''music'' |- | '''dyun'''<br>''name'' |- | '''dyan'''<br>''sentence'' |- | '''dyes'''<br>''book'' |- | '''deup'''<br>''rhythm'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! dr- <br>write |- | '''drof'''<br>''board'' |- | '''draf'''<br>''card'' |- | '''dref'''<br>''paper'' |- | '''drov'''<br>''cardboard'' |- | '''drav'''<br>''notebook'' |- | '''drev'''<br>''page'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''drar'''<br>''pencil'' |- | '''drir'''<br>''typewriter'' |- | '''drur'''<br>''printer'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! m- <br>nature |- | '''mag'''<br>''fire'' |- | '''mak'''<br>''electricity'' |- | '''mog'''<br>''ash'' |- | '''meg'''<br>''stone'' |- | '''mef'''<br>''brick'' |- | '''mug'''<br>''metal'' |- | '''muk'''<br>''mineral'' |- | '''mez'''<br>''crystal'' |- | '''mek'''<br>''dust'' |- | '''myek'''<br>''powder'' |- | '''mav'''<br>''flame'' |- | '''mov'''<br>''smoke'' |- | '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' |- | '''maj'''<br>''daytime'' |- | '''moj'''<br>''night'' |- | '''man'''<br>''light'' |- | '''maz'''<br>''shine'' |- | '''mon'''<br>''shade'' |- | '''moz'''<br>''dark'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! n- <br>commerce |- | '''naz'''<br>''value'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' |- | '''nax'''<br>''price'' |- | '''nyaz'''<br>''wealth'' |- | '''nyan'''<br>''stack'' |- | '''nox'''<br>''expense'' |- | '''nyox'''<br>''waste'' |- | '''nex'''<br>''saving'' |- | '''nyex'''<br>''storing'' |- | '''nix'''<br>''earning'' |- | '''nyix'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nux'''<br>''pay'' |- | '''nyux'''<br>''supply'' |- | '''nun'''<br>''merchandise'' |- | '''nyun'''<br>''product'' |- | '''nuz'''<br>''jewel'' |- | '''nem'''<br>''location'' |- | '''nyem'''<br>''place'' |- | '''nyeb'''<br>''box'' |- | '''nab'''<br>''row'' |- | '''nap'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nad'''<br>''line'' |- | '''nod'''<br>''point'' |- | '''ned'''<br>''plane'' |- | '''nyed'''<br>''grid'' |- | '''nyad'''<br>''chain'' |- | '''nid'''<br>''volume'' |- | '''nag'''<br>''measure'' |- | '''nak'''<br>''metric value'' |- | '''nog'''<br>''degree'' |- | '''nig'''<br>''space'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! j- <br>time |- | '''jag'''<br>''age'' |- | '''jud'''<br>''date'' |- | '''jod'''<br>''instance'' |- | '''jop'''<br>''sequence'' |- | '''jep'''<br>''process'' |- | '''jwap'''<br>''moment'' |- | '''jwep'''<br>''instant'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! s- <br>thing |- | '''sag'''<br>''number'' |- | '''saz'''<br>''sculpture'' |- | '''san'''<br>''form'' |- | '''saun'''<br>''kind'' |- | '''son'''<br>''matter (abstract)'' |- | '''sin'''<br>''image'' |- | '''siz'''<br>''painting'' |- | '''sun'''<br>''thing (concrete)'' |- | '''syan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''syen'''<br>''style'' |- | '''syin'''<br>''subject'' |- | '''syun'''<br>''object'' |- | '''sar'''<br>''instrument'' |- | '''sir'''<br>''machine'' |- | '''sor'''<br>''engine'' |- | '''sur'''<br>''motor'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! t- <br>human / knowledge |- | '''taz'''<br>''statue'' |- | '''tap'''<br>''physique'' |- | '''tep'''<br>''mind'' |- | '''top'''<br>''spirit'' |- | '''tuz'''<br>''art'' |- | '''toz'''<br>''skin color'' |- | '''tez'''<br>''culture'' |- | '''tyez'''<br>''magic'' |- | '''tin'''<br>''doctrine'' |- | '''tun'''<br>''science'' |- | '''tyan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''tyen'''<br>''skill'' |- | '''tyun'''<br>''idea'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''sensation'' |- | '''tes'''<br>''meaning'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' |- | '''tat'''<br>''angel'' |} |} === The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words === :: The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival ('''-a'''), adverbial ('''-ay'''), and verbal inflections ('''-er''', '''-ser''', '''-xer''', etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem. :: The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Stems of Group 2 Base Words |- ! Classifier Consonant !! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative |- ! rowspan=4|'''j''' <br>(''time'') | '''ja'''<br>''before'' || '''je'''<br>''during'' || '''jo'''<br>''after''||'''ji'''<br>''since'' || '''ju'''<br>''until'' |- | '''aj'''<br>''past'' || '''ej'''<br>''present'' || '''oj'''<br>''future'' || '''ij^er'''<br>''beginning/begin'' || '''uj/^er'''<br>''end/end'' |- | '''taj^er'''<br>''birth/to be born'' || '''tej^er'''<br>''life/to live'' || '''toj^er'''<br>''death/to die'' || '''tij^er'''<br>''awake state/to be awake'' || '''tuj^er'''<br>''sleep/to sleep'' |- | '''jwa'''<br>''early'' || '''jwe'''<br>''on time'' || '''jwo'''<br>''late'' || '''yij^a'''<br>''opening/open'' || '''yuj^a'''<br>''closing/closed'' |- !rowspan=4| '''g'''<br>(''measurement'') | '''ga'''<br>''more'' || '''ge'''<br>''equal'' || '''go'''<br>''less''|| '''gi'''ⁿ<br>''point'' || '''gu'''ⁿ<br>''angle'' |- | '''ag'''^a<br>''big'' || '''eg^a'''<br>''normal'' || '''og'''^a<br>''small'' || '''ig'''^a<br>''fast'' || '''ug'''^a<br>''slow'' |- | '''yag'''^a<br>''long'' || '''yeg'''^a<br>''normal'' || '''yog'''^a<br>''short'' || '''yig'''^a<br>''hard'' || '''yug'''^a<br>''soft'' |- | '''gya'''^a<br>''thick'' || '''gye'''^a<br>''enough'' || '''gyo-'''<br>''thin'' || '''gyi'''^a<br>''solid'' || '''gyu'''^a<br>''fragile'' |- !rowspan=4| '''k'''<br>(''randomness'') | '''ka'''^xer<br>''find'' || '''ke'''^xer<br>''seek'' || '''ko'''^xer<br>''hide'' || '''ki'''^a<br>''oblique''|| '''ku'''^a<br>''lateral'' |- | '''ak'''^er<br>''win'' || '''ek'''^er<br>''play'' || '''ok'''^er<br>''lose'' || '''ik'''^a<br>''full'' || '''uk'''^a<br>''empty'' |- | '''yak'''^er<br>''expect'' || '''yek'''^er<br>''try'' || '''yok'''^er<br>''suprise'' || '''yik'''^a<br>''difficult'' || '''yuk'''^a<br>''easy'' |- | '''kya'''^a<br>''mobile'' || '''kye'''^a<br>''haphazard'' || '''kyo'''^a<br>''fixed'' ||'''kyi'''^a<br>''heavy'' || '''kyu'''^a<br>''light'' |- ! '''m'''<br>(''nature'') | '''am'''^a<br>''hot'' || -- || '''om'''^a<br>''cold'' || '''im'''^a<br>''wet'' || '''um'''^a<br>''dry'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''f'''^er<br>(''want'', qualities) | || || || '''fi'''^a<br>''good'' || '''fu'''^a<br>''bad'' |- | '''fya'''^a<br>''holy'' || '''fye'''^a<br>''mythical'' || '''fyo'''^a<br>''profane''|| '''fyi'''^a<br>''useful'' || '''fyu'''^a<br>''harmful'' |- | '''yaf'''^er<br>''be able'' || '''yef'''^er<br>''must''|| '''yof'''^er<br>''cannot'' || '''yif'''^er<br>''dare'' || '''yuf'''^er<br>''fear'' |- | '''af'''^er<br>''may'' || '''ef'''^er<br>''need'' || '''of'''^er<br>''be prohibited'' || '''if'''^er<br>''love'' || '''uf'''^er<br>''hate'' |- !rowspan=6| '''v'''<br>(''truth, qualities'' ) | '''va'''<br>''yes'' || '''ve'''<br>''maybe'' || '''vo'''<br>''no''|| '''vi'''^a<br>''beautiful'' || '''vu'''^a<br>''ugly'' |- | '''vay'''<br>''really''||'''vey'''<br>''may''||'''voy'''<br>''not'' || || |- | '''av'''<br>''for'' || '''ev'''^a<br>''neutral'' || '''ov'''<br>''against''|| '''iv'''^a<br>''happy'' || '''uv'''^a<br>''sad'' |- | '''vya'''^a<br>''true'' || '''vye'''^a<br>''relative'' || '''vyo'''^a<br>''false''|| '''vyi'''^a<br>''clean'' || '''vyu'''^a<br>''dirty'' |- | '''yav'''^a<br>''innocent'' || '''yev'''^a<br>''fair'' || '''yov'''^a<br>''guilty''|| '''yiv'''^a<br>''free'' || '''yuv'''^a<br>''captive'' |- | '''van'''<br>''that'' || '''ven'''<br>''if'' || '''von'''<br>''lest''|| || |- ! rowspan=5|'''z'''<br>(spatial) | '''za'''<br>''in front of'' || '''ze'''<br>''in the middle of'' || '''zo'''<br>''in back of''|| '''zi'''^a<br>''right'' || '''zu'''^a<br>''left'' |- | '''zay'''<br>''ahead'' || '''zey'''<br>''across'' || '''zoy'''<br>''back, re-''|| || |- | '''zya'''^a<br>''wide'' || '''zye'''<br>''through'' || '''zyo'''^a<br>''narrow''||'''zyi'''^a<br>''flat'' || '''zyu'''^a<br>''round'' |- | '''az'''^a<br>''strong'' || '''ez'''^a<br>''moderate'' || '''oz'''^a<br>''weak''|| '''iz'''^a<br>''straight'' || '''uz'''^a<br>''curved'' |- | '''yaz'''^a<br>''convex'' || '''yez'''<br>''along'' || '''yoz'''^a<br>''concave'' || '''yiz'''<br>''beyond'' || '''yuz'''<br>''around'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''b-'''^er<br>(''put'') | '''ba'''^y/(^xer)<br>''with, (agitate)'' || '''be'''^y/(^(xer))<br>''at/by, (hold)'' || '''bo'''^y(^xer)<br>''without/(calm)''|| '''bi^(er/xer)'''<br>''from, (take/pull)'' || '''bu'''^(er/xer)<br>''to, (give/push)'' |- | '''ab'''^(er)<br>''on,(put on)'' || '''eb'''^(er)<br>''between,(block)'' || '''ob'''(^er)<br>''off,(take off)'' || '''ib'''^(er)<br>''away,(receive)'' || '''ub'''^(er)<br>''toward,(send)'' |- | '''bya'''^ser/xer<br>''stand/erect'' || '''bye'''^xer<br>''tap'' || '''byo'''^ser/xer<br>''hang/hang''|| '''byi'''^(ser)<br>''since,(originate)'' || '''byu'''^(ser/xer)<br>''up to,(contact/touch)'' |- | '''yab'''^(er)<br>''up,(raise)'' || '''yeb'''^(er)<br>''in,(put in)''<br>'''oyeb'''^(er)<br>''out,(take out)'' || '''yob'''^(er)<br>''down,(lower)''|| '''yib'''^(er)<br>''far,(remove)'' || '''yub'''^(er)<br>''near,(bring)'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''p'''^er<br>(''go'') | '''pa'''^ser/xer<br>''move/move'' || '''pe'''^ser/xer<br>''wait/trap'' || '''po'''^ser/xer<br>''stop/stop''|| '''pi'''^er/ser/xer<br>''leave/withdraw/catch'' || '''pu'''^er/ser/xer<br>''arrive/jump/throw'' |- | '''pya'''^er/ser/xer<br>''hover/jump up/launch'' || '''pye'''^ser/xer<br>''encounter/strike'' || '''pyo'''^ser/xer<br>''fall/drop''|| '''pyi'''^ser/xer<br>''emanate/derive'' || '''pyu'''^ser/xer<br>''reach/impact'' |- | '''yap'''^er<br>''rise'' || '''yep'''^er<br>''enter'' || '''yop'''^er<br>''descend''|| '''yip'''^er<br>''go far'' || '''yup'''^er<br>''approach'' |- | '''ap'''^er<br>''get on'' || '''ep'''^er<br>''intervene'' || '''op'''^er<br>''get off'' || '''ip'''^er<br>''go away'' ||'''up'''^er<br>''come'' |- !rowspan=2| '''s'''^er<br>(''be'') | '''sa'''^n/s/xer<br>''shape/evolve/make'' ||'''se'''^xer<br>''build'' || '''so'''^n/xer<br>''matter/destroy''|| '''si'''^n/yn<br>''image/sign'' || '''su'''^n/er/xer<br>''thing/provide/realize'' |- | '''as'''^er<br>''become'' || '''es'''^er<br>''exist'' || '''os'''^er<br>''cease to be'' || || |- ! rowspan=3|'''x'''^er<br>(''do'' ) | '''xa'''^ler<br>''execute'' || '''xe'''^ler<br>''practice'' || '''xo'''^ler<br>''fail'' || '''xi'''^ler<br>''undertake'' || '''xu'''^ler<br>''provoke'' |- |'''ax'''^ler<br>''act'' || '''ex'''^er<br>''function'' || '''ox'''^ler<br>''abstain'' || '''ix'''^er<br>''effect'' || '''ux'''^er<br>''cause'' |- | '''yax'''^er<br>''be busy'' || '''yex'''^er<br>''work'' || '''yox'''^er<br>''be idle'' || '''yix'''^er<br>''use'' || '''yux'''^er<br>''help'' |- ! '''t'''^er/rer/yer<br>(''know/recognize/know how'') | '''ta'''^xer<br>''remember'' || '''te'''^xer<br>''think'' || '''to'''^xer<br>''forget'' || '''ti'''^er/xer<br>''learn/study''<br>'''tri'''^er<br>''get to know''<br>'''tyi'''^er<br>''learn how'' || '''tu'''^er/xer/uxer<br>''inform/teach/raise''<br>'''tru'''^er<br>''familiarize''<br>'''tyu'''^er<br>''train'' |- ! '''d'''^er/rer<br>(''say/write'') | '''da'''^ler<br>''talk'' || '''de'''^ler<br>''state''<br>'''dye'''^er<br>''read'' || '''do'''^ler<br>''be silent''<br>'''dro'''^er<br>''erase'' || '''di'''^er/ler/rer<br>''ask/beg/require'' || '''du'''^er/ler/rer<br>''suggest/insist/demand''<br>'''dyu'''^er<br>''call'' |- ! rowspan=2|'''h-'''<br>(determiners) | '''ha'''^(a)<br>''the'' || '''he'''^a<br>''some'' || '''ho'''^a<br>''which'' || '''hi'''^a<br>''this'' || '''hu'''^a<br>''that'' |- | '''hya'''^(a)<br>''all'' || '''hye'''^a<br>''any'' || '''hyo'''^a<br>''no'' || '''hyi'''^a<br>''same'' || '''hyu'''^a<br>''other'' |- ! rowspan=2| (conjunctions) |'''ay'''<br>''and'' || '''ey'''<br>''or'' || '''oy'''<br>''but'' || || |- |'''ya'''ⁿ<br>''together'' || ||'''yo'''ⁿ<br>''apart''|| || |- ! rowspan=2| (numbers) | '''a'''<br>''one''|| '''e'''<br>''two''|| '''o'''<br>''zero''|| '''i'''<br>''three''|| '''u'''<br>''four'' |- | '''ya'''<br>''six''|| '''ye'''<br>''seven''|| '''yo'''<br>''five''|| '''yi'''<br>''eight''|| '''yu'''<br>''nine'' |- ! rowspan=1| (privatives) | || || '''lo-''' (''dis-/un-'')<br>'''lyo-''' (''dis-'')<br>'''oy-''' (''-less'')|| || |} :: <small>* Mixed root. '''taj/tej/toj''' instead of '''yaj/yej/yoj''', because the human letter root '''t''' is more intuitive.</small> :: Note: The opposition '''(y)a'''-'''(y)e'''-'''(y)o''' is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but '''(y)i-(y)u''' is two-way, without any intermediary sense. == Derived Word Formation Rules == : Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building: : These consist of the following rules: ::# Compounding ::# Affixation ::# Ordinal Vowel Scaling ::# Overlapping ::# Adding Ordinal Vowels ::# Swapping Generic Consonants ::# Marking Words for Gender ::# Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels ::# Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels ::# Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern ::# Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === Rule #1: Compounding === [[File:Compound 6 (maraviroc development).svg|thumb|]] : Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Compounding |- ! Component 1 !! Component 2 !! Compound |- | '''mor'''....''cosmos'' || '''tun'''....''science, -ology'' || '''mortun'''....''cosmology'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''memyaz'''....''mountain'' || '''magmemyaz'''....''volcano'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''mem'''....''land'' || '''dobmem'''....''territory'' |- | '''tul'''....''dish'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''tuldras'''....''menu'' |- | '''sin'''....''picture'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''sindras'''....''description'' |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''kyoxer'''....''to fix (in place)'' || '''tamkyoxer'''....''to settle'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''kyo-'''....''fixed'' || '''tep-'''....''mind'' || '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn'' |} : Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for ''rain'', for example, is '''ma(m)''' (''sky'') + '''mil''' (''water''), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, '''mamil'''. : When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg: :* '''uzra'''....''twisted'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ---> '''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' :* '''kyoa'''....''fixed'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn, obsessed'' :* '''aza'''....''strong'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''tepaza'''....''intelligent'' :* '''fua'''....''bad'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''futipa'''....''cross, ill-tempered'' :* '''aga'''....''big'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''tipaga'''....''magnanimous, generous'' === Rule #2: Affixation === [[File:Word Cloud of Various Prefixes.png|thumb|]] : Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes: ==== Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Base !! Compound |- | '''ja'''....''before'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''japer'''....''to precede'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''joper'''....''to follow'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' ||'''der'''....''to say'' || '''vader'''....''to affirm'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''dras'''....''something written'' || '''jodras'''....''postscript'' |- | '''za'''....''ahead'' ||'''jub'''....''day'' || '''zajub'''....''tomorrow'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' ||'''mel'''....''land'' || '''yonmel'''....''island'' |} : Prepositional prefixes ending in '''b''' with verbs '''per''' and '''ber''' (and their derivations) lose the '''b''' before verbal elements based on '''per''' (''go'') and '''ber''' (''put''), as shown in the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Assimilation of b and p |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! New Verb |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' (NOT: '''yabber''') |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' (NOT: '''yabper''') |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''aber'''....''put on, apply'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''aper'''....''get on, mount'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''ober'''....''take off, remove'' |- | '''ob'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''bux'''....''a push'' || '''yebux'''....''impulse'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall'' || '''yepyoser'''....''collapse'' |} : The loss of the '''b''' in the above words in one of the only cases of '''''fusion''''' in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form. Another case of fusion is when so-called '''''stubs''''' are combined. For example, '''doyijem''' (''public square''), which is composed of '''do(m)'''....''city'' + '''yij(a)'''....''open'' + '''(n)em'''....''place''. The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix '''a-''' can have many different meanings. : The adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped¹, as is the '''er''' or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that '''tyoyab''' becomes '''tyoya-'''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! Compound Verb |- | '''oza'''....''weak'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ozder'''....''whisper'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yagder'''....''ramble'' |- | '''aja'''....''past'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ajder'''....''evoke'' |- | '''yoga'''....''short'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yogder'''....''summarize'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''tyoyaper'''....''walk'' |- | '''dreer'''....''write'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' || '''dresar'''....''pencil'' |- | '''tuyob'''....''hand'' || '''dren'''....''writing'' || '''tuyodren'''....''manuscript'' |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mamil'''....''rain'' |} : <small>¹: Sometimes, the adjective ending '''a''' is retained when an adjective is compounded with '''xer''' or '''ser'''. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, '''aga''' + '''xer''' can produce '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' or '''agxer'''....''to grow''. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.</small> ==== Most Common Mirad Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Common Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Examples |- |'''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-''||'''anzyukpar'''....''unicycle''<br> '''antotin'''....''monotheism''<br>'''adeb'''....''emperor'' |- |'''aa-'''....''arch-, first-, prime''||'''aadub'''....''prime minister''<br>'''aatat'''....''archangel''<br>'''aavyan'''....''principle''<br>'''aasaun'''....''prototype'' |- |'''aag-'''....''arch-, main, macro-''||'''aagmep'''....''highway''<br> '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution''<br> '''aagovekut'''....''archrival'' |- |'''aaj-'''....''paleo-, proto-''||'''aajtobtun'''....''paleoanthropology''<br> '''aajsiyn'''....''fossil'' |- |'''ab-'''....''ad-, top, on, epi-''||'''abtob'''....''superman''<br> '''abtim'''....''attic''<br> '''abzen'''....''epicenter'' |- |'''aj-'''....''former, ex-'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife''<br>'''ajdeb'''....''former leader'' |- |'''ayb-'''....''over-, super-, hyper-, sur-''||'''aybmep'''....''overpass''<br>'''aybdresin'''....''superscript''<br>'''aybdyun'''....''hypernym'' |- |'''ag-'''....''mega(lo)-'' || '''agvyotos'''....''megalomania''<br>'''agtoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''alo(n)-'''....''deca-, ten-''||'''alojaga'''....''ten years old''<br> '''alojab'''....''decade''<br> '''alonsuna'''....''decimal'' |- |'''aloy(n)-'''....''deci-, tenth-''||'''aloynux'''....''tithe''<br> '''aloyngoler'''....''decimate'' |- |'''am-'''....''thermo-''||'''amzemula'''....''thermonuclear''<br> '''amvyabxar'''....''thermostat'' |- |'''amlo(n)-'''....''mega-''||'''amloagvunak'''....''megavolt''<br> '''amlotoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''amloyn-'''....''micro-''||'''amloynjweb'''....''microsecond'' |- |'''anyen-'''....''idio-''||'''anyenboka'''....''idiopathic''<br> '''anyendyan'''....''idiom''<br> '''anyentepa'''....''idiotic'' |- |'''ao(b/p)-'''....''north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axis''||'''aonab'''....''column'', ''x-y-axis''<br> '''aopuys yuzpar'''....''hop-on-hop-off bus''<br> '''aonada'''....''vertical'' |- |'''aoye(b/p)-'''....''in-and-out''||'''aoyebar'''....''piston''<br> '''aoyebelen'''....''import-exports''<br> '''aoyepaper'''....''fly in and out'' |- |'''aro(n)-'''....''kilo-''||'''aronminak'''....''kilometer''<br> '''arobanak'''....''kilobit'' |- |'''aroyn-'''....''milli-''||'''aroynvunak'''....''millivolt''<br> '''aoynwunak'''....''milliwatt'' |- |'''(a)so(n)'''....''cent-''||'''asojagat'''....''centenarian''<br> '''asolinak'''....''hectoliter''<br> '''sojab'''....''century'' |- |'''asoy(n)-'''....''cent-, centi-''||'''asoygenak'''....''centigram''<br> '''asoylinak'''....''centiliter'' |- |'''av-'''....''pro-''||'''avYanotina'''....''pro-Communist'' |- |'''ayn-'''....''full-, holo-, whole-''||'''aynnuut'''....''wholesaler''<br> '''aynsin'''....''hologram''<br> '''aynteptija'''....''fully-conscious'' |- |'''e(b/p)-'''....''inter-''||'''ebmos'''....''mezzanine''<br> '''ebyanmulxer'''....''intermingle''<br> '''eper'''....''intercede'' |- |'''ejna-'''....''neo-''||'''ejnadun'''....''neologism''<br> '''ejnaobdabin'''....''neocolonialism'' |- |'''e(n)-'''....''ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two-''||'''entyoba'''....''bipedal''<br> '''enzyuspar'''....''bicycle''<br> '''envolza'''....''dichromatic'' |- |'''eon-'''....''duo-, double-, twin-''||'''eonin'''....''dualism''<br> '''eondal'''....''double-speak''<br> '''eonsum'''....''twin bed'' |- |'''ev-'''....''a-, neutral'' ||'''evdofina'''....''amoral''<br>'''evdabtuna'''....''apolitical'' |- |'''ey(b/p)-'''....''intra-, among''||'''eybmasa'''....''intramural''<br> '''eybmimkuma'''....''intracoastal'' |- |'''eyn-'''....''demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi-''||'''eynzyus'''....''semi-circle''<br> '''eynzyup'''....''half-turn''<br> '''eyntilsyeb'''....''demitassee''<br> '''eynyonmel'''....''peninsula'' |- |'''fi-'''....''bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well-''||'''fixut'''....''benefactor''<br> '''fidrawa'''....''well-written''<br> '''fitos'''...''euphoria'' |- |'''fu-'''....''dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly-''||'''futos'''....''dysphoria''<br> '''futuwa'''....''ill-informed''<br> '''fuxeyn'''....''malfeasance'' |- |'''fya-'''....''hiero-, holy-, sancti-''||'''fyasdresiyn'''....''hieroglyphic''<br> '''fyader'''....''sanctify''<br> '''fyatwed'''....''holy father'' |- |'''fye-'''....''mythical, fantasy''||'''fyetop'''....''phantom''<br> '''fyetobet'''....''elfin''<br> '''fyetexer'''...''fantacize''<br> '''fyedin'''....''fantasy'' |- |'''fyo-'''....''evil, profane'' ||'''fyotez'''....''occult''<br>'''fyotat'''....''devil''<br>'''fyotyez'''....''witchcraft'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-, again'' || '''gawteaper'''....''revisit''<br> '''gawaker'''....''regain'' |- |'''garale-'''....''tera-''||'''garaleagbanak'''....''terabyte'' |- |'''garalyi-'''....''exa-''||'''garalyibanak'''....''exabit'' |- |'''garalyo-'''....''peta-''||'''galayoagbanak'''....''petabyte'' |- |'''garela-'''....''zetta-''||'''garelaagbanak'''....''zettabyte'' |- |'''garelu-'''....''yotta-''||'''gareluagbanak'''....''yottabyte'' |- |'''ge-'''....''equal to, equi-, even-''||'''geyafwa'''....''equipollent''<br> '''genaza'''....''equivalent'' |- |'''gel-'''....''homo-, like-, simul-''||'''gelzena'''....''homocentric''<br> '''gelvolza'''....''homochromatic'' |- |'''geyl-'''....''simul-''||'''geyldyan'''....''simile''<br> '''geylxer'''....''assimilate'' |- |'''gla-'''....''many-, multi-, poly-''||'''glatyenika'''....''multi-skilled''<br> '''glatwada'''....''polyandrous''<br> '''glavolza'''....''many-hued'' |- |'''glo-'''....''mini-, little-, few-''||'''gloduna'''....''succint, of few words''<br> '''glonixea'''....''low-earning'' |- |'''gorale-'''....''pico-''||'''goraleagfenak'''....''picofarad'' |- |'''goralyi-'''....''atto-''||'''goralyigenak'''....''attogram'' |- |'''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||'''goralyoon'''....''quadrillionth'' |- |'''goralyu-'''....''nano-''||'''goralyusonak'''....''nanosecond'' |- |'''gorela-'''....''zepto-''||'''gorelagenak'''....''zeptogram'' |- |'''gorelu-'''....''yocto-''||'''gorelugenak'''....''yoctogram'' |- |'''gra-'''....''extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra-''||'''gratosea'''....''hypersensitive''<br> '''grazoyaxler'''....''overreact''<br> '''granoxea'''....''extravagant'' |- |'''gro-'''....''hypo-, under-''||'''groyixlawa'''....''underemployed''<br> '''groaman'''....''hypothermia'' |- |'''gwa-'''....''hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure, macro-''||'''gwayelza'''....''pure pink''<br> '''gwayafa'''....''supreme''<br> '''gwauja'''....''ultimate''<br> '''gwazoa'''....''hindmost'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''least-, mini-, micro-''||'''gwosag'''....''minimum''<br> '''gwoyuzpur'''....''minibus''<br>'''gwoexlus'''....''microprocessor'' |- |'''hi-'''....''hither, these, this''||'''his'''....''this''<br> '''hisi'''....''these''<br> '''him'''....''here'' |- |'''hya(s)-'''....''pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every-''||'''hyas'''....''everything''<br> '''hyati'''....''all of them''<br> '''hyastea'''....''omniscient''<br> '''hyataadifa'''....''pansexual'' |- |'''hu-'''....''that''||'''hus'''....''that''<br> '''huj'''....''then''<br> '''huyen'''...''that way'' |- |'''huim-'''....''here-and-there, here-and-yon''||'''huimkexer'''....''search high and low''<br> '''huimpaper'''....''fly here and there''<br> '''hyuimpoper'''....''travel here-and-there'' |- |'''huu-'''....''so, such''||'''huugla'''....''so, so very''<br> '''hus'''....''such''<br> '''huyen'''....''in such a way, so, thus'' |- |'''hyaewa-'''....''ambi-''||'''hyaewati'''....''both of them''<br> '''hyaewaziza'''....''ambidextrous''<br> '''hyaewatoobifa'''....''ambi-sexual'' |- |'''hye-'''....''-ever, any, whatever, whichever''||'''hyem'''....''anywhere, wherever''<br> '''hyempea'''....''erratic''<br> '''hjej'''....''ever, anytime'' |- |'''hyi-'''....''homo-, like-, same, syn-''||'''hyitoobifa'''....''homosexual''<br> '''hyis'''....''same thing''<br> '''hyijoba'''....''synchronous'' |- |'''hyo(s)-'''....''nothing, a-'' || '''hyostosea'''....''apathetic'' |- |'''hyu(t/s)-'''....''alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, else''||'''hyutoobifa'''....''heterosexual''<br> '''hyua'''....''another, alternate''<br> '''hyutufa'''....''xenophobic''<br> '''hyus'''....''something else'' |- |'''hyui(t/s)-'''....''cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal''||'''hyuitvikaxen'''....''mutual admiration''<br> '''hyuixer'''....''reciprocate''<br> '''hyuisa'''....''mutual, reciprocal''<br> '''hyuitif'''....''mutual love'' |- |'''i-'''....''toward the speaker''||'''iber'''....''receive''<br>'''ixer'''....''result'' |- |'''ik-'''....''fully, thoroughly''||'''iktoxer'''....''forget completely''<br> '''iktos'''....''satisfaction''<br> '''ikyebixer'''....''engulf, swallow up completely'' |- |'''in-'''....''three-, tri-, tripl-, tern-''||'''inzyuspar'''....''tricycle''<br> '''inaga'''....''three-dimensional''<br> '''injiba'''....''trimensual''<br> '''insuna'''....''ternary''<br> '''intotan'''....''trinity'' |- |'''iyn-'''....''terci-, third''||'''iyna'''....''terciary''<br> '''iynxer'''....''cut into thirds'' |- |'''iz-'''....''ortho-, recti-, right-, straight-''||'''iznada'''....''rectilinear''<br> '''izguna'''....''orthogonal''<br> '''iztin'''....''orthdoxy''<br> '''izdea'''....''forthright'' |- |'''ja-'''....''ante-, fore-, pre-''||'''jaupya'''....''foregone''<br> '''jauper'''....''precede''<br> '''jadropeka'''....''antebellum'' |- |'''je-'''....''per-, continuously, ever-''||'''jetejer'''....''persevere''<br>'''jeteaxer'''....''watch''<br>'''jexrer'''....''perpetuate'' |- |'''jo-'''....''after-, meta-, post-''||'''joexlen'''....''postprocessing''<br> '''jomir'''....''metasphere''<br> '''jotej'''....''afterlife'' |- |'''jwa-'''....''early-, eo-, preter-, proto-''||'''jwaber'''....''prepare''<br> '''jwatuun'''....''premonition''<br> '''jwadodin'''....''early history, protohistory''<br> '''jwamola'''....''preternatural''<br> '''jwajoeb'''....''eocene'' |- |'''jwo-'''....''ceno-, late-, latter-, tard-''||'''jwonux'''....''late payment''<br> '''jwoa'''....''tardy''<br> '''jwoteja'''....''cenozoic'' |- |'''ko-'''....''cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth-''||'''koa'''....''covert''<br> '''koexut'''....''spy''<br> '''koyeper'''....''sneak in'' |- |'''(ko)vyo-'''....''pseudo-, mis-, wrong-''||'''kovyotun'''....''pseudoscience''<br>'''vyobekuer'''....''to mistreat'' |- |'''ku-'''....''para-''||'''kuifut'''....''paramour''<br> '''kuteliut'''....''parasite''<br> '''kuteptun'''....''parapsychology'' |- |'''kya-'''....''alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross-''||'''kyaember'''....''relocate''<br> '''kyajoba'''....''diachronic''<br> '''kyatajnad'''....''crossbreed''<br> '''kyatooba'''....''transgendered''<br> '''kyavolza'''....''variegated, motley'' |- |'''kyao-'''....''falteringly, unsteadily''||'''kyaoper'''....''stagger''<br> '''kyaotexer'''....''vacillate'' |- |'''kye-'''....''chance-, hap-, random-''||'''kyea'''....''haphazard''<br> '''kyebyus'''....''chance encounter''<br> '''kyeteater'''....''happen to see''<br> '''kyesauna'''....''of a random type'' |- |'''kyo-'''....''fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat-''||'''kyosaun'''....''stereotype''<br> '''kyopa'''....''stable, static, stationary''<br> '''kyoson'''....''status'' |- |'''lo-'''....''dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un-''||'''lozeb'''....''disequilibrium''<br> '''loyuvlaxer'''....''disengage''<br> '''loyuzyuber'''....''uncoil''<br> '''lomulvyusber'''....''decontaminate'' |- |'''logel-'''....''hetero-, different-''||'''logelsauna'''....''heterogenous''<br>'''logelaxer'''....''differentiate'' |- |'''maz-'''....''bright-''||'''mazteaba'''....''bright-eyed'' |- |'''mial-'''....''hygro-, atmo-, vapori-''||'''mialama'''....''hygrothermal''<br>'''mialnagar'''....''atomometer, vaporimeter'' |- |'''mil-'''....''aqua-, hydro-, water-''||'''milyexun'''....''aquaculture''<br> '''milmaka'''....''hydroelectric''<br> '''miltilsyeb'''....''water glass'' |- |'''mul-'''....''hylo-, substance''||'''mulsana'''....''hylomorphic'' |- |'''o(l)-'''....''a-, dis-, non-, un-, in-''||'''ovyilxwa'''....''unwashed''<br> '''omalza'''....''non-white''<br> '''ototina'''....''atheist''<br> '''otepzexea'''....''inattentive'' |- |'''o(b/p)-'''....''de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice-''||'''oper'''....''get off''<br> '''obneg'''....''sublevel''<br> '''obxeb'''....''sous-chef, sub-officer''<br>'''obtyodeb'''....''vice-president'' |- |'''oog-'''....''micro-'' || '''oogpob'''....''microorganism'' <nowiki>-</nowiki> |- | '''oj-'''....''future'' || '''ojtayd'''....''bride, future wife'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-'' ||'''gawder'''....''to repeat''<br>'''gawdyeer'''....''to re-read'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''micro-, mini-'' || '''ogalmor'''....''microcosm''<br>'''ogalteaxer'''....''microscope''<br>'''gowaxer'''....''minimize'' |- |'''of-'''....''prohibited'' ||'''ofbier'''....''steal''<br>'''ofbekul'''....''prohibited drug''<br>'''ofemkyoxer'''....''to squat'' |- |'''ov-'''....''contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un-''||'''ovalxer'''....''countervail''<br> '''ovper'''....''contravene''<br> '''ovkyin'''....''counterweight''<br> '''ovdat'''....''enemy''<br> '''olovmasbwa'''....''undefended'' |- |'''oy-'''....''-less, a(n)-, without''||'''oytofa'''...''naked''<br> '''oyxer'''....''deprive''<br> '''oytosen'''....''apathy''<br> '''oyteupiba'''....''toothless'' |- |'''oyb-'''....''hypo-, infra-, sub-, under-''||'''oybnadrer'''....''underline''<br> '''oybtomsan'''....''infrastructure''<br> '''oybseuxa'''....''subsonic''<br> '''oybtayoba'''....''hypodermic'' |- |'''oyeb-'''....''ex-, extra-, out-''||'''oyebnad'''....''outline''<br> '''oyebyujber'''....''exclude''<br> '''oyebdoabuer'''....''extradite'' |- |'''oyv-'''....''contra-, opposite, reverse''||'''oyvkuma'''...''opposite''<br> '''oyvder'''....''contradict''<br>'''oyvduer'''....''contraindicate''<br>'''oyvaxer'''....''reverse'' |- |'''tayi(b)-'''....''neuro-, nerve''||'''tayibteptun'''....''neuropsychology''<br> '''tayibyok'''....''neuralgia'' |- |'''teeb-'''....''auri-, oto-, ear-''||'''teebbekut'''....''aurist''<br> '''teeteiteyobtut'''....''otorhinolaryngologist''<br> '''teebyel'''....''earwax'' |- |'''tee(s/x/t)-'''....''audio-, son-, phono-''||'''teesnagen'''....''audiography''<br> '''teestaxdras'''....''phonogram''<br> '''teestun'''....''audiology''<br> '''teexdras'''....''audiogram''<br> '''teetyofwa'''....''inaudible'' |- |'''tei(b)-'''....''nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo-''||'''teibbok'''....''rhinitis''<br> '''teibyeg'''....''nostril''<br> '''teiz'''....''perfume''<br> '''teizuka'''....''aroma-free''<br> '''teityaf'''....''olfactory sense'' |- |'''tiibil-'''....''blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin-''||'''tiibililp'''....''hemorrhage''<br> '''tiibiliut'''....''bloodsucker''<br> '''tiibloker'''....''exsanguinate''<br> '''tiibiltun'''....''hematology'' |- |'''tuj-'''....''hypno-, somni-, sopor-''||'''tujbek'''....''hyptotherapy''<br> '''tujbyea'''....''somniferous, soporific'' |- |'''u(b/p)-'''....''toward''||'''uber'''....''send''<br>'''ubaer'''....''lean toward'' |- |'''ui-'''....''horizontal, left-right, x-axis''||'''uinab'''....''row'', ''x-axis''<br> '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- |'''uib-'''....''back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receive''||'''uibar'''....''transceiver'' |- |'''uig-'''....''fast-and-slow''||'''uigpar'''....''scooter'' |- |'''uij-'''....''begin-and-end, start-and-stop''||'''uijdaler'''....''stutter'' |- |'''uip-'''....''come-and-go''||'''uipen'''....''traffic, coming and going'' |- |'''uiz-'''....''straight-then-crooked''||'''uizbaser'''....''swagger''<br> '''uizdrer'''....''scribble''<br> '''uizpaser'''....''swerve'' |- |'''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater-''||'''ungona'''....''quadripartite''<br> '''unnednid'''....''tetrahedron''<br> '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' |- |'''uyn-'''....''fourth-, quarti-''||'''uynxer'''....''quarter''<br> '''uynjab'''....''quarter (of a year)'' |- |'''ut-'''....''auto-, self-, sui-, ego-''||'''utifon'''....''egoism''<br> '''utgober'''....''autodecrement''<br> '''utfuyix'''....''self-abuse''<br> '''uttujben'''....''suicide'' |- |'''uz-'''....''crooked, di-''||'''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- |'''va-'''....''yes''||'''vayovder'''....''convict''<br> '''vabier'''....''accept''<br> '''vatexer'''....''believe'' |- |'''vao-'''....''yes-no''||'''vaoder'''....''decide''<br> '''vaodaler'''....''waffle''<br> '''vaonaza'''....''boolean'' |- |'''vi-'''....''bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri-''||'''vituzyan'''....''fine arts, beaux arts''<br> '''vidun'''....''euphemism''<br> '''vidrenyan'''....''literature, belles lettres''<br> '''visuana'''....''classic'' |- |'''vo-'''....''non-, neg-''||'''voyafxer'''....''veto''<br> '''voxer'''....''negate''<br> '''voyovder'''....''acquit, declare not guilty'' |- |'''vya-'''....''justi-, recti-, true-, reg-''||'''vyadin'''....''true story''<br> '''vyader'''....''avow''<br> '''vyamol'''....''essence'' |- | '''vyao-'''....''right or wrong'' ||'''vyaoyek'''....''test'' |- |'''vyak-'''....''ortho-, correct-''||'''vyakdred'''....''orthography''<br> '''vyakxer'''....''correct'' |- |'''vyo-'''....''mis-, para-, wrong-''||'''vyoyufa'''....''paranoid''<br> '''vyoyux'''....''perfidy''<br> '''vyoyixer'''....''misuse'' |- |'''ya-'''....''more than one, multi-''||'''yaota'''....''communal'' |- |'''yab-'''....''hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper-''||'''yabdom'''....''uptown''<br> '''yabdoneg'''....''upper class''<br> '''yabduzneg'''....''high pitch''<br> '''yabexer'''....''support''<br> '''yabzyobix'''....''hypertension'' |- |'''yabnan-'''....''height-, hypso-, alti-''||'''yabnanagar'''....''hypsometer, altimeter'' |- |'''yag-'''....''long-''||'''yagyiban'''....''long distance''<br> '''yagyeker'''....''strive''<br> '''yagblokea'''....''long-suffering'' |- |'''yan-'''....''co(n)-, fellow-, -mate''||'''yanzena'''....''concentric''<br> '''yanyeker'''....''compete''<br> '''yandit'''....''fellow-citizen'' |- |'''yao(b/p)-'''....''up-and-down''||'''yaopuyser'''....''skip''<br> '''yaopsim'''....''seesaw''<br> '''yaoblir'''....''elevator''<br> '''yaobaser'''....''bounce'' |- |'''ya(on)-'''....''six-, hexa-, sex-''||'''yaonat'''....''sextet''<br> '''yaongun'''....''hexagon''<br> '''yaona'''....''six-fold, sextuple''<br>'''yagol'''....''sextile'' |- |'''yaov-'''....''guilty-or-innocent''||'''yaovder'''....''adjudicate''<br> '''yaovdutyan'''....''jury''<br> '''yaovkader'''....''plead''<br> '''yaovyek'''....''trial'' |- |'''yaoz-'''....''serrated, bumpy, jagged''||'''yaozaxer'''....''serrate''<br> '''yaozgoblar'''....''saw''<br> '''yaozper'''....''bump along'' |- |'''yayb-'''....''supra-''||'''yaybdooba'''....''supranational'' |- |'''yayn-'''....''sex-, sixth''||'''yayna'''...''sixth'' |- |'''ye(on)-'''....''hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven-''||'''yejub'''....''week''<br> '''yeongun'''....''heptagon''<br> '''yeonat'''....''septuplet'' |- |'''ye(b/p)-'''....''en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro-''||'''yebuzaser'''....''.inflect''<br> '''yebzoytiibufa'''....''intravenous''<br> '''yebyujer'''....''enclode''<br> '''yebtayoba'''....''endodermal''<br> '''yeper'''....''enter''<br> '''yeber'''....''introduce'' |- |'''yeov-'''....''fair or not ''|| '''yeovdut'''....''umpire'' |- |'''yeyb-'''....''intra-''||'''yeybmepyan'''....''intranet''<br> '''yeybdoeba'''....''intrastate'' |- |'''ye-'''....''hepto-, seven-, septi-''||'''yejub'''....''week'' |- |'''yeyn-'''....''seventh''|| '''yeynxer'''....''split into sevenths'' |- |'''yez'''....''para-, alongside''|| '''yezteptun'''....''parapsychology''<br>'''yezuper'''....''come alongside'' |- |'''yi(on)-'''....''oct-, eight-''||'''yiona'''...''eight-fold''<br>''octuple'' |- |'''yib-'''....''far-, tele-, remote''||'''yibsin'''....''televison''<br> '''yibteata'''....''far-sighted''<br> '''yibtrawa'''....''famous'' |- |'''yibaj-'''....''archai-, archeo-, ancient''||'''yibajtun'''....''archaeology'','''yibajtun'''....''archeology'' |- |'''yiyn-'''....''eighth''||'''yiynxer'''....''divide into eighths'' |- |'''yiz-'''....''beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-''||'''yiztyun'''...''metaphor''<br> '''yizeza'''....''paranormal''<br> '''yizmeirat'''....''extraterrestrial''<br> '''yizseux'''....''utrasound'' |- |'''yoon-'''....''five-, penta-, quint-''||'''yoongun'''....''pentagon''<br> '''yoongol'''...''quintile''<br> '''yoon'''....''group of five''<br> ''quintet'' |- |'''yo(b/p)-'''....''down-, hypo-, sub-''||'''yobdom'''...''downtown''<br> '''yoper'''....''go down''<br> '''yobgoler'''....''subdivide'' |- |'''yon-'''....''apart, dis-, se-''||'''yonzyaber'''....''disperse''<br> '''yonxer'''....''separate''<br> '''yonsauna'''....''distinct'' |- |'''yoyn-'''....''fifth-, quinti-''||'''yoynnaga'''....''quintic''<br> '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' |- |'''yu(n)-'''....''nine-, nona-''||'''yunapa'''....''ninth (in order)''<br> '''yungunid'''....''nonagon''<br> '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' |- |'''yub-'''....''near-, proxi-, para-''||'''yuboj'''....''near future''<br> '''yubna'''....''next''<br> '''yubteas'''....''closeup (view)''<br> '''yubge'''....''almost''<br> '''yubfia'''....''intimate''<br> '''yubgeser'''....''approximate''<br>'''yubdopa'''....''paramilitary'' |- |'''yui(b/p)-'''....''near-and-far''||'''yuibjo'''....''sooner or later''<br> '''yuibteabar'''....''bifocals''<br> '''yuipoper'''....''travel near and far'' |- |'''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut''||'''yuijar'''....''valve''<br> '''yuijer'''....''blink'', ''wink''<br> '''manyuijer'''....''blink''<br> '''makyuijar'''....''switch'' |- |'''yuyb-'''....''quasi-, pen-, almost''||'''yuybyonmel'''....''peninsula''<br> '''yuybega'''....''quasi-normal'' |- |'''yuon-'''....''ninth-, novi-''||'''yuonat'''....''nonuplet'' |- |'''yuz-'''....''circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round-''||'''yuzper'''....''circulate''<br> '''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br> '''yuzof'''....''wrap-around''<br> '''yuznadrer'''....''circumscribe'' |- |'''za-'''....''ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro-, north''||'''zatim'''....''antechamber''<br> '''zamimuf'''....''foremast''<br> '''zagab'''....''prefix''<br> '''zajuber'''....''procrastinate''<br>'''zamer'''....''north'' |- |'''zao-'''....''back-and-forth, front-and-back''||'''zaopaser'''....''wobble''<br> '''zaokuper'''....''slalom''<br> '''zaopyoser'''....''pendulate'' |- |'''zay-'''....''forth-, pro-, forward, ahead''||'''zaypuyser'''....''skip ahead''<br> '''zaypuxer'''....''propel''<br> '''zayper'''....''go forward, procede''<br> '''zayupea'''....''forthcoming'' |- |'''ze-'''....''mid-, central, medio-''||'''zetej'''....''midlife''<br> '''zepoxer'''....''interrupt, stop midway''<br> '''zetem'''....''central hall'' |- |'''zey-'''....''cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, across''||'''zeyper'''....''transit, get across''<br> '''zeynod'''....''crosspoint''<br> '''zeytyun'''....''metaphor'' |- |'''zi-'''....''right, east, dextro-''||'''zim'''....''right side''<br>'''zimera'''....''eastern'' |- |'''zo-'''....''back-, hind-, retro-, south''||'''zotib'''....''back''<br> '''zotiub'''....''hindquarters''<br> '''zonapa'''....''retrograde''<br>'''zomer'''....''south'' |- |'''zoy-'''....''back-, retro-, re-''||'''zoyper'''....''recede, go back''<br> '''zoybeler'''....''carry back''<br> '''zoyzyublen'''....''backspin'' |- |'''zu-'''....''left-, west-''||'''zutinut'''....''leftist''<br> '''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zumera'''....''western'' |- |'''zui-'''....''left-and-right, zig-zag, east-west''||'''zuibyoser'''....''dangle, hang left-and-right''<br> '''zuiper'''....''zigzag''<br> '''zuituyaba'''....''ambidextrous''<br>'''zuimera'''....''east-west'' |- |'''zya-'''....''-wide, wide-, broad-, all about''||'''zyauber'''....''broadcast''<br> '''zyateaba'''....''wide-eyed''<br> '''zyasauna'''....''general''<br> '''zyapoper'''....''cruise, wander''<br> '''zyamira'''....''global, worldwide'' |- |'''zye-'''....''per-, thorough-, thru-, trans-''||'''zyetejer'''....''live through, experience''<br> '''zyeteaxer'''....''peruse''<br> '''zyeteatyafwa'''....''transparent''<br> '''zyemep'''....''thoroughfare''<br> '''zyeper'''....''permeate, transit'' |- |'''zyo-'''....''narrow, steno-'' || '''zyotepa'''....''narrow-minded''<br>'''zyoteat'''....''tunnel vision''<br>'''zyoyija'''....''stenopeic'' |- |'''zyu-'''....''cyclo-, rot-, round-, gyro''||'''zyutim'''....''rotunda''<br> '''zyusem'''....''roundtable''<br> '''zyuper'''....''cycle, gyrate, rotate'' |} ==== Suffixes ==== : Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes. : '''Semantic Stub Suffixes''' :: Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Stub Suffixes |- valign=top ! Suffix Stub !! Suffix Full Form !! Suffixed Example < Base Word |- | '''-il'''....''liquid, drink'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''teab<u>il</u>'''....''tear''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teub<u>il</u>'''....''saliva''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''tayeb<u>il</u>'''....''sweat''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayeb'''....''skin''<br>'''mam<u>il</u>'''....''rain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mam'''....''sky'' |- | '''-al'''....''gas'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''tieb<u>al</u>'''....''breath''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' |- | '''-(e)l'''....''food'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''sup<u>el</u>'''....''pork''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''<u>sup</u>et'''....''swine''<br>'''ta<u>ol</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''taob'''....''flesh''<br>'''fe<u>l</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''feb'''....''fruit'' |- | '''-ul'''....''stuff'' || '''mul'''....''substance'' || '''vix<u>ul</u>'''....''cosmetic''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vix-'''....''to beautify''<br>'''bek<u>ul</u>'''....''medecine''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment'' |- | '''-yel'''....''oil, gel, wax, pulp'' || '''yel'''....''oil'' || '''olf<u>yel</u>'''....''olive oil''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''olfeb'''....''olive''<br>'''appelat<u>yel</u>'''....''wax''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''appelat'''....''bee''<br>'''mag<u>yel</u>'''....''grease''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mag'''....''fire''<br>'''bek<u>yel</u>'''....''salve''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment''<br>'''meg<u>yel</u>'''....''cement''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''meg'''....''stone''<br>'''yan<u>yel</u>'''....''paste''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yan'''....''together'' |- | '''-am'''....''house'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''apat<u>am</u>'''....''chicken coop''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apat'''....''chicken''<br>'''apellat<u>am</u>'''....''beehive''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apellat'''....''bee''<br>'''melyex<u>am</u>'''....''farmhouse''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''melyex'''....''agriculture''<br>'''datib<u>am</u>'''....''hostel''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''datib'''....''guest-reception'' |- | '''-(e)m'''....''place'' || '''nem'''....''place'' || '''vobyex<u>em</u>'''....''plantation, farm''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vob'''....''plant'' + '''yex'''....''work''<br>'''vab<u>em</u>'''....''field''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ab'''....''above, upper''<br>'''ze<u>m</u>'''....''middle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ze(a)'''....''middle'' <br> '''tim'''....''room'' |- | '''-im'''....''room'' || '''tim'''....''room'' || '''tul<u>im</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tul'''....''cuisine''<br>'''tuj<u>im</u>'''....''bedroom''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tuj'''....''sleep'' |- | '''-um'''....''cell, booth'' || '''tum'''....''compartment''|| '''pex<u>um</u>'''....''cage''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pexer'''....''catch''<br>'''ilzyapux<u>um</u>'''....''shower stall''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ilzyapux'''....''shower'' |- | '''-yem'''....''space'' || '''nyem'''....''enclosure'' || '''yom<u>yem</u>'''....''icebox''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yom'''....''ice'' |- | '''-yeb'''....''container'' || '''nyeb'''....''container'' || '''z<u>yeb</u>'''....''bottle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zye(f)'''....''glass''<br>'''vos<u>yeb</u>'''....''vase''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vos'''....''flower'' |- | '''-of'''....''material'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''t<u>of</u>'''....''clothes''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''t-'''....''human''<br>'''mis<u>of</u>'''....''curtain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mis'''....''window''<br>'''fa<u>of</u>'''....''wood''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''fa(b)-'''....''tree''<br>'''tay<u>of</u>'''....''leather''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayo(b)'''....''skin'' |- | '''-ov'''....''linen'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tey<u>ov</u>'''....''collar''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck'' |- | '''-ar'''....''instrument'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' ||'''p<u>ar</u>'''....''cart''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''p-'''....''motion''<br>'''zyup<u>ar</u>'''....''rotor''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyup'''....''turn''<br>'''gobr<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gobrar'''....''cut''<br>'''jwob<u>ar</u>'''....''watch''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-ir'''....''machine'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''dr<u>ir</u>'''....''typewriter''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dr-'''....''write''<br>'''gwob<u>ir</u>'''....''clock'' |- | '''-ur'''....''large machine'' || '''sur'''....''engine'' || '''p<u>ur</u>r'''....''car''<br>'''jwob<u>ur</u>r'''....''grandfather clock''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-(u)n'''....''thing'' || '''sun'''....''thing'' || '''d<u>un</u>'''....''word''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''d-'''....''utter, say''<br>'''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''piece, scrap''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gofrer'''....''rip, shread, tear''<br>'''zyi<u>un</u>'''....''plaque, plate''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyia'''....''flat''<br>'''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vyua'''....''dirty'' |- | '''-on'''....''abstract thing'' || '''son'''....''issue'' || '''yov<u>on</u>'''....''tort, wrong''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yov'''....''guilt'' |- | '''yen'''....''manner, kind'' || '''byen'''....''manner'' || '''tex<u>yen</u>'''....''opinion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tex'''....''thought''<br>'''hi<u>yen</u>'''....''this way, thus''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''hi-'''....''this''<br>'''es<u>yen</u>'''....''status''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''es-'''....''exist'' |- | '''-in'''....''-ism'' || '''tin'''....''doctrine'' || '''tot<u>in</u>'''....''theism, religion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tot-'''....''god''<br>'''Krist<u>in</u>'''....''Christianity''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Krist'''....''Christ''<br>'''vyisat<u>in</u>'''....''puritanism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vysiat'''....''puritan, clean person''<br>'''oytof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''oytofa'''....''nude'' |- | '''-ufyeg'''....''cylinder'' || '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' || '''man<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''candle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''man'''....''light''<br>'''tiib<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''artery''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tiib'''....''heart''<br>'''mil<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''toilet''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mil'''....''water''<br>'''mov<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''cheminee''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mov'''....''smoke'' |- | '''-ab'''....''government'' || '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dit<u>ab</u>'''....''democracy''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dit'''....''citizen'' |- | '''-eb'''....''leader'' || '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''x<u>eb</u>'''....''boss''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''x-'''....''do''<br>'''tam<u>eb</u>'''....''master of the house''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tam'''....''house'' |- | '''-ub'''....''branch'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''pat<u>ub</u>'''....''wing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | '''-ad'''....''language'' || '''-a''' + '''d(alzeyn)'''....''language'' || '''Frans<u>ad</u>'''....''French (language)'' |- | '''-uz'''....''jewelry'' || '''nuz'''....''jewel'' || '''teyob<u>uz</u>'''....''necklace''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck''<br>'''teeb<u>uz</u>'''....''earring''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teeb'''....''ear'' |- | '''-u(er)'''....''give'' || '''buer'''....''give'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>er'''....''exhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-i(er)'''....''take'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''tiebal<u>i</u>er'''....''inhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-ui(er)'''....''exchange'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>ier'''....''breathe''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |} ==== Derviational Suffixes ==== ::: Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivational Suffixes |- ! Derivational<br>Suffix !! Function || Base Word <br><br>--> Suffixed<br>Derivation |- | '''-er''' || Noun <br>--> Verbal Infinitive || '''sag'''....''count'' <big><br>--></big> '''sag<u>er</u>'''....''to count'' |- | '''-n''' || Present Tense Verb <br>--> Verbal Noun (Gerund)<br>Adjective <br>--> Abstract Noun || '''yexe'''....''(he/she/...) works'' <big><br>--></big> '''yexe<u>n</u>'''....''working''<br>'''via'''....''beautiful'' <big><br>--></big> '''via<u>n</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yuba'''....''near'' <big><br>--></big> '''yuba<u>n</u>'''....''proximity, nearness'' |- | '''-a''' || Noun <br>--> Adjective<br>Active Verb<br>--> Verbal Adjective (Present Participle)<br>Past Passive Verb <br>--> Perfect Passive Participle (Adjective)||'''mor'''....''universe'' <big><br>--></big> '''mor<u>a</u>'''....''universal''<br>'''ake'''....''wins'' <big><br>--></big> '''ake<u>a</u>'''....''winning''<br>'''teatwa'''....''was seen'' <big><br>--></big>'''teatwa<u>a</u>''' (or, shortened to: '''teatw<u>a</u>'''....''seen'') |- | '''-ya''' || INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM <br>--> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE || '''ip-'''....''go away'' <big><br>--></big> '''ip<u>ya</u>'''....''gone away'' |- | '''-yea''' || VERB STEM <br>--> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE) || '''zaypas-'''....''progress'' <big><br>--></big> '''zaypas<u>yea</u>'''....''progressive'' |- | '''-y''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ADVERB || '''iga'''....''quick'' <big><br>--></big> '''iga<u>y</u>'''....''quickly''<br>'''tea-'''....''knowing''<big><br>--></big>'''tea<u>y</u>'''....''knowingly'' |- | '''-ut''' || VERB STEM <br>--> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''one who Xes, -er'' || '''ak-'''....''win'' <big><br>--></big> '''ak<u>ut</u>''' ....''winner'' |- | '''-us''' || VERB STEM <br>--> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''thing that Xes, -er'' || '''gol-'''....''divide'' <big><br>--></big> '''gol<u>us</u>''' ....''divisor'' |- |- '''-t''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ANIMATE NOUN (human, one who is...) || '''yibtrawa'''....''well-known'' <big>-<br>--></big>'''yibtrawa<u>t</u>'''....''celebrity'' |- |- '''-s''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> INANIMATE NOUN (thing, something X) || '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big><br>--></big>'''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery'' |} ::: <small>*Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker '''-i''' fall under the latter category.</small> ==== Normal Semantic Suffixes==== :* Augmentative Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Augmentative Suffixes |- ! Augmentative Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-ag''' (augmentative) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamag'''....''mansion'' |- | '''-ayg''' (affectionate augmentative) || '''sem'''....''chair'' || '''semayg'''....''big old chair'' |- | '''-yag''' (pejorative augmentative) || '''apet'''....''horse'' || '''apetyag'''....''nag'' |} :* Diminutive Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Diminutive Suffixes |- ! Diminutive Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-og''' (diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamog'''....''hut'' |- | '''-oyg''' (affectionate diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamoyg'''....''cottage'' |- | '''-yog''' (pejorative diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamyog'''....''shack'' |- | '''-et''' (a smaller person) || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' |- | '''-es''' (thing of lesser importance) || '''nas'''....''money'' || '''nases'''....''change, coin'' |- | '''-ud''' (child of, offspring) || '''tob'''....''man'' || '''tobud'''....''infant'' |} :* Semantic Adjectival Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Adjectival Suffixes |- ! Adjectival Suffix !! Meaning !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-a''' || '''mor'''....''universe'' || ''related to, -al, -ic'' || '''mora'''....''universal'' |- | '''-aya''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekaya'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-oya''' || '''vyun'''....''spot'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''vyunoya'''....''spotless'' |- | '''-ika''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekika'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-uka''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''miekuka'''....''dust-free'' |- | '''-yea''' || '''vyod'''....''lie'' || ''given to doing X, -ive'' || '''vyodyea'''....''mendacious, given to lying'' |- | '''-yena''' || '''tat'''....''angel'' || ''like, -ly, -ic'' || '''tatyena'''....''angelic'' |} :* Other Semantic Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Other Semantic Suffixes |- ! Suffix !! Base Word || Derivation |- | '''-tun'''....''science, ...ology'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>tun</u>'''....''biology'' |- | '''-tut'''....''-ologist, expert, -ist'' || '''dar'''....''language'' || '''dar<u>tut</u>'''....''linquist'' |- | '''-tuin'''....''theory'' || '''tob'''....''mar'' || '''mar<u>tuin</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | '''-yan'''....''collection, aggregate'' || '''fab'''....''tree''|| '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest'' |- |'''-tyen'''....''trade, -ics'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''sir<u>tyen</u>'''....''mechanics'' |- | '''-if'''....''pet name'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''twed<u>if</u>'''....''papa'' |- | '''ifa'''....''-philic, -loving'' || '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''dyes<u>ifa</u>'''....''bibliophilic'' |- | '''ifwa'''....''liked by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ifwa</u>'''....''popular'' |- | '''ufa'''....''-phobic, -hating'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>ufa</u>'''....''misogynous'' |- | '''ufwa'''....''hated by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ufwa</u>'''....''unpopular'' |- | '''yafa'''....''able to'' || '''tyoyap-'''....''walk'' || '''tyoyap<u>yafa</u>'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''yafwa'''....''possible to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yafwa</u>'''....''visible'' |- | '''yofa'''....''unable to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yofa</u>'''....''blind'' |- | '''yofwa'''....''impossible to'' || '''dye-'''....''read'' || '''dye<u>yofwa</u>'''....''illegible'' |- | '''yika'''....''hard of...ing'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yika</u>'''....''hard of hearing'' |- | '''yikwa'''....''hard to'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yikwa</u>'''....''hard to hear'' |- | '''yuka'''....''easy at...ing'' || '''vatex-'''....''believe'' || '''vatex<u>yuka</u>'''....''gullible'' |- | '''yukwa'''....''easily...ed'' || '''test-'''....''understand'' || '''test<u>yukwa</u>'''....''easily understood'' |- | '''yufa'''....''fearful of, -phobic'' || '''tot'''....''god'' || '''tot<u>yufa</u>'''....''god-fearing'' |- | '''yufwa'''....''feared'' || '''hyat'''....''everybody'' || '''hyat<u>yufwa</u>'''....''feared by all'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''efa'''....''needful of'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''tel<u>efa</u>'''....''hungry'' |- | '''efwa'''....''necessary to'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>efa</u>'''....''vital'' |- | '''yefa'''....''duty-bound to, -worthy of'' || '''dud'''....''answer'' || '''dud<u>yefa</u>'''....''responsible'' |- | '''yefwa'''....''due, -worthy of'' || '''fid-'''....''laud'' || '''fid<u>yefwa</u>'''....''praiseworthy'' |- | '''afa'''....''authorized to'' || '''dokebi-'''....''vote'' || '''dokebi<u>afa</u>'''....''franchised'' |- | '''ofwa'''....''prohibited to'' || '''movi-'''....''smoke'' || '''movi<u>ofwa</u>gonem'''....''no-smoking zone'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''yivwa'''....''free to be ...ed'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yivwa</u>'''....''optional'' |- | '''yuva'''....''bound'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tam<u>yuva</u>'''....''house-bound'' |- | '''ova'''....''resistant, anti-'' || '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution'' || '''aagdovyab<u>ova</u>'''....''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''ava'''....''in favor of, pro-'' || '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' || '''tyodab<u>ava</u>'''....''pro-democracy'' |- | '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''toos'''....''gender'' || '''toos<u>eva</u>'''....''gender-neutral'' |} ==== Inflectional Suffixes ==== : Mirad has only one noun inflectional suffix, namely, '''-''', which makes a singular noun plural: ::* '''tam'''....''house'' --> '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' : The only other inflectional affixes are the following verb infixes and suffixes: ::* '''-er'''....infinitive ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' === Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling === : Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called '''''first-level ordinal scaling'''''. ==== First-level Ordinal Scaling ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ First-level Ordinal Scaling |- valign=top ! ORDINAL VOWEL !! t...b !! m...r !! j...b !! m...s !! t...m !! d...b || f...b || s...m || d...t || t...d |- !row=1| '''o''' = 0 |'''tob'''<br>''man'' || '''mor'''<br>''universe'' || '''job'''<br>''time'' || '''mos'''<br>''floor''|| '''tom'''<br>''building'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' || '''fob'''<br>''plant'' || '''som'''<br>''furniture''||'''dot'''<br>''society''||'''tod'''<br>''family'' |- !row=1| '''a''' = 1 |'''tab'''<br>''body'' || '''mar'''<br>''sun'' || '''jab'''<br>''year'' || '''mas'''<br>''wall'' || '''tam'''<br>''house'' || '''dab'''<br>''government'' || '''fab'''<br>''tree'' || '''sam'''<br>''armoire''||'''dat'''<br>''friend'' || '''tad'''<br>''spouse'' |- !row=1| '''e''' = 2 |'''teb'''<br>''head'' || '''mer'''<br>''planet'' || '''jeb'''<br>''season''|| '''mes'''<br>''door'' || '''tem'''<br>''hall'' || '''deb'''<br>''leader'' || '''feb'''<br>''fruit'' || '''sem'''<br>''table''||'''det'''<br>''associate'' || '''ted'''<br>''parent'' |- !row=1| '''i''' = 3 |'''tib'''<br>''trunk'' || '''mir'''<br>''earth'' || '''jib'''<br>''month'' || '''mis'''<br>''window'' || '''tim'''<br>''room'' || '''dib'''<br>''office'' || '''fib'''<br>''tree trunk'' || '''sim'''<br>''chair''||'''dit'''<br>''citizen'' || '''tid'''<br>''sibling'' |- !row=1| '''u''' = 4 |'''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''mur'''<br>''moon'' || '''jub'''<br>''day'' || '''mus'''<br>''stairs'' || '''tum'''<br>''cell'' || '''dub'''<br>''minister'' || '''fub'''<br>''branch'' || '''sum'''<br>''bed''||'''dut'''<br>''gentleperson'' || '''tud'''<br>''child'' |- !row=1| '''yo''' = 5 |'''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || || '''jyob*'''<br>''hour'' || || || || '''fyob'''<br>''root'' || || || '''tyod'''<br>''people'' |} ::: <small>* The palatal glide '''y''' in these words, which follows a palatal '''j''' is hard to pronounce, so the '''y''' is replaced with a '''w''', giving '''jwob''', '''jwab''', and '''jweb'''.</small> ==== Second-level Ordinal Scaling ==== :: A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding an ordinal vowel immediately after a word's stem vowel. ::: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Second-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''mi...p''' !! '''me...p''' !! '''tu...b''' !! '''tyo...b'''!! '''ma...f''' !! '''me...g''' !! '''do...b''' |- | '''mip'''<br>''river'' || '''mep'''<br>''way'' || '''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' || '''meg'''<br>''stone'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' |- | '''mi<u>a</u>p'''<br>''stream'' || '''meap'''<br>''road'' || '''tuab'''<br>''shoulder'' || '''tyoab'''<br>''hip''|| '''maaf'''<br>''stratus'' || '''meag'''<br>''marble'' || '''doab'''...''fatherland'' |- | '''mi<u>e</u>p'''<br>''brook'' || '''meep'''<br>''path'' || '''tueb'''<br>''upper arm'' || '''tyoeb'''<br>''thigh''|| '''maef'''<br>''cumulus'' || '''meeg'''<br>''slate'' || '''doeb'''<br>''province, state'' |- | '''mi<u>i</u>p'''<br>''rivulet'' || '''meip'''<br>''trail'' || '''tuib'''<br>''elbow'' || '''tyoib'''<br>''knee''|| '''maif'''<br>''stratocumulus'' || '''meig'''<br>''granite'' || '''doib'''<br>''county, shire'' |- | '''mi<u>u</u>p'''<br>''torrent'' || '''meup'''<br>''track'' || '''tuub'''<br>''forearm'' || '''tyoub'''<br>''shin''|| '''mauf'''<br>''cumulonimbus'' || '''meug'''<br>''clay, dough'' || '''doub'''<br>''district'' |- | '''mi<u>yo</u>p'''<br>''trickle'' || || '''tuyob'''<br>''wrist'' || '''tyoyob'''<br>''ankle''||'''mayof'''<br>''nimbostatus'' || '''meyog'''<br>''china'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ya</u>b'''<br>''hand'' || '''tyoyab'''<br>''foot''||'''mayaf'''<br>''altostratus'' || '''meyag'''<br>''chalk'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ye</u>b'''<br>''fist'' || '''tyoyeb'''<br>''heel''|| '''mayef'''<br>''altocumulus'' || '''meyeg'''<br>''limestone'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yi</u>b'''<br>''palm'' || '''tyoyib'''<br>''sole''|| '''mayif'''<br>''cirrus'' || '''meyig'''<br>''alabaster'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yu</u>b'''<br>''finger'' || '''tyoyub'''<br>''toe''|| '''mayuf'''<br>''cirrostratus'' || '''meyug'''<br>''gypsum''|| |- | || || '''tu<u>lo</u>b'''<br>''fingernail'' || '''tyolob'''<br>''toenail''||'''malof'''<br>''cirrocumulus'' || |} ==== Third-level Ordinal Scaling ==== ::: A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing an ordinal number vowel to the word. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Third-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | '''<u>a</u>tuyub'''....''thumb'' |- | '''<u>e</u>tuyub'''....''index'' |- | '''<u>i</u>tuyub'''....''middle finger'' |- | '''<u>u</u>tuyub'''....''ring finger'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>tuyub'''....''pinky'' |} ::: So, to sum up, we have: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:6.4em; font-size:smaller" |+ Summary of Scaling |- ! '''t...b''' !! '''tob''' = ''human being'' |- | FIRST-LEVEL || '''tub'''....''arm'' |- | SECOND-LEVEL || '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | THIRD-LEVEL || '''atuyub'''....''thumb'' |} ==== Scaling with Prefixed Numbering ==== ::: We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words by prefixing an ordinal vowel even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first level usually begins with '''a'''. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefix Numbering |- ! align=left | NUMBER || '''dob'''....''state'' !! '''deb'''....''leader'' !! '''mez'''....''gem'' !! '''mer'''....''planet'' || '''maf'''....''cloud'' || '''sagtun'''....''mathematics'' |- ! 1 | '''<u>a</u>dob'''....''empire'' || '''adeb'''....''emperor'' || '''amez'''....''diamond'' || '''Amer'''....''Mercury'' || '''amaf'''....''nimbus'' || '''asagtun'''....''arithmetic'' |- ! 2 | '''<u>e</u>dob'''....''kingdom'' || '''edeb'''....''king'' || '''emez'''....''topaz'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' || '''emaf'''....''stratus'' || '''esagtun'''....''geometry'' |- ! 3 | '''<u>i</u>dob'''....''principality'' || '''ideb'''....''prince'' || '''imez'''....''ruby'' || '''Imer'''....''Earth'' || '''imaf'''....''nimbostatus'' || '''isagtun'''....''algebra'' |- ! 4 | '''<u>u</u>dob'''....''duchy'' || '''udeb'''....''duke'' || '''umez'''....''emerald'' ||'''Umer'''....''Mars'' || '''umaf'''....''cumulus'' || '''usagtun'''....''trigonometry'' |- ! 5 | '''<u>yo</u>dob'''....''marquisate'' || '''yodeb'''....''marquis'' || '''yomez'''....''saphire'' || '''Yomer'''....''Jupiter'' || '''yomaf'''....''cumulostatus'' || '''yosagtun'''....''calculus'' |- ! 6 | '''<u>ya</u>dob'''....''county'' || '''yadeb'''....''count'' || '''yamez'''....''lapis lazuli'' || '''Yamer'''....''Saturn'' || '''yamaf'''....''stratocumulus'' || |- ! 7 | '''<u>ye</u>dob'''....''dominion'' || '''yedeb'''....''lord'' || '''yemez'''....''amthyst'' || '''Yemer'''....''Uranus'' || '''yemaf'''....''altocumulus'' || |- ! 8 | '''<u>yi</u>dob'''....''viscounty'' || '''yideb'''....''viscount'' || '''yimez'''....''amber'' ||'''Yimer'''....''Pluto'' || '''yimaf'''....''altostratus'' || |- ! 9 | '''<u>yu</u>dob'''....''barony'' || '''yudeb'''....''baron'' || '''yumez'''....''topaz'' || || '''yumaf'''....''cirrocumulus'' || |- ! 10 | '''<u>alo</u>dob'''....''tribe'' || '''alodeb'''....''tribal chief'' || '''alomez'''....''opal'' || || '''alomaf'''....''cirrus'' || |} === Rule #4: Overlapping === : When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in '''''overlapping''''' or a '''''portmanteau'''''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Overlapping in Compounds |- ! First Word !! Second Word !! Portmanteau |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''mep'''....''road'' || '''domep'''....''boulevard'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''teub'''....''mouth'' || '''pateub'''....''beak'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''patub'''....''wing'' |- | '''teupib'''....''tooth'' || '''byok'''....''pain'' || '''teypibyok'''....''toothache'' |} : In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided. === Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels === : When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an '''o''', replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word. : Examples: ::* '''edob'''....''kingdom'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''edeb'''....''monarch'' ('''edweb'''....''king'', '''edeyb'''....''queen'') ::* '''udob'''....''principality'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''udeb'''....''prince'' ('''udweb'''....''prince'', '''udeyb'''....''princess'') : By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant: : Examples: : '''mil'''....''water'' + '''mal'''....''air'' -> '''mial'''....''vapor, steam'' === Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants === : When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant. : Example: <b>to<u>b</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D8;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-b</b> = <i>organism</i>) (<b>t-</b> = <i>human</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>tof</b>....<i>clothing, apparel</i> (<b>n-</b> = <i>commercial</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>nof</b>....<i>cloth, fabric</i> <b>no<u>f</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D7;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-f</b> = <i>cloth</i>) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Swapping Generic Consonants |- ! Base Word 1 !! Base Word 2 !! Derived Word |- | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tov'''....''lingerie'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''taf'''....''suit'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tef'''....''hat'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tif'''....''vest'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tyoyaf'''....''shoe'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tuyaf'''....''glove'' |- | '''doob'''^*....''nation'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''doof'''....''flag'' |- | '''taob'''^*....''flesh'' || '''tol'''....''food'' || '''taol'''....''meat'' |} :<small>* This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.</small> === Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender === : Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix '''w''' and the feminine infix '''y'''. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''w'''. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''y'''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Marking Animate Nouns for Gender |- ! Gender-Neutral !! Male !! Female |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''young person'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''it'''....''he/she/it'' || '''wit'''....''he'' || '''iyt'''....''she'' |- | '''apat'''....''cock'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''toob'''....''gender'' || '''twoob'''....''male'' || '''tooyb'''....''female'' |} ::* Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for women, rather than men, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Making Inanimate Objects Female-related |- ! Male-oriented or Neutral !! Female-oriented |- | '''taf'''....''suit'' || '''tayf'''....''dress'' |- | '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' || '''tyoyayv'''....''stockings'' |- | '''tiav'''....''shirt'' || '''tiayv'''....''blouse'' |} ::* Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Body Parts Genderized |- ! Neutral !! Male-oriented !! Female-oriented |- | '''tilab'''....''breast'' || '''twilab'''....''male breast'' || '''tilayb'''....''female breast'' |- | || '''twiyib'''....''testicals'' || '''tiyiyb'''....''ovary'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''sexual organ'' || '''twiyub'''....''penis'' || '''tiyuyb'''....''vagina'' |} ::* In nouns that end in '''-ut''', the agentive suffix meaning ''-er, one who...'', the nouns can be feminized by changing '''-ut''' to '''-uyt''', eg. '''dezut'''....''actor'' -> '''dezuyt'''....''actress''. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing '''-ut''' with '''w''' to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the '''w''' can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like '''dezut''' can mean ''actor'' of neutral or male gender. ::* Animate nouns having the ending '''-et''' (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding '''w''' or '''y''' to the semantic base of the word, eg. '''tobet'''....''child, youth'' -> '''toybet'''....''girl'' or '''twobet'''....''boy''. === Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels === : A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings. : Geo-specific Vowels: <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* '''o'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''outer space, abstract object, initial stuff''' ::* '''a'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sky, air, gas''' ::* '''e'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''land, soil, solid''' ::* '''i'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sea, water, liquid''' ::* '''u'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''underground, mineral, concrete object, other''' </div> :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels |- ! !!'''m...p''' !! '''m...m''' !! '''d...p''' !! '''p...t''' !! '''m...l''' !! '''m...r''' |- ! Space | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''space'' || '''dop'''....''military'' || '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''mol'''....''nature'' || '''mor'''....''universe'' |- ! Sky | '''map'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''dap'''....''air force'' || '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''mar'''....''star'' |- ! Land | '''mep'''....''road''|| '''mem'''....''land''|| '''dep'''....''army'' || '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''mer'''....''planet'' |- ! Water | '''mip'''....''river''|| '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''dip'''....''marine force'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mir'''....''world'' |- ! Underground (or other) | '''mup'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || || || '''mul'''....''stuff'' || '''mur'''....''moon'' |} : This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Hybrids|Hybrids]] for more on this subject. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Hybrid nouns |- ! First-level Derivation !! + Geospecific Vowel !! Second-level Derivation |- | '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''i'''....''water, sea''|| '''pe<u>i</u>t'''....''aquatic mammal'' |- | '''pelt'''....''insect'' || '''a'''....''air, sky''|| '''pel<u>a</u>t'''....''flying insect'' |- | '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''i'''....''water, sea'' || '''me<u>i</u>l'''....''mud'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''a'''....''air, gas'' || '''mi<u>a</u>l'''....''vapor'' |} === Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels === : The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Vectorial Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact. :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" border="0" |+ Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''amer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''baer'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''aber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''byaer'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''yaber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''omer'''....''south'' |- | '''o''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''boer'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''oper'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''pyoser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''yoper'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''uber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''pyuer'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''yuber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''byuser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''pier'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''yiper'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''pyiser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''emer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''eb'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''bexer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''up against, strike''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike'' |} ==== Special value of certain vowels ==== : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular'': ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual'' ::* '''anota'''....''alone, solitary'' ::* '''anay'''....''only'' ::* '''aun'''....''unit'' : The prefixes '''ya-''' or '''yan-''' meaning ''collection, plural'': ::* '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''yanot'''....''constituent'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' ::* '''yanotyan'''....''community'' ::* '''yan'''....''together'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yon'''....''apart'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' vs. '''yonota'''....''private'' ::* '''yanxer'''....''to combine'' vs. '''yonxer'''....''to separate'' === Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns === : Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning. : For example, the mnemonic '''eu''' pattern from the word for mouth, '''teud''' can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Mnemonic Pattern Derivation |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teub'''....''mouth'' !! Classifier !! Generic |- | '''teud'''....''shout'' || '''t''' = human || '''d''' = communication |- | '''teuz'''....''voice'' || '''t''' = human || '''z''' = art |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''d''' = communication || '''z''' = art |- | '''seuz'''....''tone'' || '''s''' = thing || '''z''' = art |- | '''seux'''....''sound'' || '''s''' = thing || '''x''' = action |- | '''xeus'''....''noise'' || '''x''' = action || '''s''' = thing |- | '''teuf'''....''muzzle'' || '''t''' = human || '''f''' = apparel |- | '''teuv'''....''mask'' || '''t''' = human || '''v''' = linen |- | '''teus'''....''taste''|| '''t''' = human || '''s''' = thing |- | '''deup'''....''rhythm''|| '''d''' = communication || '''p''' = ''motion'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teab'''....''eye'' !! '''(t)ea-''' = ''see'' !! Generic |- | '''teaper'''....''visit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teader'''....''witness'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teaxer'''....''look'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teaser'''....''seem'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teater'''....''see'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keaxer'''....''scan'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleaxer'''....''check'' || '''vyal-''' = ''certain''|| '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''yoneater'''....''distinguish'' || '''yon-''' = ''apart''|| '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''beaxer'''....''guard'' || '''be-''' = ''hold'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teatier'''....''perceive'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teatuer'''....''show'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teeb'''....''ear'' !! '''(t)ee-''' = ''hear'' !! Generic |- | '''teeper'''....''attend'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teeder'''....''testify'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teexer'''....''listen'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teeser'''....''sound (like)'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teeter'''....''hear'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keexer'''....''scan (acoustically)'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''koteexer'''....''snoop on'' || '''ko-''' = ''hide'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleexer'''....''sound out'' || '''vyal-''' = certain || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teetier'''....''get wind of'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teetuer'''....''make heard'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- | '''zyateetuer'''....''rumor'' || '''zya-''' = ''all around'' || '''-u-''' = objected-directed |} : A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Shortening Long Compounds |- ! Word 1 !! Word 2 !! Long Compound !! Shortened Compound |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''ekpeteuder''' || '''ekpeder'''....''neigh'' |- | '''serpyet'''....''snake'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''serpyeteuder''' || '''sepyeder'''....''hiss'' |- | '''vifeb'''....''grape'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''vifebil'''....''grape juice'' || '''vifil'''....''wine'' |- | '''povob'''....''grain'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''povobil''' || '''povil'''....''beer'' |} : Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ From Full Words to Stubs |- ! Compound !! New Stub !! Derivation |- | '''tilabil'''....''breast milk'' || '''bil'''....''milk''|| '''bilyug'''....''butter'' |- | '''fauf'''....''log'' || '''-uf'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''cylinder''|| '''muf'''....''rod, stick'' |- | '''zyeg'''....''hole'' || '''-yeg'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''hole'', ''hollow thing''|| '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' |} : The clipped word '''bil''' now gives rise to other compounds: ::* '''bilyig'''....''cheese'' ::* '''bilyigem'''....''cheese factory'' ::* '''bilyug'''....''butter'' ::* '''bilyugyena'''....''butter-like'' : The word '''mufyeg''' (Lit: hollow stick) means '''pipe, reed, cylinder''' === Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === : Words which follow Rule #11 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation. : These nuances are obtained by: :* Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel. :: These vowels are: ::: '''a''' for '''a''' and '''ya''' ::: '''e''' for '''e''' and '''ye''' ::: '''i''' for '''i''' and '''yi''' ::: '''o''' for '''o''' and '''yo''' ::: '''u''' for '''u''' and '''yu''' :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nad'''....''line'' || '''naad'''....''rail'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''doob'''....''nation'' |- | '''vyab'''....''rule'' || '''vyayab'''....''system'' |- | '''boka'''....''sick'' || '''booka'''....''tired'' |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || '''noog'''....''phase'' |- | '''bil'''....''milk'' || '''biil'''....''juice'' |} :* Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''less''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deintensification with Post-y-gliding |- ! Word !! Mitigated Derivation |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''iyfer'''....''like'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''iyva'''....''glad'' |- | '''zyutom'''....''tower'' || '''zyutoym'''....''turret'' |- | '''ama'''....''hot'' || '''ayma'''....''warm'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''oyma'''....''cool'' |} :* Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''greater''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding |- ! Word !! Enhanced Derivation |- | '''pot'''....''wild animal'' || '''pyot'''....''predator animal'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pyat'''....''bird of prey'' |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''yoma'''....''frozen'' |- | '''nuxer'''....''pay'' || '''nyuxer'''....''deliver'' |- | '''nexer'''....''save'' || '''nyexer'''....''store'' |} :* Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid '''l''' or the further intensifying liquid '''r''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with L and R |- ! Word !! L-Intensitifed || R-Intensified |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''ifler'''....''be fond of'' || '''ifrer'''....''adore'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''ivla'''....''content'' || '''ivra'''....''delighted'' |- | '''vaa'''....''affirmative'' || '''vlaa'''....''sure'' || '''vraa'''....''indubitable'' |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agla'''....''huge'' || '''agra'''....''immense'' |- | '''ga'''....''more'' || '''gala'''....''multiple'' || '''gara'''....''exponential'' |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press'' || '''barer'''....''crush'' |- | '''yexer'''....''work'' || '''yexler'''....''labor'' || '''yexrer'''....''toil, slave'' |- | '''yixer'''....''use'' || '''yixler'''....''hire'' || '''yixrer'''....''exploit'' |} :* Adding consonants other than '''l''' or '''r''' as the generic consonant: : Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like '''t''', '''f''', '''s''', '''k''', and '''z''' are used, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with Other Consonants |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fika'''....''perfect''<br>'''fira'''....''excellent'' |- | '''fua'''....''bad'' || '''futa'''....''wicked''<br>'''fura'''....''rotten'' |- | '''gea'''....''equal'' || '''geta'''....''identical''<br>'''gela'''....''alike'' |- | '''vyaa'''....''true'' || '''vyaka'''....''correct''<br>'''vyama'''....''real'' |- | '''vyoa'''....''false'' || '''vyoka'''....''incorrect''<br>'''vyoma'''....''fake'' |- | '''yiga'''....''hard'' || '''yigza'''....''sour''<br>'''yigla'''....''brusk''<br>'''yigra'''....''brutal'' |- | '''yuga'''....''soft'' || '''yugfa'''....''smooth''<br>'''yugla'''....''tender''<br>'''yugra'''....''mild'' |} :* Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nab'''....''row'' || '''nap'''....''order'' |- | '''vyava'''....''just'' || '''vyafa'''....''precise'' |- | '''jwab'''....''minute'' || '''jwap'''....''moment'' |- | '''jweb'''....''second'' || '''jwep'''....''instant'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''tap'''....''physique'' |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''top'''....''soul, animus'' |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' |- | '''naz'''....''value'' || '''nas'''....''money'' |- | '''nag'''....''dimension'' || '''nak'''...''unit of measurement'' |} == Technical Nomenclature == : The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features. === Zoological Nomenclature === {{status|100%}} [[File:Animal diversity.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of animals are formed in a systematic way. ==== Base Names ==== : First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with '''p''' (mobile) and end with '''t''' (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures. : The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air ('''a'''), water ('''i'''), land ('''e'''), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild ('''o'''), tame, or predatory ('''y'''); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms |- ! Type !! Air = a !! Water = i !! Land = e !! Anywhere = o |- valign=top !row=1| Ordinary |'''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' || '''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Predatory |'''pyat'''....''raptor'' || '''pyit'''....''predatory fish'' || '''pyet'''....''reptile'' ||'''pyot'''....''predatory animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Hybrid |'''piat'''....''waterfowl''<br>'''pelat'''....''flying insect''<br>'''paet'''....''flightless bird'' ||'''piit'''....''crustacean''<br>'''pilt'''....''marine invertebrate''<br>'''peit'''....''mammalian fish''<br>'''pyeit'''....''mollusk''|| '''payet'''....''flying reptile''<br>'''piyet'''....''batracian''<br>'''peyet'''....''worm''<br>'''pelt'''....''insect'' ||'''piot'''....''aquatic mammal'' |} ==== Derived Names ==== : The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the [https://www.itis.gov/| Linnaean taxonomy]. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name '''Canidae''' (''canids''). The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin. ''Ca'' in Latin is pronounced '''ka'''. See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad. In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory. So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix '''ka''' to the base name for domestic land animal '''pet''', yielding '''kapet''' (''dog''). All other members of the dog family end in '''pot''' (feral animal) or '''pyot''' (predatory animal). The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel. If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, ''prairie dog'' (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by '''ci³xi²ro¹pot''' from '''<u>Ro</u>¹dentia <u>Sci</u>²uridae <u>Cy</u>³nomys''', where '''pot''' is the basic animal type ''wild animal''. All rodents have the taxonomic syllable '''ro''' from the Latin "order" taxon ''Rodentia'', while all squirrel names will have the syllable '''xi''' from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon ''<u>Sci</u>uridae'' ('''<u>xi</u>uriday'''). The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family: :: <u>Ca</u>nidae (''dog family'') > ::: '''<u>ka</u>pet'''...''the common domestic dog'' (only one species, ''Canis familiaris'') ::: '''<u>ka</u>pot'''...''wild dog'' ::: '''<u>ka</u>pyot'''...''predatory dog'' : Species under '''kapyot''' are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names: :: ''Canis <u>lu</u>pus'' > '''<u>lu</u>kapyot'''...''gray wolf (or just wolf)'' :: ''Canis <u>la</u>trans'' > '''<u>la</u>kapyot'''...''coyote, prairie wolf'' ::: ''Canis latrans <u>les</u>tes'' > '''<u>les</u>lakapyot'''...''mountain coyote'' :: ''Canis <u>au</u>rus'' > '''<u>aw</u>kapyot''' > ''jackal, golden jackal'' ::: ''Canis aurus <u>cur</u>ensis'' > '''<u>kur</u>awkapyot'''....''Indochinese jackal'' :: ''Canis <u>vul</u>pus'' > '''<u>vul</u>kapyot'''...''fox, red fox'' : If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is '''awkapyot''' and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from ''curensis'' would normally be '''ku''', but it has to be extended to '''kur''' because the base begins in a vowel. : The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Latin/Greek - Mirad correspondences |- ! Latin/Greek Spelling !! Latin Sound !! Mirad Spelling !! Example |- | ''au'' || ''aw'' || '''aw''' || ''<u>au</u>rus''....'''aw-''' |- | ''eu'' || ''ew'' || '''ew''' || ''<u>eu</u>ropa''....'''ew-''' |- | ''ai''<br>''ae'' || ''ay'' || '''ay''' || ''<u>ae</u>gyptus''....'''ay-''' |- | ''ei'' <br> ''ey'' || ''ey'' || '''ey''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''oe'' || ''oy'' || '''oy''' || ''F<u>oe</u>niculum''....'''oy''' |- | ''ua'' || ''wa'' || '''wa''' || ''s<u>ua</u>vis''....'''s<u>wa</u>''' |- | ''ca/co/cu'' || ''ka/ko/ku'' || '''ka/ko/ku''' || ''<u>ca</u>nis''....'''<u>ka</u>''' |- | ''ce/ci/cy''' || ''che/chi/chi'' || '''ce/ci/cy''' || ''<u>cy</u>pris''....'''<u>ci</u>''' |- | ''y'' || ''i'' || '''i''' || ''c<u>y</u>pris''....'''<u>i</u>''' |- | ''g''' || ''g'' || '''g''' || ''<u>Ge</u>ococcyx''/''<u>Ga</u>stropoda''....'''<u>g</u>''' |- | ''ch'' || ''k'' || '''k''' || ''<u>Chi</u>roptera''....'''<u>ki</u>''' |- | ''ph'' || ''f'' || '''f''' ||''S<u>ph</u>yrapicus''....'''<u>f</u>''' |- | ''rh'' || ''r'' || '''r''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''x'' || ''ks'' || '''ks''' || ''Lo<u>x</u>odonta''....'''<u>ks</u>''' |- | ''qu'' || ''kw'' || '''kw''' || ''<u>Qu</u>ercus''....'''<u>kw</u>''' |- | ''j'' || ''y'' || '''j''' || ''<u>ju</u>lianus''....'''<u>ju</u>''' |- | ''sci'' || ''shi'' || '''xi''' || ''<u>Sci</u>uridae''....'''<u>xi</u>''' |- | ''th'' || ''t'' || '''t''' || ''<u>Th</u>unnus''....'''<u>t</u>''' |- | ''cci'' || ''ksi'' || '''ksi''' || ''Va<u>cc</u>inus''....'''<u>ksi</u>''' |} : Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for ''Cinnamomum'' would be '''cin'''. : The Latin letter ''j'' is represented in Mirad with '''j''' even though it is pronounced like a ''y''. This is for better recognizability. ==== Genderized and Other Forms ==== : Form the female of an animal by inserting a '''y''' before the '''t''' of the base adult name: ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kape<u>y</u>t'''....''bitch'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkapyo<u>y</u>t'''....''vixen'' : Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a '''w''' right after the '''p''' of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with '''py''' in which case the '''w''' is inserted just before the '''t''' of the base name: ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekp<u>w</u>et'''....''stallion'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbop<u>w</u>et'''....''ram'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkpyo<u>w</u>t'''....''dog fox'' : Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an '''o''' after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name: ::* '''bopet'''....''bovine'' ====> '''bopwe<u>o</u>t'''....''ox'' ::* '''gafapat'''....''cock'' ====> '''gafapwe<u>o</u>t'''....''capon'' : The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-ud''', the stub for '''tud'''....''child'': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>ud</u>'''....''colt'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>ud</u>'''....''pup'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopet<u>ud</u>'''....''lamb'' : The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing '''-if''': ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>if</u>'''....''puppy'' ::* '''fepet'''....''cat'' ====> '''fepet<u>if</u>'''....''kitty'' : The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-og''': ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supet<u>og</u>'''....''piggy'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>og</u>'''....''pony'' : Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal '''ekpet'''....''horse'' can serve as an example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivations of Horse |- ! Variation !! Mirad Name !! English Name |- !row=1| Adult |'''ekpet'''||''horse'' |- !row=1| Male | '''ekpwet'''||''stallion'' |- !row=1| Female | '''ekpeyt'''||''mare'' |- !row=1| Offspring | '''ekpetud'''||''colt'' |- !row=1| Female Offspring | '''ekpetuyd'''||''filly'' |- !row=1| Small adult |'''ekpetog'''||''pony'' |- !row=1| Gelded | '''ekpweot'''||''gelding'' |} ==== Animal Sounds ==== : The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the '''t''' of the base name with '''d''', the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in '''-der''': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeder'''....''to neigh'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapeder'''....''to bark'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''pader'''....''to tweet, chirp'' ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpyeder'''....''to hiss'' : A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing '''-yan''' or '''-nyan''': ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotyan'''....''a pride of lions'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopetyan'''....''a herd of sheep'' ::* '''pit'''....''fish'' ====> '''pityan'''....''a school of fish'' : Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final '''t''' of the base name with '''-per'''....''to go'': ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpeper'''....''to slither'' ::* '''lapet'''....''rabbit'' ====> '''lapeper'''....''to hop'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeper'''....''to gallop'' : The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in '''l''' (a stub for '''tel''', meaning ''food''): ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supel'''....''pork'' ::* '''supetyob'''....''hog leg'' ====> '''supetyol'''....''ham'' ::* '''bopet'''....''steer'' ====> '''bopel'''....''beef'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopel'''....''mutton'' ::* '''bopetud'''....''calf'' ====> '''bopetul'''....''veal'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatel'''....''honey'' : The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing '''-am'''....''house'', '''-um'''....''cage'', etc. to the base name: ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supetam'''....''pigsty'' ::* '''gafapayt'''....''chicken'' ====> '''gafapaytam'''....''chicken coop'' ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotam'''....''lion's den'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapetam'''....''doghouse'' ::* '''forpelt'''....''ant'' ====> '''forpeltam'''....''anthill'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatam'''....''bee hive'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''patum'''....''birdcage'', '''patsum'''....''nest'', '''patyanam'''...''aviary'' ::* '''pot'''....''wild animal'' ====> '''potam'''....''lair'' ==== Dog Breeds ==== [[File:The dog book - a popular history of the dog, with practical information as to care and management of house, kennel, and exhibition dogs, and descriptions of all the important breeds (1909) (20785715825).jpg|thumb|]] : Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to '''kapet'''....''dog'' that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site [[https://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/]]. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership. : The base of the dog breed name is '''kapet'''....''dog''. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants ('''b''', '''c''', '''d''', etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned to the ordinal vowel '''o''', so '''bokepet''' is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the '''o'''....''zero'' to '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed. : As an example: : To get the name for ''basset hound'': ::* Start with the word for dog: '''kapet'''. : This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is '''h'''. This is prefixed to '''kapet''', with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with '''a''' for ''one''. The ''basset hound'' is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes '''ha-'''. ::* '''hakapet''' is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with '''ha kapet'''....''the dog''.). A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel '''i'''.... ''three'' is prefixed: ::* '''ihakapet''' is a "small-sized scent hound" : A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word '''a'''.... ''one'' is prefixed (with a '''w''' buffer glide when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, '''Gebaroma''' is placed in front, separated by a space: ::* '''Gebaroma awahikapet''' is a ''basset hound'', a dog breed name owned by Great Britain. The name can usually be abbreviated by dropping the country owner name, thus: '''awahikapet''' <gallery> </gallery> : Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site. Group 1 = '''<u>b</u>okapet'''....sheepdogs/cattledogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''b<u>a</u>kapet'''....sheepdogs ::::* Belgian only entry = '''Belima bakapet'''....''Belgian shepherd dog'' ::::* German only entry = '''Deuma bakapet'''....''German shepherd'' ::* Section 2 = '''bekapet'''....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>bekapet'''....''Welsh corgi (Cardigan)'' Group 2 = '''<u>c</u>okapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''c<u>a</u>kapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer type ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''c<u>e</u>kapet'''....Molossian type ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''c<u>i</u>kapet'''....''Swiss mountain/cattledogs'' Group 3 = '''<u>d</u>okapet'''....''terriers'' ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....large and medium-sized terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>9</u>th entry = '''Gebaroma <u>yu</u>dakapet'''....''Welsh terrier'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....small-sized terriers ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''d<u>e</u>kapet'''....bull type terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>3</u>rd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>i</u>dekapet'''....''Staffordshire bull terrier'' ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....toy terriers Group 4 = '''<u>f</u>okapet'''....<u>dachshunds</u> ::::* Germany only entry = '''fakapet'''....''dachshund'' Group 5 = '''<u>g</u>okapet'''....spitz and primitive types ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''g<u>a</u>kapet'''....nordic sledge dogs :::: USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''<u>a</u>gakapet'''....''Siberian husky'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''g<u>e</u>kapet'''....nordic hunting dogs ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''g<u>i</u>kapet'''....nordic watchdogs/herders ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''g<u>u</u>kapet'''....European spits ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''g<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Asian spitz and related breeds ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''g<u>ya</u>kapet'''....primitive types ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''g<u>ye</u>kapet'''....hunting dogs Group 6 = '''<u>h</u>okapet'''....scent hounds and related breeds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''h<u>a</u>kapet'''....''scent hounds'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>1</u> = '''<u>a</u>hakapet'''....large-sized hounds ::::* USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''Usoma <u>aw</u>ahakapet'''....''American foxhound'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>2</u> = '''<u>e</u>hakapet'''....medium-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain only entry = '''Gebaroma ehakapet'''....''harrier'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>3</u> = '''<u>i</u>hakapet'''....small-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>aw</u>ihakapet'''....''basset hound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>ew</u>ihakapet'''....''beagle'' Group 7 = '''<u>j</u>okapet'''....pointing dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''j<u>a</u>kapet'''....''continental pointing dogs'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''j<u>e</u>kapet'''....''British and Irish pointers and setters'' Group 8 = '''<u>k</u>akapet'''....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''k<u>a</u>kapet'''....''retrievers'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''k<u>e</u>kapet'''....''flushing dogs'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''k<u>i</u>kapet'''....''water dogs'' Group 9 = '''<u>l</u>okapet'''....companion and toy dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''l<u>a</u>kapet'''....bichons ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''l<u>e</u>kapet'''....poodles ::::* France only entry = '''Ferama lekapet'''....''poodle'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''l<u>i</u>kapet'''....small Belgian dogs ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''l<u>u</u>kapet'''....hairless dogs ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''l<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Tibetan breeds ::::* Tibet <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Tibama <u>e</u>lekapet'''....''shih tzu'' ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''l<u>ya</u>kapet'''....Chihuahueno ::::* Mexico only entry = '''Mexuma lyakapet'''....''chihuahua'' ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''l<u>ye</u>kapet'''....English toy spaniels ::* Section <u>8</u> = '''l<u>yi</u>kapet'''....Japan Chin and Pekingese ::* Section <u>9</u> = '''l<u>yu</u>kapet'''....continental toy spaniel and others ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>alo</u>kapet'''....Kromforhl&auml;nder ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>ale</u>kapet'''....small Molossian type dogs Group 10 = '''<u>m</u>okapet'''....sight hounds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''m<u>a</u>kapet'''....long-haired sighthounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>a</u>makapet'''....''greyhound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>makapet'''....''whippet'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''m<u>e</u>kapet'''....rough-haired sighthounds ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''m<u>i</u>kapet'''....short-haired sighthounds ==== Cat Breeds ==== : The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See [https://cfa.org/breeds/]. You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat '''fepet'''. : This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Cat Breed Names |- ! CFA Name !! First Letters<br>Lowercase !! Number<br>If Any + fepet!! Mirad Name |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Shorthair'' || '''am''' || '''a + fepet'''|| '''amafepet''' |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Wirehair'' || '''am''' || '''e + fepet'''|| '''amefepet''' |- | ''<u>Bal</u>inese'' || '''bal''' || '''bal + fepet''' || '''balfepet''' |- | ''<u>Ben</u>gal'' || '''ben''' || '''ben + fepet''' || '''benfepet''' |} === Color Nomenclature === : The word for ''color'' in Mirad is '''volz''', which is mnemonically related to the word for ''flower'' ('''vos'''). The diminutive of ''color'' is '''voylz''', meaning ''tint, shade, hue''. : The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub '''-lza'''. The zeroth-color is no color, simple ''blank'', ''clear'', or ''transparent''. :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Basic Color Words |- ! 0 - clear !! 1 - red !!2 - orange !!3 - yellow !!4 - green !! 5 - blue !! 6 - purple !! 7 - indigo |- |<br><br><br> ||bgcolor="#d30000"| ||bgcolor="#fc6600"| ||bgcolor="#fff200"| ||bgcolor="#3bb143"| ||bgcolor="#0018f9"| || bgcolor="#b200ed"| || bgcolor="#4b0082"| |- | '''olza''' || '''alza''' || '''elza''' || '''ilza''' || '''ulza''' || '''yolza''' || '''yalza''' || '''yelza''' |} : There are some other common colors: :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Basic Color Words |- |bgcolor="white"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || '''malza'''....''white'' ||(Associated with '''man''' (''light'') |- |bgcolor="#7c4700"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|| '''melza'''....''brown'' ||(Associated with '''mel''' (''soil'') |- |bgcolor="#222021"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''molza'''....''black'' ||(Associated with '''mon''' (''dark'') |- |bgcolor="#828282"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''maolza'''....''gray'' ||(A blend of '''malza''' and '''molza''') |- |bgcolor="#fc0fc0"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''aolza'''....''pink'' ||(A blend of '''olza'''....''clear'' and '''malza'''....''red'') |} : All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example: ::* '''mecirufeb-ulza'''....''lime green'' from '''mecirufeb'''....''lime fruit'' + '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''aquamarine'' from '''mim'''....''sea'' + '''yalza'''....''blue'' ::* '''licirufeb-ilza'''....''lemon yellow'' from '''licirufeb'''....''lemon'' + '''ilza'''....''yellow'' ::* '''salpyit-alza'''....''salmon red'' ::* '''magmef-alza'''....''firebrick red'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''sea blue, aquamarine'' : Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner: ::# A "light" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''ylza''': '''uylza'''....''light green'' ::# A "-ish" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzyena''': '''ulzyena'''....''greenish'' ::# A "bright" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzayna''': '''ulzayna'''....''bright green'' ::# A "dark" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzoyna''': '''ulzoyna'''....''dark green'' : Shaded variants can also be created by prefixing adjectival components such as these: :* '''oz-'''....''-ish, light-'' :* '''az-'''....''bright-, dark-'' :* '''kyu-'''....''light-'' :* '''maz-'''....''bright-'' :* '''eyn-'''....''semi-'' etc. : Some hybrid colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel: ::* '''maolza'''....''gray'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''molza'''....''black'' ::* '''yaulza'''....''blue-green, cyan'' from '''yalza'''....''blue'' and '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''maelza'''....''beige'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''melza'''....''brown'' : Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix '''-a''': ::* '''<u>Ulz</u> se via volz.'''....''<u>Green</u> is a beautiful color.'' ::* '''At gafe <u>yalzayn</u>.'''....''I prefer <u>dark blue</u>.'' : Colors can also be used to form verbs: ::* '''Iyta teobi <u>alzasa</u>.'''....''Her cheeks <u>turned red (= blushed)</u>.'' ::* '''His se fia <u>teubip malzaxus</u>.'''....''This is a good <u>teeth whitener</u>.'' ::* '''Eta teupibi <u>ilzaseye</u>.'''....''Your teeth are <u>yellowing</u>.'' ==== Rarely Used Colors ==== : The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the [[w:List_of_RAL_colors|Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors]] expressed in Mirad + '''-lz'''. For example, the color ''golden yellow'' has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 ('''ase''', in Mirad), thus, the color is named '''aselz'''. The adjectival form of this color is '''aselza'''. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names. ===== Skin colors ===== [[File:Coloured-family.jpg|thumb|]] : When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix '''tayo(b)-''' is used. The final '''-b''' of '''tayob''' is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for ''skin-color'' itself is '''tayovolz'''. Thus: ::* '''(tayo-)molzat'''....''black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)malzat'''....''white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)melzat'''....''brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omalzat'''....''non-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omolzat'''....''non-black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omelzat'''....''non-brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymolzat'''....''half-black(skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymalzat'''....''half-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)maolzat'''....''mulatto, mixed-skinned person'' ::* '''(tayob)olzat'''....''albino'' ::* '''hyetayovolza'''....''of any skin-tone'' ::* '''hyatayovolzati'''....''people of all colors'' ::* '''Iyt se duhotayovolza?'''....''What skin color is she?'' ==== Hair Colors ==== : Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, '''tayeb'''. The final '''-b''' of '''tayeb''' is dropped before a consonant or '''y'''. The word for ''hair color'' is '''tayevolz'''. ::* '''tayebalza'''....''red-headed, auburn'' ::** '''tayebalzayt'''....''an auburn female'' ::* '''tayemolza'''....''brunette'' ::* '''tayemelza'''....''brown-haired'' ::* '''tayebiylza'''....''blond'' ::* '''tayemaolza'''....''gray, gray-haired'' :::* '''It gwa tayemaolzaso.'''....''He will go gray early.'' ::* '''Duhotayevolza iyt se?'''....''What color hair is she?'' ==== Eye Colors ==== : Eye colors are expressed by the prefix '''tea(b)''' followed by the color. The word for ''eye color'' is '''teavolz'''. In the following examples, '''teab''' (''eye'') becomes '''tea''' before any consonants or glides: ::* '''teayolza'''....''blue-eyed'' ::* '''teabulza'''....''green-eyed'' ::* '''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' :::* '''teamelzat'''....''brown-eyed person'' ::* '''teamolz'''....''a black eye'' ::* '''teamalz'''....''the white of the eye'' ::* '''Duhoteavolza et se?'''....''What color eyes do you have?'' === Chemical Nomenclature === [[File:14LaAc periodic table IIb.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding '''lk''', a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for ''hydrogen'' is ''H''. So we replace that with the word for lowercase '''h''' in Mirad: '''he'''. By adding the stub suffix '''lk''', we get '''helk'''. : Use the names of the '''''small''''' letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name '''ca''' is pronounced '''cha''' as in English ''cha-cha''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" valign=top; align=center |+ Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names |- ! Lowercase !! a !! b !! c !! d !! !! e !! f !! g !! h !! !! i !! j !! k !! l !! m !! n !! !! o !! p !! q !! r !! s !! t !! !! u !! v !! w !! x !! y !! z |- align=center | !row=1| Mirad Name | '''a''' || '''ba''' || '''ca''' || '''da''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''e''' || '''fe''' || '''ge''' || '''he''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''i''' || '''ji''' || '''ki''' || '''li''' || '''mi''' || '''ni''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''o''' || '''po''' || '''ko''' || '''ro''' || '''so''' || '''to''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''u''' || '''vu''' || '''wu''' || '''xu''' || '''yu''' || '''zu''' |} ==== Coding Chemical Elements ==== : The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Coding Chemical Elements |- ! English Element Name !! Abbreviation !! Mirad Name |- | ''silver'' || ''Ar'' || '''arolk''' |- | ''iron'' || ''Fe'' || '''feelk''' |- | ''hydrogen'' || ''H'' || '''helk''' |- | ''nitrogen'' || ''N'' || '''nilk''' |- | ''mercury'' || ''Hg'' || '''hegelk''' |- | ''darmstadtium'' || ''Ds'' || '''dasolk''' |} : In chemical compounds, the '''lk''' is used only on the last element of the compound. : Chemical compounds such as ''H₂O (hydrogen dioxide)'' are coded in the following manner. ::# The ''H'' for ''hydrogen'' is rendered as '''he''' (without the '''-lk'''). ::# The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for ''two, bi-'', '''en-''' is prefixed to the '''h''', giving '''enhe'''. ::# The word for ''oxygen'', '''ol''' is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the '''lk''' is suffixed. ::# The English word ends in ''-ide'', which is rendered in Mirad as '''-iyd''', giving '''enheolkiyd''' : Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below: : Given the chemical element ''sulfur'', which has the abbreviation ''S'', the Mirad equivalent for this solid is '''solk'''. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are: ==== Chemical Compound Suffixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Chemical Suffix Equivalents |- ! English Suffix !! Mirad Equivalent !! English Example !! Mirad Equivalent |- | ''-ide'' || '''-iyd''' || ''sulfide'' || '''solkiyd''' |- | ''-ite'' || '''-iyt''' || ''sulfite'' || '''solkiyt''' |- | ''-ate'' || '''-ayt''' || ''sulfate'' || '''solkayt''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''-iyn''' || ''iodine'' || '''ilkiyn''' |- | ''-ane'' || '''-ayn''' || ''methane'' || '''ahelkayn''' |- | ''-ene'' || '''-eyn''' || ''benzene'' || '''ehelkeyn''' |- | ''-one'' || '''-oyn''' || ''ketone'' || '''ketoyn''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''--iyn''' || ''alanine'' || '''alaniyn''' |- | ''-ic'' || '''-a''' || ''ferric'' || '''feelka''' |- | ''-ous'' || '''aya''' || ''ferrous'' || '''feelkaya''' |} : Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in '''-n'''. : The numeral prefixes ''5'' and ''6'' end in '''-on''' instead of '''-n''' so as to distinguish them from the words '''yan'''....''together'' and '''yon'''....''apart''. : The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Numeric Prefixes |- ! Number !! Prefix !! Example |- | '''a'''....''mono-'' || '''an''' || '''anolkiyd'''....''<u>mono</u>xide (O)'' |- | '''e'''....''bi-/di-'' || '''en''' || '''encalkayt'''....''<u>bi</u>carbonate (C₂)'' |- | '''i'''....''tri-'' || '''in''' || '''inolkiyd-'''....''trioxide (O₃)'' |- | '''u'''....''tetr(a)-'' || '''un''' || '''unolkiyd-'''....''tetroxide (O₄)'' |- | '''yo'''....''pent(a)-'' || '''yoon''' || '''yoonolkiyd-'''....''pentoxide (O₅)'' |- | '''ya'''....''hex(a)-'' || '''yaon''' || '''yaonolkiyd'''....''hexoxide (O₆)'' |- | '''ye'''....''hept(a)-'' || '''yen''' || '''yenolkiyd'''....''heptoxide (O₇)'' |- | '''yi'''....''oct(o)-'' || '''yin''' || '''yinolkiyd-'''....''octoxide (O₈)'' |- | '''yu'''....''non(a)-'' || '''yun''' || '''yunolkiyd-'''....''nonoxide (O₉)'' |- | '''alo'''....''dec(a)-'' || '''alon''' || '''alonolkayt-'''....''decoxidate (O₁₀)'' |} : Examples: ::* ''carbon <u>di</u>oxide (C₂O)''....'''calk <u>en</u>olkiyd''' ::* ''sodium <u>bi</u>carbonate (Na2C)''....'''nialk <u>en</u>calkayt''' ::* ''calcium <u>di</u>hydrogen phosphate''....'''caalk <u>en</u>helk polkayt''' ::* ''glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)''....'''<u>yaon</u>ca<u>alan</u>he<u>yaon</u>olk''' (or: '''sakolos''') ::* ''methanol (C₃HOH)''....'''ca<u>in</u>heohelk''' : Note: the '''-lk''' is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings '''-iyd''', '''-iyt''', and '''-ayt''', etc. ==== Names of Atomic Parts ==== : The word for ''atom'' in Mirad is '''gwomulk''', which literally is ''least particle''. : The main particles in an atom are: ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' (positive) ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' (neutral) ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' (negative) : Every atom contains '''mulki''' (''subatomic particles''). [[File:Standard Model of Elementary Particles.svg|thumb|392x392px|The [[Standard Model]] classification of particles]] : The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart to the right, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See [[wikipedia:Subatomic_particle]] ). ::* '''hamulk'''....''hadron'' :::* '''mi-hamulk'''....''meson'' ::::* '''pimi-hamulk'''....''pion'' ::::* '''kami-hamulk'''....''kaon'' :::* '''ba-hamulk'''....''baryon'' ::::* '''lambda-ba-hamulk'''....''lambda baryon'' ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' ::* '''zemulk'''....''nucleon'' ::* '''alfamulk'''....''alpha particle'' ::* '''fermimulk'''....''fermion'' ::* '''goryumulk'''....''nanoparticle'' ::* '''kyiazon mulk'''....''graviton'' ::* '''bamulk'''....''boson particle'' :::* '''agha-bamulk'''....''higgs particle'' :::* '''agwu-bamulk'''....''W boson'' :::* '''agzu-bamulk'''....''Z boson'' :::* '''gamma-bamulk'''....''photon'' :::* '''ge-bamulk'''....''gluon'' ::* '''qomulk'''....''quark'' :::* '''ba-qomulk'''....''bottom quark'' :::* '''ca-qomulk'''....''charm quark'' :::* '''da-qomulk'''....''down quark'' :::* '''ov-qomulk'''....''antiparticle, antiquark'' :::* '''penta-qomulk'''....''penta quark'' :::* '''tetra-qomulk'''....''tetra quark'' :::* '''to-qomulk'''....''top quark'' :::* '''u-qomulk'''....''up quark'' :::* '''so-qomulk'''....''strange quark'' ::* '''limulk'''....''lepton'' :::* '''gamma-limulk'''....''photon'' (also: '''manmulk''') :::* '''mu-limulk'''....''muon'' :::* '''pi-limulk'''....''pion'' :::* '''tau-limulk'''....''tau'' :::* '''vu-e-limulk'''....''electron neutrino'' :::* '''vu-mu-limulk'''....''muon neutrino'' :::* '''vu-tau-limulk'''....''tau neutrino'' :::* '''e-limulk'''....''electron'' (also: '''vomulk''') : The nucleus of an atom is called '''zemulk'''. Therefore, '''zemulka''' means ''nuclear''. === Musical Nomenclature === ==== Musical Instruments ==== : The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument ('''duzar''' < '''duz''' (''music'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument''). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played. [[File:Madras musical instruments and snake charmer's music.jpg|thumb|<small>Madras_musical_instruments_and_snake_charmer's_music</small>]] {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Instruments |- ! Mirad !! English |- ! colspan=2 | Bowed-String |- | '''aduzar''' || ''violin'' |- | '''eduzar''' || ''violin alto'' |- | '''iduzar''' || ''cello'', ''violoncello'' |- | '''uduzar'''<br>'''eona uduzar''' || ''bass''<br>''double bass'' |- | '''yoduzar''' || ''viola'' |- | '''yaduzar''' || ''fiddle'' |- | '''yeduzar''' || ''viol'' |- |- '''yiduzar''' || ''erhu'' |- | '''yuduzar''' || ''hardanger fiddle'' |- | '''aloduzar''' || ''kemenche'' |- | '''aladuzar''' || ''nyckelharpa'' |- | '''aleduzar''' || ''rebab'' |- ! colspan=2 | Woodwind |- | '''faduzar''' || ''flute'' |- | '''feduzar''' || ''oboe'' |- | '''fiduzar''' || ''clarinet'' |- | '''fuduzar''' || ''bassoon'' |- | '''fyoduzar''' || ''French harp, harmonica'' |- | '''fyaduzar''' || ''recorder'' |- | '''fyeduzar''' || ''bagpipe'' |- | '''fyiduzar''' || ''didgeridoo'' |- | '''fyuduzar''' || ''piccolo'' |- | '''faloduzar''' || ''fife, hornpipe'' |- | '''faladuzar''' || ''ocarina, ocarine'' |- | '''faleduzar''' || ''sheng'' |- | '''faliduzar''' || ''duduk'' |- | '''faluduzar''' || ''bansuri'' |- | '''falyoduzar''' || ''suling'' |- ! colspan=2 | Brass &#x1f3b7; |- | '''voduzar''' || ''horn'' |- | '''vaduzar''' || ''trumpet'' |- | '''veduzar''' || ''trombone'' |- | '''vuduzar'''<br>-- '''avuduzar'''<br>-- '''evuduzar'''<br>--'''ivuduzar'''|| ''saxophone''<br>-- ''tenor saxophone''<br>-- ''alto saxophone''<br>-- ''bass saxophone'' |- | '''vyoduzar''' || ''tuba'' |- | '''vyaduzar''' || ''bugle'' |- | '''vyeduzar''' || ''French horn'' |- | '''vyiduzar''' || ''cornet'' |- | '''vyuduzar''' || ''baritone horn'' |- | '''valoduzar''' || ''alto horn'' |- | '''valaduzar''' || ''euphonium'' |- | '''valeduzar''' || ''flugelhorn'' |- | '''validuzar''' || ''sousaphone'' |- | '''valuduzar''' || ''clarion'' |- | '''valyoduzar''' || ''mellophone'' |- | '''valyaduzar''' || ''climbasso'' |- | '''valyeduzar''' || ''ophicleide'' |- ! colspan=2 | Percussion |- | '''kaduzar'''<br>-- '''akaduzar'''<br>-- '''ekaduzar'''<br>-- '''ikaduzar'''<br>-- '''ukaduzar'''<br>-- '''yokaduzar'''<br>-- '''yakaduzar'''<br>-- '''yekaduzar'''<br>-- '''yikaduzar'''<br>-- '''yukaduzar'''<br>-- '''alokaduzar'''<br>-- '''alakaduzar'''<br>-- '''alekaduzar'''<br>-- '''alikaduzar'''<br>-- '''alukaduzar''' || ''drum''<br>-- ''snare drum''<br>-- ''bass drum''<br>-- ''tenor drum''<br>-- ''steel drum''<br>-- ''bongo drum''<br>-- ''timbrel''<br>-- ''kettledrum''<br>-- ''hang drum''<br>-- ''tupan''<br>-- ''taiko''<br>-- ''spring drum''<br>-- ''octoban''<br>-- ''candombe drum''<br>-- ''steel tongue drum'' |- | '''keduzar''' || ''glockenspiel'' |- | '''kiduzar''' || ''vibraphone'' |- | '''kuduzar''' || ''marimba'' |- | '''kyoduzar''' || ''tubular bell'' |- | '''gaduzar''' || ''triangle'' |- | '''geduzar''' || ''gong'' |- | '''giduzar''' || ''castanet'' |- | '''guduzar''' || ''rattle'' |- | '''gyoduzar''' || ''xylophone'' |- | '''gyaduzar''' || ''maraca'' |- | '''gyeduzar''' || ''caj&oacute;n'' |- | '''gyiduzar''' || ''cymbal'' |- | '''gyuduzar''' || ''tambourine'' |- | '''galoduzar''' || ''steelpan'' |- | '''galaduzar''' || ''wind chime'' |- | '''galeduzar''' || ''chime bar'' |- | '''galiduzar''' || ''celeste'' |- | '''galuduzar''' || ''clapper'' |- | '''galyoduzar''' || ''Jew's harp'' |- | '''galyaduzar''' || ''bazooka'' |- | '''galyeduzar''' || ''waterphone'' |- | '''galyiduzar''' || ''balafon'' |- | '''galyuduzar''' || ''boomwhackers'' |- | '''geloduzar''' || ''udu'' |- | '''geladuzar''' || ''thunder sheet'' |- ! colspan=2 | Keyboard &#x1f3b9; |- | '''raduzar'''<br>-- '''utekea raduzar'''<br>-- '''agala raduzar'''<br>-- '''sem raduzar''' || ''piano''<br>-- ''player piano''<br>-- ''grand piano''<br>-- ''keyboard'' |- | '''reduzar''' || ''clavichord'' |- | '''riduzar''' || ''harpsichord'' |- | '''ruduzar'''<br>-- '''mufyeg ruduzar'''<br>-- '''maka ruduzar''' || ''organ''<br>-- ''pipe organ''<br>-- ''electric organ'' |- | '''ryoduzar''' || ''accordion'' |- | '''ryaduzar''' || ''dulcimer'' |- | '''ryeduzar''' || ''calliope'' |- | '''ryiduzar''' || ''melodica'' |- | '''ryuduzar''' || ''concertina'' |- ! colspan=2 | Guitar &#x1f3b8; |- | '''baduzar'''<br>-- '''seuxa baduzar'''<br>-- '''maka baduzar'''<br>-- '''yoba baduzar''' || ''guitar''<br>-- ''accoustic guitar''<br>-- ''electric guitar''<br>-- ''bass guitar'' |- | '''beduzar''' || ''banjo'' |- | '''biduzar''' || ''lute'' |- | '''buduzar''' || ''harp'' |- | '''byoduzar''' || ''mandolin'' |- | '''byaduzar''' || ''ukelele'' |- | '''byeduzar''' || ''zither'' |- | '''byiduzar''' || ''lyre'' |- | '''byuduzar''' || ''cithara, kithara'' |- | '''baloduzar''' || ''sitar'' |- | '''baladuzar''' || ''veena'' |- | '''baleduzar''' || ''koto'' |- | '''baliduzar''' || ''balalaika'' |- | '''baluduzar''' || ''charango'' |- | '''balyoduzar''' || ''hurdy-gurdy'' |} ==== Voice Ranges ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Voice Ranges (Deuz nabyani) |- ! Mirad !! English !! Meaning |- ! colspan=3 | Women |- | '''yabdeuztoyb''' || ''soprano'' || "high-voice-female" |- | '''zeyabdeuztoyb''' || ''mezzo-soprano'' || "high-ish-voice-female" |- | '''yobdeuztoyb''' || ''alto, contralto'' || "low-voice-female" |- ! colspan=3 | Men |- | '''yabdeuztwob''' || ''tenor'' || "high-voice-male" |- | '''ze-yabdeuztwob''' || ''baritone'' || "middle-high-voice-male" |- | '''yobdeuztwob''' || ''bass''||"low-voice-male" |- | '''vyo-yabdeuztwob''' || ''falsetto'' || "false-high-voice-male" |- ! colspan=3 | Boys |- | '''yabdeuztwobet''' || ''treble'' || "high-voice-boy" |} : Suffix these nouns with '''-a''' to make them adjectives, eg.: ::* '''His se <u>yabdeuztwoba</u> duznod.'''....''This is a <u>tenor</u> note.'' ==== Solmization Syllables ==== : The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Solmization Syllables |- | '''do''' || '''re''' || '''mi''' || '''fa''' || '''sol''' || '''la''' || '''ti''' || '''do''' |} ==== Musical Score Elements ==== [[File:Gigault-dernier-kyrie-mm9-12.png|thumb]] : The semitone or accidental symbols are: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Accidentals |- ! ENGLISH NAME !! SYMBOL !! MIRAD NAME !! ENGLISH EXAMPLE !! MIRAD EXAMPLE || MIRAD PRONUNCIATION |- | ''flat'' || <big>&#x1D12C;</big>|| '''yobwa''' (=''lowered'')|| ''B flat'' || '''B yobwa''' || '''ba YOBwa''' |- | ''sharp'' || <big>&#x1D130;</big> || '''yabwa''' (=''raised'')|| ''C sharp'' || '''C yabwa''' || '''ca YABwa''' |- | ''natural'' || <big>&#x1D12E;</big> || '''egxwa''' (=''normalized'')|| ''F natural'' || '''F egxwa''' || '''fe EGxwa''' |} : Some staff notation: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Staff Notation |- ! English Name !! Symbol !! Mirad Name |- | ''staff'' || <big>&#x1D119;</big> || '''nuidyan''' |- | ''treble clef, G clef'' || <big>&#x1D11E;</big> || '''G yijar''' |- | ''C clef'' || <big>&#x1D121;</big> || '''C yijar''' |- | ''base clef, F clef'' || <big>&#x1D122;</big> || '''F yijar''' |- | ''note'' || || '''nod''' |- | ''half note'' || <big>&#x1D15E;</big> || '''eyna nod''' |- | ''quarter note'' || <big>&#x1D15F;</big> || '''uyna nod''' |- | ''whole note'' || <big>&#x1D15D;</big> || '''ayna nod''' |- | ''quarter rest'' || <big>&#x1D13D; </big> || '''uyna poys''' |- | ''eighth note'' || <big>&#x1D160; </big> || '''yiyna nod''' |- | ''bar, measure'' || <big>&#x1D100;</big> || '''nodzyan''' |- | ''ligature'' || || '''yanxus''' |} ==== Characteristic Features of Music ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Characteristic Features of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''deup'''||'' beat'' |- |'''seupan'''||'' cadence'' |- |'''jes'''||'' duration'' |- |'''zoyteuz'''||'' echo'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||'' harmony'' |- |'''duzneg'''||''pitch'' |- |'''ijduzneg'''||'' key'' |- |'''druz'''||'' lyric'' |- |'''agala duzmus'''||'' major scale'' |- |'''duznag'''||'' measure'' |- |'''duznad'''||'' melody'' |- |'''duzjob''' ||''tempo'' |- |'''nak'''||'' meter'' |- |'''ogala duzmus'''||'' minor scale'' |- |'''duz'''||'' music'' |- |'''yinig'''||'' octave'' |- |'''byexes'''||'' pulse'' |- |'''zoyseuzen'''||'' resonance'' |- |'''deupyan'''||'' rhythm'' |- |'''duzmus'''||'' scale'' |- |'''duzdreyn'''||'' score'' |- |'''seux'''||'' sound'' |- |'''duzigan'''||'' tempo'' |- |'''seuzvolz'''||'' timbre'' |- |'''seuz'''||'' tone'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||''chord, harmonic'' |- |'''aybseuz'''||''overtone'' |- |'''deuzunog'''||'' tune'' |- |'''deuz'''||'' voice'' |- |'''seuxnid'''||'' volume'' |} ==== Dynamics ==== : Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left ''as is'' in Mirad. : These include: <div style="background:lightyellow; font-style:italics"> : <i>a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo</i>, and others. </div> ==== Types of Arrangements ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Arrangements ! English !! Mirad |- |''a capella song''||'''a kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzari''' |- |''anthem''||'''fizdeuzun, tezdeuzun''' |- |''antiphon''||'''duiddeuzun''' |- |''aria''||'''arya, awat deuzun''' |- |''arrangement''||'''napbeyn''' |- |''art song''||'''tuz deuz''' |- |''ballad''||'''daz deuz, ifonkex deuzun''' |- |''battle hymn''||'''dropek deuzun''' |- |''bird song''||'''pat deuzun''' |- |''broadway song''||'''Broadway deuzun''' |- |''campfire song''||'''tamoftem deuzun''' |- |''cantata''||'''kantata''' |- |''canticle''||'''efyadeuzun''' |- |''carol''||'''ivdeuzun''' |- |''chant''||'''yagdeuzun''' |- |''choral arrangement''||'''deuzutyan napxeyn''' |- |''Christmas carol''||'''Kristtaj ivdeuzun''' |- |''classical song''||'''visauna deuzun''' |- |''composition''||'''duzdrun''' |- |''concerto''||'''koncerto''' |- |''country song''||'''odom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzun''' |- |''dance song''||'''daz deuzun''' |- |''dirge''||'''uvdeuzun''' |- |''ditty''||'''deuzog''' |- |''doggerel verse''||'''dizdeuzun''' |- |''drinking song''||'''tilien deuzun''' |- |''duet''||'''ewat (deuzun)''' |- |''folksong''||'''tyoyd deuzun''' |- |''glee''||'''Gebama deuzun''' |- |''gospel song''||'''fyadin deuzun''' |- |''hip hop song''||'''hip hop deuzun''' |- |''hit song''||'''agakus deuzun''' |- |''hymn''||'''fyadeuzun ''' |- |''instrumental''||'''duzarun''' |- |''jingle''||'''nundeuzunog''' |- |''karaoke song''||'''karaoke deuzun''' |- |''love song''||'''ifon deuzun''' |- |''lullaby''||'''tudet deuzun''' |- |''lute song''||'''riduzar deuzun''' |- |''madrigal''||'''duzuka deuzun''' |- |''marching song''||'''doptyopen deuzun''' |- |''medley''||'''ebmulxwa deuzyan''' |- |''metal song''||'''mug deuzun''' |- |''musical number''||'''duzun''' |- |''old standard''||'''ajdeuzun''' |- |''opera''||'''dyuz, dyuzun''' |- |''oratorio''||'''oratoryo''' |- |''paean''||'''akrun deuzun''' |- |''partsong''||'''gon deuzun''' |- |''patter song''||'''deuzig''' |- |''pop song''||'''tyoda deuzun''' |- |''psalm''||'''afyadeuzun''' |- |''rock song''||'''rok deuzun''' |- |''round''||'''zoydea deuzun''' |- |''sea shanty''||'''mim deuz''' |- |''show tune''||'''duez deuzun''' |- |''signature song''||'''ujak deuzun''' |- |''slow jam''||'''bluz deuzun''' |- |''soliloquy''||'''awat, awat deuzun''' |- |''solo''||'''awat (duzun), awat (deuzun)''' |- |''song''||'''deuzun''' |- |''spiritual, negro spiritual''||'''topa deuzun''' |- |''sporting song''||'''tapifek deuzun''' |- |''symphony''||'''viduzunyag''' |- |''theme song''||'''texzena deuz''' |- |''torch song''||'''ifonok uvdeuzun''' |- |''vaudeville song''||'''Vaudeville deuzun''' |- |''Wienerlied''||'''Viena deuzun''' |} ==== Musicians ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musicians ! English !! Mirad |- |''musician''||'''duzut, duztoyb, duzuyt, duztwob''' |- |''instrumentalist''||'''duzarut''' |- |''violinist''||'''aduzarut''' |- |''conductor''||'''duzdeb''', '''duzutyaneb''' |- |''soloist''||'''anduzut''' |- |''singer, vocalist''||'''deuzut''' |- |''danseur''||'''dyaztwob''' |- |''ballerina''||'''dyazuyt, dyaztoyb''' |- |''dancer''||'''dazut, dazuyt''' |- |''opera singer''||'''dyuzut, dyuzuyt''' |- |''operatist, librettist''||'''dyuzdrut''' |- |''composer''||'''duzdrut''' |- |''lyricist, songwriter''||'''deuzdrut''' |- |''dance conductor''||'''dazeb''' |- |''(symphony) orchestra''||'''duzarutyan''' |- |''philharmonic orchestra''||'''duzarutyanag''' |- |''chorus, chorale'' ||'''deuzutyan''' |- |''dance troupe''||'''dazutyan''' |} ==== Song Parts ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Song Parts ! Mirad !! English |- |'''ujgon'''||''coda'' |- |'''ijgon'''||''intro'' |- |'''ebek'''||''interlude'' |- |'''ijek'''||''finale'' |- |'''gawijun'''||''reprise'' |- |'''gawdeuzun'''||''refrain'' |- |'''agalduznad'''||''theme'' |- |'''nadyan'''||''verse'' |- |'''zeymep'''||''bridge'' |- |'''gawdwas'''||''chorus'' |- |'''ujnadyan'''||''outro'' |} ==== Music Genres ==== : Some genres and styles of music: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Genres of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''a kapella, boy duzari'''||''a capella'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''ambiant'' |- |'''Usoma tyoyduz'''||''American folk'' |- |'''Usoma egona duz'''||''American standard'' |- |'''yizejna'''||''avant garde'' |- |'''Baroka'''||''Baroque'' |- |'''yolza vab'''||''bluegrass'' |- |'''bluz'''||''blues'' |- |'''Bolliwud'''||''Bollywood'' |- |'''bossa nova'''||''bossa nova'' |- |'''kalipso'''||''calypso'' |- |'''Kelta yagdeuz'''||''Celtic chant'' |- |'''Canima tyoyduz'''||''Chinese folk'' |- |'''Canima ajutbyena dyuz'''||''Chinese traditional opera'' |- |'''jejoba deupyan ay bluz'''||''contemporary R&B'' |- |'''maima bluz'''||''country blues'' |- |'''maima duz'''||''country music'' |- |'''maima pop'''||''country pop'' |- |'''maima rap'''||''country rap'' |- |'''maima rok'''||''country rock'' |- |'''dazam pop'''||''dancehall pop'' |- |'''disko'''||''disco'' |- |'''du-wop'''||''doo-wop'' |- |'''maka dauz'''||''electronic dance music (EDM)'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''elevator music'' |- |'''Euma disko'''||''Euro-disco'' |- |'''jwayeka'''||''experimental'' |- |'''flamenko'''||''flamenco'' |- |'''funk'''||''funk'' |- |'''Gregoria yagdeuz'''||''Gregorian chant'' |- |'''hip-hop'''||''hip-hop'' |- |'''honki-tonk'''||''honky-tonk'' |- |'''hyusuna rok'''||''Indie rock'' |- |'''jaz'''||''jazz'' |- |'''makjaz'''||''jazztronica'' |- |'''juju'''||''juju'' |- |'''fyaxela duz'''||''liturgical music'' |- |'''majika'''||''majika'' |- |'''mamo'''||''mambo'' |- |'''merengwe'''||''merengue'' |- |'''mesitzo'''||''mesitzo'' |- |'''mug'''||''metal'' |- |'''Mixuma duz'''||''Mexican'' |- |'''seuz bi Naxvil'''||''Nashville sound'' |- |'''Ejna Orleans bluz'''||''New Orleans blues'' |- |'''dyuz'''||''opera'' |- |'''rancera'''||''ranchera'' |- |'''rap'''||''rap'' |- |'''rege'''||''reggae'' |- |'''deupyan ay blus, ro-ay-ba'''||''rhythm & blues'' |- |'''rok-ay-rol'''||''rock & roll'' |- |'''salsa'''||''salsa'' |- |'''samba'''||''samba'' |- |'''ska'''||''ska'' |- |'''galoduzaruta duz'''||''steel band music'' |- |'''swing'''||''swing'' |- |'''Tehano'''||''Tejano'' |- |'''eyntuj duz'''||''trance music'' |- |'''Zumera visauna'''||''Western classical'' |- |'''Zumeryena'''||''Western'' |- |'''zideko'''||''zydeco'' |} === Geographic Placenames === : As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants. ==== Countries of the World ==== [[File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Johnson's new chart of national emblems, 1868.jpg|thumb|]] Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter '''m''' is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.: : Example 1: : ''Burundi'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI. ::* ''BDI'' is lowercased to ''bdi'' ::* '''b''' is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell '''ba'''. ::* Since ''d'' is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: '''d'''. ::* The vowel ''i'' is left as is: '''i''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''badim''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Badim''' ::* BDI (Burundi) = '''Badim'''. : Example 2: : ''Uzbekistan'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB. ::* ''UZB'' is lowercased to ''uzb'' ::* '''u''' is left as is: '''u'''. ::* '''z''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''zu''' ::* '''b''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''ba''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''uzubam''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Uzubam''' ::* UZB (Uzbekistan) = '''Uzubam'''. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Country Names (click on arrows to sort a column) ! ISO !! English !! Mirad |- | ABW || ''Aruba''||'''Abawum''' |- | AFG || ''Afghanistan''||'''Afegem''' |- | AGO || ''Angola''||'''Agom''' |- | AIA || ''Anguilla''||'''Aiam''' |- | ALA || ''[[w:Åland|Åland Islands]]''||'''Alam''' |- | ALB || ''Albania''||'''Alibam''' |- | AND || ''Andorra''||'''Anidam''' |- | ANT || ''Netherlands Antilles''||'''Anitom''' |- | ARE || ''United Arab Emirates''||'''Arem''' |- | ARG || ''Argentina''||'''Arogem''' |- | ARM || ''Armenia''||'''Aromim''' |- | ASM || ''American Samoa''||'''Asomim''' |- | ATA || ''Antarctica''||'''Atam''' |- | ATF || ''French Southern Territories''||'''Atofem''' |- | ATG || ''Antigua and Barbuda''||'''Atogem''' |- | AUS || ''Australia''||'''Ausom''' |- | AUT || ''Austria''||'''Autom''' |- | AZE || ''Azerbaijan''||'''Azem''' |- | BDI || ''Burundi''||'''Badim''' |- | BEL || ''Belgium''||'''Belim''' |- | BEN || ''Benin''||'''Benim''' |- | BFA || ''Burkina Faso''||'''Bafam''' |- | BGD || ''Bangladesh''||'''Bagedam''' |- | BGR || ''Bulgaria''||'''Bagerom''' |- | BHR || ''Bahrain''||'''Baherom''' |- | BHS || ''[[w|The Bahamas|Bahamas]]''||'''Bahesom''' |- | BIH || ''Bosnia and Herzegovina''||'''Bihem''' |- | BLM || ''Saint Barthélemy''||'''Balimim''' |- | BLR || ''Belarus''||'''Balirom''' |- | BLZ || ''Belize''||'''Balizum''' |- | BMU || ''Bermuda''||'''Bamum''' |- | BOL || ''Bolivia''||'''Bolim''' |- | BRA || ''Brazil''||'''Baram''' |- | BRB || ''Barbados''||'''Barobam''' |- | BRN || ''[[w:Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]]''||'''Baronim''' |- | BTN || ''Bhutan''||'''Batonim''' |- | BVT || ''Bouvet Island''||'''Bavutom''' |- | BWA || ''Botswana''||'''Bawam''' |- | CAF || ''Central African Republic''||'''Cafem''' |- | CAN || ''Canada''||'''Canim''' |- | CCK || ''Cocos Islands''||'''Cacakim''' |- | CHE || ''Switzerland''||'''Cahem''' |- | CHL || ''Chile''||'''Cahelim''' |- | CHN || ''[[w:People's Republic of China|China]]''||'''Cahenim''' |- | CIV || ''Côte d'Ivoire''||'''Civum''' |- | CMR || ''Cameroon''||'''Camirom''' |- | COD || ''Democratic Republic of the Congo''||'''Codam''' |- | COG || ''Republic of the Congo''||'''Cogem''' |- | COK || ''Cook Islands''||'''Cokim''' |- | COL || ''Colombia''||'''Colim''' |- | COM || ''Comoros''||'''Comim''' |- | CPV || ''Cape Verde''||'''Capovum''' |- | CRI || ''Costa Rica''||'''Carim''' |- | CUB || ''Cuba''||'''Cubam''' |- | CXR || ''Christmas Island''||'''Caxurom''' |- | CYM || ''Cayman Islands''||'''Cayumim''' |- | CYP || ''Cyprus''||'''Cayupom''' |- | CZE || ''Czechia''||'''Cazem''' |- | DEU || ''Germany''||'''Deum''' |- | DJI || ''Djibouti''||'''Dajim''' |- | DMA || ''Dominica''||'''Damam''' |- | DNK || ''Denmark''||'''Danikim''' |- | DOM || ''Dominican Republic''||'''Domim''' |- | DZA || ''Algeria''||'''Dazam''' |- | ECU || ''Ecuador''||'''Ecum''' |- | EGY || ''Egypt''||'''Egeyum''' |- | ERI || ''Eritrea''||'''Erim''' |- | ESH || ''Western Sahara''||'''Esohem''' |- | ESP || ''Spain''||'''Esopom''' |- | EST || ''Estonia''||'''Esotom''' |- | ETH || ''Ethiopia''||'''Etohem''' |- | FIN || ''Finland''||'''Finim''' |- | FJI || ''Fiji''||'''Fejim''' |- | FLK || ''Falkland Islands (Malvinas)''||'''Felikim''' |- | FRA || ''France''||'''Feram''' |- | FRO || ''Faroe Islands''||'''Ferom''' |- | FSM || ''Federated States of Micronesia''||'''Fesomim''' |- | GAB || ''Gabon''||'''Gabam''' |- | GBR || ''United Kingdom''||'''Gebarom''' |- | GEO || ''Georgia''||'''Geom''' |- | GGY || ''Guernsey''||'''Gegeyum''' |- | GHA || ''Ghana''||'''Geham''' |- | GIB || ''Gibraltar''||'''Gibam''' |- | GLP || ''Guadeloupe''||'''Gelipom''' |- | GMB || ''Gambia''||'''Gemibam''' |- | GNB || ''Guinea-Bissau''||'''Genibam''' |- | GNQ || ''Equatorial Guinea''||'''Geniqom''' |- | GRC || ''Greece''||'''Gerocam''' |- | GRD || ''Grenada''||'''Gerodam''' |- | GRL || ''Greenland''||'''Gedolim''' |- | GTM || ''Guatemala''||'''Getomim''' |- | GUF || ''French Guiana''||'''Gufem''' |- | GUM || ''Guam''||'''Gumim''' |- | GUY || ''Guyana''||'''Guyum''' |- | HKG || ''Hong Kong''||'''Hekigem''' |- | HMD || ''Heard Island and McDonald Islands''||'''Hemidam''' |- | HND || ''Honduras''||'''Henidam''' |- | HRV || ''Croatia''||'''Herovum''' |- | HTI || ''Haiti''||'''Hetim''' |- | HUN || ''Hungary''||'''Hunim''' |- | IDN || ''Indonesia''||'''Idanim''' |- | IMN || ''Isle of Man''||'''Iminim''' |- | IND || ''India''||'''Inidam''' |- | IOT || ''British Indian Ocean Territory''||'''Iotom''' |- | IRL || ''Republic of Ireland''||'''Irolim''' |- | IRN || ''Iran''||'''Ironim''' |- | IRQ || ''Iraq''||'''Iroqom''' |- | ISL || ''Iceland''||'''Isolim''' |- | ISR || ''Israel''||'''Isorom''' |- | ITA || ''Italy''||'''Itam''' |- | JAM || ''Jamaica''||'''Jamim''' |- | JEY || ''Jersey''||'''Jeyum''' |- | JOR || ''Jordan''||'''Jorom''' |- | JPN || ''Japan''||'''Jiponim''' |- | KAZ || ''Kazakhstan''||'''Kazum''' |- | KEN || ''Kenya''||'''Kenim''' |- | KGZ || ''Kyrgyzstan''||'''Kigezum''' |- | KHM || ''Cambodia''||'''Kihemim''' |- | KIR || ''Kiribati''||'''Kirom''' |- | KNA || ''Saint Kitts and Nevis''||'''Kinam''' |- | KOR || ''[[w:South Korea|Korea, Republic of]]''||'''Korom''' |- | KWT || ''Kuwait''||'''Kiwutom''' |- | LAO || ''Laos''||'''Laom''' |- | LBN || ''Lebanon''||'''Libanim''' |- | LBR || ''Liberia''||'''Libarom''' |- | LBY || ''Libya''||'''Libayum''' |- | LCA || ''Saint Lucia''||'''Licam''' |- | LIE || ''Liechtenstein''||'''Liem''' |- | LKA || ''Sri Lanka''||'''Likam''' |- | LSO || ''Lesotho''||'''Lisom''' |- | LTU || ''Lithuania''||'''Litum''' |- | LUX || ''Luxembourg''||'''Luxum''' |- | LVA || ''Latvia''||'''Livam''' |- | MAC || ''[[W:Macau|Macao]]''||'''Macam''' |- | MAF || ''Saint Martin''||'''Mafem''' |- | MAR || ''Morocco''||'''Marom''' |- | MCO || ''Monaco''||'''Micom''' |- | MDA || ''Moldova''||'''Midam''' |- | MDG || ''Madagascar''||'''Midagem''' |- | MDV || ''Maldives''||'''Midavum''' |- | MEX || ''Mexico''||'''Mexum''' |- | MHL || ''Marshall Islands''||'''Mihelim''' |- | MKD || ''Republic of Macedonia''||'''Mikidam''' |- | MLI || ''Mali''||'''Milim''' |- | MLT || ''Malta''||'''Militom''' |- | MMR || ''Myanmar''||'''Mimirom''' |- | MNE || ''Montenegro''||'''Minem''' |- | MNG || ''Mongolia''||'''Minigem''' |- | MNP || ''Northern Mariana Islands''||'''Minipom''' |- | MOZ || ''Mozambique''||'''Mozum''' |- | MRT || ''Mauritania''||'''Mirotom''' |- | MSR || ''Montserrat''||'''Misorom''' |- | MTQ || ''Martinique''||'''Mitoqom''' |- | MUS || ''Mauritius''||'''Musom''' |- | MWI || ''Malawi''||'''Miwim''' |- | MYS || ''Malaysia''||'''Miyusom''' |- | MYT || ''Mayotte''||'''Miyutom''' |- | NAM || ''Namibia''||'''Namim''' |- | NCL || ''New Caledonia''||'''Nicalim''' |- | NER || ''Niger''||'''Nerom''' |- | NFK || ''Norfolk Island''||'''Nifekim''' |- | NGA || ''Nigeria''||'''Nigam''' |- | NIC || ''Nicaragua''||'''Nicam''' |- | NOR || ''Norway''||'''Norom''' |- | NIU || ''Niue''||'''Nium''' |- | NLD || ''Netherlands''||'''Nilidam''' |- | NPL || ''Nepal''||'''Nipolim''' |- | NRU || ''Nauru''||'''Nirum''' |- | NZL || ''New Zealand''||'''Nizulim''' |- | OMN || ''Oman''||'''Ominim''' |- | PAK || ''Pakistan''||'''Pakim''' |- | PAN || ''Panama''||'''Panim''' |- | PCN || ''Pitcairn Islands''||'''Pocanim''' |- | PER || ''Peru''||'''Perom''' |- | PHL || ''Philippines''||'''Pohelim''' |- | PLW || ''Palau''||'''Poliwum''' |- | PNG || ''Papua New Guinea''||'''Ponigem''' |- | POL || ''Poland''||'''Polim''' |- | PRI || ''Puerto Rico''||'''Porim''' |- | PRK || ''North Korea''||'''Porikim''' |- | PRT || ''Portugal''||'''Porotom''' |- | PRY || ''Paraguay''||'''Poroyum''' |- | PSE || ''Palestinian territories''||'''Posem''' |- | PYF || ''French Polynesia''||'''Poyufem''' |- | QAT || ''Qatar''||'''Qatom''' |- | REU || ''Réunion''||'''Reum''' |- | ROU || ''Romania''||'''Roum''' |- | RUS || ''Russia''||'''Rusom''' |- | RWA || ''Rwanda''||'''Rowam''' |- | SAU || ''Saudi Arabia''||'''Saum''' |- | SDN || ''Sudan''||'''Sodanim''' |- | SEN || ''Senegal''||'''Senim''' |- | SGP || ''Singapore''||'''Sogepom''' |- | SGS || ''South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands''||'''Sogesom''' |- | SHN || ''Saint Helena''||'''Sohenim''' |- | SJM || ''Svalbard and Jan Mayen''||'''Sojimim''' |- | SLB || ''Solomon Islands''||'''Solibam''' |- | SLE || ''Sierra Leone''||'''Solem''' |- | SLV || ''El Salvador''||'''Solivum''' |- | SMR || ''San Marino''||'''Somirom''' |- | SOM || ''Somalia''||'''Somim''' |- | SPM || ''Saint Pierre and Miquelon''||'''Sopomim''' |- | SRB || ''Serbia''||'''Sorobam''' |- | STP || ''São Tomé and Príncipe''||'''Sotopom''' |- | SUR || ''Suriname''||'''Surom''' |- | SVK || ''Slovakia''||'''Sovukim''' |- | SVN || ''Slovenia''||'''Sovunim''' |- | SWE || ''Sweden''||'''Sowem''' |- | SWZ || ''Swaziland''||'''Sowuzum''' |- | SYC || ''Seychelles''||'''Soyucam''' |- | SYR || ''Syria''||'''Soyurom''' |- | TCA || ''Turks and Caicos Islands''||'''Tocam''' |- | TCD || ''Chad''||'''Tocadam''' |- | TGO || ''Togo''||'''Togom''' |- | THA || ''Thailand''||'''Toham''' |- | TJK || ''Tajikistan''||'''Tojikim''' |- | TKL || ''Tokelau''||'''Tokilim''' |- | TKM || ''Turkmenistan''||'''Tokimim''' |- | TLS || ''East Timor''||'''Tolisom''' |- | TON || ''Tonga''||'''Tonim''' |- | TTO || ''Trinidad and Tobago''||'''Totom''' |- | TUN || ''Tunisia''||'''Tunim''' |- | TUR || ''Turkey''||'''Turim''' |- | TUV || ''Tuvalu''||'''Tuvum''' |- | TWN || ''Taiwan''||'''Towunim''' |- | TZA || ''Tanzania''||'''Tozam''' |- | UGA || ''Uganda''||'''Ugam''' |- | UKR || ''Ukraine''||'''Ukirom''' |- | UMI || ''United States Minor Outlying Islands''||'''Umim''' |- | URY || ''Uruguay''||'''Uroyum''' |- | USA || ''United States''||'''Usam''' |- | UZB || ''Uzbekistan''||'''Uzubam''' |- | VAT || ''Vatican City''||'''Vatom''' |- | VCT || ''Saint Vincent and the Grenadines''||'''Vucatom''' |- | VEN || ''Venezuela''||'''Venim''' |- | VGB || ''British Virgin Islands''||'''Vugebam''' |- | VIR || ''United States Virgin Islands''||'''Virom''' |- | VNM || ''Vietnam''||'''Vunimim''' |- | VUT || ''Vanuatu''||'''Vutom''' |- | WLF || ''Wallis and Futuna''||'''Wulifem''' |- | WSM || ''Samoa''||'''Wusomim''' |- | YEM || ''Yemen''||'''Yemim''' |- | ZAF || ''South Africa''||'''Zafem''' |- | ZMB || ''Zambia''||'''Zumibam''' |- | ZWE || ''Zimbabwe''||'''Zuwem''' |} : The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker '''a''', eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''France'' ==> '''Ferama'''....''French'' ::* '''Usam'''....''United States'' ==> '''Usama'''....''American'' ::* '''Deum'''....''Germany'' ==> '''Deuma'''....''German'' : The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final '''m''' of the placename to '''t''' (meaning person), eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferat'''....''a French person, a Frenchman'' : The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg: ::* '''Ferat'''....''a French person'' ==> '''ha Ferati'''....''the French'' ::* '''Etohet'''....''an Ethiopian'' ==> '''Etohwat'''....''an Ethiopian male'' ::* '''Finit'''....''a Finn'' ==> '''Finiyt'''....''a Finnish woman'' : Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: '''Ferama''' refers to the country of ''France'', not the language ''French''. ''French'' the language is '''Ferad.''' ==== Continents ==== [[File:Continental models.gif|thumb]] : The word for ''continent'' in Mirad is '''yanmel''' (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word '''yanmel''' with vectorial prefixes. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Continent Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Ayanmal''' || ''North America'' |- | '''Oyanmel''' || ''South America'' |- | '''Iyanmel''' || ''Asia'' |- | '''Uyanmel''' || ''Europe'' |- | '''Eyanmel''' || ''Africa'' |- | '''Yoyanmel''' || ''Oceania'' |} : The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing '''-a''': :* '''Iyanmela'''....''Asian'' :* '''Uyanmela'''....''European'' : By appending '''-t(i)''' to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants: :* '''Eyanmelat'''....''an African'' :* '''Ayanmelati'''....''North Americans'' : Note: <div style="background: lightyellow"> :* The ''Americas'' is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word '''Aoyanmel''' (a combination of North and South America). :* ''Central America'' is expressed in Mirad by '''Zea Aoyanmel''' (''Central America'') :* The word '''Usam''' means ''United States of America'' or ''USA''. The word ''America'' by itself is not used in Mirad; only ''North America'' or ''South America''. :* The word '''Usamati''' is used for ''Americans'' when referring to inhabitants of the U.S. :* The word '''Ayanmelati''' is used to refer to North Americans (U.S. and Canada). :* The word '''Eyanmel-Usamat''', or more briefly, '''Eusamat''' is used for ''African American''. :* ''Latin America'' is expressed as '''Liada Oyanmel'''. :* ''A Latino, Latina, or Latinx'' in the U.S. is called '''Liadwut, Liaduyt, or Liadut'''. :* In some geographic systems, '''Ausom'''....''Australia'' is considered a continent. </div> : The word for ''island'' is '''yonmel''' (= ''separate land''). An islander is '''yonmelat'''. ==== Oceans ==== : The Mirad word for ocean is '''mimag'''. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word '''mimag''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Ocean Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Amimag''' || ''Arctic Ocean'' |- | '''Omimag''' || ''Southern Ocean'' |- | '''Imimag''' || ''Pacific Ocean'' |- | '''Umimag''' || ''Atlantic Ocean'' |- | '''Emimag''' || ''Indian Ocean'' |} ==== Compass Directions and Poles ==== : The compass directions ('''merizoni''') and poles ('''mernodi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamer'''....''north'' / '''zamera'''....''northern'' / '''zamernod'''....''north pole'' ::* '''zomer'''....''south'' / '''zomera'''....''southern'' / '''zomernod'''....''south pole'' ::* '''zimer'''....''east'' / '''zimera'''....''eastern'' ::* '''zumer'''....''west'' / '''zumera'''....''western'' : The words '''Yibzamer'''....''Arctic'' and '''Yibzomer'''...''Antarctic(a)'' both use the prefix '''yib'''....''far''. : Prefixing the directions with '''iz-'''....''due-'' yields: ::* '''iz zamer'''....''due north'' ::* '''iz zomer'''....''due south'', etc. : Directional words can be hybridized, eg: ::* '''zaomera'''....''north-south'' ::* '''zuimera'''....''east-west'' ::* '''zaumera'''....''north-west'' ::* '''zaimera'''....''north-east'' ==== Earth Grid Lines ==== : The earth grid lines ('''mernadi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamernad'''....''Arctic Circle'' ::* '''zomernad'''....''Antarctic Circle'' ::* '''zaomernad'''....''longitude'' ::* '''zuimernad'''....''latitude'' ::* '''zemernad'''....''equator'' :::* '''abzemernad'''....''Tropic of Capricorn'' :::* '''obzemernad'''....''tropic, Tropic of Cancer'' ::::* '''yizobzemernad'''....''subtropic'' ::* '''eymernad'''....''meridian'' ::* '''mamnad'''....''horizon'' ::* '''aonada'''....''vertical'' ::* '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' ::* '''zyenada'''....''perpendicular'' ==== Languages of the World ==== [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|thumb|]] : Mirad names of languages are based on either: ::* the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or: ::* the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php|Library of Congress ISO639-2 Codes]]. : If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final '''m''' or the country name with '''d'''. For example, '''Enigem''' (''England''), becomes '''Eniged''' (''English''). See [[Mirad_Grammar#Countries of the World|Countries of the World]]. : If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and '''d''' is suffixed to the word. A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel. For example, '''ba''' + '''e''' becomes '''be'''. :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Mirad Language Names |- ! ISO Language Name !! Country or ISO Code !! Mirad Language Name |- | Abkhazian || abk || '''Abakid''' |- | Afar || aar || '''Aarod''' |- | Afrikaans || '''Zafem'''....''South Africa'' || '''Zafed''' |- | Akan || aka || '''Akad''' (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka) |- | Albanian || '''Alibam'''....''Albania'' || '''Alibad''' |- | Amharic || amh || '''Amihed''' |- | Arabic || ara || '''Arad''' |- | Aragonese || arg || '''Aroged''' |- | Armenian || '''Aromim''' || '''Heyud''' |- | Assamese || asm || '''Asomid''' |- | Avaric || ava || '''Avad''' |- | Avestan || ave || '''Aved''' |- | Aymara || aym || '''Ayumid''' |- | Azerbaijani || '''Azem'''....''Azerbaijan'' || '''Azed''' |- | Bambara || bam || '''Bamid''' |- | Bashkir || bak || '''Bakirod''' |- | Basque || baq || '''Baqod''' |- | Belarusian || '''Balirom'''....''Belarusia'' || '''Balirod''' |- | Bengali || '''Bagedim'''....''Bangladesh'' || '''Bagedid''' |- | Bislama || bis || '''Bisod''' |- | Bosnian || '''Bihem'''....''Bosnia'' || '''Bihed''' |- | Breton || bre || '''Bared''' |- | Bulgarian || '''Bagerom'''....''Bulgaria'' || '''Bagerod''' |- | Burmese || '''Mimirom'''....''Miyanmar'' || '''Mimirod''' |} ...and so on... : The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing '''-a''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''(the) English (language)'' ==> '''Enigeda'''....''(in the) English (language)'' ::* '''Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.'''....''This English language document is incomprehensible.'' : The language names can be verbalized with the addition of '''-der'''....''to say'', '''-daler'''....''to speak'', and '''-xer'''....''to translate into'', eg: ::* '''Ferad'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferader'''....''to say in French'' ::* '''Esopod'''....''Spanish'' ==> '''Esopodaler'''....''to speak Spanish'' ::* '''Arad'''....''Arabic'' ==> '''Aradxer'''....''to Arabicize/translate into Arabic'' ::* '''Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.'''....''French has many Anglicizations.'' : The speaker of a language is created by adding '''-ut''' or '''-alut''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''English'' ==> '''Enigedut (or) Enigedalut'''....''English speaker'' ::* '''Duven et Enigedale?'''....''Do you speak English?'' ::* '''Aradu hia dun.'''....''Say this word in Arabic.'' ::* '''At se Itadut/Itadalut.'''....''I am a speaker of Italian.'' : Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Language Variants |- ! Variation Category !! Example |- | '''Ajna'''....''Old/Ancient'' || '''Ajna Eniged'''....''Old English, Anglo-Saxon'' |- | '''Ejoba'''....''Modern'' || '''Ejoba Perod'''....''Modern Persian, Farsi'' |- | '''Visauna'''....''Classical'' || '''Visauna Gerocad'''....''Classical Greek'' |- | '''Vyirina'''....''Puristic'' || '''Vyirina Gerocad'''....''Katharevousa (Puristic Greek)'' |- | '''Tyoda'''....''Vulgar/Popular/Demotic'' || '''Tyoda Latod'''....''Vulgar Latin''<br>'''Tyoda Gerocad'''....''Demotic Greek'' |- | '''Fyaxela'''....''Liturgical'' || '''Fyaxela Hebad'''....''Liturgical Hebrew'' |- | '''Fyadyesa'''....''Biblical'' || '''Fyadyesa Hebad'''....''Biblical Hebrew'' |- | '''Egona'''....''Standard'' || '''Ejoba Egona Arad'''....''Modern Standard Arabic'' |- | '''Egema'''....''Egyptian'' || '''Egema Arad'''....''Egyptian Arabic'' |- | '''Usoma'''....''American'' || '''Usoma Eniged'''....''American English'' |} : There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself. ::* '''Mirad'''....''Mirad'' ('''Mir'''....''world'') ::* '''Meurad'''....''Martian'' ('''Meur'''...''Mars'') ::* ''Celtic'', which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called '''Celid''' in Mirad. ::* ''Indo-European'', with the code "ine", translates to '''Inied''' in Mirad. ==== Cities and Their Residents ==== : Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in '''-a''' or '''-yena'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Cities and Their Residents |- ! City !! Adjective !! Inhabitant |- | '''Paris'''....''Paris'' || '''Paris<u>yena</u>'''....''Parisian'' || '''Paris<u>at</u>'''....''Parisian'' |- | '''Ejna York'''....''New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>a</u>'''....''of New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>at</u>'''....''New Yorker'' |- | '''Rom'''....''Rome'' || '''Rom<u>a</u>'''....''Roman'' || '''Rom<u>at</u>'''....''Roman'' |- | '''Beijing'''....''Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>a</u>'''....''of Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>at</u>'''....''resident of Beijing'' |- | '''Berlin'''....''Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>a</u>'''....''from Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>at</u>'''....''Berliner'' |} : Examples: :* '''Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.'''....''Berlin citizens are called Berliners.'' :* '''Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.'''....''Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.'' === Playing Cards Notation === : The playing card suits and prime denominations are: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Playing Card Suits |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''tiib''' || ''heart''|| <big>{{cards|h}}</big> |- | '''melukar''' || ''spade''|| <big>{{cards|s}}</big> |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond''|| <big>{{cards|d}}</big> |- | '''infayeb''' || ''club''|| <big>{{cards|c}}</big> |} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ High Cards plus the Joker |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''Az bi tiibi''' || ''ace of hearts''||[[File:Simple_h_a.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edweb bi melukari'''||''king of spades''||[[File:Simple_s_k.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edeyb bi amezi'''||''queen of diamonds''||[[File:Simple_d_q.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Yuxtwobet bi infayebi''' || ''jack of clubs''||[[File:Simple_c_j.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''hihiduut''' || ''joker''|| [[File:Simple_jk_b.svg|40px|thumb]] |} : Some useful terms: ::* '''eker drafi'''....''to play cards'' ::* '''zyabuer ha drafi'''....''to deal the card'' ::* '''ebnapxer ha drafi'''....''to shuffle the cards'' ::* '''goler ha nyan'''....''to cut the deck'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to fold'' ::* '''durer'''....''to bid'' ::* '''lokoxer draf'''....''to turn over a card'' ::* '''lokoxer ota tuyab'''....''to show one's hand'' ::* '''abnabxer'''....''to trump'' ::* '''ekdrafnyan'''....''deck of cards'' ::* '''nab'''....''suit'' ::* '''joper nab'''...''to follow suit'' ::* '''kyesdraft'''....''wild card'' ::* '''abnaba draf'''....''trump card'' ::* '''ha yannas'''....''the pot'' ::* '''ha nax'''....''the ante'' ::* '''yaber ha nax'''....''to up/raise the ante'' === Chess Piece Nomenclature === {{chess diagram | tright | |= 8 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= 7 |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= 6 | | | | | | | | |= 5 | | | | |pd| | | |= 4 | | | | |pl|pl| | |= 3 | | | | | | | | |= 2 |pl|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|= 1 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= a b c d e f g h | The King's Gambit }} : The game of chess is called '''xahifek''' in Mirad. : The chess pieces ('''xahifek goyni''') are as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Chess Piece Names |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''edweb''' || ''king'' || [[File:Chess_klt45.svg|thumb|30px]] |- | '''edeyb''' || ''queen'' || [[File:Chess_qlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''efyaxeb''' || ''bishop'' || [[File:Chess_blt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''apetaput''' || ''knight'' || [[File:Chess_nlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''tamaz''' || ''rook'' || [[File:Chess_rlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''melyexut''' || ''pawn'' || [[File:Chess_plt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |} : Some chess terms: ::* ''to checkmate''....'''xahtojber''' ::* ''Check!''....''Xah!'' ::* ''Checkmate!''....'''xahtoj!''' ::* ''chess board''....'''xahifek seym, xahifek drof''' ::* ''to move a piece''....'''paxer goun''' ::* ''to capture a piece''....'''pixler goun''' ::* ''chess clock''....'''xahifek jwobar''' ::* ''chess set''....''xahifek gounyan'' ::* ''chess tournament''....'''xahifekanyan''' ::* ''chess player''....'''xehifekut''' ::* ''my turn''....'''ata nayb''' ::* ''score''....'''aoksag''' ::* ''world champion''....'''miraklut''' === Botanical Nomenclature === : The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the [https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy|international Linnaean taxonomy]. ==== Base Names ==== : So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words: ::* '''fab'''....trees :::* '''feb'''....''fruits and nuts'' ::* '''fayb'''....''vines and shrubs'' :::* '''feyb'''....''berries'' ::* '''vob'''....''crops'' ::* '''vol'''....''vegetables'' ::* '''veel'''....''legumes and beans'' ::* '''vos'''....''flowers'' ==== Specific Names ==== : To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, ''pine'' tree is rendered as '''pifab'''. The '''pi''' prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees ''<u>Pi</u>naceae''. The '''fab''' ending applies to all trees. To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. ''cedar tree'' is '''<u>ce</u>pifab''' from ''Pianaceae <u>Ce</u>drus''. A ''cedar of Lebanon'' is '''<u>li</u>cepifab''' from the more specific ''Pinaceae Cedrus <u>li</u>bani''. : By constructing botanical terms this way, all pine trees can be listed by searching for all names ending in '''pifab'''. [[File:171 Magnolien.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ '''Basic Botanical Terms''' |- |valign=top|'''fob'''....''plant''||valign=top|'''vob'''....''crop''||valign=top|'''vol'''....''vegetable''||valign=top|'''vos'''....''flower'' |- |valign=top|'''fab'''....''tree''<br>'''fayeb'''....''leaf''<br>'''faob'''....''wood''<br>'''fayob'''....''bark''||valign=top|'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''vayob'''....''peel''|| ||'''vosayeb'''....''petal''<br>'''vosayob'''....''sepal'' |- |valign=top|'''feb'''....''fruit/nut''||valign=top|'''veb'''....''ear/tuft''<br>'''veeb'''....''seed''<br>'''veeyb'''....''grain''||valign=top|'''veel'''....''legume''||'''voseb'''....''capitulum'' |- |valign=top|'''fib'''....''trunk''||valign=top|'''vib'''....''stem'' || || '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' |- |valign=top|'''fub'''....''branch''||valign=top|'''vub'''....''blade''<br>'''vulob'''....''thorn'' || || |- |valign=top|'''fyob'''....''root''||valign=top|'''vyob'''....''tuber'' || || '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' |} ===== Product Names ===== : Products derived from plants are formed with the following words: ::* '''-fel'''....''juice (from a pome)'' ::* '''-feel'''....''-ade'' ::* '''-feyl'''....''juice (from a berry)'' ::* '''-fil'''....''alcoholic drink/cider'' ::* '''-fyel'''....''oil/jam/syrup'' ::* '''-fyeyl'''....''jelly'' ::* '''-fol'''....''grounds/powder'' ::* '''-fayel'''....''leaf juice'' : Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Zoological_Nomenclature|Zoological Nomenclature]]. For example, an ''apple'' is from the <u>Ro</u>saceae family of trees, the genus being ''<u>Ma</u>lus''. So the word for ''apple'' becomes '''marofeb'''. ''Apple tree'' is '''marofab''' and ''apple juice'' is '''marofel'''. Thus, ''apple cider'' is '''marofil'''. ===== Crops ===== : Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base '''vob''' with taxonomic syllables. [[File:Usdaemmer1.jpg|thumb|]] : The base words of this group are: ::* '''-vob'''....''crop'' ::* '''-vab'''....''grass'' ::* '''-vayeb'''....''leaf'' ::* '''-veb'''....''ear, cob, head, spike, tuft'' ::* '''-veeb'''....''seed, germ'' ::* '''-veel'''....''bean, legume'' ::* '''-veeyb'''....''grain, kernel, pip'' ::* '''-vib'''....''stem'' ::* '''-vub'''....''blade, sprig, twig'' ::* '''-vyob'''....''tuber'' ::* '''-vel'''....''edible product'' ::* '''-vil'''....''drinkable product, beer'' ::* '''-vyel'''....''syrup'' ::* '''-vol'''....''vegetable'' : From the above base words are derived these products, among others: ::* '''sakol'''....''sugar'' < '''sakvob'''....''sugarcane'' ::* '''povel'''....''bread'' < '''povob'''....''cereal'' ::* '''zepovyel'''....''corn syrup, corn oil'' < '''zepovob'''....''corn'' ::* '''zepovil'''....''whiskey, bourbon'' ::* '''sepovil'''....''rye whiskey'' < '''zepovob'''....''rye'' ::* '''povil'''....''beer'' ::* '''epovil'''....''ale'' ::* '''avpovob mekil'''....''oatmeal'' < '''avpovob'''....''oat'' ::* '''orpovob zyiglal'''....''rice cake'' < '''orpovob'''....''rice'' ::* '''mekuvol'''....''melon'' ===== Vegetables and Legumes ===== : Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base '''vol''' (''vegetable'') or '''veel''' (''legume, bean'') with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy. Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks. [[File:Hrushikesh kulkarni vegetables.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Vegetables |- ! Edible Crop !! Taxonomy |- ! colspan=2| LEGUMES: EDIBLE SEEDS |- |'''faveel'''....''bean'' || ''Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris'' |- |'''lensfaveel'''....''lentil'' || ''Fabaceae Lens culinaris'' |- |'''glifaveel'''....''soybeen'' || ''Fabaceae Glycine max'' |- |'''vigfaveel'''....''black-eyed pea'' || ''Fabaceae Faseolus vigna unguiculata'' |- ! colspan=2 | Vegetables: Berries/Fruits |- |'''lisovol'''....''tomato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum'' |- |'''mesovol'''....''eggplant'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum melongena'' |- |'''perlawvol'''....''avocado'' || ''Lauraceae Persea americana'' |- |'''sakuvol'''....''cucumber'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''akapsovol'''....''chili pepper'' || ''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra'' || ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- ! colspan=2 |bulbs |- |'''amalvol'''....''leek'' || ''Allium ampeloprasum'' |- |'''cepalvol'''....''onion'' || ''Allium cepa'' |- |'''alkalvol'''....''shallot'' || ''Alium ascalonicum'' |- |'''satalvol'''....''garlic'' || ''Allium sativum'' |- |'''zinvol'''....''ginger'' || ''Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale'' |- |'''skoynalvol'''....''chive'' || ''Allium Schoenoprasum'' |- |'''foynapvol'''....''fennel'' || ''Apiaceae Phoenix dactylifera'' |- ! colspan=2 | melons/gourds |- |'''kuvol'''....''squash, gourd''|| ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita'' |- |'''makuvol'''....''pumpkin'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima'' |- |'''mekuvol'''....''melon, honeydew, cantaloupe'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melon'' |- |'''cikuvol'''....''watermelon'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus'' |- |'''pekuvol'''....''zucchini'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo'' |- ! colspan=2 | Tubers/Root Vegetables |- |'''tusovol'''....''potato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum'' |- |'''betamvol'''....''beet, beetroot'' || ''Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris'' |- |'''rafbravol'''....''radish''|| ''Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus'' |- |'''kadawapvol'''....''carrot''||''Apiaceae Daucus carota'' |- |'''nabravol'''....''turnip''|| ''Brassica napus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''pasavol'''....''parsnip'' ||''Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa'' |- |'''eskolaravol'''....''taro'' ||''Araceae Colocasia esculenta'' |- |'''divol'''....''yam'' ||''Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea'' |- ! colspan=2| Leafy/Flowering Vegetables |- |'''bravol'''....''cabbage'' || ''Brassicaceae'' |- |'''botrolbravol'''....''cauliflower''||''Brassica oleracea botrytis'' |- |'''gemolbravol'''....''Brussels sprouts''|| ''Brassica oleracea gemmifera'' |- |'''valkavol'''....''corn salad, lamb's lettuce''|| ''Caprifocilaceae Valerianella locusta'' |- |'''lakasvol'''....''lettuce''|| ''Asteraceae Lactuta sative'' |- |'''spinamvol'''....''spinach'' || ''Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea'' |- |'''rupolivol'''....''sorrel''|| ''Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa'' |- |'''tarasvol'''....''mustard greens''|| ''Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale'' |- |'''itolbravol'''....''broccoli''|| ''Brassica Oleracea italica'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra''|| ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- |'''petapvol'''....''parsley''|| ''Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum'' |- |'''basoclamvol'''....''basil''|| ''Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum'' |- |'''orlamvol'''....''thyme''|| ''Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare'' |- |'''encivol'''....''chicory, endive''|| ''Cichorium endivia'' |- |'''nasbravol'''....''watercress''|| ''Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale'' |- |'''korapvol'''....''coriander''|| ''Apiaceae Coridandrum sativum'' |- ! colspan=2 | Stalks |- |'''aspavol'''....''asparagus''|| ''Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis'' |- |'''gravapvol'''....''celery''|| ''Apiaceae Apium graveolens'' |- |'''rewmpolivol'''....''rhubarb''|| ''Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum'' |- |'''kurzinvol'''....''turmeric''|| ''Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa'' |- |'''kokarvol'''....''heart of palm, swamp cabbage''|| ''Arecaceae Cocos'' |- |'''cimpovol'''....''lemongrass''|| ''Poaceae Cymbopogon'' |} ==== Common Flower Names ==== [[File:Madeira-flowers hg.jpg|thumb|]] ===== Flower Parts ===== : Flower names are built on the base name '''vos''', meaning ''flower''. First, here is a list of flower parts: ::* '''vosayob'''....''sepal'' ::* '''vosayeb'''....''petal'' ::* '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' ::* '''veeybpexus'''....''stigma'' ::*'''vosij'''....''bud, flower bud'' ::* '''tooygon'''....''pistil'' ::* '''veeybyan'''....''pollen'' ::* '''twoogon'''....''stamen'' ::* '''twoogonyif'''....''filament'' ::* '''veeybyem'''....''anther'' ::* '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' ===== Flower Names ===== [[File:Tulipa suaveolens floriade to Canberra.jpg|thumb|]] : Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base '''vos''' that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples: : '''<u>som</u>pavos'''....''opium poppy'' (''<u>Pa</u>paver <u>som</u>niferum'') : '''<u>mag</u>vos'''....''magnolia'' (''<u>Mag</u>noliaceae Magnolia'') : '''<u>or</u>vos'''....''orchid'' (''<u>Or</u>chidaceae Orchis'') : '''<u>krokir</u>vos'''....''crocus'' (''<u>Ir</u>idaceae <u>Cro</u>cus'') : For a fuller list, see the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Flower_Words|Flower Words]]. === Computer Terminology === [[File:Generic-office-desktop2.svg|thumb]] : This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Computerese |- ! Mirad !! English |- |'''agna saibyan syaagir'''||''mainframe computer'' |- |'''absem syaagir'''||''desktop computer'' |- |'''agbanak'''||''byte'' |- |'''ajnexer'''||''to archive'' |- |'''amloagbanak'''||''megabyte'' |- |'''anay dyewa tax'''||''read-only memory, ROM'' |- |'''aota syaagir'''||''personal computer'' |- |'''aottuunyan'''||''profile'' |- |'''aoyebmeyp'''||''port'' |- |'''apaxler'''||''to swipe'' |- |'''aroagbanak'''||''kilobyte'' |- |'''baler buxnuf'''||''to press/hit a key'' |- |'''banak'''||''bit'' |- |'''agdresin kyoxea buxnuf'''||''caps lock key'' |- |'''buxnuf'''||''key'' |- |'''buxnufsemes'''||''keyboard'' |- |'''buxnufseym'''||''keypad'' |- |'''izeaxus'''||''cursor'' |- |'''byuxseym'''||''touchpad'' |- |'''datier'''||''to friend'' |- |'''dodrer ebdras'''||''to post a message'' |- |'''dota zeyn'''||''social medium'' |- |'''ebdrer'''||''to text'' |- |'''dreun'''||''document'' |- |'''dreuzyufer'''||''to scroll, pan'' |- |'''droer naab'''||''to delete a file'' |- |'''drou buxnuf'''||''delete key'' |- |'''drur'''||''printer'' |- |'''drurer naab'''||''to print out a file'' |- |'''drurer'''||''to print out'' |- |'''druru buxnuf'''||''print screen key'' |- |'''drurun'''||''a printout'' |- |'''dunexlar'''||''word processor'' |- |'''dyezier'''||''to take a movie'' |- |'''ebdayler'''||''to chat'' |- |'''ebdaylim'''||''chatroom'' |- |'''emojin'''||''emoji'' |- |'''ex buxnuf'''||''function key'' |- |'''exen vyaab'''||''operating system'' |- |'''extuundras'''||''program, application'' |- |'''extuundrasog'''||''app'' |- |'''extuundrasyan'''||''software'' |- |'''extuundrer'''||''to program'' |- |'''fuk'''||''bug'' |- |'''fukaya'''||''buggy'' |- |'''fukoyxer'''||''to debug'' |- |'''garalyoagbanak'''||''petabyte'' |- |'''gelxer naab'''||''to copy a file'' |- |'''googler'''||''to google'' |- |'''gyia kyos yebiar'''||''solid state drive, SSD'' |- |'''gyia zyiun yebiar'''||''cd drive'' |- |'''haydren dyun'''||''login name'' |- |'''haydrer bay tuyubbal'''||''to log in with one's fingerprint'' |- |'''haydrer'''||''to log in'' |- |'''hoydrer'''||''to log out'' |- |'''huisteaxar'''||''browser'' |- |'''kyeteaxer'''||''to browse'' |- |'''hyux buxnuf'''||''alt key'' |- |'''iber naab'''||''to receive a file'' |- |'''ila mez sinuar, IMS'''||''liquid crystal display, LDC'' |- |'''izbex buxnuf'''||''control key'' |- |'''izbexdrof'''||''motherboard'' |- |'''kliker ab'''||''click on'' |- |'''kodun'''||''password'' |- |'''gawdyunxer naab'''||''to rename a file'' |- |'''kyax buxnuf'''||''shift key'' |- |'''kyea yempuen tax'''||''random access memory, RAM'' |- |'''kyisier naab'''||''to download a file'' |- |'''kyisuer naab'''||''to upload a file'' |- |'''kyiunxar'''||''charger'' |- |'''kyiunxer'''||''to charge'' |- |'''lodatier'''||''to unfriend'' |- |'''makebdren'''||''email'' |- |'''makedrer'''||''to email'' |- |'''man-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOES'''||''LED'' |- |'''mansin dyes'''||''photo album'' |- |'''mis'''||''window'' |- |'''naab'''||''file'' |- |'''naedzyun'''||''trackball'' |- |'''nagonxar'''||''modem'' |- |'''neaf mansiniar'''||''web camera'' |- |'''nexer naab'''||''to save a file'' |- |'''num yibdalir'''||''cellphone'' |- |'''belyafwa syaagir'''||''laptop computer'' |- |'''oglagos'''||''microchip'' |- |'''gwoteexar'''||''microphone'' |- |'''omijber'''||''to boot up'' |- |'''omola tyep'''||''artificial intelligence, AI'' |- |'''gawomijber'''||''to reboot'' |- |'''paxer naab'''||''to move a file'' |- |'''paxyafwa yibdalir'''||''mobile phone'' |- |'''poxu zyumuf buxnuf'''||''scroll lock key'' |- |'''sagbexu buxnuf'''||''numlock key'' |- |'''sagseym'''||''number pad'' |- |'''sam'''||''console'' |- |'''saunapxer naab'''||''to sort a file'' |- |'''semes syaagir'''||''tablet computer'' |- |'''sindren semes'''||''graphics tablet'' |- |'''sindrenyan exlen aun'''||''graphics processing unit, GPU'' |- |'''sines'''||''icon'' |- |'''sinuar'''||''screen, display, monitor'' |- |'''syaager'''||''to compute'' |- |'''syaagir'''||''computer'' |- |'''syaagirdal'''||''computerese'' |- |'''syaagirtun'''||''computer science'' |- |'''syaagnyed'''||''spreadsheet'' |- |'''taam mays'''||''home screen'' |- |'''tampu buxnuf'''||''home key'' |- |'''sirmul'''||''hardware, physical matter'' |- |'''taxdrer'''||''to record'' |- |'''taxmuf'''||''memory stick'' |- |'''teataxdrer'''||''to video'' |- |'''teataxdrun'''||''video'' |- |'''tuunnabyan'''||''database'' |- |'''tuyab izdar'''||''mouse'' |- |'''uber naab'''||''to send a file'' |- |'''uinig buxnuf'''||''tab key'' |- |'''utmansin'''||''selfie'' |- |'''yaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD)'''||''HTML'' |- |'''yeber'''||''to enter, insert'' |- |'''yebu buxnuf'''||''enter key, return key, insert key'' |- |'''yiga zyiun yebiar'''||''hard disk drive, HDD'' |- |'''yijber naab'''||''to open a file'' |- |'''yujber naab'''||''to close a file'' |- |'''makmepdrof'''||''circuitboard'' |- |'''zea exlen aun'''||''central processing unit, CPU'' |- |'''zoynigxu buxnuf'''||''backspace key'' |- |'''zyiun yebiar'''||''disk drive'' |} === Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology === : This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages. ==== Medical Diseases ==== : Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg. ::* '''tiebalyoganbok'''....''asthma'' (lit: shortness of breath illness) ::* '''tiebbok'''....''pneumonia'' (lit: lung illness) ::* '''teibbok'''....''rhinitis'' (lit: nose illness) ::* '''tayibblok'''....''neuropathy'' (lit: nerve suffering) ::* '''tebbyoyk'''....''headache'' (lit: head ache) ::* '''teibzyegikanbok'''....''osteoporosis'' (lit: bone porosity illness) ==== Pharmaceuticals ==== : Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized. ::* '''aspirin'''....''aspirin'' ::* '''Ibupropen'''....''Ibupropen'' : Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose: ::* '''bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol'''....''analgesic, painkiller'' (Lit: pain reliever) ::* '''tikebilokxol'''....''emetic'' (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance) : Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see [https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn|International Nonproprietary Names]). For example, ''phenobarbital''. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ INN names pronunciation |- ! Greco-Roman<br>Spelling !! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | ch || '''k''' |- | ph || '''f''' |- | x || '''ks''' |- | y || '''i''' |- | qu || '''kw''' |- | rh || '''r''' |- | th || '''t''' |- | ae || '''ay''' |- | oe || '''oy''' |- | c before i, e, or y || '''c''' |- | c otherwise || '''k''' |- | final e || silent |- | double consonant || single consonant |} : Examples: ::* '''acetaminophen'''....''a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN'' ::* '''amphetamine'''....''am-fe-ta-MIN'' ::* '''trimethroprim'''....''tri-me-tro-PRIM'' ::* '''sulfamethoxazole'''....''sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL'' ::* '''oxacillin'''....''o-ksa-ci-LIN'' === Mineral and Crystal Nomenclature === : Minerals end in '''-muk''' with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see [[Wikipedia:List_of_mineral_symbols|The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols]]). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. For example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Some Mineral Names |- ! English!! IMA Symbol !! Mirad Spellings !! Mirad Name |- | ''argyrodyte'' || Agy || '''a-ge-yu''' || '''ageyumuk''' |- |''brochantyte'' || Bct || '''ba-ca-to''' || '''bacatomuk''' |- |''chromite'' || Chr || '''ca-he-ro''' || '''caheromuk''' |} : There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.: ::* ''Lemmleinite-K'' (Lem-k) is '''liemikomuk''' in Mirad. : Crystals end in '''-mez'''. The first part of the word is an enumeration. : The common crystals are listed here: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Names of Common Crystals |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''mez''' || ''crystal'' |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond'' |- | '''emez''' || ''topaz'' |- | '''imez''' || ''ruby'' |- | '''umez''' || ''emerald'' |- | '''yomez''' || ''sapphire'' |- | '''yamez''' || ''lapis lazuli'' |- | '''yemez''' || ''amethyst'' |- | '''yimez''' || ''amber'' |- | '''yumez''' || ''quartz'' |- | '''alomez''' || ''opal'' |- | '''alamez''' || ''tourmaline'' |- | '''alemez''' || ''garnet'' |- | '''alimez''' || ''zirconia'' |- | '''alumez''' || ''jasper'' |- | '''alyomez''' || ''jade'' |- | '''alyamez''' || ''marganite'' |} : Other, less common crystals end in '''-mez''' and are formed from the Wikipedia list of mineral symbols. : General words for earthen matter: :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' :* '''muz'''....''ore'' :* '''mug'''....''metal'' :* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :* '''meg'''....''rock, stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' :* '''mel'''....''soil'' :* '''meil'''....''mud'' :* '''mek'''....''dust'' :* '''miek'''....''sand'' :* '''mev'''....''porcelain'' :* '''mef'''....''brick'' ==== Rock Classification ==== : The naming of individual rock types is based on the [[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/download/bgs-rock-classification-scheme-igneous/| BGS Rock Classification Scheme ]]. : All rocks (other than the general word for ''rock'', '''meg''') end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type: ::* '''ameg'''....''sedimentary rock'' ::* '''emeg'''....''igneous rock'' ::* '''imag'''....''metamorphic rock'' : The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final ''e'' is dropped from names that end in ''yte'' or ''ite''. For example, ''trachydacite'' in the scheme becomes '''trachydacit''' in Mirad. This word is then followed by one of the rock types above ('''emeg''' ''igneous rock''). So ''trachydacite'' becomes '''trachydacitemeg''' in Mirad. For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary. :The word '''meg''' ''rock'' has some common derivatives: ::* '''megag'''....''boulder'' ::* '''meg'''....''stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' ::* '''megyel'''....''cement, asphalt, bitumen'' :::* '''megyelyig'''....''concrete'' ::* '''megil'''....''lava'' ::* '''meggos'''....''crag'' ::* '''megyig'''....''flintstone, basalt'' ::* '''meag'''....''marble'' ::* '''meeg'''....''slate'' ::* '''meig'''....''granite'' ::* '''meug'''....''clay, dough'' ::* '''meyog'''....''china'' ::* '''meyag'''....''chalk'' :::* '''meyaz'''....''pastel'' :::* '''meyayg'''....''calcite'' ::* '''meyeg'''....''limestone, sediment'' ::* '''meyig'''....''alabaster'' ::* '''meyug'''....''gypsum'' ::* '''mealog'''....''sandstone, stoneware'' ::* '''mameg'''....''coal'' :::* '''eymameg'''....''coke'' :::* '''maameg'''....''anthracite'' :::* '''maemeg'''....''peat'' :::* '''maimeg'''....''lignite'' : Related are: ::* '''mek'''....''dust'' :::* '''mekes'''....''grit'' :::* '''mekil'''....''grout'' :::* '''meyk'''....''grit'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder'' ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' ::* '''mieg'''....''coral'' ::* '''mel'''....''dirt'' ::* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''meil'''....''mud'' ::* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :::* '''meyz'''....''spar'' :::* '''meyzag'''....''feldspar'' ::* '''muz'''....''ore'' ::* '''memol'''....''alkali'' ::* '''mimol'''....''salt'' ::* '''mef'''....''brick'' === Metric Nomenclature === [[File:Conversion Factors.png|thumb|]] : Mirad uses the [[Wikt:International System of Units (SI)|International System of Units (SI)]]) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names ('''alpha''', '''gamma''', etc.) preceded with the word '''ag-''' if majuscule ('''aggamma''' for ''&Gamma;'') The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ''ohm'' (Ω) is '''agomega'''. All metric units end in the word '''nak'''. ==== SI Base Units ==== :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbeviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} ==== SI Derived Units ==== : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | B | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''agbanak''' |- | '''bit''' | align="center" | b | one bit of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ==== Convenient Non-SI Units ==== ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglinak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heabak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |} ==== Metrical Formulae ==== : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical <br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |} ==== Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes ==== : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for ''b'' (byte) is pronounced '''ba''' in Mirad. A terabyte ( ''Tb'') is therefore pronounced '''ag-to-ba''', which This amounts ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix<br><br>Mirad Pron. !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix !! SI Symbol<br><br>Mirad Pron. |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' ... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''<br>''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''<br>''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''<br>''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''<br>''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''<br>''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yoon-''' <br>''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''<br>''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yaon-'''<br>''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''<br>''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''<br>''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''<br>''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''<br>''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''<br>''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''<br>''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''<br>''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alo-'''<br>''deca-'' || ''da''<br>'''da-a-''' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci-''|| ''d''<br>'''da-''' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''<br>''hexa-'' || ''h''<br>'''hi-''' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi-''|| ''c''<br>'''ca-''' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''<br>''kilo-'' ||''k''<br>'''ki-''' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''<br>''milli-''|| ''m''<br>'''mi-''' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || ''M''<br>'''agmi-''' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-''|| ''r''<br>'''ro-''' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''<br>''giga-'' || ''G''<br>'''agge-''' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-''|| ''n''<br>'''ni-''' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || ''T''<br>'''agto-''' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-''|| ''p''<br>'''po-''' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ''P''<br>'''agpo-'''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-''||''f''<br>'''fe-''' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''<br>''exa-'' || ''E''<br>'''age-'''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''<br>''atto-''||''a''<br>'''a-''' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ''Z''<br>'''agzu-'''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''<br>''zepto-''||''z''<br>'''zu-''' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || '' Y''<br>'''agyu''' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''<br>''yocto-''||''y''<br>'''yu-''' |} : *Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. ==== Abbreviated Symbols ==== : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | Macro !! colspan=2 | Micro |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daage''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dage''' |- | ''hg'' (hexagram)|| '''hege''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cage''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''koge''' || ''mg'' (milligram) ||'''mige''' |- | ''Mg'' (megagram)|| '''agmige''' ||''rg'' or '''μg''' (microgram)|| '''roge''' or '''muge''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggege''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nige''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtoge''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''poge''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpoge''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fege''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agege''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''age''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzege''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zege''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyuge''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yuge''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* '''10 kg2'''....(pronounced as:) ''alo koge gar ewa'' ::* '''12 mm3'''....(pronounced as:) ''ale mimi gar iwa'' === Trigonometric Nomenclature === : This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by '''-naz''' (''value''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Trigonometry Functions |- ! Function (Symbol) !! Mirad Technical Name !! Mirad Ordinary Name |- | ''sine (sin)'' || '''soini-naz''' || '''uznaz''' |- | ''cosine (cos)'' || '''caoso-naz''' || '''yanuznaz''' |- | ''arccosine (arccos, cos^-1)''<br>''anticosine''<br>''inverse cosine''|| '''arocacaoso-naz''' || '''ovuznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic sine (sinh)'' || '''soinihe-naz'''|| '''enuza uznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic cosine (cosh)'' || '''caosohe-naz''' || '''enuza yanuznaz''' |- | ''secant (sec)'' || '''soeca-naz''' || '''golus naz''' |- | ''cosecant (csc)'' || '''casoca-naz''' || '''yangolus naz''' |- | ''arccosecant (arccsc)'' || '''arocacasoca-naz''' || '''enuza yangolus naz''' |} === Poetry Nomenclature === : Mirad uses the nonsense syllables '''di''' and '''da''' to form various poetic meter words that usually are formed with Greek words in English. The syllable '''di''' represents an ''unstressed'' syllable in verse, while the syllable '''da''' denotes a ''stressed'' syllable. These are hyphenated and followed with a space and the word '''deup''' as a noun, which means ''meter'' or ''rhythm''. The adjectival form of the word ends in '''deupa'''. Here are the most common poetic meters: ::* '''di-da deupa'''.... iambic :::* '''di-da yoondeup'''.... ''iambic pentameter'' ::* '''di-di-da deupa'''.... ''anapestic'' ::* '''di-da-da deupa'''.... ''bacchius'' ::* '''da-da deupa'''.... ''spondaic'' ::* '''da-da-da deupa'''.... ''molossus'' ::* '''da-da-di deupa'''.... ''antibacchius'' ::* '''da-di deupa'''.... ''tochaic'' :::* '''da-di deup'''.... ''trochee, choree'' ::* '''da-di-da deupa'''.... ''cretic, amphimacer'' ::* '''da-di-di deupa'''.... ''dactylic'' ::* '''da-di-di yaondeup'''.... ''dactylic hexameter'' ::* '''da-di-di-da deupa'''.... ''amphibrachic'' : Other words representing elements of poetry are: ::* '''drez'''....''poetry, verse'' :::* '''dreza'''....''poetic'' :::* '''drezyen'''....''poesy'' :::* '''drezyan'''....''anthology'' (of poetry) :::* '''drezut'''....''poet'' ::::* '''drezuyt'''....''poetess'' ::::* '''popdrezut'''....''minstrel'' ::::* '''Vikinga drezut'''....''skald'' ::::* '''dreuzut'''....''bard'' :::* '''odrez'''....''prose'' :::* '''vyasma drez'''....''concrete verse'' :::* '''tyoda drez'''....''folk poetry'' :::* '''indeupa drez'''....''trimeter'' :::* '''undeupa drez'''....''tetrameter'' :::* '''yoondeupa drez'''....''pentameter'' :::* '''yaondeupa drez'''....''hexameter'' :::* '''yendeupa drez'''....''heptameter'' :::* '''yindeupa drez'''....''octameter'' :::* '''ogelseuxwa drez'''....''blank verse'' :::* '''yiva drez'''....''free verse'' :::* '''drezun'''....''poem'' ::::* '''deuzwa drezun'''....''sung poem, lay'' ::::* '''dindrezun'''....''ballad'' ::::* '''dizdrezun'''....''limerick'' ::::* '''fiddrezun'''....''ode'' ::::* '''fizdrezun'''....''epic poem'' ::::* '''haikudrezun'''....''haiku'' ::::* '''viysindrezun'''....''idyll'' ::::* '''ifondrezun'''....''love poem, romantic poem'' ::::* '''indrezun'''....''terzain'' ::::* '''jodrezun'''....''epode'' ::::* '''yindrezun'''....''sistina'' ::::* '''klerihyudrezun'''....''clerihew'' ::::* '''meimdrezun'''....''pastoral'' ::::* '''melyexdrezun'''....''georgic'' ::::* '''petnyanuta drezun'''....''pastoral, eclogue'' ::::* '''popduzuta drezun'''....''troubadour poem'' ::::* '''rondodrezun'''....''rondeau, rondel, roundel'' ::::* '''seuz drezun'''....''sound poem'' ::::* '''tadyandrezun'''....''prothalamion, epithalamion'' ::::* '''tankadrezun'''....''tanka'' ::::* '''taxdrezun'''....''epitaph'' ::::* '''tuddrezun'''....''nursery rhyme'' ::::* '''ulondrezun'''....''sonnet'' ::::* '''ujdreznadeon'''....''envoi'' ::::* '''undrezun'''....''quatrain'' ::::* '''unnad drezun'''....''tetrastich'' ::::* '''uvdrezun'''....''elegy'' ::::* '''alyundrezun'''....''villanelle'' ::::* '''virelaydrezun'''....''virelai, virelay'' ::::* '''yizivtos drezun'''....''rhapsody'' ::::* '''yoondrezun'''....''quintain'' ::* '''dreznad'''....''line, -stich, verse'' :::* '''eyndreznad'''...''hemistich'' :::* '''endreznad'''....''couplet'' ::* '''dreznadyan'''....''stanza'' ::* '''gelseux'''....''rhyme'' :::* '''gelseuxyen'''....''rhyme scheme'' :::* '''dunija gelseuxen'''....''alliteration'' ::* '''seuxzoyxen'''....''assonance'' ::* '''geyldyan'''....''simile'' ::* '''yiztyun'''....''metaphor'' ::* '''yanseuzan'''....''consonance'' ::* '''deup'''....''rhythm, beat, metrical foot, meter'' ::* '''kyib'''....''stress'' ::* '''seuz'''....''tone'' === Dimensional Nomenclature === : This chart shows adjectives that describe dimensional relationships: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ Dimensional Words |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- | '''yaba'''....''high(er)'' || '''yeba'''....''inner'' || '''yoba'''....''low(er)'' |- | '''yaiba'''....''tall'' || '''yeiba'''....''deep inside'' || '''yoiba'''....''deep (down)'' |- | '''yauba'''....''short'' || '''yeuba'''....''a short way in'' || '''youba'''....''shallow'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || || '''yoga'''....''short'' |- | '''yiba'''....''far'' || || '''yuba'''....''near'' |- | '''aonada'''....''vertical'' || || '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- | '''kia'''....''diagonal'' || || '''kua'''....''lateral'' |- | '''zyia'''....''flat'' || || '''zyua'''....''round'' |- | '''yaza'''....''concave'' || '''yeza'''....''flush'' || '''yoza'''....''convex'' |} === Geologic Period Nomenclature === : The principal geochronologic units of the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest, are: :** '''joob'''....''eon'' :*** '''ajoob'''....''Hadean Eon'' :*** '''ejoob'''....''Archean Eon'' :*** '''ijoob'''....''Proterozoic Eon'' :*** '''ujoob'''....''Phanerozoic Eon'' :** '''joab'''....''era'' :*** '''ajoab'''....''Eoarchean Era'' :*** '''ejoab'''....''Paleoarchean Era'' :*** '''ijoab'''....''Mesoarchean Era'' :*** '''ujoab'''....''Neoarchean Era'' :*** '''yojoab'''....''Paleoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yajoab'''....''Mesoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yejoab'''....''Neoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yijoab'''....''Paleozoic Era'' :*** '''yujoab'''....''Mesozoic Era'' :*** '''alojoab'''....''Cenozoic Era'' :** '''joeb'''....''period'' :*** '''ajoeb'''....''Siderian Period'' :*** '''ejoeb'''....''Rhyacian Period'' :*** '''ijoeb'''....''Orosirian Period'' :*** '''ujoeb'''....''Statherian Period'' :*** '''yojoeb'''....''Calymmian Period'' :*** '''yajoeb'''....''Ectasian Period'' :*** '''yejoeb'''....''Stenian Period'' :*** '''yijoeb'''....''Tonian Period'' :*** '''yujoeb'''....''Cryogenian Period'' :*** '''alojoeb'''....''Ediacaran Period'' :*** '''alajoeb'''....''Cambrian Period'' :*** '''alejoeb'''....''Ordovician Period'' :*** '''alijoeb'''....''Silurian Period'' :*** '''alujoeb'''....''Devonian Period'' :*** '''alyojoeb'''....''Carboniferous Period'' :*** '''alyajoeb'''....''Permian Period'' :*** '''alyejoeb'''....''Triassic Period'' :*** '''alyijoeb'''....''Jurassic Period'' :*** '''alyujoeb'''....''Cretaceous Period'' :*** '''elojoeb'''....''Paleogene Period'' :*** '''elajoeb'''....''Neogene Period'' :*** '''elejoeb'''....''Quarternary Period'' :** '''joib'''....''epoch'' :*** '''ajoib'''....''Terreneuvian Epoch'' :*** '''ejoib'''....''Series 2 Epoch'' :*** '''ijoib'''....''Miaolingian Epoch'' :*** '''ujoib'''....''Furongian Epoch'' :*** '''yojoib'''....''Lower Epoch'' :*** '''yajoib'''....''Middle Epoch'' :*** '''yejoib'''....''Upper Epoch'' :*** '''yijoib'''....''Llandovery Epoch'' :*** '''yujoib'''....''Wenlock Epoch'' :*** '''alojoib'''....''Ludlow Epoch'' :*** '''alajoib'''....''Pridoli Epoch'' :** '''joub'''....''age'' :*** '''ajoub'''....''Fortunian Age'' :*** '''ejoub'''....''Stage 2 Age'' :*** '''ijoub'''....''Stage 3 Age'' :*** '''ujoub'''....''Stage 4 Age'' :*** '''yojoub'''....''Wulian Age'' :*** '''yajoub'''....''Drumian Age'' :*** '''yejoub'''....''Guzhangian Age'' :*** '''yijoub'''....''Paibian Age'' :*** '''yujoub'''....''Jianshanian Age'' :*** '''alojoub'''....''Stage 10 Age'' :*** '''alajoub'''....''Temadocian Age'' :*** '''alejoub'''....''Floian Age'' :*** '''alijoub'''....''Dapingian Age'' :*** '''alujoub'''....''Darriwilian Age'' :*** '''alyojoub'''....''Sandbian Age'' :*** '''alyajoub'''....''Katian Age'' :*** '''alyejoub'''....''Hirnantian Age'' :*** '''alyijoub'''....''Rhuddanian Age'' :*** '''alyujoub'''....''Aeronian Age'' :*** '''elojoub'''....''Telychian Age'' :*** '''elajoub'''....''Cheinwoodian Age'' :*** '''elejoub'''....''Homerian Age'' :*** '''elijoub'''....''Gorstian Age'' :*** '''elujoub'''....''Ludfordian Age'' :*** '''elyojoub'''....''Pridoli Age'' :*** '''elyajoub'''....''Lochkovian Age'' :*** '''elyejoub'''....''Pragian Age'' :*** '''elyijoub'''....''Emsian Age'' :*** '''elyujoub'''....''Eifelian Age'' :*** '''ilojoub'''....''Givetian Age'' :*** '''ilajoub'''....''Frasnian Age'' :*** '''ilejoub'''....''Famennian Age'' :*** '''ilijoub'''....''Tournaisian Age'' :*** '''ilujoub'''....''Visean Age'' :*** '''ilyojoub'''....''Serpukhovian Age'' :*** '''ilyajoub'''....''Bashkirian Age'' :*** '''ilyejoub'''....''Moscovian Age'' :*** '''ilyijoub'''....''Kasimovian Age'' :*** '''ilyujoub'''....''Gzhelian Age'' :*** '''ulojoub'''....''Asselian Age'' :*** '''ulajoub'''....''Sakmarian Age'' :*** '''ulejoub'''....''Artinskian Age'' :*** '''ulijoub'''....''Kungurian Age'' :*** '''ulujoub'''....''Roadian Age'' :*** '''ulyojoub'''....''Wordian Age'' :*** '''ulyajoub'''....''Capitanian Age'' :*** '''ulyejoub'''....''Wuchiapingian Age'' :*** '''ulyijoub'''....''Changhsingian Age'' :*** '''ulyujoub'''....''Induan Age'' :*** '''yolojoub'''....''Olenekian Age'' :*** '''yolajoub'''....''Anisian Age'' :*** '''yolejoub'''....''Ladnian Age'' :*** '''yolijoub'''....''Carnian Age'' :*** '''yolujoub'''....''Norian Age'' :*** '''yolyojoub'''....''Rhaetian Age'' :*** '''yolyajoub'''....''Hettangian Age'' :*** '''yolyejoub'''....''Sinemurian Age'' :*** '''yolyijoub'''....''Pliensbachian Age'' :*** '''yolyujoub'''....''Toarcian Age'' :*** '''yalojoub'''....''Aalenian Age'' :*** '''yalajoub'''....''Bajocian Age'' :*** '''yalejoub'''....''Bathonian Age'' :*** '''yalijoub'''....''Callovian Age'' :*** '''yalujoub'''....''Oxfordian Age'' :*** '''yalyojoub'''....''Kimmeridgian Age'' :*** '''yalyajoub'''....''Tithonian Age'' :*** '''yalyejoub'''....''Berriasian Age'' :*** '''yalyijoub'''....''Valanginian Age'' :*** '''yalyujoub'''....''Hauterivian Age'' :*** '''yelojoub'''....''Barremian Age '' :*** '''yelajoub'''....''Aptian Age '' :*** '''yelejoub'''....''Albian Age '' :*** '''yelijoub'''....''Cenomanian '' :*** '''yelujoub'''....''Turonian '' :*** '''yelyojoub'''....''Coniacian '' :*** '''yelyajoub'''....''Santonian '' :*** '''yelyejoub'''....''Campanian '' :*** '''yelyijoub'''....''Maastrichtian '' :*** '''yelyujoub'''....''Danian '' :*** '''yilojoub'''....''Selandian '' :*** '''yilajoub'''....''Thanetian '' :*** '''yilejoub'''....''Ypresian '' :*** '''yilijoub'''....''Lutetian '' :*** '''yilujoub'''....''Bartonian '' :*** '''yilyojoub'''....''Priaboanian '' :*** '''yilyajoub'''....''Rupelian '' :*** '''yilyejoub'''....''Chattian '' :*** '''yilyijoub'''....''Aquitanian '' :*** '''yilyujoub'''....''Burdigalian '' :*** '''yulojoub'''....''Langhian '' :*** '''yulajoub'''....''Serravallian '' :*** '''yulejoub'''....''Tortonian '' :*** '''yulijoub'''....''Messinian '' :*** '''yulujoub'''....''Zanclean '' :*** '''yulyojoub'''....''Piacenzian '' :*** '''yulyajoub'''....''Gelasian '' :*** '''yulyejoub'''....''Calabrian '' :*** '''yulyijoub'''....''Chibanian '' :*** '''yulyujoub'''....''Tarantian '' :*** '''asojoub'''....''Greenlandian '' :*** '''asajoub'''....''Northgrippian '' :*** '''asejoub'''....''Meghalayan '' === Names of Diacritics === : The Mirad words for diacritics (= accents) are based on the worldwide Unicode 4.0 standard. There are three kinds of diacritics based on where they are positioned relative to the base: ::* <b>aybsiyn</b>....<i>above mark</i> ::* <b>oybsiyn</b>....<i>below mark</i> ::* <b>absiyn</b>....<i>overlay mark</i> : The names are based on some common shapes: ::* <b>nod</b>....<i>dot</i> ::* <b>grun</b>....<i>hook</i> ::* <b>nad</b>....<i>line</i> ::* <b>kin</b>....<i>slash</i> ::* <b>vu</b>....<i>wedge</i> ::* <b>pyaon</b>....<i>wave</i> ::* <b>zyus</b>....<i>ring</i> ::* <b>uz</b>....<i>arch</i> ::* <b>zeymep</b>....<i>bridge</i> ::* <b>izmufseb</b>....<i>arrowhead</i> ::* <b>mar</b>....<i>star</i> : The above shapes can be modified by adjectives: ::* <b>kia</b>....<i>slanted</i> ::* <b>ao</b>....<i>vertical</i> ::* <b>yoga/yaga</b>....<i>short/long</i> ::* <b>en</b>....<i>double</i> ::* <b>yaba/yoba</b>....<i>up/down</i> ::* <b>zua/zia</b>....<i>left/right</i> ::* <b>oyvuzbwa</b>....<i>inverted</i> : Here is a chart listing the most common diacritics in the world's languages. (Note: Mirad does not use diacritics for its native words.) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;" |+ Mirad Names of Diacritics |- ! Diacritic !! Unicode<br>Value !! Mirad !! Unicode Name |- |<big><b>&#x0301;</b></big>|| 0301||<b> zukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zukin oybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030B;</b></big>|| 030B||<b> enzukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0317;</b></big>|| 0317||<b> zikin oybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030F;</b></big>|| 030F||<b> enzikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> zigrun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0327;</b></big>|| 0327||<b> zugrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>cedilla</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0328;</b></big>|| 0328||<b> zigrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>ogonek, nasal hook</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0302;</b></big>|| 0302||<b> yobvu aybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent, hat</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032D;</b></big>|| 032D||<b> yobvu oybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030C;</b></big>|| 030C||<b> vu aybsiyn</b>||<i>hachek, v above, caron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032C;</b></big>|| 032C||<b> vu oybsiyn</b>||<i>caron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0306;</b></big>|| 0306||<b> yabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0311;</b></big>|| 0311||<b> yobuz aybsin</b>||<i>inverted breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032F;</b></big>|| 032F||<b> yobuz oybsin </b>||<i>inverted breve below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0308;</b></big>|| 0308||<b> ennod aybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis above, double dot above, umlaut, trema</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0324;</b></big>|| 0324||<b> ennod oybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis below, double dot below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0307;</b></big>|| 0307||<b> nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above, overdot, tecka, tittle</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0323;</b></big>|| 0323||<b> nod oybsiyn</b>||<i>dot below, underdot, nang</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0351;</b></big>|| 0351||<b> zua eynzyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031C;</b></big>|| 031C||<b> zua eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia eynzyus aybsign</b>||<i>right half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0339;</b></big>|| 0339||<b> zia eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>right half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0305;</b></big>|| 0305||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>overline, overscore, vinculum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033F;</b></big>|| 033F||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double overline</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0332;</b></big>|| 0332||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>single lowline below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0333;</b></big>|| 0333||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double lowline, double underline, double underscore</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0304;</b></big>|| 0304||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>macron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0331;</b></big>|| 0331||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035E;</b></big>|| 935E||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron, longum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035F;</b></big>|| 035F||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030A;</b></big>|| 030A||<b> zyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>ring above, kroujek, overring</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0325;</b></big>|| 0325||<b> zyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032A;</b></big>|| 032A||<b> zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033A;</b></big>|| 033A||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0303;</b></big>|| 0303||<b> pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0342;</b></big>|| 0342||<b> yagpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek perispomeni</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0360;</b></big>|| 0360||<b> enpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>double tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0330;</b></big>|| 0330||<b> pyaon oybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032B;</b></big>|| 032B||<b> oyvuzbwa enuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted double arch below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033E;</b></big>|| 033E||<b> aonada pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical tilde, yerik</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031A;</b></big>|| 031A||<b> zua gun aybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> aonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> aonad oybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030E;</b></big>|| 030E||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033D;</b></big>|| 033D||<b> xu aybsiyn</b>||<i>x above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0353;</b></big>|| 0353||<b> xu oybsiyn</b>||<i>x below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033C;</b></big>|| 033C||<b> lapiat oybsiyn</b>||<i>seagull below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0310;</b></big>|| 0310||<b> nod ayb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>candrabindu</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0352;</b></big>|| 0352||<b> nod oyb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>fermata</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0314;</b></big>|| 0314||<b> zia grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma above, dasia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0326;</b></big>|| 0326||<b> zia grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0313;</b></big>|| 0313||<b> zua grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>reversed comma above, psili</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0320;</b></big>|| 0320||<b> gobsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>minus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031F;</b></big>|| 031F||<b> gabsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>plus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubay ge aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equals above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0349;</b></big>|| 0349||<b> zua gun oybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033B;</b></big>|| 033B||<b> ungun oybsiyn</b>||<i>square below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0334;</b></big>|| 0334||<b> Gereda nod-kin-nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek dialytika tonos</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia izmufseb aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x08F7;</b></big>|| 0356||<b> zia izmufseb ay yabizmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead and up arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0355;</b></big>|| 0355||<b> zia izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0354;</b></big>|| 0354||<b> zua izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>left arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0318;</b></big>|| 0318||<b> zua zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>left tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0319;</b></big>|| 0319||<b> zia zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>right tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031D;</b></big>|| 031D||<b> yob zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>up tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031E;</b></big>|| 031E||<b> yab zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>down tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0337;</b></big>|| 0337||<b> yoga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>short slash overlay, short solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0338;</b></big>|| 0338||<b> yaga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>long slash overlay, long solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0322;</b></big>|| 0322||<b> zoykixwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>retroflex hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0359;</b></big>|| 0359||<b> mar oybsiyn</b>||<i>asterisk below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035A;</b></big>|| 035A||<b> enzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>double ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0358;</b></big>|| 0358||<b> zinod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above right</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035C;</b></big>|| 035C||<b> enyabuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve below, ligature tie below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035D;</b></big>|| 035D||<b> enyabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0361;</b></big>|| 0361||<b> enyobuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double inverted breve, top ligature, tie bar</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035B;</b></big>|| 035B||<b> uiznad aybsiyn</b>||<i>zigzag above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0347;</b></big>|| 0347||<b> gese oybsiyn</b>||<i>equals sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubgese aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equal to above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0362;</b></big>|| 0362||<b> enziizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>double rightwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034E;</b></big>|| 034E||<b> yabizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>upwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> ziizmuf aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034A;</b></big>|| 034A||<b> opyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>not tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x037A;</b></big>|| 037A||<b> iota oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek ypogegrammeni, iota subscript</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0374;</b></big>|| 0374||<b> Gereda sag aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek numeral sign, dexia keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0375;</b></big>|| 0375||<b> Gereda sag oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek lower numeral sign, aristeri keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0651;</b></big>|| 0651||<b> xadda aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic shadda</i> |- |<big><b>&#x065E;</b></big>|| 065E||<b> fatha aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic fatha with two dots</i> |- |<big><b>&#x061A;</b></big>|| 061A||<b> kasra oybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic small kasra</i> |- |<big><b>&#x064C;</b></big>|| 064C||<b> damma aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic dammatan</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0652;</b></big>|| 0652||<b> sukun aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic sukun</i> |} === Grammar Terms === :*'''drevyab'''....''grammar'' :*'''dun'''....''word'' :*'''dyen'''....''phrase'' :*'''dyan'''....''sentence'' :** '''delyea'''....''declarative'' :** '''didyea'''....''interrogative'' :** '''azteudyea'''....''exclamatory'' :*'''dyangon'''....''clause'' :** '''agala dyangon'''....''main clause'' :** '''abyosyea dyangon'''....''dependent clause'' :** '''obdabyea dyangon'''....''subordinate clause'' :*'''anyendyen'''....''idiom'' :*'''dalzeyn'''....''language'' :*'''dalzeynes'''....''dialect'' :*'''dalyen'''....''locution'' :*'''dungon'''....''syllable'' :*'''dunog'''....''particle'' :*'''abun'''....''affix'' :** '''zabun'''....''prefix'' :** '''zobun'''....''suffix'' :** '''yebun'''....''infix'' :*'''kyid'''....''stress'' :*'''dredyen'''....''spelling, orthography'' :*'''seuxden'''....''pronunciation'' :*'''dalgon'''....''part of speech'' :**'''sundun'''....''noun'' :**'''avdun'''....''pronoun'' :**'''erdun'''....''verb'' :**'''adun'''....''adjective'' :**'''aydun'''....''adverb'' :**'''ebdun'''....''preposition'' :**'''yanxdun'''....''conjunction'' :**'''oybdun'''....''particle'' :**'''asaundun'''....''article, determiner'' :*'''jobyen'''....''tense'' :** '''eja'''....''present tense'' :** '''aja'''....''past tense'' :** '''oja'''....''future tense'' :** '''vensona'''....''conditional'' :* '''teagun'''....''aspect'' :** '''ikna'''....''perfect'' :** '''oikna'''....''imperfect'' :** '''zaypasyea'''....''progressive'' :*'''tipyen'''....''mood'' :** '''izeadyea'''....''indicative mood'' :** '''ovyamxwa'''....''subjunctive mood'' :*'''teuz'''....''voice'' :** '''axlyea'''....''active'' :** '''xolyea'''....''passive'' :** '''syundabea'''....''transitive'' :** '''osyundabea'''....''intransitive'' :** '''zyinzoyubea'''....''reflexive'' :*'''sankyas'''....''case'' :** '''syina'''....''nominative, subject'' :** '''bina'''....''genitive, possessive'' :** '''buna'''....''dative'' :** '''izsyuna'''....''accusative, direct object'' :** '''oizsyuna'''....''indirect object'' :** '''byina'''....''ablative'' :** '''dyuena'''....''vocative'' :*'''toob'''....''gender'' :** '''twooba'''....''masculine'' :** '''tooyba'''....''feminine'' :** '''evtwooba'''....''neuter'' :*'''sag'''....''number'' :** '''ansaga'''....''singular'' :** '''glasaga'''....''plural'' :*'''sagdun'''....''numeral'' == Forming Adjectives == : You can form an adjective by adding the suffix '''a''' to a substantive, any adverb not ending in '''-ay''', or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adjectives |- ! Noun !! Adjective |- | '''taam'''....''home'' || '''taama'''....''domestic'' |- | '''doob'''....''nation'' || '''dooba'''....''national'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''teja'''....''vital'' |- | '''tyoyapyaf'''....''ability to walk'' || '''tyoyapyafa'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''martun'''....''astronomy'' || '''martuna'''....''astronomical'' |- ! Pronoun !! Adjective |- | '''at'''....''I, me'' || '''ata'''....''my'' |- | '''eut'''....''yourself'' || '''euta'''....''your own'' |- | '''hiyen'''....''this kind'' || '''hiyena'''....''this kind of'' |- | '''duhot?'''....''who?'' || '''duhota?'''....''whose?'' |- ! Gerund !! Adjective |- | '''ifeken'''....''recreation'' || '''ifekena'''....''recreational'' |- ! Adverb !! Adjective |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiba'''....''distant'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaba'''....''high, upper'' |- ! Verb Form !! Adjective (= Participle) |- | '''teje'''....''(he) lives'' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- | '''tojo'''....''will die'' || '''tojoa'''....''moribund, about to die'' |- | '''tojbu'''....''would kill'' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- | '''twa'''....''was known'' || '''twaa'''....''known'' (usu. shortened to '''twa''') |} === Adjectival Suffixes === : Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just '''a'''. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Other Adjectives |- ! Suffix !! Meaning !! Noun !! Adjective |- ! rowspan=3|-ava !!rowspan=3| ''pro-, for'' !! !! |- | '''Usom'''<br>''U.S.'' || '''Usomava'''<br>''pro-U.S.'' |- | '''yuvrin'''<br>''slavery'' || '''yuvrinava'''<br>''pro-slavery'' |- ! rowspan=3|-ova !!rowspan=3| ''anti-, against'' !! !! |- | '''dobvyabyan'''<br>''constitution'' || '''dovyabyanova'''<br>''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''dot'''<br>''society'' || '''dotova'''<br>''anti-social'' |- ! rowspan=5|-aya !!rowspan=5| ''full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzaya'''<br>''colorful'' |- | '''futax'''<br>''resentment'' || '''futaxaya'''<br>''resentful'' |- | '''tiibil'''<br>''blood'' || '''tiibilaya'''<br>''bloody'' |- | '''yiflan'''<br>''courage'' || '''yiflanaya'''<br>''courageous'' |- ! rowspan=3|-oya !!rowspan=3| ''bereft of, -less, un-'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzoya'''<br>''colorless, pale'' |- | '''tajyaf'''<br>''talent'' || '''tajyafoya'''<br>''untalented'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ika !!rowspan=2| ''full of, -ous, -ful, -y'' !! !! |- | '''map'''<br>''wind'' || '''mapika'''<br>''windy'' |- ! rowspan=2|-uka !!rowspan=2| ''bereft of, without, -less'' !! !! |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasuka'''<br>''broke, penniless'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yena !! rowspan=4|''-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al'' !! !! |- | '''tudet'''<br>''child'' || '''tudetyena'''<br>''childish, infantile'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' || '''totyena'''<br>''divine, godly'' |- | '''pit'''<br>''fish'' || '''pityena'''<br>''fish-like, fishy'' |- ! rowspan=5|-wa or -awa !! rowspan=5|''-ed, past passive participle''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Past Passive Participle |- | '''t-'''<br>''know'' || '''twa'''<br>''known'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalwa'''<br>''spoken, oral'' |- | '''nixbu-'''<br>''sell'' || '''nixbuwa'''<br>''sold'' |- | '''dr-'''<br>''write'' || '''drawa'''<br>''written'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ea !!rowspan=4| ''-ing''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''ot-'''<br>''not know'' || '''otea'''<br>''ignorant'' |- | '''tej-'''<br>''live'' || '''tejea'''<br>''living, alive'' |- | '''tuj-'''<br>''die'' || '''tujea'''<br>''dying'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yea !!rowspan=5| ''-ive, prone to Xing, given to X''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''tujb-'''<br>''kill'' || '''tujbyea'''<br>''murderous'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texyea'''<br>''pensive, thoughtful'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyea'''<br>''forgetful'' |- | '''axl-'''<br>''act'' || '''axlyea'''<br>''active'' |- ! rowspan=5|-uwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, apt to be Xed''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Passive Participle |- | '''ex-'''<br>''operate'' || '''exuwa'''<br>''operable'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''feel'' || '''tosuwa'''<br>''palpable'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texuwa'''<br>''conceivable'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''teluwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yafa !!rowspan=3| ''-able, capable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafa'''<br>''sightful, able to see'' |- | '''dyed-'''<br>''read'' || '''dyedyafa'''<br>''literate'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yafwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, possible to be Xed''<br> (added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyafwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''telyafwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofa !!rowspan=5| ''incapable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' |- | '''tyoyap-'''<br>''walk'' || '''tyoyapyofa'''<br>''lame'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''dumb, incapable of speaking'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofwa !!rowspan=5| ''un-X-able'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''inaudible'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyofa'''<br>''unforgetable'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''unspeakable'' |- ! rowspan=6|-ifa !!rowspan=6| ''fond of, -phile'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''pot'''<br>''animal'' || '''potifa'''<br>''pet-friendly'' |- | '''hyitoob-'''<br>''same-gender'' || '''hyitoobifa'''<br>''homophile'' |- | '''tobot'''<br>''child'' || '''tobotifa'''<br>''pedophile'' |- | '''fitel'''<br>''food'' || '''fitelifa'''<br>''gourmand'' |- | '''doob'''<br>''nation'' || '''doobifa'''<br>''patriotic'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ifwa !!rowspan=2| ''loved by'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tyod'''<br>''people'' || '''tyodifwa'''<br>''popular'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ufa !!rowspan=4| ''adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tob'''<br>''human'' || '''tobufa'''<br>''misanthropic'' |- | '''hyut-'''<br>''other person'' || '''hyutufa'''<br>''xenophobic'' |- | '''toyb-'''<br>''woman'' || '''toybufa'''<br>''misogynist'' |- ! rowspan=5|-ef(w)a !!rowspan=5|''needful of,<br>(necessary to be X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''til'''<br>''drink'' || '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' |- | '''tel'''<br>''food'' || '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' |- | '''yelb-'''<br>''to oil'' || '''yelbefwa'''<br>''squeaky, in need of oil'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yef(w)a !!rowspan=4| ''worthy of,<br> due to be (deserving of being X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''fid'''<br>''praise'' || '''fidyefa'''<br>''praiseworthy'' |- | '''dud'''<br>''answer'' || '''dudyefa'''<br>''responsible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyefwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yuk(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''easy to, (easily X-ed)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyuka'''<br>''gullible'' |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyukwa'''<br>''incredible, hard to believe'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yik(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''hard to,<br>(hard of X-ing)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyikwa'''<br>''opaque'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyika'''<br>''hard of hearing'' |} === Adjectival Prefixes === ==== Negating the Meaning of Adjectives ==== ::: The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix '''o-'''. ::: Examples: ::::* '''vlea'''....''probable'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>vlea'''....''improbable'' ::::* '''fika'''....''perfect'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fika'''....''imperfect'' ::::* '''twa'''....''known'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>twa'''....''unknown'' ::::* '''bosa'''....''quiet'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>bosa'''....''upset, unquiet'' ::: Note: Occasionally, the prefix '''lo-''' is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case: ::::* '''fwa'''....''wanted'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fwa'''....''prohibited'' <big><</big> '''ofer'''....''to prohibit'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>yo</u>fwa'''....''impossible'' <big><</big> '''yofer'''....''to be unable'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>lo</u>fwa'''....''unwanted'' <big><</big> '''fer'''....''to want'' (disambiguated) ::: The prefixes '''lyo-''' and '''ov''' are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective: ::::* '''data'''....''friendly'' ::::* '''odata'''....''unfriendly'' ::::* '''ovdata'''....''hostile'' ::::* '''lyodata'''....''inimical'' ::::* '''dota'''....''social'' ::::* '''odota'''....''unsocial'' ::::* '''ovdota'''....''antisocial'' ::::* '''lyodota'''....''savage'' ==== Table of Adjective Prefixes ==== ::: As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones: :::{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes<br>Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column |- ! Mirad Prefix !! English Prefix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | '''o-''' || ''un-, a(n)-, in-, non-'' ||'''<u>o</u>baka'''....''unhealthy''<br>'''<u>o</u>yezyebeya'''....''incontinent'', '''<u>o</u>yelpea'''....''non-invasive''<br>'''<u>o</u>totina'''....''atheist'' |- |'''ov-''' || ''anti-, counter-'' || '''<u>ov</u>zuina'''....''anti-leftist''<br>'''<u>ov</u>iztida'''....''counter-intuitive'' |- |'''av-''' || ''pro-'' || '''<u>av</u>hyitoosifa'''....''pro-gay'' |- | '''kovyo-''' ||''pseudo-'' || '''<u>kovyo</u>tepina'''....''pseudo-intellectual'' |- | '''hya(s)-''' || ''all-, pan-, omni-'' || '''<u>hyas</u>tea'''....''all-knowing, omniscient'' |- | '''voy-, gal-''' || ''re-'' || '''<u>voy</u>upya'''....''returned''<br>'''<u>gal</u>abwa'''....''<u>re</u>applied'' |- | '''vyo-''' || ''mis-'' || '''<u>vyo</u>seudxwa'''....''mispronounced'' |- | '''eyn-''' || ''semi-, half-'' ||'''<u>eyn</u>levelaya'''....''semi-sweet''<br>'''<u>eyn</u>tija'''....''half-awake'' |- |'''yiz-''' || ''ultra-, super-'' || '''<u>yiz</u>doobina'''....''ultra-nationalist''<br>'''<u>yiz</u>mola'''....''supernatural'' |- | '''gro-''' || ''under-, hypo-'' || '''<u>gro</u>jaga'''....''under-aged'' |- | '''gra-''' || ''over-, hyper-, uber-'' || '''<u>gra</u>agxwa'''....''overgrown''<br>'''<u>gra</u>toseya'''....''hypersensitive'' |- | '''gla-''' ||''multi-, many-, poly-'' || '''<u>gla</u>kuma'''....''multilateral''<br>'''<u>gla</u>tadaya'''....''polygamous'' |- |'''fu-''' || ''mal-, ill-'' || '''<u>fu</u>teyenxwa'''....''ill-conceived''<br>'''<u>fu</u>sanxwa'''....''malformed'' |- | '''fi-''' || ''well-'' || '''<u>fi</u>tofabwa'''....''well-dressed'' |- | '''yuyb-''' ||''quasi-, almost'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>daba'''....''quasi-governmental'' |- | '''ja-''' || ''pre-, (a)fore-, pro-'' ||'''<u>ja</u>teyenxwa'''....''pre-conceived''<br>'''<u>ja</u>igdawa'''....''aformentioned'' |- | '''jo-''' || ''post-'' || '''<u>jo</u>dropeka'''....''post-war'' |- | '''oyeb-'''|| ''extra-, exo-, '' || '''<u>oyeb</u>tada'''....''extra-marital'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-'' || '''<u>yeb</u>tayoba'''....''endo-dermal'' |- | '''agl(a)-''' || ''macro-'' || '''<u>agla</u>mora'''....''macrocosmic'' |- | '''ogl(a)-''' || ''micro-'' || '''<u>ogla</u>mora'''....''microcosmic'' |- | '''ut-''' || ''auto-, self-, sui-'' || '''<u>ut</u>pana'''....''automatic''<br>'''<u>ut</u>tojbua'''....''suicidal'' |- | '''hyaewa-''' || ''ambi-'' || '''<u>hyaewa</u>tesea'''....''ambivalent'' |- | '''en-''' || ''bi-'' || '''<u>en</u>toobifa'''....''bisexual'' |- | '''yuz-''' || ''circum-'' || '''<u>yuz</u>teaxea'''....''circumspect'' |- | '''gel-''' || ''homo-'' || '''<u>gel</u>sauna'''....''homogeneous'' |- | '''ogel-''' || ''hetero-'' || '''<u>ogel</u>sauna'''....''heterogeneous'' |- | '''oyb-''' || ''infra-, sub-'' || '''<u>oyb</u>ivoza'''....''infrared'' |- | '''ge-''' || ''iso-, equi-'' || '''<u>ge</u>voza'''....''isochromatic'' |- | '''agr(a)-''' || ''mega-'' || '''<u>agra</u>tipa'''....''megamaniacal'' |- | '''ku-''' || ''para-'' || '''<u>ku</u>ega'''....''paranormal'' |- | '''yuyb-''' || ''quasi-, almost, pen-'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>dobyena'''....''quasi-official'' |- | '''yib-''' || ''tele-, far-'' || '''<u>yib</u>pyuxea'''....''far-reaching'' |- | '''zey-''' || ''trans-, cross-'' || '''<u>zey</u>mimaga'''....''transoceanic'' |- | '''aaj-''' || ''paleo-'' || '''<u>aaj</u>toba'''....''paleoloanthropic'' |- | '''eej-''' || ''neo-'' || '''<u>eej</u>visauna'''....''neoclassical'' |- | '''yibaj-''' || ''arch(a)eo-, ancient'' || '''yibajtuna'''....''archaeological'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-, inner, intro-'' || '''yebzena'''....''endocentric''<br>'''yebuzbwa'''....''introverted'' |- | '''oyeb-''' || ''exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)-'' || '''oyebzena'''....''exocentric''<br>'''oyebuzbwa'''....''extroverted'' |- | '''yab(an)-''' || ''high-, up'' || '''yabnoga'''....''upscale''<br>'''yabnayxa'''....''high-priced'' |- | '''yaban-''' || ''acro-'' || '''yabanyufa'''....''acrophobic'' |- | '''yob-''' || ''low-, down-'' || '''yobnoga'''....''low-grade, down-scale'' |} === English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison === : Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared |- ! English Suffix !! Meaning !! Mirad Suffix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | ''-ful'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''voz<u>aya</u>'''....''colorful''<br> '''tuz<u>ika</u>'''....''skillful'' |- | ''-ous'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''naz<u>ika</u>'''....''precious''<br> '''mil<u>aya</u>'''....''aqueous'' |- | ''-filled'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoke-filled'' |- | ''-y'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoky''<br> |- | ''-ous'' || of<br> like || '''-a''' || '''totin<u>a</u>'''....''religious''<br> '''vyos<u>a</u>'''....''erroneous'' |- | ''-ly'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tot<u>yena</u>'''....''godly''<br> '''toyb<u>yena</u>'''....''womanly'' |- | ''-like'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pat<u>yena</u>'''....''bird-like'' |- | ''-ish'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tobot<u>yena</u>'''....''childish'' |- | ''-y'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''fyab<u>yena</u>'''....''fruity'' |- | ''-ic'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tuz<u>yena</u>'''....''artistic''<br> '''sil<u>yena</u>'''....''acidic'' |- | ''-ic'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''tun<u>a</u>'''....''scientific''<br> '''bek<u>a</u>'''....''therapeutic'' |- | ''-ical'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''zyunid<u>a</u>'''....''spherical''<br> '''iztex<u>a</u>'''....''logical'' |- | ''-ological'' || pertaining to the study of || '''-tuna''' || '''tej<u>tuna</u>'''....''biological'' |- | ''-ist(ic)'' || pertaining to the doctrine of || '''-ina''' || '''dopar<u>ina</u>'''....''militarist(ic)''<br> '''nasyan<u>ina</u>'''....''capitalist(ic)'' |- | ''-ophobic'' (and ''miso-'' prefix) || hating<br> fearful of || '''-ufa''' || '''yudat<u>ufa</u>'''....''xenophonic''<br> '''tobyan<u>ufa</u>'''....''misanthropic'' |- | ''-ophilic'' (and ''philo-'' prefix) || loving || '''-ifa''' || '''tobot<u>ifa</u>'''....''pedophilic''<br> '''tob<u>ifa</u>'''....''philanthropic'' |- | ''-al'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pyot<u>yena</u>'''....''bestial'' |- | ''-al'' || of<br> pertaining to || '''-a''' || '''tej<u>a</u>'''....''vital''<br> '''aman<u>a</u>'''....''thermal'' |- | ''-less'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''tej<u>uka</u>'''....''lifeless''<br> '''tobot<u>oya</u>'''....''childless'' |- | ''-free'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''yom<u>uka</u>'''....''ice-free''<br> '''vyos<u>oya</u>'''....''error-free'' |- | ''-safe<br> -proof'' || free<br> not subject to || '''-vaka''' || '''mil<u>vaka</u>'''....''water<u>proof</u>'' |} == Forming Adverbs == : Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix '''a''', in other words, by adding a '''y''' to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''fi<u>a</u>'''....''good'' || '''fi<u>ay</u>'''....''well'' |- | '''vya<u>a</u>'''....''true'' || '''vya<u>ay</u>'''....''truly'' |- | '''gyu<u>a</u>'''....''easy'' || '''gyu<u>ay</u>'''....''easily'' |- | '''ig<u>a</u>'''....''quick'' || '''ig<u>ay</u>'''....''quickly'' |- | '''aut<u>a</u>'''....''personal'' || '''aut<u>ay</u>'''....''personally'' |} : For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example: ::* '''It tyoyape <u>ig</u>.'''....''He walks <u>fast</u>.'' ::* '''Yit xa has <u>fi</u>.'''....''They did it <u>well</u>.'' === Special Adverbs === : Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in '''-ay'''. : Here are the principal such adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Special Adverbs |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''vay'''||''indeed, really, certainly, do'' (cf. '''va'''....''yes'') |- | '''vey'''||''possibly, may, might'' (cf. '''ve'''....''maybe'') |- | '''voy'''||''not'' (cf. '''vo'''....''no'') |- | '''ga'''||''more'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gay'''||''also, moreover, further, still'' |- | '''ge'''||''as, equally'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gey'''||''even'' |- | '''go'''||''less'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''goy'''||''no longer, no more'' |- | '''gla'''||''very'' |- | '''glay'''||''quite, rather, so'' |- | '''gle'''||''so'' |- | '''glo'''||''not very, not so'' |- | '''gra'''||''too'' |- | '''gre'''||''enough, sufficiently, over-'' |- | '''gro'''||''not...enough, inadequately, under-'' |- | '''gwa'''||''most, super-'' |- | '''gwe'''||''average'' |- | '''gwo'''||''least, sub-'' |- | '''zay'''||''ahead, forward'' |- | '''zey'''||''across'' |- | '''zoy'''||''back'' |- | '''zye'''||''through'' |- | '''zya'''||''throughout'' |} : The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow: ::* AFFIRMATIVE: '''Va, at <u>vay</u> se taduwa.'''....''Yes, I am <u>indeed</u> married.'' ::* DUBITIVE: '''Iyta dud se <u>vey</u> vyosa.'''....''Her response is <u>possibly</u> wrong.'' ::* NEGATIVE: '''At <u>voy</u> se eta yuxrut.'''....''I am <u>not</u> your slave.'' : The adverbs above beginning with '''g''' are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb: ::* '''Et se <u>gla</u> via.'''....''You are <u>very</u> beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].'' ::* '''Et peya <u>gra</u> ig.'''....''You were going <u>too</u> fast [=ADVERB].'' ::* '''It <u>gra</u> dale.'''....''He talks [=VERB] <u>too</u> much.'' : Adverbs can be combined with prepositions to form compound prepositions. If the adverbs ends in '''b''' and the preposition following it begins in '''b''', they are joined together with a single '''b'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Compound Prepositions |- ! Special Adverb !! Example |- | '''yab'''....''up'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yabu''' || '''Ha pat papa <u>yabu</u> ha mam.'''....''The bird flew <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yobu'''|| '''Teaxu <u>yobu</u> ha mel.'''....''Look <u>down to</u> the ground.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yobi''' || '''Upu <u>yobi</u> ha abmas!'''....''Come <u>down from</u> the roof!'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yubi''' || '''Besu <u>yubi</u> ha mas.'''....''Stay <u>near (from)</u> the wall.'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yibi''' || '''Ha tobi igpia <u>yibi</u> ha yovbyokam.'''....''The people ran <u>far from</u> the prison.'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in, inward, inside'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yebu''' || '''Kyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa <u>yebu</u>ha tam!'''....''Guess who just walked <u>into</u> the house!'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out, outside'' + '''zye'''....''through'' || '''It tyoyapa <u>oyeb zye</u> ha zames.'''....''He walked <u>out</u> through the front door.'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>iz bu</u> hat.'''....''Go <u>right up to</u> him.'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''ub'''....''toward''|| '''Uzpu <u>zi ub</u> yat!'''....''Turn <u>right toward</u> us!'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Hat uzpa <u>zu ib</u> at.'''....''He turned <u>left away from</u> me.'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>zay bu</u> ha uj.'''....''Go <u>on to</u> the end.'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Upu <u>zoy bi</u> hua nem.'''....''Come <u>back from</u> that place.'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' + '''bay'''....''with'' || '''Van yat tyopu <u>yan bay</u> ha hyuti.'''....''Let's walk <u>together with</u> the others.'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Ha meri kyapeye <u>yon bi </u> hyuisi.'''....''The planets are drifting <u>apart from</u> one another.'' |} === Pro-adverbs === : There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as '''''pro-adverbs'''''. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like '''duhom?''' (''where?''), '''duhoyen?''' (''how?''), '''duhoj?''' (''when?''), '''duhogla''' (''to what extent?''), and their answers, such as '''hum''' (''there''), '''heyen''' (''somehow''), and '''hyoj''' (''never''), '''hugla''' (''so, to that extent''). These words are discussed under the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners|Deictic Determiners]]. == Forming Verbs == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech: ::* Noun stems ::* Adjective stems ::* Verb stems === Forming Verbs from Nouns === : Verbs can sometimes be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix '''er''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Denominal Verb Derivation |- ! Noun !! Verb |- | '''ak'''....''a gain'' || '''aker'''....''to win'' |- | '''af'''....''permission'' || '''afer'''....''may, be allowed'' |- | '''teud'''....''cry, shout'' || '''teuder'''....''to cry, shout, exclaim'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''tajer'''....''to be born'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tejer'''....''to live'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''tojer'''....''to die'' |- | '''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejer'''....''to continue'' |- | '''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijer'''....''to begin'' |- | '''uj'''....''end'' || '''ijer'''....''to end'' |- | '''yuj'''....''sleep'' || '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' |} === Verb Formants === : More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such '''''verb formants''''' are in this chart: :* '''-ser'''....''to be/become'' usually intransitive and stative (''unite'' = ''become one'') ::* '''-sler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-srer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-xer'''....''to do/make'' usually transitive and dynamic (''unite'' = ''make one'') ::* '''-xler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-xrer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-per'''....''to go'' usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (''mount'' = ''get onto'') ::* '''-pler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-prer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ber'''....''to put'' usually transitive and a verb of gesture (''apply'' = ''put onto'') ::* '''-bler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-brer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ier''' a stub from the verb '''bier'''....''to take'', usually an action verb benefiting the agent (''eat'' = ''take food'') :* '''-uer''' a stub from the verb '''buer'''....''to give'', usually an action verb benefiting the patient (''feed'' = ''give food'') :* '''-der'''....''to say'', a verb of communication (''affirm'' = ''say yes'') :* '''-drer'''....''to write'' :* '''-ter'''....''to know'', verbs of the perception and knowledge ('''teater''' = ''see'') :: Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids '''l''' or '''r''', eg.'''sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Verb Formants |- ! Noun !! Auxiliary Verb Or Verb Stub Formant !! Verb |- | '''yav'''....''innocence'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''yavder'''....''to acquit'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''yovaber'''....''to shame, accuse'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''yovober'''....''to excuse, exculpate'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''tofaber'''....''to dress, don'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''tofober'''....''to undress, strip'' |- | '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''detser'''....''to associate'' |- | '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''datxer'''....''to befriend'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''sanser'''....''to form (intransitive)'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''sanxer'''....''to form (transitive)'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''telier'''....''to eat, consume'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed, nourish'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tajber'''....''to give birth'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tejper'''....''to come alive'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tejber'''....''to bring to life'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tojber'''....''to kill'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tijper'''....''to wake up'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tijber'''....''to awaken'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''taxier'''....''to recall'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''yev'''....''justice'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''vyan'''....''truth'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyander'''....''to tell the truth'' |- | '''vyon'''....''falsehood'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyonder'''....''to tell a lie'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aker'''....''to gain'' || '''ilaker'''....''to take on liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' || '''iloker'''....''to leak, lose liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ilier'''....''to soak up'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour, water'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikser'''....''to get full'' || '''ilikser'''....''to be soaked'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikxer'''....''to fill up'' || '''ilikxer'''....''to flood, soak'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukser'''....''to become empty'' || '''ilukser'''....''to drain'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukxer'''....''to empty'' || '''ilukxer'''....''to flush'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''ilser'''....''to liquify, melt'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''ilxer'''....''to liquify, melt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''ilaber'''....''to wash'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aper'''....''to get on'' || '''ilaper'''....''to float'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''ilper'''....''to flow'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' || '''ilzyaber'''....''to spray, shower'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyober'''....''to squeeze'' || '''ilzyober'''....''to squirt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''pyexer'''....''to strike'' || '''ilpyexer'''....''to splash (with liquid)'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''yujer'''....''to close'' || '''ilyujer'''....''to plug'' |} : Note that verbs ending in '''-ser''' and '''-ier''' are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in '''-xer''' and '''-uer''' are transitive. Also, '''-ier''' verbs are subject-directed, while '''-uer''' verbs are object-directive or causative (making someone do something). === Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser === : The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with '''-xer'''....''to do, make, cause'', and the intransitive group with '''-ser'''....''to be, become''. : The following chart shows how these verbs are formed: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aza'''....''strong'' || '''azaxer'''....''fortify, strengthen, make strong'' || '''azaser'''....''get strong'' |- | '''oza'''....''week'' || '''ozaxer'''....''weaken'' || '''ozaser'''....''grow weaker'' |- | '''kyia'''....''heavy'' || '''kyiaxer'''....''weigh down'' || '''kyiaser'''....''grow heavy'' |- | '''kyua'''....''light'' || '''kyuaxer'''....''lighten, make lighter'' || '''kyuaser'''....''get lighter'' |- | '''yana'''....''together'' || '''yanaxer'''....''bring together'' || '''yanaser'''....''get together'' |} : The final adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the '''a''' makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agaxer'''....''magnify'' || '''agaser'''....''get big'' |- | || '''agxer'''....''grow'' || '''agxer'''....''grow up, mature'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iga'''....''fast'' || '''igaxer'''....''accelerate'' || '''igaser'''....''speed up'' |- | || '''igxer'''....''rush'' || '''igser'''....''hurry up'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''baka'''....''healthy'' || '''bakaxer'''....''make healthy'' || '''bakaser'''....''get healthy'' |- | || '''bakxer'''....''heal'' || '''bakser'''....''heal'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''sana'''....''formal'' || '''sanaxer'''....''formalize'' || '''sanaser'''....''become formal'' |- | || '''sanxer'''....''form, shape'' || '''sanser'''....''form, take shape'' |} === Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per === : Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb '''ber'''....''to put'', while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb '''per'''....''to go''. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in '''b''', the '''b''' is dropped. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Ber and Per |- ! Preposition<br>Base !! Transitive Gesture Verb !! Intransitive Motion Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply, put on'' || '''aper'''....''mount, get on'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove, take off'' || '''oper'''....''dismount, get off'' |- | '''ib'''....''away'' || '''iber'''....''receive'' || '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''send'' || '''uper'''....''come'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yeber'''....''insert''<br>'''oyeber'''....''take out'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''<br>'''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''lower'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''move away'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- ! !! !! |- |- | '''za'''....''front'' || '''zaber'''....''put up front'' || '''zaper'''....''take the lead'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''zayber'''....''advance'' || '''zayper'''....''advance, go forward'' |- | '''ze'''....''middle'' || '''zeber'''....''balance'' || '''zeper'''....''balance'' |- | '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zeyber'''....''take across, transfer'' || '''zeyper'''....''cross, go over, transit'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zober'''....''hinder'' || '''zoper'''....''trail, lag'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoyber'''....''set back, return'' || '''zoyper'''....''retreat, go back, return'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izber'''....''guide'' || '''izper'''....''aim for'' |- | '''uz'''....''crooked'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''turn, diverge'' |- |- '''zi'''....''right'' || '''ziber'''....''set to the right'' || '''ziper'''....''go right'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuber'''....''set to the left'' || '''zuper'''.... ''go left'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''take beyond'' || '''yizper'''....''pass by'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''take around'' || '''yuzper'''....''go around'' |} ==== Deriving Further Verbs of Gesture and Motion ==== : More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of '''ser''' and '''xer''', plus the intensifiers '''y''', '''l''' and '''r'''. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial '''p''' is a more semantically intense version of '''b'''. Also the verb endings '''-sler''' and '''-srer''' and more intense versions of the intransitive ending '''-ser''', while '''-xler''' and '''-xrer''' and more intense version of the transitve ending '''-xer'''. Verbs ending in '''-ler''' and '''-rer''' are transitive voice by nature, '''-rer''' being more semantically intense. Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating More Elaborate Verbs |- ! colspan="2"| Gesture Verb !! colspan="2"| Motion Verb |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | -- ||'''ber'''....''put'' <br>'''beer'''....''have'' <br>'''beler'''....''carry'' <br>'''bexer'''....''hold'' <br>'''bexler'''....''keep'' | '''per'''....''go''||-- |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press''<br>'''yanbaler'''....''compress''<br>'''yobaler'''....''depress, suppress''<br>'''yuzbaler'''....''hug''<br>'''zoybaler'''....''repress''<br>'''barer'''....''crush'' ||'''paer'''....''hover'' || |- |'''baser'''....''gesticulate'' || '''baxer'''....''make a gesture''<br>'''abaxer'''....''caress, pat'' || '''paser'''....''move''||'''paxer'''....''move'' |- |'''byaser'''....''stand up'' || '''byaxer'''....''set up, erect'' || '''pyaser'''....''jump up'' || '''pyaxer'''....''shoot, launch'' |- |'''basler'''....''budge'' || '''baxler'''....''rouse''<br>'''abaxler'''....''stroke'' || '''paaser'''....''get excited'' || '''paaxer'''....''excite''<br>'''apaxler'''....''sweep'' |- |'''basrer'''....''shake'' || '''baxrer'''....''shake''<br>'''abaxrer'''....''rub'' || || '''apaxrer'''....''scrub'' |- ! !! !! !! |- |'''beser'''....''stay'' || '''bexer'''....''hold''<br>'''zoybexer'''....''restrain''<br>'''yobexer'''....''detain, hold down'' || '''peser'''....''wait'' || '''pexer'''....''trap''<br>'''pexler'''....''capture''<br>'''pexrer'''....''abduct'' |- |'''byeser'''....''behave''|| '''byexer'''....''hit'' || '''pyeser'''....''run into, bump into''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike, knock''<br>'''yonpyexer'''....''break''<br>'''yopyexer'''....''knock down''<br>'''epyexer'''....''fight''<br>'''apyexer'''....''attack''<br>'''ovpyexer'''....''offend''<br>'''kunpyexer'''....''sideswipe''<br>'''tuyapyexer'''....''slap'' |- |'''besler'''....''adhere'' || '''bexler'''....''retain''|| || '''pyexler'''....''pound, beat''<br>'''apyexler'''....''assault''<br>'''yonpexler'''....''shatter, burst'' |- | || || '''yanpyesrer'''....''implode''<br>'''yonpyesler'''....''explode'' || '''pyexler'''....''blast, bomb'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''boser'''....''calm down''<br>'''boyser'''....''rest'' || '''boxer'''....''quieten, quell'' || '''poser'''....''stop''<br>'''poyser'''....''pause'' || '''poxer'''....''stop'' |- | '''byoser'''....''hang'' || '''byoxer'''....''hang'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall''<br>'''yonpyoser'''....''decay'' || '''pyoxer'''....''drop, throw down''<br>'''yopyoxer'''....''topple''<br> |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''biser'''....''originate'' || '''bixer'''....''pull''<br>'''yanbixer'''....''contract''<br>'''yonbixer'''....''distract''<br>'''yubixer'''....''attract''<br>'''yibixer'''....''distract''<br>'''oyebixer'''....''extract''<br>'''yebixer'''....''push in'' || || '''pixer'''....''catch'' |- |'''bisler'''....''spring'' || '''bixler'''....''yank''<br>'''bixrer'''....''ravage'' || || '''pixler'''....''snatch''<br>'''pixrer'''....''rape'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''buser'''....''be destined'' || '''buxer'''....''push, drive''<br>'''zyobuxer'''....''squeeze''<br>'''yebuxer'''....''expel''<br>'''abuxer'''....''impose'' || '''apuser'''....''assault'' || '''puxer'''....''throw, thrust'' |- |'''byuser'''....''bump into'' || '''byuxer'''....''touch''<br>'''yanbyuxer'''....''contact'' ||'''pyuser'''....''run into'' || '''pyuxer'''....''crash'' |- |'''busler'''....''swoop'' || '''buxler'''....''shove'' || '''pusler'''....''lunge, pounce'' || '''puxler'''....''thrust''<br>'''zyapuxler'''....''splatter'' |} === Deriving New Verbs with Prefixes === : Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb '''baxer''' (and its intransitive partner '''baser''') as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Baxer Verbs |- ! Prefix !! Verb |- ! colspan=2 | '''baxer'''....''gesture, make a bodily motion'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abaxer'''....''caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izbaxer'''....''point'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tebaxer'''....''nod'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' || '''vatebaxer'''....''nod yes'' |- | '''vo'''....''no'' || '''votebaxer'''....''nod no'' |- | '''ve'''....''maybe'' || '''vetebaxer'''....''shrug'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''tuyabaxer'''....''wave'' |- | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''tubaxer'''....''flail, swing'' |- | '''teubab'''....''tongue'' || '''teubabaxer'''....''lick'' |- | '''teab'''....''eye'' || '''teubaxer'''....''wink'' |- | '''patub'''....''wing'' || '''patubaxer'''....''flap'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''tail'' || '''tiyubaxer'''....''wag'' |- ! colspan=2 | '''baser'''....''gesticulate'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igbaser'''....''jerk'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''igzaybaser'''....''lurch'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoybaser'''....''recoil'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobaser'''....''bow, bend down'' |- | '''ku-'''....''side'' || '''kubaser'''....''slide'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igkubaser'''....''slip'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' + '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uizbaser'''....''sway, swagger, swish'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle, wobble, totter'' |} === Forming Frequentative Verbs === : A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by prefixing the syllable '''je-''' to the verb. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ The -eg- Frequentative Infix |- ! Regular Verb !! Frequantative Verb |- | '''paser'''....''move'' || '''jepaser'''....''shake, shudder'' |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump'' || '''jepyaser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''paper'''....''fly'' || '''jepaper'''....''flutter, flit'' |- | '''braser'''....''shake'' || '''jebraser'''....''shudder, quiver, vibrate'' |- | '''teupixer'''....''bite'' || '''jeteupiger'''....''nibble'' |- | '''ilzyaber'''....''spray'' || '''jeilzyaber'''....''sprinkle'' |- | '''pyexer'''....''beat'' || '''jepyexer'''....''batter, whip'' |} === Forming Hybrid Words === : Expressions with alternating components like ''back-and-forth'', ''up-and-down'', etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Words |- ! Alternative Components !! Hybrid Expression !! Examples |- | '''yab'''....''up'' +<br>'''yob'''....''down'' || '''yao(b)-'''....''up-and-down'' || '''yaoper'''....''fluctuate'', '''yaopuser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''a-'''....''up, north, skyward'' +<br>'''o-'''....''down, south'' || '''ao-'''....''vertical'' || '''aonada'''....''vertical'', '''aonab'''....''column'' |- | '''za(y)'''....''forth, north'' +<br>'''zo(y)'''....''back, south'' || '''zao(b)-'''....''front-back/north-to-south'' || '''zaobaser'''....''rock'', '''zaomera'''....''north/south'' |- |- '''zu'''....''left/west'' +<br>'''zi'''....''right/east'' || '''zui(b)-'''....''right-to-left/east-to-west'' || '''zuinada'''....''horizontal'', '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle'', '''zuimera'''....''east/west'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' +<br>'''bi'''....''from'' || '''bui-'''....''to-and-from'' || '''buipar'''....''shuttle'', '''buipop'''....''round-trip'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' +<br>'''ob'''....''off'' || '''ao(b)-'''....''on-and-off'' || '''aoper'''....''get on and off'' |- | '''yuj-'''....''closed'' +<br>'''yij-'''....''open'' || '''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut'' || '''yuijbar'''....''switch'', '''igyuijer'''....''blink'' |- | '''uj-'''....''stop'' +<br>'''ij-'''....''start'' || '''uij-'''....''stop-and-start'' || '''uijparpan'''....''stop-and-go traffic'' |- | '''(a)yeb'''....''in'' +<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''aoye(b)-'''....''in-and-out'' || '''igaoyeper'''....''run in-and-out'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' +<br>'''yib'''....''far'' || '''yui(b)-'''....''near-and-far'' || '''yuipoper'''....''travel near-and-far'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' +<br>'''ib'''....''away'' || '''ui(b)-'''....''toward-and-away'' || '''uipen'''....''coming and going'' |- | '''hum'''....''there'' +<br>'''him'''....''here'' || '''huim'''....''here-and-there'' || '''huimkexer'''....''search high-and-low (here-and-there)'' |- | '''hus'''....''that'' +<br>'''his'''....''this'' || '''huis'''....''this-and-that'' || '''huisyexer'''....''do odd jobs, work at this-or-that'' |- | '''hyut'''....''other person'' +<br>'''hyit'''....''same person'' || '''hyuit'''....''one another'' || '''hyuitifer'''....''love one another'', '''hyuita'''....''mutual, reciprocal'' |} : Here are some more examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ More Hybrids ! Hybrid Word !! English Gloss !! Alternating Components |- |'''aogsen'''||'' fluctuation (in size) ''|| '''ag-''' (''big'') + '''og-''' (''little'') + '''s-''' (''become'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''aonada'''||''vertical ''|| '''a-''' (''up/north'') + '''o-''' (''down/south'') + '''nad''' (''line'') + '''-a''' (''adj.'') |- |'''aopuys'''||'' hop-on-hop-off ''|| '''a(p)-''' (''on'') + '''o(p)-''' (''off'') + '''puys-''' (''hop'') |- |'''buien'''||'' trading, swapping ''|| '''bu-''' (''give'') + '''bi-''' (''trake'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''buip'''||'' traffic ''|| '''bu-''' (''to'') + '''bi-''' (''from'') + '''p-''' (''go'') |- |'''buixar'''||''spring''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix''' (''pull'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''buixek'''||'' tug-o-war ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- |'''buixnyem'''||'' drawer ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''nyem''' (''box'') |- |'''byaosen'''||'' teetering, stumbling ''|| '''byas-''' (''stand'') + '''byos-''' (''fall'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''diep'''||'' marine force ''|| '''dip''' (''sea force'') + '''dep''' (''land force'') |- |'''duid'''||'' q&a, interview ''|| '''dud''' (''answer'') + '''did''' (''question'') |- |'''eigpyexer''' || ''batter, whip'' || '''eg-''' (''again'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') + '''pyexer''' (''to hit'') |- |'''gao'''||'' more-or-less ''|| '''ga''' (''more'') + '''go''' (''less'') |- |'''glaojo'''||'' sooner or later ''|| '''gla''' (''very'') + '''glo''' (''slightly'') + '''jo''' (''after'') |- | '''huimkexer''' || ''search here and there'' || '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-m''' (''place'') + '''kex''' (''search'') + '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''huis'''||'' this-and-that ''|| '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-s''' (''thing'') |- |'''hyuit'''||'' one another ''|| '''hyu-''' (''other'') + '''hyi-''' (''same'') + '''-t''' (''person'') |- |'''kyaopen'''||'' fluctuation ''|| '''kya-''' (''mobile'') + '''kyo''' (''static'') + '''-pen''' (''going'') |- |'''maluier'''||'' breathe ''|| '''mal-''' (''air'') + '''u-''' (''let out'') + '''i-''' (''take in'') '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''maojyex'''||'' double-shift work ''|| '''maj''' (''day'') + '''moj''' (''night'') + '''yex''' (''work'') |- |'''maonig'''||'' flicker ''|| '''man''' (''light'') + '''mon''' (''dark'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') |- |'''maolza'''||'' black&white/gray ''|| '''malza''' (''white'') + '''molza''' (''black'') |- |'''meil'''||'' mud ''|| '''mel''' (''soil'') + '''mil''' (''water'') |- |'''memuiben'''||'' import-exports ''|| '''mem''' (''country'') + '''ub-''' (''send'') + '''ib-''' (''receive'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''mial'''||'' vapor ''|| '''mil''' (''water'') + '''mal''' (''air'') |- |'''mieg'''||'' reef ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-g''' (''stone'') |- |'''miek'''||'' sand ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-k''' (''rocky substance'') |- |'''miem'''||'' swamp ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''mem''' (''land'') |- |'''mimpuin'''||'' dock ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''mimpyaos'''||'' surf ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''sink'') |- |'''mimuip'''||'' tide ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip-''' (''go'') |- |'''peit'''||'' amphibian ''|| '''pet''' (''land animal'') + '''pit''' (''sea creature'') |- |'''puim'''||'' kiss-and-ride zone''|| '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''puixek'''||'' baseball ''|| '''pux-''' (''pitch'') + '''pix-''' (''catch'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- | '''pyaos''' || ''wave'' || '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''crest'') |- |'''teabyuij'''||'' blink ''|| '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') |- |'''tuijea'''||'' nodding off ''|| '''tuj-''' (''sleep'') + '''tij''' (''wake'') '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''uijdal'''||'' stutter ''|| '''uj-''' (''finish'') + '''ij-''' (''start'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''uipeni'''||'' comings & goings ''|| '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip''' (''go'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') + '''-i''' (''pl.'') |- |'''uiza'''||'' serpentine, snaky ''|| '''uza''' (''crooked'') + '''iza''' (''straight'') |- |'''vao?'''||'' yes or no? ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') |- |'''vaod'''||'' decision ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') + '''d-''' (''say'') |- |'''yaobar'''||'' elevator ''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaobyuijar'''||''piston''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open '') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaoplas'''||''oscillation''|| '''yap-''' (''up'') + '''yop-''' (''down'') + '''plas''' (''shake'') |- |'''yaopsim'''||''seesaw''|| '''yap-''' (''ascend'') + '''yop-''' (''descend'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''yaopus'''||''bounce''|| ya(''b'')'''-''' (''up'') + yo(''b'')'''-''' (''down'') + '''pus''' (''jump'') |- |'''yaovdut'''||''juror''|| '''yav-''' (''innocent'') + '''yov-''' (''guilty'') + '''d-''' (''say'') + '''-ut''' (''agent'') |- |'''yaoza'''||''uneven, bumpy, serrated''|| '''yaza''' (''convex'') + '''yoza''' (''concave'') |- |'''yaozgoblar'''||''saw''|| '''yaz''' (''protrusion '') + '''yoz''' (''indentation'') + '''gobl-''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaozil'''||''wave''|| '''yaz''' (''swell'') + '''yoz''' (''trough'') + '''-il''' (''liquid'') |- |'''yuibteabar'''||''bifocals''|| '''yub''' (''near'') + '''yib''' (''far'') + '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yuijar'''||'' valve, switch''|| '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaobelur'''||''ferry''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''bel-''' (''carry'') + '''-ur''' (''vehicle'') |- |'''zaobyexar'''||''swatter, bat''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''byex-''' (''strike'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaodal'''||''dialog''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''zaogoblar'''||''saw''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''gobl''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaokyax'''||''alternation''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''kyax''' (''change'') |- |'''zaopasen'''||''swinging''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo-''' (''back'') + '''pasen''' (''moving'') |- |'''zaopsim'''||''swing or rocker''|| '''zap-''' (''go forth'') + '''zap''' (''go back'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''zuibasen'''||''wiggling''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bas-''' (''move bodily'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuibayx'''||''wag''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bayx-''' (''slight body move'') |- |'''zuibyoxea'''||''dangling''|| '''zu''' (''left'') + '''zi''' (''right'') + '''byox-''' (''hang down'') + '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuiyafa'''||''ambidextrous''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''yafa''' (''capable'') |- |'''zyaobas'''||''throb''|| '''zya-''' (''wide'') + '''zyo-''' (''narrow'') + '''bas''' (''bodily movement'') |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Acronyms and Abbreviations|Word Families}}</noinclude> q7zcmq8pcuue6kq2xv3hy7nlx5n7pzy 4635616 4635614 2026-05-13T18:20:48Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Inflectional Suffixes */ 4635616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right|limit=3}} == Introduction == : In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels. : The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of '''''base words''''' and '''''derived words'''''. : The vocabulary is built on '''''base words''''', that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by: ::* The meaning of each letter of the word. ::* The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: ''fixed'' vs. ''variable''. ::* How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language. ::* The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about). ::* The logic of its composition. ::* The mnemonic associations this word suggests. : The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called '''''vocabulary-building rules''''', which are spelled out below. == Base Words == : '''''Base words''''' are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups: ::* Group 1:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''nouns''''' ::* Group 2:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs'''''. == Base words of Group 1 == : Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters: :::* The first, a consonant called the '''''classifier''''' :::* The second, a vowel called the '''''ordinal''''' :::* The third, a consonant called the '''''generic''''' These words can be thought of as noun templates. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Base Word Composition |- ! Classifier !! Ordinal !! Generic !! Meaning |- | '''t''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''man'' |- | '''d''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''society'' |- | '''p''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''animal'' |- | '''f''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''plant'' |} == Base words of Group 2 == : Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as '''-er''' (verb infinitive marker) or '''-a''' (adjective marker): ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words | '''b-'''....''put'' || '''p-'''....''go'' |- | '''s-'''....''be'' || '''x-'''....''do'' |- | '''d-'''....''say'' || '''t-'''....''know'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ob'''....''off'' |- |'''bu'''....''to'' || '''bi'''....''from'' |- |'''if-'''....''love'' || '''uf-'''....''hate'' |- |'''fi-'''....''good'' || '''fu-'''....''bad'' |- |'''va'''....''yes'' || '''vo'''....''no'' |- |'''vya-'''^*....''true'' || '''vyo-'''....''false'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''o'''....''zero'' |} : *<small> As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include glided vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides '''y''' or '''w'''. So, for purposes here, '''ya''', '''ye''', '''yi''', '''yo''', '''yu''', '''wa''', and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "glided vowels".</small> == Consonants and Their Meanings == : The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Consonants and Their Meanings |- ! Consonant !! Group 1 Classifier !! Group 1 Generic !! Group 2 Classifier !! In Numbers |- | '''b''' || organ, health || organism || gesture, position || |- | '''d''' || society || family || communicating || |- | '''f''' || vegetation || textile, clothing || volition, attributes || |- | '''g''' || -- || measurement || quantity, attributes || |- | '''j''' || time || time || time || |- | '''k''' || -- || health || change, risk, attributes || |- | '''l''' || -- || element, food, liquid, nature || -- || '''l''' = ten |- | '''m''' || nature || place, building, furniture || temperature, light || '''ml''' = million<br>'''mr''' = billion |- | '''n''' || commerce || -- || -- || |- | '''p''' || animal, vehicle || motion || movement || |- | '''r''' || -- || tool, machine, cosmos || -- || '''r''' = thousand |- | '''s''' || form, image, furniture || thing || being, form, thing || '''s''' = hundred |- | '''t''' || human, body || person, animal || intelligence, knowing || |- | '''v''' || plant, color || linen || truth, attributes || |- | '''x''' || action || -- || action, doing, making || |- | '''z''' || -- || precious, art || spatial, attributes || |} : The following consonants functions rather than, or in addition to, semantic values: ::* '''l''' and '''r''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: '''baer'''....''to lean'', '''baler'''....''to press'', '''barer'''....''to crush''; ::* '''y''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''voa'''....''negative'' -> '''vyoa'''....''false'', or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''ama'''....''hot'' -> '''ayma'''....''warm''. ::* '''h''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Used functionally only in certain interjections like '''hoy'''....''goodbye'' and determiners like '''his'''....''this'', and has no semantic value. ::* '''w''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. '''tob'''....''person'' -> '''twob'''....''man'', or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. '''uber'''....''to send'' -> '''ubwer'''....''to be sent'', or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. '''awa'''....''one'', or 4) sometimes to substitute for '''y''' when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. '''jwo'''....''late'', instead of '''jyo'''. ::* '''n''':&nbsp;&nbsp; In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in '''ana'''....''only'', or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as '''fian'''....''goodness'' from '''fia'''....''good'', or from a verb, such '''axnen'''....''behaving'' from '''axner'''....''to behave''. == Vowels and Their Meanings == : Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types: ::* meronymic ::* hierarchical ::* geo-specific ::* oppositional/polar ::* vectorial ::* directional and positional ::* special === Ordinal Vowel Values === :: The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with '''y''' are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Vowels|Vowels]]. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Numeric Values of Vowels |- ! Ordinal Vowel !! '''o''' !! '''a''' !! '''e''' !! '''i''' !! '''u''' !! '''yo''' !! '''ya''' !! '''ye''' !! '''yi''' !! '''yu''' |- !row=1| Cardinal Number | 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 |} === Meronymic Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|meronymic}}''''' series. (This gradation can also be called '''''taxonomic'''''. The top element, or hypernym, has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are hyponyms or meronyms (= parts of the whole), and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. '''T<u>a</u>b''' (''body'') is the first meronym of '''t<u>o</u>b''' (''human being''), the hypernym or zeroth element. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Meronymic Series |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=7| Meronymic or Taxonomic |- ! 0 | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''fob'''....''plant'' || '''vob'''....''crop''|| '''mos'''....''floor''||'''som'''....''furniture''||'''tom'''....''building''||'''job'''....''time'' |- ! 1 | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''fab'''....''tree'' || '''vab'''....''grass''|| '''mas'''....''wall''||'''sam'''....''chest of drawers''||'''tam'''....''house''||'''jab'''....''year'' |- ! 2 | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''feb'''....''fruit'' || '''veb'''....''tuft''|| '''mes'''....''door''||'''sem'''....''table''||'''tem'''....''hall''||'''jeb'''....''season'' |- ! 3 | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''fib'''....''trunk'' || '''vib'''....''stalk''|| '''mis'''....''window''||'''sim'''....''chair''||'''tim'''....''room''||'''jib'''....''month'' |- ! 4 | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''fub'''....''branch'' || '''vub'''....''shoot''||'''mus'''....''stairs''||'''sum'''....''bed''||'''tum'''....''closet''||'''jub'''....''day'' |- ! 5 | '''tyob'''....''leg'' || '''fyob'''....''root'' || '''vyob'''....''tuber''|| || || ||'''jwob'''^*....''hour'' |- ! 6 | || || || || || ||'''jwab'''^*....''minute'' |- ! 7 | || || || || || ||'''jweb'''^*....''second'' |} * The letter '''w''' replaces the letter '''y''' following a '''j''', for ease of pronunciation. : The words that descend from the base word are called '''''meronyms'''''. A hypernym is a word that is higher in scale. === Hierarchical Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|hierarchical}}''''' series where the top element has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hierarchical Vowel Gradation |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=4| Hierarchy |- ! 0 | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''dot'''....''society'' || '''tod'''....''family''||'''xob'''....''organization'' |- ! 1 | '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''tad'''....''spouse''||'''xab'''....''staff'' |- ! 2 | '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ted'''....''parent''||'''xeb'''....''boss'' |- ! 3 | '''dib'''....''ministry'' || '''dit'''....''citizen'' ||'''tid'''....''sibling''||'''xib'''....''department'' |- ! 4 | '''dub'''....''minister'' || '''dut'''....''gentleman'' || '''tud'''....''child''||'''xub'''....''branch'' |} === Geo-specific Vowel Gradation === : Ordinals can have '''''{{color|blue|geo-specific}}''''' values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Geo-specific Vowel Values |- ! Ordinal ! Geo-sphere ! colspan=7| Examples |- | align=center | '''o''' || ''outer space, top level'' || '''m<u>o</u>p'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''outer space''|| '''mol'''....''nature''||'''dop'''....''military''||'''pop'''....''voyage''||'''mol'''....''nature''||'''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- | align=center | '''a''' || ''air, gas, sky'' || '''m<u>a</u>p'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' ||'''mal'''....''air''||'''dap'''....''air force''||'''pap'''....''flight''||'''mal'''....''wind''||'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | align=center | '''e''' || ''ground, soil, solid'' || '''m<u>e</u>p'''....''road'' || '''mem'''....''land''|| '''mel'''....''soil''||'''dep'''....''army''||'''pep'''....''ride''||'''mel'''....''soil''||'''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' |- | align=center | '''i''' || ''liquid'', ''water'', ''sea'' || '''m<u>i</u>p'''....''river'' || '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''mil'''....''water''||'''dip'''....''marines''|| '''pip'''....''navigation/sail''||'''mil'''....''water''||'''pit'''....''fish'' |- | align=center | '''u''' || ''underground'', ''mineral'', ''substance'' || '''m<u>u</u>p'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || '''mul'''....''mineral''|| ||'''pup'''....''tunneling''||'''mul'''....''matter''|| |} === Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation === : The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation |- ! Order || Mirad !! English |- | 0 || '''olza'''¹ || ''blank, of no color'' |- | 1 || '''alza''' || ''red'' |- | 2 || '''elza''' || ''orange'' |- | 3 || '''ilza''' || ''yellow'' |- | 4 || '''ulza''' || ''green'' |- | 5 || '''yolza''' || ''blue'' |- | 6 || '''yalza''' || ''purple'' |- | 7 || '''yelza''' || ''indigo'' |} {{small/top}} : 1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order. {{small/end}} : The colors black and white are: :* '''malza'''....''white'' :* '''molza'''....''black'' : Some colors are hybrids of two colors: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hybrid Colors |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''aolza''' || ''pink'' (a blend of ''blank'' and ''red'') |- | '''youlza''' || ''blue-green'' |- | '''maolza''' || ''gray'' (a blend of ''black'' and ''white'') |} : The word for ''brown'' is based on the word for ''soil'': :* '''melza'''....''brown'' (< '''mel'''....''soil'') : Two other colors are based on metals: :* '''agelkza'''....''silver'' (based on '''agelk'''....''silver metal'' :* '''aulkza'''....''gold'' (based on '''aulk'''....''gold metal'' === Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values === : In Group 2 stems: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Oppositional Vowel Values |- | '''a'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ya''' || intermediate || '''i'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yi''' |- | <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative || '''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ye''' || <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative |- | '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yo''' || value || '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yu''' |} ::* positive '''a''' contrasts with negative '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''av'''....''for'' vs. '''ov'''....''against'') ::* positive '''ya''' contrasts with negative '''yo'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yava'''....''innocent'' vs. '''yova'''....''guilty'') ::* positive '''i''' contrasts with negative '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''fia'''....''good'' vs. '''fua'''....''bad'') ::* positive '''yi''' contrasts with negative '''yu'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yiva'''....''free'' vs. '''yuva'''....''bound'') ::* '''e''' and '''ye''' are in-between values&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''eva'''....''neutral'', '''yeva'''....''fair'') ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation |- ! positive !! intermediate !! negative |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''ega'''....''normal'' || '''oga'''....''small'' |- | '''yava'''....''innocent'' || '''yeva'''....''just''|| '''yova'''....''guilty'' |- | '''ava'''....''for'' || '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''ova'''....''against'' |- | '''aker'''....''to win'' || '''eker'''....''to risk'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' |- | '''yak'''....''expectation'' || '''yek'''....''attempt'' || '''yok'''....''surprise'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || || '''fua'''....''bad'' |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || || '''ufer'''....''hate'' |- | '''yifa'''....''brave'' || || '''yufa'''....''afraid'' |} : Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit '''''oppositional''''' values: : The Group 1 base word '''bok''' (''illness'') is a good example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Group 1 base word with oppositional values |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- valign=top |'''bak'''....''health''||'''bek'''....''treatment''||'''bok'''....''illness'' |- |'''byak'''....''hygiene''||'''byek'''....''cure''||'''byok'''....''pain''<br>'''byoyk'''....''ache''<br>'''blok'''....''suffering''<br>'''brok'''....''agony'' |- |'''baak'''....''sanitation''|| ||'''book'''....''fatigue'' |- |'''bik'''....''care''|| ||'''buk'''....''wound''<br>'''buyk'''....''sore'' |} === Vectorial Vowel Values === : These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc. {{big/top}}&nbsp;&nbsp; ::::::'''a''' ::::::↑ ::::'''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;←&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;→&nbsp;&nbsp;'''i''' ::::::↓ ::::::'''o''' {{big/end}} :::'''a'''....''on, above, north'' ('''ab'''....''on'', '''zamer'''....''north'') :::'''e'''....''center, middle, equator'' ('''eb'''....''between'', '''ze'''....''center'') :::'''o'''....''off, below, south'' ('''ob'''....''off'', '''zomer'''....''south'') :::'''i'''....''right, east'' ('''zi'''....''right'', '''zimer'''....''east'') :::'''u'''....''left, west'' ('''zu'''....''left'', '''zumer'''....''west'') === Directional and Positional Vowel Values === {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Directional and Positional Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''z<u>a</u>mer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''b<u>a</u>er'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''<u>a</u>ber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''b<u>ya</u>er'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''<u>ya</u>ber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''z<u>o</u>mer'''....''south'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''b<u>yo</u>er'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''<u>o</u>per'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''p<u>yo</u>ser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''<u>yo</u>per'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''z<u>u</u>mer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''<u>u</u>ber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''p<u>yu</u>er'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''<u>yu</u>ber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''b<u>yu</u>ser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''z''i''mer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''p<u>i</u>er'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''<u>i</u>per'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''<u>yi</u>per'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''p<u>yi</u>ser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''z<u>e</u>mer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''<u>e</u>b'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''b<u>e</u>xer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''<u>ye</u>per'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''contain''|| '''b<u>ye</u>er'''....''contain'' |} === Special value of certain letters === : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular''. ::* '''aot'''....''person'' ::* '''anot'''....''individual'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yanber'''....''to compose'' ::* '''yonber'''....''to separate'' : The letter '''y''' is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural: ::* '''at'''....''I, me'' as opposed to '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''et'''....''you'' as opposed to '''yet'''....''you (pl.), you all'' ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''yit'''....''they, them'' ::* '''is'''....''it'' as opposed to '''yis'''....''they, them'' : The letter '''y''' is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''iyt'''....''she, her'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''toyb'''....''woman'' : The letter '''w''' is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''wit'''....''he, him'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''twob'''....''man'' === The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words === :: The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants. :: The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values. :: The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants |- ! Base Word !! Classifier Consonant !! Generic Consonant !! Scalarity Type |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''t''' = ''human'' || '''b''' = ''organism'' || meronymic |- | '''tof'''....''clothing'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''fabric'' || meronymic |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''society'' || meronymic |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place'' || meronymic |- | '''tov'''....''lingerie'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen'' || meronymic |- | '''tol'''....''nourishment'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''food'' || oppositional |- | '''top'''....''soul, spirit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''motion'' || meronymic |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''d''' = ''society'' || '''b''' = ''organism''||hierarchical |- | '''dop'''....''military'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement'' || geo-specific |- | '''dot'''....''society'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''human''|| hierarchical |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''j''' = ''time'' || '''b'''....''organism''|| hierarchical |- | '''fob'''....''vegetation'' || '''f''' = ''vegetable'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vob'''....''crop'' || '''v''' = ''plant'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vos'''....''flower'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''volz'''....''color'' || " " " || '''lz''' = ''color, art''|| spectral |- | '''som'''....''furniture'' || '''s''' = ''thing'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| meronymic |- | '''mos'''....''floor'' || '''m''' = ''place, nature'' || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''mor'''....''universe'' || " " " || '''r''' = ''machine, system''|| geo-specific |- | '''mom'''....''outer space'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''mol'''....''nature'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''substance''|| geo-specific |- | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement''|| geo-specific |- | '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''p''' = ''movement'' || '''t''' = ''human, animal''|| geo-specific |- | '''bok'''....''illness'' || '''b''' = ''organ'' || '''k''' = ''condition''|| oppositional |- | '''nom'''....''place'' || '''n''' = ''commercial'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| special |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || " " " || '''g''' = ''measurement''|| special |- | '''nof'''....''cloth'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''cloth''|| special |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen''|| special |- | '''nod'''....''point'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''communication''|| special |- | '''xob'''....''organization'' || '''x''' = ''action'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| hierarchical |} ==== Special Arrangement ==== : Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart. {| border=0 {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Other Group 1 Base Words |- valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! d- <br>communication |- | '''daz'''<br>''dance'' |- | '''dyaz'''<br>''ballet'' |- | '''dyez'''<br>''cinema'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''dez'''<br>''theater'' |- | '''diz'''<br>''comedy'' |- | '''din'''<br>''story'' |- | '''dun'''<br>''word'' |- | '''duz'''<br>''music'' |- | '''dyun'''<br>''name'' |- | '''dyan'''<br>''sentence'' |- | '''dyes'''<br>''book'' |- | '''deup'''<br>''rhythm'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! dr- <br>write |- | '''drof'''<br>''board'' |- | '''draf'''<br>''card'' |- | '''dref'''<br>''paper'' |- | '''drov'''<br>''cardboard'' |- | '''drav'''<br>''notebook'' |- | '''drev'''<br>''page'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''drar'''<br>''pencil'' |- | '''drir'''<br>''typewriter'' |- | '''drur'''<br>''printer'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! m- <br>nature |- | '''mag'''<br>''fire'' |- | '''mak'''<br>''electricity'' |- | '''mog'''<br>''ash'' |- | '''meg'''<br>''stone'' |- | '''mef'''<br>''brick'' |- | '''mug'''<br>''metal'' |- | '''muk'''<br>''mineral'' |- | '''mez'''<br>''crystal'' |- | '''mek'''<br>''dust'' |- | '''myek'''<br>''powder'' |- | '''mav'''<br>''flame'' |- | '''mov'''<br>''smoke'' |- | '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' |- | '''maj'''<br>''daytime'' |- | '''moj'''<br>''night'' |- | '''man'''<br>''light'' |- | '''maz'''<br>''shine'' |- | '''mon'''<br>''shade'' |- | '''moz'''<br>''dark'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! n- <br>commerce |- | '''naz'''<br>''value'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' |- | '''nax'''<br>''price'' |- | '''nyaz'''<br>''wealth'' |- | '''nyan'''<br>''stack'' |- | '''nox'''<br>''expense'' |- | '''nyox'''<br>''waste'' |- | '''nex'''<br>''saving'' |- | '''nyex'''<br>''storing'' |- | '''nix'''<br>''earning'' |- | '''nyix'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nux'''<br>''pay'' |- | '''nyux'''<br>''supply'' |- | '''nun'''<br>''merchandise'' |- | '''nyun'''<br>''product'' |- | '''nuz'''<br>''jewel'' |- | '''nem'''<br>''location'' |- | '''nyem'''<br>''place'' |- | '''nyeb'''<br>''box'' |- | '''nab'''<br>''row'' |- | '''nap'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nad'''<br>''line'' |- | '''nod'''<br>''point'' |- | '''ned'''<br>''plane'' |- | '''nyed'''<br>''grid'' |- | '''nyad'''<br>''chain'' |- | '''nid'''<br>''volume'' |- | '''nag'''<br>''measure'' |- | '''nak'''<br>''metric value'' |- | '''nog'''<br>''degree'' |- | '''nig'''<br>''space'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! j- <br>time |- | '''jag'''<br>''age'' |- | '''jud'''<br>''date'' |- | '''jod'''<br>''instance'' |- | '''jop'''<br>''sequence'' |- | '''jep'''<br>''process'' |- | '''jwap'''<br>''moment'' |- | '''jwep'''<br>''instant'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! s- <br>thing |- | '''sag'''<br>''number'' |- | '''saz'''<br>''sculpture'' |- | '''san'''<br>''form'' |- | '''saun'''<br>''kind'' |- | '''son'''<br>''matter (abstract)'' |- | '''sin'''<br>''image'' |- | '''siz'''<br>''painting'' |- | '''sun'''<br>''thing (concrete)'' |- | '''syan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''syen'''<br>''style'' |- | '''syin'''<br>''subject'' |- | '''syun'''<br>''object'' |- | '''sar'''<br>''instrument'' |- | '''sir'''<br>''machine'' |- | '''sor'''<br>''engine'' |- | '''sur'''<br>''motor'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! t- <br>human / knowledge |- | '''taz'''<br>''statue'' |- | '''tap'''<br>''physique'' |- | '''tep'''<br>''mind'' |- | '''top'''<br>''spirit'' |- | '''tuz'''<br>''art'' |- | '''toz'''<br>''skin color'' |- | '''tez'''<br>''culture'' |- | '''tyez'''<br>''magic'' |- | '''tin'''<br>''doctrine'' |- | '''tun'''<br>''science'' |- | '''tyan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''tyen'''<br>''skill'' |- | '''tyun'''<br>''idea'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''sensation'' |- | '''tes'''<br>''meaning'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' |- | '''tat'''<br>''angel'' |} |} === The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words === :: The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival ('''-a'''), adverbial ('''-ay'''), and verbal inflections ('''-er''', '''-ser''', '''-xer''', etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem. :: The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Stems of Group 2 Base Words |- ! Classifier Consonant !! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative |- ! rowspan=4|'''j''' <br>(''time'') | '''ja'''<br>''before'' || '''je'''<br>''during'' || '''jo'''<br>''after''||'''ji'''<br>''since'' || '''ju'''<br>''until'' |- | '''aj'''<br>''past'' || '''ej'''<br>''present'' || '''oj'''<br>''future'' || '''ij^er'''<br>''beginning/begin'' || '''uj/^er'''<br>''end/end'' |- | '''taj^er'''<br>''birth/to be born'' || '''tej^er'''<br>''life/to live'' || '''toj^er'''<br>''death/to die'' || '''tij^er'''<br>''awake state/to be awake'' || '''tuj^er'''<br>''sleep/to sleep'' |- | '''jwa'''<br>''early'' || '''jwe'''<br>''on time'' || '''jwo'''<br>''late'' || '''yij^a'''<br>''opening/open'' || '''yuj^a'''<br>''closing/closed'' |- !rowspan=4| '''g'''<br>(''measurement'') | '''ga'''<br>''more'' || '''ge'''<br>''equal'' || '''go'''<br>''less''|| '''gi'''ⁿ<br>''point'' || '''gu'''ⁿ<br>''angle'' |- | '''ag'''^a<br>''big'' || '''eg^a'''<br>''normal'' || '''og'''^a<br>''small'' || '''ig'''^a<br>''fast'' || '''ug'''^a<br>''slow'' |- | '''yag'''^a<br>''long'' || '''yeg'''^a<br>''normal'' || '''yog'''^a<br>''short'' || '''yig'''^a<br>''hard'' || '''yug'''^a<br>''soft'' |- | '''gya'''^a<br>''thick'' || '''gye'''^a<br>''enough'' || '''gyo-'''<br>''thin'' || '''gyi'''^a<br>''solid'' || '''gyu'''^a<br>''fragile'' |- !rowspan=4| '''k'''<br>(''randomness'') | '''ka'''^xer<br>''find'' || '''ke'''^xer<br>''seek'' || '''ko'''^xer<br>''hide'' || '''ki'''^a<br>''oblique''|| '''ku'''^a<br>''lateral'' |- | '''ak'''^er<br>''win'' || '''ek'''^er<br>''play'' || '''ok'''^er<br>''lose'' || '''ik'''^a<br>''full'' || '''uk'''^a<br>''empty'' |- | '''yak'''^er<br>''expect'' || '''yek'''^er<br>''try'' || '''yok'''^er<br>''suprise'' || '''yik'''^a<br>''difficult'' || '''yuk'''^a<br>''easy'' |- | '''kya'''^a<br>''mobile'' || '''kye'''^a<br>''haphazard'' || '''kyo'''^a<br>''fixed'' ||'''kyi'''^a<br>''heavy'' || '''kyu'''^a<br>''light'' |- ! '''m'''<br>(''nature'') | '''am'''^a<br>''hot'' || -- || '''om'''^a<br>''cold'' || '''im'''^a<br>''wet'' || '''um'''^a<br>''dry'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''f'''^er<br>(''want'', qualities) | || || || '''fi'''^a<br>''good'' || '''fu'''^a<br>''bad'' |- | '''fya'''^a<br>''holy'' || '''fye'''^a<br>''mythical'' || '''fyo'''^a<br>''profane''|| '''fyi'''^a<br>''useful'' || '''fyu'''^a<br>''harmful'' |- | '''yaf'''^er<br>''be able'' || '''yef'''^er<br>''must''|| '''yof'''^er<br>''cannot'' || '''yif'''^er<br>''dare'' || '''yuf'''^er<br>''fear'' |- | '''af'''^er<br>''may'' || '''ef'''^er<br>''need'' || '''of'''^er<br>''be prohibited'' || '''if'''^er<br>''love'' || '''uf'''^er<br>''hate'' |- !rowspan=6| '''v'''<br>(''truth, qualities'' ) | '''va'''<br>''yes'' || '''ve'''<br>''maybe'' || '''vo'''<br>''no''|| '''vi'''^a<br>''beautiful'' || '''vu'''^a<br>''ugly'' |- | '''vay'''<br>''really''||'''vey'''<br>''may''||'''voy'''<br>''not'' || || |- | '''av'''<br>''for'' || '''ev'''^a<br>''neutral'' || '''ov'''<br>''against''|| '''iv'''^a<br>''happy'' || '''uv'''^a<br>''sad'' |- | '''vya'''^a<br>''true'' || '''vye'''^a<br>''relative'' || '''vyo'''^a<br>''false''|| '''vyi'''^a<br>''clean'' || '''vyu'''^a<br>''dirty'' |- | '''yav'''^a<br>''innocent'' || '''yev'''^a<br>''fair'' || '''yov'''^a<br>''guilty''|| '''yiv'''^a<br>''free'' || '''yuv'''^a<br>''captive'' |- | '''van'''<br>''that'' || '''ven'''<br>''if'' || '''von'''<br>''lest''|| || |- ! rowspan=5|'''z'''<br>(spatial) | '''za'''<br>''in front of'' || '''ze'''<br>''in the middle of'' || '''zo'''<br>''in back of''|| '''zi'''^a<br>''right'' || '''zu'''^a<br>''left'' |- | '''zay'''<br>''ahead'' || '''zey'''<br>''across'' || '''zoy'''<br>''back, re-''|| || |- | '''zya'''^a<br>''wide'' || '''zye'''<br>''through'' || '''zyo'''^a<br>''narrow''||'''zyi'''^a<br>''flat'' || '''zyu'''^a<br>''round'' |- | '''az'''^a<br>''strong'' || '''ez'''^a<br>''moderate'' || '''oz'''^a<br>''weak''|| '''iz'''^a<br>''straight'' || '''uz'''^a<br>''curved'' |- | '''yaz'''^a<br>''convex'' || '''yez'''<br>''along'' || '''yoz'''^a<br>''concave'' || '''yiz'''<br>''beyond'' || '''yuz'''<br>''around'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''b-'''^er<br>(''put'') | '''ba'''^y/(^xer)<br>''with, (agitate)'' || '''be'''^y/(^(xer))<br>''at/by, (hold)'' || '''bo'''^y(^xer)<br>''without/(calm)''|| '''bi^(er/xer)'''<br>''from, (take/pull)'' || '''bu'''^(er/xer)<br>''to, (give/push)'' |- | '''ab'''^(er)<br>''on,(put on)'' || '''eb'''^(er)<br>''between,(block)'' || '''ob'''(^er)<br>''off,(take off)'' || '''ib'''^(er)<br>''away,(receive)'' || '''ub'''^(er)<br>''toward,(send)'' |- | '''bya'''^ser/xer<br>''stand/erect'' || '''bye'''^xer<br>''tap'' || '''byo'''^ser/xer<br>''hang/hang''|| '''byi'''^(ser)<br>''since,(originate)'' || '''byu'''^(ser/xer)<br>''up to,(contact/touch)'' |- | '''yab'''^(er)<br>''up,(raise)'' || '''yeb'''^(er)<br>''in,(put in)''<br>'''oyeb'''^(er)<br>''out,(take out)'' || '''yob'''^(er)<br>''down,(lower)''|| '''yib'''^(er)<br>''far,(remove)'' || '''yub'''^(er)<br>''near,(bring)'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''p'''^er<br>(''go'') | '''pa'''^ser/xer<br>''move/move'' || '''pe'''^ser/xer<br>''wait/trap'' || '''po'''^ser/xer<br>''stop/stop''|| '''pi'''^er/ser/xer<br>''leave/withdraw/catch'' || '''pu'''^er/ser/xer<br>''arrive/jump/throw'' |- | '''pya'''^er/ser/xer<br>''hover/jump up/launch'' || '''pye'''^ser/xer<br>''encounter/strike'' || '''pyo'''^ser/xer<br>''fall/drop''|| '''pyi'''^ser/xer<br>''emanate/derive'' || '''pyu'''^ser/xer<br>''reach/impact'' |- | '''yap'''^er<br>''rise'' || '''yep'''^er<br>''enter'' || '''yop'''^er<br>''descend''|| '''yip'''^er<br>''go far'' || '''yup'''^er<br>''approach'' |- | '''ap'''^er<br>''get on'' || '''ep'''^er<br>''intervene'' || '''op'''^er<br>''get off'' || '''ip'''^er<br>''go away'' ||'''up'''^er<br>''come'' |- !rowspan=2| '''s'''^er<br>(''be'') | '''sa'''^n/s/xer<br>''shape/evolve/make'' ||'''se'''^xer<br>''build'' || '''so'''^n/xer<br>''matter/destroy''|| '''si'''^n/yn<br>''image/sign'' || '''su'''^n/er/xer<br>''thing/provide/realize'' |- | '''as'''^er<br>''become'' || '''es'''^er<br>''exist'' || '''os'''^er<br>''cease to be'' || || |- ! rowspan=3|'''x'''^er<br>(''do'' ) | '''xa'''^ler<br>''execute'' || '''xe'''^ler<br>''practice'' || '''xo'''^ler<br>''fail'' || '''xi'''^ler<br>''undertake'' || '''xu'''^ler<br>''provoke'' |- |'''ax'''^ler<br>''act'' || '''ex'''^er<br>''function'' || '''ox'''^ler<br>''abstain'' || '''ix'''^er<br>''effect'' || '''ux'''^er<br>''cause'' |- | '''yax'''^er<br>''be busy'' || '''yex'''^er<br>''work'' || '''yox'''^er<br>''be idle'' || '''yix'''^er<br>''use'' || '''yux'''^er<br>''help'' |- ! '''t'''^er/rer/yer<br>(''know/recognize/know how'') | '''ta'''^xer<br>''remember'' || '''te'''^xer<br>''think'' || '''to'''^xer<br>''forget'' || '''ti'''^er/xer<br>''learn/study''<br>'''tri'''^er<br>''get to know''<br>'''tyi'''^er<br>''learn how'' || '''tu'''^er/xer/uxer<br>''inform/teach/raise''<br>'''tru'''^er<br>''familiarize''<br>'''tyu'''^er<br>''train'' |- ! '''d'''^er/rer<br>(''say/write'') | '''da'''^ler<br>''talk'' || '''de'''^ler<br>''state''<br>'''dye'''^er<br>''read'' || '''do'''^ler<br>''be silent''<br>'''dro'''^er<br>''erase'' || '''di'''^er/ler/rer<br>''ask/beg/require'' || '''du'''^er/ler/rer<br>''suggest/insist/demand''<br>'''dyu'''^er<br>''call'' |- ! rowspan=2|'''h-'''<br>(determiners) | '''ha'''^(a)<br>''the'' || '''he'''^a<br>''some'' || '''ho'''^a<br>''which'' || '''hi'''^a<br>''this'' || '''hu'''^a<br>''that'' |- | '''hya'''^(a)<br>''all'' || '''hye'''^a<br>''any'' || '''hyo'''^a<br>''no'' || '''hyi'''^a<br>''same'' || '''hyu'''^a<br>''other'' |- ! rowspan=2| (conjunctions) |'''ay'''<br>''and'' || '''ey'''<br>''or'' || '''oy'''<br>''but'' || || |- |'''ya'''ⁿ<br>''together'' || ||'''yo'''ⁿ<br>''apart''|| || |- ! rowspan=2| (numbers) | '''a'''<br>''one''|| '''e'''<br>''two''|| '''o'''<br>''zero''|| '''i'''<br>''three''|| '''u'''<br>''four'' |- | '''ya'''<br>''six''|| '''ye'''<br>''seven''|| '''yo'''<br>''five''|| '''yi'''<br>''eight''|| '''yu'''<br>''nine'' |- ! rowspan=1| (privatives) | || || '''lo-''' (''dis-/un-'')<br>'''lyo-''' (''dis-'')<br>'''oy-''' (''-less'')|| || |} :: <small>* Mixed root. '''taj/tej/toj''' instead of '''yaj/yej/yoj''', because the human letter root '''t''' is more intuitive.</small> :: Note: The opposition '''(y)a'''-'''(y)e'''-'''(y)o''' is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but '''(y)i-(y)u''' is two-way, without any intermediary sense. == Derived Word Formation Rules == : Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building: : These consist of the following rules: ::# Compounding ::# Affixation ::# Ordinal Vowel Scaling ::# Overlapping ::# Adding Ordinal Vowels ::# Swapping Generic Consonants ::# Marking Words for Gender ::# Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels ::# Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels ::# Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern ::# Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === Rule #1: Compounding === [[File:Compound 6 (maraviroc development).svg|thumb|]] : Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Compounding |- ! Component 1 !! Component 2 !! Compound |- | '''mor'''....''cosmos'' || '''tun'''....''science, -ology'' || '''mortun'''....''cosmology'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''memyaz'''....''mountain'' || '''magmemyaz'''....''volcano'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''mem'''....''land'' || '''dobmem'''....''territory'' |- | '''tul'''....''dish'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''tuldras'''....''menu'' |- | '''sin'''....''picture'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''sindras'''....''description'' |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''kyoxer'''....''to fix (in place)'' || '''tamkyoxer'''....''to settle'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''kyo-'''....''fixed'' || '''tep-'''....''mind'' || '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn'' |} : Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for ''rain'', for example, is '''ma(m)''' (''sky'') + '''mil''' (''water''), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, '''mamil'''. : When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg: :* '''uzra'''....''twisted'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ---> '''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' :* '''kyoa'''....''fixed'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn, obsessed'' :* '''aza'''....''strong'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''tepaza'''....''intelligent'' :* '''fua'''....''bad'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''futipa'''....''cross, ill-tempered'' :* '''aga'''....''big'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''tipaga'''....''magnanimous, generous'' === Rule #2: Affixation === [[File:Word Cloud of Various Prefixes.png|thumb|]] : Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes: ==== Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Base !! Compound |- | '''ja'''....''before'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''japer'''....''to precede'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''joper'''....''to follow'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' ||'''der'''....''to say'' || '''vader'''....''to affirm'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''dras'''....''something written'' || '''jodras'''....''postscript'' |- | '''za'''....''ahead'' ||'''jub'''....''day'' || '''zajub'''....''tomorrow'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' ||'''mel'''....''land'' || '''yonmel'''....''island'' |} : Prepositional prefixes ending in '''b''' with verbs '''per''' and '''ber''' (and their derivations) lose the '''b''' before verbal elements based on '''per''' (''go'') and '''ber''' (''put''), as shown in the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Assimilation of b and p |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! New Verb |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' (NOT: '''yabber''') |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' (NOT: '''yabper''') |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''aber'''....''put on, apply'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''aper'''....''get on, mount'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''ober'''....''take off, remove'' |- | '''ob'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''bux'''....''a push'' || '''yebux'''....''impulse'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall'' || '''yepyoser'''....''collapse'' |} : The loss of the '''b''' in the above words in one of the only cases of '''''fusion''''' in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form. Another case of fusion is when so-called '''''stubs''''' are combined. For example, '''doyijem''' (''public square''), which is composed of '''do(m)'''....''city'' + '''yij(a)'''....''open'' + '''(n)em'''....''place''. The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix '''a-''' can have many different meanings. : The adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped¹, as is the '''er''' or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that '''tyoyab''' becomes '''tyoya-'''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! Compound Verb |- | '''oza'''....''weak'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ozder'''....''whisper'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yagder'''....''ramble'' |- | '''aja'''....''past'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ajder'''....''evoke'' |- | '''yoga'''....''short'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yogder'''....''summarize'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''tyoyaper'''....''walk'' |- | '''dreer'''....''write'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' || '''dresar'''....''pencil'' |- | '''tuyob'''....''hand'' || '''dren'''....''writing'' || '''tuyodren'''....''manuscript'' |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mamil'''....''rain'' |} : <small>¹: Sometimes, the adjective ending '''a''' is retained when an adjective is compounded with '''xer''' or '''ser'''. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, '''aga''' + '''xer''' can produce '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' or '''agxer'''....''to grow''. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.</small> ==== Most Common Mirad Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Common Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Examples |- |'''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-''||'''anzyukpar'''....''unicycle''<br> '''antotin'''....''monotheism''<br>'''adeb'''....''emperor'' |- |'''aa-'''....''arch-, first-, prime''||'''aadub'''....''prime minister''<br>'''aatat'''....''archangel''<br>'''aavyan'''....''principle''<br>'''aasaun'''....''prototype'' |- |'''aag-'''....''arch-, main, macro-''||'''aagmep'''....''highway''<br> '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution''<br> '''aagovekut'''....''archrival'' |- |'''aaj-'''....''paleo-, proto-''||'''aajtobtun'''....''paleoanthropology''<br> '''aajsiyn'''....''fossil'' |- |'''ab-'''....''ad-, top, on, epi-''||'''abtob'''....''superman''<br> '''abtim'''....''attic''<br> '''abzen'''....''epicenter'' |- |'''aj-'''....''former, ex-'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife''<br>'''ajdeb'''....''former leader'' |- |'''ayb-'''....''over-, super-, hyper-, sur-''||'''aybmep'''....''overpass''<br>'''aybdresin'''....''superscript''<br>'''aybdyun'''....''hypernym'' |- |'''ag-'''....''mega(lo)-'' || '''agvyotos'''....''megalomania''<br>'''agtoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''alo(n)-'''....''deca-, ten-''||'''alojaga'''....''ten years old''<br> '''alojab'''....''decade''<br> '''alonsuna'''....''decimal'' |- |'''aloy(n)-'''....''deci-, tenth-''||'''aloynux'''....''tithe''<br> '''aloyngoler'''....''decimate'' |- |'''am-'''....''thermo-''||'''amzemula'''....''thermonuclear''<br> '''amvyabxar'''....''thermostat'' |- |'''amlo(n)-'''....''mega-''||'''amloagvunak'''....''megavolt''<br> '''amlotoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''amloyn-'''....''micro-''||'''amloynjweb'''....''microsecond'' |- |'''anyen-'''....''idio-''||'''anyenboka'''....''idiopathic''<br> '''anyendyan'''....''idiom''<br> '''anyentepa'''....''idiotic'' |- |'''ao(b/p)-'''....''north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axis''||'''aonab'''....''column'', ''x-y-axis''<br> '''aopuys yuzpar'''....''hop-on-hop-off bus''<br> '''aonada'''....''vertical'' |- |'''aoye(b/p)-'''....''in-and-out''||'''aoyebar'''....''piston''<br> '''aoyebelen'''....''import-exports''<br> '''aoyepaper'''....''fly in and out'' |- |'''aro(n)-'''....''kilo-''||'''aronminak'''....''kilometer''<br> '''arobanak'''....''kilobit'' |- |'''aroyn-'''....''milli-''||'''aroynvunak'''....''millivolt''<br> '''aoynwunak'''....''milliwatt'' |- |'''(a)so(n)'''....''cent-''||'''asojagat'''....''centenarian''<br> '''asolinak'''....''hectoliter''<br> '''sojab'''....''century'' |- |'''asoy(n)-'''....''cent-, centi-''||'''asoygenak'''....''centigram''<br> '''asoylinak'''....''centiliter'' |- |'''av-'''....''pro-''||'''avYanotina'''....''pro-Communist'' |- |'''ayn-'''....''full-, holo-, whole-''||'''aynnuut'''....''wholesaler''<br> '''aynsin'''....''hologram''<br> '''aynteptija'''....''fully-conscious'' |- |'''e(b/p)-'''....''inter-''||'''ebmos'''....''mezzanine''<br> '''ebyanmulxer'''....''intermingle''<br> '''eper'''....''intercede'' |- |'''ejna-'''....''neo-''||'''ejnadun'''....''neologism''<br> '''ejnaobdabin'''....''neocolonialism'' |- |'''e(n)-'''....''ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two-''||'''entyoba'''....''bipedal''<br> '''enzyuspar'''....''bicycle''<br> '''envolza'''....''dichromatic'' |- |'''eon-'''....''duo-, double-, twin-''||'''eonin'''....''dualism''<br> '''eondal'''....''double-speak''<br> '''eonsum'''....''twin bed'' |- |'''ev-'''....''a-, neutral'' ||'''evdofina'''....''amoral''<br>'''evdabtuna'''....''apolitical'' |- |'''ey(b/p)-'''....''intra-, among''||'''eybmasa'''....''intramural''<br> '''eybmimkuma'''....''intracoastal'' |- |'''eyn-'''....''demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi-''||'''eynzyus'''....''semi-circle''<br> '''eynzyup'''....''half-turn''<br> '''eyntilsyeb'''....''demitassee''<br> '''eynyonmel'''....''peninsula'' |- |'''fi-'''....''bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well-''||'''fixut'''....''benefactor''<br> '''fidrawa'''....''well-written''<br> '''fitos'''...''euphoria'' |- |'''fu-'''....''dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly-''||'''futos'''....''dysphoria''<br> '''futuwa'''....''ill-informed''<br> '''fuxeyn'''....''malfeasance'' |- |'''fya-'''....''hiero-, holy-, sancti-''||'''fyasdresiyn'''....''hieroglyphic''<br> '''fyader'''....''sanctify''<br> '''fyatwed'''....''holy father'' |- |'''fye-'''....''mythical, fantasy''||'''fyetop'''....''phantom''<br> '''fyetobet'''....''elfin''<br> '''fyetexer'''...''fantacize''<br> '''fyedin'''....''fantasy'' |- |'''fyo-'''....''evil, profane'' ||'''fyotez'''....''occult''<br>'''fyotat'''....''devil''<br>'''fyotyez'''....''witchcraft'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-, again'' || '''gawteaper'''....''revisit''<br> '''gawaker'''....''regain'' |- |'''garale-'''....''tera-''||'''garaleagbanak'''....''terabyte'' |- |'''garalyi-'''....''exa-''||'''garalyibanak'''....''exabit'' |- |'''garalyo-'''....''peta-''||'''galayoagbanak'''....''petabyte'' |- |'''garela-'''....''zetta-''||'''garelaagbanak'''....''zettabyte'' |- |'''garelu-'''....''yotta-''||'''gareluagbanak'''....''yottabyte'' |- |'''ge-'''....''equal to, equi-, even-''||'''geyafwa'''....''equipollent''<br> '''genaza'''....''equivalent'' |- |'''gel-'''....''homo-, like-, simul-''||'''gelzena'''....''homocentric''<br> '''gelvolza'''....''homochromatic'' |- |'''geyl-'''....''simul-''||'''geyldyan'''....''simile''<br> '''geylxer'''....''assimilate'' |- |'''gla-'''....''many-, multi-, poly-''||'''glatyenika'''....''multi-skilled''<br> '''glatwada'''....''polyandrous''<br> '''glavolza'''....''many-hued'' |- |'''glo-'''....''mini-, little-, few-''||'''gloduna'''....''succint, of few words''<br> '''glonixea'''....''low-earning'' |- |'''gorale-'''....''pico-''||'''goraleagfenak'''....''picofarad'' |- |'''goralyi-'''....''atto-''||'''goralyigenak'''....''attogram'' |- |'''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||'''goralyoon'''....''quadrillionth'' |- |'''goralyu-'''....''nano-''||'''goralyusonak'''....''nanosecond'' |- |'''gorela-'''....''zepto-''||'''gorelagenak'''....''zeptogram'' |- |'''gorelu-'''....''yocto-''||'''gorelugenak'''....''yoctogram'' |- |'''gra-'''....''extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra-''||'''gratosea'''....''hypersensitive''<br> '''grazoyaxler'''....''overreact''<br> '''granoxea'''....''extravagant'' |- |'''gro-'''....''hypo-, under-''||'''groyixlawa'''....''underemployed''<br> '''groaman'''....''hypothermia'' |- |'''gwa-'''....''hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure, macro-''||'''gwayelza'''....''pure pink''<br> '''gwayafa'''....''supreme''<br> '''gwauja'''....''ultimate''<br> '''gwazoa'''....''hindmost'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''least-, mini-, micro-''||'''gwosag'''....''minimum''<br> '''gwoyuzpur'''....''minibus''<br>'''gwoexlus'''....''microprocessor'' |- |'''hi-'''....''hither, these, this''||'''his'''....''this''<br> '''hisi'''....''these''<br> '''him'''....''here'' |- |'''hya(s)-'''....''pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every-''||'''hyas'''....''everything''<br> '''hyati'''....''all of them''<br> '''hyastea'''....''omniscient''<br> '''hyataadifa'''....''pansexual'' |- |'''hu-'''....''that''||'''hus'''....''that''<br> '''huj'''....''then''<br> '''huyen'''...''that way'' |- |'''huim-'''....''here-and-there, here-and-yon''||'''huimkexer'''....''search high and low''<br> '''huimpaper'''....''fly here and there''<br> '''hyuimpoper'''....''travel here-and-there'' |- |'''huu-'''....''so, such''||'''huugla'''....''so, so very''<br> '''hus'''....''such''<br> '''huyen'''....''in such a way, so, thus'' |- |'''hyaewa-'''....''ambi-''||'''hyaewati'''....''both of them''<br> '''hyaewaziza'''....''ambidextrous''<br> '''hyaewatoobifa'''....''ambi-sexual'' |- |'''hye-'''....''-ever, any, whatever, whichever''||'''hyem'''....''anywhere, wherever''<br> '''hyempea'''....''erratic''<br> '''hjej'''....''ever, anytime'' |- |'''hyi-'''....''homo-, like-, same, syn-''||'''hyitoobifa'''....''homosexual''<br> '''hyis'''....''same thing''<br> '''hyijoba'''....''synchronous'' |- |'''hyo(s)-'''....''nothing, a-'' || '''hyostosea'''....''apathetic'' |- |'''hyu(t/s)-'''....''alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, else''||'''hyutoobifa'''....''heterosexual''<br> '''hyua'''....''another, alternate''<br> '''hyutufa'''....''xenophobic''<br> '''hyus'''....''something else'' |- |'''hyui(t/s)-'''....''cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal''||'''hyuitvikaxen'''....''mutual admiration''<br> '''hyuixer'''....''reciprocate''<br> '''hyuisa'''....''mutual, reciprocal''<br> '''hyuitif'''....''mutual love'' |- |'''i-'''....''toward the speaker''||'''iber'''....''receive''<br>'''ixer'''....''result'' |- |'''ik-'''....''fully, thoroughly''||'''iktoxer'''....''forget completely''<br> '''iktos'''....''satisfaction''<br> '''ikyebixer'''....''engulf, swallow up completely'' |- |'''in-'''....''three-, tri-, tripl-, tern-''||'''inzyuspar'''....''tricycle''<br> '''inaga'''....''three-dimensional''<br> '''injiba'''....''trimensual''<br> '''insuna'''....''ternary''<br> '''intotan'''....''trinity'' |- |'''iyn-'''....''terci-, third''||'''iyna'''....''terciary''<br> '''iynxer'''....''cut into thirds'' |- |'''iz-'''....''ortho-, recti-, right-, straight-''||'''iznada'''....''rectilinear''<br> '''izguna'''....''orthogonal''<br> '''iztin'''....''orthdoxy''<br> '''izdea'''....''forthright'' |- |'''ja-'''....''ante-, fore-, pre-''||'''jaupya'''....''foregone''<br> '''jauper'''....''precede''<br> '''jadropeka'''....''antebellum'' |- |'''je-'''....''per-, continuously, ever-''||'''jetejer'''....''persevere''<br>'''jeteaxer'''....''watch''<br>'''jexrer'''....''perpetuate'' |- |'''jo-'''....''after-, meta-, post-''||'''joexlen'''....''postprocessing''<br> '''jomir'''....''metasphere''<br> '''jotej'''....''afterlife'' |- |'''jwa-'''....''early-, eo-, preter-, proto-''||'''jwaber'''....''prepare''<br> '''jwatuun'''....''premonition''<br> '''jwadodin'''....''early history, protohistory''<br> '''jwamola'''....''preternatural''<br> '''jwajoeb'''....''eocene'' |- |'''jwo-'''....''ceno-, late-, latter-, tard-''||'''jwonux'''....''late payment''<br> '''jwoa'''....''tardy''<br> '''jwoteja'''....''cenozoic'' |- |'''ko-'''....''cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth-''||'''koa'''....''covert''<br> '''koexut'''....''spy''<br> '''koyeper'''....''sneak in'' |- |'''(ko)vyo-'''....''pseudo-, mis-, wrong-''||'''kovyotun'''....''pseudoscience''<br>'''vyobekuer'''....''to mistreat'' |- |'''ku-'''....''para-''||'''kuifut'''....''paramour''<br> '''kuteliut'''....''parasite''<br> '''kuteptun'''....''parapsychology'' |- |'''kya-'''....''alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross-''||'''kyaember'''....''relocate''<br> '''kyajoba'''....''diachronic''<br> '''kyatajnad'''....''crossbreed''<br> '''kyatooba'''....''transgendered''<br> '''kyavolza'''....''variegated, motley'' |- |'''kyao-'''....''falteringly, unsteadily''||'''kyaoper'''....''stagger''<br> '''kyaotexer'''....''vacillate'' |- |'''kye-'''....''chance-, hap-, random-''||'''kyea'''....''haphazard''<br> '''kyebyus'''....''chance encounter''<br> '''kyeteater'''....''happen to see''<br> '''kyesauna'''....''of a random type'' |- |'''kyo-'''....''fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat-''||'''kyosaun'''....''stereotype''<br> '''kyopa'''....''stable, static, stationary''<br> '''kyoson'''....''status'' |- |'''lo-'''....''dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un-''||'''lozeb'''....''disequilibrium''<br> '''loyuvlaxer'''....''disengage''<br> '''loyuzyuber'''....''uncoil''<br> '''lomulvyusber'''....''decontaminate'' |- |'''logel-'''....''hetero-, different-''||'''logelsauna'''....''heterogenous''<br>'''logelaxer'''....''differentiate'' |- |'''maz-'''....''bright-''||'''mazteaba'''....''bright-eyed'' |- |'''mial-'''....''hygro-, atmo-, vapori-''||'''mialama'''....''hygrothermal''<br>'''mialnagar'''....''atomometer, vaporimeter'' |- |'''mil-'''....''aqua-, hydro-, water-''||'''milyexun'''....''aquaculture''<br> '''milmaka'''....''hydroelectric''<br> '''miltilsyeb'''....''water glass'' |- |'''mul-'''....''hylo-, substance''||'''mulsana'''....''hylomorphic'' |- |'''o(l)-'''....''a-, dis-, non-, un-, in-''||'''ovyilxwa'''....''unwashed''<br> '''omalza'''....''non-white''<br> '''ototina'''....''atheist''<br> '''otepzexea'''....''inattentive'' |- |'''o(b/p)-'''....''de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice-''||'''oper'''....''get off''<br> '''obneg'''....''sublevel''<br> '''obxeb'''....''sous-chef, sub-officer''<br>'''obtyodeb'''....''vice-president'' |- |'''oog-'''....''micro-'' || '''oogpob'''....''microorganism'' <nowiki>-</nowiki> |- | '''oj-'''....''future'' || '''ojtayd'''....''bride, future wife'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-'' ||'''gawder'''....''to repeat''<br>'''gawdyeer'''....''to re-read'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''micro-, mini-'' || '''ogalmor'''....''microcosm''<br>'''ogalteaxer'''....''microscope''<br>'''gowaxer'''....''minimize'' |- |'''of-'''....''prohibited'' ||'''ofbier'''....''steal''<br>'''ofbekul'''....''prohibited drug''<br>'''ofemkyoxer'''....''to squat'' |- |'''ov-'''....''contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un-''||'''ovalxer'''....''countervail''<br> '''ovper'''....''contravene''<br> '''ovkyin'''....''counterweight''<br> '''ovdat'''....''enemy''<br> '''olovmasbwa'''....''undefended'' |- |'''oy-'''....''-less, a(n)-, without''||'''oytofa'''...''naked''<br> '''oyxer'''....''deprive''<br> '''oytosen'''....''apathy''<br> '''oyteupiba'''....''toothless'' |- |'''oyb-'''....''hypo-, infra-, sub-, under-''||'''oybnadrer'''....''underline''<br> '''oybtomsan'''....''infrastructure''<br> '''oybseuxa'''....''subsonic''<br> '''oybtayoba'''....''hypodermic'' |- |'''oyeb-'''....''ex-, extra-, out-''||'''oyebnad'''....''outline''<br> '''oyebyujber'''....''exclude''<br> '''oyebdoabuer'''....''extradite'' |- |'''oyv-'''....''contra-, opposite, reverse''||'''oyvkuma'''...''opposite''<br> '''oyvder'''....''contradict''<br>'''oyvduer'''....''contraindicate''<br>'''oyvaxer'''....''reverse'' |- |'''tayi(b)-'''....''neuro-, nerve''||'''tayibteptun'''....''neuropsychology''<br> '''tayibyok'''....''neuralgia'' |- |'''teeb-'''....''auri-, oto-, ear-''||'''teebbekut'''....''aurist''<br> '''teeteiteyobtut'''....''otorhinolaryngologist''<br> '''teebyel'''....''earwax'' |- |'''tee(s/x/t)-'''....''audio-, son-, phono-''||'''teesnagen'''....''audiography''<br> '''teestaxdras'''....''phonogram''<br> '''teestun'''....''audiology''<br> '''teexdras'''....''audiogram''<br> '''teetyofwa'''....''inaudible'' |- |'''tei(b)-'''....''nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo-''||'''teibbok'''....''rhinitis''<br> '''teibyeg'''....''nostril''<br> '''teiz'''....''perfume''<br> '''teizuka'''....''aroma-free''<br> '''teityaf'''....''olfactory sense'' |- |'''tiibil-'''....''blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin-''||'''tiibililp'''....''hemorrhage''<br> '''tiibiliut'''....''bloodsucker''<br> '''tiibloker'''....''exsanguinate''<br> '''tiibiltun'''....''hematology'' |- |'''tuj-'''....''hypno-, somni-, sopor-''||'''tujbek'''....''hyptotherapy''<br> '''tujbyea'''....''somniferous, soporific'' |- |'''u(b/p)-'''....''toward''||'''uber'''....''send''<br>'''ubaer'''....''lean toward'' |- |'''ui-'''....''horizontal, left-right, x-axis''||'''uinab'''....''row'', ''x-axis''<br> '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- |'''uib-'''....''back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receive''||'''uibar'''....''transceiver'' |- |'''uig-'''....''fast-and-slow''||'''uigpar'''....''scooter'' |- |'''uij-'''....''begin-and-end, start-and-stop''||'''uijdaler'''....''stutter'' |- |'''uip-'''....''come-and-go''||'''uipen'''....''traffic, coming and going'' |- |'''uiz-'''....''straight-then-crooked''||'''uizbaser'''....''swagger''<br> '''uizdrer'''....''scribble''<br> '''uizpaser'''....''swerve'' |- |'''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater-''||'''ungona'''....''quadripartite''<br> '''unnednid'''....''tetrahedron''<br> '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' |- |'''uyn-'''....''fourth-, quarti-''||'''uynxer'''....''quarter''<br> '''uynjab'''....''quarter (of a year)'' |- |'''ut-'''....''auto-, self-, sui-, ego-''||'''utifon'''....''egoism''<br> '''utgober'''....''autodecrement''<br> '''utfuyix'''....''self-abuse''<br> '''uttujben'''....''suicide'' |- |'''uz-'''....''crooked, di-''||'''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- |'''va-'''....''yes''||'''vayovder'''....''convict''<br> '''vabier'''....''accept''<br> '''vatexer'''....''believe'' |- |'''vao-'''....''yes-no''||'''vaoder'''....''decide''<br> '''vaodaler'''....''waffle''<br> '''vaonaza'''....''boolean'' |- |'''vi-'''....''bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri-''||'''vituzyan'''....''fine arts, beaux arts''<br> '''vidun'''....''euphemism''<br> '''vidrenyan'''....''literature, belles lettres''<br> '''visuana'''....''classic'' |- |'''vo-'''....''non-, neg-''||'''voyafxer'''....''veto''<br> '''voxer'''....''negate''<br> '''voyovder'''....''acquit, declare not guilty'' |- |'''vya-'''....''justi-, recti-, true-, reg-''||'''vyadin'''....''true story''<br> '''vyader'''....''avow''<br> '''vyamol'''....''essence'' |- | '''vyao-'''....''right or wrong'' ||'''vyaoyek'''....''test'' |- |'''vyak-'''....''ortho-, correct-''||'''vyakdred'''....''orthography''<br> '''vyakxer'''....''correct'' |- |'''vyo-'''....''mis-, para-, wrong-''||'''vyoyufa'''....''paranoid''<br> '''vyoyux'''....''perfidy''<br> '''vyoyixer'''....''misuse'' |- |'''ya-'''....''more than one, multi-''||'''yaota'''....''communal'' |- |'''yab-'''....''hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper-''||'''yabdom'''....''uptown''<br> '''yabdoneg'''....''upper class''<br> '''yabduzneg'''....''high pitch''<br> '''yabexer'''....''support''<br> '''yabzyobix'''....''hypertension'' |- |'''yabnan-'''....''height-, hypso-, alti-''||'''yabnanagar'''....''hypsometer, altimeter'' |- |'''yag-'''....''long-''||'''yagyiban'''....''long distance''<br> '''yagyeker'''....''strive''<br> '''yagblokea'''....''long-suffering'' |- |'''yan-'''....''co(n)-, fellow-, -mate''||'''yanzena'''....''concentric''<br> '''yanyeker'''....''compete''<br> '''yandit'''....''fellow-citizen'' |- |'''yao(b/p)-'''....''up-and-down''||'''yaopuyser'''....''skip''<br> '''yaopsim'''....''seesaw''<br> '''yaoblir'''....''elevator''<br> '''yaobaser'''....''bounce'' |- |'''ya(on)-'''....''six-, hexa-, sex-''||'''yaonat'''....''sextet''<br> '''yaongun'''....''hexagon''<br> '''yaona'''....''six-fold, sextuple''<br>'''yagol'''....''sextile'' |- |'''yaov-'''....''guilty-or-innocent''||'''yaovder'''....''adjudicate''<br> '''yaovdutyan'''....''jury''<br> '''yaovkader'''....''plead''<br> '''yaovyek'''....''trial'' |- |'''yaoz-'''....''serrated, bumpy, jagged''||'''yaozaxer'''....''serrate''<br> '''yaozgoblar'''....''saw''<br> '''yaozper'''....''bump along'' |- |'''yayb-'''....''supra-''||'''yaybdooba'''....''supranational'' |- |'''yayn-'''....''sex-, sixth''||'''yayna'''...''sixth'' |- |'''ye(on)-'''....''hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven-''||'''yejub'''....''week''<br> '''yeongun'''....''heptagon''<br> '''yeonat'''....''septuplet'' |- |'''ye(b/p)-'''....''en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro-''||'''yebuzaser'''....''.inflect''<br> '''yebzoytiibufa'''....''intravenous''<br> '''yebyujer'''....''enclode''<br> '''yebtayoba'''....''endodermal''<br> '''yeper'''....''enter''<br> '''yeber'''....''introduce'' |- |'''yeov-'''....''fair or not ''|| '''yeovdut'''....''umpire'' |- |'''yeyb-'''....''intra-''||'''yeybmepyan'''....''intranet''<br> '''yeybdoeba'''....''intrastate'' |- |'''ye-'''....''hepto-, seven-, septi-''||'''yejub'''....''week'' |- |'''yeyn-'''....''seventh''|| '''yeynxer'''....''split into sevenths'' |- |'''yez'''....''para-, alongside''|| '''yezteptun'''....''parapsychology''<br>'''yezuper'''....''come alongside'' |- |'''yi(on)-'''....''oct-, eight-''||'''yiona'''...''eight-fold''<br>''octuple'' |- |'''yib-'''....''far-, tele-, remote''||'''yibsin'''....''televison''<br> '''yibteata'''....''far-sighted''<br> '''yibtrawa'''....''famous'' |- |'''yibaj-'''....''archai-, archeo-, ancient''||'''yibajtun'''....''archaeology'','''yibajtun'''....''archeology'' |- |'''yiyn-'''....''eighth''||'''yiynxer'''....''divide into eighths'' |- |'''yiz-'''....''beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-''||'''yiztyun'''...''metaphor''<br> '''yizeza'''....''paranormal''<br> '''yizmeirat'''....''extraterrestrial''<br> '''yizseux'''....''utrasound'' |- |'''yoon-'''....''five-, penta-, quint-''||'''yoongun'''....''pentagon''<br> '''yoongol'''...''quintile''<br> '''yoon'''....''group of five''<br> ''quintet'' |- |'''yo(b/p)-'''....''down-, hypo-, sub-''||'''yobdom'''...''downtown''<br> '''yoper'''....''go down''<br> '''yobgoler'''....''subdivide'' |- |'''yon-'''....''apart, dis-, se-''||'''yonzyaber'''....''disperse''<br> '''yonxer'''....''separate''<br> '''yonsauna'''....''distinct'' |- |'''yoyn-'''....''fifth-, quinti-''||'''yoynnaga'''....''quintic''<br> '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' |- |'''yu(n)-'''....''nine-, nona-''||'''yunapa'''....''ninth (in order)''<br> '''yungunid'''....''nonagon''<br> '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' |- |'''yub-'''....''near-, proxi-, para-''||'''yuboj'''....''near future''<br> '''yubna'''....''next''<br> '''yubteas'''....''closeup (view)''<br> '''yubge'''....''almost''<br> '''yubfia'''....''intimate''<br> '''yubgeser'''....''approximate''<br>'''yubdopa'''....''paramilitary'' |- |'''yui(b/p)-'''....''near-and-far''||'''yuibjo'''....''sooner or later''<br> '''yuibteabar'''....''bifocals''<br> '''yuipoper'''....''travel near and far'' |- |'''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut''||'''yuijar'''....''valve''<br> '''yuijer'''....''blink'', ''wink''<br> '''manyuijer'''....''blink''<br> '''makyuijar'''....''switch'' |- |'''yuyb-'''....''quasi-, pen-, almost''||'''yuybyonmel'''....''peninsula''<br> '''yuybega'''....''quasi-normal'' |- |'''yuon-'''....''ninth-, novi-''||'''yuonat'''....''nonuplet'' |- |'''yuz-'''....''circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round-''||'''yuzper'''....''circulate''<br> '''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br> '''yuzof'''....''wrap-around''<br> '''yuznadrer'''....''circumscribe'' |- |'''za-'''....''ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro-, north''||'''zatim'''....''antechamber''<br> '''zamimuf'''....''foremast''<br> '''zagab'''....''prefix''<br> '''zajuber'''....''procrastinate''<br>'''zamer'''....''north'' |- |'''zao-'''....''back-and-forth, front-and-back''||'''zaopaser'''....''wobble''<br> '''zaokuper'''....''slalom''<br> '''zaopyoser'''....''pendulate'' |- |'''zay-'''....''forth-, pro-, forward, ahead''||'''zaypuyser'''....''skip ahead''<br> '''zaypuxer'''....''propel''<br> '''zayper'''....''go forward, procede''<br> '''zayupea'''....''forthcoming'' |- |'''ze-'''....''mid-, central, medio-''||'''zetej'''....''midlife''<br> '''zepoxer'''....''interrupt, stop midway''<br> '''zetem'''....''central hall'' |- |'''zey-'''....''cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, across''||'''zeyper'''....''transit, get across''<br> '''zeynod'''....''crosspoint''<br> '''zeytyun'''....''metaphor'' |- |'''zi-'''....''right, east, dextro-''||'''zim'''....''right side''<br>'''zimera'''....''eastern'' |- |'''zo-'''....''back-, hind-, retro-, south''||'''zotib'''....''back''<br> '''zotiub'''....''hindquarters''<br> '''zonapa'''....''retrograde''<br>'''zomer'''....''south'' |- |'''zoy-'''....''back-, retro-, re-''||'''zoyper'''....''recede, go back''<br> '''zoybeler'''....''carry back''<br> '''zoyzyublen'''....''backspin'' |- |'''zu-'''....''left-, west-''||'''zutinut'''....''leftist''<br> '''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zumera'''....''western'' |- |'''zui-'''....''left-and-right, zig-zag, east-west''||'''zuibyoser'''....''dangle, hang left-and-right''<br> '''zuiper'''....''zigzag''<br> '''zuituyaba'''....''ambidextrous''<br>'''zuimera'''....''east-west'' |- |'''zya-'''....''-wide, wide-, broad-, all about''||'''zyauber'''....''broadcast''<br> '''zyateaba'''....''wide-eyed''<br> '''zyasauna'''....''general''<br> '''zyapoper'''....''cruise, wander''<br> '''zyamira'''....''global, worldwide'' |- |'''zye-'''....''per-, thorough-, thru-, trans-''||'''zyetejer'''....''live through, experience''<br> '''zyeteaxer'''....''peruse''<br> '''zyeteatyafwa'''....''transparent''<br> '''zyemep'''....''thoroughfare''<br> '''zyeper'''....''permeate, transit'' |- |'''zyo-'''....''narrow, steno-'' || '''zyotepa'''....''narrow-minded''<br>'''zyoteat'''....''tunnel vision''<br>'''zyoyija'''....''stenopeic'' |- |'''zyu-'''....''cyclo-, rot-, round-, gyro''||'''zyutim'''....''rotunda''<br> '''zyusem'''....''roundtable''<br> '''zyuper'''....''cycle, gyrate, rotate'' |} ==== Suffixes ==== : Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes. : '''Semantic Stub Suffixes''' :: Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Stub Suffixes |- valign=top ! Suffix Stub !! Suffix Full Form !! Suffixed Example < Base Word |- | '''-il'''....''liquid, drink'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''teab<u>il</u>'''....''tear''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teub<u>il</u>'''....''saliva''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''tayeb<u>il</u>'''....''sweat''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayeb'''....''skin''<br>'''mam<u>il</u>'''....''rain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mam'''....''sky'' |- | '''-al'''....''gas'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''tieb<u>al</u>'''....''breath''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' |- | '''-(e)l'''....''food'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''sup<u>el</u>'''....''pork''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''<u>sup</u>et'''....''swine''<br>'''ta<u>ol</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''taob'''....''flesh''<br>'''fe<u>l</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''feb'''....''fruit'' |- | '''-ul'''....''stuff'' || '''mul'''....''substance'' || '''vix<u>ul</u>'''....''cosmetic''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vix-'''....''to beautify''<br>'''bek<u>ul</u>'''....''medecine''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment'' |- | '''-yel'''....''oil, gel, wax, pulp'' || '''yel'''....''oil'' || '''olf<u>yel</u>'''....''olive oil''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''olfeb'''....''olive''<br>'''appelat<u>yel</u>'''....''wax''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''appelat'''....''bee''<br>'''mag<u>yel</u>'''....''grease''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mag'''....''fire''<br>'''bek<u>yel</u>'''....''salve''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment''<br>'''meg<u>yel</u>'''....''cement''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''meg'''....''stone''<br>'''yan<u>yel</u>'''....''paste''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yan'''....''together'' |- | '''-am'''....''house'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''apat<u>am</u>'''....''chicken coop''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apat'''....''chicken''<br>'''apellat<u>am</u>'''....''beehive''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apellat'''....''bee''<br>'''melyex<u>am</u>'''....''farmhouse''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''melyex'''....''agriculture''<br>'''datib<u>am</u>'''....''hostel''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''datib'''....''guest-reception'' |- | '''-(e)m'''....''place'' || '''nem'''....''place'' || '''vobyex<u>em</u>'''....''plantation, farm''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vob'''....''plant'' + '''yex'''....''work''<br>'''vab<u>em</u>'''....''field''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ab'''....''above, upper''<br>'''ze<u>m</u>'''....''middle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ze(a)'''....''middle'' <br> '''tim'''....''room'' |- | '''-im'''....''room'' || '''tim'''....''room'' || '''tul<u>im</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tul'''....''cuisine''<br>'''tuj<u>im</u>'''....''bedroom''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tuj'''....''sleep'' |- | '''-um'''....''cell, booth'' || '''tum'''....''compartment''|| '''pex<u>um</u>'''....''cage''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pexer'''....''catch''<br>'''ilzyapux<u>um</u>'''....''shower stall''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ilzyapux'''....''shower'' |- | '''-yem'''....''space'' || '''nyem'''....''enclosure'' || '''yom<u>yem</u>'''....''icebox''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yom'''....''ice'' |- | '''-yeb'''....''container'' || '''nyeb'''....''container'' || '''z<u>yeb</u>'''....''bottle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zye(f)'''....''glass''<br>'''vos<u>yeb</u>'''....''vase''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vos'''....''flower'' |- | '''-of'''....''material'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''t<u>of</u>'''....''clothes''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''t-'''....''human''<br>'''mis<u>of</u>'''....''curtain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mis'''....''window''<br>'''fa<u>of</u>'''....''wood''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''fa(b)-'''....''tree''<br>'''tay<u>of</u>'''....''leather''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayo(b)'''....''skin'' |- | '''-ov'''....''linen'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tey<u>ov</u>'''....''collar''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck'' |- | '''-ar'''....''instrument'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' ||'''p<u>ar</u>'''....''cart''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''p-'''....''motion''<br>'''zyup<u>ar</u>'''....''rotor''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyup'''....''turn''<br>'''gobr<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gobrar'''....''cut''<br>'''jwob<u>ar</u>'''....''watch''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-ir'''....''machine'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''dr<u>ir</u>'''....''typewriter''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dr-'''....''write''<br>'''gwob<u>ir</u>'''....''clock'' |- | '''-ur'''....''large machine'' || '''sur'''....''engine'' || '''p<u>ur</u>r'''....''car''<br>'''jwob<u>ur</u>r'''....''grandfather clock''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-(u)n'''....''thing'' || '''sun'''....''thing'' || '''d<u>un</u>'''....''word''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''d-'''....''utter, say''<br>'''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''piece, scrap''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gofrer'''....''rip, shread, tear''<br>'''zyi<u>un</u>'''....''plaque, plate''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyia'''....''flat''<br>'''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vyua'''....''dirty'' |- | '''-on'''....''abstract thing'' || '''son'''....''issue'' || '''yov<u>on</u>'''....''tort, wrong''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yov'''....''guilt'' |- | '''yen'''....''manner, kind'' || '''byen'''....''manner'' || '''tex<u>yen</u>'''....''opinion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tex'''....''thought''<br>'''hi<u>yen</u>'''....''this way, thus''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''hi-'''....''this''<br>'''es<u>yen</u>'''....''status''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''es-'''....''exist'' |- | '''-in'''....''-ism'' || '''tin'''....''doctrine'' || '''tot<u>in</u>'''....''theism, religion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tot-'''....''god''<br>'''Krist<u>in</u>'''....''Christianity''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Krist'''....''Christ''<br>'''vyisat<u>in</u>'''....''puritanism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vysiat'''....''puritan, clean person''<br>'''oytof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''oytofa'''....''nude'' |- | '''-ufyeg'''....''cylinder'' || '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' || '''man<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''candle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''man'''....''light''<br>'''tiib<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''artery''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tiib'''....''heart''<br>'''mil<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''toilet''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mil'''....''water''<br>'''mov<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''cheminee''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mov'''....''smoke'' |- | '''-ab'''....''government'' || '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dit<u>ab</u>'''....''democracy''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dit'''....''citizen'' |- | '''-eb'''....''leader'' || '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''x<u>eb</u>'''....''boss''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''x-'''....''do''<br>'''tam<u>eb</u>'''....''master of the house''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tam'''....''house'' |- | '''-ub'''....''branch'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''pat<u>ub</u>'''....''wing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | '''-ad'''....''language'' || '''-a''' + '''d(alzeyn)'''....''language'' || '''Frans<u>ad</u>'''....''French (language)'' |- | '''-uz'''....''jewelry'' || '''nuz'''....''jewel'' || '''teyob<u>uz</u>'''....''necklace''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck''<br>'''teeb<u>uz</u>'''....''earring''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teeb'''....''ear'' |- | '''-u(er)'''....''give'' || '''buer'''....''give'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>er'''....''exhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-i(er)'''....''take'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''tiebal<u>i</u>er'''....''inhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-ui(er)'''....''exchange'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>ier'''....''breathe''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |} ==== Derviational Suffixes ==== ::: Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivational Suffixes |- ! Derivational<br>Suffix !! Function || Base Word <br><br>--> Suffixed<br>Derivation |- | '''-er''' || Noun <br>--> Verbal Infinitive || '''sag'''....''count'' <big><br>--></big> '''sag<u>er</u>'''....''to count'' |- | '''-n''' || Present Tense Verb <br>--> Verbal Noun (Gerund)<br>Adjective <br>--> Abstract Noun || '''yexe'''....''(he/she/...) works'' <big><br>--></big> '''yexe<u>n</u>'''....''working''<br>'''via'''....''beautiful'' <big><br>--></big> '''via<u>n</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yuba'''....''near'' <big><br>--></big> '''yuba<u>n</u>'''....''proximity, nearness'' |- | '''-a''' || Noun <br>--> Adjective<br>Active Verb<br>--> Verbal Adjective (Present Participle)<br>Past Passive Verb <br>--> Perfect Passive Participle (Adjective)||'''mor'''....''universe'' <big><br>--></big> '''mor<u>a</u>'''....''universal''<br>'''ake'''....''wins'' <big><br>--></big> '''ake<u>a</u>'''....''winning''<br>'''teatwa'''....''was seen'' <big><br>--></big>'''teatwa<u>a</u>''' (or, shortened to: '''teatw<u>a</u>'''....''seen'') |- | '''-ya''' || INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM <br>--> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE || '''ip-'''....''go away'' <big><br>--></big> '''ip<u>ya</u>'''....''gone away'' |- | '''-yea''' || VERB STEM <br>--> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE) || '''zaypas-'''....''progress'' <big><br>--></big> '''zaypas<u>yea</u>'''....''progressive'' |- | '''-y''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ADVERB || '''iga'''....''quick'' <big><br>--></big> '''iga<u>y</u>'''....''quickly''<br>'''tea-'''....''knowing''<big><br>--></big>'''tea<u>y</u>'''....''knowingly'' |- | '''-ut''' || VERB STEM <br>--> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''one who Xes, -er'' || '''ak-'''....''win'' <big><br>--></big> '''ak<u>ut</u>''' ....''winner'' |- | '''-us''' || VERB STEM <br>--> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''thing that Xes, -er'' || '''gol-'''....''divide'' <big><br>--></big> '''gol<u>us</u>''' ....''divisor'' |- |- '''-t''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ANIMATE NOUN (human, one who is...) || '''yibtrawa'''....''well-known'' <big>-<br>--></big>'''yibtrawa<u>t</u>'''....''celebrity'' |- |- '''-s''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> INANIMATE NOUN (thing, something X) || '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big><br>--></big>'''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery'' |} ::: <small>*Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker '''-i''' fall under the latter category.</small> ==== Normal Semantic Suffixes==== :* Augmentative Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Augmentative Suffixes |- ! Augmentative Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-ag''' (augmentative) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamag'''....''mansion'' |- | '''-ayg''' (affectionate augmentative) || '''sem'''....''chair'' || '''semayg'''....''big old chair'' |- | '''-yag''' (pejorative augmentative) || '''apet'''....''horse'' || '''apetyag'''....''nag'' |} :* Diminutive Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Diminutive Suffixes |- ! Diminutive Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-og''' (diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamog'''....''hut'' |- | '''-oyg''' (affectionate diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamoyg'''....''cottage'' |- | '''-yog''' (pejorative diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamyog'''....''shack'' |- | '''-et''' (a smaller person) || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' |- | '''-es''' (thing of lesser importance) || '''nas'''....''money'' || '''nases'''....''change, coin'' |- | '''-ud''' (child of, offspring) || '''tob'''....''man'' || '''tobud'''....''infant'' |} :* Semantic Adjectival Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Adjectival Suffixes |- ! Adjectival Suffix !! Meaning !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-a''' || '''mor'''....''universe'' || ''related to, -al, -ic'' || '''mora'''....''universal'' |- | '''-aya''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekaya'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-oya''' || '''vyun'''....''spot'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''vyunoya'''....''spotless'' |- | '''-ika''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekika'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-uka''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''miekuka'''....''dust-free'' |- | '''-yea''' || '''vyod'''....''lie'' || ''given to doing X, -ive'' || '''vyodyea'''....''mendacious, given to lying'' |- | '''-yena''' || '''tat'''....''angel'' || ''like, -ly, -ic'' || '''tatyena'''....''angelic'' |} :* Other Semantic Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Other Semantic Suffixes |- ! Suffix !! Base Word || Derivation |- | '''-tun'''....''science, ...ology'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>tun</u>'''....''biology'' |- | '''-tut'''....''-ologist, expert, -ist'' || '''dar'''....''language'' || '''dar<u>tut</u>'''....''linquist'' |- | '''-tuin'''....''theory'' || '''tob'''....''mar'' || '''mar<u>tuin</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | '''-yan'''....''collection, aggregate'' || '''fab'''....''tree''|| '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest'' |- |'''-tyen'''....''trade, -ics'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''sir<u>tyen</u>'''....''mechanics'' |- | '''-if'''....''pet name'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''twed<u>if</u>'''....''papa'' |- | '''ifa'''....''-philic, -loving'' || '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''dyes<u>ifa</u>'''....''bibliophilic'' |- | '''ifwa'''....''liked by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ifwa</u>'''....''popular'' |- | '''ufa'''....''-phobic, -hating'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>ufa</u>'''....''misogynous'' |- | '''ufwa'''....''hated by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ufwa</u>'''....''unpopular'' |- | '''yafa'''....''able to'' || '''tyoyap-'''....''walk'' || '''tyoyap<u>yafa</u>'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''yafwa'''....''possible to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yafwa</u>'''....''visible'' |- | '''yofa'''....''unable to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yofa</u>'''....''blind'' |- | '''yofwa'''....''impossible to'' || '''dye-'''....''read'' || '''dye<u>yofwa</u>'''....''illegible'' |- | '''yika'''....''hard of...ing'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yika</u>'''....''hard of hearing'' |- | '''yikwa'''....''hard to'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yikwa</u>'''....''hard to hear'' |- | '''yuka'''....''easy at...ing'' || '''vatex-'''....''believe'' || '''vatex<u>yuka</u>'''....''gullible'' |- | '''yukwa'''....''easily...ed'' || '''test-'''....''understand'' || '''test<u>yukwa</u>'''....''easily understood'' |- | '''yufa'''....''fearful of, -phobic'' || '''tot'''....''god'' || '''tot<u>yufa</u>'''....''god-fearing'' |- | '''yufwa'''....''feared'' || '''hyat'''....''everybody'' || '''hyat<u>yufwa</u>'''....''feared by all'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''efa'''....''needful of'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''tel<u>efa</u>'''....''hungry'' |- | '''efwa'''....''necessary to'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>efa</u>'''....''vital'' |- | '''yefa'''....''duty-bound to, -worthy of'' || '''dud'''....''answer'' || '''dud<u>yefa</u>'''....''responsible'' |- | '''yefwa'''....''due, -worthy of'' || '''fid-'''....''laud'' || '''fid<u>yefwa</u>'''....''praiseworthy'' |- | '''afa'''....''authorized to'' || '''dokebi-'''....''vote'' || '''dokebi<u>afa</u>'''....''franchised'' |- | '''ofwa'''....''prohibited to'' || '''movi-'''....''smoke'' || '''movi<u>ofwa</u>gonem'''....''no-smoking zone'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''yivwa'''....''free to be ...ed'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yivwa</u>'''....''optional'' |- | '''yuva'''....''bound'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tam<u>yuva</u>'''....''house-bound'' |- | '''ova'''....''resistant, anti-'' || '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution'' || '''aagdovyab<u>ova</u>'''....''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''ava'''....''in favor of, pro-'' || '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' || '''tyodab<u>ava</u>'''....''pro-democracy'' |- | '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''toos'''....''gender'' || '''toos<u>eva</u>'''....''gender-neutral'' |} ==== Inflectional Suffixes ==== : Mirad has only one noun inflectional suffix, namely, '''-''', which makes a singular noun plural: ::* '''tam'''....''house'' --> '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' : The only other inflectional affixes are the following verb infixes and suffixes: ::* '''-er'''....infinitive ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' : Example: :* '''Wit tuj<u>eya</u> hoj van at pua.'''....''He <u>was sleeping</u> when I arrived.'' ::* '''-e-''' = progressive aspect infix ::* '''-y-''' = active voice infix ::* '''-a''' = past tense suffix === Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling === : Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called '''''first-level ordinal scaling'''''. ==== First-level Ordinal Scaling ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ First-level Ordinal Scaling |- valign=top ! ORDINAL VOWEL !! t...b !! m...r !! j...b !! m...s !! t...m !! d...b || f...b || s...m || d...t || t...d |- !row=1| '''o''' = 0 |'''tob'''<br>''man'' || '''mor'''<br>''universe'' || '''job'''<br>''time'' || '''mos'''<br>''floor''|| '''tom'''<br>''building'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' || '''fob'''<br>''plant'' || '''som'''<br>''furniture''||'''dot'''<br>''society''||'''tod'''<br>''family'' |- !row=1| '''a''' = 1 |'''tab'''<br>''body'' || '''mar'''<br>''sun'' || '''jab'''<br>''year'' || '''mas'''<br>''wall'' || '''tam'''<br>''house'' || '''dab'''<br>''government'' || '''fab'''<br>''tree'' || '''sam'''<br>''armoire''||'''dat'''<br>''friend'' || '''tad'''<br>''spouse'' |- !row=1| '''e''' = 2 |'''teb'''<br>''head'' || '''mer'''<br>''planet'' || '''jeb'''<br>''season''|| '''mes'''<br>''door'' || '''tem'''<br>''hall'' || '''deb'''<br>''leader'' || '''feb'''<br>''fruit'' || '''sem'''<br>''table''||'''det'''<br>''associate'' || '''ted'''<br>''parent'' |- !row=1| '''i''' = 3 |'''tib'''<br>''trunk'' || '''mir'''<br>''earth'' || '''jib'''<br>''month'' || '''mis'''<br>''window'' || '''tim'''<br>''room'' || '''dib'''<br>''office'' || '''fib'''<br>''tree trunk'' || '''sim'''<br>''chair''||'''dit'''<br>''citizen'' || '''tid'''<br>''sibling'' |- !row=1| '''u''' = 4 |'''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''mur'''<br>''moon'' || '''jub'''<br>''day'' || '''mus'''<br>''stairs'' || '''tum'''<br>''cell'' || '''dub'''<br>''minister'' || '''fub'''<br>''branch'' || '''sum'''<br>''bed''||'''dut'''<br>''gentleperson'' || '''tud'''<br>''child'' |- !row=1| '''yo''' = 5 |'''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || || '''jyob*'''<br>''hour'' || || || || '''fyob'''<br>''root'' || || || '''tyod'''<br>''people'' |} ::: <small>* The palatal glide '''y''' in these words, which follows a palatal '''j''' is hard to pronounce, so the '''y''' is replaced with a '''w''', giving '''jwob''', '''jwab''', and '''jweb'''.</small> ==== Second-level Ordinal Scaling ==== :: A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding an ordinal vowel immediately after a word's stem vowel. ::: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Second-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''mi...p''' !! '''me...p''' !! '''tu...b''' !! '''tyo...b'''!! '''ma...f''' !! '''me...g''' !! '''do...b''' |- | '''mip'''<br>''river'' || '''mep'''<br>''way'' || '''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' || '''meg'''<br>''stone'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' |- | '''mi<u>a</u>p'''<br>''stream'' || '''meap'''<br>''road'' || '''tuab'''<br>''shoulder'' || '''tyoab'''<br>''hip''|| '''maaf'''<br>''stratus'' || '''meag'''<br>''marble'' || '''doab'''...''fatherland'' |- | '''mi<u>e</u>p'''<br>''brook'' || '''meep'''<br>''path'' || '''tueb'''<br>''upper arm'' || '''tyoeb'''<br>''thigh''|| '''maef'''<br>''cumulus'' || '''meeg'''<br>''slate'' || '''doeb'''<br>''province, state'' |- | '''mi<u>i</u>p'''<br>''rivulet'' || '''meip'''<br>''trail'' || '''tuib'''<br>''elbow'' || '''tyoib'''<br>''knee''|| '''maif'''<br>''stratocumulus'' || '''meig'''<br>''granite'' || '''doib'''<br>''county, shire'' |- | '''mi<u>u</u>p'''<br>''torrent'' || '''meup'''<br>''track'' || '''tuub'''<br>''forearm'' || '''tyoub'''<br>''shin''|| '''mauf'''<br>''cumulonimbus'' || '''meug'''<br>''clay, dough'' || '''doub'''<br>''district'' |- | '''mi<u>yo</u>p'''<br>''trickle'' || || '''tuyob'''<br>''wrist'' || '''tyoyob'''<br>''ankle''||'''mayof'''<br>''nimbostatus'' || '''meyog'''<br>''china'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ya</u>b'''<br>''hand'' || '''tyoyab'''<br>''foot''||'''mayaf'''<br>''altostratus'' || '''meyag'''<br>''chalk'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ye</u>b'''<br>''fist'' || '''tyoyeb'''<br>''heel''|| '''mayef'''<br>''altocumulus'' || '''meyeg'''<br>''limestone'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yi</u>b'''<br>''palm'' || '''tyoyib'''<br>''sole''|| '''mayif'''<br>''cirrus'' || '''meyig'''<br>''alabaster'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yu</u>b'''<br>''finger'' || '''tyoyub'''<br>''toe''|| '''mayuf'''<br>''cirrostratus'' || '''meyug'''<br>''gypsum''|| |- | || || '''tu<u>lo</u>b'''<br>''fingernail'' || '''tyolob'''<br>''toenail''||'''malof'''<br>''cirrocumulus'' || |} ==== Third-level Ordinal Scaling ==== ::: A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing an ordinal number vowel to the word. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Third-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | '''<u>a</u>tuyub'''....''thumb'' |- | '''<u>e</u>tuyub'''....''index'' |- | '''<u>i</u>tuyub'''....''middle finger'' |- | '''<u>u</u>tuyub'''....''ring finger'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>tuyub'''....''pinky'' |} ::: So, to sum up, we have: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:6.4em; font-size:smaller" |+ Summary of Scaling |- ! '''t...b''' !! '''tob''' = ''human being'' |- | FIRST-LEVEL || '''tub'''....''arm'' |- | SECOND-LEVEL || '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | THIRD-LEVEL || '''atuyub'''....''thumb'' |} ==== Scaling with Prefixed Numbering ==== ::: We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words by prefixing an ordinal vowel even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first level usually begins with '''a'''. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefix Numbering |- ! align=left | NUMBER || '''dob'''....''state'' !! '''deb'''....''leader'' !! '''mez'''....''gem'' !! '''mer'''....''planet'' || '''maf'''....''cloud'' || '''sagtun'''....''mathematics'' |- ! 1 | '''<u>a</u>dob'''....''empire'' || '''adeb'''....''emperor'' || '''amez'''....''diamond'' || '''Amer'''....''Mercury'' || '''amaf'''....''nimbus'' || '''asagtun'''....''arithmetic'' |- ! 2 | '''<u>e</u>dob'''....''kingdom'' || '''edeb'''....''king'' || '''emez'''....''topaz'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' || '''emaf'''....''stratus'' || '''esagtun'''....''geometry'' |- ! 3 | '''<u>i</u>dob'''....''principality'' || '''ideb'''....''prince'' || '''imez'''....''ruby'' || '''Imer'''....''Earth'' || '''imaf'''....''nimbostatus'' || '''isagtun'''....''algebra'' |- ! 4 | '''<u>u</u>dob'''....''duchy'' || '''udeb'''....''duke'' || '''umez'''....''emerald'' ||'''Umer'''....''Mars'' || '''umaf'''....''cumulus'' || '''usagtun'''....''trigonometry'' |- ! 5 | '''<u>yo</u>dob'''....''marquisate'' || '''yodeb'''....''marquis'' || '''yomez'''....''saphire'' || '''Yomer'''....''Jupiter'' || '''yomaf'''....''cumulostatus'' || '''yosagtun'''....''calculus'' |- ! 6 | '''<u>ya</u>dob'''....''county'' || '''yadeb'''....''count'' || '''yamez'''....''lapis lazuli'' || '''Yamer'''....''Saturn'' || '''yamaf'''....''stratocumulus'' || |- ! 7 | '''<u>ye</u>dob'''....''dominion'' || '''yedeb'''....''lord'' || '''yemez'''....''amthyst'' || '''Yemer'''....''Uranus'' || '''yemaf'''....''altocumulus'' || |- ! 8 | '''<u>yi</u>dob'''....''viscounty'' || '''yideb'''....''viscount'' || '''yimez'''....''amber'' ||'''Yimer'''....''Pluto'' || '''yimaf'''....''altostratus'' || |- ! 9 | '''<u>yu</u>dob'''....''barony'' || '''yudeb'''....''baron'' || '''yumez'''....''topaz'' || || '''yumaf'''....''cirrocumulus'' || |- ! 10 | '''<u>alo</u>dob'''....''tribe'' || '''alodeb'''....''tribal chief'' || '''alomez'''....''opal'' || || '''alomaf'''....''cirrus'' || |} === Rule #4: Overlapping === : When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in '''''overlapping''''' or a '''''portmanteau'''''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Overlapping in Compounds |- ! First Word !! Second Word !! Portmanteau |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''mep'''....''road'' || '''domep'''....''boulevard'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''teub'''....''mouth'' || '''pateub'''....''beak'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''patub'''....''wing'' |- | '''teupib'''....''tooth'' || '''byok'''....''pain'' || '''teypibyok'''....''toothache'' |} : In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided. === Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels === : When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an '''o''', replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word. : Examples: ::* '''edob'''....''kingdom'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''edeb'''....''monarch'' ('''edweb'''....''king'', '''edeyb'''....''queen'') ::* '''udob'''....''principality'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''udeb'''....''prince'' ('''udweb'''....''prince'', '''udeyb'''....''princess'') : By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant: : Examples: : '''mil'''....''water'' + '''mal'''....''air'' -> '''mial'''....''vapor, steam'' === Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants === : When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant. : Example: <b>to<u>b</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D8;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-b</b> = <i>organism</i>) (<b>t-</b> = <i>human</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>tof</b>....<i>clothing, apparel</i> (<b>n-</b> = <i>commercial</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>nof</b>....<i>cloth, fabric</i> <b>no<u>f</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D7;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-f</b> = <i>cloth</i>) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Swapping Generic Consonants |- ! Base Word 1 !! Base Word 2 !! Derived Word |- | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tov'''....''lingerie'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''taf'''....''suit'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tef'''....''hat'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tif'''....''vest'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tyoyaf'''....''shoe'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tuyaf'''....''glove'' |- | '''doob'''^*....''nation'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''doof'''....''flag'' |- | '''taob'''^*....''flesh'' || '''tol'''....''food'' || '''taol'''....''meat'' |} :<small>* This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.</small> === Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender === : Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix '''w''' and the feminine infix '''y'''. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''w'''. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''y'''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Marking Animate Nouns for Gender |- ! Gender-Neutral !! Male !! Female |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''young person'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''it'''....''he/she/it'' || '''wit'''....''he'' || '''iyt'''....''she'' |- | '''apat'''....''cock'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''toob'''....''gender'' || '''twoob'''....''male'' || '''tooyb'''....''female'' |} ::* Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for women, rather than men, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Making Inanimate Objects Female-related |- ! Male-oriented or Neutral !! Female-oriented |- | '''taf'''....''suit'' || '''tayf'''....''dress'' |- | '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' || '''tyoyayv'''....''stockings'' |- | '''tiav'''....''shirt'' || '''tiayv'''....''blouse'' |} ::* Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Body Parts Genderized |- ! Neutral !! Male-oriented !! Female-oriented |- | '''tilab'''....''breast'' || '''twilab'''....''male breast'' || '''tilayb'''....''female breast'' |- | || '''twiyib'''....''testicals'' || '''tiyiyb'''....''ovary'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''sexual organ'' || '''twiyub'''....''penis'' || '''tiyuyb'''....''vagina'' |} ::* In nouns that end in '''-ut''', the agentive suffix meaning ''-er, one who...'', the nouns can be feminized by changing '''-ut''' to '''-uyt''', eg. '''dezut'''....''actor'' -> '''dezuyt'''....''actress''. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing '''-ut''' with '''w''' to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the '''w''' can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like '''dezut''' can mean ''actor'' of neutral or male gender. ::* Animate nouns having the ending '''-et''' (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding '''w''' or '''y''' to the semantic base of the word, eg. '''tobet'''....''child, youth'' -> '''toybet'''....''girl'' or '''twobet'''....''boy''. === Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels === : A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings. : Geo-specific Vowels: <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* '''o'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''outer space, abstract object, initial stuff''' ::* '''a'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sky, air, gas''' ::* '''e'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''land, soil, solid''' ::* '''i'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sea, water, liquid''' ::* '''u'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''underground, mineral, concrete object, other''' </div> :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels |- ! !!'''m...p''' !! '''m...m''' !! '''d...p''' !! '''p...t''' !! '''m...l''' !! '''m...r''' |- ! Space | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''space'' || '''dop'''....''military'' || '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''mol'''....''nature'' || '''mor'''....''universe'' |- ! Sky | '''map'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''dap'''....''air force'' || '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''mar'''....''star'' |- ! Land | '''mep'''....''road''|| '''mem'''....''land''|| '''dep'''....''army'' || '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''mer'''....''planet'' |- ! Water | '''mip'''....''river''|| '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''dip'''....''marine force'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mir'''....''world'' |- ! Underground (or other) | '''mup'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || || || '''mul'''....''stuff'' || '''mur'''....''moon'' |} : This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Hybrids|Hybrids]] for more on this subject. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Hybrid nouns |- ! First-level Derivation !! + Geospecific Vowel !! Second-level Derivation |- | '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''i'''....''water, sea''|| '''pe<u>i</u>t'''....''aquatic mammal'' |- | '''pelt'''....''insect'' || '''a'''....''air, sky''|| '''pel<u>a</u>t'''....''flying insect'' |- | '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''i'''....''water, sea'' || '''me<u>i</u>l'''....''mud'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''a'''....''air, gas'' || '''mi<u>a</u>l'''....''vapor'' |} === Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels === : The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Vectorial Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact. :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" border="0" |+ Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''amer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''baer'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''aber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''byaer'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''yaber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''omer'''....''south'' |- | '''o''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''boer'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''oper'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''pyoser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''yoper'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''uber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''pyuer'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''yuber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''byuser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''pier'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''yiper'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''pyiser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''emer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''eb'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''bexer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''up against, strike''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike'' |} ==== Special value of certain vowels ==== : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular'': ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual'' ::* '''anota'''....''alone, solitary'' ::* '''anay'''....''only'' ::* '''aun'''....''unit'' : The prefixes '''ya-''' or '''yan-''' meaning ''collection, plural'': ::* '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''yanot'''....''constituent'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' ::* '''yanotyan'''....''community'' ::* '''yan'''....''together'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yon'''....''apart'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' vs. '''yonota'''....''private'' ::* '''yanxer'''....''to combine'' vs. '''yonxer'''....''to separate'' === Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns === : Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning. : For example, the mnemonic '''eu''' pattern from the word for mouth, '''teud''' can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Mnemonic Pattern Derivation |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teub'''....''mouth'' !! Classifier !! Generic |- | '''teud'''....''shout'' || '''t''' = human || '''d''' = communication |- | '''teuz'''....''voice'' || '''t''' = human || '''z''' = art |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''d''' = communication || '''z''' = art |- | '''seuz'''....''tone'' || '''s''' = thing || '''z''' = art |- | '''seux'''....''sound'' || '''s''' = thing || '''x''' = action |- | '''xeus'''....''noise'' || '''x''' = action || '''s''' = thing |- | '''teuf'''....''muzzle'' || '''t''' = human || '''f''' = apparel |- | '''teuv'''....''mask'' || '''t''' = human || '''v''' = linen |- | '''teus'''....''taste''|| '''t''' = human || '''s''' = thing |- | '''deup'''....''rhythm''|| '''d''' = communication || '''p''' = ''motion'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teab'''....''eye'' !! '''(t)ea-''' = ''see'' !! Generic |- | '''teaper'''....''visit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teader'''....''witness'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teaxer'''....''look'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teaser'''....''seem'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teater'''....''see'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keaxer'''....''scan'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleaxer'''....''check'' || '''vyal-''' = ''certain''|| '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''yoneater'''....''distinguish'' || '''yon-''' = ''apart''|| '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''beaxer'''....''guard'' || '''be-''' = ''hold'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teatier'''....''perceive'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teatuer'''....''show'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teeb'''....''ear'' !! '''(t)ee-''' = ''hear'' !! Generic |- | '''teeper'''....''attend'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teeder'''....''testify'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teexer'''....''listen'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teeser'''....''sound (like)'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teeter'''....''hear'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keexer'''....''scan (acoustically)'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''koteexer'''....''snoop on'' || '''ko-''' = ''hide'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleexer'''....''sound out'' || '''vyal-''' = certain || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teetier'''....''get wind of'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teetuer'''....''make heard'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- | '''zyateetuer'''....''rumor'' || '''zya-''' = ''all around'' || '''-u-''' = objected-directed |} : A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Shortening Long Compounds |- ! Word 1 !! Word 2 !! Long Compound !! Shortened Compound |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''ekpeteuder''' || '''ekpeder'''....''neigh'' |- | '''serpyet'''....''snake'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''serpyeteuder''' || '''sepyeder'''....''hiss'' |- | '''vifeb'''....''grape'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''vifebil'''....''grape juice'' || '''vifil'''....''wine'' |- | '''povob'''....''grain'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''povobil''' || '''povil'''....''beer'' |} : Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ From Full Words to Stubs |- ! Compound !! New Stub !! Derivation |- | '''tilabil'''....''breast milk'' || '''bil'''....''milk''|| '''bilyug'''....''butter'' |- | '''fauf'''....''log'' || '''-uf'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''cylinder''|| '''muf'''....''rod, stick'' |- | '''zyeg'''....''hole'' || '''-yeg'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''hole'', ''hollow thing''|| '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' |} : The clipped word '''bil''' now gives rise to other compounds: ::* '''bilyig'''....''cheese'' ::* '''bilyigem'''....''cheese factory'' ::* '''bilyug'''....''butter'' ::* '''bilyugyena'''....''butter-like'' : The word '''mufyeg''' (Lit: hollow stick) means '''pipe, reed, cylinder''' === Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === : Words which follow Rule #11 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation. : These nuances are obtained by: :* Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel. :: These vowels are: ::: '''a''' for '''a''' and '''ya''' ::: '''e''' for '''e''' and '''ye''' ::: '''i''' for '''i''' and '''yi''' ::: '''o''' for '''o''' and '''yo''' ::: '''u''' for '''u''' and '''yu''' :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nad'''....''line'' || '''naad'''....''rail'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''doob'''....''nation'' |- | '''vyab'''....''rule'' || '''vyayab'''....''system'' |- | '''boka'''....''sick'' || '''booka'''....''tired'' |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || '''noog'''....''phase'' |- | '''bil'''....''milk'' || '''biil'''....''juice'' |} :* Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''less''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deintensification with Post-y-gliding |- ! Word !! Mitigated Derivation |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''iyfer'''....''like'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''iyva'''....''glad'' |- | '''zyutom'''....''tower'' || '''zyutoym'''....''turret'' |- | '''ama'''....''hot'' || '''ayma'''....''warm'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''oyma'''....''cool'' |} :* Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''greater''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding |- ! Word !! Enhanced Derivation |- | '''pot'''....''wild animal'' || '''pyot'''....''predator animal'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pyat'''....''bird of prey'' |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''yoma'''....''frozen'' |- | '''nuxer'''....''pay'' || '''nyuxer'''....''deliver'' |- | '''nexer'''....''save'' || '''nyexer'''....''store'' |} :* Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid '''l''' or the further intensifying liquid '''r''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with L and R |- ! Word !! L-Intensitifed || R-Intensified |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''ifler'''....''be fond of'' || '''ifrer'''....''adore'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''ivla'''....''content'' || '''ivra'''....''delighted'' |- | '''vaa'''....''affirmative'' || '''vlaa'''....''sure'' || '''vraa'''....''indubitable'' |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agla'''....''huge'' || '''agra'''....''immense'' |- | '''ga'''....''more'' || '''gala'''....''multiple'' || '''gara'''....''exponential'' |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press'' || '''barer'''....''crush'' |- | '''yexer'''....''work'' || '''yexler'''....''labor'' || '''yexrer'''....''toil, slave'' |- | '''yixer'''....''use'' || '''yixler'''....''hire'' || '''yixrer'''....''exploit'' |} :* Adding consonants other than '''l''' or '''r''' as the generic consonant: : Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like '''t''', '''f''', '''s''', '''k''', and '''z''' are used, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with Other Consonants |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fika'''....''perfect''<br>'''fira'''....''excellent'' |- | '''fua'''....''bad'' || '''futa'''....''wicked''<br>'''fura'''....''rotten'' |- | '''gea'''....''equal'' || '''geta'''....''identical''<br>'''gela'''....''alike'' |- | '''vyaa'''....''true'' || '''vyaka'''....''correct''<br>'''vyama'''....''real'' |- | '''vyoa'''....''false'' || '''vyoka'''....''incorrect''<br>'''vyoma'''....''fake'' |- | '''yiga'''....''hard'' || '''yigza'''....''sour''<br>'''yigla'''....''brusk''<br>'''yigra'''....''brutal'' |- | '''yuga'''....''soft'' || '''yugfa'''....''smooth''<br>'''yugla'''....''tender''<br>'''yugra'''....''mild'' |} :* Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nab'''....''row'' || '''nap'''....''order'' |- | '''vyava'''....''just'' || '''vyafa'''....''precise'' |- | '''jwab'''....''minute'' || '''jwap'''....''moment'' |- | '''jweb'''....''second'' || '''jwep'''....''instant'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''tap'''....''physique'' |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''top'''....''soul, animus'' |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' |- | '''naz'''....''value'' || '''nas'''....''money'' |- | '''nag'''....''dimension'' || '''nak'''...''unit of measurement'' |} == Technical Nomenclature == : The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features. === Zoological Nomenclature === {{status|100%}} [[File:Animal diversity.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of animals are formed in a systematic way. ==== Base Names ==== : First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with '''p''' (mobile) and end with '''t''' (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures. : The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air ('''a'''), water ('''i'''), land ('''e'''), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild ('''o'''), tame, or predatory ('''y'''); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms |- ! Type !! Air = a !! Water = i !! Land = e !! Anywhere = o |- valign=top !row=1| Ordinary |'''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' || '''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Predatory |'''pyat'''....''raptor'' || '''pyit'''....''predatory fish'' || '''pyet'''....''reptile'' ||'''pyot'''....''predatory animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Hybrid |'''piat'''....''waterfowl''<br>'''pelat'''....''flying insect''<br>'''paet'''....''flightless bird'' ||'''piit'''....''crustacean''<br>'''pilt'''....''marine invertebrate''<br>'''peit'''....''mammalian fish''<br>'''pyeit'''....''mollusk''|| '''payet'''....''flying reptile''<br>'''piyet'''....''batracian''<br>'''peyet'''....''worm''<br>'''pelt'''....''insect'' ||'''piot'''....''aquatic mammal'' |} ==== Derived Names ==== : The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the [https://www.itis.gov/| Linnaean taxonomy]. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name '''Canidae''' (''canids''). The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin. ''Ca'' in Latin is pronounced '''ka'''. See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad. In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory. So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix '''ka''' to the base name for domestic land animal '''pet''', yielding '''kapet''' (''dog''). All other members of the dog family end in '''pot''' (feral animal) or '''pyot''' (predatory animal). The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel. If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, ''prairie dog'' (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by '''ci³xi²ro¹pot''' from '''<u>Ro</u>¹dentia <u>Sci</u>²uridae <u>Cy</u>³nomys''', where '''pot''' is the basic animal type ''wild animal''. All rodents have the taxonomic syllable '''ro''' from the Latin "order" taxon ''Rodentia'', while all squirrel names will have the syllable '''xi''' from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon ''<u>Sci</u>uridae'' ('''<u>xi</u>uriday'''). The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family: :: <u>Ca</u>nidae (''dog family'') > ::: '''<u>ka</u>pet'''...''the common domestic dog'' (only one species, ''Canis familiaris'') ::: '''<u>ka</u>pot'''...''wild dog'' ::: '''<u>ka</u>pyot'''...''predatory dog'' : Species under '''kapyot''' are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names: :: ''Canis <u>lu</u>pus'' > '''<u>lu</u>kapyot'''...''gray wolf (or just wolf)'' :: ''Canis <u>la</u>trans'' > '''<u>la</u>kapyot'''...''coyote, prairie wolf'' ::: ''Canis latrans <u>les</u>tes'' > '''<u>les</u>lakapyot'''...''mountain coyote'' :: ''Canis <u>au</u>rus'' > '''<u>aw</u>kapyot''' > ''jackal, golden jackal'' ::: ''Canis aurus <u>cur</u>ensis'' > '''<u>kur</u>awkapyot'''....''Indochinese jackal'' :: ''Canis <u>vul</u>pus'' > '''<u>vul</u>kapyot'''...''fox, red fox'' : If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is '''awkapyot''' and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from ''curensis'' would normally be '''ku''', but it has to be extended to '''kur''' because the base begins in a vowel. : The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Latin/Greek - Mirad correspondences |- ! Latin/Greek Spelling !! Latin Sound !! Mirad Spelling !! Example |- | ''au'' || ''aw'' || '''aw''' || ''<u>au</u>rus''....'''aw-''' |- | ''eu'' || ''ew'' || '''ew''' || ''<u>eu</u>ropa''....'''ew-''' |- | ''ai''<br>''ae'' || ''ay'' || '''ay''' || ''<u>ae</u>gyptus''....'''ay-''' |- | ''ei'' <br> ''ey'' || ''ey'' || '''ey''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''oe'' || ''oy'' || '''oy''' || ''F<u>oe</u>niculum''....'''oy''' |- | ''ua'' || ''wa'' || '''wa''' || ''s<u>ua</u>vis''....'''s<u>wa</u>''' |- | ''ca/co/cu'' || ''ka/ko/ku'' || '''ka/ko/ku''' || ''<u>ca</u>nis''....'''<u>ka</u>''' |- | ''ce/ci/cy''' || ''che/chi/chi'' || '''ce/ci/cy''' || ''<u>cy</u>pris''....'''<u>ci</u>''' |- | ''y'' || ''i'' || '''i''' || ''c<u>y</u>pris''....'''<u>i</u>''' |- | ''g''' || ''g'' || '''g''' || ''<u>Ge</u>ococcyx''/''<u>Ga</u>stropoda''....'''<u>g</u>''' |- | ''ch'' || ''k'' || '''k''' || ''<u>Chi</u>roptera''....'''<u>ki</u>''' |- | ''ph'' || ''f'' || '''f''' ||''S<u>ph</u>yrapicus''....'''<u>f</u>''' |- | ''rh'' || ''r'' || '''r''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''x'' || ''ks'' || '''ks''' || ''Lo<u>x</u>odonta''....'''<u>ks</u>''' |- | ''qu'' || ''kw'' || '''kw''' || ''<u>Qu</u>ercus''....'''<u>kw</u>''' |- | ''j'' || ''y'' || '''j''' || ''<u>ju</u>lianus''....'''<u>ju</u>''' |- | ''sci'' || ''shi'' || '''xi''' || ''<u>Sci</u>uridae''....'''<u>xi</u>''' |- | ''th'' || ''t'' || '''t''' || ''<u>Th</u>unnus''....'''<u>t</u>''' |- | ''cci'' || ''ksi'' || '''ksi''' || ''Va<u>cc</u>inus''....'''<u>ksi</u>''' |} : Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for ''Cinnamomum'' would be '''cin'''. : The Latin letter ''j'' is represented in Mirad with '''j''' even though it is pronounced like a ''y''. This is for better recognizability. ==== Genderized and Other Forms ==== : Form the female of an animal by inserting a '''y''' before the '''t''' of the base adult name: ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kape<u>y</u>t'''....''bitch'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkapyo<u>y</u>t'''....''vixen'' : Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a '''w''' right after the '''p''' of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with '''py''' in which case the '''w''' is inserted just before the '''t''' of the base name: ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekp<u>w</u>et'''....''stallion'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbop<u>w</u>et'''....''ram'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkpyo<u>w</u>t'''....''dog fox'' : Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an '''o''' after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name: ::* '''bopet'''....''bovine'' ====> '''bopwe<u>o</u>t'''....''ox'' ::* '''gafapat'''....''cock'' ====> '''gafapwe<u>o</u>t'''....''capon'' : The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-ud''', the stub for '''tud'''....''child'': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>ud</u>'''....''colt'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>ud</u>'''....''pup'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopet<u>ud</u>'''....''lamb'' : The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing '''-if''': ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>if</u>'''....''puppy'' ::* '''fepet'''....''cat'' ====> '''fepet<u>if</u>'''....''kitty'' : The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-og''': ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supet<u>og</u>'''....''piggy'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>og</u>'''....''pony'' : Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal '''ekpet'''....''horse'' can serve as an example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivations of Horse |- ! Variation !! Mirad Name !! English Name |- !row=1| Adult |'''ekpet'''||''horse'' |- !row=1| Male | '''ekpwet'''||''stallion'' |- !row=1| Female | '''ekpeyt'''||''mare'' |- !row=1| Offspring | '''ekpetud'''||''colt'' |- !row=1| Female Offspring | '''ekpetuyd'''||''filly'' |- !row=1| Small adult |'''ekpetog'''||''pony'' |- !row=1| Gelded | '''ekpweot'''||''gelding'' |} ==== Animal Sounds ==== : The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the '''t''' of the base name with '''d''', the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in '''-der''': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeder'''....''to neigh'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapeder'''....''to bark'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''pader'''....''to tweet, chirp'' ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpyeder'''....''to hiss'' : A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing '''-yan''' or '''-nyan''': ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotyan'''....''a pride of lions'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopetyan'''....''a herd of sheep'' ::* '''pit'''....''fish'' ====> '''pityan'''....''a school of fish'' : Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final '''t''' of the base name with '''-per'''....''to go'': ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpeper'''....''to slither'' ::* '''lapet'''....''rabbit'' ====> '''lapeper'''....''to hop'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeper'''....''to gallop'' : The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in '''l''' (a stub for '''tel''', meaning ''food''): ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supel'''....''pork'' ::* '''supetyob'''....''hog leg'' ====> '''supetyol'''....''ham'' ::* '''bopet'''....''steer'' ====> '''bopel'''....''beef'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopel'''....''mutton'' ::* '''bopetud'''....''calf'' ====> '''bopetul'''....''veal'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatel'''....''honey'' : The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing '''-am'''....''house'', '''-um'''....''cage'', etc. to the base name: ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supetam'''....''pigsty'' ::* '''gafapayt'''....''chicken'' ====> '''gafapaytam'''....''chicken coop'' ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotam'''....''lion's den'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapetam'''....''doghouse'' ::* '''forpelt'''....''ant'' ====> '''forpeltam'''....''anthill'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatam'''....''bee hive'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''patum'''....''birdcage'', '''patsum'''....''nest'', '''patyanam'''...''aviary'' ::* '''pot'''....''wild animal'' ====> '''potam'''....''lair'' ==== Dog Breeds ==== [[File:The dog book - a popular history of the dog, with practical information as to care and management of house, kennel, and exhibition dogs, and descriptions of all the important breeds (1909) (20785715825).jpg|thumb|]] : Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to '''kapet'''....''dog'' that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site [[https://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/]]. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership. : The base of the dog breed name is '''kapet'''....''dog''. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants ('''b''', '''c''', '''d''', etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned to the ordinal vowel '''o''', so '''bokepet''' is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the '''o'''....''zero'' to '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed. : As an example: : To get the name for ''basset hound'': ::* Start with the word for dog: '''kapet'''. : This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is '''h'''. This is prefixed to '''kapet''', with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with '''a''' for ''one''. The ''basset hound'' is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes '''ha-'''. ::* '''hakapet''' is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with '''ha kapet'''....''the dog''.). A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel '''i'''.... ''three'' is prefixed: ::* '''ihakapet''' is a "small-sized scent hound" : A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word '''a'''.... ''one'' is prefixed (with a '''w''' buffer glide when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, '''Gebaroma''' is placed in front, separated by a space: ::* '''Gebaroma awahikapet''' is a ''basset hound'', a dog breed name owned by Great Britain. The name can usually be abbreviated by dropping the country owner name, thus: '''awahikapet''' <gallery> </gallery> : Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site. Group 1 = '''<u>b</u>okapet'''....sheepdogs/cattledogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''b<u>a</u>kapet'''....sheepdogs ::::* Belgian only entry = '''Belima bakapet'''....''Belgian shepherd dog'' ::::* German only entry = '''Deuma bakapet'''....''German shepherd'' ::* Section 2 = '''bekapet'''....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>bekapet'''....''Welsh corgi (Cardigan)'' Group 2 = '''<u>c</u>okapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''c<u>a</u>kapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer type ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''c<u>e</u>kapet'''....Molossian type ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''c<u>i</u>kapet'''....''Swiss mountain/cattledogs'' Group 3 = '''<u>d</u>okapet'''....''terriers'' ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....large and medium-sized terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>9</u>th entry = '''Gebaroma <u>yu</u>dakapet'''....''Welsh terrier'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....small-sized terriers ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''d<u>e</u>kapet'''....bull type terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>3</u>rd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>i</u>dekapet'''....''Staffordshire bull terrier'' ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....toy terriers Group 4 = '''<u>f</u>okapet'''....<u>dachshunds</u> ::::* Germany only entry = '''fakapet'''....''dachshund'' Group 5 = '''<u>g</u>okapet'''....spitz and primitive types ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''g<u>a</u>kapet'''....nordic sledge dogs :::: USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''<u>a</u>gakapet'''....''Siberian husky'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''g<u>e</u>kapet'''....nordic hunting dogs ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''g<u>i</u>kapet'''....nordic watchdogs/herders ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''g<u>u</u>kapet'''....European spits ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''g<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Asian spitz and related breeds ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''g<u>ya</u>kapet'''....primitive types ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''g<u>ye</u>kapet'''....hunting dogs Group 6 = '''<u>h</u>okapet'''....scent hounds and related breeds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''h<u>a</u>kapet'''....''scent hounds'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>1</u> = '''<u>a</u>hakapet'''....large-sized hounds ::::* USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''Usoma <u>aw</u>ahakapet'''....''American foxhound'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>2</u> = '''<u>e</u>hakapet'''....medium-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain only entry = '''Gebaroma ehakapet'''....''harrier'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>3</u> = '''<u>i</u>hakapet'''....small-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>aw</u>ihakapet'''....''basset hound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>ew</u>ihakapet'''....''beagle'' Group 7 = '''<u>j</u>okapet'''....pointing dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''j<u>a</u>kapet'''....''continental pointing dogs'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''j<u>e</u>kapet'''....''British and Irish pointers and setters'' Group 8 = '''<u>k</u>akapet'''....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''k<u>a</u>kapet'''....''retrievers'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''k<u>e</u>kapet'''....''flushing dogs'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''k<u>i</u>kapet'''....''water dogs'' Group 9 = '''<u>l</u>okapet'''....companion and toy dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''l<u>a</u>kapet'''....bichons ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''l<u>e</u>kapet'''....poodles ::::* France only entry = '''Ferama lekapet'''....''poodle'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''l<u>i</u>kapet'''....small Belgian dogs ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''l<u>u</u>kapet'''....hairless dogs ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''l<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Tibetan breeds ::::* Tibet <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Tibama <u>e</u>lekapet'''....''shih tzu'' ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''l<u>ya</u>kapet'''....Chihuahueno ::::* Mexico only entry = '''Mexuma lyakapet'''....''chihuahua'' ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''l<u>ye</u>kapet'''....English toy spaniels ::* Section <u>8</u> = '''l<u>yi</u>kapet'''....Japan Chin and Pekingese ::* Section <u>9</u> = '''l<u>yu</u>kapet'''....continental toy spaniel and others ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>alo</u>kapet'''....Kromforhl&auml;nder ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>ale</u>kapet'''....small Molossian type dogs Group 10 = '''<u>m</u>okapet'''....sight hounds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''m<u>a</u>kapet'''....long-haired sighthounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>a</u>makapet'''....''greyhound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>makapet'''....''whippet'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''m<u>e</u>kapet'''....rough-haired sighthounds ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''m<u>i</u>kapet'''....short-haired sighthounds ==== Cat Breeds ==== : The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See [https://cfa.org/breeds/]. You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat '''fepet'''. : This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Cat Breed Names |- ! CFA Name !! First Letters<br>Lowercase !! Number<br>If Any + fepet!! Mirad Name |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Shorthair'' || '''am''' || '''a + fepet'''|| '''amafepet''' |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Wirehair'' || '''am''' || '''e + fepet'''|| '''amefepet''' |- | ''<u>Bal</u>inese'' || '''bal''' || '''bal + fepet''' || '''balfepet''' |- | ''<u>Ben</u>gal'' || '''ben''' || '''ben + fepet''' || '''benfepet''' |} === Color Nomenclature === : The word for ''color'' in Mirad is '''volz''', which is mnemonically related to the word for ''flower'' ('''vos'''). The diminutive of ''color'' is '''voylz''', meaning ''tint, shade, hue''. : The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub '''-lza'''. The zeroth-color is no color, simple ''blank'', ''clear'', or ''transparent''. :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Basic Color Words |- ! 0 - clear !! 1 - red !!2 - orange !!3 - yellow !!4 - green !! 5 - blue !! 6 - purple !! 7 - indigo |- |<br><br><br> ||bgcolor="#d30000"| ||bgcolor="#fc6600"| ||bgcolor="#fff200"| ||bgcolor="#3bb143"| ||bgcolor="#0018f9"| || bgcolor="#b200ed"| || bgcolor="#4b0082"| |- | '''olza''' || '''alza''' || '''elza''' || '''ilza''' || '''ulza''' || '''yolza''' || '''yalza''' || '''yelza''' |} : There are some other common colors: :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Basic Color Words |- |bgcolor="white"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || '''malza'''....''white'' ||(Associated with '''man''' (''light'') |- |bgcolor="#7c4700"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|| '''melza'''....''brown'' ||(Associated with '''mel''' (''soil'') |- |bgcolor="#222021"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''molza'''....''black'' ||(Associated with '''mon''' (''dark'') |- |bgcolor="#828282"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''maolza'''....''gray'' ||(A blend of '''malza''' and '''molza''') |- |bgcolor="#fc0fc0"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''aolza'''....''pink'' ||(A blend of '''olza'''....''clear'' and '''malza'''....''red'') |} : All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example: ::* '''mecirufeb-ulza'''....''lime green'' from '''mecirufeb'''....''lime fruit'' + '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''aquamarine'' from '''mim'''....''sea'' + '''yalza'''....''blue'' ::* '''licirufeb-ilza'''....''lemon yellow'' from '''licirufeb'''....''lemon'' + '''ilza'''....''yellow'' ::* '''salpyit-alza'''....''salmon red'' ::* '''magmef-alza'''....''firebrick red'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''sea blue, aquamarine'' : Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner: ::# A "light" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''ylza''': '''uylza'''....''light green'' ::# A "-ish" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzyena''': '''ulzyena'''....''greenish'' ::# A "bright" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzayna''': '''ulzayna'''....''bright green'' ::# A "dark" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzoyna''': '''ulzoyna'''....''dark green'' : Shaded variants can also be created by prefixing adjectival components such as these: :* '''oz-'''....''-ish, light-'' :* '''az-'''....''bright-, dark-'' :* '''kyu-'''....''light-'' :* '''maz-'''....''bright-'' :* '''eyn-'''....''semi-'' etc. : Some hybrid colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel: ::* '''maolza'''....''gray'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''molza'''....''black'' ::* '''yaulza'''....''blue-green, cyan'' from '''yalza'''....''blue'' and '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''maelza'''....''beige'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''melza'''....''brown'' : Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix '''-a''': ::* '''<u>Ulz</u> se via volz.'''....''<u>Green</u> is a beautiful color.'' ::* '''At gafe <u>yalzayn</u>.'''....''I prefer <u>dark blue</u>.'' : Colors can also be used to form verbs: ::* '''Iyta teobi <u>alzasa</u>.'''....''Her cheeks <u>turned red (= blushed)</u>.'' ::* '''His se fia <u>teubip malzaxus</u>.'''....''This is a good <u>teeth whitener</u>.'' ::* '''Eta teupibi <u>ilzaseye</u>.'''....''Your teeth are <u>yellowing</u>.'' ==== Rarely Used Colors ==== : The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the [[w:List_of_RAL_colors|Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors]] expressed in Mirad + '''-lz'''. For example, the color ''golden yellow'' has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 ('''ase''', in Mirad), thus, the color is named '''aselz'''. The adjectival form of this color is '''aselza'''. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names. ===== Skin colors ===== [[File:Coloured-family.jpg|thumb|]] : When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix '''tayo(b)-''' is used. The final '''-b''' of '''tayob''' is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for ''skin-color'' itself is '''tayovolz'''. Thus: ::* '''(tayo-)molzat'''....''black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)malzat'''....''white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)melzat'''....''brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omalzat'''....''non-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omolzat'''....''non-black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omelzat'''....''non-brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymolzat'''....''half-black(skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymalzat'''....''half-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)maolzat'''....''mulatto, mixed-skinned person'' ::* '''(tayob)olzat'''....''albino'' ::* '''hyetayovolza'''....''of any skin-tone'' ::* '''hyatayovolzati'''....''people of all colors'' ::* '''Iyt se duhotayovolza?'''....''What skin color is she?'' ==== Hair Colors ==== : Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, '''tayeb'''. The final '''-b''' of '''tayeb''' is dropped before a consonant or '''y'''. The word for ''hair color'' is '''tayevolz'''. ::* '''tayebalza'''....''red-headed, auburn'' ::** '''tayebalzayt'''....''an auburn female'' ::* '''tayemolza'''....''brunette'' ::* '''tayemelza'''....''brown-haired'' ::* '''tayebiylza'''....''blond'' ::* '''tayemaolza'''....''gray, gray-haired'' :::* '''It gwa tayemaolzaso.'''....''He will go gray early.'' ::* '''Duhotayevolza iyt se?'''....''What color hair is she?'' ==== Eye Colors ==== : Eye colors are expressed by the prefix '''tea(b)''' followed by the color. The word for ''eye color'' is '''teavolz'''. In the following examples, '''teab''' (''eye'') becomes '''tea''' before any consonants or glides: ::* '''teayolza'''....''blue-eyed'' ::* '''teabulza'''....''green-eyed'' ::* '''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' :::* '''teamelzat'''....''brown-eyed person'' ::* '''teamolz'''....''a black eye'' ::* '''teamalz'''....''the white of the eye'' ::* '''Duhoteavolza et se?'''....''What color eyes do you have?'' === Chemical Nomenclature === [[File:14LaAc periodic table IIb.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding '''lk''', a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for ''hydrogen'' is ''H''. So we replace that with the word for lowercase '''h''' in Mirad: '''he'''. By adding the stub suffix '''lk''', we get '''helk'''. : Use the names of the '''''small''''' letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name '''ca''' is pronounced '''cha''' as in English ''cha-cha''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" valign=top; align=center |+ Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names |- ! Lowercase !! a !! b !! c !! d !! !! e !! f !! g !! h !! !! i !! j !! k !! l !! m !! n !! !! o !! p !! q !! r !! s !! t !! !! u !! v !! w !! x !! y !! z |- align=center | !row=1| Mirad Name | '''a''' || '''ba''' || '''ca''' || '''da''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''e''' || '''fe''' || '''ge''' || '''he''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''i''' || '''ji''' || '''ki''' || '''li''' || '''mi''' || '''ni''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''o''' || '''po''' || '''ko''' || '''ro''' || '''so''' || '''to''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''u''' || '''vu''' || '''wu''' || '''xu''' || '''yu''' || '''zu''' |} ==== Coding Chemical Elements ==== : The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Coding Chemical Elements |- ! English Element Name !! Abbreviation !! Mirad Name |- | ''silver'' || ''Ar'' || '''arolk''' |- | ''iron'' || ''Fe'' || '''feelk''' |- | ''hydrogen'' || ''H'' || '''helk''' |- | ''nitrogen'' || ''N'' || '''nilk''' |- | ''mercury'' || ''Hg'' || '''hegelk''' |- | ''darmstadtium'' || ''Ds'' || '''dasolk''' |} : In chemical compounds, the '''lk''' is used only on the last element of the compound. : Chemical compounds such as ''H₂O (hydrogen dioxide)'' are coded in the following manner. ::# The ''H'' for ''hydrogen'' is rendered as '''he''' (without the '''-lk'''). ::# The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for ''two, bi-'', '''en-''' is prefixed to the '''h''', giving '''enhe'''. ::# The word for ''oxygen'', '''ol''' is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the '''lk''' is suffixed. ::# The English word ends in ''-ide'', which is rendered in Mirad as '''-iyd''', giving '''enheolkiyd''' : Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below: : Given the chemical element ''sulfur'', which has the abbreviation ''S'', the Mirad equivalent for this solid is '''solk'''. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are: ==== Chemical Compound Suffixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Chemical Suffix Equivalents |- ! English Suffix !! Mirad Equivalent !! English Example !! Mirad Equivalent |- | ''-ide'' || '''-iyd''' || ''sulfide'' || '''solkiyd''' |- | ''-ite'' || '''-iyt''' || ''sulfite'' || '''solkiyt''' |- | ''-ate'' || '''-ayt''' || ''sulfate'' || '''solkayt''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''-iyn''' || ''iodine'' || '''ilkiyn''' |- | ''-ane'' || '''-ayn''' || ''methane'' || '''ahelkayn''' |- | ''-ene'' || '''-eyn''' || ''benzene'' || '''ehelkeyn''' |- | ''-one'' || '''-oyn''' || ''ketone'' || '''ketoyn''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''--iyn''' || ''alanine'' || '''alaniyn''' |- | ''-ic'' || '''-a''' || ''ferric'' || '''feelka''' |- | ''-ous'' || '''aya''' || ''ferrous'' || '''feelkaya''' |} : Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in '''-n'''. : The numeral prefixes ''5'' and ''6'' end in '''-on''' instead of '''-n''' so as to distinguish them from the words '''yan'''....''together'' and '''yon'''....''apart''. : The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Numeric Prefixes |- ! Number !! Prefix !! Example |- | '''a'''....''mono-'' || '''an''' || '''anolkiyd'''....''<u>mono</u>xide (O)'' |- | '''e'''....''bi-/di-'' || '''en''' || '''encalkayt'''....''<u>bi</u>carbonate (C₂)'' |- | '''i'''....''tri-'' || '''in''' || '''inolkiyd-'''....''trioxide (O₃)'' |- | '''u'''....''tetr(a)-'' || '''un''' || '''unolkiyd-'''....''tetroxide (O₄)'' |- | '''yo'''....''pent(a)-'' || '''yoon''' || '''yoonolkiyd-'''....''pentoxide (O₅)'' |- | '''ya'''....''hex(a)-'' || '''yaon''' || '''yaonolkiyd'''....''hexoxide (O₆)'' |- | '''ye'''....''hept(a)-'' || '''yen''' || '''yenolkiyd'''....''heptoxide (O₇)'' |- | '''yi'''....''oct(o)-'' || '''yin''' || '''yinolkiyd-'''....''octoxide (O₈)'' |- | '''yu'''....''non(a)-'' || '''yun''' || '''yunolkiyd-'''....''nonoxide (O₉)'' |- | '''alo'''....''dec(a)-'' || '''alon''' || '''alonolkayt-'''....''decoxidate (O₁₀)'' |} : Examples: ::* ''carbon <u>di</u>oxide (C₂O)''....'''calk <u>en</u>olkiyd''' ::* ''sodium <u>bi</u>carbonate (Na2C)''....'''nialk <u>en</u>calkayt''' ::* ''calcium <u>di</u>hydrogen phosphate''....'''caalk <u>en</u>helk polkayt''' ::* ''glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)''....'''<u>yaon</u>ca<u>alan</u>he<u>yaon</u>olk''' (or: '''sakolos''') ::* ''methanol (C₃HOH)''....'''ca<u>in</u>heohelk''' : Note: the '''-lk''' is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings '''-iyd''', '''-iyt''', and '''-ayt''', etc. ==== Names of Atomic Parts ==== : The word for ''atom'' in Mirad is '''gwomulk''', which literally is ''least particle''. : The main particles in an atom are: ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' (positive) ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' (neutral) ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' (negative) : Every atom contains '''mulki''' (''subatomic particles''). [[File:Standard Model of Elementary Particles.svg|thumb|392x392px|The [[Standard Model]] classification of particles]] : The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart to the right, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See [[wikipedia:Subatomic_particle]] ). ::* '''hamulk'''....''hadron'' :::* '''mi-hamulk'''....''meson'' ::::* '''pimi-hamulk'''....''pion'' ::::* '''kami-hamulk'''....''kaon'' :::* '''ba-hamulk'''....''baryon'' ::::* '''lambda-ba-hamulk'''....''lambda baryon'' ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' ::* '''zemulk'''....''nucleon'' ::* '''alfamulk'''....''alpha particle'' ::* '''fermimulk'''....''fermion'' ::* '''goryumulk'''....''nanoparticle'' ::* '''kyiazon mulk'''....''graviton'' ::* '''bamulk'''....''boson particle'' :::* '''agha-bamulk'''....''higgs particle'' :::* '''agwu-bamulk'''....''W boson'' :::* '''agzu-bamulk'''....''Z boson'' :::* '''gamma-bamulk'''....''photon'' :::* '''ge-bamulk'''....''gluon'' ::* '''qomulk'''....''quark'' :::* '''ba-qomulk'''....''bottom quark'' :::* '''ca-qomulk'''....''charm quark'' :::* '''da-qomulk'''....''down quark'' :::* '''ov-qomulk'''....''antiparticle, antiquark'' :::* '''penta-qomulk'''....''penta quark'' :::* '''tetra-qomulk'''....''tetra quark'' :::* '''to-qomulk'''....''top quark'' :::* '''u-qomulk'''....''up quark'' :::* '''so-qomulk'''....''strange quark'' ::* '''limulk'''....''lepton'' :::* '''gamma-limulk'''....''photon'' (also: '''manmulk''') :::* '''mu-limulk'''....''muon'' :::* '''pi-limulk'''....''pion'' :::* '''tau-limulk'''....''tau'' :::* '''vu-e-limulk'''....''electron neutrino'' :::* '''vu-mu-limulk'''....''muon neutrino'' :::* '''vu-tau-limulk'''....''tau neutrino'' :::* '''e-limulk'''....''electron'' (also: '''vomulk''') : The nucleus of an atom is called '''zemulk'''. Therefore, '''zemulka''' means ''nuclear''. === Musical Nomenclature === ==== Musical Instruments ==== : The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument ('''duzar''' < '''duz''' (''music'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument''). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played. [[File:Madras musical instruments and snake charmer's music.jpg|thumb|<small>Madras_musical_instruments_and_snake_charmer's_music</small>]] {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Instruments |- ! Mirad !! English |- ! colspan=2 | Bowed-String |- | '''aduzar''' || ''violin'' |- | '''eduzar''' || ''violin alto'' |- | '''iduzar''' || ''cello'', ''violoncello'' |- | '''uduzar'''<br>'''eona uduzar''' || ''bass''<br>''double bass'' |- | '''yoduzar''' || ''viola'' |- | '''yaduzar''' || ''fiddle'' |- | '''yeduzar''' || ''viol'' |- |- '''yiduzar''' || ''erhu'' |- | '''yuduzar''' || ''hardanger fiddle'' |- | '''aloduzar''' || ''kemenche'' |- | '''aladuzar''' || ''nyckelharpa'' |- | '''aleduzar''' || ''rebab'' |- ! colspan=2 | Woodwind |- | '''faduzar''' || ''flute'' |- | '''feduzar''' || ''oboe'' |- | '''fiduzar''' || ''clarinet'' |- | '''fuduzar''' || ''bassoon'' |- | '''fyoduzar''' || ''French harp, harmonica'' |- | '''fyaduzar''' || ''recorder'' |- | '''fyeduzar''' || ''bagpipe'' |- | '''fyiduzar''' || ''didgeridoo'' |- | '''fyuduzar''' || ''piccolo'' |- | '''faloduzar''' || ''fife, hornpipe'' |- | '''faladuzar''' || ''ocarina, ocarine'' |- | '''faleduzar''' || ''sheng'' |- | '''faliduzar''' || ''duduk'' |- | '''faluduzar''' || ''bansuri'' |- | '''falyoduzar''' || ''suling'' |- ! colspan=2 | Brass &#x1f3b7; |- | '''voduzar''' || ''horn'' |- | '''vaduzar''' || ''trumpet'' |- | '''veduzar''' || ''trombone'' |- | '''vuduzar'''<br>-- '''avuduzar'''<br>-- '''evuduzar'''<br>--'''ivuduzar'''|| ''saxophone''<br>-- ''tenor saxophone''<br>-- ''alto saxophone''<br>-- ''bass saxophone'' |- | '''vyoduzar''' || ''tuba'' |- | '''vyaduzar''' || ''bugle'' |- | '''vyeduzar''' || ''French horn'' |- | '''vyiduzar''' || ''cornet'' |- | '''vyuduzar''' || ''baritone horn'' |- | '''valoduzar''' || ''alto horn'' |- | '''valaduzar''' || ''euphonium'' |- | '''valeduzar''' || ''flugelhorn'' |- | '''validuzar''' || ''sousaphone'' |- | '''valuduzar''' || ''clarion'' |- | '''valyoduzar''' || ''mellophone'' |- | '''valyaduzar''' || ''climbasso'' |- | '''valyeduzar''' || ''ophicleide'' |- ! colspan=2 | Percussion |- | '''kaduzar'''<br>-- '''akaduzar'''<br>-- '''ekaduzar'''<br>-- '''ikaduzar'''<br>-- '''ukaduzar'''<br>-- '''yokaduzar'''<br>-- '''yakaduzar'''<br>-- '''yekaduzar'''<br>-- '''yikaduzar'''<br>-- '''yukaduzar'''<br>-- '''alokaduzar'''<br>-- '''alakaduzar'''<br>-- '''alekaduzar'''<br>-- '''alikaduzar'''<br>-- '''alukaduzar''' || ''drum''<br>-- ''snare drum''<br>-- ''bass drum''<br>-- ''tenor drum''<br>-- ''steel drum''<br>-- ''bongo drum''<br>-- ''timbrel''<br>-- ''kettledrum''<br>-- ''hang drum''<br>-- ''tupan''<br>-- ''taiko''<br>-- ''spring drum''<br>-- ''octoban''<br>-- ''candombe drum''<br>-- ''steel tongue drum'' |- | '''keduzar''' || ''glockenspiel'' |- | '''kiduzar''' || ''vibraphone'' |- | '''kuduzar''' || ''marimba'' |- | '''kyoduzar''' || ''tubular bell'' |- | '''gaduzar''' || ''triangle'' |- | '''geduzar''' || ''gong'' |- | '''giduzar''' || ''castanet'' |- | '''guduzar''' || ''rattle'' |- | '''gyoduzar''' || ''xylophone'' |- | '''gyaduzar''' || ''maraca'' |- | '''gyeduzar''' || ''caj&oacute;n'' |- | '''gyiduzar''' || ''cymbal'' |- | '''gyuduzar''' || ''tambourine'' |- | '''galoduzar''' || ''steelpan'' |- | '''galaduzar''' || ''wind chime'' |- | '''galeduzar''' || ''chime bar'' |- | '''galiduzar''' || ''celeste'' |- | '''galuduzar''' || ''clapper'' |- | '''galyoduzar''' || ''Jew's harp'' |- | '''galyaduzar''' || ''bazooka'' |- | '''galyeduzar''' || ''waterphone'' |- | '''galyiduzar''' || ''balafon'' |- | '''galyuduzar''' || ''boomwhackers'' |- | '''geloduzar''' || ''udu'' |- | '''geladuzar''' || ''thunder sheet'' |- ! colspan=2 | Keyboard &#x1f3b9; |- | '''raduzar'''<br>-- '''utekea raduzar'''<br>-- '''agala raduzar'''<br>-- '''sem raduzar''' || ''piano''<br>-- ''player piano''<br>-- ''grand piano''<br>-- ''keyboard'' |- | '''reduzar''' || ''clavichord'' |- | '''riduzar''' || ''harpsichord'' |- | '''ruduzar'''<br>-- '''mufyeg ruduzar'''<br>-- '''maka ruduzar''' || ''organ''<br>-- ''pipe organ''<br>-- ''electric organ'' |- | '''ryoduzar''' || ''accordion'' |- | '''ryaduzar''' || ''dulcimer'' |- | '''ryeduzar''' || ''calliope'' |- | '''ryiduzar''' || ''melodica'' |- | '''ryuduzar''' || ''concertina'' |- ! colspan=2 | Guitar &#x1f3b8; |- | '''baduzar'''<br>-- '''seuxa baduzar'''<br>-- '''maka baduzar'''<br>-- '''yoba baduzar''' || ''guitar''<br>-- ''accoustic guitar''<br>-- ''electric guitar''<br>-- ''bass guitar'' |- | '''beduzar''' || ''banjo'' |- | '''biduzar''' || ''lute'' |- | '''buduzar''' || ''harp'' |- | '''byoduzar''' || ''mandolin'' |- | '''byaduzar''' || ''ukelele'' |- | '''byeduzar''' || ''zither'' |- | '''byiduzar''' || ''lyre'' |- | '''byuduzar''' || ''cithara, kithara'' |- | '''baloduzar''' || ''sitar'' |- | '''baladuzar''' || ''veena'' |- | '''baleduzar''' || ''koto'' |- | '''baliduzar''' || ''balalaika'' |- | '''baluduzar''' || ''charango'' |- | '''balyoduzar''' || ''hurdy-gurdy'' |} ==== Voice Ranges ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Voice Ranges (Deuz nabyani) |- ! Mirad !! English !! Meaning |- ! colspan=3 | Women |- | '''yabdeuztoyb''' || ''soprano'' || "high-voice-female" |- | '''zeyabdeuztoyb''' || ''mezzo-soprano'' || "high-ish-voice-female" |- | '''yobdeuztoyb''' || ''alto, contralto'' || "low-voice-female" |- ! colspan=3 | Men |- | '''yabdeuztwob''' || ''tenor'' || "high-voice-male" |- | '''ze-yabdeuztwob''' || ''baritone'' || "middle-high-voice-male" |- | '''yobdeuztwob''' || ''bass''||"low-voice-male" |- | '''vyo-yabdeuztwob''' || ''falsetto'' || "false-high-voice-male" |- ! colspan=3 | Boys |- | '''yabdeuztwobet''' || ''treble'' || "high-voice-boy" |} : Suffix these nouns with '''-a''' to make them adjectives, eg.: ::* '''His se <u>yabdeuztwoba</u> duznod.'''....''This is a <u>tenor</u> note.'' ==== Solmization Syllables ==== : The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Solmization Syllables |- | '''do''' || '''re''' || '''mi''' || '''fa''' || '''sol''' || '''la''' || '''ti''' || '''do''' |} ==== Musical Score Elements ==== [[File:Gigault-dernier-kyrie-mm9-12.png|thumb]] : The semitone or accidental symbols are: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Accidentals |- ! ENGLISH NAME !! SYMBOL !! MIRAD NAME !! ENGLISH EXAMPLE !! MIRAD EXAMPLE || MIRAD PRONUNCIATION |- | ''flat'' || <big>&#x1D12C;</big>|| '''yobwa''' (=''lowered'')|| ''B flat'' || '''B yobwa''' || '''ba YOBwa''' |- | ''sharp'' || <big>&#x1D130;</big> || '''yabwa''' (=''raised'')|| ''C sharp'' || '''C yabwa''' || '''ca YABwa''' |- | ''natural'' || <big>&#x1D12E;</big> || '''egxwa''' (=''normalized'')|| ''F natural'' || '''F egxwa''' || '''fe EGxwa''' |} : Some staff notation: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Staff Notation |- ! English Name !! Symbol !! Mirad Name |- | ''staff'' || <big>&#x1D119;</big> || '''nuidyan''' |- | ''treble clef, G clef'' || <big>&#x1D11E;</big> || '''G yijar''' |- | ''C clef'' || <big>&#x1D121;</big> || '''C yijar''' |- | ''base clef, F clef'' || <big>&#x1D122;</big> || '''F yijar''' |- | ''note'' || || '''nod''' |- | ''half note'' || <big>&#x1D15E;</big> || '''eyna nod''' |- | ''quarter note'' || <big>&#x1D15F;</big> || '''uyna nod''' |- | ''whole note'' || <big>&#x1D15D;</big> || '''ayna nod''' |- | ''quarter rest'' || <big>&#x1D13D; </big> || '''uyna poys''' |- | ''eighth note'' || <big>&#x1D160; </big> || '''yiyna nod''' |- | ''bar, measure'' || <big>&#x1D100;</big> || '''nodzyan''' |- | ''ligature'' || || '''yanxus''' |} ==== Characteristic Features of Music ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Characteristic Features of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''deup'''||'' beat'' |- |'''seupan'''||'' cadence'' |- |'''jes'''||'' duration'' |- |'''zoyteuz'''||'' echo'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||'' harmony'' |- |'''duzneg'''||''pitch'' |- |'''ijduzneg'''||'' key'' |- |'''druz'''||'' lyric'' |- |'''agala duzmus'''||'' major scale'' |- |'''duznag'''||'' measure'' |- |'''duznad'''||'' melody'' |- |'''duzjob''' ||''tempo'' |- |'''nak'''||'' meter'' |- |'''ogala duzmus'''||'' minor scale'' |- |'''duz'''||'' music'' |- |'''yinig'''||'' octave'' |- |'''byexes'''||'' pulse'' |- |'''zoyseuzen'''||'' resonance'' |- |'''deupyan'''||'' rhythm'' |- |'''duzmus'''||'' scale'' |- |'''duzdreyn'''||'' score'' |- |'''seux'''||'' sound'' |- |'''duzigan'''||'' tempo'' |- |'''seuzvolz'''||'' timbre'' |- |'''seuz'''||'' tone'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||''chord, harmonic'' |- |'''aybseuz'''||''overtone'' |- |'''deuzunog'''||'' tune'' |- |'''deuz'''||'' voice'' |- |'''seuxnid'''||'' volume'' |} ==== Dynamics ==== : Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left ''as is'' in Mirad. : These include: <div style="background:lightyellow; font-style:italics"> : <i>a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo</i>, and others. </div> ==== Types of Arrangements ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Arrangements ! English !! Mirad |- |''a capella song''||'''a kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzari''' |- |''anthem''||'''fizdeuzun, tezdeuzun''' |- |''antiphon''||'''duiddeuzun''' |- |''aria''||'''arya, awat deuzun''' |- |''arrangement''||'''napbeyn''' |- |''art song''||'''tuz deuz''' |- |''ballad''||'''daz deuz, ifonkex deuzun''' |- |''battle hymn''||'''dropek deuzun''' |- |''bird song''||'''pat deuzun''' |- |''broadway song''||'''Broadway deuzun''' |- |''campfire song''||'''tamoftem deuzun''' |- |''cantata''||'''kantata''' |- |''canticle''||'''efyadeuzun''' |- |''carol''||'''ivdeuzun''' |- |''chant''||'''yagdeuzun''' |- |''choral arrangement''||'''deuzutyan napxeyn''' |- |''Christmas carol''||'''Kristtaj ivdeuzun''' |- |''classical song''||'''visauna deuzun''' |- |''composition''||'''duzdrun''' |- |''concerto''||'''koncerto''' |- |''country song''||'''odom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzun''' |- |''dance song''||'''daz deuzun''' |- |''dirge''||'''uvdeuzun''' |- |''ditty''||'''deuzog''' |- |''doggerel verse''||'''dizdeuzun''' |- |''drinking song''||'''tilien deuzun''' |- |''duet''||'''ewat (deuzun)''' |- |''folksong''||'''tyoyd deuzun''' |- |''glee''||'''Gebama deuzun''' |- |''gospel song''||'''fyadin deuzun''' |- |''hip hop song''||'''hip hop deuzun''' |- |''hit song''||'''agakus deuzun''' |- |''hymn''||'''fyadeuzun ''' |- |''instrumental''||'''duzarun''' |- |''jingle''||'''nundeuzunog''' |- |''karaoke song''||'''karaoke deuzun''' |- |''love song''||'''ifon deuzun''' |- |''lullaby''||'''tudet deuzun''' |- |''lute song''||'''riduzar deuzun''' |- |''madrigal''||'''duzuka deuzun''' |- |''marching song''||'''doptyopen deuzun''' |- |''medley''||'''ebmulxwa deuzyan''' |- |''metal song''||'''mug deuzun''' |- |''musical number''||'''duzun''' |- |''old standard''||'''ajdeuzun''' |- |''opera''||'''dyuz, dyuzun''' |- |''oratorio''||'''oratoryo''' |- |''paean''||'''akrun deuzun''' |- |''partsong''||'''gon deuzun''' |- |''patter song''||'''deuzig''' |- |''pop song''||'''tyoda deuzun''' |- |''psalm''||'''afyadeuzun''' |- |''rock song''||'''rok deuzun''' |- |''round''||'''zoydea deuzun''' |- |''sea shanty''||'''mim deuz''' |- |''show tune''||'''duez deuzun''' |- |''signature song''||'''ujak deuzun''' |- |''slow jam''||'''bluz deuzun''' |- |''soliloquy''||'''awat, awat deuzun''' |- |''solo''||'''awat (duzun), awat (deuzun)''' |- |''song''||'''deuzun''' |- |''spiritual, negro spiritual''||'''topa deuzun''' |- |''sporting song''||'''tapifek deuzun''' |- |''symphony''||'''viduzunyag''' |- |''theme song''||'''texzena deuz''' |- |''torch song''||'''ifonok uvdeuzun''' |- |''vaudeville song''||'''Vaudeville deuzun''' |- |''Wienerlied''||'''Viena deuzun''' |} ==== Musicians ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musicians ! English !! Mirad |- |''musician''||'''duzut, duztoyb, duzuyt, duztwob''' |- |''instrumentalist''||'''duzarut''' |- |''violinist''||'''aduzarut''' |- |''conductor''||'''duzdeb''', '''duzutyaneb''' |- |''soloist''||'''anduzut''' |- |''singer, vocalist''||'''deuzut''' |- |''danseur''||'''dyaztwob''' |- |''ballerina''||'''dyazuyt, dyaztoyb''' |- |''dancer''||'''dazut, dazuyt''' |- |''opera singer''||'''dyuzut, dyuzuyt''' |- |''operatist, librettist''||'''dyuzdrut''' |- |''composer''||'''duzdrut''' |- |''lyricist, songwriter''||'''deuzdrut''' |- |''dance conductor''||'''dazeb''' |- |''(symphony) orchestra''||'''duzarutyan''' |- |''philharmonic orchestra''||'''duzarutyanag''' |- |''chorus, chorale'' ||'''deuzutyan''' |- |''dance troupe''||'''dazutyan''' |} ==== Song Parts ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Song Parts ! Mirad !! English |- |'''ujgon'''||''coda'' |- |'''ijgon'''||''intro'' |- |'''ebek'''||''interlude'' |- |'''ijek'''||''finale'' |- |'''gawijun'''||''reprise'' |- |'''gawdeuzun'''||''refrain'' |- |'''agalduznad'''||''theme'' |- |'''nadyan'''||''verse'' |- |'''zeymep'''||''bridge'' |- |'''gawdwas'''||''chorus'' |- |'''ujnadyan'''||''outro'' |} ==== Music Genres ==== : Some genres and styles of music: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Genres of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''a kapella, boy duzari'''||''a capella'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''ambiant'' |- |'''Usoma tyoyduz'''||''American folk'' |- |'''Usoma egona duz'''||''American standard'' |- |'''yizejna'''||''avant garde'' |- |'''Baroka'''||''Baroque'' |- |'''yolza vab'''||''bluegrass'' |- |'''bluz'''||''blues'' |- |'''Bolliwud'''||''Bollywood'' |- |'''bossa nova'''||''bossa nova'' |- |'''kalipso'''||''calypso'' |- |'''Kelta yagdeuz'''||''Celtic chant'' |- |'''Canima tyoyduz'''||''Chinese folk'' |- |'''Canima ajutbyena dyuz'''||''Chinese traditional opera'' |- |'''jejoba deupyan ay bluz'''||''contemporary R&B'' |- |'''maima bluz'''||''country blues'' |- |'''maima duz'''||''country music'' |- |'''maima pop'''||''country pop'' |- |'''maima rap'''||''country rap'' |- |'''maima rok'''||''country rock'' |- |'''dazam pop'''||''dancehall pop'' |- |'''disko'''||''disco'' |- |'''du-wop'''||''doo-wop'' |- |'''maka dauz'''||''electronic dance music (EDM)'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''elevator music'' |- |'''Euma disko'''||''Euro-disco'' |- |'''jwayeka'''||''experimental'' |- |'''flamenko'''||''flamenco'' |- |'''funk'''||''funk'' |- |'''Gregoria yagdeuz'''||''Gregorian chant'' |- |'''hip-hop'''||''hip-hop'' |- |'''honki-tonk'''||''honky-tonk'' |- |'''hyusuna rok'''||''Indie rock'' |- |'''jaz'''||''jazz'' |- |'''makjaz'''||''jazztronica'' |- |'''juju'''||''juju'' |- |'''fyaxela duz'''||''liturgical music'' |- |'''majika'''||''majika'' |- |'''mamo'''||''mambo'' |- |'''merengwe'''||''merengue'' |- |'''mesitzo'''||''mesitzo'' |- |'''mug'''||''metal'' |- |'''Mixuma duz'''||''Mexican'' |- |'''seuz bi Naxvil'''||''Nashville sound'' |- |'''Ejna Orleans bluz'''||''New Orleans blues'' |- |'''dyuz'''||''opera'' |- |'''rancera'''||''ranchera'' |- |'''rap'''||''rap'' |- |'''rege'''||''reggae'' |- |'''deupyan ay blus, ro-ay-ba'''||''rhythm & blues'' |- |'''rok-ay-rol'''||''rock & roll'' |- |'''salsa'''||''salsa'' |- |'''samba'''||''samba'' |- |'''ska'''||''ska'' |- |'''galoduzaruta duz'''||''steel band music'' |- |'''swing'''||''swing'' |- |'''Tehano'''||''Tejano'' |- |'''eyntuj duz'''||''trance music'' |- |'''Zumera visauna'''||''Western classical'' |- |'''Zumeryena'''||''Western'' |- |'''zideko'''||''zydeco'' |} === Geographic Placenames === : As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants. ==== Countries of the World ==== [[File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Johnson's new chart of national emblems, 1868.jpg|thumb|]] Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter '''m''' is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.: : Example 1: : ''Burundi'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI. ::* ''BDI'' is lowercased to ''bdi'' ::* '''b''' is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell '''ba'''. ::* Since ''d'' is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: '''d'''. ::* The vowel ''i'' is left as is: '''i''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''badim''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Badim''' ::* BDI (Burundi) = '''Badim'''. : Example 2: : ''Uzbekistan'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB. ::* ''UZB'' is lowercased to ''uzb'' ::* '''u''' is left as is: '''u'''. ::* '''z''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''zu''' ::* '''b''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''ba''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''uzubam''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Uzubam''' ::* UZB (Uzbekistan) = '''Uzubam'''. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Country Names (click on arrows to sort a column) ! ISO !! English !! Mirad |- | ABW || ''Aruba''||'''Abawum''' |- | AFG || ''Afghanistan''||'''Afegem''' |- | AGO || ''Angola''||'''Agom''' |- | AIA || ''Anguilla''||'''Aiam''' |- | ALA || ''[[w:Åland|Åland Islands]]''||'''Alam''' |- | ALB || ''Albania''||'''Alibam''' |- | AND || ''Andorra''||'''Anidam''' |- | ANT || ''Netherlands Antilles''||'''Anitom''' |- | ARE || ''United Arab Emirates''||'''Arem''' |- | ARG || ''Argentina''||'''Arogem''' |- | ARM || ''Armenia''||'''Aromim''' |- | ASM || ''American Samoa''||'''Asomim''' |- | ATA || ''Antarctica''||'''Atam''' |- | ATF || ''French Southern Territories''||'''Atofem''' |- | ATG || ''Antigua and Barbuda''||'''Atogem''' |- | AUS || ''Australia''||'''Ausom''' |- | AUT || ''Austria''||'''Autom''' |- | AZE || ''Azerbaijan''||'''Azem''' |- | BDI || ''Burundi''||'''Badim''' |- | BEL || ''Belgium''||'''Belim''' |- | BEN || ''Benin''||'''Benim''' |- | BFA || ''Burkina Faso''||'''Bafam''' |- | BGD || ''Bangladesh''||'''Bagedam''' |- | BGR || ''Bulgaria''||'''Bagerom''' |- | BHR || ''Bahrain''||'''Baherom''' |- | BHS || ''[[w|The Bahamas|Bahamas]]''||'''Bahesom''' |- | BIH || ''Bosnia and Herzegovina''||'''Bihem''' |- | BLM || ''Saint Barthélemy''||'''Balimim''' |- | BLR || ''Belarus''||'''Balirom''' |- | BLZ || ''Belize''||'''Balizum''' |- | BMU || ''Bermuda''||'''Bamum''' |- | BOL || ''Bolivia''||'''Bolim''' |- | BRA || ''Brazil''||'''Baram''' |- | BRB || ''Barbados''||'''Barobam''' |- | BRN || ''[[w:Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]]''||'''Baronim''' |- | BTN || ''Bhutan''||'''Batonim''' |- | BVT || ''Bouvet Island''||'''Bavutom''' |- | BWA || ''Botswana''||'''Bawam''' |- | CAF || ''Central African Republic''||'''Cafem''' |- | CAN || ''Canada''||'''Canim''' |- | CCK || ''Cocos Islands''||'''Cacakim''' |- | CHE || ''Switzerland''||'''Cahem''' |- | CHL || ''Chile''||'''Cahelim''' |- | CHN || ''[[w:People's Republic of China|China]]''||'''Cahenim''' |- | CIV || ''Côte d'Ivoire''||'''Civum''' |- | CMR || ''Cameroon''||'''Camirom''' |- | COD || ''Democratic Republic of the Congo''||'''Codam''' |- | COG || ''Republic of the Congo''||'''Cogem''' |- | COK || ''Cook Islands''||'''Cokim''' |- | COL || ''Colombia''||'''Colim''' |- | COM || ''Comoros''||'''Comim''' |- | CPV || ''Cape Verde''||'''Capovum''' |- | CRI || ''Costa Rica''||'''Carim''' |- | CUB || ''Cuba''||'''Cubam''' |- | CXR || ''Christmas Island''||'''Caxurom''' |- | CYM || ''Cayman Islands''||'''Cayumim''' |- | CYP || ''Cyprus''||'''Cayupom''' |- | CZE || ''Czechia''||'''Cazem''' |- | DEU || ''Germany''||'''Deum''' |- | DJI || ''Djibouti''||'''Dajim''' |- | DMA || ''Dominica''||'''Damam''' |- | DNK || ''Denmark''||'''Danikim''' |- | DOM || ''Dominican Republic''||'''Domim''' |- | DZA || ''Algeria''||'''Dazam''' |- | ECU || ''Ecuador''||'''Ecum''' |- | EGY || ''Egypt''||'''Egeyum''' |- | ERI || ''Eritrea''||'''Erim''' |- | ESH || ''Western Sahara''||'''Esohem''' |- | ESP || ''Spain''||'''Esopom''' |- | EST || ''Estonia''||'''Esotom''' |- | ETH || ''Ethiopia''||'''Etohem''' |- | FIN || ''Finland''||'''Finim''' |- | FJI || ''Fiji''||'''Fejim''' |- | FLK || ''Falkland Islands (Malvinas)''||'''Felikim''' |- | FRA || ''France''||'''Feram''' |- | FRO || ''Faroe Islands''||'''Ferom''' |- | FSM || ''Federated States of Micronesia''||'''Fesomim''' |- | GAB || ''Gabon''||'''Gabam''' |- | GBR || ''United Kingdom''||'''Gebarom''' |- | GEO || ''Georgia''||'''Geom''' |- | GGY || ''Guernsey''||'''Gegeyum''' |- | GHA || ''Ghana''||'''Geham''' |- | GIB || ''Gibraltar''||'''Gibam''' |- | GLP || ''Guadeloupe''||'''Gelipom''' |- | GMB || ''Gambia''||'''Gemibam''' |- | GNB || ''Guinea-Bissau''||'''Genibam''' |- | GNQ || ''Equatorial Guinea''||'''Geniqom''' |- | GRC || ''Greece''||'''Gerocam''' |- | GRD || ''Grenada''||'''Gerodam''' |- | GRL || ''Greenland''||'''Gedolim''' |- | GTM || ''Guatemala''||'''Getomim''' |- | GUF || ''French Guiana''||'''Gufem''' |- | GUM || ''Guam''||'''Gumim''' |- | GUY || ''Guyana''||'''Guyum''' |- | HKG || ''Hong Kong''||'''Hekigem''' |- | HMD || ''Heard Island and McDonald Islands''||'''Hemidam''' |- | HND || ''Honduras''||'''Henidam''' |- | HRV || ''Croatia''||'''Herovum''' |- | HTI || ''Haiti''||'''Hetim''' |- | HUN || ''Hungary''||'''Hunim''' |- | IDN || ''Indonesia''||'''Idanim''' |- | IMN || ''Isle of Man''||'''Iminim''' |- | IND || ''India''||'''Inidam''' |- | IOT || ''British Indian Ocean Territory''||'''Iotom''' |- | IRL || ''Republic of Ireland''||'''Irolim''' |- | IRN || ''Iran''||'''Ironim''' |- | IRQ || ''Iraq''||'''Iroqom''' |- | ISL || ''Iceland''||'''Isolim''' |- | ISR || ''Israel''||'''Isorom''' |- | ITA || ''Italy''||'''Itam''' |- | JAM || ''Jamaica''||'''Jamim''' |- | JEY || ''Jersey''||'''Jeyum''' |- | JOR || ''Jordan''||'''Jorom''' |- | JPN || ''Japan''||'''Jiponim''' |- | KAZ || ''Kazakhstan''||'''Kazum''' |- | KEN || ''Kenya''||'''Kenim''' |- | KGZ || ''Kyrgyzstan''||'''Kigezum''' |- | KHM || ''Cambodia''||'''Kihemim''' |- | KIR || ''Kiribati''||'''Kirom''' |- | KNA || ''Saint Kitts and Nevis''||'''Kinam''' |- | KOR || ''[[w:South Korea|Korea, Republic of]]''||'''Korom''' |- | KWT || ''Kuwait''||'''Kiwutom''' |- | LAO || ''Laos''||'''Laom''' |- | LBN || ''Lebanon''||'''Libanim''' |- | LBR || ''Liberia''||'''Libarom''' |- | LBY || ''Libya''||'''Libayum''' |- | LCA || ''Saint Lucia''||'''Licam''' |- | LIE || ''Liechtenstein''||'''Liem''' |- | LKA || ''Sri Lanka''||'''Likam''' |- | LSO || ''Lesotho''||'''Lisom''' |- | LTU || ''Lithuania''||'''Litum''' |- | LUX || ''Luxembourg''||'''Luxum''' |- | LVA || ''Latvia''||'''Livam''' |- | MAC || ''[[W:Macau|Macao]]''||'''Macam''' |- | MAF || ''Saint Martin''||'''Mafem''' |- | MAR || ''Morocco''||'''Marom''' |- | MCO || ''Monaco''||'''Micom''' |- | MDA || ''Moldova''||'''Midam''' |- | MDG || ''Madagascar''||'''Midagem''' |- | MDV || ''Maldives''||'''Midavum''' |- | MEX || ''Mexico''||'''Mexum''' |- | MHL || ''Marshall Islands''||'''Mihelim''' |- | MKD || ''Republic of Macedonia''||'''Mikidam''' |- | MLI || ''Mali''||'''Milim''' |- | MLT || ''Malta''||'''Militom''' |- | MMR || ''Myanmar''||'''Mimirom''' |- | MNE || ''Montenegro''||'''Minem''' |- | MNG || ''Mongolia''||'''Minigem''' |- | MNP || ''Northern Mariana Islands''||'''Minipom''' |- | MOZ || ''Mozambique''||'''Mozum''' |- | MRT || ''Mauritania''||'''Mirotom''' |- | MSR || ''Montserrat''||'''Misorom''' |- | MTQ || ''Martinique''||'''Mitoqom''' |- | MUS || ''Mauritius''||'''Musom''' |- | MWI || ''Malawi''||'''Miwim''' |- | MYS || ''Malaysia''||'''Miyusom''' |- | MYT || ''Mayotte''||'''Miyutom''' |- | NAM || ''Namibia''||'''Namim''' |- | NCL || ''New Caledonia''||'''Nicalim''' |- | NER || ''Niger''||'''Nerom''' |- | NFK || ''Norfolk Island''||'''Nifekim''' |- | NGA || ''Nigeria''||'''Nigam''' |- | NIC || ''Nicaragua''||'''Nicam''' |- | NOR || ''Norway''||'''Norom''' |- | NIU || ''Niue''||'''Nium''' |- | NLD || ''Netherlands''||'''Nilidam''' |- | NPL || ''Nepal''||'''Nipolim''' |- | NRU || ''Nauru''||'''Nirum''' |- | NZL || ''New Zealand''||'''Nizulim''' |- | OMN || ''Oman''||'''Ominim''' |- | PAK || ''Pakistan''||'''Pakim''' |- | PAN || ''Panama''||'''Panim''' |- | PCN || ''Pitcairn Islands''||'''Pocanim''' |- | PER || ''Peru''||'''Perom''' |- | PHL || ''Philippines''||'''Pohelim''' |- | PLW || ''Palau''||'''Poliwum''' |- | PNG || ''Papua New Guinea''||'''Ponigem''' |- | POL || ''Poland''||'''Polim''' |- | PRI || ''Puerto Rico''||'''Porim''' |- | PRK || ''North Korea''||'''Porikim''' |- | PRT || ''Portugal''||'''Porotom''' |- | PRY || ''Paraguay''||'''Poroyum''' |- | PSE || ''Palestinian territories''||'''Posem''' |- | PYF || ''French Polynesia''||'''Poyufem''' |- | QAT || ''Qatar''||'''Qatom''' |- | REU || ''Réunion''||'''Reum''' |- | ROU || ''Romania''||'''Roum''' |- | RUS || ''Russia''||'''Rusom''' |- | RWA || ''Rwanda''||'''Rowam''' |- | SAU || ''Saudi Arabia''||'''Saum''' |- | SDN || ''Sudan''||'''Sodanim''' |- | SEN || ''Senegal''||'''Senim''' |- | SGP || ''Singapore''||'''Sogepom''' |- | SGS || ''South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands''||'''Sogesom''' |- | SHN || ''Saint Helena''||'''Sohenim''' |- | SJM || ''Svalbard and Jan Mayen''||'''Sojimim''' |- | SLB || ''Solomon Islands''||'''Solibam''' |- | SLE || ''Sierra Leone''||'''Solem''' |- | SLV || ''El Salvador''||'''Solivum''' |- | SMR || ''San Marino''||'''Somirom''' |- | SOM || ''Somalia''||'''Somim''' |- | SPM || ''Saint Pierre and Miquelon''||'''Sopomim''' |- | SRB || ''Serbia''||'''Sorobam''' |- | STP || ''São Tomé and Príncipe''||'''Sotopom''' |- | SUR || ''Suriname''||'''Surom''' |- | SVK || ''Slovakia''||'''Sovukim''' |- | SVN || ''Slovenia''||'''Sovunim''' |- | SWE || ''Sweden''||'''Sowem''' |- | SWZ || ''Swaziland''||'''Sowuzum''' |- | SYC || ''Seychelles''||'''Soyucam''' |- | SYR || ''Syria''||'''Soyurom''' |- | TCA || ''Turks and Caicos Islands''||'''Tocam''' |- | TCD || ''Chad''||'''Tocadam''' |- | TGO || ''Togo''||'''Togom''' |- | THA || ''Thailand''||'''Toham''' |- | TJK || ''Tajikistan''||'''Tojikim''' |- | TKL || ''Tokelau''||'''Tokilim''' |- | TKM || ''Turkmenistan''||'''Tokimim''' |- | TLS || ''East Timor''||'''Tolisom''' |- | TON || ''Tonga''||'''Tonim''' |- | TTO || ''Trinidad and Tobago''||'''Totom''' |- | TUN || ''Tunisia''||'''Tunim''' |- | TUR || ''Turkey''||'''Turim''' |- | TUV || ''Tuvalu''||'''Tuvum''' |- | TWN || ''Taiwan''||'''Towunim''' |- | TZA || ''Tanzania''||'''Tozam''' |- | UGA || ''Uganda''||'''Ugam''' |- | UKR || ''Ukraine''||'''Ukirom''' |- | UMI || ''United States Minor Outlying Islands''||'''Umim''' |- | URY || ''Uruguay''||'''Uroyum''' |- | USA || ''United States''||'''Usam''' |- | UZB || ''Uzbekistan''||'''Uzubam''' |- | VAT || ''Vatican City''||'''Vatom''' |- | VCT || ''Saint Vincent and the Grenadines''||'''Vucatom''' |- | VEN || ''Venezuela''||'''Venim''' |- | VGB || ''British Virgin Islands''||'''Vugebam''' |- | VIR || ''United States Virgin Islands''||'''Virom''' |- | VNM || ''Vietnam''||'''Vunimim''' |- | VUT || ''Vanuatu''||'''Vutom''' |- | WLF || ''Wallis and Futuna''||'''Wulifem''' |- | WSM || ''Samoa''||'''Wusomim''' |- | YEM || ''Yemen''||'''Yemim''' |- | ZAF || ''South Africa''||'''Zafem''' |- | ZMB || ''Zambia''||'''Zumibam''' |- | ZWE || ''Zimbabwe''||'''Zuwem''' |} : The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker '''a''', eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''France'' ==> '''Ferama'''....''French'' ::* '''Usam'''....''United States'' ==> '''Usama'''....''American'' ::* '''Deum'''....''Germany'' ==> '''Deuma'''....''German'' : The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final '''m''' of the placename to '''t''' (meaning person), eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferat'''....''a French person, a Frenchman'' : The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg: ::* '''Ferat'''....''a French person'' ==> '''ha Ferati'''....''the French'' ::* '''Etohet'''....''an Ethiopian'' ==> '''Etohwat'''....''an Ethiopian male'' ::* '''Finit'''....''a Finn'' ==> '''Finiyt'''....''a Finnish woman'' : Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: '''Ferama''' refers to the country of ''France'', not the language ''French''. ''French'' the language is '''Ferad.''' ==== Continents ==== [[File:Continental models.gif|thumb]] : The word for ''continent'' in Mirad is '''yanmel''' (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word '''yanmel''' with vectorial prefixes. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Continent Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Ayanmal''' || ''North America'' |- | '''Oyanmel''' || ''South America'' |- | '''Iyanmel''' || ''Asia'' |- | '''Uyanmel''' || ''Europe'' |- | '''Eyanmel''' || ''Africa'' |- | '''Yoyanmel''' || ''Oceania'' |} : The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing '''-a''': :* '''Iyanmela'''....''Asian'' :* '''Uyanmela'''....''European'' : By appending '''-t(i)''' to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants: :* '''Eyanmelat'''....''an African'' :* '''Ayanmelati'''....''North Americans'' : Note: <div style="background: lightyellow"> :* The ''Americas'' is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word '''Aoyanmel''' (a combination of North and South America). :* ''Central America'' is expressed in Mirad by '''Zea Aoyanmel''' (''Central America'') :* The word '''Usam''' means ''United States of America'' or ''USA''. The word ''America'' by itself is not used in Mirad; only ''North America'' or ''South America''. :* The word '''Usamati''' is used for ''Americans'' when referring to inhabitants of the U.S. :* The word '''Ayanmelati''' is used to refer to North Americans (U.S. and Canada). :* The word '''Eyanmel-Usamat''', or more briefly, '''Eusamat''' is used for ''African American''. :* ''Latin America'' is expressed as '''Liada Oyanmel'''. :* ''A Latino, Latina, or Latinx'' in the U.S. is called '''Liadwut, Liaduyt, or Liadut'''. :* In some geographic systems, '''Ausom'''....''Australia'' is considered a continent. </div> : The word for ''island'' is '''yonmel''' (= ''separate land''). An islander is '''yonmelat'''. ==== Oceans ==== : The Mirad word for ocean is '''mimag'''. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word '''mimag''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Ocean Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Amimag''' || ''Arctic Ocean'' |- | '''Omimag''' || ''Southern Ocean'' |- | '''Imimag''' || ''Pacific Ocean'' |- | '''Umimag''' || ''Atlantic Ocean'' |- | '''Emimag''' || ''Indian Ocean'' |} ==== Compass Directions and Poles ==== : The compass directions ('''merizoni''') and poles ('''mernodi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamer'''....''north'' / '''zamera'''....''northern'' / '''zamernod'''....''north pole'' ::* '''zomer'''....''south'' / '''zomera'''....''southern'' / '''zomernod'''....''south pole'' ::* '''zimer'''....''east'' / '''zimera'''....''eastern'' ::* '''zumer'''....''west'' / '''zumera'''....''western'' : The words '''Yibzamer'''....''Arctic'' and '''Yibzomer'''...''Antarctic(a)'' both use the prefix '''yib'''....''far''. : Prefixing the directions with '''iz-'''....''due-'' yields: ::* '''iz zamer'''....''due north'' ::* '''iz zomer'''....''due south'', etc. : Directional words can be hybridized, eg: ::* '''zaomera'''....''north-south'' ::* '''zuimera'''....''east-west'' ::* '''zaumera'''....''north-west'' ::* '''zaimera'''....''north-east'' ==== Earth Grid Lines ==== : The earth grid lines ('''mernadi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamernad'''....''Arctic Circle'' ::* '''zomernad'''....''Antarctic Circle'' ::* '''zaomernad'''....''longitude'' ::* '''zuimernad'''....''latitude'' ::* '''zemernad'''....''equator'' :::* '''abzemernad'''....''Tropic of Capricorn'' :::* '''obzemernad'''....''tropic, Tropic of Cancer'' ::::* '''yizobzemernad'''....''subtropic'' ::* '''eymernad'''....''meridian'' ::* '''mamnad'''....''horizon'' ::* '''aonada'''....''vertical'' ::* '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' ::* '''zyenada'''....''perpendicular'' ==== Languages of the World ==== [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|thumb|]] : Mirad names of languages are based on either: ::* the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or: ::* the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php|Library of Congress ISO639-2 Codes]]. : If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final '''m''' or the country name with '''d'''. For example, '''Enigem''' (''England''), becomes '''Eniged''' (''English''). See [[Mirad_Grammar#Countries of the World|Countries of the World]]. : If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and '''d''' is suffixed to the word. A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel. For example, '''ba''' + '''e''' becomes '''be'''. :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Mirad Language Names |- ! ISO Language Name !! Country or ISO Code !! Mirad Language Name |- | Abkhazian || abk || '''Abakid''' |- | Afar || aar || '''Aarod''' |- | Afrikaans || '''Zafem'''....''South Africa'' || '''Zafed''' |- | Akan || aka || '''Akad''' (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka) |- | Albanian || '''Alibam'''....''Albania'' || '''Alibad''' |- | Amharic || amh || '''Amihed''' |- | Arabic || ara || '''Arad''' |- | Aragonese || arg || '''Aroged''' |- | Armenian || '''Aromim''' || '''Heyud''' |- | Assamese || asm || '''Asomid''' |- | Avaric || ava || '''Avad''' |- | Avestan || ave || '''Aved''' |- | Aymara || aym || '''Ayumid''' |- | Azerbaijani || '''Azem'''....''Azerbaijan'' || '''Azed''' |- | Bambara || bam || '''Bamid''' |- | Bashkir || bak || '''Bakirod''' |- | Basque || baq || '''Baqod''' |- | Belarusian || '''Balirom'''....''Belarusia'' || '''Balirod''' |- | Bengali || '''Bagedim'''....''Bangladesh'' || '''Bagedid''' |- | Bislama || bis || '''Bisod''' |- | Bosnian || '''Bihem'''....''Bosnia'' || '''Bihed''' |- | Breton || bre || '''Bared''' |- | Bulgarian || '''Bagerom'''....''Bulgaria'' || '''Bagerod''' |- | Burmese || '''Mimirom'''....''Miyanmar'' || '''Mimirod''' |} ...and so on... : The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing '''-a''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''(the) English (language)'' ==> '''Enigeda'''....''(in the) English (language)'' ::* '''Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.'''....''This English language document is incomprehensible.'' : The language names can be verbalized with the addition of '''-der'''....''to say'', '''-daler'''....''to speak'', and '''-xer'''....''to translate into'', eg: ::* '''Ferad'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferader'''....''to say in French'' ::* '''Esopod'''....''Spanish'' ==> '''Esopodaler'''....''to speak Spanish'' ::* '''Arad'''....''Arabic'' ==> '''Aradxer'''....''to Arabicize/translate into Arabic'' ::* '''Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.'''....''French has many Anglicizations.'' : The speaker of a language is created by adding '''-ut''' or '''-alut''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''English'' ==> '''Enigedut (or) Enigedalut'''....''English speaker'' ::* '''Duven et Enigedale?'''....''Do you speak English?'' ::* '''Aradu hia dun.'''....''Say this word in Arabic.'' ::* '''At se Itadut/Itadalut.'''....''I am a speaker of Italian.'' : Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Language Variants |- ! Variation Category !! Example |- | '''Ajna'''....''Old/Ancient'' || '''Ajna Eniged'''....''Old English, Anglo-Saxon'' |- | '''Ejoba'''....''Modern'' || '''Ejoba Perod'''....''Modern Persian, Farsi'' |- | '''Visauna'''....''Classical'' || '''Visauna Gerocad'''....''Classical Greek'' |- | '''Vyirina'''....''Puristic'' || '''Vyirina Gerocad'''....''Katharevousa (Puristic Greek)'' |- | '''Tyoda'''....''Vulgar/Popular/Demotic'' || '''Tyoda Latod'''....''Vulgar Latin''<br>'''Tyoda Gerocad'''....''Demotic Greek'' |- | '''Fyaxela'''....''Liturgical'' || '''Fyaxela Hebad'''....''Liturgical Hebrew'' |- | '''Fyadyesa'''....''Biblical'' || '''Fyadyesa Hebad'''....''Biblical Hebrew'' |- | '''Egona'''....''Standard'' || '''Ejoba Egona Arad'''....''Modern Standard Arabic'' |- | '''Egema'''....''Egyptian'' || '''Egema Arad'''....''Egyptian Arabic'' |- | '''Usoma'''....''American'' || '''Usoma Eniged'''....''American English'' |} : There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself. ::* '''Mirad'''....''Mirad'' ('''Mir'''....''world'') ::* '''Meurad'''....''Martian'' ('''Meur'''...''Mars'') ::* ''Celtic'', which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called '''Celid''' in Mirad. ::* ''Indo-European'', with the code "ine", translates to '''Inied''' in Mirad. ==== Cities and Their Residents ==== : Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in '''-a''' or '''-yena'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Cities and Their Residents |- ! City !! Adjective !! Inhabitant |- | '''Paris'''....''Paris'' || '''Paris<u>yena</u>'''....''Parisian'' || '''Paris<u>at</u>'''....''Parisian'' |- | '''Ejna York'''....''New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>a</u>'''....''of New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>at</u>'''....''New Yorker'' |- | '''Rom'''....''Rome'' || '''Rom<u>a</u>'''....''Roman'' || '''Rom<u>at</u>'''....''Roman'' |- | '''Beijing'''....''Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>a</u>'''....''of Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>at</u>'''....''resident of Beijing'' |- | '''Berlin'''....''Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>a</u>'''....''from Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>at</u>'''....''Berliner'' |} : Examples: :* '''Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.'''....''Berlin citizens are called Berliners.'' :* '''Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.'''....''Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.'' === Playing Cards Notation === : The playing card suits and prime denominations are: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Playing Card Suits |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''tiib''' || ''heart''|| <big>{{cards|h}}</big> |- | '''melukar''' || ''spade''|| <big>{{cards|s}}</big> |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond''|| <big>{{cards|d}}</big> |- | '''infayeb''' || ''club''|| <big>{{cards|c}}</big> |} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ High Cards plus the Joker |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''Az bi tiibi''' || ''ace of hearts''||[[File:Simple_h_a.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edweb bi melukari'''||''king of spades''||[[File:Simple_s_k.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edeyb bi amezi'''||''queen of diamonds''||[[File:Simple_d_q.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Yuxtwobet bi infayebi''' || ''jack of clubs''||[[File:Simple_c_j.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''hihiduut''' || ''joker''|| [[File:Simple_jk_b.svg|40px|thumb]] |} : Some useful terms: ::* '''eker drafi'''....''to play cards'' ::* '''zyabuer ha drafi'''....''to deal the card'' ::* '''ebnapxer ha drafi'''....''to shuffle the cards'' ::* '''goler ha nyan'''....''to cut the deck'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to fold'' ::* '''durer'''....''to bid'' ::* '''lokoxer draf'''....''to turn over a card'' ::* '''lokoxer ota tuyab'''....''to show one's hand'' ::* '''abnabxer'''....''to trump'' ::* '''ekdrafnyan'''....''deck of cards'' ::* '''nab'''....''suit'' ::* '''joper nab'''...''to follow suit'' ::* '''kyesdraft'''....''wild card'' ::* '''abnaba draf'''....''trump card'' ::* '''ha yannas'''....''the pot'' ::* '''ha nax'''....''the ante'' ::* '''yaber ha nax'''....''to up/raise the ante'' === Chess Piece Nomenclature === {{chess diagram | tright | |= 8 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= 7 |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= 6 | | | | | | | | |= 5 | | | | |pd| | | |= 4 | | | | |pl|pl| | |= 3 | | | | | | | | |= 2 |pl|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|= 1 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= a b c d e f g h | The King's Gambit }} : The game of chess is called '''xahifek''' in Mirad. : The chess pieces ('''xahifek goyni''') are as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Chess Piece Names |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''edweb''' || ''king'' || [[File:Chess_klt45.svg|thumb|30px]] |- | '''edeyb''' || ''queen'' || [[File:Chess_qlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''efyaxeb''' || ''bishop'' || [[File:Chess_blt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''apetaput''' || ''knight'' || [[File:Chess_nlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''tamaz''' || ''rook'' || [[File:Chess_rlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''melyexut''' || ''pawn'' || [[File:Chess_plt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |} : Some chess terms: ::* ''to checkmate''....'''xahtojber''' ::* ''Check!''....''Xah!'' ::* ''Checkmate!''....'''xahtoj!''' ::* ''chess board''....'''xahifek seym, xahifek drof''' ::* ''to move a piece''....'''paxer goun''' ::* ''to capture a piece''....'''pixler goun''' ::* ''chess clock''....'''xahifek jwobar''' ::* ''chess set''....''xahifek gounyan'' ::* ''chess tournament''....'''xahifekanyan''' ::* ''chess player''....'''xehifekut''' ::* ''my turn''....'''ata nayb''' ::* ''score''....'''aoksag''' ::* ''world champion''....'''miraklut''' === Botanical Nomenclature === : The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the [https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy|international Linnaean taxonomy]. ==== Base Names ==== : So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words: ::* '''fab'''....trees :::* '''feb'''....''fruits and nuts'' ::* '''fayb'''....''vines and shrubs'' :::* '''feyb'''....''berries'' ::* '''vob'''....''crops'' ::* '''vol'''....''vegetables'' ::* '''veel'''....''legumes and beans'' ::* '''vos'''....''flowers'' ==== Specific Names ==== : To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, ''pine'' tree is rendered as '''pifab'''. The '''pi''' prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees ''<u>Pi</u>naceae''. The '''fab''' ending applies to all trees. To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. ''cedar tree'' is '''<u>ce</u>pifab''' from ''Pianaceae <u>Ce</u>drus''. A ''cedar of Lebanon'' is '''<u>li</u>cepifab''' from the more specific ''Pinaceae Cedrus <u>li</u>bani''. : By constructing botanical terms this way, all pine trees can be listed by searching for all names ending in '''pifab'''. [[File:171 Magnolien.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ '''Basic Botanical Terms''' |- |valign=top|'''fob'''....''plant''||valign=top|'''vob'''....''crop''||valign=top|'''vol'''....''vegetable''||valign=top|'''vos'''....''flower'' |- |valign=top|'''fab'''....''tree''<br>'''fayeb'''....''leaf''<br>'''faob'''....''wood''<br>'''fayob'''....''bark''||valign=top|'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''vayob'''....''peel''|| ||'''vosayeb'''....''petal''<br>'''vosayob'''....''sepal'' |- |valign=top|'''feb'''....''fruit/nut''||valign=top|'''veb'''....''ear/tuft''<br>'''veeb'''....''seed''<br>'''veeyb'''....''grain''||valign=top|'''veel'''....''legume''||'''voseb'''....''capitulum'' |- |valign=top|'''fib'''....''trunk''||valign=top|'''vib'''....''stem'' || || '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' |- |valign=top|'''fub'''....''branch''||valign=top|'''vub'''....''blade''<br>'''vulob'''....''thorn'' || || |- |valign=top|'''fyob'''....''root''||valign=top|'''vyob'''....''tuber'' || || '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' |} ===== Product Names ===== : Products derived from plants are formed with the following words: ::* '''-fel'''....''juice (from a pome)'' ::* '''-feel'''....''-ade'' ::* '''-feyl'''....''juice (from a berry)'' ::* '''-fil'''....''alcoholic drink/cider'' ::* '''-fyel'''....''oil/jam/syrup'' ::* '''-fyeyl'''....''jelly'' ::* '''-fol'''....''grounds/powder'' ::* '''-fayel'''....''leaf juice'' : Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Zoological_Nomenclature|Zoological Nomenclature]]. For example, an ''apple'' is from the <u>Ro</u>saceae family of trees, the genus being ''<u>Ma</u>lus''. So the word for ''apple'' becomes '''marofeb'''. ''Apple tree'' is '''marofab''' and ''apple juice'' is '''marofel'''. Thus, ''apple cider'' is '''marofil'''. ===== Crops ===== : Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base '''vob''' with taxonomic syllables. [[File:Usdaemmer1.jpg|thumb|]] : The base words of this group are: ::* '''-vob'''....''crop'' ::* '''-vab'''....''grass'' ::* '''-vayeb'''....''leaf'' ::* '''-veb'''....''ear, cob, head, spike, tuft'' ::* '''-veeb'''....''seed, germ'' ::* '''-veel'''....''bean, legume'' ::* '''-veeyb'''....''grain, kernel, pip'' ::* '''-vib'''....''stem'' ::* '''-vub'''....''blade, sprig, twig'' ::* '''-vyob'''....''tuber'' ::* '''-vel'''....''edible product'' ::* '''-vil'''....''drinkable product, beer'' ::* '''-vyel'''....''syrup'' ::* '''-vol'''....''vegetable'' : From the above base words are derived these products, among others: ::* '''sakol'''....''sugar'' < '''sakvob'''....''sugarcane'' ::* '''povel'''....''bread'' < '''povob'''....''cereal'' ::* '''zepovyel'''....''corn syrup, corn oil'' < '''zepovob'''....''corn'' ::* '''zepovil'''....''whiskey, bourbon'' ::* '''sepovil'''....''rye whiskey'' < '''zepovob'''....''rye'' ::* '''povil'''....''beer'' ::* '''epovil'''....''ale'' ::* '''avpovob mekil'''....''oatmeal'' < '''avpovob'''....''oat'' ::* '''orpovob zyiglal'''....''rice cake'' < '''orpovob'''....''rice'' ::* '''mekuvol'''....''melon'' ===== Vegetables and Legumes ===== : Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base '''vol''' (''vegetable'') or '''veel''' (''legume, bean'') with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy. Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks. [[File:Hrushikesh kulkarni vegetables.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Vegetables |- ! Edible Crop !! Taxonomy |- ! colspan=2| LEGUMES: EDIBLE SEEDS |- |'''faveel'''....''bean'' || ''Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris'' |- |'''lensfaveel'''....''lentil'' || ''Fabaceae Lens culinaris'' |- |'''glifaveel'''....''soybeen'' || ''Fabaceae Glycine max'' |- |'''vigfaveel'''....''black-eyed pea'' || ''Fabaceae Faseolus vigna unguiculata'' |- ! colspan=2 | Vegetables: Berries/Fruits |- |'''lisovol'''....''tomato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum'' |- |'''mesovol'''....''eggplant'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum melongena'' |- |'''perlawvol'''....''avocado'' || ''Lauraceae Persea americana'' |- |'''sakuvol'''....''cucumber'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''akapsovol'''....''chili pepper'' || ''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra'' || ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- ! colspan=2 |bulbs |- |'''amalvol'''....''leek'' || ''Allium ampeloprasum'' |- |'''cepalvol'''....''onion'' || ''Allium cepa'' |- |'''alkalvol'''....''shallot'' || ''Alium ascalonicum'' |- |'''satalvol'''....''garlic'' || ''Allium sativum'' |- |'''zinvol'''....''ginger'' || ''Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale'' |- |'''skoynalvol'''....''chive'' || ''Allium Schoenoprasum'' |- |'''foynapvol'''....''fennel'' || ''Apiaceae Phoenix dactylifera'' |- ! colspan=2 | melons/gourds |- |'''kuvol'''....''squash, gourd''|| ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita'' |- |'''makuvol'''....''pumpkin'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima'' |- |'''mekuvol'''....''melon, honeydew, cantaloupe'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melon'' |- |'''cikuvol'''....''watermelon'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus'' |- |'''pekuvol'''....''zucchini'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo'' |- ! colspan=2 | Tubers/Root Vegetables |- |'''tusovol'''....''potato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum'' |- |'''betamvol'''....''beet, beetroot'' || ''Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris'' |- |'''rafbravol'''....''radish''|| ''Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus'' |- |'''kadawapvol'''....''carrot''||''Apiaceae Daucus carota'' |- |'''nabravol'''....''turnip''|| ''Brassica napus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''pasavol'''....''parsnip'' ||''Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa'' |- |'''eskolaravol'''....''taro'' ||''Araceae Colocasia esculenta'' |- |'''divol'''....''yam'' ||''Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea'' |- ! colspan=2| Leafy/Flowering Vegetables |- |'''bravol'''....''cabbage'' || ''Brassicaceae'' |- |'''botrolbravol'''....''cauliflower''||''Brassica oleracea botrytis'' |- |'''gemolbravol'''....''Brussels sprouts''|| ''Brassica oleracea gemmifera'' |- |'''valkavol'''....''corn salad, lamb's lettuce''|| ''Caprifocilaceae Valerianella locusta'' |- |'''lakasvol'''....''lettuce''|| ''Asteraceae Lactuta sative'' |- |'''spinamvol'''....''spinach'' || ''Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea'' |- |'''rupolivol'''....''sorrel''|| ''Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa'' |- |'''tarasvol'''....''mustard greens''|| ''Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale'' |- |'''itolbravol'''....''broccoli''|| ''Brassica Oleracea italica'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra''|| ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- |'''petapvol'''....''parsley''|| ''Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum'' |- |'''basoclamvol'''....''basil''|| ''Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum'' |- |'''orlamvol'''....''thyme''|| ''Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare'' |- |'''encivol'''....''chicory, endive''|| ''Cichorium endivia'' |- |'''nasbravol'''....''watercress''|| ''Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale'' |- |'''korapvol'''....''coriander''|| ''Apiaceae Coridandrum sativum'' |- ! colspan=2 | Stalks |- |'''aspavol'''....''asparagus''|| ''Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis'' |- |'''gravapvol'''....''celery''|| ''Apiaceae Apium graveolens'' |- |'''rewmpolivol'''....''rhubarb''|| ''Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum'' |- |'''kurzinvol'''....''turmeric''|| ''Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa'' |- |'''kokarvol'''....''heart of palm, swamp cabbage''|| ''Arecaceae Cocos'' |- |'''cimpovol'''....''lemongrass''|| ''Poaceae Cymbopogon'' |} ==== Common Flower Names ==== [[File:Madeira-flowers hg.jpg|thumb|]] ===== Flower Parts ===== : Flower names are built on the base name '''vos''', meaning ''flower''. First, here is a list of flower parts: ::* '''vosayob'''....''sepal'' ::* '''vosayeb'''....''petal'' ::* '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' ::* '''veeybpexus'''....''stigma'' ::*'''vosij'''....''bud, flower bud'' ::* '''tooygon'''....''pistil'' ::* '''veeybyan'''....''pollen'' ::* '''twoogon'''....''stamen'' ::* '''twoogonyif'''....''filament'' ::* '''veeybyem'''....''anther'' ::* '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' ===== Flower Names ===== [[File:Tulipa suaveolens floriade to Canberra.jpg|thumb|]] : Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base '''vos''' that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples: : '''<u>som</u>pavos'''....''opium poppy'' (''<u>Pa</u>paver <u>som</u>niferum'') : '''<u>mag</u>vos'''....''magnolia'' (''<u>Mag</u>noliaceae Magnolia'') : '''<u>or</u>vos'''....''orchid'' (''<u>Or</u>chidaceae Orchis'') : '''<u>krokir</u>vos'''....''crocus'' (''<u>Ir</u>idaceae <u>Cro</u>cus'') : For a fuller list, see the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Flower_Words|Flower Words]]. === Computer Terminology === [[File:Generic-office-desktop2.svg|thumb]] : This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Computerese |- ! Mirad !! English |- |'''agna saibyan syaagir'''||''mainframe computer'' |- |'''absem syaagir'''||''desktop computer'' |- |'''agbanak'''||''byte'' |- |'''ajnexer'''||''to archive'' |- |'''amloagbanak'''||''megabyte'' |- |'''anay dyewa tax'''||''read-only memory, ROM'' |- |'''aota syaagir'''||''personal computer'' |- |'''aottuunyan'''||''profile'' |- |'''aoyebmeyp'''||''port'' |- |'''apaxler'''||''to swipe'' |- |'''aroagbanak'''||''kilobyte'' |- |'''baler buxnuf'''||''to press/hit a key'' |- |'''banak'''||''bit'' |- |'''agdresin kyoxea buxnuf'''||''caps lock key'' |- |'''buxnuf'''||''key'' |- |'''buxnufsemes'''||''keyboard'' |- |'''buxnufseym'''||''keypad'' |- |'''izeaxus'''||''cursor'' |- |'''byuxseym'''||''touchpad'' |- |'''datier'''||''to friend'' |- |'''dodrer ebdras'''||''to post a message'' |- |'''dota zeyn'''||''social medium'' |- |'''ebdrer'''||''to text'' |- |'''dreun'''||''document'' |- |'''dreuzyufer'''||''to scroll, pan'' |- |'''droer naab'''||''to delete a file'' |- |'''drou buxnuf'''||''delete key'' |- |'''drur'''||''printer'' |- |'''drurer naab'''||''to print out a file'' |- |'''drurer'''||''to print out'' |- |'''druru buxnuf'''||''print screen key'' |- |'''drurun'''||''a printout'' |- |'''dunexlar'''||''word processor'' |- |'''dyezier'''||''to take a movie'' |- |'''ebdayler'''||''to chat'' |- |'''ebdaylim'''||''chatroom'' |- |'''emojin'''||''emoji'' |- |'''ex buxnuf'''||''function key'' |- |'''exen vyaab'''||''operating system'' |- |'''extuundras'''||''program, application'' |- |'''extuundrasog'''||''app'' |- |'''extuundrasyan'''||''software'' |- |'''extuundrer'''||''to program'' |- |'''fuk'''||''bug'' |- |'''fukaya'''||''buggy'' |- |'''fukoyxer'''||''to debug'' |- |'''garalyoagbanak'''||''petabyte'' |- |'''gelxer naab'''||''to copy a file'' |- |'''googler'''||''to google'' |- |'''gyia kyos yebiar'''||''solid state drive, SSD'' |- |'''gyia zyiun yebiar'''||''cd drive'' |- |'''haydren dyun'''||''login name'' |- |'''haydrer bay tuyubbal'''||''to log in with one's fingerprint'' |- |'''haydrer'''||''to log in'' |- |'''hoydrer'''||''to log out'' |- |'''huisteaxar'''||''browser'' |- |'''kyeteaxer'''||''to browse'' |- |'''hyux buxnuf'''||''alt key'' |- |'''iber naab'''||''to receive a file'' |- |'''ila mez sinuar, IMS'''||''liquid crystal display, LDC'' |- |'''izbex buxnuf'''||''control key'' |- |'''izbexdrof'''||''motherboard'' |- |'''kliker ab'''||''click on'' |- |'''kodun'''||''password'' |- |'''gawdyunxer naab'''||''to rename a file'' |- |'''kyax buxnuf'''||''shift key'' |- |'''kyea yempuen tax'''||''random access memory, RAM'' |- |'''kyisier naab'''||''to download a file'' |- |'''kyisuer naab'''||''to upload a file'' |- |'''kyiunxar'''||''charger'' |- |'''kyiunxer'''||''to charge'' |- |'''lodatier'''||''to unfriend'' |- |'''makebdren'''||''email'' |- |'''makedrer'''||''to email'' |- |'''man-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOES'''||''LED'' |- |'''mansin dyes'''||''photo album'' |- |'''mis'''||''window'' |- |'''naab'''||''file'' |- |'''naedzyun'''||''trackball'' |- |'''nagonxar'''||''modem'' |- |'''neaf mansiniar'''||''web camera'' |- |'''nexer naab'''||''to save a file'' |- |'''num yibdalir'''||''cellphone'' |- |'''belyafwa syaagir'''||''laptop computer'' |- |'''oglagos'''||''microchip'' |- |'''gwoteexar'''||''microphone'' |- |'''omijber'''||''to boot up'' |- |'''omola tyep'''||''artificial intelligence, AI'' |- |'''gawomijber'''||''to reboot'' |- |'''paxer naab'''||''to move a file'' |- |'''paxyafwa yibdalir'''||''mobile phone'' |- |'''poxu zyumuf buxnuf'''||''scroll lock key'' |- |'''sagbexu buxnuf'''||''numlock key'' |- |'''sagseym'''||''number pad'' |- |'''sam'''||''console'' |- |'''saunapxer naab'''||''to sort a file'' |- |'''semes syaagir'''||''tablet computer'' |- |'''sindren semes'''||''graphics tablet'' |- |'''sindrenyan exlen aun'''||''graphics processing unit, GPU'' |- |'''sines'''||''icon'' |- |'''sinuar'''||''screen, display, monitor'' |- |'''syaager'''||''to compute'' |- |'''syaagir'''||''computer'' |- |'''syaagirdal'''||''computerese'' |- |'''syaagirtun'''||''computer science'' |- |'''syaagnyed'''||''spreadsheet'' |- |'''taam mays'''||''home screen'' |- |'''tampu buxnuf'''||''home key'' |- |'''sirmul'''||''hardware, physical matter'' |- |'''taxdrer'''||''to record'' |- |'''taxmuf'''||''memory stick'' |- |'''teataxdrer'''||''to video'' |- |'''teataxdrun'''||''video'' |- |'''tuunnabyan'''||''database'' |- |'''tuyab izdar'''||''mouse'' |- |'''uber naab'''||''to send a file'' |- |'''uinig buxnuf'''||''tab key'' |- |'''utmansin'''||''selfie'' |- |'''yaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD)'''||''HTML'' |- |'''yeber'''||''to enter, insert'' |- |'''yebu buxnuf'''||''enter key, return key, insert key'' |- |'''yiga zyiun yebiar'''||''hard disk drive, HDD'' |- |'''yijber naab'''||''to open a file'' |- |'''yujber naab'''||''to close a file'' |- |'''makmepdrof'''||''circuitboard'' |- |'''zea exlen aun'''||''central processing unit, CPU'' |- |'''zoynigxu buxnuf'''||''backspace key'' |- |'''zyiun yebiar'''||''disk drive'' |} === Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology === : This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages. ==== Medical Diseases ==== : Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg. ::* '''tiebalyoganbok'''....''asthma'' (lit: shortness of breath illness) ::* '''tiebbok'''....''pneumonia'' (lit: lung illness) ::* '''teibbok'''....''rhinitis'' (lit: nose illness) ::* '''tayibblok'''....''neuropathy'' (lit: nerve suffering) ::* '''tebbyoyk'''....''headache'' (lit: head ache) ::* '''teibzyegikanbok'''....''osteoporosis'' (lit: bone porosity illness) ==== Pharmaceuticals ==== : Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized. ::* '''aspirin'''....''aspirin'' ::* '''Ibupropen'''....''Ibupropen'' : Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose: ::* '''bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol'''....''analgesic, painkiller'' (Lit: pain reliever) ::* '''tikebilokxol'''....''emetic'' (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance) : Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see [https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn|International Nonproprietary Names]). For example, ''phenobarbital''. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ INN names pronunciation |- ! Greco-Roman<br>Spelling !! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | ch || '''k''' |- | ph || '''f''' |- | x || '''ks''' |- | y || '''i''' |- | qu || '''kw''' |- | rh || '''r''' |- | th || '''t''' |- | ae || '''ay''' |- | oe || '''oy''' |- | c before i, e, or y || '''c''' |- | c otherwise || '''k''' |- | final e || silent |- | double consonant || single consonant |} : Examples: ::* '''acetaminophen'''....''a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN'' ::* '''amphetamine'''....''am-fe-ta-MIN'' ::* '''trimethroprim'''....''tri-me-tro-PRIM'' ::* '''sulfamethoxazole'''....''sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL'' ::* '''oxacillin'''....''o-ksa-ci-LIN'' === Mineral and Crystal Nomenclature === : Minerals end in '''-muk''' with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see [[Wikipedia:List_of_mineral_symbols|The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols]]). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. For example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Some Mineral Names |- ! English!! IMA Symbol !! Mirad Spellings !! Mirad Name |- | ''argyrodyte'' || Agy || '''a-ge-yu''' || '''ageyumuk''' |- |''brochantyte'' || Bct || '''ba-ca-to''' || '''bacatomuk''' |- |''chromite'' || Chr || '''ca-he-ro''' || '''caheromuk''' |} : There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.: ::* ''Lemmleinite-K'' (Lem-k) is '''liemikomuk''' in Mirad. : Crystals end in '''-mez'''. The first part of the word is an enumeration. : The common crystals are listed here: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Names of Common Crystals |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''mez''' || ''crystal'' |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond'' |- | '''emez''' || ''topaz'' |- | '''imez''' || ''ruby'' |- | '''umez''' || ''emerald'' |- | '''yomez''' || ''sapphire'' |- | '''yamez''' || ''lapis lazuli'' |- | '''yemez''' || ''amethyst'' |- | '''yimez''' || ''amber'' |- | '''yumez''' || ''quartz'' |- | '''alomez''' || ''opal'' |- | '''alamez''' || ''tourmaline'' |- | '''alemez''' || ''garnet'' |- | '''alimez''' || ''zirconia'' |- | '''alumez''' || ''jasper'' |- | '''alyomez''' || ''jade'' |- | '''alyamez''' || ''marganite'' |} : Other, less common crystals end in '''-mez''' and are formed from the Wikipedia list of mineral symbols. : General words for earthen matter: :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' :* '''muz'''....''ore'' :* '''mug'''....''metal'' :* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :* '''meg'''....''rock, stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' :* '''mel'''....''soil'' :* '''meil'''....''mud'' :* '''mek'''....''dust'' :* '''miek'''....''sand'' :* '''mev'''....''porcelain'' :* '''mef'''....''brick'' ==== Rock Classification ==== : The naming of individual rock types is based on the [[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/download/bgs-rock-classification-scheme-igneous/| BGS Rock Classification Scheme ]]. : All rocks (other than the general word for ''rock'', '''meg''') end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type: ::* '''ameg'''....''sedimentary rock'' ::* '''emeg'''....''igneous rock'' ::* '''imag'''....''metamorphic rock'' : The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final ''e'' is dropped from names that end in ''yte'' or ''ite''. For example, ''trachydacite'' in the scheme becomes '''trachydacit''' in Mirad. This word is then followed by one of the rock types above ('''emeg''' ''igneous rock''). So ''trachydacite'' becomes '''trachydacitemeg''' in Mirad. For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary. :The word '''meg''' ''rock'' has some common derivatives: ::* '''megag'''....''boulder'' ::* '''meg'''....''stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' ::* '''megyel'''....''cement, asphalt, bitumen'' :::* '''megyelyig'''....''concrete'' ::* '''megil'''....''lava'' ::* '''meggos'''....''crag'' ::* '''megyig'''....''flintstone, basalt'' ::* '''meag'''....''marble'' ::* '''meeg'''....''slate'' ::* '''meig'''....''granite'' ::* '''meug'''....''clay, dough'' ::* '''meyog'''....''china'' ::* '''meyag'''....''chalk'' :::* '''meyaz'''....''pastel'' :::* '''meyayg'''....''calcite'' ::* '''meyeg'''....''limestone, sediment'' ::* '''meyig'''....''alabaster'' ::* '''meyug'''....''gypsum'' ::* '''mealog'''....''sandstone, stoneware'' ::* '''mameg'''....''coal'' :::* '''eymameg'''....''coke'' :::* '''maameg'''....''anthracite'' :::* '''maemeg'''....''peat'' :::* '''maimeg'''....''lignite'' : Related are: ::* '''mek'''....''dust'' :::* '''mekes'''....''grit'' :::* '''mekil'''....''grout'' :::* '''meyk'''....''grit'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder'' ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' ::* '''mieg'''....''coral'' ::* '''mel'''....''dirt'' ::* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''meil'''....''mud'' ::* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :::* '''meyz'''....''spar'' :::* '''meyzag'''....''feldspar'' ::* '''muz'''....''ore'' ::* '''memol'''....''alkali'' ::* '''mimol'''....''salt'' ::* '''mef'''....''brick'' === Metric Nomenclature === [[File:Conversion Factors.png|thumb|]] : Mirad uses the [[Wikt:International System of Units (SI)|International System of Units (SI)]]) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names ('''alpha''', '''gamma''', etc.) preceded with the word '''ag-''' if majuscule ('''aggamma''' for ''&Gamma;'') The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ''ohm'' (Ω) is '''agomega'''. All metric units end in the word '''nak'''. ==== SI Base Units ==== :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbeviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} ==== SI Derived Units ==== : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | B | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''agbanak''' |- | '''bit''' | align="center" | b | one bit of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ==== Convenient Non-SI Units ==== ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglinak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heabak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |} ==== Metrical Formulae ==== : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical <br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |} ==== Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes ==== : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for ''b'' (byte) is pronounced '''ba''' in Mirad. A terabyte ( ''Tb'') is therefore pronounced '''ag-to-ba''', which This amounts ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix<br><br>Mirad Pron. !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix !! SI Symbol<br><br>Mirad Pron. |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' ... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''<br>''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''<br>''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''<br>''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''<br>''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''<br>''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yoon-''' <br>''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''<br>''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yaon-'''<br>''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''<br>''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''<br>''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''<br>''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''<br>''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''<br>''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''<br>''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''<br>''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alo-'''<br>''deca-'' || ''da''<br>'''da-a-''' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci-''|| ''d''<br>'''da-''' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''<br>''hexa-'' || ''h''<br>'''hi-''' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi-''|| ''c''<br>'''ca-''' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''<br>''kilo-'' ||''k''<br>'''ki-''' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''<br>''milli-''|| ''m''<br>'''mi-''' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || ''M''<br>'''agmi-''' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-''|| ''r''<br>'''ro-''' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''<br>''giga-'' || ''G''<br>'''agge-''' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-''|| ''n''<br>'''ni-''' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || ''T''<br>'''agto-''' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-''|| ''p''<br>'''po-''' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ''P''<br>'''agpo-'''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-''||''f''<br>'''fe-''' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''<br>''exa-'' || ''E''<br>'''age-'''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''<br>''atto-''||''a''<br>'''a-''' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ''Z''<br>'''agzu-'''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''<br>''zepto-''||''z''<br>'''zu-''' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || '' Y''<br>'''agyu''' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''<br>''yocto-''||''y''<br>'''yu-''' |} : *Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. ==== Abbreviated Symbols ==== : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | Macro !! colspan=2 | Micro |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daage''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dage''' |- | ''hg'' (hexagram)|| '''hege''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cage''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''koge''' || ''mg'' (milligram) ||'''mige''' |- | ''Mg'' (megagram)|| '''agmige''' ||''rg'' or '''μg''' (microgram)|| '''roge''' or '''muge''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggege''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nige''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtoge''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''poge''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpoge''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fege''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agege''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''age''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzege''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zege''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyuge''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yuge''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* '''10 kg2'''....(pronounced as:) ''alo koge gar ewa'' ::* '''12 mm3'''....(pronounced as:) ''ale mimi gar iwa'' === Trigonometric Nomenclature === : This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by '''-naz''' (''value''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Trigonometry Functions |- ! Function (Symbol) !! Mirad Technical Name !! Mirad Ordinary Name |- | ''sine (sin)'' || '''soini-naz''' || '''uznaz''' |- | ''cosine (cos)'' || '''caoso-naz''' || '''yanuznaz''' |- | ''arccosine (arccos, cos^-1)''<br>''anticosine''<br>''inverse cosine''|| '''arocacaoso-naz''' || '''ovuznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic sine (sinh)'' || '''soinihe-naz'''|| '''enuza uznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic cosine (cosh)'' || '''caosohe-naz''' || '''enuza yanuznaz''' |- | ''secant (sec)'' || '''soeca-naz''' || '''golus naz''' |- | ''cosecant (csc)'' || '''casoca-naz''' || '''yangolus naz''' |- | ''arccosecant (arccsc)'' || '''arocacasoca-naz''' || '''enuza yangolus naz''' |} === Poetry Nomenclature === : Mirad uses the nonsense syllables '''di''' and '''da''' to form various poetic meter words that usually are formed with Greek words in English. The syllable '''di''' represents an ''unstressed'' syllable in verse, while the syllable '''da''' denotes a ''stressed'' syllable. These are hyphenated and followed with a space and the word '''deup''' as a noun, which means ''meter'' or ''rhythm''. The adjectival form of the word ends in '''deupa'''. Here are the most common poetic meters: ::* '''di-da deupa'''.... iambic :::* '''di-da yoondeup'''.... ''iambic pentameter'' ::* '''di-di-da deupa'''.... ''anapestic'' ::* '''di-da-da deupa'''.... ''bacchius'' ::* '''da-da deupa'''.... ''spondaic'' ::* '''da-da-da deupa'''.... ''molossus'' ::* '''da-da-di deupa'''.... ''antibacchius'' ::* '''da-di deupa'''.... ''tochaic'' :::* '''da-di deup'''.... ''trochee, choree'' ::* '''da-di-da deupa'''.... ''cretic, amphimacer'' ::* '''da-di-di deupa'''.... ''dactylic'' ::* '''da-di-di yaondeup'''.... ''dactylic hexameter'' ::* '''da-di-di-da deupa'''.... ''amphibrachic'' : Other words representing elements of poetry are: ::* '''drez'''....''poetry, verse'' :::* '''dreza'''....''poetic'' :::* '''drezyen'''....''poesy'' :::* '''drezyan'''....''anthology'' (of poetry) :::* '''drezut'''....''poet'' ::::* '''drezuyt'''....''poetess'' ::::* '''popdrezut'''....''minstrel'' ::::* '''Vikinga drezut'''....''skald'' ::::* '''dreuzut'''....''bard'' :::* '''odrez'''....''prose'' :::* '''vyasma drez'''....''concrete verse'' :::* '''tyoda drez'''....''folk poetry'' :::* '''indeupa drez'''....''trimeter'' :::* '''undeupa drez'''....''tetrameter'' :::* '''yoondeupa drez'''....''pentameter'' :::* '''yaondeupa drez'''....''hexameter'' :::* '''yendeupa drez'''....''heptameter'' :::* '''yindeupa drez'''....''octameter'' :::* '''ogelseuxwa drez'''....''blank verse'' :::* '''yiva drez'''....''free verse'' :::* '''drezun'''....''poem'' ::::* '''deuzwa drezun'''....''sung poem, lay'' ::::* '''dindrezun'''....''ballad'' ::::* '''dizdrezun'''....''limerick'' ::::* '''fiddrezun'''....''ode'' ::::* '''fizdrezun'''....''epic poem'' ::::* '''haikudrezun'''....''haiku'' ::::* '''viysindrezun'''....''idyll'' ::::* '''ifondrezun'''....''love poem, romantic poem'' ::::* '''indrezun'''....''terzain'' ::::* '''jodrezun'''....''epode'' ::::* '''yindrezun'''....''sistina'' ::::* '''klerihyudrezun'''....''clerihew'' ::::* '''meimdrezun'''....''pastoral'' ::::* '''melyexdrezun'''....''georgic'' ::::* '''petnyanuta drezun'''....''pastoral, eclogue'' ::::* '''popduzuta drezun'''....''troubadour poem'' ::::* '''rondodrezun'''....''rondeau, rondel, roundel'' ::::* '''seuz drezun'''....''sound poem'' ::::* '''tadyandrezun'''....''prothalamion, epithalamion'' ::::* '''tankadrezun'''....''tanka'' ::::* '''taxdrezun'''....''epitaph'' ::::* '''tuddrezun'''....''nursery rhyme'' ::::* '''ulondrezun'''....''sonnet'' ::::* '''ujdreznadeon'''....''envoi'' ::::* '''undrezun'''....''quatrain'' ::::* '''unnad drezun'''....''tetrastich'' ::::* '''uvdrezun'''....''elegy'' ::::* '''alyundrezun'''....''villanelle'' ::::* '''virelaydrezun'''....''virelai, virelay'' ::::* '''yizivtos drezun'''....''rhapsody'' ::::* '''yoondrezun'''....''quintain'' ::* '''dreznad'''....''line, -stich, verse'' :::* '''eyndreznad'''...''hemistich'' :::* '''endreznad'''....''couplet'' ::* '''dreznadyan'''....''stanza'' ::* '''gelseux'''....''rhyme'' :::* '''gelseuxyen'''....''rhyme scheme'' :::* '''dunija gelseuxen'''....''alliteration'' ::* '''seuxzoyxen'''....''assonance'' ::* '''geyldyan'''....''simile'' ::* '''yiztyun'''....''metaphor'' ::* '''yanseuzan'''....''consonance'' ::* '''deup'''....''rhythm, beat, metrical foot, meter'' ::* '''kyib'''....''stress'' ::* '''seuz'''....''tone'' === Dimensional Nomenclature === : This chart shows adjectives that describe dimensional relationships: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ Dimensional Words |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- | '''yaba'''....''high(er)'' || '''yeba'''....''inner'' || '''yoba'''....''low(er)'' |- | '''yaiba'''....''tall'' || '''yeiba'''....''deep inside'' || '''yoiba'''....''deep (down)'' |- | '''yauba'''....''short'' || '''yeuba'''....''a short way in'' || '''youba'''....''shallow'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || || '''yoga'''....''short'' |- | '''yiba'''....''far'' || || '''yuba'''....''near'' |- | '''aonada'''....''vertical'' || || '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- | '''kia'''....''diagonal'' || || '''kua'''....''lateral'' |- | '''zyia'''....''flat'' || || '''zyua'''....''round'' |- | '''yaza'''....''concave'' || '''yeza'''....''flush'' || '''yoza'''....''convex'' |} === Geologic Period Nomenclature === : The principal geochronologic units of the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest, are: :** '''joob'''....''eon'' :*** '''ajoob'''....''Hadean Eon'' :*** '''ejoob'''....''Archean Eon'' :*** '''ijoob'''....''Proterozoic Eon'' :*** '''ujoob'''....''Phanerozoic Eon'' :** '''joab'''....''era'' :*** '''ajoab'''....''Eoarchean Era'' :*** '''ejoab'''....''Paleoarchean Era'' :*** '''ijoab'''....''Mesoarchean Era'' :*** '''ujoab'''....''Neoarchean Era'' :*** '''yojoab'''....''Paleoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yajoab'''....''Mesoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yejoab'''....''Neoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yijoab'''....''Paleozoic Era'' :*** '''yujoab'''....''Mesozoic Era'' :*** '''alojoab'''....''Cenozoic Era'' :** '''joeb'''....''period'' :*** '''ajoeb'''....''Siderian Period'' :*** '''ejoeb'''....''Rhyacian Period'' :*** '''ijoeb'''....''Orosirian Period'' :*** '''ujoeb'''....''Statherian Period'' :*** '''yojoeb'''....''Calymmian Period'' :*** '''yajoeb'''....''Ectasian Period'' :*** '''yejoeb'''....''Stenian Period'' :*** '''yijoeb'''....''Tonian Period'' :*** '''yujoeb'''....''Cryogenian Period'' :*** '''alojoeb'''....''Ediacaran Period'' :*** '''alajoeb'''....''Cambrian Period'' :*** '''alejoeb'''....''Ordovician Period'' :*** '''alijoeb'''....''Silurian Period'' :*** '''alujoeb'''....''Devonian Period'' :*** '''alyojoeb'''....''Carboniferous Period'' :*** '''alyajoeb'''....''Permian Period'' :*** '''alyejoeb'''....''Triassic Period'' :*** '''alyijoeb'''....''Jurassic Period'' :*** '''alyujoeb'''....''Cretaceous Period'' :*** '''elojoeb'''....''Paleogene Period'' :*** '''elajoeb'''....''Neogene Period'' :*** '''elejoeb'''....''Quarternary Period'' :** '''joib'''....''epoch'' :*** '''ajoib'''....''Terreneuvian Epoch'' :*** '''ejoib'''....''Series 2 Epoch'' :*** '''ijoib'''....''Miaolingian Epoch'' :*** '''ujoib'''....''Furongian Epoch'' :*** '''yojoib'''....''Lower Epoch'' :*** '''yajoib'''....''Middle Epoch'' :*** '''yejoib'''....''Upper Epoch'' :*** '''yijoib'''....''Llandovery Epoch'' :*** '''yujoib'''....''Wenlock Epoch'' :*** '''alojoib'''....''Ludlow Epoch'' :*** '''alajoib'''....''Pridoli Epoch'' :** '''joub'''....''age'' :*** '''ajoub'''....''Fortunian Age'' :*** '''ejoub'''....''Stage 2 Age'' :*** '''ijoub'''....''Stage 3 Age'' :*** '''ujoub'''....''Stage 4 Age'' :*** '''yojoub'''....''Wulian Age'' :*** '''yajoub'''....''Drumian Age'' :*** '''yejoub'''....''Guzhangian Age'' :*** '''yijoub'''....''Paibian Age'' :*** '''yujoub'''....''Jianshanian Age'' :*** '''alojoub'''....''Stage 10 Age'' :*** '''alajoub'''....''Temadocian Age'' :*** '''alejoub'''....''Floian Age'' :*** '''alijoub'''....''Dapingian Age'' :*** '''alujoub'''....''Darriwilian Age'' :*** '''alyojoub'''....''Sandbian Age'' :*** '''alyajoub'''....''Katian Age'' :*** '''alyejoub'''....''Hirnantian Age'' :*** '''alyijoub'''....''Rhuddanian Age'' :*** '''alyujoub'''....''Aeronian Age'' :*** '''elojoub'''....''Telychian Age'' :*** '''elajoub'''....''Cheinwoodian Age'' :*** '''elejoub'''....''Homerian Age'' :*** '''elijoub'''....''Gorstian Age'' :*** '''elujoub'''....''Ludfordian Age'' :*** '''elyojoub'''....''Pridoli Age'' :*** '''elyajoub'''....''Lochkovian Age'' :*** '''elyejoub'''....''Pragian Age'' :*** '''elyijoub'''....''Emsian Age'' :*** '''elyujoub'''....''Eifelian Age'' :*** '''ilojoub'''....''Givetian Age'' :*** '''ilajoub'''....''Frasnian Age'' :*** '''ilejoub'''....''Famennian Age'' :*** '''ilijoub'''....''Tournaisian Age'' :*** '''ilujoub'''....''Visean Age'' :*** '''ilyojoub'''....''Serpukhovian Age'' :*** '''ilyajoub'''....''Bashkirian Age'' :*** '''ilyejoub'''....''Moscovian Age'' :*** '''ilyijoub'''....''Kasimovian Age'' :*** '''ilyujoub'''....''Gzhelian Age'' :*** '''ulojoub'''....''Asselian Age'' :*** '''ulajoub'''....''Sakmarian Age'' :*** '''ulejoub'''....''Artinskian Age'' :*** '''ulijoub'''....''Kungurian Age'' :*** '''ulujoub'''....''Roadian Age'' :*** '''ulyojoub'''....''Wordian Age'' :*** '''ulyajoub'''....''Capitanian Age'' :*** '''ulyejoub'''....''Wuchiapingian Age'' :*** '''ulyijoub'''....''Changhsingian Age'' :*** '''ulyujoub'''....''Induan Age'' :*** '''yolojoub'''....''Olenekian Age'' :*** '''yolajoub'''....''Anisian Age'' :*** '''yolejoub'''....''Ladnian Age'' :*** '''yolijoub'''....''Carnian Age'' :*** '''yolujoub'''....''Norian Age'' :*** '''yolyojoub'''....''Rhaetian Age'' :*** '''yolyajoub'''....''Hettangian Age'' :*** '''yolyejoub'''....''Sinemurian Age'' :*** '''yolyijoub'''....''Pliensbachian Age'' :*** '''yolyujoub'''....''Toarcian Age'' :*** '''yalojoub'''....''Aalenian Age'' :*** '''yalajoub'''....''Bajocian Age'' :*** '''yalejoub'''....''Bathonian Age'' :*** '''yalijoub'''....''Callovian Age'' :*** '''yalujoub'''....''Oxfordian Age'' :*** '''yalyojoub'''....''Kimmeridgian Age'' :*** '''yalyajoub'''....''Tithonian Age'' :*** '''yalyejoub'''....''Berriasian Age'' :*** '''yalyijoub'''....''Valanginian Age'' :*** '''yalyujoub'''....''Hauterivian Age'' :*** '''yelojoub'''....''Barremian Age '' :*** '''yelajoub'''....''Aptian Age '' :*** '''yelejoub'''....''Albian Age '' :*** '''yelijoub'''....''Cenomanian '' :*** '''yelujoub'''....''Turonian '' :*** '''yelyojoub'''....''Coniacian '' :*** '''yelyajoub'''....''Santonian '' :*** '''yelyejoub'''....''Campanian '' :*** '''yelyijoub'''....''Maastrichtian '' :*** '''yelyujoub'''....''Danian '' :*** '''yilojoub'''....''Selandian '' :*** '''yilajoub'''....''Thanetian '' :*** '''yilejoub'''....''Ypresian '' :*** '''yilijoub'''....''Lutetian '' :*** '''yilujoub'''....''Bartonian '' :*** '''yilyojoub'''....''Priaboanian '' :*** '''yilyajoub'''....''Rupelian '' :*** '''yilyejoub'''....''Chattian '' :*** '''yilyijoub'''....''Aquitanian '' :*** '''yilyujoub'''....''Burdigalian '' :*** '''yulojoub'''....''Langhian '' :*** '''yulajoub'''....''Serravallian '' :*** '''yulejoub'''....''Tortonian '' :*** '''yulijoub'''....''Messinian '' :*** '''yulujoub'''....''Zanclean '' :*** '''yulyojoub'''....''Piacenzian '' :*** '''yulyajoub'''....''Gelasian '' :*** '''yulyejoub'''....''Calabrian '' :*** '''yulyijoub'''....''Chibanian '' :*** '''yulyujoub'''....''Tarantian '' :*** '''asojoub'''....''Greenlandian '' :*** '''asajoub'''....''Northgrippian '' :*** '''asejoub'''....''Meghalayan '' === Names of Diacritics === : The Mirad words for diacritics (= accents) are based on the worldwide Unicode 4.0 standard. There are three kinds of diacritics based on where they are positioned relative to the base: ::* <b>aybsiyn</b>....<i>above mark</i> ::* <b>oybsiyn</b>....<i>below mark</i> ::* <b>absiyn</b>....<i>overlay mark</i> : The names are based on some common shapes: ::* <b>nod</b>....<i>dot</i> ::* <b>grun</b>....<i>hook</i> ::* <b>nad</b>....<i>line</i> ::* <b>kin</b>....<i>slash</i> ::* <b>vu</b>....<i>wedge</i> ::* <b>pyaon</b>....<i>wave</i> ::* <b>zyus</b>....<i>ring</i> ::* <b>uz</b>....<i>arch</i> ::* <b>zeymep</b>....<i>bridge</i> ::* <b>izmufseb</b>....<i>arrowhead</i> ::* <b>mar</b>....<i>star</i> : The above shapes can be modified by adjectives: ::* <b>kia</b>....<i>slanted</i> ::* <b>ao</b>....<i>vertical</i> ::* <b>yoga/yaga</b>....<i>short/long</i> ::* <b>en</b>....<i>double</i> ::* <b>yaba/yoba</b>....<i>up/down</i> ::* <b>zua/zia</b>....<i>left/right</i> ::* <b>oyvuzbwa</b>....<i>inverted</i> : Here is a chart listing the most common diacritics in the world's languages. (Note: Mirad does not use diacritics for its native words.) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;" |+ Mirad Names of Diacritics |- ! Diacritic !! Unicode<br>Value !! Mirad !! Unicode Name |- |<big><b>&#x0301;</b></big>|| 0301||<b> zukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zukin oybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030B;</b></big>|| 030B||<b> enzukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0317;</b></big>|| 0317||<b> zikin oybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030F;</b></big>|| 030F||<b> enzikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> zigrun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0327;</b></big>|| 0327||<b> zugrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>cedilla</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0328;</b></big>|| 0328||<b> zigrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>ogonek, nasal hook</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0302;</b></big>|| 0302||<b> yobvu aybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent, hat</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032D;</b></big>|| 032D||<b> yobvu oybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030C;</b></big>|| 030C||<b> vu aybsiyn</b>||<i>hachek, v above, caron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032C;</b></big>|| 032C||<b> vu oybsiyn</b>||<i>caron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0306;</b></big>|| 0306||<b> yabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0311;</b></big>|| 0311||<b> yobuz aybsin</b>||<i>inverted breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032F;</b></big>|| 032F||<b> yobuz oybsin </b>||<i>inverted breve below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0308;</b></big>|| 0308||<b> ennod aybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis above, double dot above, umlaut, trema</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0324;</b></big>|| 0324||<b> ennod oybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis below, double dot below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0307;</b></big>|| 0307||<b> nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above, overdot, tecka, tittle</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0323;</b></big>|| 0323||<b> nod oybsiyn</b>||<i>dot below, underdot, nang</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0351;</b></big>|| 0351||<b> zua eynzyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031C;</b></big>|| 031C||<b> zua eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia eynzyus aybsign</b>||<i>right half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0339;</b></big>|| 0339||<b> zia eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>right half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0305;</b></big>|| 0305||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>overline, overscore, vinculum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033F;</b></big>|| 033F||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double overline</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0332;</b></big>|| 0332||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>single lowline below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0333;</b></big>|| 0333||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double lowline, double underline, double underscore</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0304;</b></big>|| 0304||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>macron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0331;</b></big>|| 0331||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035E;</b></big>|| 935E||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron, longum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035F;</b></big>|| 035F||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030A;</b></big>|| 030A||<b> zyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>ring above, kroujek, overring</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0325;</b></big>|| 0325||<b> zyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032A;</b></big>|| 032A||<b> zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033A;</b></big>|| 033A||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0303;</b></big>|| 0303||<b> pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0342;</b></big>|| 0342||<b> yagpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek perispomeni</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0360;</b></big>|| 0360||<b> enpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>double tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0330;</b></big>|| 0330||<b> pyaon oybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032B;</b></big>|| 032B||<b> oyvuzbwa enuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted double arch below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033E;</b></big>|| 033E||<b> aonada pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical tilde, yerik</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031A;</b></big>|| 031A||<b> zua gun aybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> aonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> aonad oybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030E;</b></big>|| 030E||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033D;</b></big>|| 033D||<b> xu aybsiyn</b>||<i>x above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0353;</b></big>|| 0353||<b> xu oybsiyn</b>||<i>x below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033C;</b></big>|| 033C||<b> lapiat oybsiyn</b>||<i>seagull below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0310;</b></big>|| 0310||<b> nod ayb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>candrabindu</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0352;</b></big>|| 0352||<b> nod oyb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>fermata</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0314;</b></big>|| 0314||<b> zia grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma above, dasia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0326;</b></big>|| 0326||<b> zia grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0313;</b></big>|| 0313||<b> zua grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>reversed comma above, psili</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0320;</b></big>|| 0320||<b> gobsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>minus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031F;</b></big>|| 031F||<b> gabsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>plus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubay ge aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equals above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0349;</b></big>|| 0349||<b> zua gun oybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033B;</b></big>|| 033B||<b> ungun oybsiyn</b>||<i>square below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0334;</b></big>|| 0334||<b> Gereda nod-kin-nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek dialytika tonos</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia izmufseb aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x08F7;</b></big>|| 0356||<b> zia izmufseb ay yabizmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead and up arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0355;</b></big>|| 0355||<b> zia izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0354;</b></big>|| 0354||<b> zua izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>left arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0318;</b></big>|| 0318||<b> zua zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>left tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0319;</b></big>|| 0319||<b> zia zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>right tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031D;</b></big>|| 031D||<b> yob zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>up tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031E;</b></big>|| 031E||<b> yab zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>down tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0337;</b></big>|| 0337||<b> yoga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>short slash overlay, short solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0338;</b></big>|| 0338||<b> yaga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>long slash overlay, long solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0322;</b></big>|| 0322||<b> zoykixwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>retroflex hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0359;</b></big>|| 0359||<b> mar oybsiyn</b>||<i>asterisk below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035A;</b></big>|| 035A||<b> enzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>double ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0358;</b></big>|| 0358||<b> zinod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above right</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035C;</b></big>|| 035C||<b> enyabuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve below, ligature tie below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035D;</b></big>|| 035D||<b> enyabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0361;</b></big>|| 0361||<b> enyobuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double inverted breve, top ligature, tie bar</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035B;</b></big>|| 035B||<b> uiznad aybsiyn</b>||<i>zigzag above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0347;</b></big>|| 0347||<b> gese oybsiyn</b>||<i>equals sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubgese aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equal to above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0362;</b></big>|| 0362||<b> enziizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>double rightwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034E;</b></big>|| 034E||<b> yabizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>upwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> ziizmuf aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034A;</b></big>|| 034A||<b> opyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>not tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x037A;</b></big>|| 037A||<b> iota oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek ypogegrammeni, iota subscript</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0374;</b></big>|| 0374||<b> Gereda sag aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek numeral sign, dexia keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0375;</b></big>|| 0375||<b> Gereda sag oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek lower numeral sign, aristeri keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0651;</b></big>|| 0651||<b> xadda aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic shadda</i> |- |<big><b>&#x065E;</b></big>|| 065E||<b> fatha aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic fatha with two dots</i> |- |<big><b>&#x061A;</b></big>|| 061A||<b> kasra oybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic small kasra</i> |- |<big><b>&#x064C;</b></big>|| 064C||<b> damma aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic dammatan</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0652;</b></big>|| 0652||<b> sukun aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic sukun</i> |} === Grammar Terms === :*'''drevyab'''....''grammar'' :*'''dun'''....''word'' :*'''dyen'''....''phrase'' :*'''dyan'''....''sentence'' :** '''delyea'''....''declarative'' :** '''didyea'''....''interrogative'' :** '''azteudyea'''....''exclamatory'' :*'''dyangon'''....''clause'' :** '''agala dyangon'''....''main clause'' :** '''abyosyea dyangon'''....''dependent clause'' :** '''obdabyea dyangon'''....''subordinate clause'' :*'''anyendyen'''....''idiom'' :*'''dalzeyn'''....''language'' :*'''dalzeynes'''....''dialect'' :*'''dalyen'''....''locution'' :*'''dungon'''....''syllable'' :*'''dunog'''....''particle'' :*'''abun'''....''affix'' :** '''zabun'''....''prefix'' :** '''zobun'''....''suffix'' :** '''yebun'''....''infix'' :*'''kyid'''....''stress'' :*'''dredyen'''....''spelling, orthography'' :*'''seuxden'''....''pronunciation'' :*'''dalgon'''....''part of speech'' :**'''sundun'''....''noun'' :**'''avdun'''....''pronoun'' :**'''erdun'''....''verb'' :**'''adun'''....''adjective'' :**'''aydun'''....''adverb'' :**'''ebdun'''....''preposition'' :**'''yanxdun'''....''conjunction'' :**'''oybdun'''....''particle'' :**'''asaundun'''....''article, determiner'' :*'''jobyen'''....''tense'' :** '''eja'''....''present tense'' :** '''aja'''....''past tense'' :** '''oja'''....''future tense'' :** '''vensona'''....''conditional'' :* '''teagun'''....''aspect'' :** '''ikna'''....''perfect'' :** '''oikna'''....''imperfect'' :** '''zaypasyea'''....''progressive'' :*'''tipyen'''....''mood'' :** '''izeadyea'''....''indicative mood'' :** '''ovyamxwa'''....''subjunctive mood'' :*'''teuz'''....''voice'' :** '''axlyea'''....''active'' :** '''xolyea'''....''passive'' :** '''syundabea'''....''transitive'' :** '''osyundabea'''....''intransitive'' :** '''zyinzoyubea'''....''reflexive'' :*'''sankyas'''....''case'' :** '''syina'''....''nominative, subject'' :** '''bina'''....''genitive, possessive'' :** '''buna'''....''dative'' :** '''izsyuna'''....''accusative, direct object'' :** '''oizsyuna'''....''indirect object'' :** '''byina'''....''ablative'' :** '''dyuena'''....''vocative'' :*'''toob'''....''gender'' :** '''twooba'''....''masculine'' :** '''tooyba'''....''feminine'' :** '''evtwooba'''....''neuter'' :*'''sag'''....''number'' :** '''ansaga'''....''singular'' :** '''glasaga'''....''plural'' :*'''sagdun'''....''numeral'' == Forming Adjectives == : You can form an adjective by adding the suffix '''a''' to a substantive, any adverb not ending in '''-ay''', or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adjectives |- ! Noun !! Adjective |- | '''taam'''....''home'' || '''taama'''....''domestic'' |- | '''doob'''....''nation'' || '''dooba'''....''national'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''teja'''....''vital'' |- | '''tyoyapyaf'''....''ability to walk'' || '''tyoyapyafa'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''martun'''....''astronomy'' || '''martuna'''....''astronomical'' |- ! Pronoun !! Adjective |- | '''at'''....''I, me'' || '''ata'''....''my'' |- | '''eut'''....''yourself'' || '''euta'''....''your own'' |- | '''hiyen'''....''this kind'' || '''hiyena'''....''this kind of'' |- | '''duhot?'''....''who?'' || '''duhota?'''....''whose?'' |- ! Gerund !! Adjective |- | '''ifeken'''....''recreation'' || '''ifekena'''....''recreational'' |- ! Adverb !! Adjective |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiba'''....''distant'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaba'''....''high, upper'' |- ! Verb Form !! Adjective (= Participle) |- | '''teje'''....''(he) lives'' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- | '''tojo'''....''will die'' || '''tojoa'''....''moribund, about to die'' |- | '''tojbu'''....''would kill'' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- | '''twa'''....''was known'' || '''twaa'''....''known'' (usu. shortened to '''twa''') |} === Adjectival Suffixes === : Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just '''a'''. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Other Adjectives |- ! Suffix !! Meaning !! Noun !! Adjective |- ! rowspan=3|-ava !!rowspan=3| ''pro-, for'' !! !! |- | '''Usom'''<br>''U.S.'' || '''Usomava'''<br>''pro-U.S.'' |- | '''yuvrin'''<br>''slavery'' || '''yuvrinava'''<br>''pro-slavery'' |- ! rowspan=3|-ova !!rowspan=3| ''anti-, against'' !! !! |- | '''dobvyabyan'''<br>''constitution'' || '''dovyabyanova'''<br>''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''dot'''<br>''society'' || '''dotova'''<br>''anti-social'' |- ! rowspan=5|-aya !!rowspan=5| ''full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzaya'''<br>''colorful'' |- | '''futax'''<br>''resentment'' || '''futaxaya'''<br>''resentful'' |- | '''tiibil'''<br>''blood'' || '''tiibilaya'''<br>''bloody'' |- | '''yiflan'''<br>''courage'' || '''yiflanaya'''<br>''courageous'' |- ! rowspan=3|-oya !!rowspan=3| ''bereft of, -less, un-'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzoya'''<br>''colorless, pale'' |- | '''tajyaf'''<br>''talent'' || '''tajyafoya'''<br>''untalented'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ika !!rowspan=2| ''full of, -ous, -ful, -y'' !! !! |- | '''map'''<br>''wind'' || '''mapika'''<br>''windy'' |- ! rowspan=2|-uka !!rowspan=2| ''bereft of, without, -less'' !! !! |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasuka'''<br>''broke, penniless'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yena !! rowspan=4|''-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al'' !! !! |- | '''tudet'''<br>''child'' || '''tudetyena'''<br>''childish, infantile'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' || '''totyena'''<br>''divine, godly'' |- | '''pit'''<br>''fish'' || '''pityena'''<br>''fish-like, fishy'' |- ! rowspan=5|-wa or -awa !! rowspan=5|''-ed, past passive participle''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Past Passive Participle |- | '''t-'''<br>''know'' || '''twa'''<br>''known'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalwa'''<br>''spoken, oral'' |- | '''nixbu-'''<br>''sell'' || '''nixbuwa'''<br>''sold'' |- | '''dr-'''<br>''write'' || '''drawa'''<br>''written'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ea !!rowspan=4| ''-ing''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''ot-'''<br>''not know'' || '''otea'''<br>''ignorant'' |- | '''tej-'''<br>''live'' || '''tejea'''<br>''living, alive'' |- | '''tuj-'''<br>''die'' || '''tujea'''<br>''dying'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yea !!rowspan=5| ''-ive, prone to Xing, given to X''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''tujb-'''<br>''kill'' || '''tujbyea'''<br>''murderous'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texyea'''<br>''pensive, thoughtful'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyea'''<br>''forgetful'' |- | '''axl-'''<br>''act'' || '''axlyea'''<br>''active'' |- ! rowspan=5|-uwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, apt to be Xed''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Passive Participle |- | '''ex-'''<br>''operate'' || '''exuwa'''<br>''operable'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''feel'' || '''tosuwa'''<br>''palpable'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texuwa'''<br>''conceivable'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''teluwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yafa !!rowspan=3| ''-able, capable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafa'''<br>''sightful, able to see'' |- | '''dyed-'''<br>''read'' || '''dyedyafa'''<br>''literate'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yafwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, possible to be Xed''<br> (added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyafwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''telyafwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofa !!rowspan=5| ''incapable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' |- | '''tyoyap-'''<br>''walk'' || '''tyoyapyofa'''<br>''lame'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''dumb, incapable of speaking'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofwa !!rowspan=5| ''un-X-able'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''inaudible'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyofa'''<br>''unforgetable'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''unspeakable'' |- ! rowspan=6|-ifa !!rowspan=6| ''fond of, -phile'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''pot'''<br>''animal'' || '''potifa'''<br>''pet-friendly'' |- | '''hyitoob-'''<br>''same-gender'' || '''hyitoobifa'''<br>''homophile'' |- | '''tobot'''<br>''child'' || '''tobotifa'''<br>''pedophile'' |- | '''fitel'''<br>''food'' || '''fitelifa'''<br>''gourmand'' |- | '''doob'''<br>''nation'' || '''doobifa'''<br>''patriotic'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ifwa !!rowspan=2| ''loved by'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tyod'''<br>''people'' || '''tyodifwa'''<br>''popular'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ufa !!rowspan=4| ''adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tob'''<br>''human'' || '''tobufa'''<br>''misanthropic'' |- | '''hyut-'''<br>''other person'' || '''hyutufa'''<br>''xenophobic'' |- | '''toyb-'''<br>''woman'' || '''toybufa'''<br>''misogynist'' |- ! rowspan=5|-ef(w)a !!rowspan=5|''needful of,<br>(necessary to be X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''til'''<br>''drink'' || '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' |- | '''tel'''<br>''food'' || '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' |- | '''yelb-'''<br>''to oil'' || '''yelbefwa'''<br>''squeaky, in need of oil'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yef(w)a !!rowspan=4| ''worthy of,<br> due to be (deserving of being X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''fid'''<br>''praise'' || '''fidyefa'''<br>''praiseworthy'' |- | '''dud'''<br>''answer'' || '''dudyefa'''<br>''responsible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyefwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yuk(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''easy to, (easily X-ed)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyuka'''<br>''gullible'' |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyukwa'''<br>''incredible, hard to believe'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yik(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''hard to,<br>(hard of X-ing)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyikwa'''<br>''opaque'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyika'''<br>''hard of hearing'' |} === Adjectival Prefixes === ==== Negating the Meaning of Adjectives ==== ::: The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix '''o-'''. ::: Examples: ::::* '''vlea'''....''probable'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>vlea'''....''improbable'' ::::* '''fika'''....''perfect'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fika'''....''imperfect'' ::::* '''twa'''....''known'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>twa'''....''unknown'' ::::* '''bosa'''....''quiet'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>bosa'''....''upset, unquiet'' ::: Note: Occasionally, the prefix '''lo-''' is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case: ::::* '''fwa'''....''wanted'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fwa'''....''prohibited'' <big><</big> '''ofer'''....''to prohibit'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>yo</u>fwa'''....''impossible'' <big><</big> '''yofer'''....''to be unable'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>lo</u>fwa'''....''unwanted'' <big><</big> '''fer'''....''to want'' (disambiguated) ::: The prefixes '''lyo-''' and '''ov''' are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective: ::::* '''data'''....''friendly'' ::::* '''odata'''....''unfriendly'' ::::* '''ovdata'''....''hostile'' ::::* '''lyodata'''....''inimical'' ::::* '''dota'''....''social'' ::::* '''odota'''....''unsocial'' ::::* '''ovdota'''....''antisocial'' ::::* '''lyodota'''....''savage'' ==== Table of Adjective Prefixes ==== ::: As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones: :::{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes<br>Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column |- ! Mirad Prefix !! English Prefix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | '''o-''' || ''un-, a(n)-, in-, non-'' ||'''<u>o</u>baka'''....''unhealthy''<br>'''<u>o</u>yezyebeya'''....''incontinent'', '''<u>o</u>yelpea'''....''non-invasive''<br>'''<u>o</u>totina'''....''atheist'' |- |'''ov-''' || ''anti-, counter-'' || '''<u>ov</u>zuina'''....''anti-leftist''<br>'''<u>ov</u>iztida'''....''counter-intuitive'' |- |'''av-''' || ''pro-'' || '''<u>av</u>hyitoosifa'''....''pro-gay'' |- | '''kovyo-''' ||''pseudo-'' || '''<u>kovyo</u>tepina'''....''pseudo-intellectual'' |- | '''hya(s)-''' || ''all-, pan-, omni-'' || '''<u>hyas</u>tea'''....''all-knowing, omniscient'' |- | '''voy-, gal-''' || ''re-'' || '''<u>voy</u>upya'''....''returned''<br>'''<u>gal</u>abwa'''....''<u>re</u>applied'' |- | '''vyo-''' || ''mis-'' || '''<u>vyo</u>seudxwa'''....''mispronounced'' |- | '''eyn-''' || ''semi-, half-'' ||'''<u>eyn</u>levelaya'''....''semi-sweet''<br>'''<u>eyn</u>tija'''....''half-awake'' |- |'''yiz-''' || ''ultra-, super-'' || '''<u>yiz</u>doobina'''....''ultra-nationalist''<br>'''<u>yiz</u>mola'''....''supernatural'' |- | '''gro-''' || ''under-, hypo-'' || '''<u>gro</u>jaga'''....''under-aged'' |- | '''gra-''' || ''over-, hyper-, uber-'' || '''<u>gra</u>agxwa'''....''overgrown''<br>'''<u>gra</u>toseya'''....''hypersensitive'' |- | '''gla-''' ||''multi-, many-, poly-'' || '''<u>gla</u>kuma'''....''multilateral''<br>'''<u>gla</u>tadaya'''....''polygamous'' |- |'''fu-''' || ''mal-, ill-'' || '''<u>fu</u>teyenxwa'''....''ill-conceived''<br>'''<u>fu</u>sanxwa'''....''malformed'' |- | '''fi-''' || ''well-'' || '''<u>fi</u>tofabwa'''....''well-dressed'' |- | '''yuyb-''' ||''quasi-, almost'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>daba'''....''quasi-governmental'' |- | '''ja-''' || ''pre-, (a)fore-, pro-'' ||'''<u>ja</u>teyenxwa'''....''pre-conceived''<br>'''<u>ja</u>igdawa'''....''aformentioned'' |- | '''jo-''' || ''post-'' || '''<u>jo</u>dropeka'''....''post-war'' |- | '''oyeb-'''|| ''extra-, exo-, '' || '''<u>oyeb</u>tada'''....''extra-marital'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-'' || '''<u>yeb</u>tayoba'''....''endo-dermal'' |- | '''agl(a)-''' || ''macro-'' || '''<u>agla</u>mora'''....''macrocosmic'' |- | '''ogl(a)-''' || ''micro-'' || '''<u>ogla</u>mora'''....''microcosmic'' |- | '''ut-''' || ''auto-, self-, sui-'' || '''<u>ut</u>pana'''....''automatic''<br>'''<u>ut</u>tojbua'''....''suicidal'' |- | '''hyaewa-''' || ''ambi-'' || '''<u>hyaewa</u>tesea'''....''ambivalent'' |- | '''en-''' || ''bi-'' || '''<u>en</u>toobifa'''....''bisexual'' |- | '''yuz-''' || ''circum-'' || '''<u>yuz</u>teaxea'''....''circumspect'' |- | '''gel-''' || ''homo-'' || '''<u>gel</u>sauna'''....''homogeneous'' |- | '''ogel-''' || ''hetero-'' || '''<u>ogel</u>sauna'''....''heterogeneous'' |- | '''oyb-''' || ''infra-, sub-'' || '''<u>oyb</u>ivoza'''....''infrared'' |- | '''ge-''' || ''iso-, equi-'' || '''<u>ge</u>voza'''....''isochromatic'' |- | '''agr(a)-''' || ''mega-'' || '''<u>agra</u>tipa'''....''megamaniacal'' |- | '''ku-''' || ''para-'' || '''<u>ku</u>ega'''....''paranormal'' |- | '''yuyb-''' || ''quasi-, almost, pen-'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>dobyena'''....''quasi-official'' |- | '''yib-''' || ''tele-, far-'' || '''<u>yib</u>pyuxea'''....''far-reaching'' |- | '''zey-''' || ''trans-, cross-'' || '''<u>zey</u>mimaga'''....''transoceanic'' |- | '''aaj-''' || ''paleo-'' || '''<u>aaj</u>toba'''....''paleoloanthropic'' |- | '''eej-''' || ''neo-'' || '''<u>eej</u>visauna'''....''neoclassical'' |- | '''yibaj-''' || ''arch(a)eo-, ancient'' || '''yibajtuna'''....''archaeological'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-, inner, intro-'' || '''yebzena'''....''endocentric''<br>'''yebuzbwa'''....''introverted'' |- | '''oyeb-''' || ''exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)-'' || '''oyebzena'''....''exocentric''<br>'''oyebuzbwa'''....''extroverted'' |- | '''yab(an)-''' || ''high-, up'' || '''yabnoga'''....''upscale''<br>'''yabnayxa'''....''high-priced'' |- | '''yaban-''' || ''acro-'' || '''yabanyufa'''....''acrophobic'' |- | '''yob-''' || ''low-, down-'' || '''yobnoga'''....''low-grade, down-scale'' |} === English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison === : Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared |- ! English Suffix !! Meaning !! Mirad Suffix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | ''-ful'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''voz<u>aya</u>'''....''colorful''<br> '''tuz<u>ika</u>'''....''skillful'' |- | ''-ous'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''naz<u>ika</u>'''....''precious''<br> '''mil<u>aya</u>'''....''aqueous'' |- | ''-filled'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoke-filled'' |- | ''-y'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoky''<br> |- | ''-ous'' || of<br> like || '''-a''' || '''totin<u>a</u>'''....''religious''<br> '''vyos<u>a</u>'''....''erroneous'' |- | ''-ly'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tot<u>yena</u>'''....''godly''<br> '''toyb<u>yena</u>'''....''womanly'' |- | ''-like'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pat<u>yena</u>'''....''bird-like'' |- | ''-ish'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tobot<u>yena</u>'''....''childish'' |- | ''-y'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''fyab<u>yena</u>'''....''fruity'' |- | ''-ic'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tuz<u>yena</u>'''....''artistic''<br> '''sil<u>yena</u>'''....''acidic'' |- | ''-ic'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''tun<u>a</u>'''....''scientific''<br> '''bek<u>a</u>'''....''therapeutic'' |- | ''-ical'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''zyunid<u>a</u>'''....''spherical''<br> '''iztex<u>a</u>'''....''logical'' |- | ''-ological'' || pertaining to the study of || '''-tuna''' || '''tej<u>tuna</u>'''....''biological'' |- | ''-ist(ic)'' || pertaining to the doctrine of || '''-ina''' || '''dopar<u>ina</u>'''....''militarist(ic)''<br> '''nasyan<u>ina</u>'''....''capitalist(ic)'' |- | ''-ophobic'' (and ''miso-'' prefix) || hating<br> fearful of || '''-ufa''' || '''yudat<u>ufa</u>'''....''xenophonic''<br> '''tobyan<u>ufa</u>'''....''misanthropic'' |- | ''-ophilic'' (and ''philo-'' prefix) || loving || '''-ifa''' || '''tobot<u>ifa</u>'''....''pedophilic''<br> '''tob<u>ifa</u>'''....''philanthropic'' |- | ''-al'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pyot<u>yena</u>'''....''bestial'' |- | ''-al'' || of<br> pertaining to || '''-a''' || '''tej<u>a</u>'''....''vital''<br> '''aman<u>a</u>'''....''thermal'' |- | ''-less'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''tej<u>uka</u>'''....''lifeless''<br> '''tobot<u>oya</u>'''....''childless'' |- | ''-free'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''yom<u>uka</u>'''....''ice-free''<br> '''vyos<u>oya</u>'''....''error-free'' |- | ''-safe<br> -proof'' || free<br> not subject to || '''-vaka''' || '''mil<u>vaka</u>'''....''water<u>proof</u>'' |} == Forming Adverbs == : Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix '''a''', in other words, by adding a '''y''' to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''fi<u>a</u>'''....''good'' || '''fi<u>ay</u>'''....''well'' |- | '''vya<u>a</u>'''....''true'' || '''vya<u>ay</u>'''....''truly'' |- | '''gyu<u>a</u>'''....''easy'' || '''gyu<u>ay</u>'''....''easily'' |- | '''ig<u>a</u>'''....''quick'' || '''ig<u>ay</u>'''....''quickly'' |- | '''aut<u>a</u>'''....''personal'' || '''aut<u>ay</u>'''....''personally'' |} : For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example: ::* '''It tyoyape <u>ig</u>.'''....''He walks <u>fast</u>.'' ::* '''Yit xa has <u>fi</u>.'''....''They did it <u>well</u>.'' === Special Adverbs === : Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in '''-ay'''. : Here are the principal such adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Special Adverbs |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''vay'''||''indeed, really, certainly, do'' (cf. '''va'''....''yes'') |- | '''vey'''||''possibly, may, might'' (cf. '''ve'''....''maybe'') |- | '''voy'''||''not'' (cf. '''vo'''....''no'') |- | '''ga'''||''more'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gay'''||''also, moreover, further, still'' |- | '''ge'''||''as, equally'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gey'''||''even'' |- | '''go'''||''less'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''goy'''||''no longer, no more'' |- | '''gla'''||''very'' |- | '''glay'''||''quite, rather, so'' |- | '''gle'''||''so'' |- | '''glo'''||''not very, not so'' |- | '''gra'''||''too'' |- | '''gre'''||''enough, sufficiently, over-'' |- | '''gro'''||''not...enough, inadequately, under-'' |- | '''gwa'''||''most, super-'' |- | '''gwe'''||''average'' |- | '''gwo'''||''least, sub-'' |- | '''zay'''||''ahead, forward'' |- | '''zey'''||''across'' |- | '''zoy'''||''back'' |- | '''zye'''||''through'' |- | '''zya'''||''throughout'' |} : The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow: ::* AFFIRMATIVE: '''Va, at <u>vay</u> se taduwa.'''....''Yes, I am <u>indeed</u> married.'' ::* DUBITIVE: '''Iyta dud se <u>vey</u> vyosa.'''....''Her response is <u>possibly</u> wrong.'' ::* NEGATIVE: '''At <u>voy</u> se eta yuxrut.'''....''I am <u>not</u> your slave.'' : The adverbs above beginning with '''g''' are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb: ::* '''Et se <u>gla</u> via.'''....''You are <u>very</u> beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].'' ::* '''Et peya <u>gra</u> ig.'''....''You were going <u>too</u> fast [=ADVERB].'' ::* '''It <u>gra</u> dale.'''....''He talks [=VERB] <u>too</u> much.'' : Adverbs can be combined with prepositions to form compound prepositions. If the adverbs ends in '''b''' and the preposition following it begins in '''b''', they are joined together with a single '''b'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Compound Prepositions |- ! Special Adverb !! Example |- | '''yab'''....''up'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yabu''' || '''Ha pat papa <u>yabu</u> ha mam.'''....''The bird flew <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yobu'''|| '''Teaxu <u>yobu</u> ha mel.'''....''Look <u>down to</u> the ground.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yobi''' || '''Upu <u>yobi</u> ha abmas!'''....''Come <u>down from</u> the roof!'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yubi''' || '''Besu <u>yubi</u> ha mas.'''....''Stay <u>near (from)</u> the wall.'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yibi''' || '''Ha tobi igpia <u>yibi</u> ha yovbyokam.'''....''The people ran <u>far from</u> the prison.'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in, inward, inside'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yebu''' || '''Kyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa <u>yebu</u>ha tam!'''....''Guess who just walked <u>into</u> the house!'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out, outside'' + '''zye'''....''through'' || '''It tyoyapa <u>oyeb zye</u> ha zames.'''....''He walked <u>out</u> through the front door.'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>iz bu</u> hat.'''....''Go <u>right up to</u> him.'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''ub'''....''toward''|| '''Uzpu <u>zi ub</u> yat!'''....''Turn <u>right toward</u> us!'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Hat uzpa <u>zu ib</u> at.'''....''He turned <u>left away from</u> me.'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>zay bu</u> ha uj.'''....''Go <u>on to</u> the end.'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Upu <u>zoy bi</u> hua nem.'''....''Come <u>back from</u> that place.'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' + '''bay'''....''with'' || '''Van yat tyopu <u>yan bay</u> ha hyuti.'''....''Let's walk <u>together with</u> the others.'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Ha meri kyapeye <u>yon bi </u> hyuisi.'''....''The planets are drifting <u>apart from</u> one another.'' |} === Pro-adverbs === : There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as '''''pro-adverbs'''''. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like '''duhom?''' (''where?''), '''duhoyen?''' (''how?''), '''duhoj?''' (''when?''), '''duhogla''' (''to what extent?''), and their answers, such as '''hum''' (''there''), '''heyen''' (''somehow''), and '''hyoj''' (''never''), '''hugla''' (''so, to that extent''). These words are discussed under the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners|Deictic Determiners]]. == Forming Verbs == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech: ::* Noun stems ::* Adjective stems ::* Verb stems === Forming Verbs from Nouns === : Verbs can sometimes be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix '''er''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Denominal Verb Derivation |- ! Noun !! Verb |- | '''ak'''....''a gain'' || '''aker'''....''to win'' |- | '''af'''....''permission'' || '''afer'''....''may, be allowed'' |- | '''teud'''....''cry, shout'' || '''teuder'''....''to cry, shout, exclaim'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''tajer'''....''to be born'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tejer'''....''to live'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''tojer'''....''to die'' |- | '''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejer'''....''to continue'' |- | '''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijer'''....''to begin'' |- | '''uj'''....''end'' || '''ijer'''....''to end'' |- | '''yuj'''....''sleep'' || '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' |} === Verb Formants === : More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such '''''verb formants''''' are in this chart: :* '''-ser'''....''to be/become'' usually intransitive and stative (''unite'' = ''become one'') ::* '''-sler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-srer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-xer'''....''to do/make'' usually transitive and dynamic (''unite'' = ''make one'') ::* '''-xler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-xrer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-per'''....''to go'' usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (''mount'' = ''get onto'') ::* '''-pler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-prer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ber'''....''to put'' usually transitive and a verb of gesture (''apply'' = ''put onto'') ::* '''-bler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-brer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ier''' a stub from the verb '''bier'''....''to take'', usually an action verb benefiting the agent (''eat'' = ''take food'') :* '''-uer''' a stub from the verb '''buer'''....''to give'', usually an action verb benefiting the patient (''feed'' = ''give food'') :* '''-der'''....''to say'', a verb of communication (''affirm'' = ''say yes'') :* '''-drer'''....''to write'' :* '''-ter'''....''to know'', verbs of the perception and knowledge ('''teater''' = ''see'') :: Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids '''l''' or '''r''', eg.'''sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Verb Formants |- ! Noun !! Auxiliary Verb Or Verb Stub Formant !! Verb |- | '''yav'''....''innocence'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''yavder'''....''to acquit'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''yovaber'''....''to shame, accuse'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''yovober'''....''to excuse, exculpate'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''tofaber'''....''to dress, don'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''tofober'''....''to undress, strip'' |- | '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''detser'''....''to associate'' |- | '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''datxer'''....''to befriend'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''sanser'''....''to form (intransitive)'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''sanxer'''....''to form (transitive)'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''telier'''....''to eat, consume'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed, nourish'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tajber'''....''to give birth'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tejper'''....''to come alive'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tejber'''....''to bring to life'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tojber'''....''to kill'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tijper'''....''to wake up'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tijber'''....''to awaken'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''taxier'''....''to recall'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''yev'''....''justice'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''vyan'''....''truth'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyander'''....''to tell the truth'' |- | '''vyon'''....''falsehood'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyonder'''....''to tell a lie'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aker'''....''to gain'' || '''ilaker'''....''to take on liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' || '''iloker'''....''to leak, lose liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ilier'''....''to soak up'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour, water'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikser'''....''to get full'' || '''ilikser'''....''to be soaked'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikxer'''....''to fill up'' || '''ilikxer'''....''to flood, soak'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukser'''....''to become empty'' || '''ilukser'''....''to drain'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukxer'''....''to empty'' || '''ilukxer'''....''to flush'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''ilser'''....''to liquify, melt'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''ilxer'''....''to liquify, melt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''ilaber'''....''to wash'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aper'''....''to get on'' || '''ilaper'''....''to float'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''ilper'''....''to flow'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' || '''ilzyaber'''....''to spray, shower'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyober'''....''to squeeze'' || '''ilzyober'''....''to squirt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''pyexer'''....''to strike'' || '''ilpyexer'''....''to splash (with liquid)'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''yujer'''....''to close'' || '''ilyujer'''....''to plug'' |} : Note that verbs ending in '''-ser''' and '''-ier''' are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in '''-xer''' and '''-uer''' are transitive. Also, '''-ier''' verbs are subject-directed, while '''-uer''' verbs are object-directive or causative (making someone do something). === Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser === : The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with '''-xer'''....''to do, make, cause'', and the intransitive group with '''-ser'''....''to be, become''. : The following chart shows how these verbs are formed: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aza'''....''strong'' || '''azaxer'''....''fortify, strengthen, make strong'' || '''azaser'''....''get strong'' |- | '''oza'''....''week'' || '''ozaxer'''....''weaken'' || '''ozaser'''....''grow weaker'' |- | '''kyia'''....''heavy'' || '''kyiaxer'''....''weigh down'' || '''kyiaser'''....''grow heavy'' |- | '''kyua'''....''light'' || '''kyuaxer'''....''lighten, make lighter'' || '''kyuaser'''....''get lighter'' |- | '''yana'''....''together'' || '''yanaxer'''....''bring together'' || '''yanaser'''....''get together'' |} : The final adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the '''a''' makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agaxer'''....''magnify'' || '''agaser'''....''get big'' |- | || '''agxer'''....''grow'' || '''agxer'''....''grow up, mature'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iga'''....''fast'' || '''igaxer'''....''accelerate'' || '''igaser'''....''speed up'' |- | || '''igxer'''....''rush'' || '''igser'''....''hurry up'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''baka'''....''healthy'' || '''bakaxer'''....''make healthy'' || '''bakaser'''....''get healthy'' |- | || '''bakxer'''....''heal'' || '''bakser'''....''heal'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''sana'''....''formal'' || '''sanaxer'''....''formalize'' || '''sanaser'''....''become formal'' |- | || '''sanxer'''....''form, shape'' || '''sanser'''....''form, take shape'' |} === Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per === : Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb '''ber'''....''to put'', while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb '''per'''....''to go''. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in '''b''', the '''b''' is dropped. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Ber and Per |- ! Preposition<br>Base !! Transitive Gesture Verb !! Intransitive Motion Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply, put on'' || '''aper'''....''mount, get on'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove, take off'' || '''oper'''....''dismount, get off'' |- | '''ib'''....''away'' || '''iber'''....''receive'' || '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''send'' || '''uper'''....''come'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yeber'''....''insert''<br>'''oyeber'''....''take out'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''<br>'''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''lower'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''move away'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- ! !! !! |- |- | '''za'''....''front'' || '''zaber'''....''put up front'' || '''zaper'''....''take the lead'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''zayber'''....''advance'' || '''zayper'''....''advance, go forward'' |- | '''ze'''....''middle'' || '''zeber'''....''balance'' || '''zeper'''....''balance'' |- | '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zeyber'''....''take across, transfer'' || '''zeyper'''....''cross, go over, transit'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zober'''....''hinder'' || '''zoper'''....''trail, lag'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoyber'''....''set back, return'' || '''zoyper'''....''retreat, go back, return'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izber'''....''guide'' || '''izper'''....''aim for'' |- | '''uz'''....''crooked'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''turn, diverge'' |- |- '''zi'''....''right'' || '''ziber'''....''set to the right'' || '''ziper'''....''go right'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuber'''....''set to the left'' || '''zuper'''.... ''go left'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''take beyond'' || '''yizper'''....''pass by'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''take around'' || '''yuzper'''....''go around'' |} ==== Deriving Further Verbs of Gesture and Motion ==== : More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of '''ser''' and '''xer''', plus the intensifiers '''y''', '''l''' and '''r'''. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial '''p''' is a more semantically intense version of '''b'''. Also the verb endings '''-sler''' and '''-srer''' and more intense versions of the intransitive ending '''-ser''', while '''-xler''' and '''-xrer''' and more intense version of the transitve ending '''-xer'''. Verbs ending in '''-ler''' and '''-rer''' are transitive voice by nature, '''-rer''' being more semantically intense. Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating More Elaborate Verbs |- ! colspan="2"| Gesture Verb !! colspan="2"| Motion Verb |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | -- ||'''ber'''....''put'' <br>'''beer'''....''have'' <br>'''beler'''....''carry'' <br>'''bexer'''....''hold'' <br>'''bexler'''....''keep'' | '''per'''....''go''||-- |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press''<br>'''yanbaler'''....''compress''<br>'''yobaler'''....''depress, suppress''<br>'''yuzbaler'''....''hug''<br>'''zoybaler'''....''repress''<br>'''barer'''....''crush'' ||'''paer'''....''hover'' || |- |'''baser'''....''gesticulate'' || '''baxer'''....''make a gesture''<br>'''abaxer'''....''caress, pat'' || '''paser'''....''move''||'''paxer'''....''move'' |- |'''byaser'''....''stand up'' || '''byaxer'''....''set up, erect'' || '''pyaser'''....''jump up'' || '''pyaxer'''....''shoot, launch'' |- |'''basler'''....''budge'' || '''baxler'''....''rouse''<br>'''abaxler'''....''stroke'' || '''paaser'''....''get excited'' || '''paaxer'''....''excite''<br>'''apaxler'''....''sweep'' |- |'''basrer'''....''shake'' || '''baxrer'''....''shake''<br>'''abaxrer'''....''rub'' || || '''apaxrer'''....''scrub'' |- ! !! !! !! |- |'''beser'''....''stay'' || '''bexer'''....''hold''<br>'''zoybexer'''....''restrain''<br>'''yobexer'''....''detain, hold down'' || '''peser'''....''wait'' || '''pexer'''....''trap''<br>'''pexler'''....''capture''<br>'''pexrer'''....''abduct'' |- |'''byeser'''....''behave''|| '''byexer'''....''hit'' || '''pyeser'''....''run into, bump into''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike, knock''<br>'''yonpyexer'''....''break''<br>'''yopyexer'''....''knock down''<br>'''epyexer'''....''fight''<br>'''apyexer'''....''attack''<br>'''ovpyexer'''....''offend''<br>'''kunpyexer'''....''sideswipe''<br>'''tuyapyexer'''....''slap'' |- |'''besler'''....''adhere'' || '''bexler'''....''retain''|| || '''pyexler'''....''pound, beat''<br>'''apyexler'''....''assault''<br>'''yonpexler'''....''shatter, burst'' |- | || || '''yanpyesrer'''....''implode''<br>'''yonpyesler'''....''explode'' || '''pyexler'''....''blast, bomb'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''boser'''....''calm down''<br>'''boyser'''....''rest'' || '''boxer'''....''quieten, quell'' || '''poser'''....''stop''<br>'''poyser'''....''pause'' || '''poxer'''....''stop'' |- | '''byoser'''....''hang'' || '''byoxer'''....''hang'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall''<br>'''yonpyoser'''....''decay'' || '''pyoxer'''....''drop, throw down''<br>'''yopyoxer'''....''topple''<br> |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''biser'''....''originate'' || '''bixer'''....''pull''<br>'''yanbixer'''....''contract''<br>'''yonbixer'''....''distract''<br>'''yubixer'''....''attract''<br>'''yibixer'''....''distract''<br>'''oyebixer'''....''extract''<br>'''yebixer'''....''push in'' || || '''pixer'''....''catch'' |- |'''bisler'''....''spring'' || '''bixler'''....''yank''<br>'''bixrer'''....''ravage'' || || '''pixler'''....''snatch''<br>'''pixrer'''....''rape'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''buser'''....''be destined'' || '''buxer'''....''push, drive''<br>'''zyobuxer'''....''squeeze''<br>'''yebuxer'''....''expel''<br>'''abuxer'''....''impose'' || '''apuser'''....''assault'' || '''puxer'''....''throw, thrust'' |- |'''byuser'''....''bump into'' || '''byuxer'''....''touch''<br>'''yanbyuxer'''....''contact'' ||'''pyuser'''....''run into'' || '''pyuxer'''....''crash'' |- |'''busler'''....''swoop'' || '''buxler'''....''shove'' || '''pusler'''....''lunge, pounce'' || '''puxler'''....''thrust''<br>'''zyapuxler'''....''splatter'' |} === Deriving New Verbs with Prefixes === : Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb '''baxer''' (and its intransitive partner '''baser''') as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Baxer Verbs |- ! Prefix !! Verb |- ! colspan=2 | '''baxer'''....''gesture, make a bodily motion'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abaxer'''....''caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izbaxer'''....''point'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tebaxer'''....''nod'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' || '''vatebaxer'''....''nod yes'' |- | '''vo'''....''no'' || '''votebaxer'''....''nod no'' |- | '''ve'''....''maybe'' || '''vetebaxer'''....''shrug'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''tuyabaxer'''....''wave'' |- | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''tubaxer'''....''flail, swing'' |- | '''teubab'''....''tongue'' || '''teubabaxer'''....''lick'' |- | '''teab'''....''eye'' || '''teubaxer'''....''wink'' |- | '''patub'''....''wing'' || '''patubaxer'''....''flap'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''tail'' || '''tiyubaxer'''....''wag'' |- ! colspan=2 | '''baser'''....''gesticulate'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igbaser'''....''jerk'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''igzaybaser'''....''lurch'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoybaser'''....''recoil'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobaser'''....''bow, bend down'' |- | '''ku-'''....''side'' || '''kubaser'''....''slide'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igkubaser'''....''slip'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' + '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uizbaser'''....''sway, swagger, swish'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle, wobble, totter'' |} === Forming Frequentative Verbs === : A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by prefixing the syllable '''je-''' to the verb. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ The -eg- Frequentative Infix |- ! Regular Verb !! Frequantative Verb |- | '''paser'''....''move'' || '''jepaser'''....''shake, shudder'' |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump'' || '''jepyaser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''paper'''....''fly'' || '''jepaper'''....''flutter, flit'' |- | '''braser'''....''shake'' || '''jebraser'''....''shudder, quiver, vibrate'' |- | '''teupixer'''....''bite'' || '''jeteupiger'''....''nibble'' |- | '''ilzyaber'''....''spray'' || '''jeilzyaber'''....''sprinkle'' |- | '''pyexer'''....''beat'' || '''jepyexer'''....''batter, whip'' |} === Forming Hybrid Words === : Expressions with alternating components like ''back-and-forth'', ''up-and-down'', etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Words |- ! Alternative Components !! Hybrid Expression !! Examples |- | '''yab'''....''up'' +<br>'''yob'''....''down'' || '''yao(b)-'''....''up-and-down'' || '''yaoper'''....''fluctuate'', '''yaopuser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''a-'''....''up, north, skyward'' +<br>'''o-'''....''down, south'' || '''ao-'''....''vertical'' || '''aonada'''....''vertical'', '''aonab'''....''column'' |- | '''za(y)'''....''forth, north'' +<br>'''zo(y)'''....''back, south'' || '''zao(b)-'''....''front-back/north-to-south'' || '''zaobaser'''....''rock'', '''zaomera'''....''north/south'' |- |- '''zu'''....''left/west'' +<br>'''zi'''....''right/east'' || '''zui(b)-'''....''right-to-left/east-to-west'' || '''zuinada'''....''horizontal'', '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle'', '''zuimera'''....''east/west'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' +<br>'''bi'''....''from'' || '''bui-'''....''to-and-from'' || '''buipar'''....''shuttle'', '''buipop'''....''round-trip'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' +<br>'''ob'''....''off'' || '''ao(b)-'''....''on-and-off'' || '''aoper'''....''get on and off'' |- | '''yuj-'''....''closed'' +<br>'''yij-'''....''open'' || '''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut'' || '''yuijbar'''....''switch'', '''igyuijer'''....''blink'' |- | '''uj-'''....''stop'' +<br>'''ij-'''....''start'' || '''uij-'''....''stop-and-start'' || '''uijparpan'''....''stop-and-go traffic'' |- | '''(a)yeb'''....''in'' +<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''aoye(b)-'''....''in-and-out'' || '''igaoyeper'''....''run in-and-out'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' +<br>'''yib'''....''far'' || '''yui(b)-'''....''near-and-far'' || '''yuipoper'''....''travel near-and-far'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' +<br>'''ib'''....''away'' || '''ui(b)-'''....''toward-and-away'' || '''uipen'''....''coming and going'' |- | '''hum'''....''there'' +<br>'''him'''....''here'' || '''huim'''....''here-and-there'' || '''huimkexer'''....''search high-and-low (here-and-there)'' |- | '''hus'''....''that'' +<br>'''his'''....''this'' || '''huis'''....''this-and-that'' || '''huisyexer'''....''do odd jobs, work at this-or-that'' |- | '''hyut'''....''other person'' +<br>'''hyit'''....''same person'' || '''hyuit'''....''one another'' || '''hyuitifer'''....''love one another'', '''hyuita'''....''mutual, reciprocal'' |} : Here are some more examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ More Hybrids ! Hybrid Word !! English Gloss !! Alternating Components |- |'''aogsen'''||'' fluctuation (in size) ''|| '''ag-''' (''big'') + '''og-''' (''little'') + '''s-''' (''become'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''aonada'''||''vertical ''|| '''a-''' (''up/north'') + '''o-''' (''down/south'') + '''nad''' (''line'') + '''-a''' (''adj.'') |- |'''aopuys'''||'' hop-on-hop-off ''|| '''a(p)-''' (''on'') + '''o(p)-''' (''off'') + '''puys-''' (''hop'') |- |'''buien'''||'' trading, swapping ''|| '''bu-''' (''give'') + '''bi-''' (''trake'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''buip'''||'' traffic ''|| '''bu-''' (''to'') + '''bi-''' (''from'') + '''p-''' (''go'') |- |'''buixar'''||''spring''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix''' (''pull'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''buixek'''||'' tug-o-war ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- |'''buixnyem'''||'' drawer ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''nyem''' (''box'') |- |'''byaosen'''||'' teetering, stumbling ''|| '''byas-''' (''stand'') + '''byos-''' (''fall'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''diep'''||'' marine force ''|| '''dip''' (''sea force'') + '''dep''' (''land force'') |- |'''duid'''||'' q&a, interview ''|| '''dud''' (''answer'') + '''did''' (''question'') |- |'''eigpyexer''' || ''batter, whip'' || '''eg-''' (''again'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') + '''pyexer''' (''to hit'') |- |'''gao'''||'' more-or-less ''|| '''ga''' (''more'') + '''go''' (''less'') |- |'''glaojo'''||'' sooner or later ''|| '''gla''' (''very'') + '''glo''' (''slightly'') + '''jo''' (''after'') |- | '''huimkexer''' || ''search here and there'' || '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-m''' (''place'') + '''kex''' (''search'') + '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''huis'''||'' this-and-that ''|| '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-s''' (''thing'') |- |'''hyuit'''||'' one another ''|| '''hyu-''' (''other'') + '''hyi-''' (''same'') + '''-t''' (''person'') |- |'''kyaopen'''||'' fluctuation ''|| '''kya-''' (''mobile'') + '''kyo''' (''static'') + '''-pen''' (''going'') |- |'''maluier'''||'' breathe ''|| '''mal-''' (''air'') + '''u-''' (''let out'') + '''i-''' (''take in'') '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''maojyex'''||'' double-shift work ''|| '''maj''' (''day'') + '''moj''' (''night'') + '''yex''' (''work'') |- |'''maonig'''||'' flicker ''|| '''man''' (''light'') + '''mon''' (''dark'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') |- |'''maolza'''||'' black&white/gray ''|| '''malza''' (''white'') + '''molza''' (''black'') |- |'''meil'''||'' mud ''|| '''mel''' (''soil'') + '''mil''' (''water'') |- |'''memuiben'''||'' import-exports ''|| '''mem''' (''country'') + '''ub-''' (''send'') + '''ib-''' (''receive'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''mial'''||'' vapor ''|| '''mil''' (''water'') + '''mal''' (''air'') |- |'''mieg'''||'' reef ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-g''' (''stone'') |- |'''miek'''||'' sand ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-k''' (''rocky substance'') |- |'''miem'''||'' swamp ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''mem''' (''land'') |- |'''mimpuin'''||'' dock ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''mimpyaos'''||'' surf ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''sink'') |- |'''mimuip'''||'' tide ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip-''' (''go'') |- |'''peit'''||'' amphibian ''|| '''pet''' (''land animal'') + '''pit''' (''sea creature'') |- |'''puim'''||'' kiss-and-ride zone''|| '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''puixek'''||'' baseball ''|| '''pux-''' (''pitch'') + '''pix-''' (''catch'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- | '''pyaos''' || ''wave'' || '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''crest'') |- |'''teabyuij'''||'' blink ''|| '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') |- |'''tuijea'''||'' nodding off ''|| '''tuj-''' (''sleep'') + '''tij''' (''wake'') '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''uijdal'''||'' stutter ''|| '''uj-''' (''finish'') + '''ij-''' (''start'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''uipeni'''||'' comings & goings ''|| '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip''' (''go'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') + '''-i''' (''pl.'') |- |'''uiza'''||'' serpentine, snaky ''|| '''uza''' (''crooked'') + '''iza''' (''straight'') |- |'''vao?'''||'' yes or no? ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') |- |'''vaod'''||'' decision ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') + '''d-''' (''say'') |- |'''yaobar'''||'' elevator ''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaobyuijar'''||''piston''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open '') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaoplas'''||''oscillation''|| '''yap-''' (''up'') + '''yop-''' (''down'') + '''plas''' (''shake'') |- |'''yaopsim'''||''seesaw''|| '''yap-''' (''ascend'') + '''yop-''' (''descend'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''yaopus'''||''bounce''|| ya(''b'')'''-''' (''up'') + yo(''b'')'''-''' (''down'') + '''pus''' (''jump'') |- |'''yaovdut'''||''juror''|| '''yav-''' (''innocent'') + '''yov-''' (''guilty'') + '''d-''' (''say'') + '''-ut''' (''agent'') |- |'''yaoza'''||''uneven, bumpy, serrated''|| '''yaza''' (''convex'') + '''yoza''' (''concave'') |- |'''yaozgoblar'''||''saw''|| '''yaz''' (''protrusion '') + '''yoz''' (''indentation'') + '''gobl-''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaozil'''||''wave''|| '''yaz''' (''swell'') + '''yoz''' (''trough'') + '''-il''' (''liquid'') |- |'''yuibteabar'''||''bifocals''|| '''yub''' (''near'') + '''yib''' (''far'') + '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yuijar'''||'' valve, switch''|| '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaobelur'''||''ferry''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''bel-''' (''carry'') + '''-ur''' (''vehicle'') |- |'''zaobyexar'''||''swatter, bat''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''byex-''' (''strike'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaodal'''||''dialog''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''zaogoblar'''||''saw''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''gobl''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaokyax'''||''alternation''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''kyax''' (''change'') |- |'''zaopasen'''||''swinging''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo-''' (''back'') + '''pasen''' (''moving'') |- |'''zaopsim'''||''swing or rocker''|| '''zap-''' (''go forth'') + '''zap''' (''go back'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''zuibasen'''||''wiggling''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bas-''' (''move bodily'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuibayx'''||''wag''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bayx-''' (''slight body move'') |- |'''zuibyoxea'''||''dangling''|| '''zu''' (''left'') + '''zi''' (''right'') + '''byox-''' (''hang down'') + '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuiyafa'''||''ambidextrous''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''yafa''' (''capable'') |- |'''zyaobas'''||''throb''|| '''zya-''' (''wide'') + '''zyo-''' (''narrow'') + '''bas''' (''bodily movement'') |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Acronyms and Abbreviations|Word Families}}</noinclude> 30gx9j2f7jw65vuhjb65jbedb3ycthc 4635617 4635616 2026-05-13T18:27:33Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels */ 4635617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right|limit=3}} == Introduction == : In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels. : The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of '''''base words''''' and '''''derived words'''''. : The vocabulary is built on '''''base words''''', that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by: ::* The meaning of each letter of the word. ::* The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: ''fixed'' vs. ''variable''. ::* How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language. ::* The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about). ::* The logic of its composition. ::* The mnemonic associations this word suggests. : The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called '''''vocabulary-building rules''''', which are spelled out below. == Base Words == : '''''Base words''''' are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups: ::* Group 1:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''nouns''''' ::* Group 2:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs'''''. == Base words of Group 1 == : Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters: :::* The first, a consonant called the '''''classifier''''' :::* The second, a vowel called the '''''ordinal''''' :::* The third, a consonant called the '''''generic''''' These words can be thought of as noun templates. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Base Word Composition |- ! Classifier !! Ordinal !! Generic !! Meaning |- | '''t''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''man'' |- | '''d''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''society'' |- | '''p''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''animal'' |- | '''f''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''plant'' |} == Base words of Group 2 == : Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as '''-er''' (verb infinitive marker) or '''-a''' (adjective marker): ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words | '''b-'''....''put'' || '''p-'''....''go'' |- | '''s-'''....''be'' || '''x-'''....''do'' |- | '''d-'''....''say'' || '''t-'''....''know'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ob'''....''off'' |- |'''bu'''....''to'' || '''bi'''....''from'' |- |'''if-'''....''love'' || '''uf-'''....''hate'' |- |'''fi-'''....''good'' || '''fu-'''....''bad'' |- |'''va'''....''yes'' || '''vo'''....''no'' |- |'''vya-'''^*....''true'' || '''vyo-'''....''false'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''o'''....''zero'' |} : *<small> As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include glided vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides '''y''' or '''w'''. So, for purposes here, '''ya''', '''ye''', '''yi''', '''yo''', '''yu''', '''wa''', and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "glided vowels".</small> == Consonants and Their Meanings == : The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Consonants and Their Meanings |- ! Consonant !! Group 1 Classifier !! Group 1 Generic !! Group 2 Classifier !! In Numbers |- | '''b''' || organ, health || organism || gesture, position || |- | '''d''' || society || family || communicating || |- | '''f''' || vegetation || textile, clothing || volition, attributes || |- | '''g''' || -- || measurement || quantity, attributes || |- | '''j''' || time || time || time || |- | '''k''' || -- || health || change, risk, attributes || |- | '''l''' || -- || element, food, liquid, nature || -- || '''l''' = ten |- | '''m''' || nature || place, building, furniture || temperature, light || '''ml''' = million<br>'''mr''' = billion |- | '''n''' || commerce || -- || -- || |- | '''p''' || animal, vehicle || motion || movement || |- | '''r''' || -- || tool, machine, cosmos || -- || '''r''' = thousand |- | '''s''' || form, image, furniture || thing || being, form, thing || '''s''' = hundred |- | '''t''' || human, body || person, animal || intelligence, knowing || |- | '''v''' || plant, color || linen || truth, attributes || |- | '''x''' || action || -- || action, doing, making || |- | '''z''' || -- || precious, art || spatial, attributes || |} : The following consonants functions rather than, or in addition to, semantic values: ::* '''l''' and '''r''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: '''baer'''....''to lean'', '''baler'''....''to press'', '''barer'''....''to crush''; ::* '''y''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''voa'''....''negative'' -> '''vyoa'''....''false'', or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''ama'''....''hot'' -> '''ayma'''....''warm''. ::* '''h''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Used functionally only in certain interjections like '''hoy'''....''goodbye'' and determiners like '''his'''....''this'', and has no semantic value. ::* '''w''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. '''tob'''....''person'' -> '''twob'''....''man'', or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. '''uber'''....''to send'' -> '''ubwer'''....''to be sent'', or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. '''awa'''....''one'', or 4) sometimes to substitute for '''y''' when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. '''jwo'''....''late'', instead of '''jyo'''. ::* '''n''':&nbsp;&nbsp; In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in '''ana'''....''only'', or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as '''fian'''....''goodness'' from '''fia'''....''good'', or from a verb, such '''axnen'''....''behaving'' from '''axner'''....''to behave''. == Vowels and Their Meanings == : Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types: ::* meronymic ::* hierarchical ::* geo-specific ::* oppositional/polar ::* vectorial ::* directional and positional ::* special === Ordinal Vowel Values === :: The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with '''y''' are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Vowels|Vowels]]. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Numeric Values of Vowels |- ! Ordinal Vowel !! '''o''' !! '''a''' !! '''e''' !! '''i''' !! '''u''' !! '''yo''' !! '''ya''' !! '''ye''' !! '''yi''' !! '''yu''' |- !row=1| Cardinal Number | 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 |} === Meronymic Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|meronymic}}''''' series. (This gradation can also be called '''''taxonomic'''''. The top element, or hypernym, has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are hyponyms or meronyms (= parts of the whole), and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. '''T<u>a</u>b''' (''body'') is the first meronym of '''t<u>o</u>b''' (''human being''), the hypernym or zeroth element. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Meronymic Series |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=7| Meronymic or Taxonomic |- ! 0 | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''fob'''....''plant'' || '''vob'''....''crop''|| '''mos'''....''floor''||'''som'''....''furniture''||'''tom'''....''building''||'''job'''....''time'' |- ! 1 | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''fab'''....''tree'' || '''vab'''....''grass''|| '''mas'''....''wall''||'''sam'''....''chest of drawers''||'''tam'''....''house''||'''jab'''....''year'' |- ! 2 | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''feb'''....''fruit'' || '''veb'''....''tuft''|| '''mes'''....''door''||'''sem'''....''table''||'''tem'''....''hall''||'''jeb'''....''season'' |- ! 3 | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''fib'''....''trunk'' || '''vib'''....''stalk''|| '''mis'''....''window''||'''sim'''....''chair''||'''tim'''....''room''||'''jib'''....''month'' |- ! 4 | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''fub'''....''branch'' || '''vub'''....''shoot''||'''mus'''....''stairs''||'''sum'''....''bed''||'''tum'''....''closet''||'''jub'''....''day'' |- ! 5 | '''tyob'''....''leg'' || '''fyob'''....''root'' || '''vyob'''....''tuber''|| || || ||'''jwob'''^*....''hour'' |- ! 6 | || || || || || ||'''jwab'''^*....''minute'' |- ! 7 | || || || || || ||'''jweb'''^*....''second'' |} * The letter '''w''' replaces the letter '''y''' following a '''j''', for ease of pronunciation. : The words that descend from the base word are called '''''meronyms'''''. A hypernym is a word that is higher in scale. === Hierarchical Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|hierarchical}}''''' series where the top element has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hierarchical Vowel Gradation |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=4| Hierarchy |- ! 0 | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''dot'''....''society'' || '''tod'''....''family''||'''xob'''....''organization'' |- ! 1 | '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''tad'''....''spouse''||'''xab'''....''staff'' |- ! 2 | '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ted'''....''parent''||'''xeb'''....''boss'' |- ! 3 | '''dib'''....''ministry'' || '''dit'''....''citizen'' ||'''tid'''....''sibling''||'''xib'''....''department'' |- ! 4 | '''dub'''....''minister'' || '''dut'''....''gentleman'' || '''tud'''....''child''||'''xub'''....''branch'' |} === Geo-specific Vowel Gradation === : Ordinals can have '''''{{color|blue|geo-specific}}''''' values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Geo-specific Vowel Values |- ! Ordinal ! Geo-sphere ! colspan=7| Examples |- | align=center | '''o''' || ''outer space, top level'' || '''m<u>o</u>p'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''outer space''|| '''mol'''....''nature''||'''dop'''....''military''||'''pop'''....''voyage''||'''mol'''....''nature''||'''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- | align=center | '''a''' || ''air, gas, sky'' || '''m<u>a</u>p'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' ||'''mal'''....''air''||'''dap'''....''air force''||'''pap'''....''flight''||'''mal'''....''wind''||'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | align=center | '''e''' || ''ground, soil, solid'' || '''m<u>e</u>p'''....''road'' || '''mem'''....''land''|| '''mel'''....''soil''||'''dep'''....''army''||'''pep'''....''ride''||'''mel'''....''soil''||'''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' |- | align=center | '''i''' || ''liquid'', ''water'', ''sea'' || '''m<u>i</u>p'''....''river'' || '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''mil'''....''water''||'''dip'''....''marines''|| '''pip'''....''navigation/sail''||'''mil'''....''water''||'''pit'''....''fish'' |- | align=center | '''u''' || ''underground'', ''mineral'', ''substance'' || '''m<u>u</u>p'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || '''mul'''....''mineral''|| ||'''pup'''....''tunneling''||'''mul'''....''matter''|| |} === Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation === : The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation |- ! Order || Mirad !! English |- | 0 || '''olza'''¹ || ''blank, of no color'' |- | 1 || '''alza''' || ''red'' |- | 2 || '''elza''' || ''orange'' |- | 3 || '''ilza''' || ''yellow'' |- | 4 || '''ulza''' || ''green'' |- | 5 || '''yolza''' || ''blue'' |- | 6 || '''yalza''' || ''purple'' |- | 7 || '''yelza''' || ''indigo'' |} {{small/top}} : 1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order. {{small/end}} : The colors black and white are: :* '''malza'''....''white'' :* '''molza'''....''black'' : Some colors are hybrids of two colors: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hybrid Colors |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''aolza''' || ''pink'' (a blend of ''blank'' and ''red'') |- | '''youlza''' || ''blue-green'' |- | '''maolza''' || ''gray'' (a blend of ''black'' and ''white'') |} : The word for ''brown'' is based on the word for ''soil'': :* '''melza'''....''brown'' (< '''mel'''....''soil'') : Two other colors are based on metals: :* '''agelkza'''....''silver'' (based on '''agelk'''....''silver metal'' :* '''aulkza'''....''gold'' (based on '''aulk'''....''gold metal'' === Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values === : In Group 2 stems: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Oppositional Vowel Values |- | '''a'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ya''' || intermediate || '''i'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yi''' |- | <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative || '''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ye''' || <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative |- | '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yo''' || value || '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yu''' |} ::* positive '''a''' contrasts with negative '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''av'''....''for'' vs. '''ov'''....''against'') ::* positive '''ya''' contrasts with negative '''yo'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yava'''....''innocent'' vs. '''yova'''....''guilty'') ::* positive '''i''' contrasts with negative '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''fia'''....''good'' vs. '''fua'''....''bad'') ::* positive '''yi''' contrasts with negative '''yu'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yiva'''....''free'' vs. '''yuva'''....''bound'') ::* '''e''' and '''ye''' are in-between values&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''eva'''....''neutral'', '''yeva'''....''fair'') ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation |- ! positive !! intermediate !! negative |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''ega'''....''normal'' || '''oga'''....''small'' |- | '''yava'''....''innocent'' || '''yeva'''....''just''|| '''yova'''....''guilty'' |- | '''ava'''....''for'' || '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''ova'''....''against'' |- | '''aker'''....''to win'' || '''eker'''....''to risk'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' |- | '''yak'''....''expectation'' || '''yek'''....''attempt'' || '''yok'''....''surprise'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || || '''fua'''....''bad'' |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || || '''ufer'''....''hate'' |- | '''yifa'''....''brave'' || || '''yufa'''....''afraid'' |} : Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit '''''oppositional''''' values: : The Group 1 base word '''bok''' (''illness'') is a good example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Group 1 base word with oppositional values |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- valign=top |'''bak'''....''health''||'''bek'''....''treatment''||'''bok'''....''illness'' |- |'''byak'''....''hygiene''||'''byek'''....''cure''||'''byok'''....''pain''<br>'''byoyk'''....''ache''<br>'''blok'''....''suffering''<br>'''brok'''....''agony'' |- |'''baak'''....''sanitation''|| ||'''book'''....''fatigue'' |- |'''bik'''....''care''|| ||'''buk'''....''wound''<br>'''buyk'''....''sore'' |} === Vectorial Vowel Values === : These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc. {{big/top}}&nbsp;&nbsp; ::::::'''a''' ::::::↑ ::::'''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;←&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;→&nbsp;&nbsp;'''i''' ::::::↓ ::::::'''o''' {{big/end}} :::'''a'''....''on, above, north'' ('''ab'''....''on'', '''zamer'''....''north'') :::'''e'''....''center, middle, equator'' ('''eb'''....''between'', '''ze'''....''center'') :::'''o'''....''off, below, south'' ('''ob'''....''off'', '''zomer'''....''south'') :::'''i'''....''right, east'' ('''zi'''....''right'', '''zimer'''....''east'') :::'''u'''....''left, west'' ('''zu'''....''left'', '''zumer'''....''west'') === Directional and Positional Vowel Values === {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Directional and Positional Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''z<u>a</u>mer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''b<u>a</u>er'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''<u>a</u>ber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''b<u>ya</u>er'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''<u>ya</u>ber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''z<u>o</u>mer'''....''south'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''b<u>yo</u>er'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''<u>o</u>per'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''p<u>yo</u>ser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''<u>yo</u>per'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''z<u>u</u>mer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''<u>u</u>ber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''p<u>yu</u>er'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''<u>yu</u>ber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''b<u>yu</u>ser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''z''i''mer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''p<u>i</u>er'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''<u>i</u>per'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''<u>yi</u>per'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''p<u>yi</u>ser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''z<u>e</u>mer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''<u>e</u>b'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''b<u>e</u>xer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''<u>ye</u>per'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''contain''|| '''b<u>ye</u>er'''....''contain'' |} === Special value of certain letters === : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular''. ::* '''aot'''....''person'' ::* '''anot'''....''individual'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yanber'''....''to compose'' ::* '''yonber'''....''to separate'' : The letter '''y''' is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural: ::* '''at'''....''I, me'' as opposed to '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''et'''....''you'' as opposed to '''yet'''....''you (pl.), you all'' ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''yit'''....''they, them'' ::* '''is'''....''it'' as opposed to '''yis'''....''they, them'' : The letter '''y''' is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''iyt'''....''she, her'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''toyb'''....''woman'' : The letter '''w''' is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''wit'''....''he, him'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''twob'''....''man'' === The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words === :: The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants. :: The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values. :: The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants |- ! Base Word !! Classifier Consonant !! Generic Consonant !! Scalarity Type |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''t''' = ''human'' || '''b''' = ''organism'' || meronymic |- | '''tof'''....''clothing'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''fabric'' || meronymic |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''society'' || meronymic |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place'' || meronymic |- | '''tov'''....''lingerie'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen'' || meronymic |- | '''tol'''....''nourishment'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''food'' || oppositional |- | '''top'''....''soul, spirit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''motion'' || meronymic |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''d''' = ''society'' || '''b''' = ''organism''||hierarchical |- | '''dop'''....''military'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement'' || geo-specific |- | '''dot'''....''society'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''human''|| hierarchical |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''j''' = ''time'' || '''b'''....''organism''|| hierarchical |- | '''fob'''....''vegetation'' || '''f''' = ''vegetable'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vob'''....''crop'' || '''v''' = ''plant'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vos'''....''flower'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''volz'''....''color'' || " " " || '''lz''' = ''color, art''|| spectral |- | '''som'''....''furniture'' || '''s''' = ''thing'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| meronymic |- | '''mos'''....''floor'' || '''m''' = ''place, nature'' || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''mor'''....''universe'' || " " " || '''r''' = ''machine, system''|| geo-specific |- | '''mom'''....''outer space'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''mol'''....''nature'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''substance''|| geo-specific |- | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement''|| geo-specific |- | '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''p''' = ''movement'' || '''t''' = ''human, animal''|| geo-specific |- | '''bok'''....''illness'' || '''b''' = ''organ'' || '''k''' = ''condition''|| oppositional |- | '''nom'''....''place'' || '''n''' = ''commercial'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| special |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || " " " || '''g''' = ''measurement''|| special |- | '''nof'''....''cloth'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''cloth''|| special |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen''|| special |- | '''nod'''....''point'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''communication''|| special |- | '''xob'''....''organization'' || '''x''' = ''action'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| hierarchical |} ==== Special Arrangement ==== : Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart. {| border=0 {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Other Group 1 Base Words |- valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! d- <br>communication |- | '''daz'''<br>''dance'' |- | '''dyaz'''<br>''ballet'' |- | '''dyez'''<br>''cinema'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''dez'''<br>''theater'' |- | '''diz'''<br>''comedy'' |- | '''din'''<br>''story'' |- | '''dun'''<br>''word'' |- | '''duz'''<br>''music'' |- | '''dyun'''<br>''name'' |- | '''dyan'''<br>''sentence'' |- | '''dyes'''<br>''book'' |- | '''deup'''<br>''rhythm'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! dr- <br>write |- | '''drof'''<br>''board'' |- | '''draf'''<br>''card'' |- | '''dref'''<br>''paper'' |- | '''drov'''<br>''cardboard'' |- | '''drav'''<br>''notebook'' |- | '''drev'''<br>''page'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''drar'''<br>''pencil'' |- | '''drir'''<br>''typewriter'' |- | '''drur'''<br>''printer'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! m- <br>nature |- | '''mag'''<br>''fire'' |- | '''mak'''<br>''electricity'' |- | '''mog'''<br>''ash'' |- | '''meg'''<br>''stone'' |- | '''mef'''<br>''brick'' |- | '''mug'''<br>''metal'' |- | '''muk'''<br>''mineral'' |- | '''mez'''<br>''crystal'' |- | '''mek'''<br>''dust'' |- | '''myek'''<br>''powder'' |- | '''mav'''<br>''flame'' |- | '''mov'''<br>''smoke'' |- | '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' |- | '''maj'''<br>''daytime'' |- | '''moj'''<br>''night'' |- | '''man'''<br>''light'' |- | '''maz'''<br>''shine'' |- | '''mon'''<br>''shade'' |- | '''moz'''<br>''dark'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! n- <br>commerce |- | '''naz'''<br>''value'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' |- | '''nax'''<br>''price'' |- | '''nyaz'''<br>''wealth'' |- | '''nyan'''<br>''stack'' |- | '''nox'''<br>''expense'' |- | '''nyox'''<br>''waste'' |- | '''nex'''<br>''saving'' |- | '''nyex'''<br>''storing'' |- | '''nix'''<br>''earning'' |- | '''nyix'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nux'''<br>''pay'' |- | '''nyux'''<br>''supply'' |- | '''nun'''<br>''merchandise'' |- | '''nyun'''<br>''product'' |- | '''nuz'''<br>''jewel'' |- | '''nem'''<br>''location'' |- | '''nyem'''<br>''place'' |- | '''nyeb'''<br>''box'' |- | '''nab'''<br>''row'' |- | '''nap'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nad'''<br>''line'' |- | '''nod'''<br>''point'' |- | '''ned'''<br>''plane'' |- | '''nyed'''<br>''grid'' |- | '''nyad'''<br>''chain'' |- | '''nid'''<br>''volume'' |- | '''nag'''<br>''measure'' |- | '''nak'''<br>''metric value'' |- | '''nog'''<br>''degree'' |- | '''nig'''<br>''space'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! j- <br>time |- | '''jag'''<br>''age'' |- | '''jud'''<br>''date'' |- | '''jod'''<br>''instance'' |- | '''jop'''<br>''sequence'' |- | '''jep'''<br>''process'' |- | '''jwap'''<br>''moment'' |- | '''jwep'''<br>''instant'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! s- <br>thing |- | '''sag'''<br>''number'' |- | '''saz'''<br>''sculpture'' |- | '''san'''<br>''form'' |- | '''saun'''<br>''kind'' |- | '''son'''<br>''matter (abstract)'' |- | '''sin'''<br>''image'' |- | '''siz'''<br>''painting'' |- | '''sun'''<br>''thing (concrete)'' |- | '''syan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''syen'''<br>''style'' |- | '''syin'''<br>''subject'' |- | '''syun'''<br>''object'' |- | '''sar'''<br>''instrument'' |- | '''sir'''<br>''machine'' |- | '''sor'''<br>''engine'' |- | '''sur'''<br>''motor'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! t- <br>human / knowledge |- | '''taz'''<br>''statue'' |- | '''tap'''<br>''physique'' |- | '''tep'''<br>''mind'' |- | '''top'''<br>''spirit'' |- | '''tuz'''<br>''art'' |- | '''toz'''<br>''skin color'' |- | '''tez'''<br>''culture'' |- | '''tyez'''<br>''magic'' |- | '''tin'''<br>''doctrine'' |- | '''tun'''<br>''science'' |- | '''tyan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''tyen'''<br>''skill'' |- | '''tyun'''<br>''idea'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''sensation'' |- | '''tes'''<br>''meaning'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' |- | '''tat'''<br>''angel'' |} |} === The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words === :: The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival ('''-a'''), adverbial ('''-ay'''), and verbal inflections ('''-er''', '''-ser''', '''-xer''', etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem. :: The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Stems of Group 2 Base Words |- ! Classifier Consonant !! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative |- ! rowspan=4|'''j''' <br>(''time'') | '''ja'''<br>''before'' || '''je'''<br>''during'' || '''jo'''<br>''after''||'''ji'''<br>''since'' || '''ju'''<br>''until'' |- | '''aj'''<br>''past'' || '''ej'''<br>''present'' || '''oj'''<br>''future'' || '''ij^er'''<br>''beginning/begin'' || '''uj/^er'''<br>''end/end'' |- | '''taj^er'''<br>''birth/to be born'' || '''tej^er'''<br>''life/to live'' || '''toj^er'''<br>''death/to die'' || '''tij^er'''<br>''awake state/to be awake'' || '''tuj^er'''<br>''sleep/to sleep'' |- | '''jwa'''<br>''early'' || '''jwe'''<br>''on time'' || '''jwo'''<br>''late'' || '''yij^a'''<br>''opening/open'' || '''yuj^a'''<br>''closing/closed'' |- !rowspan=4| '''g'''<br>(''measurement'') | '''ga'''<br>''more'' || '''ge'''<br>''equal'' || '''go'''<br>''less''|| '''gi'''ⁿ<br>''point'' || '''gu'''ⁿ<br>''angle'' |- | '''ag'''^a<br>''big'' || '''eg^a'''<br>''normal'' || '''og'''^a<br>''small'' || '''ig'''^a<br>''fast'' || '''ug'''^a<br>''slow'' |- | '''yag'''^a<br>''long'' || '''yeg'''^a<br>''normal'' || '''yog'''^a<br>''short'' || '''yig'''^a<br>''hard'' || '''yug'''^a<br>''soft'' |- | '''gya'''^a<br>''thick'' || '''gye'''^a<br>''enough'' || '''gyo-'''<br>''thin'' || '''gyi'''^a<br>''solid'' || '''gyu'''^a<br>''fragile'' |- !rowspan=4| '''k'''<br>(''randomness'') | '''ka'''^xer<br>''find'' || '''ke'''^xer<br>''seek'' || '''ko'''^xer<br>''hide'' || '''ki'''^a<br>''oblique''|| '''ku'''^a<br>''lateral'' |- | '''ak'''^er<br>''win'' || '''ek'''^er<br>''play'' || '''ok'''^er<br>''lose'' || '''ik'''^a<br>''full'' || '''uk'''^a<br>''empty'' |- | '''yak'''^er<br>''expect'' || '''yek'''^er<br>''try'' || '''yok'''^er<br>''suprise'' || '''yik'''^a<br>''difficult'' || '''yuk'''^a<br>''easy'' |- | '''kya'''^a<br>''mobile'' || '''kye'''^a<br>''haphazard'' || '''kyo'''^a<br>''fixed'' ||'''kyi'''^a<br>''heavy'' || '''kyu'''^a<br>''light'' |- ! '''m'''<br>(''nature'') | '''am'''^a<br>''hot'' || -- || '''om'''^a<br>''cold'' || '''im'''^a<br>''wet'' || '''um'''^a<br>''dry'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''f'''^er<br>(''want'', qualities) | || || || '''fi'''^a<br>''good'' || '''fu'''^a<br>''bad'' |- | '''fya'''^a<br>''holy'' || '''fye'''^a<br>''mythical'' || '''fyo'''^a<br>''profane''|| '''fyi'''^a<br>''useful'' || '''fyu'''^a<br>''harmful'' |- | '''yaf'''^er<br>''be able'' || '''yef'''^er<br>''must''|| '''yof'''^er<br>''cannot'' || '''yif'''^er<br>''dare'' || '''yuf'''^er<br>''fear'' |- | '''af'''^er<br>''may'' || '''ef'''^er<br>''need'' || '''of'''^er<br>''be prohibited'' || '''if'''^er<br>''love'' || '''uf'''^er<br>''hate'' |- !rowspan=6| '''v'''<br>(''truth, qualities'' ) | '''va'''<br>''yes'' || '''ve'''<br>''maybe'' || '''vo'''<br>''no''|| '''vi'''^a<br>''beautiful'' || '''vu'''^a<br>''ugly'' |- | '''vay'''<br>''really''||'''vey'''<br>''may''||'''voy'''<br>''not'' || || |- | '''av'''<br>''for'' || '''ev'''^a<br>''neutral'' || '''ov'''<br>''against''|| '''iv'''^a<br>''happy'' || '''uv'''^a<br>''sad'' |- | '''vya'''^a<br>''true'' || '''vye'''^a<br>''relative'' || '''vyo'''^a<br>''false''|| '''vyi'''^a<br>''clean'' || '''vyu'''^a<br>''dirty'' |- | '''yav'''^a<br>''innocent'' || '''yev'''^a<br>''fair'' || '''yov'''^a<br>''guilty''|| '''yiv'''^a<br>''free'' || '''yuv'''^a<br>''captive'' |- | '''van'''<br>''that'' || '''ven'''<br>''if'' || '''von'''<br>''lest''|| || |- ! rowspan=5|'''z'''<br>(spatial) | '''za'''<br>''in front of'' || '''ze'''<br>''in the middle of'' || '''zo'''<br>''in back of''|| '''zi'''^a<br>''right'' || '''zu'''^a<br>''left'' |- | '''zay'''<br>''ahead'' || '''zey'''<br>''across'' || '''zoy'''<br>''back, re-''|| || |- | '''zya'''^a<br>''wide'' || '''zye'''<br>''through'' || '''zyo'''^a<br>''narrow''||'''zyi'''^a<br>''flat'' || '''zyu'''^a<br>''round'' |- | '''az'''^a<br>''strong'' || '''ez'''^a<br>''moderate'' || '''oz'''^a<br>''weak''|| '''iz'''^a<br>''straight'' || '''uz'''^a<br>''curved'' |- | '''yaz'''^a<br>''convex'' || '''yez'''<br>''along'' || '''yoz'''^a<br>''concave'' || '''yiz'''<br>''beyond'' || '''yuz'''<br>''around'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''b-'''^er<br>(''put'') | '''ba'''^y/(^xer)<br>''with, (agitate)'' || '''be'''^y/(^(xer))<br>''at/by, (hold)'' || '''bo'''^y(^xer)<br>''without/(calm)''|| '''bi^(er/xer)'''<br>''from, (take/pull)'' || '''bu'''^(er/xer)<br>''to, (give/push)'' |- | '''ab'''^(er)<br>''on,(put on)'' || '''eb'''^(er)<br>''between,(block)'' || '''ob'''(^er)<br>''off,(take off)'' || '''ib'''^(er)<br>''away,(receive)'' || '''ub'''^(er)<br>''toward,(send)'' |- | '''bya'''^ser/xer<br>''stand/erect'' || '''bye'''^xer<br>''tap'' || '''byo'''^ser/xer<br>''hang/hang''|| '''byi'''^(ser)<br>''since,(originate)'' || '''byu'''^(ser/xer)<br>''up to,(contact/touch)'' |- | '''yab'''^(er)<br>''up,(raise)'' || '''yeb'''^(er)<br>''in,(put in)''<br>'''oyeb'''^(er)<br>''out,(take out)'' || '''yob'''^(er)<br>''down,(lower)''|| '''yib'''^(er)<br>''far,(remove)'' || '''yub'''^(er)<br>''near,(bring)'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''p'''^er<br>(''go'') | '''pa'''^ser/xer<br>''move/move'' || '''pe'''^ser/xer<br>''wait/trap'' || '''po'''^ser/xer<br>''stop/stop''|| '''pi'''^er/ser/xer<br>''leave/withdraw/catch'' || '''pu'''^er/ser/xer<br>''arrive/jump/throw'' |- | '''pya'''^er/ser/xer<br>''hover/jump up/launch'' || '''pye'''^ser/xer<br>''encounter/strike'' || '''pyo'''^ser/xer<br>''fall/drop''|| '''pyi'''^ser/xer<br>''emanate/derive'' || '''pyu'''^ser/xer<br>''reach/impact'' |- | '''yap'''^er<br>''rise'' || '''yep'''^er<br>''enter'' || '''yop'''^er<br>''descend''|| '''yip'''^er<br>''go far'' || '''yup'''^er<br>''approach'' |- | '''ap'''^er<br>''get on'' || '''ep'''^er<br>''intervene'' || '''op'''^er<br>''get off'' || '''ip'''^er<br>''go away'' ||'''up'''^er<br>''come'' |- !rowspan=2| '''s'''^er<br>(''be'') | '''sa'''^n/s/xer<br>''shape/evolve/make'' ||'''se'''^xer<br>''build'' || '''so'''^n/xer<br>''matter/destroy''|| '''si'''^n/yn<br>''image/sign'' || '''su'''^n/er/xer<br>''thing/provide/realize'' |- | '''as'''^er<br>''become'' || '''es'''^er<br>''exist'' || '''os'''^er<br>''cease to be'' || || |- ! rowspan=3|'''x'''^er<br>(''do'' ) | '''xa'''^ler<br>''execute'' || '''xe'''^ler<br>''practice'' || '''xo'''^ler<br>''fail'' || '''xi'''^ler<br>''undertake'' || '''xu'''^ler<br>''provoke'' |- |'''ax'''^ler<br>''act'' || '''ex'''^er<br>''function'' || '''ox'''^ler<br>''abstain'' || '''ix'''^er<br>''effect'' || '''ux'''^er<br>''cause'' |- | '''yax'''^er<br>''be busy'' || '''yex'''^er<br>''work'' || '''yox'''^er<br>''be idle'' || '''yix'''^er<br>''use'' || '''yux'''^er<br>''help'' |- ! '''t'''^er/rer/yer<br>(''know/recognize/know how'') | '''ta'''^xer<br>''remember'' || '''te'''^xer<br>''think'' || '''to'''^xer<br>''forget'' || '''ti'''^er/xer<br>''learn/study''<br>'''tri'''^er<br>''get to know''<br>'''tyi'''^er<br>''learn how'' || '''tu'''^er/xer/uxer<br>''inform/teach/raise''<br>'''tru'''^er<br>''familiarize''<br>'''tyu'''^er<br>''train'' |- ! '''d'''^er/rer<br>(''say/write'') | '''da'''^ler<br>''talk'' || '''de'''^ler<br>''state''<br>'''dye'''^er<br>''read'' || '''do'''^ler<br>''be silent''<br>'''dro'''^er<br>''erase'' || '''di'''^er/ler/rer<br>''ask/beg/require'' || '''du'''^er/ler/rer<br>''suggest/insist/demand''<br>'''dyu'''^er<br>''call'' |- ! rowspan=2|'''h-'''<br>(determiners) | '''ha'''^(a)<br>''the'' || '''he'''^a<br>''some'' || '''ho'''^a<br>''which'' || '''hi'''^a<br>''this'' || '''hu'''^a<br>''that'' |- | '''hya'''^(a)<br>''all'' || '''hye'''^a<br>''any'' || '''hyo'''^a<br>''no'' || '''hyi'''^a<br>''same'' || '''hyu'''^a<br>''other'' |- ! rowspan=2| (conjunctions) |'''ay'''<br>''and'' || '''ey'''<br>''or'' || '''oy'''<br>''but'' || || |- |'''ya'''ⁿ<br>''together'' || ||'''yo'''ⁿ<br>''apart''|| || |- ! rowspan=2| (numbers) | '''a'''<br>''one''|| '''e'''<br>''two''|| '''o'''<br>''zero''|| '''i'''<br>''three''|| '''u'''<br>''four'' |- | '''ya'''<br>''six''|| '''ye'''<br>''seven''|| '''yo'''<br>''five''|| '''yi'''<br>''eight''|| '''yu'''<br>''nine'' |- ! rowspan=1| (privatives) | || || '''lo-''' (''dis-/un-'')<br>'''lyo-''' (''dis-'')<br>'''oy-''' (''-less'')|| || |} :: <small>* Mixed root. '''taj/tej/toj''' instead of '''yaj/yej/yoj''', because the human letter root '''t''' is more intuitive.</small> :: Note: The opposition '''(y)a'''-'''(y)e'''-'''(y)o''' is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but '''(y)i-(y)u''' is two-way, without any intermediary sense. == Derived Word Formation Rules == : Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building: : These consist of the following rules: ::# Compounding ::# Affixation ::# Ordinal Vowel Scaling ::# Overlapping ::# Adding Ordinal Vowels ::# Swapping Generic Consonants ::# Marking Words for Gender ::# Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels ::# Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels ::# Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern ::# Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === Rule #1: Compounding === [[File:Compound 6 (maraviroc development).svg|thumb|]] : Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Compounding |- ! Component 1 !! Component 2 !! Compound |- | '''mor'''....''cosmos'' || '''tun'''....''science, -ology'' || '''mortun'''....''cosmology'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''memyaz'''....''mountain'' || '''magmemyaz'''....''volcano'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''mem'''....''land'' || '''dobmem'''....''territory'' |- | '''tul'''....''dish'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''tuldras'''....''menu'' |- | '''sin'''....''picture'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''sindras'''....''description'' |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''kyoxer'''....''to fix (in place)'' || '''tamkyoxer'''....''to settle'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''kyo-'''....''fixed'' || '''tep-'''....''mind'' || '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn'' |} : Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for ''rain'', for example, is '''ma(m)''' (''sky'') + '''mil''' (''water''), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, '''mamil'''. : When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg: :* '''uzra'''....''twisted'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ---> '''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' :* '''kyoa'''....''fixed'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn, obsessed'' :* '''aza'''....''strong'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''tepaza'''....''intelligent'' :* '''fua'''....''bad'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''futipa'''....''cross, ill-tempered'' :* '''aga'''....''big'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''tipaga'''....''magnanimous, generous'' === Rule #2: Affixation === [[File:Word Cloud of Various Prefixes.png|thumb|]] : Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes: ==== Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Base !! Compound |- | '''ja'''....''before'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''japer'''....''to precede'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''joper'''....''to follow'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' ||'''der'''....''to say'' || '''vader'''....''to affirm'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''dras'''....''something written'' || '''jodras'''....''postscript'' |- | '''za'''....''ahead'' ||'''jub'''....''day'' || '''zajub'''....''tomorrow'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' ||'''mel'''....''land'' || '''yonmel'''....''island'' |} : Prepositional prefixes ending in '''b''' with verbs '''per''' and '''ber''' (and their derivations) lose the '''b''' before verbal elements based on '''per''' (''go'') and '''ber''' (''put''), as shown in the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Assimilation of b and p |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! New Verb |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' (NOT: '''yabber''') |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' (NOT: '''yabper''') |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''aber'''....''put on, apply'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''aper'''....''get on, mount'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''ober'''....''take off, remove'' |- | '''ob'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''bux'''....''a push'' || '''yebux'''....''impulse'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall'' || '''yepyoser'''....''collapse'' |} : The loss of the '''b''' in the above words in one of the only cases of '''''fusion''''' in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form. Another case of fusion is when so-called '''''stubs''''' are combined. For example, '''doyijem''' (''public square''), which is composed of '''do(m)'''....''city'' + '''yij(a)'''....''open'' + '''(n)em'''....''place''. The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix '''a-''' can have many different meanings. : The adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped¹, as is the '''er''' or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that '''tyoyab''' becomes '''tyoya-'''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! Compound Verb |- | '''oza'''....''weak'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ozder'''....''whisper'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yagder'''....''ramble'' |- | '''aja'''....''past'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ajder'''....''evoke'' |- | '''yoga'''....''short'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yogder'''....''summarize'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''tyoyaper'''....''walk'' |- | '''dreer'''....''write'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' || '''dresar'''....''pencil'' |- | '''tuyob'''....''hand'' || '''dren'''....''writing'' || '''tuyodren'''....''manuscript'' |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mamil'''....''rain'' |} : <small>¹: Sometimes, the adjective ending '''a''' is retained when an adjective is compounded with '''xer''' or '''ser'''. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, '''aga''' + '''xer''' can produce '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' or '''agxer'''....''to grow''. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.</small> ==== Most Common Mirad Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Common Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Examples |- |'''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-''||'''anzyukpar'''....''unicycle''<br> '''antotin'''....''monotheism''<br>'''adeb'''....''emperor'' |- |'''aa-'''....''arch-, first-, prime''||'''aadub'''....''prime minister''<br>'''aatat'''....''archangel''<br>'''aavyan'''....''principle''<br>'''aasaun'''....''prototype'' |- |'''aag-'''....''arch-, main, macro-''||'''aagmep'''....''highway''<br> '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution''<br> '''aagovekut'''....''archrival'' |- |'''aaj-'''....''paleo-, proto-''||'''aajtobtun'''....''paleoanthropology''<br> '''aajsiyn'''....''fossil'' |- |'''ab-'''....''ad-, top, on, epi-''||'''abtob'''....''superman''<br> '''abtim'''....''attic''<br> '''abzen'''....''epicenter'' |- |'''aj-'''....''former, ex-'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife''<br>'''ajdeb'''....''former leader'' |- |'''ayb-'''....''over-, super-, hyper-, sur-''||'''aybmep'''....''overpass''<br>'''aybdresin'''....''superscript''<br>'''aybdyun'''....''hypernym'' |- |'''ag-'''....''mega(lo)-'' || '''agvyotos'''....''megalomania''<br>'''agtoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''alo(n)-'''....''deca-, ten-''||'''alojaga'''....''ten years old''<br> '''alojab'''....''decade''<br> '''alonsuna'''....''decimal'' |- |'''aloy(n)-'''....''deci-, tenth-''||'''aloynux'''....''tithe''<br> '''aloyngoler'''....''decimate'' |- |'''am-'''....''thermo-''||'''amzemula'''....''thermonuclear''<br> '''amvyabxar'''....''thermostat'' |- |'''amlo(n)-'''....''mega-''||'''amloagvunak'''....''megavolt''<br> '''amlotoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''amloyn-'''....''micro-''||'''amloynjweb'''....''microsecond'' |- |'''anyen-'''....''idio-''||'''anyenboka'''....''idiopathic''<br> '''anyendyan'''....''idiom''<br> '''anyentepa'''....''idiotic'' |- |'''ao(b/p)-'''....''north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axis''||'''aonab'''....''column'', ''x-y-axis''<br> '''aopuys yuzpar'''....''hop-on-hop-off bus''<br> '''aonada'''....''vertical'' |- |'''aoye(b/p)-'''....''in-and-out''||'''aoyebar'''....''piston''<br> '''aoyebelen'''....''import-exports''<br> '''aoyepaper'''....''fly in and out'' |- |'''aro(n)-'''....''kilo-''||'''aronminak'''....''kilometer''<br> '''arobanak'''....''kilobit'' |- |'''aroyn-'''....''milli-''||'''aroynvunak'''....''millivolt''<br> '''aoynwunak'''....''milliwatt'' |- |'''(a)so(n)'''....''cent-''||'''asojagat'''....''centenarian''<br> '''asolinak'''....''hectoliter''<br> '''sojab'''....''century'' |- |'''asoy(n)-'''....''cent-, centi-''||'''asoygenak'''....''centigram''<br> '''asoylinak'''....''centiliter'' |- |'''av-'''....''pro-''||'''avYanotina'''....''pro-Communist'' |- |'''ayn-'''....''full-, holo-, whole-''||'''aynnuut'''....''wholesaler''<br> '''aynsin'''....''hologram''<br> '''aynteptija'''....''fully-conscious'' |- |'''e(b/p)-'''....''inter-''||'''ebmos'''....''mezzanine''<br> '''ebyanmulxer'''....''intermingle''<br> '''eper'''....''intercede'' |- |'''ejna-'''....''neo-''||'''ejnadun'''....''neologism''<br> '''ejnaobdabin'''....''neocolonialism'' |- |'''e(n)-'''....''ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two-''||'''entyoba'''....''bipedal''<br> '''enzyuspar'''....''bicycle''<br> '''envolza'''....''dichromatic'' |- |'''eon-'''....''duo-, double-, twin-''||'''eonin'''....''dualism''<br> '''eondal'''....''double-speak''<br> '''eonsum'''....''twin bed'' |- |'''ev-'''....''a-, neutral'' ||'''evdofina'''....''amoral''<br>'''evdabtuna'''....''apolitical'' |- |'''ey(b/p)-'''....''intra-, among''||'''eybmasa'''....''intramural''<br> '''eybmimkuma'''....''intracoastal'' |- |'''eyn-'''....''demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi-''||'''eynzyus'''....''semi-circle''<br> '''eynzyup'''....''half-turn''<br> '''eyntilsyeb'''....''demitassee''<br> '''eynyonmel'''....''peninsula'' |- |'''fi-'''....''bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well-''||'''fixut'''....''benefactor''<br> '''fidrawa'''....''well-written''<br> '''fitos'''...''euphoria'' |- |'''fu-'''....''dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly-''||'''futos'''....''dysphoria''<br> '''futuwa'''....''ill-informed''<br> '''fuxeyn'''....''malfeasance'' |- |'''fya-'''....''hiero-, holy-, sancti-''||'''fyasdresiyn'''....''hieroglyphic''<br> '''fyader'''....''sanctify''<br> '''fyatwed'''....''holy father'' |- |'''fye-'''....''mythical, fantasy''||'''fyetop'''....''phantom''<br> '''fyetobet'''....''elfin''<br> '''fyetexer'''...''fantacize''<br> '''fyedin'''....''fantasy'' |- |'''fyo-'''....''evil, profane'' ||'''fyotez'''....''occult''<br>'''fyotat'''....''devil''<br>'''fyotyez'''....''witchcraft'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-, again'' || '''gawteaper'''....''revisit''<br> '''gawaker'''....''regain'' |- |'''garale-'''....''tera-''||'''garaleagbanak'''....''terabyte'' |- |'''garalyi-'''....''exa-''||'''garalyibanak'''....''exabit'' |- |'''garalyo-'''....''peta-''||'''galayoagbanak'''....''petabyte'' |- |'''garela-'''....''zetta-''||'''garelaagbanak'''....''zettabyte'' |- |'''garelu-'''....''yotta-''||'''gareluagbanak'''....''yottabyte'' |- |'''ge-'''....''equal to, equi-, even-''||'''geyafwa'''....''equipollent''<br> '''genaza'''....''equivalent'' |- |'''gel-'''....''homo-, like-, simul-''||'''gelzena'''....''homocentric''<br> '''gelvolza'''....''homochromatic'' |- |'''geyl-'''....''simul-''||'''geyldyan'''....''simile''<br> '''geylxer'''....''assimilate'' |- |'''gla-'''....''many-, multi-, poly-''||'''glatyenika'''....''multi-skilled''<br> '''glatwada'''....''polyandrous''<br> '''glavolza'''....''many-hued'' |- |'''glo-'''....''mini-, little-, few-''||'''gloduna'''....''succint, of few words''<br> '''glonixea'''....''low-earning'' |- |'''gorale-'''....''pico-''||'''goraleagfenak'''....''picofarad'' |- |'''goralyi-'''....''atto-''||'''goralyigenak'''....''attogram'' |- |'''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||'''goralyoon'''....''quadrillionth'' |- |'''goralyu-'''....''nano-''||'''goralyusonak'''....''nanosecond'' |- |'''gorela-'''....''zepto-''||'''gorelagenak'''....''zeptogram'' |- |'''gorelu-'''....''yocto-''||'''gorelugenak'''....''yoctogram'' |- |'''gra-'''....''extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra-''||'''gratosea'''....''hypersensitive''<br> '''grazoyaxler'''....''overreact''<br> '''granoxea'''....''extravagant'' |- |'''gro-'''....''hypo-, under-''||'''groyixlawa'''....''underemployed''<br> '''groaman'''....''hypothermia'' |- |'''gwa-'''....''hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure, macro-''||'''gwayelza'''....''pure pink''<br> '''gwayafa'''....''supreme''<br> '''gwauja'''....''ultimate''<br> '''gwazoa'''....''hindmost'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''least-, mini-, micro-''||'''gwosag'''....''minimum''<br> '''gwoyuzpur'''....''minibus''<br>'''gwoexlus'''....''microprocessor'' |- |'''hi-'''....''hither, these, this''||'''his'''....''this''<br> '''hisi'''....''these''<br> '''him'''....''here'' |- |'''hya(s)-'''....''pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every-''||'''hyas'''....''everything''<br> '''hyati'''....''all of them''<br> '''hyastea'''....''omniscient''<br> '''hyataadifa'''....''pansexual'' |- |'''hu-'''....''that''||'''hus'''....''that''<br> '''huj'''....''then''<br> '''huyen'''...''that way'' |- |'''huim-'''....''here-and-there, here-and-yon''||'''huimkexer'''....''search high and low''<br> '''huimpaper'''....''fly here and there''<br> '''hyuimpoper'''....''travel here-and-there'' |- |'''huu-'''....''so, such''||'''huugla'''....''so, so very''<br> '''hus'''....''such''<br> '''huyen'''....''in such a way, so, thus'' |- |'''hyaewa-'''....''ambi-''||'''hyaewati'''....''both of them''<br> '''hyaewaziza'''....''ambidextrous''<br> '''hyaewatoobifa'''....''ambi-sexual'' |- |'''hye-'''....''-ever, any, whatever, whichever''||'''hyem'''....''anywhere, wherever''<br> '''hyempea'''....''erratic''<br> '''hjej'''....''ever, anytime'' |- |'''hyi-'''....''homo-, like-, same, syn-''||'''hyitoobifa'''....''homosexual''<br> '''hyis'''....''same thing''<br> '''hyijoba'''....''synchronous'' |- |'''hyo(s)-'''....''nothing, a-'' || '''hyostosea'''....''apathetic'' |- |'''hyu(t/s)-'''....''alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, else''||'''hyutoobifa'''....''heterosexual''<br> '''hyua'''....''another, alternate''<br> '''hyutufa'''....''xenophobic''<br> '''hyus'''....''something else'' |- |'''hyui(t/s)-'''....''cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal''||'''hyuitvikaxen'''....''mutual admiration''<br> '''hyuixer'''....''reciprocate''<br> '''hyuisa'''....''mutual, reciprocal''<br> '''hyuitif'''....''mutual love'' |- |'''i-'''....''toward the speaker''||'''iber'''....''receive''<br>'''ixer'''....''result'' |- |'''ik-'''....''fully, thoroughly''||'''iktoxer'''....''forget completely''<br> '''iktos'''....''satisfaction''<br> '''ikyebixer'''....''engulf, swallow up completely'' |- |'''in-'''....''three-, tri-, tripl-, tern-''||'''inzyuspar'''....''tricycle''<br> '''inaga'''....''three-dimensional''<br> '''injiba'''....''trimensual''<br> '''insuna'''....''ternary''<br> '''intotan'''....''trinity'' |- |'''iyn-'''....''terci-, third''||'''iyna'''....''terciary''<br> '''iynxer'''....''cut into thirds'' |- |'''iz-'''....''ortho-, recti-, right-, straight-''||'''iznada'''....''rectilinear''<br> '''izguna'''....''orthogonal''<br> '''iztin'''....''orthdoxy''<br> '''izdea'''....''forthright'' |- |'''ja-'''....''ante-, fore-, pre-''||'''jaupya'''....''foregone''<br> '''jauper'''....''precede''<br> '''jadropeka'''....''antebellum'' |- |'''je-'''....''per-, continuously, ever-''||'''jetejer'''....''persevere''<br>'''jeteaxer'''....''watch''<br>'''jexrer'''....''perpetuate'' |- |'''jo-'''....''after-, meta-, post-''||'''joexlen'''....''postprocessing''<br> '''jomir'''....''metasphere''<br> '''jotej'''....''afterlife'' |- |'''jwa-'''....''early-, eo-, preter-, proto-''||'''jwaber'''....''prepare''<br> '''jwatuun'''....''premonition''<br> '''jwadodin'''....''early history, protohistory''<br> '''jwamola'''....''preternatural''<br> '''jwajoeb'''....''eocene'' |- |'''jwo-'''....''ceno-, late-, latter-, tard-''||'''jwonux'''....''late payment''<br> '''jwoa'''....''tardy''<br> '''jwoteja'''....''cenozoic'' |- |'''ko-'''....''cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth-''||'''koa'''....''covert''<br> '''koexut'''....''spy''<br> '''koyeper'''....''sneak in'' |- |'''(ko)vyo-'''....''pseudo-, mis-, wrong-''||'''kovyotun'''....''pseudoscience''<br>'''vyobekuer'''....''to mistreat'' |- |'''ku-'''....''para-''||'''kuifut'''....''paramour''<br> '''kuteliut'''....''parasite''<br> '''kuteptun'''....''parapsychology'' |- |'''kya-'''....''alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross-''||'''kyaember'''....''relocate''<br> '''kyajoba'''....''diachronic''<br> '''kyatajnad'''....''crossbreed''<br> '''kyatooba'''....''transgendered''<br> '''kyavolza'''....''variegated, motley'' |- |'''kyao-'''....''falteringly, unsteadily''||'''kyaoper'''....''stagger''<br> '''kyaotexer'''....''vacillate'' |- |'''kye-'''....''chance-, hap-, random-''||'''kyea'''....''haphazard''<br> '''kyebyus'''....''chance encounter''<br> '''kyeteater'''....''happen to see''<br> '''kyesauna'''....''of a random type'' |- |'''kyo-'''....''fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat-''||'''kyosaun'''....''stereotype''<br> '''kyopa'''....''stable, static, stationary''<br> '''kyoson'''....''status'' |- |'''lo-'''....''dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un-''||'''lozeb'''....''disequilibrium''<br> '''loyuvlaxer'''....''disengage''<br> '''loyuzyuber'''....''uncoil''<br> '''lomulvyusber'''....''decontaminate'' |- |'''logel-'''....''hetero-, different-''||'''logelsauna'''....''heterogenous''<br>'''logelaxer'''....''differentiate'' |- |'''maz-'''....''bright-''||'''mazteaba'''....''bright-eyed'' |- |'''mial-'''....''hygro-, atmo-, vapori-''||'''mialama'''....''hygrothermal''<br>'''mialnagar'''....''atomometer, vaporimeter'' |- |'''mil-'''....''aqua-, hydro-, water-''||'''milyexun'''....''aquaculture''<br> '''milmaka'''....''hydroelectric''<br> '''miltilsyeb'''....''water glass'' |- |'''mul-'''....''hylo-, substance''||'''mulsana'''....''hylomorphic'' |- |'''o(l)-'''....''a-, dis-, non-, un-, in-''||'''ovyilxwa'''....''unwashed''<br> '''omalza'''....''non-white''<br> '''ototina'''....''atheist''<br> '''otepzexea'''....''inattentive'' |- |'''o(b/p)-'''....''de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice-''||'''oper'''....''get off''<br> '''obneg'''....''sublevel''<br> '''obxeb'''....''sous-chef, sub-officer''<br>'''obtyodeb'''....''vice-president'' |- |'''oog-'''....''micro-'' || '''oogpob'''....''microorganism'' <nowiki>-</nowiki> |- | '''oj-'''....''future'' || '''ojtayd'''....''bride, future wife'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-'' ||'''gawder'''....''to repeat''<br>'''gawdyeer'''....''to re-read'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''micro-, mini-'' || '''ogalmor'''....''microcosm''<br>'''ogalteaxer'''....''microscope''<br>'''gowaxer'''....''minimize'' |- |'''of-'''....''prohibited'' ||'''ofbier'''....''steal''<br>'''ofbekul'''....''prohibited drug''<br>'''ofemkyoxer'''....''to squat'' |- |'''ov-'''....''contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un-''||'''ovalxer'''....''countervail''<br> '''ovper'''....''contravene''<br> '''ovkyin'''....''counterweight''<br> '''ovdat'''....''enemy''<br> '''olovmasbwa'''....''undefended'' |- |'''oy-'''....''-less, a(n)-, without''||'''oytofa'''...''naked''<br> '''oyxer'''....''deprive''<br> '''oytosen'''....''apathy''<br> '''oyteupiba'''....''toothless'' |- |'''oyb-'''....''hypo-, infra-, sub-, under-''||'''oybnadrer'''....''underline''<br> '''oybtomsan'''....''infrastructure''<br> '''oybseuxa'''....''subsonic''<br> '''oybtayoba'''....''hypodermic'' |- |'''oyeb-'''....''ex-, extra-, out-''||'''oyebnad'''....''outline''<br> '''oyebyujber'''....''exclude''<br> '''oyebdoabuer'''....''extradite'' |- |'''oyv-'''....''contra-, opposite, reverse''||'''oyvkuma'''...''opposite''<br> '''oyvder'''....''contradict''<br>'''oyvduer'''....''contraindicate''<br>'''oyvaxer'''....''reverse'' |- |'''tayi(b)-'''....''neuro-, nerve''||'''tayibteptun'''....''neuropsychology''<br> '''tayibyok'''....''neuralgia'' |- |'''teeb-'''....''auri-, oto-, ear-''||'''teebbekut'''....''aurist''<br> '''teeteiteyobtut'''....''otorhinolaryngologist''<br> '''teebyel'''....''earwax'' |- |'''tee(s/x/t)-'''....''audio-, son-, phono-''||'''teesnagen'''....''audiography''<br> '''teestaxdras'''....''phonogram''<br> '''teestun'''....''audiology''<br> '''teexdras'''....''audiogram''<br> '''teetyofwa'''....''inaudible'' |- |'''tei(b)-'''....''nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo-''||'''teibbok'''....''rhinitis''<br> '''teibyeg'''....''nostril''<br> '''teiz'''....''perfume''<br> '''teizuka'''....''aroma-free''<br> '''teityaf'''....''olfactory sense'' |- |'''tiibil-'''....''blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin-''||'''tiibililp'''....''hemorrhage''<br> '''tiibiliut'''....''bloodsucker''<br> '''tiibloker'''....''exsanguinate''<br> '''tiibiltun'''....''hematology'' |- |'''tuj-'''....''hypno-, somni-, sopor-''||'''tujbek'''....''hyptotherapy''<br> '''tujbyea'''....''somniferous, soporific'' |- |'''u(b/p)-'''....''toward''||'''uber'''....''send''<br>'''ubaer'''....''lean toward'' |- |'''ui-'''....''horizontal, left-right, x-axis''||'''uinab'''....''row'', ''x-axis''<br> '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- |'''uib-'''....''back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receive''||'''uibar'''....''transceiver'' |- |'''uig-'''....''fast-and-slow''||'''uigpar'''....''scooter'' |- |'''uij-'''....''begin-and-end, start-and-stop''||'''uijdaler'''....''stutter'' |- |'''uip-'''....''come-and-go''||'''uipen'''....''traffic, coming and going'' |- |'''uiz-'''....''straight-then-crooked''||'''uizbaser'''....''swagger''<br> '''uizdrer'''....''scribble''<br> '''uizpaser'''....''swerve'' |- |'''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater-''||'''ungona'''....''quadripartite''<br> '''unnednid'''....''tetrahedron''<br> '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' |- |'''uyn-'''....''fourth-, quarti-''||'''uynxer'''....''quarter''<br> '''uynjab'''....''quarter (of a year)'' |- |'''ut-'''....''auto-, self-, sui-, ego-''||'''utifon'''....''egoism''<br> '''utgober'''....''autodecrement''<br> '''utfuyix'''....''self-abuse''<br> '''uttujben'''....''suicide'' |- |'''uz-'''....''crooked, di-''||'''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- |'''va-'''....''yes''||'''vayovder'''....''convict''<br> '''vabier'''....''accept''<br> '''vatexer'''....''believe'' |- |'''vao-'''....''yes-no''||'''vaoder'''....''decide''<br> '''vaodaler'''....''waffle''<br> '''vaonaza'''....''boolean'' |- |'''vi-'''....''bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri-''||'''vituzyan'''....''fine arts, beaux arts''<br> '''vidun'''....''euphemism''<br> '''vidrenyan'''....''literature, belles lettres''<br> '''visuana'''....''classic'' |- |'''vo-'''....''non-, neg-''||'''voyafxer'''....''veto''<br> '''voxer'''....''negate''<br> '''voyovder'''....''acquit, declare not guilty'' |- |'''vya-'''....''justi-, recti-, true-, reg-''||'''vyadin'''....''true story''<br> '''vyader'''....''avow''<br> '''vyamol'''....''essence'' |- | '''vyao-'''....''right or wrong'' ||'''vyaoyek'''....''test'' |- |'''vyak-'''....''ortho-, correct-''||'''vyakdred'''....''orthography''<br> '''vyakxer'''....''correct'' |- |'''vyo-'''....''mis-, para-, wrong-''||'''vyoyufa'''....''paranoid''<br> '''vyoyux'''....''perfidy''<br> '''vyoyixer'''....''misuse'' |- |'''ya-'''....''more than one, multi-''||'''yaota'''....''communal'' |- |'''yab-'''....''hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper-''||'''yabdom'''....''uptown''<br> '''yabdoneg'''....''upper class''<br> '''yabduzneg'''....''high pitch''<br> '''yabexer'''....''support''<br> '''yabzyobix'''....''hypertension'' |- |'''yabnan-'''....''height-, hypso-, alti-''||'''yabnanagar'''....''hypsometer, altimeter'' |- |'''yag-'''....''long-''||'''yagyiban'''....''long distance''<br> '''yagyeker'''....''strive''<br> '''yagblokea'''....''long-suffering'' |- |'''yan-'''....''co(n)-, fellow-, -mate''||'''yanzena'''....''concentric''<br> '''yanyeker'''....''compete''<br> '''yandit'''....''fellow-citizen'' |- |'''yao(b/p)-'''....''up-and-down''||'''yaopuyser'''....''skip''<br> '''yaopsim'''....''seesaw''<br> '''yaoblir'''....''elevator''<br> '''yaobaser'''....''bounce'' |- |'''ya(on)-'''....''six-, hexa-, sex-''||'''yaonat'''....''sextet''<br> '''yaongun'''....''hexagon''<br> '''yaona'''....''six-fold, sextuple''<br>'''yagol'''....''sextile'' |- |'''yaov-'''....''guilty-or-innocent''||'''yaovder'''....''adjudicate''<br> '''yaovdutyan'''....''jury''<br> '''yaovkader'''....''plead''<br> '''yaovyek'''....''trial'' |- |'''yaoz-'''....''serrated, bumpy, jagged''||'''yaozaxer'''....''serrate''<br> '''yaozgoblar'''....''saw''<br> '''yaozper'''....''bump along'' |- |'''yayb-'''....''supra-''||'''yaybdooba'''....''supranational'' |- |'''yayn-'''....''sex-, sixth''||'''yayna'''...''sixth'' |- |'''ye(on)-'''....''hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven-''||'''yejub'''....''week''<br> '''yeongun'''....''heptagon''<br> '''yeonat'''....''septuplet'' |- |'''ye(b/p)-'''....''en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro-''||'''yebuzaser'''....''.inflect''<br> '''yebzoytiibufa'''....''intravenous''<br> '''yebyujer'''....''enclode''<br> '''yebtayoba'''....''endodermal''<br> '''yeper'''....''enter''<br> '''yeber'''....''introduce'' |- |'''yeov-'''....''fair or not ''|| '''yeovdut'''....''umpire'' |- |'''yeyb-'''....''intra-''||'''yeybmepyan'''....''intranet''<br> '''yeybdoeba'''....''intrastate'' |- |'''ye-'''....''hepto-, seven-, septi-''||'''yejub'''....''week'' |- |'''yeyn-'''....''seventh''|| '''yeynxer'''....''split into sevenths'' |- |'''yez'''....''para-, alongside''|| '''yezteptun'''....''parapsychology''<br>'''yezuper'''....''come alongside'' |- |'''yi(on)-'''....''oct-, eight-''||'''yiona'''...''eight-fold''<br>''octuple'' |- |'''yib-'''....''far-, tele-, remote''||'''yibsin'''....''televison''<br> '''yibteata'''....''far-sighted''<br> '''yibtrawa'''....''famous'' |- |'''yibaj-'''....''archai-, archeo-, ancient''||'''yibajtun'''....''archaeology'','''yibajtun'''....''archeology'' |- |'''yiyn-'''....''eighth''||'''yiynxer'''....''divide into eighths'' |- |'''yiz-'''....''beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-''||'''yiztyun'''...''metaphor''<br> '''yizeza'''....''paranormal''<br> '''yizmeirat'''....''extraterrestrial''<br> '''yizseux'''....''utrasound'' |- |'''yoon-'''....''five-, penta-, quint-''||'''yoongun'''....''pentagon''<br> '''yoongol'''...''quintile''<br> '''yoon'''....''group of five''<br> ''quintet'' |- |'''yo(b/p)-'''....''down-, hypo-, sub-''||'''yobdom'''...''downtown''<br> '''yoper'''....''go down''<br> '''yobgoler'''....''subdivide'' |- |'''yon-'''....''apart, dis-, se-''||'''yonzyaber'''....''disperse''<br> '''yonxer'''....''separate''<br> '''yonsauna'''....''distinct'' |- |'''yoyn-'''....''fifth-, quinti-''||'''yoynnaga'''....''quintic''<br> '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' |- |'''yu(n)-'''....''nine-, nona-''||'''yunapa'''....''ninth (in order)''<br> '''yungunid'''....''nonagon''<br> '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' |- |'''yub-'''....''near-, proxi-, para-''||'''yuboj'''....''near future''<br> '''yubna'''....''next''<br> '''yubteas'''....''closeup (view)''<br> '''yubge'''....''almost''<br> '''yubfia'''....''intimate''<br> '''yubgeser'''....''approximate''<br>'''yubdopa'''....''paramilitary'' |- |'''yui(b/p)-'''....''near-and-far''||'''yuibjo'''....''sooner or later''<br> '''yuibteabar'''....''bifocals''<br> '''yuipoper'''....''travel near and far'' |- |'''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut''||'''yuijar'''....''valve''<br> '''yuijer'''....''blink'', ''wink''<br> '''manyuijer'''....''blink''<br> '''makyuijar'''....''switch'' |- |'''yuyb-'''....''quasi-, pen-, almost''||'''yuybyonmel'''....''peninsula''<br> '''yuybega'''....''quasi-normal'' |- |'''yuon-'''....''ninth-, novi-''||'''yuonat'''....''nonuplet'' |- |'''yuz-'''....''circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round-''||'''yuzper'''....''circulate''<br> '''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br> '''yuzof'''....''wrap-around''<br> '''yuznadrer'''....''circumscribe'' |- |'''za-'''....''ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro-, north''||'''zatim'''....''antechamber''<br> '''zamimuf'''....''foremast''<br> '''zagab'''....''prefix''<br> '''zajuber'''....''procrastinate''<br>'''zamer'''....''north'' |- |'''zao-'''....''back-and-forth, front-and-back''||'''zaopaser'''....''wobble''<br> '''zaokuper'''....''slalom''<br> '''zaopyoser'''....''pendulate'' |- |'''zay-'''....''forth-, pro-, forward, ahead''||'''zaypuyser'''....''skip ahead''<br> '''zaypuxer'''....''propel''<br> '''zayper'''....''go forward, procede''<br> '''zayupea'''....''forthcoming'' |- |'''ze-'''....''mid-, central, medio-''||'''zetej'''....''midlife''<br> '''zepoxer'''....''interrupt, stop midway''<br> '''zetem'''....''central hall'' |- |'''zey-'''....''cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, across''||'''zeyper'''....''transit, get across''<br> '''zeynod'''....''crosspoint''<br> '''zeytyun'''....''metaphor'' |- |'''zi-'''....''right, east, dextro-''||'''zim'''....''right side''<br>'''zimera'''....''eastern'' |- |'''zo-'''....''back-, hind-, retro-, south''||'''zotib'''....''back''<br> '''zotiub'''....''hindquarters''<br> '''zonapa'''....''retrograde''<br>'''zomer'''....''south'' |- |'''zoy-'''....''back-, retro-, re-''||'''zoyper'''....''recede, go back''<br> '''zoybeler'''....''carry back''<br> '''zoyzyublen'''....''backspin'' |- |'''zu-'''....''left-, west-''||'''zutinut'''....''leftist''<br> '''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zumera'''....''western'' |- |'''zui-'''....''left-and-right, zig-zag, east-west''||'''zuibyoser'''....''dangle, hang left-and-right''<br> '''zuiper'''....''zigzag''<br> '''zuituyaba'''....''ambidextrous''<br>'''zuimera'''....''east-west'' |- |'''zya-'''....''-wide, wide-, broad-, all about''||'''zyauber'''....''broadcast''<br> '''zyateaba'''....''wide-eyed''<br> '''zyasauna'''....''general''<br> '''zyapoper'''....''cruise, wander''<br> '''zyamira'''....''global, worldwide'' |- |'''zye-'''....''per-, thorough-, thru-, trans-''||'''zyetejer'''....''live through, experience''<br> '''zyeteaxer'''....''peruse''<br> '''zyeteatyafwa'''....''transparent''<br> '''zyemep'''....''thoroughfare''<br> '''zyeper'''....''permeate, transit'' |- |'''zyo-'''....''narrow, steno-'' || '''zyotepa'''....''narrow-minded''<br>'''zyoteat'''....''tunnel vision''<br>'''zyoyija'''....''stenopeic'' |- |'''zyu-'''....''cyclo-, rot-, round-, gyro''||'''zyutim'''....''rotunda''<br> '''zyusem'''....''roundtable''<br> '''zyuper'''....''cycle, gyrate, rotate'' |} ==== Suffixes ==== : Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes. : '''Semantic Stub Suffixes''' :: Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Stub Suffixes |- valign=top ! Suffix Stub !! Suffix Full Form !! Suffixed Example < Base Word |- | '''-il'''....''liquid, drink'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''teab<u>il</u>'''....''tear''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teub<u>il</u>'''....''saliva''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''tayeb<u>il</u>'''....''sweat''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayeb'''....''skin''<br>'''mam<u>il</u>'''....''rain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mam'''....''sky'' |- | '''-al'''....''gas'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''tieb<u>al</u>'''....''breath''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' |- | '''-(e)l'''....''food'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''sup<u>el</u>'''....''pork''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''<u>sup</u>et'''....''swine''<br>'''ta<u>ol</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''taob'''....''flesh''<br>'''fe<u>l</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''feb'''....''fruit'' |- | '''-ul'''....''stuff'' || '''mul'''....''substance'' || '''vix<u>ul</u>'''....''cosmetic''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vix-'''....''to beautify''<br>'''bek<u>ul</u>'''....''medecine''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment'' |- | '''-yel'''....''oil, gel, wax, pulp'' || '''yel'''....''oil'' || '''olf<u>yel</u>'''....''olive oil''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''olfeb'''....''olive''<br>'''appelat<u>yel</u>'''....''wax''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''appelat'''....''bee''<br>'''mag<u>yel</u>'''....''grease''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mag'''....''fire''<br>'''bek<u>yel</u>'''....''salve''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment''<br>'''meg<u>yel</u>'''....''cement''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''meg'''....''stone''<br>'''yan<u>yel</u>'''....''paste''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yan'''....''together'' |- | '''-am'''....''house'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''apat<u>am</u>'''....''chicken coop''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apat'''....''chicken''<br>'''apellat<u>am</u>'''....''beehive''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apellat'''....''bee''<br>'''melyex<u>am</u>'''....''farmhouse''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''melyex'''....''agriculture''<br>'''datib<u>am</u>'''....''hostel''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''datib'''....''guest-reception'' |- | '''-(e)m'''....''place'' || '''nem'''....''place'' || '''vobyex<u>em</u>'''....''plantation, farm''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vob'''....''plant'' + '''yex'''....''work''<br>'''vab<u>em</u>'''....''field''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ab'''....''above, upper''<br>'''ze<u>m</u>'''....''middle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ze(a)'''....''middle'' <br> '''tim'''....''room'' |- | '''-im'''....''room'' || '''tim'''....''room'' || '''tul<u>im</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tul'''....''cuisine''<br>'''tuj<u>im</u>'''....''bedroom''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tuj'''....''sleep'' |- | '''-um'''....''cell, booth'' || '''tum'''....''compartment''|| '''pex<u>um</u>'''....''cage''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pexer'''....''catch''<br>'''ilzyapux<u>um</u>'''....''shower stall''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ilzyapux'''....''shower'' |- | '''-yem'''....''space'' || '''nyem'''....''enclosure'' || '''yom<u>yem</u>'''....''icebox''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yom'''....''ice'' |- | '''-yeb'''....''container'' || '''nyeb'''....''container'' || '''z<u>yeb</u>'''....''bottle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zye(f)'''....''glass''<br>'''vos<u>yeb</u>'''....''vase''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vos'''....''flower'' |- | '''-of'''....''material'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''t<u>of</u>'''....''clothes''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''t-'''....''human''<br>'''mis<u>of</u>'''....''curtain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mis'''....''window''<br>'''fa<u>of</u>'''....''wood''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''fa(b)-'''....''tree''<br>'''tay<u>of</u>'''....''leather''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayo(b)'''....''skin'' |- | '''-ov'''....''linen'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tey<u>ov</u>'''....''collar''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck'' |- | '''-ar'''....''instrument'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' ||'''p<u>ar</u>'''....''cart''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''p-'''....''motion''<br>'''zyup<u>ar</u>'''....''rotor''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyup'''....''turn''<br>'''gobr<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gobrar'''....''cut''<br>'''jwob<u>ar</u>'''....''watch''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-ir'''....''machine'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''dr<u>ir</u>'''....''typewriter''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dr-'''....''write''<br>'''gwob<u>ir</u>'''....''clock'' |- | '''-ur'''....''large machine'' || '''sur'''....''engine'' || '''p<u>ur</u>r'''....''car''<br>'''jwob<u>ur</u>r'''....''grandfather clock''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-(u)n'''....''thing'' || '''sun'''....''thing'' || '''d<u>un</u>'''....''word''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''d-'''....''utter, say''<br>'''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''piece, scrap''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gofrer'''....''rip, shread, tear''<br>'''zyi<u>un</u>'''....''plaque, plate''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyia'''....''flat''<br>'''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vyua'''....''dirty'' |- | '''-on'''....''abstract thing'' || '''son'''....''issue'' || '''yov<u>on</u>'''....''tort, wrong''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yov'''....''guilt'' |- | '''yen'''....''manner, kind'' || '''byen'''....''manner'' || '''tex<u>yen</u>'''....''opinion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tex'''....''thought''<br>'''hi<u>yen</u>'''....''this way, thus''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''hi-'''....''this''<br>'''es<u>yen</u>'''....''status''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''es-'''....''exist'' |- | '''-in'''....''-ism'' || '''tin'''....''doctrine'' || '''tot<u>in</u>'''....''theism, religion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tot-'''....''god''<br>'''Krist<u>in</u>'''....''Christianity''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Krist'''....''Christ''<br>'''vyisat<u>in</u>'''....''puritanism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vysiat'''....''puritan, clean person''<br>'''oytof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''oytofa'''....''nude'' |- | '''-ufyeg'''....''cylinder'' || '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' || '''man<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''candle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''man'''....''light''<br>'''tiib<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''artery''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tiib'''....''heart''<br>'''mil<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''toilet''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mil'''....''water''<br>'''mov<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''cheminee''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mov'''....''smoke'' |- | '''-ab'''....''government'' || '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dit<u>ab</u>'''....''democracy''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dit'''....''citizen'' |- | '''-eb'''....''leader'' || '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''x<u>eb</u>'''....''boss''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''x-'''....''do''<br>'''tam<u>eb</u>'''....''master of the house''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tam'''....''house'' |- | '''-ub'''....''branch'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''pat<u>ub</u>'''....''wing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | '''-ad'''....''language'' || '''-a''' + '''d(alzeyn)'''....''language'' || '''Frans<u>ad</u>'''....''French (language)'' |- | '''-uz'''....''jewelry'' || '''nuz'''....''jewel'' || '''teyob<u>uz</u>'''....''necklace''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck''<br>'''teeb<u>uz</u>'''....''earring''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teeb'''....''ear'' |- | '''-u(er)'''....''give'' || '''buer'''....''give'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>er'''....''exhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-i(er)'''....''take'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''tiebal<u>i</u>er'''....''inhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-ui(er)'''....''exchange'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>ier'''....''breathe''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |} ==== Derviational Suffixes ==== ::: Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivational Suffixes |- ! Derivational<br>Suffix !! Function || Base Word <br><br>--> Suffixed<br>Derivation |- | '''-er''' || Noun <br>--> Verbal Infinitive || '''sag'''....''count'' <big><br>--></big> '''sag<u>er</u>'''....''to count'' |- | '''-n''' || Present Tense Verb <br>--> Verbal Noun (Gerund)<br>Adjective <br>--> Abstract Noun || '''yexe'''....''(he/she/...) works'' <big><br>--></big> '''yexe<u>n</u>'''....''working''<br>'''via'''....''beautiful'' <big><br>--></big> '''via<u>n</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yuba'''....''near'' <big><br>--></big> '''yuba<u>n</u>'''....''proximity, nearness'' |- | '''-a''' || Noun <br>--> Adjective<br>Active Verb<br>--> Verbal Adjective (Present Participle)<br>Past Passive Verb <br>--> Perfect Passive Participle (Adjective)||'''mor'''....''universe'' <big><br>--></big> '''mor<u>a</u>'''....''universal''<br>'''ake'''....''wins'' <big><br>--></big> '''ake<u>a</u>'''....''winning''<br>'''teatwa'''....''was seen'' <big><br>--></big>'''teatwa<u>a</u>''' (or, shortened to: '''teatw<u>a</u>'''....''seen'') |- | '''-ya''' || INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM <br>--> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE || '''ip-'''....''go away'' <big><br>--></big> '''ip<u>ya</u>'''....''gone away'' |- | '''-yea''' || VERB STEM <br>--> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE) || '''zaypas-'''....''progress'' <big><br>--></big> '''zaypas<u>yea</u>'''....''progressive'' |- | '''-y''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ADVERB || '''iga'''....''quick'' <big><br>--></big> '''iga<u>y</u>'''....''quickly''<br>'''tea-'''....''knowing''<big><br>--></big>'''tea<u>y</u>'''....''knowingly'' |- | '''-ut''' || VERB STEM <br>--> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''one who Xes, -er'' || '''ak-'''....''win'' <big><br>--></big> '''ak<u>ut</u>''' ....''winner'' |- | '''-us''' || VERB STEM <br>--> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''thing that Xes, -er'' || '''gol-'''....''divide'' <big><br>--></big> '''gol<u>us</u>''' ....''divisor'' |- |- '''-t''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ANIMATE NOUN (human, one who is...) || '''yibtrawa'''....''well-known'' <big>-<br>--></big>'''yibtrawa<u>t</u>'''....''celebrity'' |- |- '''-s''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> INANIMATE NOUN (thing, something X) || '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big><br>--></big>'''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery'' |} ::: <small>*Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker '''-i''' fall under the latter category.</small> ==== Normal Semantic Suffixes==== :* Augmentative Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Augmentative Suffixes |- ! Augmentative Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-ag''' (augmentative) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamag'''....''mansion'' |- | '''-ayg''' (affectionate augmentative) || '''sem'''....''chair'' || '''semayg'''....''big old chair'' |- | '''-yag''' (pejorative augmentative) || '''apet'''....''horse'' || '''apetyag'''....''nag'' |} :* Diminutive Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Diminutive Suffixes |- ! Diminutive Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-og''' (diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamog'''....''hut'' |- | '''-oyg''' (affectionate diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamoyg'''....''cottage'' |- | '''-yog''' (pejorative diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamyog'''....''shack'' |- | '''-et''' (a smaller person) || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' |- | '''-es''' (thing of lesser importance) || '''nas'''....''money'' || '''nases'''....''change, coin'' |- | '''-ud''' (child of, offspring) || '''tob'''....''man'' || '''tobud'''....''infant'' |} :* Semantic Adjectival Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Adjectival Suffixes |- ! Adjectival Suffix !! Meaning !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-a''' || '''mor'''....''universe'' || ''related to, -al, -ic'' || '''mora'''....''universal'' |- | '''-aya''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekaya'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-oya''' || '''vyun'''....''spot'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''vyunoya'''....''spotless'' |- | '''-ika''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekika'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-uka''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''miekuka'''....''dust-free'' |- | '''-yea''' || '''vyod'''....''lie'' || ''given to doing X, -ive'' || '''vyodyea'''....''mendacious, given to lying'' |- | '''-yena''' || '''tat'''....''angel'' || ''like, -ly, -ic'' || '''tatyena'''....''angelic'' |} :* Other Semantic Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Other Semantic Suffixes |- ! Suffix !! Base Word || Derivation |- | '''-tun'''....''science, ...ology'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>tun</u>'''....''biology'' |- | '''-tut'''....''-ologist, expert, -ist'' || '''dar'''....''language'' || '''dar<u>tut</u>'''....''linquist'' |- | '''-tuin'''....''theory'' || '''tob'''....''mar'' || '''mar<u>tuin</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | '''-yan'''....''collection, aggregate'' || '''fab'''....''tree''|| '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest'' |- |'''-tyen'''....''trade, -ics'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''sir<u>tyen</u>'''....''mechanics'' |- | '''-if'''....''pet name'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''twed<u>if</u>'''....''papa'' |- | '''ifa'''....''-philic, -loving'' || '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''dyes<u>ifa</u>'''....''bibliophilic'' |- | '''ifwa'''....''liked by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ifwa</u>'''....''popular'' |- | '''ufa'''....''-phobic, -hating'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>ufa</u>'''....''misogynous'' |- | '''ufwa'''....''hated by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ufwa</u>'''....''unpopular'' |- | '''yafa'''....''able to'' || '''tyoyap-'''....''walk'' || '''tyoyap<u>yafa</u>'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''yafwa'''....''possible to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yafwa</u>'''....''visible'' |- | '''yofa'''....''unable to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yofa</u>'''....''blind'' |- | '''yofwa'''....''impossible to'' || '''dye-'''....''read'' || '''dye<u>yofwa</u>'''....''illegible'' |- | '''yika'''....''hard of...ing'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yika</u>'''....''hard of hearing'' |- | '''yikwa'''....''hard to'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yikwa</u>'''....''hard to hear'' |- | '''yuka'''....''easy at...ing'' || '''vatex-'''....''believe'' || '''vatex<u>yuka</u>'''....''gullible'' |- | '''yukwa'''....''easily...ed'' || '''test-'''....''understand'' || '''test<u>yukwa</u>'''....''easily understood'' |- | '''yufa'''....''fearful of, -phobic'' || '''tot'''....''god'' || '''tot<u>yufa</u>'''....''god-fearing'' |- | '''yufwa'''....''feared'' || '''hyat'''....''everybody'' || '''hyat<u>yufwa</u>'''....''feared by all'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''efa'''....''needful of'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''tel<u>efa</u>'''....''hungry'' |- | '''efwa'''....''necessary to'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>efa</u>'''....''vital'' |- | '''yefa'''....''duty-bound to, -worthy of'' || '''dud'''....''answer'' || '''dud<u>yefa</u>'''....''responsible'' |- | '''yefwa'''....''due, -worthy of'' || '''fid-'''....''laud'' || '''fid<u>yefwa</u>'''....''praiseworthy'' |- | '''afa'''....''authorized to'' || '''dokebi-'''....''vote'' || '''dokebi<u>afa</u>'''....''franchised'' |- | '''ofwa'''....''prohibited to'' || '''movi-'''....''smoke'' || '''movi<u>ofwa</u>gonem'''....''no-smoking zone'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''yivwa'''....''free to be ...ed'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yivwa</u>'''....''optional'' |- | '''yuva'''....''bound'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tam<u>yuva</u>'''....''house-bound'' |- | '''ova'''....''resistant, anti-'' || '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution'' || '''aagdovyab<u>ova</u>'''....''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''ava'''....''in favor of, pro-'' || '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' || '''tyodab<u>ava</u>'''....''pro-democracy'' |- | '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''toos'''....''gender'' || '''toos<u>eva</u>'''....''gender-neutral'' |} ==== Inflectional Suffixes ==== : Mirad has only one noun inflectional suffix, namely, '''-''', which makes a singular noun plural: ::* '''tam'''....''house'' --> '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' : The only other inflectional affixes are the following verb infixes and suffixes: ::* '''-er'''....infinitive ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' : Example: :* '''Wit tuj<u>eya</u> hoj van at pua.'''....''He <u>was sleeping</u> when I arrived.'' ::* '''-e-''' = progressive aspect infix ::* '''-y-''' = active voice infix ::* '''-a''' = past tense suffix === Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling === : Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called '''''first-level ordinal scaling'''''. ==== First-level Ordinal Scaling ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ First-level Ordinal Scaling |- valign=top ! ORDINAL VOWEL !! t...b !! m...r !! j...b !! m...s !! t...m !! d...b || f...b || s...m || d...t || t...d |- !row=1| '''o''' = 0 |'''tob'''<br>''man'' || '''mor'''<br>''universe'' || '''job'''<br>''time'' || '''mos'''<br>''floor''|| '''tom'''<br>''building'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' || '''fob'''<br>''plant'' || '''som'''<br>''furniture''||'''dot'''<br>''society''||'''tod'''<br>''family'' |- !row=1| '''a''' = 1 |'''tab'''<br>''body'' || '''mar'''<br>''sun'' || '''jab'''<br>''year'' || '''mas'''<br>''wall'' || '''tam'''<br>''house'' || '''dab'''<br>''government'' || '''fab'''<br>''tree'' || '''sam'''<br>''armoire''||'''dat'''<br>''friend'' || '''tad'''<br>''spouse'' |- !row=1| '''e''' = 2 |'''teb'''<br>''head'' || '''mer'''<br>''planet'' || '''jeb'''<br>''season''|| '''mes'''<br>''door'' || '''tem'''<br>''hall'' || '''deb'''<br>''leader'' || '''feb'''<br>''fruit'' || '''sem'''<br>''table''||'''det'''<br>''associate'' || '''ted'''<br>''parent'' |- !row=1| '''i''' = 3 |'''tib'''<br>''trunk'' || '''mir'''<br>''earth'' || '''jib'''<br>''month'' || '''mis'''<br>''window'' || '''tim'''<br>''room'' || '''dib'''<br>''office'' || '''fib'''<br>''tree trunk'' || '''sim'''<br>''chair''||'''dit'''<br>''citizen'' || '''tid'''<br>''sibling'' |- !row=1| '''u''' = 4 |'''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''mur'''<br>''moon'' || '''jub'''<br>''day'' || '''mus'''<br>''stairs'' || '''tum'''<br>''cell'' || '''dub'''<br>''minister'' || '''fub'''<br>''branch'' || '''sum'''<br>''bed''||'''dut'''<br>''gentleperson'' || '''tud'''<br>''child'' |- !row=1| '''yo''' = 5 |'''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || || '''jyob*'''<br>''hour'' || || || || '''fyob'''<br>''root'' || || || '''tyod'''<br>''people'' |} ::: <small>* The palatal glide '''y''' in these words, which follows a palatal '''j''' is hard to pronounce, so the '''y''' is replaced with a '''w''', giving '''jwob''', '''jwab''', and '''jweb'''.</small> ==== Second-level Ordinal Scaling ==== :: A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding an ordinal vowel immediately after a word's stem vowel. ::: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Second-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''mi...p''' !! '''me...p''' !! '''tu...b''' !! '''tyo...b'''!! '''ma...f''' !! '''me...g''' !! '''do...b''' |- | '''mip'''<br>''river'' || '''mep'''<br>''way'' || '''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' || '''meg'''<br>''stone'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' |- | '''mi<u>a</u>p'''<br>''stream'' || '''meap'''<br>''road'' || '''tuab'''<br>''shoulder'' || '''tyoab'''<br>''hip''|| '''maaf'''<br>''stratus'' || '''meag'''<br>''marble'' || '''doab'''...''fatherland'' |- | '''mi<u>e</u>p'''<br>''brook'' || '''meep'''<br>''path'' || '''tueb'''<br>''upper arm'' || '''tyoeb'''<br>''thigh''|| '''maef'''<br>''cumulus'' || '''meeg'''<br>''slate'' || '''doeb'''<br>''province, state'' |- | '''mi<u>i</u>p'''<br>''rivulet'' || '''meip'''<br>''trail'' || '''tuib'''<br>''elbow'' || '''tyoib'''<br>''knee''|| '''maif'''<br>''stratocumulus'' || '''meig'''<br>''granite'' || '''doib'''<br>''county, shire'' |- | '''mi<u>u</u>p'''<br>''torrent'' || '''meup'''<br>''track'' || '''tuub'''<br>''forearm'' || '''tyoub'''<br>''shin''|| '''mauf'''<br>''cumulonimbus'' || '''meug'''<br>''clay, dough'' || '''doub'''<br>''district'' |- | '''mi<u>yo</u>p'''<br>''trickle'' || || '''tuyob'''<br>''wrist'' || '''tyoyob'''<br>''ankle''||'''mayof'''<br>''nimbostatus'' || '''meyog'''<br>''china'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ya</u>b'''<br>''hand'' || '''tyoyab'''<br>''foot''||'''mayaf'''<br>''altostratus'' || '''meyag'''<br>''chalk'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ye</u>b'''<br>''fist'' || '''tyoyeb'''<br>''heel''|| '''mayef'''<br>''altocumulus'' || '''meyeg'''<br>''limestone'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yi</u>b'''<br>''palm'' || '''tyoyib'''<br>''sole''|| '''mayif'''<br>''cirrus'' || '''meyig'''<br>''alabaster'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yu</u>b'''<br>''finger'' || '''tyoyub'''<br>''toe''|| '''mayuf'''<br>''cirrostratus'' || '''meyug'''<br>''gypsum''|| |- | || || '''tu<u>lo</u>b'''<br>''fingernail'' || '''tyolob'''<br>''toenail''||'''malof'''<br>''cirrocumulus'' || |} ==== Third-level Ordinal Scaling ==== ::: A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing an ordinal number vowel to the word. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Third-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | '''<u>a</u>tuyub'''....''thumb'' |- | '''<u>e</u>tuyub'''....''index'' |- | '''<u>i</u>tuyub'''....''middle finger'' |- | '''<u>u</u>tuyub'''....''ring finger'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>tuyub'''....''pinky'' |} ::: So, to sum up, we have: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:6.4em; font-size:smaller" |+ Summary of Scaling |- ! '''t...b''' !! '''tob''' = ''human being'' |- | FIRST-LEVEL || '''tub'''....''arm'' |- | SECOND-LEVEL || '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | THIRD-LEVEL || '''atuyub'''....''thumb'' |} ==== Scaling with Prefixed Numbering ==== ::: We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words by prefixing an ordinal vowel even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first level usually begins with '''a'''. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefix Numbering |- ! align=left | NUMBER || '''dob'''....''state'' !! '''deb'''....''leader'' !! '''mez'''....''gem'' !! '''mer'''....''planet'' || '''maf'''....''cloud'' || '''sagtun'''....''mathematics'' |- ! 1 | '''<u>a</u>dob'''....''empire'' || '''adeb'''....''emperor'' || '''amez'''....''diamond'' || '''Amer'''....''Mercury'' || '''amaf'''....''nimbus'' || '''asagtun'''....''arithmetic'' |- ! 2 | '''<u>e</u>dob'''....''kingdom'' || '''edeb'''....''king'' || '''emez'''....''topaz'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' || '''emaf'''....''stratus'' || '''esagtun'''....''geometry'' |- ! 3 | '''<u>i</u>dob'''....''principality'' || '''ideb'''....''prince'' || '''imez'''....''ruby'' || '''Imer'''....''Earth'' || '''imaf'''....''nimbostatus'' || '''isagtun'''....''algebra'' |- ! 4 | '''<u>u</u>dob'''....''duchy'' || '''udeb'''....''duke'' || '''umez'''....''emerald'' ||'''Umer'''....''Mars'' || '''umaf'''....''cumulus'' || '''usagtun'''....''trigonometry'' |- ! 5 | '''<u>yo</u>dob'''....''marquisate'' || '''yodeb'''....''marquis'' || '''yomez'''....''saphire'' || '''Yomer'''....''Jupiter'' || '''yomaf'''....''cumulostatus'' || '''yosagtun'''....''calculus'' |- ! 6 | '''<u>ya</u>dob'''....''county'' || '''yadeb'''....''count'' || '''yamez'''....''lapis lazuli'' || '''Yamer'''....''Saturn'' || '''yamaf'''....''stratocumulus'' || |- ! 7 | '''<u>ye</u>dob'''....''dominion'' || '''yedeb'''....''lord'' || '''yemez'''....''amthyst'' || '''Yemer'''....''Uranus'' || '''yemaf'''....''altocumulus'' || |- ! 8 | '''<u>yi</u>dob'''....''viscounty'' || '''yideb'''....''viscount'' || '''yimez'''....''amber'' ||'''Yimer'''....''Pluto'' || '''yimaf'''....''altostratus'' || |- ! 9 | '''<u>yu</u>dob'''....''barony'' || '''yudeb'''....''baron'' || '''yumez'''....''topaz'' || || '''yumaf'''....''cirrocumulus'' || |- ! 10 | '''<u>alo</u>dob'''....''tribe'' || '''alodeb'''....''tribal chief'' || '''alomez'''....''opal'' || || '''alomaf'''....''cirrus'' || |} === Rule #4: Overlapping === : When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in '''''overlapping''''' or a '''''portmanteau'''''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Overlapping in Compounds |- ! First Word !! Second Word !! Portmanteau |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''mep'''....''road'' || '''domep'''....''boulevard'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''teub'''....''mouth'' || '''pateub'''....''beak'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''patub'''....''wing'' |- | '''teupib'''....''tooth'' || '''byok'''....''pain'' || '''teypibyok'''....''toothache'' |} : In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided. === Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels === : When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an '''o''', replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word. : Examples: ::* '''edob'''....''kingdom'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''edeb'''....''monarch'' ('''edweb'''....''king'', '''edeyb'''....''queen'') ::* '''udob'''....''principality'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''udeb'''....''prince'' ('''udweb'''....''prince'', '''udeyb'''....''princess'') : By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant: : Examples: : '''mil'''....''water'' + '''mal'''....''air'' -> '''mial'''....''vapor, steam'' === Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants === : When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant. : Example: <b>to<u>b</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D8;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-b</b> = <i>organism</i>) (<b>t-</b> = <i>human</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>tof</b>....<i>clothing, apparel</i> (<b>n-</b> = <i>commercial</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>nof</b>....<i>cloth, fabric</i> <b>no<u>f</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D7;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-f</b> = <i>cloth</i>) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Swapping Generic Consonants |- ! Base Word 1 !! Base Word 2 !! Derived Word |- | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tov'''....''lingerie'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''taf'''....''suit'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tef'''....''hat'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tif'''....''vest'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tyoyaf'''....''shoe'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tuyaf'''....''glove'' |- | '''doob'''^*....''nation'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''doof'''....''flag'' |- | '''taob'''^*....''flesh'' || '''tol'''....''food'' || '''taol'''....''meat'' |} :<small>* This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.</small> === Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender === : Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix '''w''' and the feminine infix '''y'''. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''w'''. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''y'''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Marking Animate Nouns for Gender |- ! Gender-Neutral !! Male !! Female |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''young person'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''it'''....''he/she/it'' || '''wit'''....''he'' || '''iyt'''....''she'' |- | '''apat'''....''cock'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''toob'''....''gender'' || '''twoob'''....''male'' || '''tooyb'''....''female'' |} ::* Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for women, rather than men, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Making Inanimate Objects Female-related |- ! Male-oriented or Neutral !! Female-oriented |- | '''taf'''....''suit'' || '''tayf'''....''dress'' |- | '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' || '''tyoyayv'''....''stockings'' |- | '''tiav'''....''shirt'' || '''tiayv'''....''blouse'' |} ::* Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Body Parts Genderized |- ! Neutral !! Male-oriented !! Female-oriented |- | '''tilab'''....''breast'' || '''twilab'''....''male breast'' || '''tilayb'''....''female breast'' |- | || '''twiyib'''....''testicals'' || '''tiyiyb'''....''ovary'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''sexual organ'' || '''twiyub'''....''penis'' || '''tiyuyb'''....''vagina'' |} ::* In nouns that end in '''-ut''', the agentive suffix meaning ''-er, one who...'', the nouns can be feminized by changing '''-ut''' to '''-uyt''', eg. '''dezut'''....''actor'' -> '''dezuyt'''....''actress''. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing '''-ut''' with '''w''' to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the '''w''' can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like '''dezut''' can mean ''actor'' of neutral or male gender. ::* Animate nouns having the ending '''-et''' (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding '''w''' or '''y''' to the semantic base of the word, eg. '''tobet'''....''child, youth'' -> '''toybet'''....''girl'' or '''twobet'''....''boy''. === Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels === : A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings. : Geo-specific Vowels: <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* '''o'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''outer space, abstract object, initial stuff''' ::* '''a'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sky, air, gas''' ::* '''e'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''land, soil, solid''' ::* '''i'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sea, water, liquid''' ::* '''u'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''underground, mineral, concrete object, other''' </div> :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels |- ! !!'''m...p''' !! '''m...m''' !! '''d...p''' !! '''p...t''' !! '''m...l''' |- ! Space | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''space'' || '''dop'''....''military'' || '''pot'''....||'''mol'''....''nature'' |- ! Sky | '''map'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''dap'''....''air force'' || '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''mal'''....''air'' |- ! Land | '''mep'''....''road''|| '''mem'''....''land''|| '''dep'''....''army'' || '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''mel'''....''soil'' |- ! Water | '''mip'''....''river''|| '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''dip'''....''marine force'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''mil'''....''water'' |- ! Underground (or other) | '''mup'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || || || '''mul'''....''stuff'' |} : This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Hybrids|Hybrids]] for more on this subject. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Hybrid nouns |- ! First-level Derivation !! + Geospecific Vowel !! Second-level Derivation |- | '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''i'''....''water, sea''|| '''pe<u>i</u>t'''....''aquatic mammal'' |- | '''pelt'''....''insect'' || '''a'''....''air, sky''|| '''pel<u>a</u>t'''....''flying insect'' |- | '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''i'''....''water, sea'' || '''me<u>i</u>l'''....''mud'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''a'''....''air, gas'' || '''mi<u>a</u>l'''....''vapor'' |} === Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels === : The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Vectorial Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact. :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" border="0" |+ Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''amer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''baer'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''aber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''byaer'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''yaber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''omer'''....''south'' |- | '''o''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''boer'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''oper'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''pyoser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''yoper'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''uber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''pyuer'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''yuber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''byuser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''pier'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''yiper'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''pyiser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''emer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''eb'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''bexer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''up against, strike''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike'' |} ==== Special value of certain vowels ==== : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular'': ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual'' ::* '''anota'''....''alone, solitary'' ::* '''anay'''....''only'' ::* '''aun'''....''unit'' : The prefixes '''ya-''' or '''yan-''' meaning ''collection, plural'': ::* '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''yanot'''....''constituent'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' ::* '''yanotyan'''....''community'' ::* '''yan'''....''together'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yon'''....''apart'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' vs. '''yonota'''....''private'' ::* '''yanxer'''....''to combine'' vs. '''yonxer'''....''to separate'' === Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns === : Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning. : For example, the mnemonic '''eu''' pattern from the word for mouth, '''teud''' can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Mnemonic Pattern Derivation |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teub'''....''mouth'' !! Classifier !! Generic |- | '''teud'''....''shout'' || '''t''' = human || '''d''' = communication |- | '''teuz'''....''voice'' || '''t''' = human || '''z''' = art |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''d''' = communication || '''z''' = art |- | '''seuz'''....''tone'' || '''s''' = thing || '''z''' = art |- | '''seux'''....''sound'' || '''s''' = thing || '''x''' = action |- | '''xeus'''....''noise'' || '''x''' = action || '''s''' = thing |- | '''teuf'''....''muzzle'' || '''t''' = human || '''f''' = apparel |- | '''teuv'''....''mask'' || '''t''' = human || '''v''' = linen |- | '''teus'''....''taste''|| '''t''' = human || '''s''' = thing |- | '''deup'''....''rhythm''|| '''d''' = communication || '''p''' = ''motion'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teab'''....''eye'' !! '''(t)ea-''' = ''see'' !! Generic |- | '''teaper'''....''visit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teader'''....''witness'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teaxer'''....''look'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teaser'''....''seem'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teater'''....''see'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keaxer'''....''scan'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleaxer'''....''check'' || '''vyal-''' = ''certain''|| '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''yoneater'''....''distinguish'' || '''yon-''' = ''apart''|| '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''beaxer'''....''guard'' || '''be-''' = ''hold'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teatier'''....''perceive'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teatuer'''....''show'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teeb'''....''ear'' !! '''(t)ee-''' = ''hear'' !! Generic |- | '''teeper'''....''attend'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teeder'''....''testify'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teexer'''....''listen'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teeser'''....''sound (like)'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teeter'''....''hear'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keexer'''....''scan (acoustically)'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''koteexer'''....''snoop on'' || '''ko-''' = ''hide'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleexer'''....''sound out'' || '''vyal-''' = certain || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teetier'''....''get wind of'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teetuer'''....''make heard'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- | '''zyateetuer'''....''rumor'' || '''zya-''' = ''all around'' || '''-u-''' = objected-directed |} : A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Shortening Long Compounds |- ! Word 1 !! Word 2 !! Long Compound !! Shortened Compound |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''ekpeteuder''' || '''ekpeder'''....''neigh'' |- | '''serpyet'''....''snake'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''serpyeteuder''' || '''sepyeder'''....''hiss'' |- | '''vifeb'''....''grape'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''vifebil'''....''grape juice'' || '''vifil'''....''wine'' |- | '''povob'''....''grain'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''povobil''' || '''povil'''....''beer'' |} : Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ From Full Words to Stubs |- ! Compound !! New Stub !! Derivation |- | '''tilabil'''....''breast milk'' || '''bil'''....''milk''|| '''bilyug'''....''butter'' |- | '''fauf'''....''log'' || '''-uf'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''cylinder''|| '''muf'''....''rod, stick'' |- | '''zyeg'''....''hole'' || '''-yeg'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''hole'', ''hollow thing''|| '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' |} : The clipped word '''bil''' now gives rise to other compounds: ::* '''bilyig'''....''cheese'' ::* '''bilyigem'''....''cheese factory'' ::* '''bilyug'''....''butter'' ::* '''bilyugyena'''....''butter-like'' : The word '''mufyeg''' (Lit: hollow stick) means '''pipe, reed, cylinder''' === Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === : Words which follow Rule #11 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation. : These nuances are obtained by: :* Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel. :: These vowels are: ::: '''a''' for '''a''' and '''ya''' ::: '''e''' for '''e''' and '''ye''' ::: '''i''' for '''i''' and '''yi''' ::: '''o''' for '''o''' and '''yo''' ::: '''u''' for '''u''' and '''yu''' :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nad'''....''line'' || '''naad'''....''rail'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''doob'''....''nation'' |- | '''vyab'''....''rule'' || '''vyayab'''....''system'' |- | '''boka'''....''sick'' || '''booka'''....''tired'' |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || '''noog'''....''phase'' |- | '''bil'''....''milk'' || '''biil'''....''juice'' |} :* Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''less''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deintensification with Post-y-gliding |- ! Word !! Mitigated Derivation |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''iyfer'''....''like'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''iyva'''....''glad'' |- | '''zyutom'''....''tower'' || '''zyutoym'''....''turret'' |- | '''ama'''....''hot'' || '''ayma'''....''warm'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''oyma'''....''cool'' |} :* Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''greater''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding |- ! Word !! Enhanced Derivation |- | '''pot'''....''wild animal'' || '''pyot'''....''predator animal'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pyat'''....''bird of prey'' |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''yoma'''....''frozen'' |- | '''nuxer'''....''pay'' || '''nyuxer'''....''deliver'' |- | '''nexer'''....''save'' || '''nyexer'''....''store'' |} :* Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid '''l''' or the further intensifying liquid '''r''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with L and R |- ! Word !! L-Intensitifed || R-Intensified |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''ifler'''....''be fond of'' || '''ifrer'''....''adore'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''ivla'''....''content'' || '''ivra'''....''delighted'' |- | '''vaa'''....''affirmative'' || '''vlaa'''....''sure'' || '''vraa'''....''indubitable'' |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agla'''....''huge'' || '''agra'''....''immense'' |- | '''ga'''....''more'' || '''gala'''....''multiple'' || '''gara'''....''exponential'' |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press'' || '''barer'''....''crush'' |- | '''yexer'''....''work'' || '''yexler'''....''labor'' || '''yexrer'''....''toil, slave'' |- | '''yixer'''....''use'' || '''yixler'''....''hire'' || '''yixrer'''....''exploit'' |} :* Adding consonants other than '''l''' or '''r''' as the generic consonant: : Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like '''t''', '''f''', '''s''', '''k''', and '''z''' are used, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with Other Consonants |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fika'''....''perfect''<br>'''fira'''....''excellent'' |- | '''fua'''....''bad'' || '''futa'''....''wicked''<br>'''fura'''....''rotten'' |- | '''gea'''....''equal'' || '''geta'''....''identical''<br>'''gela'''....''alike'' |- | '''vyaa'''....''true'' || '''vyaka'''....''correct''<br>'''vyama'''....''real'' |- | '''vyoa'''....''false'' || '''vyoka'''....''incorrect''<br>'''vyoma'''....''fake'' |- | '''yiga'''....''hard'' || '''yigza'''....''sour''<br>'''yigla'''....''brusk''<br>'''yigra'''....''brutal'' |- | '''yuga'''....''soft'' || '''yugfa'''....''smooth''<br>'''yugla'''....''tender''<br>'''yugra'''....''mild'' |} :* Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nab'''....''row'' || '''nap'''....''order'' |- | '''vyava'''....''just'' || '''vyafa'''....''precise'' |- | '''jwab'''....''minute'' || '''jwap'''....''moment'' |- | '''jweb'''....''second'' || '''jwep'''....''instant'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''tap'''....''physique'' |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''top'''....''soul, animus'' |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' |- | '''naz'''....''value'' || '''nas'''....''money'' |- | '''nag'''....''dimension'' || '''nak'''...''unit of measurement'' |} == Technical Nomenclature == : The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features. === Zoological Nomenclature === {{status|100%}} [[File:Animal diversity.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of animals are formed in a systematic way. ==== Base Names ==== : First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with '''p''' (mobile) and end with '''t''' (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures. : The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air ('''a'''), water ('''i'''), land ('''e'''), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild ('''o'''), tame, or predatory ('''y'''); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms |- ! Type !! Air = a !! Water = i !! Land = e !! Anywhere = o |- valign=top !row=1| Ordinary |'''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' || '''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Predatory |'''pyat'''....''raptor'' || '''pyit'''....''predatory fish'' || '''pyet'''....''reptile'' ||'''pyot'''....''predatory animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Hybrid |'''piat'''....''waterfowl''<br>'''pelat'''....''flying insect''<br>'''paet'''....''flightless bird'' ||'''piit'''....''crustacean''<br>'''pilt'''....''marine invertebrate''<br>'''peit'''....''mammalian fish''<br>'''pyeit'''....''mollusk''|| '''payet'''....''flying reptile''<br>'''piyet'''....''batracian''<br>'''peyet'''....''worm''<br>'''pelt'''....''insect'' ||'''piot'''....''aquatic mammal'' |} ==== Derived Names ==== : The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the [https://www.itis.gov/| Linnaean taxonomy]. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name '''Canidae''' (''canids''). The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin. ''Ca'' in Latin is pronounced '''ka'''. See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad. In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory. So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix '''ka''' to the base name for domestic land animal '''pet''', yielding '''kapet''' (''dog''). All other members of the dog family end in '''pot''' (feral animal) or '''pyot''' (predatory animal). The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel. If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, ''prairie dog'' (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by '''ci³xi²ro¹pot''' from '''<u>Ro</u>¹dentia <u>Sci</u>²uridae <u>Cy</u>³nomys''', where '''pot''' is the basic animal type ''wild animal''. All rodents have the taxonomic syllable '''ro''' from the Latin "order" taxon ''Rodentia'', while all squirrel names will have the syllable '''xi''' from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon ''<u>Sci</u>uridae'' ('''<u>xi</u>uriday'''). The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family: :: <u>Ca</u>nidae (''dog family'') > ::: '''<u>ka</u>pet'''...''the common domestic dog'' (only one species, ''Canis familiaris'') ::: '''<u>ka</u>pot'''...''wild dog'' ::: '''<u>ka</u>pyot'''...''predatory dog'' : Species under '''kapyot''' are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names: :: ''Canis <u>lu</u>pus'' > '''<u>lu</u>kapyot'''...''gray wolf (or just wolf)'' :: ''Canis <u>la</u>trans'' > '''<u>la</u>kapyot'''...''coyote, prairie wolf'' ::: ''Canis latrans <u>les</u>tes'' > '''<u>les</u>lakapyot'''...''mountain coyote'' :: ''Canis <u>au</u>rus'' > '''<u>aw</u>kapyot''' > ''jackal, golden jackal'' ::: ''Canis aurus <u>cur</u>ensis'' > '''<u>kur</u>awkapyot'''....''Indochinese jackal'' :: ''Canis <u>vul</u>pus'' > '''<u>vul</u>kapyot'''...''fox, red fox'' : If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is '''awkapyot''' and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from ''curensis'' would normally be '''ku''', but it has to be extended to '''kur''' because the base begins in a vowel. : The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Latin/Greek - Mirad correspondences |- ! Latin/Greek Spelling !! Latin Sound !! Mirad Spelling !! Example |- | ''au'' || ''aw'' || '''aw''' || ''<u>au</u>rus''....'''aw-''' |- | ''eu'' || ''ew'' || '''ew''' || ''<u>eu</u>ropa''....'''ew-''' |- | ''ai''<br>''ae'' || ''ay'' || '''ay''' || ''<u>ae</u>gyptus''....'''ay-''' |- | ''ei'' <br> ''ey'' || ''ey'' || '''ey''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''oe'' || ''oy'' || '''oy''' || ''F<u>oe</u>niculum''....'''oy''' |- | ''ua'' || ''wa'' || '''wa''' || ''s<u>ua</u>vis''....'''s<u>wa</u>''' |- | ''ca/co/cu'' || ''ka/ko/ku'' || '''ka/ko/ku''' || ''<u>ca</u>nis''....'''<u>ka</u>''' |- | ''ce/ci/cy''' || ''che/chi/chi'' || '''ce/ci/cy''' || ''<u>cy</u>pris''....'''<u>ci</u>''' |- | ''y'' || ''i'' || '''i''' || ''c<u>y</u>pris''....'''<u>i</u>''' |- | ''g''' || ''g'' || '''g''' || ''<u>Ge</u>ococcyx''/''<u>Ga</u>stropoda''....'''<u>g</u>''' |- | ''ch'' || ''k'' || '''k''' || ''<u>Chi</u>roptera''....'''<u>ki</u>''' |- | ''ph'' || ''f'' || '''f''' ||''S<u>ph</u>yrapicus''....'''<u>f</u>''' |- | ''rh'' || ''r'' || '''r''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''x'' || ''ks'' || '''ks''' || ''Lo<u>x</u>odonta''....'''<u>ks</u>''' |- | ''qu'' || ''kw'' || '''kw''' || ''<u>Qu</u>ercus''....'''<u>kw</u>''' |- | ''j'' || ''y'' || '''j''' || ''<u>ju</u>lianus''....'''<u>ju</u>''' |- | ''sci'' || ''shi'' || '''xi''' || ''<u>Sci</u>uridae''....'''<u>xi</u>''' |- | ''th'' || ''t'' || '''t''' || ''<u>Th</u>unnus''....'''<u>t</u>''' |- | ''cci'' || ''ksi'' || '''ksi''' || ''Va<u>cc</u>inus''....'''<u>ksi</u>''' |} : Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for ''Cinnamomum'' would be '''cin'''. : The Latin letter ''j'' is represented in Mirad with '''j''' even though it is pronounced like a ''y''. This is for better recognizability. ==== Genderized and Other Forms ==== : Form the female of an animal by inserting a '''y''' before the '''t''' of the base adult name: ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kape<u>y</u>t'''....''bitch'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkapyo<u>y</u>t'''....''vixen'' : Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a '''w''' right after the '''p''' of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with '''py''' in which case the '''w''' is inserted just before the '''t''' of the base name: ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekp<u>w</u>et'''....''stallion'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbop<u>w</u>et'''....''ram'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkpyo<u>w</u>t'''....''dog fox'' : Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an '''o''' after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name: ::* '''bopet'''....''bovine'' ====> '''bopwe<u>o</u>t'''....''ox'' ::* '''gafapat'''....''cock'' ====> '''gafapwe<u>o</u>t'''....''capon'' : The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-ud''', the stub for '''tud'''....''child'': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>ud</u>'''....''colt'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>ud</u>'''....''pup'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopet<u>ud</u>'''....''lamb'' : The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing '''-if''': ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>if</u>'''....''puppy'' ::* '''fepet'''....''cat'' ====> '''fepet<u>if</u>'''....''kitty'' : The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-og''': ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supet<u>og</u>'''....''piggy'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>og</u>'''....''pony'' : Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal '''ekpet'''....''horse'' can serve as an example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivations of Horse |- ! Variation !! Mirad Name !! English Name |- !row=1| Adult |'''ekpet'''||''horse'' |- !row=1| Male | '''ekpwet'''||''stallion'' |- !row=1| Female | '''ekpeyt'''||''mare'' |- !row=1| Offspring | '''ekpetud'''||''colt'' |- !row=1| Female Offspring | '''ekpetuyd'''||''filly'' |- !row=1| Small adult |'''ekpetog'''||''pony'' |- !row=1| Gelded | '''ekpweot'''||''gelding'' |} ==== Animal Sounds ==== : The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the '''t''' of the base name with '''d''', the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in '''-der''': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeder'''....''to neigh'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapeder'''....''to bark'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''pader'''....''to tweet, chirp'' ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpyeder'''....''to hiss'' : A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing '''-yan''' or '''-nyan''': ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotyan'''....''a pride of lions'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopetyan'''....''a herd of sheep'' ::* '''pit'''....''fish'' ====> '''pityan'''....''a school of fish'' : Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final '''t''' of the base name with '''-per'''....''to go'': ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpeper'''....''to slither'' ::* '''lapet'''....''rabbit'' ====> '''lapeper'''....''to hop'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeper'''....''to gallop'' : The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in '''l''' (a stub for '''tel''', meaning ''food''): ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supel'''....''pork'' ::* '''supetyob'''....''hog leg'' ====> '''supetyol'''....''ham'' ::* '''bopet'''....''steer'' ====> '''bopel'''....''beef'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopel'''....''mutton'' ::* '''bopetud'''....''calf'' ====> '''bopetul'''....''veal'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatel'''....''honey'' : The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing '''-am'''....''house'', '''-um'''....''cage'', etc. to the base name: ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supetam'''....''pigsty'' ::* '''gafapayt'''....''chicken'' ====> '''gafapaytam'''....''chicken coop'' ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotam'''....''lion's den'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapetam'''....''doghouse'' ::* '''forpelt'''....''ant'' ====> '''forpeltam'''....''anthill'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatam'''....''bee hive'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''patum'''....''birdcage'', '''patsum'''....''nest'', '''patyanam'''...''aviary'' ::* '''pot'''....''wild animal'' ====> '''potam'''....''lair'' ==== Dog Breeds ==== [[File:The dog book - a popular history of the dog, with practical information as to care and management of house, kennel, and exhibition dogs, and descriptions of all the important breeds (1909) (20785715825).jpg|thumb|]] : Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to '''kapet'''....''dog'' that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site [[https://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/]]. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership. : The base of the dog breed name is '''kapet'''....''dog''. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants ('''b''', '''c''', '''d''', etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned to the ordinal vowel '''o''', so '''bokepet''' is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the '''o'''....''zero'' to '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed. : As an example: : To get the name for ''basset hound'': ::* Start with the word for dog: '''kapet'''. : This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is '''h'''. This is prefixed to '''kapet''', with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with '''a''' for ''one''. The ''basset hound'' is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes '''ha-'''. ::* '''hakapet''' is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with '''ha kapet'''....''the dog''.). A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel '''i'''.... ''three'' is prefixed: ::* '''ihakapet''' is a "small-sized scent hound" : A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word '''a'''.... ''one'' is prefixed (with a '''w''' buffer glide when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, '''Gebaroma''' is placed in front, separated by a space: ::* '''Gebaroma awahikapet''' is a ''basset hound'', a dog breed name owned by Great Britain. The name can usually be abbreviated by dropping the country owner name, thus: '''awahikapet''' <gallery> </gallery> : Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site. Group 1 = '''<u>b</u>okapet'''....sheepdogs/cattledogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''b<u>a</u>kapet'''....sheepdogs ::::* Belgian only entry = '''Belima bakapet'''....''Belgian shepherd dog'' ::::* German only entry = '''Deuma bakapet'''....''German shepherd'' ::* Section 2 = '''bekapet'''....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>bekapet'''....''Welsh corgi (Cardigan)'' Group 2 = '''<u>c</u>okapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''c<u>a</u>kapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer type ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''c<u>e</u>kapet'''....Molossian type ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''c<u>i</u>kapet'''....''Swiss mountain/cattledogs'' Group 3 = '''<u>d</u>okapet'''....''terriers'' ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....large and medium-sized terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>9</u>th entry = '''Gebaroma <u>yu</u>dakapet'''....''Welsh terrier'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....small-sized terriers ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''d<u>e</u>kapet'''....bull type terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>3</u>rd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>i</u>dekapet'''....''Staffordshire bull terrier'' ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....toy terriers Group 4 = '''<u>f</u>okapet'''....<u>dachshunds</u> ::::* Germany only entry = '''fakapet'''....''dachshund'' Group 5 = '''<u>g</u>okapet'''....spitz and primitive types ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''g<u>a</u>kapet'''....nordic sledge dogs :::: USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''<u>a</u>gakapet'''....''Siberian husky'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''g<u>e</u>kapet'''....nordic hunting dogs ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''g<u>i</u>kapet'''....nordic watchdogs/herders ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''g<u>u</u>kapet'''....European spits ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''g<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Asian spitz and related breeds ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''g<u>ya</u>kapet'''....primitive types ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''g<u>ye</u>kapet'''....hunting dogs Group 6 = '''<u>h</u>okapet'''....scent hounds and related breeds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''h<u>a</u>kapet'''....''scent hounds'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>1</u> = '''<u>a</u>hakapet'''....large-sized hounds ::::* USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''Usoma <u>aw</u>ahakapet'''....''American foxhound'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>2</u> = '''<u>e</u>hakapet'''....medium-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain only entry = '''Gebaroma ehakapet'''....''harrier'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>3</u> = '''<u>i</u>hakapet'''....small-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>aw</u>ihakapet'''....''basset hound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>ew</u>ihakapet'''....''beagle'' Group 7 = '''<u>j</u>okapet'''....pointing dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''j<u>a</u>kapet'''....''continental pointing dogs'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''j<u>e</u>kapet'''....''British and Irish pointers and setters'' Group 8 = '''<u>k</u>akapet'''....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''k<u>a</u>kapet'''....''retrievers'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''k<u>e</u>kapet'''....''flushing dogs'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''k<u>i</u>kapet'''....''water dogs'' Group 9 = '''<u>l</u>okapet'''....companion and toy dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''l<u>a</u>kapet'''....bichons ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''l<u>e</u>kapet'''....poodles ::::* France only entry = '''Ferama lekapet'''....''poodle'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''l<u>i</u>kapet'''....small Belgian dogs ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''l<u>u</u>kapet'''....hairless dogs ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''l<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Tibetan breeds ::::* Tibet <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Tibama <u>e</u>lekapet'''....''shih tzu'' ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''l<u>ya</u>kapet'''....Chihuahueno ::::* Mexico only entry = '''Mexuma lyakapet'''....''chihuahua'' ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''l<u>ye</u>kapet'''....English toy spaniels ::* Section <u>8</u> = '''l<u>yi</u>kapet'''....Japan Chin and Pekingese ::* Section <u>9</u> = '''l<u>yu</u>kapet'''....continental toy spaniel and others ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>alo</u>kapet'''....Kromforhl&auml;nder ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>ale</u>kapet'''....small Molossian type dogs Group 10 = '''<u>m</u>okapet'''....sight hounds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''m<u>a</u>kapet'''....long-haired sighthounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>a</u>makapet'''....''greyhound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>makapet'''....''whippet'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''m<u>e</u>kapet'''....rough-haired sighthounds ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''m<u>i</u>kapet'''....short-haired sighthounds ==== Cat Breeds ==== : The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See [https://cfa.org/breeds/]. You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat '''fepet'''. : This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Cat Breed Names |- ! CFA Name !! First Letters<br>Lowercase !! Number<br>If Any + fepet!! Mirad Name |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Shorthair'' || '''am''' || '''a + fepet'''|| '''amafepet''' |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Wirehair'' || '''am''' || '''e + fepet'''|| '''amefepet''' |- | ''<u>Bal</u>inese'' || '''bal''' || '''bal + fepet''' || '''balfepet''' |- | ''<u>Ben</u>gal'' || '''ben''' || '''ben + fepet''' || '''benfepet''' |} === Color Nomenclature === : The word for ''color'' in Mirad is '''volz''', which is mnemonically related to the word for ''flower'' ('''vos'''). The diminutive of ''color'' is '''voylz''', meaning ''tint, shade, hue''. : The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub '''-lza'''. The zeroth-color is no color, simple ''blank'', ''clear'', or ''transparent''. :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Basic Color Words |- ! 0 - clear !! 1 - red !!2 - orange !!3 - yellow !!4 - green !! 5 - blue !! 6 - purple !! 7 - indigo |- |<br><br><br> ||bgcolor="#d30000"| ||bgcolor="#fc6600"| ||bgcolor="#fff200"| ||bgcolor="#3bb143"| ||bgcolor="#0018f9"| || bgcolor="#b200ed"| || bgcolor="#4b0082"| |- | '''olza''' || '''alza''' || '''elza''' || '''ilza''' || '''ulza''' || '''yolza''' || '''yalza''' || '''yelza''' |} : There are some other common colors: :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Basic Color Words |- |bgcolor="white"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || '''malza'''....''white'' ||(Associated with '''man''' (''light'') |- |bgcolor="#7c4700"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|| '''melza'''....''brown'' ||(Associated with '''mel''' (''soil'') |- |bgcolor="#222021"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''molza'''....''black'' ||(Associated with '''mon''' (''dark'') |- |bgcolor="#828282"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''maolza'''....''gray'' ||(A blend of '''malza''' and '''molza''') |- |bgcolor="#fc0fc0"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''aolza'''....''pink'' ||(A blend of '''olza'''....''clear'' and '''malza'''....''red'') |} : All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example: ::* '''mecirufeb-ulza'''....''lime green'' from '''mecirufeb'''....''lime fruit'' + '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''aquamarine'' from '''mim'''....''sea'' + '''yalza'''....''blue'' ::* '''licirufeb-ilza'''....''lemon yellow'' from '''licirufeb'''....''lemon'' + '''ilza'''....''yellow'' ::* '''salpyit-alza'''....''salmon red'' ::* '''magmef-alza'''....''firebrick red'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''sea blue, aquamarine'' : Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner: ::# A "light" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''ylza''': '''uylza'''....''light green'' ::# A "-ish" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzyena''': '''ulzyena'''....''greenish'' ::# A "bright" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzayna''': '''ulzayna'''....''bright green'' ::# A "dark" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzoyna''': '''ulzoyna'''....''dark green'' : Shaded variants can also be created by prefixing adjectival components such as these: :* '''oz-'''....''-ish, light-'' :* '''az-'''....''bright-, dark-'' :* '''kyu-'''....''light-'' :* '''maz-'''....''bright-'' :* '''eyn-'''....''semi-'' etc. : Some hybrid colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel: ::* '''maolza'''....''gray'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''molza'''....''black'' ::* '''yaulza'''....''blue-green, cyan'' from '''yalza'''....''blue'' and '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''maelza'''....''beige'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''melza'''....''brown'' : Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix '''-a''': ::* '''<u>Ulz</u> se via volz.'''....''<u>Green</u> is a beautiful color.'' ::* '''At gafe <u>yalzayn</u>.'''....''I prefer <u>dark blue</u>.'' : Colors can also be used to form verbs: ::* '''Iyta teobi <u>alzasa</u>.'''....''Her cheeks <u>turned red (= blushed)</u>.'' ::* '''His se fia <u>teubip malzaxus</u>.'''....''This is a good <u>teeth whitener</u>.'' ::* '''Eta teupibi <u>ilzaseye</u>.'''....''Your teeth are <u>yellowing</u>.'' ==== Rarely Used Colors ==== : The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the [[w:List_of_RAL_colors|Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors]] expressed in Mirad + '''-lz'''. For example, the color ''golden yellow'' has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 ('''ase''', in Mirad), thus, the color is named '''aselz'''. The adjectival form of this color is '''aselza'''. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names. ===== Skin colors ===== [[File:Coloured-family.jpg|thumb|]] : When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix '''tayo(b)-''' is used. The final '''-b''' of '''tayob''' is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for ''skin-color'' itself is '''tayovolz'''. Thus: ::* '''(tayo-)molzat'''....''black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)malzat'''....''white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)melzat'''....''brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omalzat'''....''non-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omolzat'''....''non-black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omelzat'''....''non-brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymolzat'''....''half-black(skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymalzat'''....''half-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)maolzat'''....''mulatto, mixed-skinned person'' ::* '''(tayob)olzat'''....''albino'' ::* '''hyetayovolza'''....''of any skin-tone'' ::* '''hyatayovolzati'''....''people of all colors'' ::* '''Iyt se duhotayovolza?'''....''What skin color is she?'' ==== Hair Colors ==== : Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, '''tayeb'''. The final '''-b''' of '''tayeb''' is dropped before a consonant or '''y'''. The word for ''hair color'' is '''tayevolz'''. ::* '''tayebalza'''....''red-headed, auburn'' ::** '''tayebalzayt'''....''an auburn female'' ::* '''tayemolza'''....''brunette'' ::* '''tayemelza'''....''brown-haired'' ::* '''tayebiylza'''....''blond'' ::* '''tayemaolza'''....''gray, gray-haired'' :::* '''It gwa tayemaolzaso.'''....''He will go gray early.'' ::* '''Duhotayevolza iyt se?'''....''What color hair is she?'' ==== Eye Colors ==== : Eye colors are expressed by the prefix '''tea(b)''' followed by the color. The word for ''eye color'' is '''teavolz'''. In the following examples, '''teab''' (''eye'') becomes '''tea''' before any consonants or glides: ::* '''teayolza'''....''blue-eyed'' ::* '''teabulza'''....''green-eyed'' ::* '''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' :::* '''teamelzat'''....''brown-eyed person'' ::* '''teamolz'''....''a black eye'' ::* '''teamalz'''....''the white of the eye'' ::* '''Duhoteavolza et se?'''....''What color eyes do you have?'' === Chemical Nomenclature === [[File:14LaAc periodic table IIb.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding '''lk''', a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for ''hydrogen'' is ''H''. So we replace that with the word for lowercase '''h''' in Mirad: '''he'''. By adding the stub suffix '''lk''', we get '''helk'''. : Use the names of the '''''small''''' letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name '''ca''' is pronounced '''cha''' as in English ''cha-cha''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" valign=top; align=center |+ Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names |- ! Lowercase !! a !! b !! c !! d !! !! e !! f !! g !! h !! !! i !! j !! k !! l !! m !! n !! !! o !! p !! q !! r !! s !! t !! !! u !! v !! w !! x !! y !! z |- align=center | !row=1| Mirad Name | '''a''' || '''ba''' || '''ca''' || '''da''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''e''' || '''fe''' || '''ge''' || '''he''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''i''' || '''ji''' || '''ki''' || '''li''' || '''mi''' || '''ni''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''o''' || '''po''' || '''ko''' || '''ro''' || '''so''' || '''to''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''u''' || '''vu''' || '''wu''' || '''xu''' || '''yu''' || '''zu''' |} ==== Coding Chemical Elements ==== : The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Coding Chemical Elements |- ! English Element Name !! Abbreviation !! Mirad Name |- | ''silver'' || ''Ar'' || '''arolk''' |- | ''iron'' || ''Fe'' || '''feelk''' |- | ''hydrogen'' || ''H'' || '''helk''' |- | ''nitrogen'' || ''N'' || '''nilk''' |- | ''mercury'' || ''Hg'' || '''hegelk''' |- | ''darmstadtium'' || ''Ds'' || '''dasolk''' |} : In chemical compounds, the '''lk''' is used only on the last element of the compound. : Chemical compounds such as ''H₂O (hydrogen dioxide)'' are coded in the following manner. ::# The ''H'' for ''hydrogen'' is rendered as '''he''' (without the '''-lk'''). ::# The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for ''two, bi-'', '''en-''' is prefixed to the '''h''', giving '''enhe'''. ::# The word for ''oxygen'', '''ol''' is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the '''lk''' is suffixed. ::# The English word ends in ''-ide'', which is rendered in Mirad as '''-iyd''', giving '''enheolkiyd''' : Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below: : Given the chemical element ''sulfur'', which has the abbreviation ''S'', the Mirad equivalent for this solid is '''solk'''. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are: ==== Chemical Compound Suffixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Chemical Suffix Equivalents |- ! English Suffix !! Mirad Equivalent !! English Example !! Mirad Equivalent |- | ''-ide'' || '''-iyd''' || ''sulfide'' || '''solkiyd''' |- | ''-ite'' || '''-iyt''' || ''sulfite'' || '''solkiyt''' |- | ''-ate'' || '''-ayt''' || ''sulfate'' || '''solkayt''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''-iyn''' || ''iodine'' || '''ilkiyn''' |- | ''-ane'' || '''-ayn''' || ''methane'' || '''ahelkayn''' |- | ''-ene'' || '''-eyn''' || ''benzene'' || '''ehelkeyn''' |- | ''-one'' || '''-oyn''' || ''ketone'' || '''ketoyn''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''--iyn''' || ''alanine'' || '''alaniyn''' |- | ''-ic'' || '''-a''' || ''ferric'' || '''feelka''' |- | ''-ous'' || '''aya''' || ''ferrous'' || '''feelkaya''' |} : Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in '''-n'''. : The numeral prefixes ''5'' and ''6'' end in '''-on''' instead of '''-n''' so as to distinguish them from the words '''yan'''....''together'' and '''yon'''....''apart''. : The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Numeric Prefixes |- ! Number !! Prefix !! Example |- | '''a'''....''mono-'' || '''an''' || '''anolkiyd'''....''<u>mono</u>xide (O)'' |- | '''e'''....''bi-/di-'' || '''en''' || '''encalkayt'''....''<u>bi</u>carbonate (C₂)'' |- | '''i'''....''tri-'' || '''in''' || '''inolkiyd-'''....''trioxide (O₃)'' |- | '''u'''....''tetr(a)-'' || '''un''' || '''unolkiyd-'''....''tetroxide (O₄)'' |- | '''yo'''....''pent(a)-'' || '''yoon''' || '''yoonolkiyd-'''....''pentoxide (O₅)'' |- | '''ya'''....''hex(a)-'' || '''yaon''' || '''yaonolkiyd'''....''hexoxide (O₆)'' |- | '''ye'''....''hept(a)-'' || '''yen''' || '''yenolkiyd'''....''heptoxide (O₇)'' |- | '''yi'''....''oct(o)-'' || '''yin''' || '''yinolkiyd-'''....''octoxide (O₈)'' |- | '''yu'''....''non(a)-'' || '''yun''' || '''yunolkiyd-'''....''nonoxide (O₉)'' |- | '''alo'''....''dec(a)-'' || '''alon''' || '''alonolkayt-'''....''decoxidate (O₁₀)'' |} : Examples: ::* ''carbon <u>di</u>oxide (C₂O)''....'''calk <u>en</u>olkiyd''' ::* ''sodium <u>bi</u>carbonate (Na2C)''....'''nialk <u>en</u>calkayt''' ::* ''calcium <u>di</u>hydrogen phosphate''....'''caalk <u>en</u>helk polkayt''' ::* ''glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)''....'''<u>yaon</u>ca<u>alan</u>he<u>yaon</u>olk''' (or: '''sakolos''') ::* ''methanol (C₃HOH)''....'''ca<u>in</u>heohelk''' : Note: the '''-lk''' is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings '''-iyd''', '''-iyt''', and '''-ayt''', etc. ==== Names of Atomic Parts ==== : The word for ''atom'' in Mirad is '''gwomulk''', which literally is ''least particle''. : The main particles in an atom are: ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' (positive) ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' (neutral) ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' (negative) : Every atom contains '''mulki''' (''subatomic particles''). [[File:Standard Model of Elementary Particles.svg|thumb|392x392px|The [[Standard Model]] classification of particles]] : The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart to the right, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See [[wikipedia:Subatomic_particle]] ). ::* '''hamulk'''....''hadron'' :::* '''mi-hamulk'''....''meson'' ::::* '''pimi-hamulk'''....''pion'' ::::* '''kami-hamulk'''....''kaon'' :::* '''ba-hamulk'''....''baryon'' ::::* '''lambda-ba-hamulk'''....''lambda baryon'' ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' ::* '''zemulk'''....''nucleon'' ::* '''alfamulk'''....''alpha particle'' ::* '''fermimulk'''....''fermion'' ::* '''goryumulk'''....''nanoparticle'' ::* '''kyiazon mulk'''....''graviton'' ::* '''bamulk'''....''boson particle'' :::* '''agha-bamulk'''....''higgs particle'' :::* '''agwu-bamulk'''....''W boson'' :::* '''agzu-bamulk'''....''Z boson'' :::* '''gamma-bamulk'''....''photon'' :::* '''ge-bamulk'''....''gluon'' ::* '''qomulk'''....''quark'' :::* '''ba-qomulk'''....''bottom quark'' :::* '''ca-qomulk'''....''charm quark'' :::* '''da-qomulk'''....''down quark'' :::* '''ov-qomulk'''....''antiparticle, antiquark'' :::* '''penta-qomulk'''....''penta quark'' :::* '''tetra-qomulk'''....''tetra quark'' :::* '''to-qomulk'''....''top quark'' :::* '''u-qomulk'''....''up quark'' :::* '''so-qomulk'''....''strange quark'' ::* '''limulk'''....''lepton'' :::* '''gamma-limulk'''....''photon'' (also: '''manmulk''') :::* '''mu-limulk'''....''muon'' :::* '''pi-limulk'''....''pion'' :::* '''tau-limulk'''....''tau'' :::* '''vu-e-limulk'''....''electron neutrino'' :::* '''vu-mu-limulk'''....''muon neutrino'' :::* '''vu-tau-limulk'''....''tau neutrino'' :::* '''e-limulk'''....''electron'' (also: '''vomulk''') : The nucleus of an atom is called '''zemulk'''. Therefore, '''zemulka''' means ''nuclear''. === Musical Nomenclature === ==== Musical Instruments ==== : The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument ('''duzar''' < '''duz''' (''music'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument''). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played. [[File:Madras musical instruments and snake charmer's music.jpg|thumb|<small>Madras_musical_instruments_and_snake_charmer's_music</small>]] {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Instruments |- ! Mirad !! English |- ! colspan=2 | Bowed-String |- | '''aduzar''' || ''violin'' |- | '''eduzar''' || ''violin alto'' |- | '''iduzar''' || ''cello'', ''violoncello'' |- | '''uduzar'''<br>'''eona uduzar''' || ''bass''<br>''double bass'' |- | '''yoduzar''' || ''viola'' |- | '''yaduzar''' || ''fiddle'' |- | '''yeduzar''' || ''viol'' |- |- '''yiduzar''' || ''erhu'' |- | '''yuduzar''' || ''hardanger fiddle'' |- | '''aloduzar''' || ''kemenche'' |- | '''aladuzar''' || ''nyckelharpa'' |- | '''aleduzar''' || ''rebab'' |- ! colspan=2 | Woodwind |- | '''faduzar''' || ''flute'' |- | '''feduzar''' || ''oboe'' |- | '''fiduzar''' || ''clarinet'' |- | '''fuduzar''' || ''bassoon'' |- | '''fyoduzar''' || ''French harp, harmonica'' |- | '''fyaduzar''' || ''recorder'' |- | '''fyeduzar''' || ''bagpipe'' |- | '''fyiduzar''' || ''didgeridoo'' |- | '''fyuduzar''' || ''piccolo'' |- | '''faloduzar''' || ''fife, hornpipe'' |- | '''faladuzar''' || ''ocarina, ocarine'' |- | '''faleduzar''' || ''sheng'' |- | '''faliduzar''' || ''duduk'' |- | '''faluduzar''' || ''bansuri'' |- | '''falyoduzar''' || ''suling'' |- ! colspan=2 | Brass &#x1f3b7; |- | '''voduzar''' || ''horn'' |- | '''vaduzar''' || ''trumpet'' |- | '''veduzar''' || ''trombone'' |- | '''vuduzar'''<br>-- '''avuduzar'''<br>-- '''evuduzar'''<br>--'''ivuduzar'''|| ''saxophone''<br>-- ''tenor saxophone''<br>-- ''alto saxophone''<br>-- ''bass saxophone'' |- | '''vyoduzar''' || ''tuba'' |- | '''vyaduzar''' || ''bugle'' |- | '''vyeduzar''' || ''French horn'' |- | '''vyiduzar''' || ''cornet'' |- | '''vyuduzar''' || ''baritone horn'' |- | '''valoduzar''' || ''alto horn'' |- | '''valaduzar''' || ''euphonium'' |- | '''valeduzar''' || ''flugelhorn'' |- | '''validuzar''' || ''sousaphone'' |- | '''valuduzar''' || ''clarion'' |- | '''valyoduzar''' || ''mellophone'' |- | '''valyaduzar''' || ''climbasso'' |- | '''valyeduzar''' || ''ophicleide'' |- ! colspan=2 | Percussion |- | '''kaduzar'''<br>-- '''akaduzar'''<br>-- '''ekaduzar'''<br>-- '''ikaduzar'''<br>-- '''ukaduzar'''<br>-- '''yokaduzar'''<br>-- '''yakaduzar'''<br>-- '''yekaduzar'''<br>-- '''yikaduzar'''<br>-- '''yukaduzar'''<br>-- '''alokaduzar'''<br>-- '''alakaduzar'''<br>-- '''alekaduzar'''<br>-- '''alikaduzar'''<br>-- '''alukaduzar''' || ''drum''<br>-- ''snare drum''<br>-- ''bass drum''<br>-- ''tenor drum''<br>-- ''steel drum''<br>-- ''bongo drum''<br>-- ''timbrel''<br>-- ''kettledrum''<br>-- ''hang drum''<br>-- ''tupan''<br>-- ''taiko''<br>-- ''spring drum''<br>-- ''octoban''<br>-- ''candombe drum''<br>-- ''steel tongue drum'' |- | '''keduzar''' || ''glockenspiel'' |- | '''kiduzar''' || ''vibraphone'' |- | '''kuduzar''' || ''marimba'' |- | '''kyoduzar''' || ''tubular bell'' |- | '''gaduzar''' || ''triangle'' |- | '''geduzar''' || ''gong'' |- | '''giduzar''' || ''castanet'' |- | '''guduzar''' || ''rattle'' |- | '''gyoduzar''' || ''xylophone'' |- | '''gyaduzar''' || ''maraca'' |- | '''gyeduzar''' || ''caj&oacute;n'' |- | '''gyiduzar''' || ''cymbal'' |- | '''gyuduzar''' || ''tambourine'' |- | '''galoduzar''' || ''steelpan'' |- | '''galaduzar''' || ''wind chime'' |- | '''galeduzar''' || ''chime bar'' |- | '''galiduzar''' || ''celeste'' |- | '''galuduzar''' || ''clapper'' |- | '''galyoduzar''' || ''Jew's harp'' |- | '''galyaduzar''' || ''bazooka'' |- | '''galyeduzar''' || ''waterphone'' |- | '''galyiduzar''' || ''balafon'' |- | '''galyuduzar''' || ''boomwhackers'' |- | '''geloduzar''' || ''udu'' |- | '''geladuzar''' || ''thunder sheet'' |- ! colspan=2 | Keyboard &#x1f3b9; |- | '''raduzar'''<br>-- '''utekea raduzar'''<br>-- '''agala raduzar'''<br>-- '''sem raduzar''' || ''piano''<br>-- ''player piano''<br>-- ''grand piano''<br>-- ''keyboard'' |- | '''reduzar''' || ''clavichord'' |- | '''riduzar''' || ''harpsichord'' |- | '''ruduzar'''<br>-- '''mufyeg ruduzar'''<br>-- '''maka ruduzar''' || ''organ''<br>-- ''pipe organ''<br>-- ''electric organ'' |- | '''ryoduzar''' || ''accordion'' |- | '''ryaduzar''' || ''dulcimer'' |- | '''ryeduzar''' || ''calliope'' |- | '''ryiduzar''' || ''melodica'' |- | '''ryuduzar''' || ''concertina'' |- ! colspan=2 | Guitar &#x1f3b8; |- | '''baduzar'''<br>-- '''seuxa baduzar'''<br>-- '''maka baduzar'''<br>-- '''yoba baduzar''' || ''guitar''<br>-- ''accoustic guitar''<br>-- ''electric guitar''<br>-- ''bass guitar'' |- | '''beduzar''' || ''banjo'' |- | '''biduzar''' || ''lute'' |- | '''buduzar''' || ''harp'' |- | '''byoduzar''' || ''mandolin'' |- | '''byaduzar''' || ''ukelele'' |- | '''byeduzar''' || ''zither'' |- | '''byiduzar''' || ''lyre'' |- | '''byuduzar''' || ''cithara, kithara'' |- | '''baloduzar''' || ''sitar'' |- | '''baladuzar''' || ''veena'' |- | '''baleduzar''' || ''koto'' |- | '''baliduzar''' || ''balalaika'' |- | '''baluduzar''' || ''charango'' |- | '''balyoduzar''' || ''hurdy-gurdy'' |} ==== Voice Ranges ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Voice Ranges (Deuz nabyani) |- ! Mirad !! English !! Meaning |- ! colspan=3 | Women |- | '''yabdeuztoyb''' || ''soprano'' || "high-voice-female" |- | '''zeyabdeuztoyb''' || ''mezzo-soprano'' || "high-ish-voice-female" |- | '''yobdeuztoyb''' || ''alto, contralto'' || "low-voice-female" |- ! colspan=3 | Men |- | '''yabdeuztwob''' || ''tenor'' || "high-voice-male" |- | '''ze-yabdeuztwob''' || ''baritone'' || "middle-high-voice-male" |- | '''yobdeuztwob''' || ''bass''||"low-voice-male" |- | '''vyo-yabdeuztwob''' || ''falsetto'' || "false-high-voice-male" |- ! colspan=3 | Boys |- | '''yabdeuztwobet''' || ''treble'' || "high-voice-boy" |} : Suffix these nouns with '''-a''' to make them adjectives, eg.: ::* '''His se <u>yabdeuztwoba</u> duznod.'''....''This is a <u>tenor</u> note.'' ==== Solmization Syllables ==== : The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Solmization Syllables |- | '''do''' || '''re''' || '''mi''' || '''fa''' || '''sol''' || '''la''' || '''ti''' || '''do''' |} ==== Musical Score Elements ==== [[File:Gigault-dernier-kyrie-mm9-12.png|thumb]] : The semitone or accidental symbols are: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Accidentals |- ! ENGLISH NAME !! SYMBOL !! MIRAD NAME !! ENGLISH EXAMPLE !! MIRAD EXAMPLE || MIRAD PRONUNCIATION |- | ''flat'' || <big>&#x1D12C;</big>|| '''yobwa''' (=''lowered'')|| ''B flat'' || '''B yobwa''' || '''ba YOBwa''' |- | ''sharp'' || <big>&#x1D130;</big> || '''yabwa''' (=''raised'')|| ''C sharp'' || '''C yabwa''' || '''ca YABwa''' |- | ''natural'' || <big>&#x1D12E;</big> || '''egxwa''' (=''normalized'')|| ''F natural'' || '''F egxwa''' || '''fe EGxwa''' |} : Some staff notation: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Staff Notation |- ! English Name !! Symbol !! Mirad Name |- | ''staff'' || <big>&#x1D119;</big> || '''nuidyan''' |- | ''treble clef, G clef'' || <big>&#x1D11E;</big> || '''G yijar''' |- | ''C clef'' || <big>&#x1D121;</big> || '''C yijar''' |- | ''base clef, F clef'' || <big>&#x1D122;</big> || '''F yijar''' |- | ''note'' || || '''nod''' |- | ''half note'' || <big>&#x1D15E;</big> || '''eyna nod''' |- | ''quarter note'' || <big>&#x1D15F;</big> || '''uyna nod''' |- | ''whole note'' || <big>&#x1D15D;</big> || '''ayna nod''' |- | ''quarter rest'' || <big>&#x1D13D; </big> || '''uyna poys''' |- | ''eighth note'' || <big>&#x1D160; </big> || '''yiyna nod''' |- | ''bar, measure'' || <big>&#x1D100;</big> || '''nodzyan''' |- | ''ligature'' || || '''yanxus''' |} ==== Characteristic Features of Music ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Characteristic Features of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''deup'''||'' beat'' |- |'''seupan'''||'' cadence'' |- |'''jes'''||'' duration'' |- |'''zoyteuz'''||'' echo'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||'' harmony'' |- |'''duzneg'''||''pitch'' |- |'''ijduzneg'''||'' key'' |- |'''druz'''||'' lyric'' |- |'''agala duzmus'''||'' major scale'' |- |'''duznag'''||'' measure'' |- |'''duznad'''||'' melody'' |- |'''duzjob''' ||''tempo'' |- |'''nak'''||'' meter'' |- |'''ogala duzmus'''||'' minor scale'' |- |'''duz'''||'' music'' |- |'''yinig'''||'' octave'' |- |'''byexes'''||'' pulse'' |- |'''zoyseuzen'''||'' resonance'' |- |'''deupyan'''||'' rhythm'' |- |'''duzmus'''||'' scale'' |- |'''duzdreyn'''||'' score'' |- |'''seux'''||'' sound'' |- |'''duzigan'''||'' tempo'' |- |'''seuzvolz'''||'' timbre'' |- |'''seuz'''||'' tone'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||''chord, harmonic'' |- |'''aybseuz'''||''overtone'' |- |'''deuzunog'''||'' tune'' |- |'''deuz'''||'' voice'' |- |'''seuxnid'''||'' volume'' |} ==== Dynamics ==== : Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left ''as is'' in Mirad. : These include: <div style="background:lightyellow; font-style:italics"> : <i>a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo</i>, and others. </div> ==== Types of Arrangements ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Arrangements ! English !! Mirad |- |''a capella song''||'''a kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzari''' |- |''anthem''||'''fizdeuzun, tezdeuzun''' |- |''antiphon''||'''duiddeuzun''' |- |''aria''||'''arya, awat deuzun''' |- |''arrangement''||'''napbeyn''' |- |''art song''||'''tuz deuz''' |- |''ballad''||'''daz deuz, ifonkex deuzun''' |- |''battle hymn''||'''dropek deuzun''' |- |''bird song''||'''pat deuzun''' |- |''broadway song''||'''Broadway deuzun''' |- |''campfire song''||'''tamoftem deuzun''' |- |''cantata''||'''kantata''' |- |''canticle''||'''efyadeuzun''' |- |''carol''||'''ivdeuzun''' |- |''chant''||'''yagdeuzun''' |- |''choral arrangement''||'''deuzutyan napxeyn''' |- |''Christmas carol''||'''Kristtaj ivdeuzun''' |- |''classical song''||'''visauna deuzun''' |- |''composition''||'''duzdrun''' |- |''concerto''||'''koncerto''' |- |''country song''||'''odom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzun''' |- |''dance song''||'''daz deuzun''' |- |''dirge''||'''uvdeuzun''' |- |''ditty''||'''deuzog''' |- |''doggerel verse''||'''dizdeuzun''' |- |''drinking song''||'''tilien deuzun''' |- |''duet''||'''ewat (deuzun)''' |- |''folksong''||'''tyoyd deuzun''' |- |''glee''||'''Gebama deuzun''' |- |''gospel song''||'''fyadin deuzun''' |- |''hip hop song''||'''hip hop deuzun''' |- |''hit song''||'''agakus deuzun''' |- |''hymn''||'''fyadeuzun ''' |- |''instrumental''||'''duzarun''' |- |''jingle''||'''nundeuzunog''' |- |''karaoke song''||'''karaoke deuzun''' |- |''love song''||'''ifon deuzun''' |- |''lullaby''||'''tudet deuzun''' |- |''lute song''||'''riduzar deuzun''' |- |''madrigal''||'''duzuka deuzun''' |- |''marching song''||'''doptyopen deuzun''' |- |''medley''||'''ebmulxwa deuzyan''' |- |''metal song''||'''mug deuzun''' |- |''musical number''||'''duzun''' |- |''old standard''||'''ajdeuzun''' |- |''opera''||'''dyuz, dyuzun''' |- |''oratorio''||'''oratoryo''' |- |''paean''||'''akrun deuzun''' |- |''partsong''||'''gon deuzun''' |- |''patter song''||'''deuzig''' |- |''pop song''||'''tyoda deuzun''' |- |''psalm''||'''afyadeuzun''' |- |''rock song''||'''rok deuzun''' |- |''round''||'''zoydea deuzun''' |- |''sea shanty''||'''mim deuz''' |- |''show tune''||'''duez deuzun''' |- |''signature song''||'''ujak deuzun''' |- |''slow jam''||'''bluz deuzun''' |- |''soliloquy''||'''awat, awat deuzun''' |- |''solo''||'''awat (duzun), awat (deuzun)''' |- |''song''||'''deuzun''' |- |''spiritual, negro spiritual''||'''topa deuzun''' |- |''sporting song''||'''tapifek deuzun''' |- |''symphony''||'''viduzunyag''' |- |''theme song''||'''texzena deuz''' |- |''torch song''||'''ifonok uvdeuzun''' |- |''vaudeville song''||'''Vaudeville deuzun''' |- |''Wienerlied''||'''Viena deuzun''' |} ==== Musicians ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musicians ! English !! Mirad |- |''musician''||'''duzut, duztoyb, duzuyt, duztwob''' |- |''instrumentalist''||'''duzarut''' |- |''violinist''||'''aduzarut''' |- |''conductor''||'''duzdeb''', '''duzutyaneb''' |- |''soloist''||'''anduzut''' |- |''singer, vocalist''||'''deuzut''' |- |''danseur''||'''dyaztwob''' |- |''ballerina''||'''dyazuyt, dyaztoyb''' |- |''dancer''||'''dazut, dazuyt''' |- |''opera singer''||'''dyuzut, dyuzuyt''' |- |''operatist, librettist''||'''dyuzdrut''' |- |''composer''||'''duzdrut''' |- |''lyricist, songwriter''||'''deuzdrut''' |- |''dance conductor''||'''dazeb''' |- |''(symphony) orchestra''||'''duzarutyan''' |- |''philharmonic orchestra''||'''duzarutyanag''' |- |''chorus, chorale'' ||'''deuzutyan''' |- |''dance troupe''||'''dazutyan''' |} ==== Song Parts ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Song Parts ! Mirad !! English |- |'''ujgon'''||''coda'' |- |'''ijgon'''||''intro'' |- |'''ebek'''||''interlude'' |- |'''ijek'''||''finale'' |- |'''gawijun'''||''reprise'' |- |'''gawdeuzun'''||''refrain'' |- |'''agalduznad'''||''theme'' |- |'''nadyan'''||''verse'' |- |'''zeymep'''||''bridge'' |- |'''gawdwas'''||''chorus'' |- |'''ujnadyan'''||''outro'' |} ==== Music Genres ==== : Some genres and styles of music: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Genres of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''a kapella, boy duzari'''||''a capella'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''ambiant'' |- |'''Usoma tyoyduz'''||''American folk'' |- |'''Usoma egona duz'''||''American standard'' |- |'''yizejna'''||''avant garde'' |- |'''Baroka'''||''Baroque'' |- |'''yolza vab'''||''bluegrass'' |- |'''bluz'''||''blues'' |- |'''Bolliwud'''||''Bollywood'' |- |'''bossa nova'''||''bossa nova'' |- |'''kalipso'''||''calypso'' |- |'''Kelta yagdeuz'''||''Celtic chant'' |- |'''Canima tyoyduz'''||''Chinese folk'' |- |'''Canima ajutbyena dyuz'''||''Chinese traditional opera'' |- |'''jejoba deupyan ay bluz'''||''contemporary R&B'' |- |'''maima bluz'''||''country blues'' |- |'''maima duz'''||''country music'' |- |'''maima pop'''||''country pop'' |- |'''maima rap'''||''country rap'' |- |'''maima rok'''||''country rock'' |- |'''dazam pop'''||''dancehall pop'' |- |'''disko'''||''disco'' |- |'''du-wop'''||''doo-wop'' |- |'''maka dauz'''||''electronic dance music (EDM)'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''elevator music'' |- |'''Euma disko'''||''Euro-disco'' |- |'''jwayeka'''||''experimental'' |- |'''flamenko'''||''flamenco'' |- |'''funk'''||''funk'' |- |'''Gregoria yagdeuz'''||''Gregorian chant'' |- |'''hip-hop'''||''hip-hop'' |- |'''honki-tonk'''||''honky-tonk'' |- |'''hyusuna rok'''||''Indie rock'' |- |'''jaz'''||''jazz'' |- |'''makjaz'''||''jazztronica'' |- |'''juju'''||''juju'' |- |'''fyaxela duz'''||''liturgical music'' |- |'''majika'''||''majika'' |- |'''mamo'''||''mambo'' |- |'''merengwe'''||''merengue'' |- |'''mesitzo'''||''mesitzo'' |- |'''mug'''||''metal'' |- |'''Mixuma duz'''||''Mexican'' |- |'''seuz bi Naxvil'''||''Nashville sound'' |- |'''Ejna Orleans bluz'''||''New Orleans blues'' |- |'''dyuz'''||''opera'' |- |'''rancera'''||''ranchera'' |- |'''rap'''||''rap'' |- |'''rege'''||''reggae'' |- |'''deupyan ay blus, ro-ay-ba'''||''rhythm & blues'' |- |'''rok-ay-rol'''||''rock & roll'' |- |'''salsa'''||''salsa'' |- |'''samba'''||''samba'' |- |'''ska'''||''ska'' |- |'''galoduzaruta duz'''||''steel band music'' |- |'''swing'''||''swing'' |- |'''Tehano'''||''Tejano'' |- |'''eyntuj duz'''||''trance music'' |- |'''Zumera visauna'''||''Western classical'' |- |'''Zumeryena'''||''Western'' |- |'''zideko'''||''zydeco'' |} === Geographic Placenames === : As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants. ==== Countries of the World ==== [[File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Johnson's new chart of national emblems, 1868.jpg|thumb|]] Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter '''m''' is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.: : Example 1: : ''Burundi'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI. ::* ''BDI'' is lowercased to ''bdi'' ::* '''b''' is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell '''ba'''. ::* Since ''d'' is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: '''d'''. ::* The vowel ''i'' is left as is: '''i''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''badim''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Badim''' ::* BDI (Burundi) = '''Badim'''. : Example 2: : ''Uzbekistan'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB. ::* ''UZB'' is lowercased to ''uzb'' ::* '''u''' is left as is: '''u'''. ::* '''z''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''zu''' ::* '''b''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''ba''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''uzubam''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Uzubam''' ::* UZB (Uzbekistan) = '''Uzubam'''. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Country Names (click on arrows to sort a column) ! ISO !! English !! Mirad |- | ABW || ''Aruba''||'''Abawum''' |- | AFG || ''Afghanistan''||'''Afegem''' |- | AGO || ''Angola''||'''Agom''' |- | AIA || ''Anguilla''||'''Aiam''' |- | ALA || ''[[w:Åland|Åland Islands]]''||'''Alam''' |- | ALB || ''Albania''||'''Alibam''' |- | AND || ''Andorra''||'''Anidam''' |- | ANT || ''Netherlands Antilles''||'''Anitom''' |- | ARE || ''United Arab Emirates''||'''Arem''' |- | ARG || ''Argentina''||'''Arogem''' |- | ARM || ''Armenia''||'''Aromim''' |- | ASM || ''American Samoa''||'''Asomim''' |- | ATA || ''Antarctica''||'''Atam''' |- | ATF || ''French Southern Territories''||'''Atofem''' |- | ATG || ''Antigua and Barbuda''||'''Atogem''' |- | AUS || ''Australia''||'''Ausom''' |- | AUT || ''Austria''||'''Autom''' |- | AZE || ''Azerbaijan''||'''Azem''' |- | BDI || ''Burundi''||'''Badim''' |- | BEL || ''Belgium''||'''Belim''' |- | BEN || ''Benin''||'''Benim''' |- | BFA || ''Burkina Faso''||'''Bafam''' |- | BGD || ''Bangladesh''||'''Bagedam''' |- | BGR || ''Bulgaria''||'''Bagerom''' |- | BHR || ''Bahrain''||'''Baherom''' |- | BHS || ''[[w|The Bahamas|Bahamas]]''||'''Bahesom''' |- | BIH || ''Bosnia and Herzegovina''||'''Bihem''' |- | BLM || ''Saint Barthélemy''||'''Balimim''' |- | BLR || ''Belarus''||'''Balirom''' |- | BLZ || ''Belize''||'''Balizum''' |- | BMU || ''Bermuda''||'''Bamum''' |- | BOL || ''Bolivia''||'''Bolim''' |- | BRA || ''Brazil''||'''Baram''' |- | BRB || ''Barbados''||'''Barobam''' |- | BRN || ''[[w:Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]]''||'''Baronim''' |- | BTN || ''Bhutan''||'''Batonim''' |- | BVT || ''Bouvet Island''||'''Bavutom''' |- | BWA || ''Botswana''||'''Bawam''' |- | CAF || ''Central African Republic''||'''Cafem''' |- | CAN || ''Canada''||'''Canim''' |- | CCK || ''Cocos Islands''||'''Cacakim''' |- | CHE || ''Switzerland''||'''Cahem''' |- | CHL || ''Chile''||'''Cahelim''' |- | CHN || ''[[w:People's Republic of China|China]]''||'''Cahenim''' |- | CIV || ''Côte d'Ivoire''||'''Civum''' |- | CMR || ''Cameroon''||'''Camirom''' |- | COD || ''Democratic Republic of the Congo''||'''Codam''' |- | COG || ''Republic of the Congo''||'''Cogem''' |- | COK || ''Cook Islands''||'''Cokim''' |- | COL || ''Colombia''||'''Colim''' |- | COM || ''Comoros''||'''Comim''' |- | CPV || ''Cape Verde''||'''Capovum''' |- | CRI || ''Costa Rica''||'''Carim''' |- | CUB || ''Cuba''||'''Cubam''' |- | CXR || ''Christmas Island''||'''Caxurom''' |- | CYM || ''Cayman Islands''||'''Cayumim''' |- | CYP || ''Cyprus''||'''Cayupom''' |- | CZE || ''Czechia''||'''Cazem''' |- | DEU || ''Germany''||'''Deum''' |- | DJI || ''Djibouti''||'''Dajim''' |- | DMA || ''Dominica''||'''Damam''' |- | DNK || ''Denmark''||'''Danikim''' |- | DOM || ''Dominican Republic''||'''Domim''' |- | DZA || ''Algeria''||'''Dazam''' |- | ECU || ''Ecuador''||'''Ecum''' |- | EGY || ''Egypt''||'''Egeyum''' |- | ERI || ''Eritrea''||'''Erim''' |- | ESH || ''Western Sahara''||'''Esohem''' |- | ESP || ''Spain''||'''Esopom''' |- | EST || ''Estonia''||'''Esotom''' |- | ETH || ''Ethiopia''||'''Etohem''' |- | FIN || ''Finland''||'''Finim''' |- | FJI || ''Fiji''||'''Fejim''' |- | FLK || ''Falkland Islands (Malvinas)''||'''Felikim''' |- | FRA || ''France''||'''Feram''' |- | FRO || ''Faroe Islands''||'''Ferom''' |- | FSM || ''Federated States of Micronesia''||'''Fesomim''' |- | GAB || ''Gabon''||'''Gabam''' |- | GBR || ''United Kingdom''||'''Gebarom''' |- | GEO || ''Georgia''||'''Geom''' |- | GGY || ''Guernsey''||'''Gegeyum''' |- | GHA || ''Ghana''||'''Geham''' |- | GIB || ''Gibraltar''||'''Gibam''' |- | GLP || ''Guadeloupe''||'''Gelipom''' |- | GMB || ''Gambia''||'''Gemibam''' |- | GNB || ''Guinea-Bissau''||'''Genibam''' |- | GNQ || ''Equatorial Guinea''||'''Geniqom''' |- | GRC || ''Greece''||'''Gerocam''' |- | GRD || ''Grenada''||'''Gerodam''' |- | GRL || ''Greenland''||'''Gedolim''' |- | GTM || ''Guatemala''||'''Getomim''' |- | GUF || ''French Guiana''||'''Gufem''' |- | GUM || ''Guam''||'''Gumim''' |- | GUY || ''Guyana''||'''Guyum''' |- | HKG || ''Hong Kong''||'''Hekigem''' |- | HMD || ''Heard Island and McDonald Islands''||'''Hemidam''' |- | HND || ''Honduras''||'''Henidam''' |- | HRV || ''Croatia''||'''Herovum''' |- | HTI || ''Haiti''||'''Hetim''' |- | HUN || ''Hungary''||'''Hunim''' |- | IDN || ''Indonesia''||'''Idanim''' |- | IMN || ''Isle of Man''||'''Iminim''' |- | IND || ''India''||'''Inidam''' |- | IOT || ''British Indian Ocean Territory''||'''Iotom''' |- | IRL || ''Republic of Ireland''||'''Irolim''' |- | IRN || ''Iran''||'''Ironim''' |- | IRQ || ''Iraq''||'''Iroqom''' |- | ISL || ''Iceland''||'''Isolim''' |- | ISR || ''Israel''||'''Isorom''' |- | ITA || ''Italy''||'''Itam''' |- | JAM || ''Jamaica''||'''Jamim''' |- | JEY || ''Jersey''||'''Jeyum''' |- | JOR || ''Jordan''||'''Jorom''' |- | JPN || ''Japan''||'''Jiponim''' |- | KAZ || ''Kazakhstan''||'''Kazum''' |- | KEN || ''Kenya''||'''Kenim''' |- | KGZ || ''Kyrgyzstan''||'''Kigezum''' |- | KHM || ''Cambodia''||'''Kihemim''' |- | KIR || ''Kiribati''||'''Kirom''' |- | KNA || ''Saint Kitts and Nevis''||'''Kinam''' |- | KOR || ''[[w:South Korea|Korea, Republic of]]''||'''Korom''' |- | KWT || ''Kuwait''||'''Kiwutom''' |- | LAO || ''Laos''||'''Laom''' |- | LBN || ''Lebanon''||'''Libanim''' |- | LBR || ''Liberia''||'''Libarom''' |- | LBY || ''Libya''||'''Libayum''' |- | LCA || ''Saint Lucia''||'''Licam''' |- | LIE || ''Liechtenstein''||'''Liem''' |- | LKA || ''Sri Lanka''||'''Likam''' |- | LSO || ''Lesotho''||'''Lisom''' |- | LTU || ''Lithuania''||'''Litum''' |- | LUX || ''Luxembourg''||'''Luxum''' |- | LVA || ''Latvia''||'''Livam''' |- | MAC || ''[[W:Macau|Macao]]''||'''Macam''' |- | MAF || ''Saint Martin''||'''Mafem''' |- | MAR || ''Morocco''||'''Marom''' |- | MCO || ''Monaco''||'''Micom''' |- | MDA || ''Moldova''||'''Midam''' |- | MDG || ''Madagascar''||'''Midagem''' |- | MDV || ''Maldives''||'''Midavum''' |- | MEX || ''Mexico''||'''Mexum''' |- | MHL || ''Marshall Islands''||'''Mihelim''' |- | MKD || ''Republic of Macedonia''||'''Mikidam''' |- | MLI || ''Mali''||'''Milim''' |- | MLT || ''Malta''||'''Militom''' |- | MMR || ''Myanmar''||'''Mimirom''' |- | MNE || ''Montenegro''||'''Minem''' |- | MNG || ''Mongolia''||'''Minigem''' |- | MNP || ''Northern Mariana Islands''||'''Minipom''' |- | MOZ || ''Mozambique''||'''Mozum''' |- | MRT || ''Mauritania''||'''Mirotom''' |- | MSR || ''Montserrat''||'''Misorom''' |- | MTQ || ''Martinique''||'''Mitoqom''' |- | MUS || ''Mauritius''||'''Musom''' |- | MWI || ''Malawi''||'''Miwim''' |- | MYS || ''Malaysia''||'''Miyusom''' |- | MYT || ''Mayotte''||'''Miyutom''' |- | NAM || ''Namibia''||'''Namim''' |- | NCL || ''New Caledonia''||'''Nicalim''' |- | NER || ''Niger''||'''Nerom''' |- | NFK || ''Norfolk Island''||'''Nifekim''' |- | NGA || ''Nigeria''||'''Nigam''' |- | NIC || ''Nicaragua''||'''Nicam''' |- | NOR || ''Norway''||'''Norom''' |- | NIU || ''Niue''||'''Nium''' |- | NLD || ''Netherlands''||'''Nilidam''' |- | NPL || ''Nepal''||'''Nipolim''' |- | NRU || ''Nauru''||'''Nirum''' |- | NZL || ''New Zealand''||'''Nizulim''' |- | OMN || ''Oman''||'''Ominim''' |- | PAK || ''Pakistan''||'''Pakim''' |- | PAN || ''Panama''||'''Panim''' |- | PCN || ''Pitcairn Islands''||'''Pocanim''' |- | PER || ''Peru''||'''Perom''' |- | PHL || ''Philippines''||'''Pohelim''' |- | PLW || ''Palau''||'''Poliwum''' |- | PNG || ''Papua New Guinea''||'''Ponigem''' |- | POL || ''Poland''||'''Polim''' |- | PRI || ''Puerto Rico''||'''Porim''' |- | PRK || ''North Korea''||'''Porikim''' |- | PRT || ''Portugal''||'''Porotom''' |- | PRY || ''Paraguay''||'''Poroyum''' |- | PSE || ''Palestinian territories''||'''Posem''' |- | PYF || ''French Polynesia''||'''Poyufem''' |- | QAT || ''Qatar''||'''Qatom''' |- | REU || ''Réunion''||'''Reum''' |- | ROU || ''Romania''||'''Roum''' |- | RUS || ''Russia''||'''Rusom''' |- | RWA || ''Rwanda''||'''Rowam''' |- | SAU || ''Saudi Arabia''||'''Saum''' |- | SDN || ''Sudan''||'''Sodanim''' |- | SEN || ''Senegal''||'''Senim''' |- | SGP || ''Singapore''||'''Sogepom''' |- | SGS || ''South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands''||'''Sogesom''' |- | SHN || ''Saint Helena''||'''Sohenim''' |- | SJM || ''Svalbard and Jan Mayen''||'''Sojimim''' |- | SLB || ''Solomon Islands''||'''Solibam''' |- | SLE || ''Sierra Leone''||'''Solem''' |- | SLV || ''El Salvador''||'''Solivum''' |- | SMR || ''San Marino''||'''Somirom''' |- | SOM || ''Somalia''||'''Somim''' |- | SPM || ''Saint Pierre and Miquelon''||'''Sopomim''' |- | SRB || ''Serbia''||'''Sorobam''' |- | STP || ''São Tomé and Príncipe''||'''Sotopom''' |- | SUR || ''Suriname''||'''Surom''' |- | SVK || ''Slovakia''||'''Sovukim''' |- | SVN || ''Slovenia''||'''Sovunim''' |- | SWE || ''Sweden''||'''Sowem''' |- | SWZ || ''Swaziland''||'''Sowuzum''' |- | SYC || ''Seychelles''||'''Soyucam''' |- | SYR || ''Syria''||'''Soyurom''' |- | TCA || ''Turks and Caicos Islands''||'''Tocam''' |- | TCD || ''Chad''||'''Tocadam''' |- | TGO || ''Togo''||'''Togom''' |- | THA || ''Thailand''||'''Toham''' |- | TJK || ''Tajikistan''||'''Tojikim''' |- | TKL || ''Tokelau''||'''Tokilim''' |- | TKM || ''Turkmenistan''||'''Tokimim''' |- | TLS || ''East Timor''||'''Tolisom''' |- | TON || ''Tonga''||'''Tonim''' |- | TTO || ''Trinidad and Tobago''||'''Totom''' |- | TUN || ''Tunisia''||'''Tunim''' |- | TUR || ''Turkey''||'''Turim''' |- | TUV || ''Tuvalu''||'''Tuvum''' |- | TWN || ''Taiwan''||'''Towunim''' |- | TZA || ''Tanzania''||'''Tozam''' |- | UGA || ''Uganda''||'''Ugam''' |- | UKR || ''Ukraine''||'''Ukirom''' |- | UMI || ''United States Minor Outlying Islands''||'''Umim''' |- | URY || ''Uruguay''||'''Uroyum''' |- | USA || ''United States''||'''Usam''' |- | UZB || ''Uzbekistan''||'''Uzubam''' |- | VAT || ''Vatican City''||'''Vatom''' |- | VCT || ''Saint Vincent and the Grenadines''||'''Vucatom''' |- | VEN || ''Venezuela''||'''Venim''' |- | VGB || ''British Virgin Islands''||'''Vugebam''' |- | VIR || ''United States Virgin Islands''||'''Virom''' |- | VNM || ''Vietnam''||'''Vunimim''' |- | VUT || ''Vanuatu''||'''Vutom''' |- | WLF || ''Wallis and Futuna''||'''Wulifem''' |- | WSM || ''Samoa''||'''Wusomim''' |- | YEM || ''Yemen''||'''Yemim''' |- | ZAF || ''South Africa''||'''Zafem''' |- | ZMB || ''Zambia''||'''Zumibam''' |- | ZWE || ''Zimbabwe''||'''Zuwem''' |} : The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker '''a''', eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''France'' ==> '''Ferama'''....''French'' ::* '''Usam'''....''United States'' ==> '''Usama'''....''American'' ::* '''Deum'''....''Germany'' ==> '''Deuma'''....''German'' : The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final '''m''' of the placename to '''t''' (meaning person), eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferat'''....''a French person, a Frenchman'' : The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg: ::* '''Ferat'''....''a French person'' ==> '''ha Ferati'''....''the French'' ::* '''Etohet'''....''an Ethiopian'' ==> '''Etohwat'''....''an Ethiopian male'' ::* '''Finit'''....''a Finn'' ==> '''Finiyt'''....''a Finnish woman'' : Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: '''Ferama''' refers to the country of ''France'', not the language ''French''. ''French'' the language is '''Ferad.''' ==== Continents ==== [[File:Continental models.gif|thumb]] : The word for ''continent'' in Mirad is '''yanmel''' (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word '''yanmel''' with vectorial prefixes. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Continent Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Ayanmal''' || ''North America'' |- | '''Oyanmel''' || ''South America'' |- | '''Iyanmel''' || ''Asia'' |- | '''Uyanmel''' || ''Europe'' |- | '''Eyanmel''' || ''Africa'' |- | '''Yoyanmel''' || ''Oceania'' |} : The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing '''-a''': :* '''Iyanmela'''....''Asian'' :* '''Uyanmela'''....''European'' : By appending '''-t(i)''' to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants: :* '''Eyanmelat'''....''an African'' :* '''Ayanmelati'''....''North Americans'' : Note: <div style="background: lightyellow"> :* The ''Americas'' is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word '''Aoyanmel''' (a combination of North and South America). :* ''Central America'' is expressed in Mirad by '''Zea Aoyanmel''' (''Central America'') :* The word '''Usam''' means ''United States of America'' or ''USA''. The word ''America'' by itself is not used in Mirad; only ''North America'' or ''South America''. :* The word '''Usamati''' is used for ''Americans'' when referring to inhabitants of the U.S. :* The word '''Ayanmelati''' is used to refer to North Americans (U.S. and Canada). :* The word '''Eyanmel-Usamat''', or more briefly, '''Eusamat''' is used for ''African American''. :* ''Latin America'' is expressed as '''Liada Oyanmel'''. :* ''A Latino, Latina, or Latinx'' in the U.S. is called '''Liadwut, Liaduyt, or Liadut'''. :* In some geographic systems, '''Ausom'''....''Australia'' is considered a continent. </div> : The word for ''island'' is '''yonmel''' (= ''separate land''). An islander is '''yonmelat'''. ==== Oceans ==== : The Mirad word for ocean is '''mimag'''. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word '''mimag''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Ocean Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Amimag''' || ''Arctic Ocean'' |- | '''Omimag''' || ''Southern Ocean'' |- | '''Imimag''' || ''Pacific Ocean'' |- | '''Umimag''' || ''Atlantic Ocean'' |- | '''Emimag''' || ''Indian Ocean'' |} ==== Compass Directions and Poles ==== : The compass directions ('''merizoni''') and poles ('''mernodi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamer'''....''north'' / '''zamera'''....''northern'' / '''zamernod'''....''north pole'' ::* '''zomer'''....''south'' / '''zomera'''....''southern'' / '''zomernod'''....''south pole'' ::* '''zimer'''....''east'' / '''zimera'''....''eastern'' ::* '''zumer'''....''west'' / '''zumera'''....''western'' : The words '''Yibzamer'''....''Arctic'' and '''Yibzomer'''...''Antarctic(a)'' both use the prefix '''yib'''....''far''. : Prefixing the directions with '''iz-'''....''due-'' yields: ::* '''iz zamer'''....''due north'' ::* '''iz zomer'''....''due south'', etc. : Directional words can be hybridized, eg: ::* '''zaomera'''....''north-south'' ::* '''zuimera'''....''east-west'' ::* '''zaumera'''....''north-west'' ::* '''zaimera'''....''north-east'' ==== Earth Grid Lines ==== : The earth grid lines ('''mernadi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamernad'''....''Arctic Circle'' ::* '''zomernad'''....''Antarctic Circle'' ::* '''zaomernad'''....''longitude'' ::* '''zuimernad'''....''latitude'' ::* '''zemernad'''....''equator'' :::* '''abzemernad'''....''Tropic of Capricorn'' :::* '''obzemernad'''....''tropic, Tropic of Cancer'' ::::* '''yizobzemernad'''....''subtropic'' ::* '''eymernad'''....''meridian'' ::* '''mamnad'''....''horizon'' ::* '''aonada'''....''vertical'' ::* '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' ::* '''zyenada'''....''perpendicular'' ==== Languages of the World ==== [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|thumb|]] : Mirad names of languages are based on either: ::* the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or: ::* the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php|Library of Congress ISO639-2 Codes]]. : If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final '''m''' or the country name with '''d'''. For example, '''Enigem''' (''England''), becomes '''Eniged''' (''English''). See [[Mirad_Grammar#Countries of the World|Countries of the World]]. : If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and '''d''' is suffixed to the word. A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel. For example, '''ba''' + '''e''' becomes '''be'''. :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Mirad Language Names |- ! ISO Language Name !! Country or ISO Code !! Mirad Language Name |- | Abkhazian || abk || '''Abakid''' |- | Afar || aar || '''Aarod''' |- | Afrikaans || '''Zafem'''....''South Africa'' || '''Zafed''' |- | Akan || aka || '''Akad''' (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka) |- | Albanian || '''Alibam'''....''Albania'' || '''Alibad''' |- | Amharic || amh || '''Amihed''' |- | Arabic || ara || '''Arad''' |- | Aragonese || arg || '''Aroged''' |- | Armenian || '''Aromim''' || '''Heyud''' |- | Assamese || asm || '''Asomid''' |- | Avaric || ava || '''Avad''' |- | Avestan || ave || '''Aved''' |- | Aymara || aym || '''Ayumid''' |- | Azerbaijani || '''Azem'''....''Azerbaijan'' || '''Azed''' |- | Bambara || bam || '''Bamid''' |- | Bashkir || bak || '''Bakirod''' |- | Basque || baq || '''Baqod''' |- | Belarusian || '''Balirom'''....''Belarusia'' || '''Balirod''' |- | Bengali || '''Bagedim'''....''Bangladesh'' || '''Bagedid''' |- | Bislama || bis || '''Bisod''' |- | Bosnian || '''Bihem'''....''Bosnia'' || '''Bihed''' |- | Breton || bre || '''Bared''' |- | Bulgarian || '''Bagerom'''....''Bulgaria'' || '''Bagerod''' |- | Burmese || '''Mimirom'''....''Miyanmar'' || '''Mimirod''' |} ...and so on... : The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing '''-a''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''(the) English (language)'' ==> '''Enigeda'''....''(in the) English (language)'' ::* '''Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.'''....''This English language document is incomprehensible.'' : The language names can be verbalized with the addition of '''-der'''....''to say'', '''-daler'''....''to speak'', and '''-xer'''....''to translate into'', eg: ::* '''Ferad'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferader'''....''to say in French'' ::* '''Esopod'''....''Spanish'' ==> '''Esopodaler'''....''to speak Spanish'' ::* '''Arad'''....''Arabic'' ==> '''Aradxer'''....''to Arabicize/translate into Arabic'' ::* '''Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.'''....''French has many Anglicizations.'' : The speaker of a language is created by adding '''-ut''' or '''-alut''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''English'' ==> '''Enigedut (or) Enigedalut'''....''English speaker'' ::* '''Duven et Enigedale?'''....''Do you speak English?'' ::* '''Aradu hia dun.'''....''Say this word in Arabic.'' ::* '''At se Itadut/Itadalut.'''....''I am a speaker of Italian.'' : Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Language Variants |- ! Variation Category !! Example |- | '''Ajna'''....''Old/Ancient'' || '''Ajna Eniged'''....''Old English, Anglo-Saxon'' |- | '''Ejoba'''....''Modern'' || '''Ejoba Perod'''....''Modern Persian, Farsi'' |- | '''Visauna'''....''Classical'' || '''Visauna Gerocad'''....''Classical Greek'' |- | '''Vyirina'''....''Puristic'' || '''Vyirina Gerocad'''....''Katharevousa (Puristic Greek)'' |- | '''Tyoda'''....''Vulgar/Popular/Demotic'' || '''Tyoda Latod'''....''Vulgar Latin''<br>'''Tyoda Gerocad'''....''Demotic Greek'' |- | '''Fyaxela'''....''Liturgical'' || '''Fyaxela Hebad'''....''Liturgical Hebrew'' |- | '''Fyadyesa'''....''Biblical'' || '''Fyadyesa Hebad'''....''Biblical Hebrew'' |- | '''Egona'''....''Standard'' || '''Ejoba Egona Arad'''....''Modern Standard Arabic'' |- | '''Egema'''....''Egyptian'' || '''Egema Arad'''....''Egyptian Arabic'' |- | '''Usoma'''....''American'' || '''Usoma Eniged'''....''American English'' |} : There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself. ::* '''Mirad'''....''Mirad'' ('''Mir'''....''world'') ::* '''Meurad'''....''Martian'' ('''Meur'''...''Mars'') ::* ''Celtic'', which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called '''Celid''' in Mirad. ::* ''Indo-European'', with the code "ine", translates to '''Inied''' in Mirad. ==== Cities and Their Residents ==== : Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in '''-a''' or '''-yena'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Cities and Their Residents |- ! City !! Adjective !! Inhabitant |- | '''Paris'''....''Paris'' || '''Paris<u>yena</u>'''....''Parisian'' || '''Paris<u>at</u>'''....''Parisian'' |- | '''Ejna York'''....''New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>a</u>'''....''of New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>at</u>'''....''New Yorker'' |- | '''Rom'''....''Rome'' || '''Rom<u>a</u>'''....''Roman'' || '''Rom<u>at</u>'''....''Roman'' |- | '''Beijing'''....''Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>a</u>'''....''of Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>at</u>'''....''resident of Beijing'' |- | '''Berlin'''....''Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>a</u>'''....''from Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>at</u>'''....''Berliner'' |} : Examples: :* '''Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.'''....''Berlin citizens are called Berliners.'' :* '''Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.'''....''Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.'' === Playing Cards Notation === : The playing card suits and prime denominations are: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Playing Card Suits |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''tiib''' || ''heart''|| <big>{{cards|h}}</big> |- | '''melukar''' || ''spade''|| <big>{{cards|s}}</big> |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond''|| <big>{{cards|d}}</big> |- | '''infayeb''' || ''club''|| <big>{{cards|c}}</big> |} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ High Cards plus the Joker |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''Az bi tiibi''' || ''ace of hearts''||[[File:Simple_h_a.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edweb bi melukari'''||''king of spades''||[[File:Simple_s_k.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edeyb bi amezi'''||''queen of diamonds''||[[File:Simple_d_q.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Yuxtwobet bi infayebi''' || ''jack of clubs''||[[File:Simple_c_j.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''hihiduut''' || ''joker''|| [[File:Simple_jk_b.svg|40px|thumb]] |} : Some useful terms: ::* '''eker drafi'''....''to play cards'' ::* '''zyabuer ha drafi'''....''to deal the card'' ::* '''ebnapxer ha drafi'''....''to shuffle the cards'' ::* '''goler ha nyan'''....''to cut the deck'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to fold'' ::* '''durer'''....''to bid'' ::* '''lokoxer draf'''....''to turn over a card'' ::* '''lokoxer ota tuyab'''....''to show one's hand'' ::* '''abnabxer'''....''to trump'' ::* '''ekdrafnyan'''....''deck of cards'' ::* '''nab'''....''suit'' ::* '''joper nab'''...''to follow suit'' ::* '''kyesdraft'''....''wild card'' ::* '''abnaba draf'''....''trump card'' ::* '''ha yannas'''....''the pot'' ::* '''ha nax'''....''the ante'' ::* '''yaber ha nax'''....''to up/raise the ante'' === Chess Piece Nomenclature === {{chess diagram | tright | |= 8 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= 7 |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= 6 | | | | | | | | |= 5 | | | | |pd| | | |= 4 | | | | |pl|pl| | |= 3 | | | | | | | | |= 2 |pl|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|= 1 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= a b c d e f g h | The King's Gambit }} : The game of chess is called '''xahifek''' in Mirad. : The chess pieces ('''xahifek goyni''') are as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Chess Piece Names |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''edweb''' || ''king'' || [[File:Chess_klt45.svg|thumb|30px]] |- | '''edeyb''' || ''queen'' || [[File:Chess_qlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''efyaxeb''' || ''bishop'' || [[File:Chess_blt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''apetaput''' || ''knight'' || [[File:Chess_nlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''tamaz''' || ''rook'' || [[File:Chess_rlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''melyexut''' || ''pawn'' || [[File:Chess_plt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |} : Some chess terms: ::* ''to checkmate''....'''xahtojber''' ::* ''Check!''....''Xah!'' ::* ''Checkmate!''....'''xahtoj!''' ::* ''chess board''....'''xahifek seym, xahifek drof''' ::* ''to move a piece''....'''paxer goun''' ::* ''to capture a piece''....'''pixler goun''' ::* ''chess clock''....'''xahifek jwobar''' ::* ''chess set''....''xahifek gounyan'' ::* ''chess tournament''....'''xahifekanyan''' ::* ''chess player''....'''xehifekut''' ::* ''my turn''....'''ata nayb''' ::* ''score''....'''aoksag''' ::* ''world champion''....'''miraklut''' === Botanical Nomenclature === : The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the [https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy|international Linnaean taxonomy]. ==== Base Names ==== : So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words: ::* '''fab'''....trees :::* '''feb'''....''fruits and nuts'' ::* '''fayb'''....''vines and shrubs'' :::* '''feyb'''....''berries'' ::* '''vob'''....''crops'' ::* '''vol'''....''vegetables'' ::* '''veel'''....''legumes and beans'' ::* '''vos'''....''flowers'' ==== Specific Names ==== : To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, ''pine'' tree is rendered as '''pifab'''. The '''pi''' prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees ''<u>Pi</u>naceae''. The '''fab''' ending applies to all trees. To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. ''cedar tree'' is '''<u>ce</u>pifab''' from ''Pianaceae <u>Ce</u>drus''. A ''cedar of Lebanon'' is '''<u>li</u>cepifab''' from the more specific ''Pinaceae Cedrus <u>li</u>bani''. : By constructing botanical terms this way, all pine trees can be listed by searching for all names ending in '''pifab'''. [[File:171 Magnolien.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ '''Basic Botanical Terms''' |- |valign=top|'''fob'''....''plant''||valign=top|'''vob'''....''crop''||valign=top|'''vol'''....''vegetable''||valign=top|'''vos'''....''flower'' |- |valign=top|'''fab'''....''tree''<br>'''fayeb'''....''leaf''<br>'''faob'''....''wood''<br>'''fayob'''....''bark''||valign=top|'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''vayob'''....''peel''|| ||'''vosayeb'''....''petal''<br>'''vosayob'''....''sepal'' |- |valign=top|'''feb'''....''fruit/nut''||valign=top|'''veb'''....''ear/tuft''<br>'''veeb'''....''seed''<br>'''veeyb'''....''grain''||valign=top|'''veel'''....''legume''||'''voseb'''....''capitulum'' |- |valign=top|'''fib'''....''trunk''||valign=top|'''vib'''....''stem'' || || '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' |- |valign=top|'''fub'''....''branch''||valign=top|'''vub'''....''blade''<br>'''vulob'''....''thorn'' || || |- |valign=top|'''fyob'''....''root''||valign=top|'''vyob'''....''tuber'' || || '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' |} ===== Product Names ===== : Products derived from plants are formed with the following words: ::* '''-fel'''....''juice (from a pome)'' ::* '''-feel'''....''-ade'' ::* '''-feyl'''....''juice (from a berry)'' ::* '''-fil'''....''alcoholic drink/cider'' ::* '''-fyel'''....''oil/jam/syrup'' ::* '''-fyeyl'''....''jelly'' ::* '''-fol'''....''grounds/powder'' ::* '''-fayel'''....''leaf juice'' : Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Zoological_Nomenclature|Zoological Nomenclature]]. For example, an ''apple'' is from the <u>Ro</u>saceae family of trees, the genus being ''<u>Ma</u>lus''. So the word for ''apple'' becomes '''marofeb'''. ''Apple tree'' is '''marofab''' and ''apple juice'' is '''marofel'''. Thus, ''apple cider'' is '''marofil'''. ===== Crops ===== : Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base '''vob''' with taxonomic syllables. [[File:Usdaemmer1.jpg|thumb|]] : The base words of this group are: ::* '''-vob'''....''crop'' ::* '''-vab'''....''grass'' ::* '''-vayeb'''....''leaf'' ::* '''-veb'''....''ear, cob, head, spike, tuft'' ::* '''-veeb'''....''seed, germ'' ::* '''-veel'''....''bean, legume'' ::* '''-veeyb'''....''grain, kernel, pip'' ::* '''-vib'''....''stem'' ::* '''-vub'''....''blade, sprig, twig'' ::* '''-vyob'''....''tuber'' ::* '''-vel'''....''edible product'' ::* '''-vil'''....''drinkable product, beer'' ::* '''-vyel'''....''syrup'' ::* '''-vol'''....''vegetable'' : From the above base words are derived these products, among others: ::* '''sakol'''....''sugar'' < '''sakvob'''....''sugarcane'' ::* '''povel'''....''bread'' < '''povob'''....''cereal'' ::* '''zepovyel'''....''corn syrup, corn oil'' < '''zepovob'''....''corn'' ::* '''zepovil'''....''whiskey, bourbon'' ::* '''sepovil'''....''rye whiskey'' < '''zepovob'''....''rye'' ::* '''povil'''....''beer'' ::* '''epovil'''....''ale'' ::* '''avpovob mekil'''....''oatmeal'' < '''avpovob'''....''oat'' ::* '''orpovob zyiglal'''....''rice cake'' < '''orpovob'''....''rice'' ::* '''mekuvol'''....''melon'' ===== Vegetables and Legumes ===== : Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base '''vol''' (''vegetable'') or '''veel''' (''legume, bean'') with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy. Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks. [[File:Hrushikesh kulkarni vegetables.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Vegetables |- ! Edible Crop !! Taxonomy |- ! colspan=2| LEGUMES: EDIBLE SEEDS |- |'''faveel'''....''bean'' || ''Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris'' |- |'''lensfaveel'''....''lentil'' || ''Fabaceae Lens culinaris'' |- |'''glifaveel'''....''soybeen'' || ''Fabaceae Glycine max'' |- |'''vigfaveel'''....''black-eyed pea'' || ''Fabaceae Faseolus vigna unguiculata'' |- ! colspan=2 | Vegetables: Berries/Fruits |- |'''lisovol'''....''tomato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum'' |- |'''mesovol'''....''eggplant'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum melongena'' |- |'''perlawvol'''....''avocado'' || ''Lauraceae Persea americana'' |- |'''sakuvol'''....''cucumber'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''akapsovol'''....''chili pepper'' || ''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra'' || ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- ! colspan=2 |bulbs |- |'''amalvol'''....''leek'' || ''Allium ampeloprasum'' |- |'''cepalvol'''....''onion'' || ''Allium cepa'' |- |'''alkalvol'''....''shallot'' || ''Alium ascalonicum'' |- |'''satalvol'''....''garlic'' || ''Allium sativum'' |- |'''zinvol'''....''ginger'' || ''Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale'' |- |'''skoynalvol'''....''chive'' || ''Allium Schoenoprasum'' |- |'''foynapvol'''....''fennel'' || ''Apiaceae Phoenix dactylifera'' |- ! colspan=2 | melons/gourds |- |'''kuvol'''....''squash, gourd''|| ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita'' |- |'''makuvol'''....''pumpkin'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima'' |- |'''mekuvol'''....''melon, honeydew, cantaloupe'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melon'' |- |'''cikuvol'''....''watermelon'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus'' |- |'''pekuvol'''....''zucchini'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo'' |- ! colspan=2 | Tubers/Root Vegetables |- |'''tusovol'''....''potato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum'' |- |'''betamvol'''....''beet, beetroot'' || ''Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris'' |- |'''rafbravol'''....''radish''|| ''Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus'' |- |'''kadawapvol'''....''carrot''||''Apiaceae Daucus carota'' |- |'''nabravol'''....''turnip''|| ''Brassica napus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''pasavol'''....''parsnip'' ||''Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa'' |- |'''eskolaravol'''....''taro'' ||''Araceae Colocasia esculenta'' |- |'''divol'''....''yam'' ||''Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea'' |- ! colspan=2| Leafy/Flowering Vegetables |- |'''bravol'''....''cabbage'' || ''Brassicaceae'' |- |'''botrolbravol'''....''cauliflower''||''Brassica oleracea botrytis'' |- |'''gemolbravol'''....''Brussels sprouts''|| ''Brassica oleracea gemmifera'' |- |'''valkavol'''....''corn salad, lamb's lettuce''|| ''Caprifocilaceae Valerianella locusta'' |- |'''lakasvol'''....''lettuce''|| ''Asteraceae Lactuta sative'' |- |'''spinamvol'''....''spinach'' || ''Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea'' |- |'''rupolivol'''....''sorrel''|| ''Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa'' |- |'''tarasvol'''....''mustard greens''|| ''Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale'' |- |'''itolbravol'''....''broccoli''|| ''Brassica Oleracea italica'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra''|| ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- |'''petapvol'''....''parsley''|| ''Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum'' |- |'''basoclamvol'''....''basil''|| ''Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum'' |- |'''orlamvol'''....''thyme''|| ''Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare'' |- |'''encivol'''....''chicory, endive''|| ''Cichorium endivia'' |- |'''nasbravol'''....''watercress''|| ''Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale'' |- |'''korapvol'''....''coriander''|| ''Apiaceae Coridandrum sativum'' |- ! colspan=2 | Stalks |- |'''aspavol'''....''asparagus''|| ''Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis'' |- |'''gravapvol'''....''celery''|| ''Apiaceae Apium graveolens'' |- |'''rewmpolivol'''....''rhubarb''|| ''Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum'' |- |'''kurzinvol'''....''turmeric''|| ''Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa'' |- |'''kokarvol'''....''heart of palm, swamp cabbage''|| ''Arecaceae Cocos'' |- |'''cimpovol'''....''lemongrass''|| ''Poaceae Cymbopogon'' |} ==== Common Flower Names ==== [[File:Madeira-flowers hg.jpg|thumb|]] ===== Flower Parts ===== : Flower names are built on the base name '''vos''', meaning ''flower''. First, here is a list of flower parts: ::* '''vosayob'''....''sepal'' ::* '''vosayeb'''....''petal'' ::* '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' ::* '''veeybpexus'''....''stigma'' ::*'''vosij'''....''bud, flower bud'' ::* '''tooygon'''....''pistil'' ::* '''veeybyan'''....''pollen'' ::* '''twoogon'''....''stamen'' ::* '''twoogonyif'''....''filament'' ::* '''veeybyem'''....''anther'' ::* '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' ===== Flower Names ===== [[File:Tulipa suaveolens floriade to Canberra.jpg|thumb|]] : Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base '''vos''' that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples: : '''<u>som</u>pavos'''....''opium poppy'' (''<u>Pa</u>paver <u>som</u>niferum'') : '''<u>mag</u>vos'''....''magnolia'' (''<u>Mag</u>noliaceae Magnolia'') : '''<u>or</u>vos'''....''orchid'' (''<u>Or</u>chidaceae Orchis'') : '''<u>krokir</u>vos'''....''crocus'' (''<u>Ir</u>idaceae <u>Cro</u>cus'') : For a fuller list, see the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Flower_Words|Flower Words]]. === Computer Terminology === [[File:Generic-office-desktop2.svg|thumb]] : This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Computerese |- ! Mirad !! English |- |'''agna saibyan syaagir'''||''mainframe computer'' |- |'''absem syaagir'''||''desktop computer'' |- |'''agbanak'''||''byte'' |- |'''ajnexer'''||''to archive'' |- |'''amloagbanak'''||''megabyte'' |- |'''anay dyewa tax'''||''read-only memory, ROM'' |- |'''aota syaagir'''||''personal computer'' |- |'''aottuunyan'''||''profile'' |- |'''aoyebmeyp'''||''port'' |- |'''apaxler'''||''to swipe'' |- |'''aroagbanak'''||''kilobyte'' |- |'''baler buxnuf'''||''to press/hit a key'' |- |'''banak'''||''bit'' |- |'''agdresin kyoxea buxnuf'''||''caps lock key'' |- |'''buxnuf'''||''key'' |- |'''buxnufsemes'''||''keyboard'' |- |'''buxnufseym'''||''keypad'' |- |'''izeaxus'''||''cursor'' |- |'''byuxseym'''||''touchpad'' |- |'''datier'''||''to friend'' |- |'''dodrer ebdras'''||''to post a message'' |- |'''dota zeyn'''||''social medium'' |- |'''ebdrer'''||''to text'' |- |'''dreun'''||''document'' |- |'''dreuzyufer'''||''to scroll, pan'' |- |'''droer naab'''||''to delete a file'' |- |'''drou buxnuf'''||''delete key'' |- |'''drur'''||''printer'' |- |'''drurer naab'''||''to print out a file'' |- |'''drurer'''||''to print out'' |- |'''druru buxnuf'''||''print screen key'' |- |'''drurun'''||''a printout'' |- |'''dunexlar'''||''word processor'' |- |'''dyezier'''||''to take a movie'' |- |'''ebdayler'''||''to chat'' |- |'''ebdaylim'''||''chatroom'' |- |'''emojin'''||''emoji'' |- |'''ex buxnuf'''||''function key'' |- |'''exen vyaab'''||''operating system'' |- |'''extuundras'''||''program, application'' |- |'''extuundrasog'''||''app'' |- |'''extuundrasyan'''||''software'' |- |'''extuundrer'''||''to program'' |- |'''fuk'''||''bug'' |- |'''fukaya'''||''buggy'' |- |'''fukoyxer'''||''to debug'' |- |'''garalyoagbanak'''||''petabyte'' |- |'''gelxer naab'''||''to copy a file'' |- |'''googler'''||''to google'' |- |'''gyia kyos yebiar'''||''solid state drive, SSD'' |- |'''gyia zyiun yebiar'''||''cd drive'' |- |'''haydren dyun'''||''login name'' |- |'''haydrer bay tuyubbal'''||''to log in with one's fingerprint'' |- |'''haydrer'''||''to log in'' |- |'''hoydrer'''||''to log out'' |- |'''huisteaxar'''||''browser'' |- |'''kyeteaxer'''||''to browse'' |- |'''hyux buxnuf'''||''alt key'' |- |'''iber naab'''||''to receive a file'' |- |'''ila mez sinuar, IMS'''||''liquid crystal display, LDC'' |- |'''izbex buxnuf'''||''control key'' |- |'''izbexdrof'''||''motherboard'' |- |'''kliker ab'''||''click on'' |- |'''kodun'''||''password'' |- |'''gawdyunxer naab'''||''to rename a file'' |- |'''kyax buxnuf'''||''shift key'' |- |'''kyea yempuen tax'''||''random access memory, RAM'' |- |'''kyisier naab'''||''to download a file'' |- |'''kyisuer naab'''||''to upload a file'' |- |'''kyiunxar'''||''charger'' |- |'''kyiunxer'''||''to charge'' |- |'''lodatier'''||''to unfriend'' |- |'''makebdren'''||''email'' |- |'''makedrer'''||''to email'' |- |'''man-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOES'''||''LED'' |- |'''mansin dyes'''||''photo album'' |- |'''mis'''||''window'' |- |'''naab'''||''file'' |- |'''naedzyun'''||''trackball'' |- |'''nagonxar'''||''modem'' |- |'''neaf mansiniar'''||''web camera'' |- |'''nexer naab'''||''to save a file'' |- |'''num yibdalir'''||''cellphone'' |- |'''belyafwa syaagir'''||''laptop computer'' |- |'''oglagos'''||''microchip'' |- |'''gwoteexar'''||''microphone'' |- |'''omijber'''||''to boot up'' |- |'''omola tyep'''||''artificial intelligence, AI'' |- |'''gawomijber'''||''to reboot'' |- |'''paxer naab'''||''to move a file'' |- |'''paxyafwa yibdalir'''||''mobile phone'' |- |'''poxu zyumuf buxnuf'''||''scroll lock key'' |- |'''sagbexu buxnuf'''||''numlock key'' |- |'''sagseym'''||''number pad'' |- |'''sam'''||''console'' |- |'''saunapxer naab'''||''to sort a file'' |- |'''semes syaagir'''||''tablet computer'' |- |'''sindren semes'''||''graphics tablet'' |- |'''sindrenyan exlen aun'''||''graphics processing unit, GPU'' |- |'''sines'''||''icon'' |- |'''sinuar'''||''screen, display, monitor'' |- |'''syaager'''||''to compute'' |- |'''syaagir'''||''computer'' |- |'''syaagirdal'''||''computerese'' |- |'''syaagirtun'''||''computer science'' |- |'''syaagnyed'''||''spreadsheet'' |- |'''taam mays'''||''home screen'' |- |'''tampu buxnuf'''||''home key'' |- |'''sirmul'''||''hardware, physical matter'' |- |'''taxdrer'''||''to record'' |- |'''taxmuf'''||''memory stick'' |- |'''teataxdrer'''||''to video'' |- |'''teataxdrun'''||''video'' |- |'''tuunnabyan'''||''database'' |- |'''tuyab izdar'''||''mouse'' |- |'''uber naab'''||''to send a file'' |- |'''uinig buxnuf'''||''tab key'' |- |'''utmansin'''||''selfie'' |- |'''yaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD)'''||''HTML'' |- |'''yeber'''||''to enter, insert'' |- |'''yebu buxnuf'''||''enter key, return key, insert key'' |- |'''yiga zyiun yebiar'''||''hard disk drive, HDD'' |- |'''yijber naab'''||''to open a file'' |- |'''yujber naab'''||''to close a file'' |- |'''makmepdrof'''||''circuitboard'' |- |'''zea exlen aun'''||''central processing unit, CPU'' |- |'''zoynigxu buxnuf'''||''backspace key'' |- |'''zyiun yebiar'''||''disk drive'' |} === Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology === : This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages. ==== Medical Diseases ==== : Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg. ::* '''tiebalyoganbok'''....''asthma'' (lit: shortness of breath illness) ::* '''tiebbok'''....''pneumonia'' (lit: lung illness) ::* '''teibbok'''....''rhinitis'' (lit: nose illness) ::* '''tayibblok'''....''neuropathy'' (lit: nerve suffering) ::* '''tebbyoyk'''....''headache'' (lit: head ache) ::* '''teibzyegikanbok'''....''osteoporosis'' (lit: bone porosity illness) ==== Pharmaceuticals ==== : Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized. ::* '''aspirin'''....''aspirin'' ::* '''Ibupropen'''....''Ibupropen'' : Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose: ::* '''bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol'''....''analgesic, painkiller'' (Lit: pain reliever) ::* '''tikebilokxol'''....''emetic'' (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance) : Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see [https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn|International Nonproprietary Names]). For example, ''phenobarbital''. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ INN names pronunciation |- ! Greco-Roman<br>Spelling !! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | ch || '''k''' |- | ph || '''f''' |- | x || '''ks''' |- | y || '''i''' |- | qu || '''kw''' |- | rh || '''r''' |- | th || '''t''' |- | ae || '''ay''' |- | oe || '''oy''' |- | c before i, e, or y || '''c''' |- | c otherwise || '''k''' |- | final e || silent |- | double consonant || single consonant |} : Examples: ::* '''acetaminophen'''....''a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN'' ::* '''amphetamine'''....''am-fe-ta-MIN'' ::* '''trimethroprim'''....''tri-me-tro-PRIM'' ::* '''sulfamethoxazole'''....''sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL'' ::* '''oxacillin'''....''o-ksa-ci-LIN'' === Mineral and Crystal Nomenclature === : Minerals end in '''-muk''' with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see [[Wikipedia:List_of_mineral_symbols|The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols]]). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. For example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Some Mineral Names |- ! English!! IMA Symbol !! Mirad Spellings !! Mirad Name |- | ''argyrodyte'' || Agy || '''a-ge-yu''' || '''ageyumuk''' |- |''brochantyte'' || Bct || '''ba-ca-to''' || '''bacatomuk''' |- |''chromite'' || Chr || '''ca-he-ro''' || '''caheromuk''' |} : There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.: ::* ''Lemmleinite-K'' (Lem-k) is '''liemikomuk''' in Mirad. : Crystals end in '''-mez'''. The first part of the word is an enumeration. : The common crystals are listed here: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Names of Common Crystals |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''mez''' || ''crystal'' |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond'' |- | '''emez''' || ''topaz'' |- | '''imez''' || ''ruby'' |- | '''umez''' || ''emerald'' |- | '''yomez''' || ''sapphire'' |- | '''yamez''' || ''lapis lazuli'' |- | '''yemez''' || ''amethyst'' |- | '''yimez''' || ''amber'' |- | '''yumez''' || ''quartz'' |- | '''alomez''' || ''opal'' |- | '''alamez''' || ''tourmaline'' |- | '''alemez''' || ''garnet'' |- | '''alimez''' || ''zirconia'' |- | '''alumez''' || ''jasper'' |- | '''alyomez''' || ''jade'' |- | '''alyamez''' || ''marganite'' |} : Other, less common crystals end in '''-mez''' and are formed from the Wikipedia list of mineral symbols. : General words for earthen matter: :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' :* '''muz'''....''ore'' :* '''mug'''....''metal'' :* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :* '''meg'''....''rock, stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' :* '''mel'''....''soil'' :* '''meil'''....''mud'' :* '''mek'''....''dust'' :* '''miek'''....''sand'' :* '''mev'''....''porcelain'' :* '''mef'''....''brick'' ==== Rock Classification ==== : The naming of individual rock types is based on the [[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/download/bgs-rock-classification-scheme-igneous/| BGS Rock Classification Scheme ]]. : All rocks (other than the general word for ''rock'', '''meg''') end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type: ::* '''ameg'''....''sedimentary rock'' ::* '''emeg'''....''igneous rock'' ::* '''imag'''....''metamorphic rock'' : The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final ''e'' is dropped from names that end in ''yte'' or ''ite''. For example, ''trachydacite'' in the scheme becomes '''trachydacit''' in Mirad. This word is then followed by one of the rock types above ('''emeg''' ''igneous rock''). So ''trachydacite'' becomes '''trachydacitemeg''' in Mirad. For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary. :The word '''meg''' ''rock'' has some common derivatives: ::* '''megag'''....''boulder'' ::* '''meg'''....''stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' ::* '''megyel'''....''cement, asphalt, bitumen'' :::* '''megyelyig'''....''concrete'' ::* '''megil'''....''lava'' ::* '''meggos'''....''crag'' ::* '''megyig'''....''flintstone, basalt'' ::* '''meag'''....''marble'' ::* '''meeg'''....''slate'' ::* '''meig'''....''granite'' ::* '''meug'''....''clay, dough'' ::* '''meyog'''....''china'' ::* '''meyag'''....''chalk'' :::* '''meyaz'''....''pastel'' :::* '''meyayg'''....''calcite'' ::* '''meyeg'''....''limestone, sediment'' ::* '''meyig'''....''alabaster'' ::* '''meyug'''....''gypsum'' ::* '''mealog'''....''sandstone, stoneware'' ::* '''mameg'''....''coal'' :::* '''eymameg'''....''coke'' :::* '''maameg'''....''anthracite'' :::* '''maemeg'''....''peat'' :::* '''maimeg'''....''lignite'' : Related are: ::* '''mek'''....''dust'' :::* '''mekes'''....''grit'' :::* '''mekil'''....''grout'' :::* '''meyk'''....''grit'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder'' ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' ::* '''mieg'''....''coral'' ::* '''mel'''....''dirt'' ::* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''meil'''....''mud'' ::* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :::* '''meyz'''....''spar'' :::* '''meyzag'''....''feldspar'' ::* '''muz'''....''ore'' ::* '''memol'''....''alkali'' ::* '''mimol'''....''salt'' ::* '''mef'''....''brick'' === Metric Nomenclature === [[File:Conversion Factors.png|thumb|]] : Mirad uses the [[Wikt:International System of Units (SI)|International System of Units (SI)]]) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names ('''alpha''', '''gamma''', etc.) preceded with the word '''ag-''' if majuscule ('''aggamma''' for ''&Gamma;'') The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ''ohm'' (Ω) is '''agomega'''. All metric units end in the word '''nak'''. ==== SI Base Units ==== :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbeviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} ==== SI Derived Units ==== : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | B | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''agbanak''' |- | '''bit''' | align="center" | b | one bit of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ==== Convenient Non-SI Units ==== ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglinak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heabak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |} ==== Metrical Formulae ==== : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical <br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |} ==== Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes ==== : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for ''b'' (byte) is pronounced '''ba''' in Mirad. A terabyte ( ''Tb'') is therefore pronounced '''ag-to-ba''', which This amounts ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix<br><br>Mirad Pron. !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix !! SI Symbol<br><br>Mirad Pron. |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' ... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''<br>''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''<br>''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''<br>''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''<br>''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''<br>''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yoon-''' <br>''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''<br>''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yaon-'''<br>''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''<br>''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''<br>''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''<br>''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''<br>''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''<br>''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''<br>''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''<br>''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alo-'''<br>''deca-'' || ''da''<br>'''da-a-''' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci-''|| ''d''<br>'''da-''' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''<br>''hexa-'' || ''h''<br>'''hi-''' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi-''|| ''c''<br>'''ca-''' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''<br>''kilo-'' ||''k''<br>'''ki-''' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''<br>''milli-''|| ''m''<br>'''mi-''' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || ''M''<br>'''agmi-''' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-''|| ''r''<br>'''ro-''' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''<br>''giga-'' || ''G''<br>'''agge-''' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-''|| ''n''<br>'''ni-''' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || ''T''<br>'''agto-''' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-''|| ''p''<br>'''po-''' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ''P''<br>'''agpo-'''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-''||''f''<br>'''fe-''' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''<br>''exa-'' || ''E''<br>'''age-'''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''<br>''atto-''||''a''<br>'''a-''' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ''Z''<br>'''agzu-'''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''<br>''zepto-''||''z''<br>'''zu-''' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || '' Y''<br>'''agyu''' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''<br>''yocto-''||''y''<br>'''yu-''' |} : *Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. ==== Abbreviated Symbols ==== : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | Macro !! colspan=2 | Micro |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daage''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dage''' |- | ''hg'' (hexagram)|| '''hege''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cage''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''koge''' || ''mg'' (milligram) ||'''mige''' |- | ''Mg'' (megagram)|| '''agmige''' ||''rg'' or '''μg''' (microgram)|| '''roge''' or '''muge''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggege''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nige''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtoge''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''poge''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpoge''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fege''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agege''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''age''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzege''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zege''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyuge''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yuge''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* '''10 kg2'''....(pronounced as:) ''alo koge gar ewa'' ::* '''12 mm3'''....(pronounced as:) ''ale mimi gar iwa'' === Trigonometric Nomenclature === : This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by '''-naz''' (''value''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Trigonometry Functions |- ! Function (Symbol) !! Mirad Technical Name !! Mirad Ordinary Name |- | ''sine (sin)'' || '''soini-naz''' || '''uznaz''' |- | ''cosine (cos)'' || '''caoso-naz''' || '''yanuznaz''' |- | ''arccosine (arccos, cos^-1)''<br>''anticosine''<br>''inverse cosine''|| '''arocacaoso-naz''' || '''ovuznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic sine (sinh)'' || '''soinihe-naz'''|| '''enuza uznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic cosine (cosh)'' || '''caosohe-naz''' || '''enuza yanuznaz''' |- | ''secant (sec)'' || '''soeca-naz''' || '''golus naz''' |- | ''cosecant (csc)'' || '''casoca-naz''' || '''yangolus naz''' |- | ''arccosecant (arccsc)'' || '''arocacasoca-naz''' || '''enuza yangolus naz''' |} === Poetry Nomenclature === : Mirad uses the nonsense syllables '''di''' and '''da''' to form various poetic meter words that usually are formed with Greek words in English. The syllable '''di''' represents an ''unstressed'' syllable in verse, while the syllable '''da''' denotes a ''stressed'' syllable. These are hyphenated and followed with a space and the word '''deup''' as a noun, which means ''meter'' or ''rhythm''. The adjectival form of the word ends in '''deupa'''. Here are the most common poetic meters: ::* '''di-da deupa'''.... iambic :::* '''di-da yoondeup'''.... ''iambic pentameter'' ::* '''di-di-da deupa'''.... ''anapestic'' ::* '''di-da-da deupa'''.... ''bacchius'' ::* '''da-da deupa'''.... ''spondaic'' ::* '''da-da-da deupa'''.... ''molossus'' ::* '''da-da-di deupa'''.... ''antibacchius'' ::* '''da-di deupa'''.... ''tochaic'' :::* '''da-di deup'''.... ''trochee, choree'' ::* '''da-di-da deupa'''.... ''cretic, amphimacer'' ::* '''da-di-di deupa'''.... ''dactylic'' ::* '''da-di-di yaondeup'''.... ''dactylic hexameter'' ::* '''da-di-di-da deupa'''.... ''amphibrachic'' : Other words representing elements of poetry are: ::* '''drez'''....''poetry, verse'' :::* '''dreza'''....''poetic'' :::* '''drezyen'''....''poesy'' :::* '''drezyan'''....''anthology'' (of poetry) :::* '''drezut'''....''poet'' ::::* '''drezuyt'''....''poetess'' ::::* '''popdrezut'''....''minstrel'' ::::* '''Vikinga drezut'''....''skald'' ::::* '''dreuzut'''....''bard'' :::* '''odrez'''....''prose'' :::* '''vyasma drez'''....''concrete verse'' :::* '''tyoda drez'''....''folk poetry'' :::* '''indeupa drez'''....''trimeter'' :::* '''undeupa drez'''....''tetrameter'' :::* '''yoondeupa drez'''....''pentameter'' :::* '''yaondeupa drez'''....''hexameter'' :::* '''yendeupa drez'''....''heptameter'' :::* '''yindeupa drez'''....''octameter'' :::* '''ogelseuxwa drez'''....''blank verse'' :::* '''yiva drez'''....''free verse'' :::* '''drezun'''....''poem'' ::::* '''deuzwa drezun'''....''sung poem, lay'' ::::* '''dindrezun'''....''ballad'' ::::* '''dizdrezun'''....''limerick'' ::::* '''fiddrezun'''....''ode'' ::::* '''fizdrezun'''....''epic poem'' ::::* '''haikudrezun'''....''haiku'' ::::* '''viysindrezun'''....''idyll'' ::::* '''ifondrezun'''....''love poem, romantic poem'' ::::* '''indrezun'''....''terzain'' ::::* '''jodrezun'''....''epode'' ::::* '''yindrezun'''....''sistina'' ::::* '''klerihyudrezun'''....''clerihew'' ::::* '''meimdrezun'''....''pastoral'' ::::* '''melyexdrezun'''....''georgic'' ::::* '''petnyanuta drezun'''....''pastoral, eclogue'' ::::* '''popduzuta drezun'''....''troubadour poem'' ::::* '''rondodrezun'''....''rondeau, rondel, roundel'' ::::* '''seuz drezun'''....''sound poem'' ::::* '''tadyandrezun'''....''prothalamion, epithalamion'' ::::* '''tankadrezun'''....''tanka'' ::::* '''taxdrezun'''....''epitaph'' ::::* '''tuddrezun'''....''nursery rhyme'' ::::* '''ulondrezun'''....''sonnet'' ::::* '''ujdreznadeon'''....''envoi'' ::::* '''undrezun'''....''quatrain'' ::::* '''unnad drezun'''....''tetrastich'' ::::* '''uvdrezun'''....''elegy'' ::::* '''alyundrezun'''....''villanelle'' ::::* '''virelaydrezun'''....''virelai, virelay'' ::::* '''yizivtos drezun'''....''rhapsody'' ::::* '''yoondrezun'''....''quintain'' ::* '''dreznad'''....''line, -stich, verse'' :::* '''eyndreznad'''...''hemistich'' :::* '''endreznad'''....''couplet'' ::* '''dreznadyan'''....''stanza'' ::* '''gelseux'''....''rhyme'' :::* '''gelseuxyen'''....''rhyme scheme'' :::* '''dunija gelseuxen'''....''alliteration'' ::* '''seuxzoyxen'''....''assonance'' ::* '''geyldyan'''....''simile'' ::* '''yiztyun'''....''metaphor'' ::* '''yanseuzan'''....''consonance'' ::* '''deup'''....''rhythm, beat, metrical foot, meter'' ::* '''kyib'''....''stress'' ::* '''seuz'''....''tone'' === Dimensional Nomenclature === : This chart shows adjectives that describe dimensional relationships: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ Dimensional Words |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- | '''yaba'''....''high(er)'' || '''yeba'''....''inner'' || '''yoba'''....''low(er)'' |- | '''yaiba'''....''tall'' || '''yeiba'''....''deep inside'' || '''yoiba'''....''deep (down)'' |- | '''yauba'''....''short'' || '''yeuba'''....''a short way in'' || '''youba'''....''shallow'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || || '''yoga'''....''short'' |- | '''yiba'''....''far'' || || '''yuba'''....''near'' |- | '''aonada'''....''vertical'' || || '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- | '''kia'''....''diagonal'' || || '''kua'''....''lateral'' |- | '''zyia'''....''flat'' || || '''zyua'''....''round'' |- | '''yaza'''....''concave'' || '''yeza'''....''flush'' || '''yoza'''....''convex'' |} === Geologic Period Nomenclature === : The principal geochronologic units of the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest, are: :** '''joob'''....''eon'' :*** '''ajoob'''....''Hadean Eon'' :*** '''ejoob'''....''Archean Eon'' :*** '''ijoob'''....''Proterozoic Eon'' :*** '''ujoob'''....''Phanerozoic Eon'' :** '''joab'''....''era'' :*** '''ajoab'''....''Eoarchean Era'' :*** '''ejoab'''....''Paleoarchean Era'' :*** '''ijoab'''....''Mesoarchean Era'' :*** '''ujoab'''....''Neoarchean Era'' :*** '''yojoab'''....''Paleoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yajoab'''....''Mesoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yejoab'''....''Neoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yijoab'''....''Paleozoic Era'' :*** '''yujoab'''....''Mesozoic Era'' :*** '''alojoab'''....''Cenozoic Era'' :** '''joeb'''....''period'' :*** '''ajoeb'''....''Siderian Period'' :*** '''ejoeb'''....''Rhyacian Period'' :*** '''ijoeb'''....''Orosirian Period'' :*** '''ujoeb'''....''Statherian Period'' :*** '''yojoeb'''....''Calymmian Period'' :*** '''yajoeb'''....''Ectasian Period'' :*** '''yejoeb'''....''Stenian Period'' :*** '''yijoeb'''....''Tonian Period'' :*** '''yujoeb'''....''Cryogenian Period'' :*** '''alojoeb'''....''Ediacaran Period'' :*** '''alajoeb'''....''Cambrian Period'' :*** '''alejoeb'''....''Ordovician Period'' :*** '''alijoeb'''....''Silurian Period'' :*** '''alujoeb'''....''Devonian Period'' :*** '''alyojoeb'''....''Carboniferous Period'' :*** '''alyajoeb'''....''Permian Period'' :*** '''alyejoeb'''....''Triassic Period'' :*** '''alyijoeb'''....''Jurassic Period'' :*** '''alyujoeb'''....''Cretaceous Period'' :*** '''elojoeb'''....''Paleogene Period'' :*** '''elajoeb'''....''Neogene Period'' :*** '''elejoeb'''....''Quarternary Period'' :** '''joib'''....''epoch'' :*** '''ajoib'''....''Terreneuvian Epoch'' :*** '''ejoib'''....''Series 2 Epoch'' :*** '''ijoib'''....''Miaolingian Epoch'' :*** '''ujoib'''....''Furongian Epoch'' :*** '''yojoib'''....''Lower Epoch'' :*** '''yajoib'''....''Middle Epoch'' :*** '''yejoib'''....''Upper Epoch'' :*** '''yijoib'''....''Llandovery Epoch'' :*** '''yujoib'''....''Wenlock Epoch'' :*** '''alojoib'''....''Ludlow Epoch'' :*** '''alajoib'''....''Pridoli Epoch'' :** '''joub'''....''age'' :*** '''ajoub'''....''Fortunian Age'' :*** '''ejoub'''....''Stage 2 Age'' :*** '''ijoub'''....''Stage 3 Age'' :*** '''ujoub'''....''Stage 4 Age'' :*** '''yojoub'''....''Wulian Age'' :*** '''yajoub'''....''Drumian Age'' :*** '''yejoub'''....''Guzhangian Age'' :*** '''yijoub'''....''Paibian Age'' :*** '''yujoub'''....''Jianshanian Age'' :*** '''alojoub'''....''Stage 10 Age'' :*** '''alajoub'''....''Temadocian Age'' :*** '''alejoub'''....''Floian Age'' :*** '''alijoub'''....''Dapingian Age'' :*** '''alujoub'''....''Darriwilian Age'' :*** '''alyojoub'''....''Sandbian Age'' :*** '''alyajoub'''....''Katian Age'' :*** '''alyejoub'''....''Hirnantian Age'' :*** '''alyijoub'''....''Rhuddanian Age'' :*** '''alyujoub'''....''Aeronian Age'' :*** '''elojoub'''....''Telychian Age'' :*** '''elajoub'''....''Cheinwoodian Age'' :*** '''elejoub'''....''Homerian Age'' :*** '''elijoub'''....''Gorstian Age'' :*** '''elujoub'''....''Ludfordian Age'' :*** '''elyojoub'''....''Pridoli Age'' :*** '''elyajoub'''....''Lochkovian Age'' :*** '''elyejoub'''....''Pragian Age'' :*** '''elyijoub'''....''Emsian Age'' :*** '''elyujoub'''....''Eifelian Age'' :*** '''ilojoub'''....''Givetian Age'' :*** '''ilajoub'''....''Frasnian Age'' :*** '''ilejoub'''....''Famennian Age'' :*** '''ilijoub'''....''Tournaisian Age'' :*** '''ilujoub'''....''Visean Age'' :*** '''ilyojoub'''....''Serpukhovian Age'' :*** '''ilyajoub'''....''Bashkirian Age'' :*** '''ilyejoub'''....''Moscovian Age'' :*** '''ilyijoub'''....''Kasimovian Age'' :*** '''ilyujoub'''....''Gzhelian Age'' :*** '''ulojoub'''....''Asselian Age'' :*** '''ulajoub'''....''Sakmarian Age'' :*** '''ulejoub'''....''Artinskian Age'' :*** '''ulijoub'''....''Kungurian Age'' :*** '''ulujoub'''....''Roadian Age'' :*** '''ulyojoub'''....''Wordian Age'' :*** '''ulyajoub'''....''Capitanian Age'' :*** '''ulyejoub'''....''Wuchiapingian Age'' :*** '''ulyijoub'''....''Changhsingian Age'' :*** '''ulyujoub'''....''Induan Age'' :*** '''yolojoub'''....''Olenekian Age'' :*** '''yolajoub'''....''Anisian Age'' :*** '''yolejoub'''....''Ladnian Age'' :*** '''yolijoub'''....''Carnian Age'' :*** '''yolujoub'''....''Norian Age'' :*** '''yolyojoub'''....''Rhaetian Age'' :*** '''yolyajoub'''....''Hettangian Age'' :*** '''yolyejoub'''....''Sinemurian Age'' :*** '''yolyijoub'''....''Pliensbachian Age'' :*** '''yolyujoub'''....''Toarcian Age'' :*** '''yalojoub'''....''Aalenian Age'' :*** '''yalajoub'''....''Bajocian Age'' :*** '''yalejoub'''....''Bathonian Age'' :*** '''yalijoub'''....''Callovian Age'' :*** '''yalujoub'''....''Oxfordian Age'' :*** '''yalyojoub'''....''Kimmeridgian Age'' :*** '''yalyajoub'''....''Tithonian Age'' :*** '''yalyejoub'''....''Berriasian Age'' :*** '''yalyijoub'''....''Valanginian Age'' :*** '''yalyujoub'''....''Hauterivian Age'' :*** '''yelojoub'''....''Barremian Age '' :*** '''yelajoub'''....''Aptian Age '' :*** '''yelejoub'''....''Albian Age '' :*** '''yelijoub'''....''Cenomanian '' :*** '''yelujoub'''....''Turonian '' :*** '''yelyojoub'''....''Coniacian '' :*** '''yelyajoub'''....''Santonian '' :*** '''yelyejoub'''....''Campanian '' :*** '''yelyijoub'''....''Maastrichtian '' :*** '''yelyujoub'''....''Danian '' :*** '''yilojoub'''....''Selandian '' :*** '''yilajoub'''....''Thanetian '' :*** '''yilejoub'''....''Ypresian '' :*** '''yilijoub'''....''Lutetian '' :*** '''yilujoub'''....''Bartonian '' :*** '''yilyojoub'''....''Priaboanian '' :*** '''yilyajoub'''....''Rupelian '' :*** '''yilyejoub'''....''Chattian '' :*** '''yilyijoub'''....''Aquitanian '' :*** '''yilyujoub'''....''Burdigalian '' :*** '''yulojoub'''....''Langhian '' :*** '''yulajoub'''....''Serravallian '' :*** '''yulejoub'''....''Tortonian '' :*** '''yulijoub'''....''Messinian '' :*** '''yulujoub'''....''Zanclean '' :*** '''yulyojoub'''....''Piacenzian '' :*** '''yulyajoub'''....''Gelasian '' :*** '''yulyejoub'''....''Calabrian '' :*** '''yulyijoub'''....''Chibanian '' :*** '''yulyujoub'''....''Tarantian '' :*** '''asojoub'''....''Greenlandian '' :*** '''asajoub'''....''Northgrippian '' :*** '''asejoub'''....''Meghalayan '' === Names of Diacritics === : The Mirad words for diacritics (= accents) are based on the worldwide Unicode 4.0 standard. There are three kinds of diacritics based on where they are positioned relative to the base: ::* <b>aybsiyn</b>....<i>above mark</i> ::* <b>oybsiyn</b>....<i>below mark</i> ::* <b>absiyn</b>....<i>overlay mark</i> : The names are based on some common shapes: ::* <b>nod</b>....<i>dot</i> ::* <b>grun</b>....<i>hook</i> ::* <b>nad</b>....<i>line</i> ::* <b>kin</b>....<i>slash</i> ::* <b>vu</b>....<i>wedge</i> ::* <b>pyaon</b>....<i>wave</i> ::* <b>zyus</b>....<i>ring</i> ::* <b>uz</b>....<i>arch</i> ::* <b>zeymep</b>....<i>bridge</i> ::* <b>izmufseb</b>....<i>arrowhead</i> ::* <b>mar</b>....<i>star</i> : The above shapes can be modified by adjectives: ::* <b>kia</b>....<i>slanted</i> ::* <b>ao</b>....<i>vertical</i> ::* <b>yoga/yaga</b>....<i>short/long</i> ::* <b>en</b>....<i>double</i> ::* <b>yaba/yoba</b>....<i>up/down</i> ::* <b>zua/zia</b>....<i>left/right</i> ::* <b>oyvuzbwa</b>....<i>inverted</i> : Here is a chart listing the most common diacritics in the world's languages. (Note: Mirad does not use diacritics for its native words.) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;" |+ Mirad Names of Diacritics |- ! Diacritic !! Unicode<br>Value !! Mirad !! Unicode Name |- |<big><b>&#x0301;</b></big>|| 0301||<b> zukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zukin oybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030B;</b></big>|| 030B||<b> enzukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0317;</b></big>|| 0317||<b> zikin oybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030F;</b></big>|| 030F||<b> enzikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> zigrun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0327;</b></big>|| 0327||<b> zugrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>cedilla</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0328;</b></big>|| 0328||<b> zigrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>ogonek, nasal hook</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0302;</b></big>|| 0302||<b> yobvu aybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent, hat</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032D;</b></big>|| 032D||<b> yobvu oybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030C;</b></big>|| 030C||<b> vu aybsiyn</b>||<i>hachek, v above, caron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032C;</b></big>|| 032C||<b> vu oybsiyn</b>||<i>caron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0306;</b></big>|| 0306||<b> yabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0311;</b></big>|| 0311||<b> yobuz aybsin</b>||<i>inverted breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032F;</b></big>|| 032F||<b> yobuz oybsin </b>||<i>inverted breve below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0308;</b></big>|| 0308||<b> ennod aybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis above, double dot above, umlaut, trema</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0324;</b></big>|| 0324||<b> ennod oybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis below, double dot below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0307;</b></big>|| 0307||<b> nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above, overdot, tecka, tittle</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0323;</b></big>|| 0323||<b> nod oybsiyn</b>||<i>dot below, underdot, nang</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0351;</b></big>|| 0351||<b> zua eynzyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031C;</b></big>|| 031C||<b> zua eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia eynzyus aybsign</b>||<i>right half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0339;</b></big>|| 0339||<b> zia eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>right half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0305;</b></big>|| 0305||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>overline, overscore, vinculum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033F;</b></big>|| 033F||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double overline</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0332;</b></big>|| 0332||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>single lowline below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0333;</b></big>|| 0333||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double lowline, double underline, double underscore</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0304;</b></big>|| 0304||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>macron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0331;</b></big>|| 0331||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035E;</b></big>|| 935E||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron, longum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035F;</b></big>|| 035F||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030A;</b></big>|| 030A||<b> zyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>ring above, kroujek, overring</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0325;</b></big>|| 0325||<b> zyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032A;</b></big>|| 032A||<b> zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033A;</b></big>|| 033A||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0303;</b></big>|| 0303||<b> pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0342;</b></big>|| 0342||<b> yagpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek perispomeni</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0360;</b></big>|| 0360||<b> enpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>double tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0330;</b></big>|| 0330||<b> pyaon oybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032B;</b></big>|| 032B||<b> oyvuzbwa enuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted double arch below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033E;</b></big>|| 033E||<b> aonada pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical tilde, yerik</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031A;</b></big>|| 031A||<b> zua gun aybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> aonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> aonad oybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030E;</b></big>|| 030E||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033D;</b></big>|| 033D||<b> xu aybsiyn</b>||<i>x above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0353;</b></big>|| 0353||<b> xu oybsiyn</b>||<i>x below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033C;</b></big>|| 033C||<b> lapiat oybsiyn</b>||<i>seagull below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0310;</b></big>|| 0310||<b> nod ayb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>candrabindu</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0352;</b></big>|| 0352||<b> nod oyb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>fermata</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0314;</b></big>|| 0314||<b> zia grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma above, dasia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0326;</b></big>|| 0326||<b> zia grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0313;</b></big>|| 0313||<b> zua grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>reversed comma above, psili</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0320;</b></big>|| 0320||<b> gobsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>minus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031F;</b></big>|| 031F||<b> gabsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>plus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubay ge aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equals above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0349;</b></big>|| 0349||<b> zua gun oybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033B;</b></big>|| 033B||<b> ungun oybsiyn</b>||<i>square below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0334;</b></big>|| 0334||<b> Gereda nod-kin-nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek dialytika tonos</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia izmufseb aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x08F7;</b></big>|| 0356||<b> zia izmufseb ay yabizmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead and up arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0355;</b></big>|| 0355||<b> zia izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0354;</b></big>|| 0354||<b> zua izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>left arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0318;</b></big>|| 0318||<b> zua zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>left tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0319;</b></big>|| 0319||<b> zia zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>right tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031D;</b></big>|| 031D||<b> yob zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>up tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031E;</b></big>|| 031E||<b> yab zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>down tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0337;</b></big>|| 0337||<b> yoga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>short slash overlay, short solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0338;</b></big>|| 0338||<b> yaga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>long slash overlay, long solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0322;</b></big>|| 0322||<b> zoykixwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>retroflex hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0359;</b></big>|| 0359||<b> mar oybsiyn</b>||<i>asterisk below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035A;</b></big>|| 035A||<b> enzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>double ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0358;</b></big>|| 0358||<b> zinod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above right</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035C;</b></big>|| 035C||<b> enyabuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve below, ligature tie below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035D;</b></big>|| 035D||<b> enyabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0361;</b></big>|| 0361||<b> enyobuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double inverted breve, top ligature, tie bar</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035B;</b></big>|| 035B||<b> uiznad aybsiyn</b>||<i>zigzag above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0347;</b></big>|| 0347||<b> gese oybsiyn</b>||<i>equals sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubgese aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equal to above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0362;</b></big>|| 0362||<b> enziizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>double rightwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034E;</b></big>|| 034E||<b> yabizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>upwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> ziizmuf aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034A;</b></big>|| 034A||<b> opyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>not tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x037A;</b></big>|| 037A||<b> iota oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek ypogegrammeni, iota subscript</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0374;</b></big>|| 0374||<b> Gereda sag aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek numeral sign, dexia keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0375;</b></big>|| 0375||<b> Gereda sag oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek lower numeral sign, aristeri keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0651;</b></big>|| 0651||<b> xadda aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic shadda</i> |- |<big><b>&#x065E;</b></big>|| 065E||<b> fatha aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic fatha with two dots</i> |- |<big><b>&#x061A;</b></big>|| 061A||<b> kasra oybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic small kasra</i> |- |<big><b>&#x064C;</b></big>|| 064C||<b> damma aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic dammatan</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0652;</b></big>|| 0652||<b> sukun aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic sukun</i> |} === Grammar Terms === :*'''drevyab'''....''grammar'' :*'''dun'''....''word'' :*'''dyen'''....''phrase'' :*'''dyan'''....''sentence'' :** '''delyea'''....''declarative'' :** '''didyea'''....''interrogative'' :** '''azteudyea'''....''exclamatory'' :*'''dyangon'''....''clause'' :** '''agala dyangon'''....''main clause'' :** '''abyosyea dyangon'''....''dependent clause'' :** '''obdabyea dyangon'''....''subordinate clause'' :*'''anyendyen'''....''idiom'' :*'''dalzeyn'''....''language'' :*'''dalzeynes'''....''dialect'' :*'''dalyen'''....''locution'' :*'''dungon'''....''syllable'' :*'''dunog'''....''particle'' :*'''abun'''....''affix'' :** '''zabun'''....''prefix'' :** '''zobun'''....''suffix'' :** '''yebun'''....''infix'' :*'''kyid'''....''stress'' :*'''dredyen'''....''spelling, orthography'' :*'''seuxden'''....''pronunciation'' :*'''dalgon'''....''part of speech'' :**'''sundun'''....''noun'' :**'''avdun'''....''pronoun'' :**'''erdun'''....''verb'' :**'''adun'''....''adjective'' :**'''aydun'''....''adverb'' :**'''ebdun'''....''preposition'' :**'''yanxdun'''....''conjunction'' :**'''oybdun'''....''particle'' :**'''asaundun'''....''article, determiner'' :*'''jobyen'''....''tense'' :** '''eja'''....''present tense'' :** '''aja'''....''past tense'' :** '''oja'''....''future tense'' :** '''vensona'''....''conditional'' :* '''teagun'''....''aspect'' :** '''ikna'''....''perfect'' :** '''oikna'''....''imperfect'' :** '''zaypasyea'''....''progressive'' :*'''tipyen'''....''mood'' :** '''izeadyea'''....''indicative mood'' :** '''ovyamxwa'''....''subjunctive mood'' :*'''teuz'''....''voice'' :** '''axlyea'''....''active'' :** '''xolyea'''....''passive'' :** '''syundabea'''....''transitive'' :** '''osyundabea'''....''intransitive'' :** '''zyinzoyubea'''....''reflexive'' :*'''sankyas'''....''case'' :** '''syina'''....''nominative, subject'' :** '''bina'''....''genitive, possessive'' :** '''buna'''....''dative'' :** '''izsyuna'''....''accusative, direct object'' :** '''oizsyuna'''....''indirect object'' :** '''byina'''....''ablative'' :** '''dyuena'''....''vocative'' :*'''toob'''....''gender'' :** '''twooba'''....''masculine'' :** '''tooyba'''....''feminine'' :** '''evtwooba'''....''neuter'' :*'''sag'''....''number'' :** '''ansaga'''....''singular'' :** '''glasaga'''....''plural'' :*'''sagdun'''....''numeral'' == Forming Adjectives == : You can form an adjective by adding the suffix '''a''' to a substantive, any adverb not ending in '''-ay''', or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adjectives |- ! Noun !! Adjective |- | '''taam'''....''home'' || '''taama'''....''domestic'' |- | '''doob'''....''nation'' || '''dooba'''....''national'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''teja'''....''vital'' |- | '''tyoyapyaf'''....''ability to walk'' || '''tyoyapyafa'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''martun'''....''astronomy'' || '''martuna'''....''astronomical'' |- ! Pronoun !! Adjective |- | '''at'''....''I, me'' || '''ata'''....''my'' |- | '''eut'''....''yourself'' || '''euta'''....''your own'' |- | '''hiyen'''....''this kind'' || '''hiyena'''....''this kind of'' |- | '''duhot?'''....''who?'' || '''duhota?'''....''whose?'' |- ! Gerund !! Adjective |- | '''ifeken'''....''recreation'' || '''ifekena'''....''recreational'' |- ! Adverb !! Adjective |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiba'''....''distant'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaba'''....''high, upper'' |- ! Verb Form !! Adjective (= Participle) |- | '''teje'''....''(he) lives'' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- | '''tojo'''....''will die'' || '''tojoa'''....''moribund, about to die'' |- | '''tojbu'''....''would kill'' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- | '''twa'''....''was known'' || '''twaa'''....''known'' (usu. shortened to '''twa''') |} === Adjectival Suffixes === : Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just '''a'''. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Other Adjectives |- ! Suffix !! Meaning !! Noun !! Adjective |- ! rowspan=3|-ava !!rowspan=3| ''pro-, for'' !! !! |- | '''Usom'''<br>''U.S.'' || '''Usomava'''<br>''pro-U.S.'' |- | '''yuvrin'''<br>''slavery'' || '''yuvrinava'''<br>''pro-slavery'' |- ! rowspan=3|-ova !!rowspan=3| ''anti-, against'' !! !! |- | '''dobvyabyan'''<br>''constitution'' || '''dovyabyanova'''<br>''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''dot'''<br>''society'' || '''dotova'''<br>''anti-social'' |- ! rowspan=5|-aya !!rowspan=5| ''full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzaya'''<br>''colorful'' |- | '''futax'''<br>''resentment'' || '''futaxaya'''<br>''resentful'' |- | '''tiibil'''<br>''blood'' || '''tiibilaya'''<br>''bloody'' |- | '''yiflan'''<br>''courage'' || '''yiflanaya'''<br>''courageous'' |- ! rowspan=3|-oya !!rowspan=3| ''bereft of, -less, un-'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzoya'''<br>''colorless, pale'' |- | '''tajyaf'''<br>''talent'' || '''tajyafoya'''<br>''untalented'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ika !!rowspan=2| ''full of, -ous, -ful, -y'' !! !! |- | '''map'''<br>''wind'' || '''mapika'''<br>''windy'' |- ! rowspan=2|-uka !!rowspan=2| ''bereft of, without, -less'' !! !! |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasuka'''<br>''broke, penniless'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yena !! rowspan=4|''-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al'' !! !! |- | '''tudet'''<br>''child'' || '''tudetyena'''<br>''childish, infantile'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' || '''totyena'''<br>''divine, godly'' |- | '''pit'''<br>''fish'' || '''pityena'''<br>''fish-like, fishy'' |- ! rowspan=5|-wa or -awa !! rowspan=5|''-ed, past passive participle''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Past Passive Participle |- | '''t-'''<br>''know'' || '''twa'''<br>''known'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalwa'''<br>''spoken, oral'' |- | '''nixbu-'''<br>''sell'' || '''nixbuwa'''<br>''sold'' |- | '''dr-'''<br>''write'' || '''drawa'''<br>''written'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ea !!rowspan=4| ''-ing''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''ot-'''<br>''not know'' || '''otea'''<br>''ignorant'' |- | '''tej-'''<br>''live'' || '''tejea'''<br>''living, alive'' |- | '''tuj-'''<br>''die'' || '''tujea'''<br>''dying'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yea !!rowspan=5| ''-ive, prone to Xing, given to X''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''tujb-'''<br>''kill'' || '''tujbyea'''<br>''murderous'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texyea'''<br>''pensive, thoughtful'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyea'''<br>''forgetful'' |- | '''axl-'''<br>''act'' || '''axlyea'''<br>''active'' |- ! rowspan=5|-uwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, apt to be Xed''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Passive Participle |- | '''ex-'''<br>''operate'' || '''exuwa'''<br>''operable'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''feel'' || '''tosuwa'''<br>''palpable'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texuwa'''<br>''conceivable'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''teluwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yafa !!rowspan=3| ''-able, capable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafa'''<br>''sightful, able to see'' |- | '''dyed-'''<br>''read'' || '''dyedyafa'''<br>''literate'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yafwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, possible to be Xed''<br> (added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyafwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''telyafwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofa !!rowspan=5| ''incapable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' |- | '''tyoyap-'''<br>''walk'' || '''tyoyapyofa'''<br>''lame'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''dumb, incapable of speaking'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofwa !!rowspan=5| ''un-X-able'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''inaudible'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyofa'''<br>''unforgetable'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''unspeakable'' |- ! rowspan=6|-ifa !!rowspan=6| ''fond of, -phile'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''pot'''<br>''animal'' || '''potifa'''<br>''pet-friendly'' |- | '''hyitoob-'''<br>''same-gender'' || '''hyitoobifa'''<br>''homophile'' |- | '''tobot'''<br>''child'' || '''tobotifa'''<br>''pedophile'' |- | '''fitel'''<br>''food'' || '''fitelifa'''<br>''gourmand'' |- | '''doob'''<br>''nation'' || '''doobifa'''<br>''patriotic'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ifwa !!rowspan=2| ''loved by'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tyod'''<br>''people'' || '''tyodifwa'''<br>''popular'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ufa !!rowspan=4| ''adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tob'''<br>''human'' || '''tobufa'''<br>''misanthropic'' |- | '''hyut-'''<br>''other person'' || '''hyutufa'''<br>''xenophobic'' |- | '''toyb-'''<br>''woman'' || '''toybufa'''<br>''misogynist'' |- ! rowspan=5|-ef(w)a !!rowspan=5|''needful of,<br>(necessary to be X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''til'''<br>''drink'' || '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' |- | '''tel'''<br>''food'' || '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' |- | '''yelb-'''<br>''to oil'' || '''yelbefwa'''<br>''squeaky, in need of oil'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yef(w)a !!rowspan=4| ''worthy of,<br> due to be (deserving of being X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''fid'''<br>''praise'' || '''fidyefa'''<br>''praiseworthy'' |- | '''dud'''<br>''answer'' || '''dudyefa'''<br>''responsible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyefwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yuk(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''easy to, (easily X-ed)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyuka'''<br>''gullible'' |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyukwa'''<br>''incredible, hard to believe'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yik(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''hard to,<br>(hard of X-ing)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyikwa'''<br>''opaque'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyika'''<br>''hard of hearing'' |} === Adjectival Prefixes === ==== Negating the Meaning of Adjectives ==== ::: The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix '''o-'''. ::: Examples: ::::* '''vlea'''....''probable'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>vlea'''....''improbable'' ::::* '''fika'''....''perfect'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fika'''....''imperfect'' ::::* '''twa'''....''known'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>twa'''....''unknown'' ::::* '''bosa'''....''quiet'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>bosa'''....''upset, unquiet'' ::: Note: Occasionally, the prefix '''lo-''' is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case: ::::* '''fwa'''....''wanted'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fwa'''....''prohibited'' <big><</big> '''ofer'''....''to prohibit'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>yo</u>fwa'''....''impossible'' <big><</big> '''yofer'''....''to be unable'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>lo</u>fwa'''....''unwanted'' <big><</big> '''fer'''....''to want'' (disambiguated) ::: The prefixes '''lyo-''' and '''ov''' are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective: ::::* '''data'''....''friendly'' ::::* '''odata'''....''unfriendly'' ::::* '''ovdata'''....''hostile'' ::::* '''lyodata'''....''inimical'' ::::* '''dota'''....''social'' ::::* '''odota'''....''unsocial'' ::::* '''ovdota'''....''antisocial'' ::::* '''lyodota'''....''savage'' ==== Table of Adjective Prefixes ==== ::: As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones: :::{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes<br>Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column |- ! Mirad Prefix !! English Prefix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | '''o-''' || ''un-, a(n)-, in-, non-'' ||'''<u>o</u>baka'''....''unhealthy''<br>'''<u>o</u>yezyebeya'''....''incontinent'', '''<u>o</u>yelpea'''....''non-invasive''<br>'''<u>o</u>totina'''....''atheist'' |- |'''ov-''' || ''anti-, counter-'' || '''<u>ov</u>zuina'''....''anti-leftist''<br>'''<u>ov</u>iztida'''....''counter-intuitive'' |- |'''av-''' || ''pro-'' || '''<u>av</u>hyitoosifa'''....''pro-gay'' |- | '''kovyo-''' ||''pseudo-'' || '''<u>kovyo</u>tepina'''....''pseudo-intellectual'' |- | '''hya(s)-''' || ''all-, pan-, omni-'' || '''<u>hyas</u>tea'''....''all-knowing, omniscient'' |- | '''voy-, gal-''' || ''re-'' || '''<u>voy</u>upya'''....''returned''<br>'''<u>gal</u>abwa'''....''<u>re</u>applied'' |- | '''vyo-''' || ''mis-'' || '''<u>vyo</u>seudxwa'''....''mispronounced'' |- | '''eyn-''' || ''semi-, half-'' ||'''<u>eyn</u>levelaya'''....''semi-sweet''<br>'''<u>eyn</u>tija'''....''half-awake'' |- |'''yiz-''' || ''ultra-, super-'' || '''<u>yiz</u>doobina'''....''ultra-nationalist''<br>'''<u>yiz</u>mola'''....''supernatural'' |- | '''gro-''' || ''under-, hypo-'' || '''<u>gro</u>jaga'''....''under-aged'' |- | '''gra-''' || ''over-, hyper-, uber-'' || '''<u>gra</u>agxwa'''....''overgrown''<br>'''<u>gra</u>toseya'''....''hypersensitive'' |- | '''gla-''' ||''multi-, many-, poly-'' || '''<u>gla</u>kuma'''....''multilateral''<br>'''<u>gla</u>tadaya'''....''polygamous'' |- |'''fu-''' || ''mal-, ill-'' || '''<u>fu</u>teyenxwa'''....''ill-conceived''<br>'''<u>fu</u>sanxwa'''....''malformed'' |- | '''fi-''' || ''well-'' || '''<u>fi</u>tofabwa'''....''well-dressed'' |- | '''yuyb-''' ||''quasi-, almost'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>daba'''....''quasi-governmental'' |- | '''ja-''' || ''pre-, (a)fore-, pro-'' ||'''<u>ja</u>teyenxwa'''....''pre-conceived''<br>'''<u>ja</u>igdawa'''....''aformentioned'' |- | '''jo-''' || ''post-'' || '''<u>jo</u>dropeka'''....''post-war'' |- | '''oyeb-'''|| ''extra-, exo-, '' || '''<u>oyeb</u>tada'''....''extra-marital'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-'' || '''<u>yeb</u>tayoba'''....''endo-dermal'' |- | '''agl(a)-''' || ''macro-'' || '''<u>agla</u>mora'''....''macrocosmic'' |- | '''ogl(a)-''' || ''micro-'' || '''<u>ogla</u>mora'''....''microcosmic'' |- | '''ut-''' || ''auto-, self-, sui-'' || '''<u>ut</u>pana'''....''automatic''<br>'''<u>ut</u>tojbua'''....''suicidal'' |- | '''hyaewa-''' || ''ambi-'' || '''<u>hyaewa</u>tesea'''....''ambivalent'' |- | '''en-''' || ''bi-'' || '''<u>en</u>toobifa'''....''bisexual'' |- | '''yuz-''' || ''circum-'' || '''<u>yuz</u>teaxea'''....''circumspect'' |- | '''gel-''' || ''homo-'' || '''<u>gel</u>sauna'''....''homogeneous'' |- | '''ogel-''' || ''hetero-'' || '''<u>ogel</u>sauna'''....''heterogeneous'' |- | '''oyb-''' || ''infra-, sub-'' || '''<u>oyb</u>ivoza'''....''infrared'' |- | '''ge-''' || ''iso-, equi-'' || '''<u>ge</u>voza'''....''isochromatic'' |- | '''agr(a)-''' || ''mega-'' || '''<u>agra</u>tipa'''....''megamaniacal'' |- | '''ku-''' || ''para-'' || '''<u>ku</u>ega'''....''paranormal'' |- | '''yuyb-''' || ''quasi-, almost, pen-'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>dobyena'''....''quasi-official'' |- | '''yib-''' || ''tele-, far-'' || '''<u>yib</u>pyuxea'''....''far-reaching'' |- | '''zey-''' || ''trans-, cross-'' || '''<u>zey</u>mimaga'''....''transoceanic'' |- | '''aaj-''' || ''paleo-'' || '''<u>aaj</u>toba'''....''paleoloanthropic'' |- | '''eej-''' || ''neo-'' || '''<u>eej</u>visauna'''....''neoclassical'' |- | '''yibaj-''' || ''arch(a)eo-, ancient'' || '''yibajtuna'''....''archaeological'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-, inner, intro-'' || '''yebzena'''....''endocentric''<br>'''yebuzbwa'''....''introverted'' |- | '''oyeb-''' || ''exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)-'' || '''oyebzena'''....''exocentric''<br>'''oyebuzbwa'''....''extroverted'' |- | '''yab(an)-''' || ''high-, up'' || '''yabnoga'''....''upscale''<br>'''yabnayxa'''....''high-priced'' |- | '''yaban-''' || ''acro-'' || '''yabanyufa'''....''acrophobic'' |- | '''yob-''' || ''low-, down-'' || '''yobnoga'''....''low-grade, down-scale'' |} === English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison === : Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared |- ! English Suffix !! Meaning !! Mirad Suffix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | ''-ful'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''voz<u>aya</u>'''....''colorful''<br> '''tuz<u>ika</u>'''....''skillful'' |- | ''-ous'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''naz<u>ika</u>'''....''precious''<br> '''mil<u>aya</u>'''....''aqueous'' |- | ''-filled'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoke-filled'' |- | ''-y'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoky''<br> |- | ''-ous'' || of<br> like || '''-a''' || '''totin<u>a</u>'''....''religious''<br> '''vyos<u>a</u>'''....''erroneous'' |- | ''-ly'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tot<u>yena</u>'''....''godly''<br> '''toyb<u>yena</u>'''....''womanly'' |- | ''-like'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pat<u>yena</u>'''....''bird-like'' |- | ''-ish'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tobot<u>yena</u>'''....''childish'' |- | ''-y'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''fyab<u>yena</u>'''....''fruity'' |- | ''-ic'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tuz<u>yena</u>'''....''artistic''<br> '''sil<u>yena</u>'''....''acidic'' |- | ''-ic'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''tun<u>a</u>'''....''scientific''<br> '''bek<u>a</u>'''....''therapeutic'' |- | ''-ical'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''zyunid<u>a</u>'''....''spherical''<br> '''iztex<u>a</u>'''....''logical'' |- | ''-ological'' || pertaining to the study of || '''-tuna''' || '''tej<u>tuna</u>'''....''biological'' |- | ''-ist(ic)'' || pertaining to the doctrine of || '''-ina''' || '''dopar<u>ina</u>'''....''militarist(ic)''<br> '''nasyan<u>ina</u>'''....''capitalist(ic)'' |- | ''-ophobic'' (and ''miso-'' prefix) || hating<br> fearful of || '''-ufa''' || '''yudat<u>ufa</u>'''....''xenophonic''<br> '''tobyan<u>ufa</u>'''....''misanthropic'' |- | ''-ophilic'' (and ''philo-'' prefix) || loving || '''-ifa''' || '''tobot<u>ifa</u>'''....''pedophilic''<br> '''tob<u>ifa</u>'''....''philanthropic'' |- | ''-al'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pyot<u>yena</u>'''....''bestial'' |- | ''-al'' || of<br> pertaining to || '''-a''' || '''tej<u>a</u>'''....''vital''<br> '''aman<u>a</u>'''....''thermal'' |- | ''-less'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''tej<u>uka</u>'''....''lifeless''<br> '''tobot<u>oya</u>'''....''childless'' |- | ''-free'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''yom<u>uka</u>'''....''ice-free''<br> '''vyos<u>oya</u>'''....''error-free'' |- | ''-safe<br> -proof'' || free<br> not subject to || '''-vaka''' || '''mil<u>vaka</u>'''....''water<u>proof</u>'' |} == Forming Adverbs == : Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix '''a''', in other words, by adding a '''y''' to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''fi<u>a</u>'''....''good'' || '''fi<u>ay</u>'''....''well'' |- | '''vya<u>a</u>'''....''true'' || '''vya<u>ay</u>'''....''truly'' |- | '''gyu<u>a</u>'''....''easy'' || '''gyu<u>ay</u>'''....''easily'' |- | '''ig<u>a</u>'''....''quick'' || '''ig<u>ay</u>'''....''quickly'' |- | '''aut<u>a</u>'''....''personal'' || '''aut<u>ay</u>'''....''personally'' |} : For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example: ::* '''It tyoyape <u>ig</u>.'''....''He walks <u>fast</u>.'' ::* '''Yit xa has <u>fi</u>.'''....''They did it <u>well</u>.'' === Special Adverbs === : Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in '''-ay'''. : Here are the principal such adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Special Adverbs |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''vay'''||''indeed, really, certainly, do'' (cf. '''va'''....''yes'') |- | '''vey'''||''possibly, may, might'' (cf. '''ve'''....''maybe'') |- | '''voy'''||''not'' (cf. '''vo'''....''no'') |- | '''ga'''||''more'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gay'''||''also, moreover, further, still'' |- | '''ge'''||''as, equally'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gey'''||''even'' |- | '''go'''||''less'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''goy'''||''no longer, no more'' |- | '''gla'''||''very'' |- | '''glay'''||''quite, rather, so'' |- | '''gle'''||''so'' |- | '''glo'''||''not very, not so'' |- | '''gra'''||''too'' |- | '''gre'''||''enough, sufficiently, over-'' |- | '''gro'''||''not...enough, inadequately, under-'' |- | '''gwa'''||''most, super-'' |- | '''gwe'''||''average'' |- | '''gwo'''||''least, sub-'' |- | '''zay'''||''ahead, forward'' |- | '''zey'''||''across'' |- | '''zoy'''||''back'' |- | '''zye'''||''through'' |- | '''zya'''||''throughout'' |} : The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow: ::* AFFIRMATIVE: '''Va, at <u>vay</u> se taduwa.'''....''Yes, I am <u>indeed</u> married.'' ::* DUBITIVE: '''Iyta dud se <u>vey</u> vyosa.'''....''Her response is <u>possibly</u> wrong.'' ::* NEGATIVE: '''At <u>voy</u> se eta yuxrut.'''....''I am <u>not</u> your slave.'' : The adverbs above beginning with '''g''' are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb: ::* '''Et se <u>gla</u> via.'''....''You are <u>very</u> beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].'' ::* '''Et peya <u>gra</u> ig.'''....''You were going <u>too</u> fast [=ADVERB].'' ::* '''It <u>gra</u> dale.'''....''He talks [=VERB] <u>too</u> much.'' : Adverbs can be combined with prepositions to form compound prepositions. If the adverbs ends in '''b''' and the preposition following it begins in '''b''', they are joined together with a single '''b'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Compound Prepositions |- ! Special Adverb !! Example |- | '''yab'''....''up'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yabu''' || '''Ha pat papa <u>yabu</u> ha mam.'''....''The bird flew <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yobu'''|| '''Teaxu <u>yobu</u> ha mel.'''....''Look <u>down to</u> the ground.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yobi''' || '''Upu <u>yobi</u> ha abmas!'''....''Come <u>down from</u> the roof!'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yubi''' || '''Besu <u>yubi</u> ha mas.'''....''Stay <u>near (from)</u> the wall.'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yibi''' || '''Ha tobi igpia <u>yibi</u> ha yovbyokam.'''....''The people ran <u>far from</u> the prison.'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in, inward, inside'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yebu''' || '''Kyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa <u>yebu</u>ha tam!'''....''Guess who just walked <u>into</u> the house!'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out, outside'' + '''zye'''....''through'' || '''It tyoyapa <u>oyeb zye</u> ha zames.'''....''He walked <u>out</u> through the front door.'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>iz bu</u> hat.'''....''Go <u>right up to</u> him.'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''ub'''....''toward''|| '''Uzpu <u>zi ub</u> yat!'''....''Turn <u>right toward</u> us!'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Hat uzpa <u>zu ib</u> at.'''....''He turned <u>left away from</u> me.'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>zay bu</u> ha uj.'''....''Go <u>on to</u> the end.'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Upu <u>zoy bi</u> hua nem.'''....''Come <u>back from</u> that place.'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' + '''bay'''....''with'' || '''Van yat tyopu <u>yan bay</u> ha hyuti.'''....''Let's walk <u>together with</u> the others.'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Ha meri kyapeye <u>yon bi </u> hyuisi.'''....''The planets are drifting <u>apart from</u> one another.'' |} === Pro-adverbs === : There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as '''''pro-adverbs'''''. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like '''duhom?''' (''where?''), '''duhoyen?''' (''how?''), '''duhoj?''' (''when?''), '''duhogla''' (''to what extent?''), and their answers, such as '''hum''' (''there''), '''heyen''' (''somehow''), and '''hyoj''' (''never''), '''hugla''' (''so, to that extent''). These words are discussed under the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners|Deictic Determiners]]. == Forming Verbs == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech: ::* Noun stems ::* Adjective stems ::* Verb stems === Forming Verbs from Nouns === : Verbs can sometimes be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix '''er''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Denominal Verb Derivation |- ! Noun !! Verb |- | '''ak'''....''a gain'' || '''aker'''....''to win'' |- | '''af'''....''permission'' || '''afer'''....''may, be allowed'' |- | '''teud'''....''cry, shout'' || '''teuder'''....''to cry, shout, exclaim'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''tajer'''....''to be born'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tejer'''....''to live'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''tojer'''....''to die'' |- | '''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejer'''....''to continue'' |- | '''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijer'''....''to begin'' |- | '''uj'''....''end'' || '''ijer'''....''to end'' |- | '''yuj'''....''sleep'' || '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' |} === Verb Formants === : More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such '''''verb formants''''' are in this chart: :* '''-ser'''....''to be/become'' usually intransitive and stative (''unite'' = ''become one'') ::* '''-sler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-srer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-xer'''....''to do/make'' usually transitive and dynamic (''unite'' = ''make one'') ::* '''-xler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-xrer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-per'''....''to go'' usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (''mount'' = ''get onto'') ::* '''-pler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-prer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ber'''....''to put'' usually transitive and a verb of gesture (''apply'' = ''put onto'') ::* '''-bler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-brer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ier''' a stub from the verb '''bier'''....''to take'', usually an action verb benefiting the agent (''eat'' = ''take food'') :* '''-uer''' a stub from the verb '''buer'''....''to give'', usually an action verb benefiting the patient (''feed'' = ''give food'') :* '''-der'''....''to say'', a verb of communication (''affirm'' = ''say yes'') :* '''-drer'''....''to write'' :* '''-ter'''....''to know'', verbs of the perception and knowledge ('''teater''' = ''see'') :: Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids '''l''' or '''r''', eg.'''sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Verb Formants |- ! Noun !! Auxiliary Verb Or Verb Stub Formant !! Verb |- | '''yav'''....''innocence'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''yavder'''....''to acquit'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''yovaber'''....''to shame, accuse'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''yovober'''....''to excuse, exculpate'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''tofaber'''....''to dress, don'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''tofober'''....''to undress, strip'' |- | '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''detser'''....''to associate'' |- | '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''datxer'''....''to befriend'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''sanser'''....''to form (intransitive)'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''sanxer'''....''to form (transitive)'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''telier'''....''to eat, consume'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed, nourish'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tajber'''....''to give birth'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tejper'''....''to come alive'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tejber'''....''to bring to life'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tojber'''....''to kill'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tijper'''....''to wake up'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tijber'''....''to awaken'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''taxier'''....''to recall'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''yev'''....''justice'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''vyan'''....''truth'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyander'''....''to tell the truth'' |- | '''vyon'''....''falsehood'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyonder'''....''to tell a lie'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aker'''....''to gain'' || '''ilaker'''....''to take on liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' || '''iloker'''....''to leak, lose liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ilier'''....''to soak up'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour, water'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikser'''....''to get full'' || '''ilikser'''....''to be soaked'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikxer'''....''to fill up'' || '''ilikxer'''....''to flood, soak'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukser'''....''to become empty'' || '''ilukser'''....''to drain'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukxer'''....''to empty'' || '''ilukxer'''....''to flush'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''ilser'''....''to liquify, melt'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''ilxer'''....''to liquify, melt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''ilaber'''....''to wash'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aper'''....''to get on'' || '''ilaper'''....''to float'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''ilper'''....''to flow'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' || '''ilzyaber'''....''to spray, shower'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyober'''....''to squeeze'' || '''ilzyober'''....''to squirt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''pyexer'''....''to strike'' || '''ilpyexer'''....''to splash (with liquid)'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''yujer'''....''to close'' || '''ilyujer'''....''to plug'' |} : Note that verbs ending in '''-ser''' and '''-ier''' are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in '''-xer''' and '''-uer''' are transitive. Also, '''-ier''' verbs are subject-directed, while '''-uer''' verbs are object-directive or causative (making someone do something). === Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser === : The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with '''-xer'''....''to do, make, cause'', and the intransitive group with '''-ser'''....''to be, become''. : The following chart shows how these verbs are formed: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aza'''....''strong'' || '''azaxer'''....''fortify, strengthen, make strong'' || '''azaser'''....''get strong'' |- | '''oza'''....''week'' || '''ozaxer'''....''weaken'' || '''ozaser'''....''grow weaker'' |- | '''kyia'''....''heavy'' || '''kyiaxer'''....''weigh down'' || '''kyiaser'''....''grow heavy'' |- | '''kyua'''....''light'' || '''kyuaxer'''....''lighten, make lighter'' || '''kyuaser'''....''get lighter'' |- | '''yana'''....''together'' || '''yanaxer'''....''bring together'' || '''yanaser'''....''get together'' |} : The final adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the '''a''' makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agaxer'''....''magnify'' || '''agaser'''....''get big'' |- | || '''agxer'''....''grow'' || '''agxer'''....''grow up, mature'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iga'''....''fast'' || '''igaxer'''....''accelerate'' || '''igaser'''....''speed up'' |- | || '''igxer'''....''rush'' || '''igser'''....''hurry up'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''baka'''....''healthy'' || '''bakaxer'''....''make healthy'' || '''bakaser'''....''get healthy'' |- | || '''bakxer'''....''heal'' || '''bakser'''....''heal'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''sana'''....''formal'' || '''sanaxer'''....''formalize'' || '''sanaser'''....''become formal'' |- | || '''sanxer'''....''form, shape'' || '''sanser'''....''form, take shape'' |} === Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per === : Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb '''ber'''....''to put'', while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb '''per'''....''to go''. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in '''b''', the '''b''' is dropped. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Ber and Per |- ! Preposition<br>Base !! Transitive Gesture Verb !! Intransitive Motion Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply, put on'' || '''aper'''....''mount, get on'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove, take off'' || '''oper'''....''dismount, get off'' |- | '''ib'''....''away'' || '''iber'''....''receive'' || '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''send'' || '''uper'''....''come'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yeber'''....''insert''<br>'''oyeber'''....''take out'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''<br>'''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''lower'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''move away'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- ! !! !! |- |- | '''za'''....''front'' || '''zaber'''....''put up front'' || '''zaper'''....''take the lead'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''zayber'''....''advance'' || '''zayper'''....''advance, go forward'' |- | '''ze'''....''middle'' || '''zeber'''....''balance'' || '''zeper'''....''balance'' |- | '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zeyber'''....''take across, transfer'' || '''zeyper'''....''cross, go over, transit'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zober'''....''hinder'' || '''zoper'''....''trail, lag'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoyber'''....''set back, return'' || '''zoyper'''....''retreat, go back, return'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izber'''....''guide'' || '''izper'''....''aim for'' |- | '''uz'''....''crooked'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''turn, diverge'' |- |- '''zi'''....''right'' || '''ziber'''....''set to the right'' || '''ziper'''....''go right'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuber'''....''set to the left'' || '''zuper'''.... ''go left'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''take beyond'' || '''yizper'''....''pass by'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''take around'' || '''yuzper'''....''go around'' |} ==== Deriving Further Verbs of Gesture and Motion ==== : More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of '''ser''' and '''xer''', plus the intensifiers '''y''', '''l''' and '''r'''. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial '''p''' is a more semantically intense version of '''b'''. Also the verb endings '''-sler''' and '''-srer''' and more intense versions of the intransitive ending '''-ser''', while '''-xler''' and '''-xrer''' and more intense version of the transitve ending '''-xer'''. Verbs ending in '''-ler''' and '''-rer''' are transitive voice by nature, '''-rer''' being more semantically intense. Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating More Elaborate Verbs |- ! colspan="2"| Gesture Verb !! colspan="2"| Motion Verb |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | -- ||'''ber'''....''put'' <br>'''beer'''....''have'' <br>'''beler'''....''carry'' <br>'''bexer'''....''hold'' <br>'''bexler'''....''keep'' | '''per'''....''go''||-- |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press''<br>'''yanbaler'''....''compress''<br>'''yobaler'''....''depress, suppress''<br>'''yuzbaler'''....''hug''<br>'''zoybaler'''....''repress''<br>'''barer'''....''crush'' ||'''paer'''....''hover'' || |- |'''baser'''....''gesticulate'' || '''baxer'''....''make a gesture''<br>'''abaxer'''....''caress, pat'' || '''paser'''....''move''||'''paxer'''....''move'' |- |'''byaser'''....''stand up'' || '''byaxer'''....''set up, erect'' || '''pyaser'''....''jump up'' || '''pyaxer'''....''shoot, launch'' |- |'''basler'''....''budge'' || '''baxler'''....''rouse''<br>'''abaxler'''....''stroke'' || '''paaser'''....''get excited'' || '''paaxer'''....''excite''<br>'''apaxler'''....''sweep'' |- |'''basrer'''....''shake'' || '''baxrer'''....''shake''<br>'''abaxrer'''....''rub'' || || '''apaxrer'''....''scrub'' |- ! !! !! !! |- |'''beser'''....''stay'' || '''bexer'''....''hold''<br>'''zoybexer'''....''restrain''<br>'''yobexer'''....''detain, hold down'' || '''peser'''....''wait'' || '''pexer'''....''trap''<br>'''pexler'''....''capture''<br>'''pexrer'''....''abduct'' |- |'''byeser'''....''behave''|| '''byexer'''....''hit'' || '''pyeser'''....''run into, bump into''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike, knock''<br>'''yonpyexer'''....''break''<br>'''yopyexer'''....''knock down''<br>'''epyexer'''....''fight''<br>'''apyexer'''....''attack''<br>'''ovpyexer'''....''offend''<br>'''kunpyexer'''....''sideswipe''<br>'''tuyapyexer'''....''slap'' |- |'''besler'''....''adhere'' || '''bexler'''....''retain''|| || '''pyexler'''....''pound, beat''<br>'''apyexler'''....''assault''<br>'''yonpexler'''....''shatter, burst'' |- | || || '''yanpyesrer'''....''implode''<br>'''yonpyesler'''....''explode'' || '''pyexler'''....''blast, bomb'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''boser'''....''calm down''<br>'''boyser'''....''rest'' || '''boxer'''....''quieten, quell'' || '''poser'''....''stop''<br>'''poyser'''....''pause'' || '''poxer'''....''stop'' |- | '''byoser'''....''hang'' || '''byoxer'''....''hang'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall''<br>'''yonpyoser'''....''decay'' || '''pyoxer'''....''drop, throw down''<br>'''yopyoxer'''....''topple''<br> |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''biser'''....''originate'' || '''bixer'''....''pull''<br>'''yanbixer'''....''contract''<br>'''yonbixer'''....''distract''<br>'''yubixer'''....''attract''<br>'''yibixer'''....''distract''<br>'''oyebixer'''....''extract''<br>'''yebixer'''....''push in'' || || '''pixer'''....''catch'' |- |'''bisler'''....''spring'' || '''bixler'''....''yank''<br>'''bixrer'''....''ravage'' || || '''pixler'''....''snatch''<br>'''pixrer'''....''rape'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''buser'''....''be destined'' || '''buxer'''....''push, drive''<br>'''zyobuxer'''....''squeeze''<br>'''yebuxer'''....''expel''<br>'''abuxer'''....''impose'' || '''apuser'''....''assault'' || '''puxer'''....''throw, thrust'' |- |'''byuser'''....''bump into'' || '''byuxer'''....''touch''<br>'''yanbyuxer'''....''contact'' ||'''pyuser'''....''run into'' || '''pyuxer'''....''crash'' |- |'''busler'''....''swoop'' || '''buxler'''....''shove'' || '''pusler'''....''lunge, pounce'' || '''puxler'''....''thrust''<br>'''zyapuxler'''....''splatter'' |} === Deriving New Verbs with Prefixes === : Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb '''baxer''' (and its intransitive partner '''baser''') as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Baxer Verbs |- ! Prefix !! Verb |- ! colspan=2 | '''baxer'''....''gesture, make a bodily motion'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abaxer'''....''caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izbaxer'''....''point'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tebaxer'''....''nod'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' || '''vatebaxer'''....''nod yes'' |- | '''vo'''....''no'' || '''votebaxer'''....''nod no'' |- | '''ve'''....''maybe'' || '''vetebaxer'''....''shrug'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''tuyabaxer'''....''wave'' |- | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''tubaxer'''....''flail, swing'' |- | '''teubab'''....''tongue'' || '''teubabaxer'''....''lick'' |- | '''teab'''....''eye'' || '''teubaxer'''....''wink'' |- | '''patub'''....''wing'' || '''patubaxer'''....''flap'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''tail'' || '''tiyubaxer'''....''wag'' |- ! colspan=2 | '''baser'''....''gesticulate'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igbaser'''....''jerk'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''igzaybaser'''....''lurch'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoybaser'''....''recoil'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobaser'''....''bow, bend down'' |- | '''ku-'''....''side'' || '''kubaser'''....''slide'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igkubaser'''....''slip'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' + '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uizbaser'''....''sway, swagger, swish'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle, wobble, totter'' |} === Forming Frequentative Verbs === : A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by prefixing the syllable '''je-''' to the verb. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ The -eg- Frequentative Infix |- ! Regular Verb !! Frequantative Verb |- | '''paser'''....''move'' || '''jepaser'''....''shake, shudder'' |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump'' || '''jepyaser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''paper'''....''fly'' || '''jepaper'''....''flutter, flit'' |- | '''braser'''....''shake'' || '''jebraser'''....''shudder, quiver, vibrate'' |- | '''teupixer'''....''bite'' || '''jeteupiger'''....''nibble'' |- | '''ilzyaber'''....''spray'' || '''jeilzyaber'''....''sprinkle'' |- | '''pyexer'''....''beat'' || '''jepyexer'''....''batter, whip'' |} === Forming Hybrid Words === : Expressions with alternating components like ''back-and-forth'', ''up-and-down'', etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Words |- ! Alternative Components !! Hybrid Expression !! Examples |- | '''yab'''....''up'' +<br>'''yob'''....''down'' || '''yao(b)-'''....''up-and-down'' || '''yaoper'''....''fluctuate'', '''yaopuser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''a-'''....''up, north, skyward'' +<br>'''o-'''....''down, south'' || '''ao-'''....''vertical'' || '''aonada'''....''vertical'', '''aonab'''....''column'' |- | '''za(y)'''....''forth, north'' +<br>'''zo(y)'''....''back, south'' || '''zao(b)-'''....''front-back/north-to-south'' || '''zaobaser'''....''rock'', '''zaomera'''....''north/south'' |- |- '''zu'''....''left/west'' +<br>'''zi'''....''right/east'' || '''zui(b)-'''....''right-to-left/east-to-west'' || '''zuinada'''....''horizontal'', '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle'', '''zuimera'''....''east/west'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' +<br>'''bi'''....''from'' || '''bui-'''....''to-and-from'' || '''buipar'''....''shuttle'', '''buipop'''....''round-trip'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' +<br>'''ob'''....''off'' || '''ao(b)-'''....''on-and-off'' || '''aoper'''....''get on and off'' |- | '''yuj-'''....''closed'' +<br>'''yij-'''....''open'' || '''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut'' || '''yuijbar'''....''switch'', '''igyuijer'''....''blink'' |- | '''uj-'''....''stop'' +<br>'''ij-'''....''start'' || '''uij-'''....''stop-and-start'' || '''uijparpan'''....''stop-and-go traffic'' |- | '''(a)yeb'''....''in'' +<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''aoye(b)-'''....''in-and-out'' || '''igaoyeper'''....''run in-and-out'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' +<br>'''yib'''....''far'' || '''yui(b)-'''....''near-and-far'' || '''yuipoper'''....''travel near-and-far'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' +<br>'''ib'''....''away'' || '''ui(b)-'''....''toward-and-away'' || '''uipen'''....''coming and going'' |- | '''hum'''....''there'' +<br>'''him'''....''here'' || '''huim'''....''here-and-there'' || '''huimkexer'''....''search high-and-low (here-and-there)'' |- | '''hus'''....''that'' +<br>'''his'''....''this'' || '''huis'''....''this-and-that'' || '''huisyexer'''....''do odd jobs, work at this-or-that'' |- | '''hyut'''....''other person'' +<br>'''hyit'''....''same person'' || '''hyuit'''....''one another'' || '''hyuitifer'''....''love one another'', '''hyuita'''....''mutual, reciprocal'' |} : Here are some more examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ More Hybrids ! Hybrid Word !! English Gloss !! Alternating Components |- |'''aogsen'''||'' fluctuation (in size) ''|| '''ag-''' (''big'') + '''og-''' (''little'') + '''s-''' (''become'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''aonada'''||''vertical ''|| '''a-''' (''up/north'') + '''o-''' (''down/south'') + '''nad''' (''line'') + '''-a''' (''adj.'') |- |'''aopuys'''||'' hop-on-hop-off ''|| '''a(p)-''' (''on'') + '''o(p)-''' (''off'') + '''puys-''' (''hop'') |- |'''buien'''||'' trading, swapping ''|| '''bu-''' (''give'') + '''bi-''' (''trake'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''buip'''||'' traffic ''|| '''bu-''' (''to'') + '''bi-''' (''from'') + '''p-''' (''go'') |- |'''buixar'''||''spring''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix''' (''pull'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''buixek'''||'' tug-o-war ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- |'''buixnyem'''||'' drawer ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''nyem''' (''box'') |- |'''byaosen'''||'' teetering, stumbling ''|| '''byas-''' (''stand'') + '''byos-''' (''fall'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''diep'''||'' marine force ''|| '''dip''' (''sea force'') + '''dep''' (''land force'') |- |'''duid'''||'' q&a, interview ''|| '''dud''' (''answer'') + '''did''' (''question'') |- |'''eigpyexer''' || ''batter, whip'' || '''eg-''' (''again'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') + '''pyexer''' (''to hit'') |- |'''gao'''||'' more-or-less ''|| '''ga''' (''more'') + '''go''' (''less'') |- |'''glaojo'''||'' sooner or later ''|| '''gla''' (''very'') + '''glo''' (''slightly'') + '''jo''' (''after'') |- | '''huimkexer''' || ''search here and there'' || '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-m''' (''place'') + '''kex''' (''search'') + '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''huis'''||'' this-and-that ''|| '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-s''' (''thing'') |- |'''hyuit'''||'' one another ''|| '''hyu-''' (''other'') + '''hyi-''' (''same'') + '''-t''' (''person'') |- |'''kyaopen'''||'' fluctuation ''|| '''kya-''' (''mobile'') + '''kyo''' (''static'') + '''-pen''' (''going'') |- |'''maluier'''||'' breathe ''|| '''mal-''' (''air'') + '''u-''' (''let out'') + '''i-''' (''take in'') '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''maojyex'''||'' double-shift work ''|| '''maj''' (''day'') + '''moj''' (''night'') + '''yex''' (''work'') |- |'''maonig'''||'' flicker ''|| '''man''' (''light'') + '''mon''' (''dark'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') |- |'''maolza'''||'' black&white/gray ''|| '''malza''' (''white'') + '''molza''' (''black'') |- |'''meil'''||'' mud ''|| '''mel''' (''soil'') + '''mil''' (''water'') |- |'''memuiben'''||'' import-exports ''|| '''mem''' (''country'') + '''ub-''' (''send'') + '''ib-''' (''receive'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''mial'''||'' vapor ''|| '''mil''' (''water'') + '''mal''' (''air'') |- |'''mieg'''||'' reef ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-g''' (''stone'') |- |'''miek'''||'' sand ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-k''' (''rocky substance'') |- |'''miem'''||'' swamp ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''mem''' (''land'') |- |'''mimpuin'''||'' dock ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''mimpyaos'''||'' surf ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''sink'') |- |'''mimuip'''||'' tide ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip-''' (''go'') |- |'''peit'''||'' amphibian ''|| '''pet''' (''land animal'') + '''pit''' (''sea creature'') |- |'''puim'''||'' kiss-and-ride zone''|| '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''puixek'''||'' baseball ''|| '''pux-''' (''pitch'') + '''pix-''' (''catch'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- | '''pyaos''' || ''wave'' || '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''crest'') |- |'''teabyuij'''||'' blink ''|| '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') |- |'''tuijea'''||'' nodding off ''|| '''tuj-''' (''sleep'') + '''tij''' (''wake'') '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''uijdal'''||'' stutter ''|| '''uj-''' (''finish'') + '''ij-''' (''start'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''uipeni'''||'' comings & goings ''|| '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip''' (''go'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') + '''-i''' (''pl.'') |- |'''uiza'''||'' serpentine, snaky ''|| '''uza''' (''crooked'') + '''iza''' (''straight'') |- |'''vao?'''||'' yes or no? ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') |- |'''vaod'''||'' decision ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') + '''d-''' (''say'') |- |'''yaobar'''||'' elevator ''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaobyuijar'''||''piston''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open '') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaoplas'''||''oscillation''|| '''yap-''' (''up'') + '''yop-''' (''down'') + '''plas''' (''shake'') |- |'''yaopsim'''||''seesaw''|| '''yap-''' (''ascend'') + '''yop-''' (''descend'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''yaopus'''||''bounce''|| ya(''b'')'''-''' (''up'') + yo(''b'')'''-''' (''down'') + '''pus''' (''jump'') |- |'''yaovdut'''||''juror''|| '''yav-''' (''innocent'') + '''yov-''' (''guilty'') + '''d-''' (''say'') + '''-ut''' (''agent'') |- |'''yaoza'''||''uneven, bumpy, serrated''|| '''yaza''' (''convex'') + '''yoza''' (''concave'') |- |'''yaozgoblar'''||''saw''|| '''yaz''' (''protrusion '') + '''yoz''' (''indentation'') + '''gobl-''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaozil'''||''wave''|| '''yaz''' (''swell'') + '''yoz''' (''trough'') + '''-il''' (''liquid'') |- |'''yuibteabar'''||''bifocals''|| '''yub''' (''near'') + '''yib''' (''far'') + '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yuijar'''||'' valve, switch''|| '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaobelur'''||''ferry''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''bel-''' (''carry'') + '''-ur''' (''vehicle'') |- |'''zaobyexar'''||''swatter, bat''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''byex-''' (''strike'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaodal'''||''dialog''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''zaogoblar'''||''saw''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''gobl''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaokyax'''||''alternation''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''kyax''' (''change'') |- |'''zaopasen'''||''swinging''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo-''' (''back'') + '''pasen''' (''moving'') |- |'''zaopsim'''||''swing or rocker''|| '''zap-''' (''go forth'') + '''zap''' (''go back'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''zuibasen'''||''wiggling''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bas-''' (''move bodily'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuibayx'''||''wag''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bayx-''' (''slight body move'') |- |'''zuibyoxea'''||''dangling''|| '''zu''' (''left'') + '''zi''' (''right'') + '''byox-''' (''hang down'') + '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuiyafa'''||''ambidextrous''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''yafa''' (''capable'') |- |'''zyaobas'''||''throb''|| '''zya-''' (''wide'') + '''zyo-''' (''narrow'') + '''bas''' (''bodily movement'') |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Acronyms and Abbreviations|Word Families}}</noinclude> dmmda9ptbj4spjlx5ljsemcztqql4nf 4635622 4635617 2026-05-13T19:06:56Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Characteristic Features of Music */ 4635622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right|limit=3}} == Introduction == : In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels. : The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of '''''base words''''' and '''''derived words'''''. : The vocabulary is built on '''''base words''''', that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by: ::* The meaning of each letter of the word. ::* The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: ''fixed'' vs. ''variable''. ::* How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language. ::* The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about). ::* The logic of its composition. ::* The mnemonic associations this word suggests. : The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called '''''vocabulary-building rules''''', which are spelled out below. == Base Words == : '''''Base words''''' are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups: ::* Group 1:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''nouns''''' ::* Group 2:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs'''''. == Base words of Group 1 == : Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters: :::* The first, a consonant called the '''''classifier''''' :::* The second, a vowel called the '''''ordinal''''' :::* The third, a consonant called the '''''generic''''' These words can be thought of as noun templates. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Base Word Composition |- ! Classifier !! Ordinal !! Generic !! Meaning |- | '''t''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''man'' |- | '''d''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''society'' |- | '''p''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''animal'' |- | '''f''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''plant'' |} == Base words of Group 2 == : Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as '''-er''' (verb infinitive marker) or '''-a''' (adjective marker): ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words | '''b-'''....''put'' || '''p-'''....''go'' |- | '''s-'''....''be'' || '''x-'''....''do'' |- | '''d-'''....''say'' || '''t-'''....''know'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ob'''....''off'' |- |'''bu'''....''to'' || '''bi'''....''from'' |- |'''if-'''....''love'' || '''uf-'''....''hate'' |- |'''fi-'''....''good'' || '''fu-'''....''bad'' |- |'''va'''....''yes'' || '''vo'''....''no'' |- |'''vya-'''^*....''true'' || '''vyo-'''....''false'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''o'''....''zero'' |} : *<small> As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include glided vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides '''y''' or '''w'''. So, for purposes here, '''ya''', '''ye''', '''yi''', '''yo''', '''yu''', '''wa''', and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "glided vowels".</small> == Consonants and Their Meanings == : The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Consonants and Their Meanings |- ! Consonant !! Group 1 Classifier !! Group 1 Generic !! Group 2 Classifier !! In Numbers |- | '''b''' || organ, health || organism || gesture, position || |- | '''d''' || society || family || communicating || |- | '''f''' || vegetation || textile, clothing || volition, attributes || |- | '''g''' || -- || measurement || quantity, attributes || |- | '''j''' || time || time || time || |- | '''k''' || -- || health || change, risk, attributes || |- | '''l''' || -- || element, food, liquid, nature || -- || '''l''' = ten |- | '''m''' || nature || place, building, furniture || temperature, light || '''ml''' = million<br>'''mr''' = billion |- | '''n''' || commerce || -- || -- || |- | '''p''' || animal, vehicle || motion || movement || |- | '''r''' || -- || tool, machine, cosmos || -- || '''r''' = thousand |- | '''s''' || form, image, furniture || thing || being, form, thing || '''s''' = hundred |- | '''t''' || human, body || person, animal || intelligence, knowing || |- | '''v''' || plant, color || linen || truth, attributes || |- | '''x''' || action || -- || action, doing, making || |- | '''z''' || -- || precious, art || spatial, attributes || |} : The following consonants functions rather than, or in addition to, semantic values: ::* '''l''' and '''r''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: '''baer'''....''to lean'', '''baler'''....''to press'', '''barer'''....''to crush''; ::* '''y''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''voa'''....''negative'' -> '''vyoa'''....''false'', or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''ama'''....''hot'' -> '''ayma'''....''warm''. ::* '''h''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Used functionally only in certain interjections like '''hoy'''....''goodbye'' and determiners like '''his'''....''this'', and has no semantic value. ::* '''w''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. '''tob'''....''person'' -> '''twob'''....''man'', or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. '''uber'''....''to send'' -> '''ubwer'''....''to be sent'', or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. '''awa'''....''one'', or 4) sometimes to substitute for '''y''' when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. '''jwo'''....''late'', instead of '''jyo'''. ::* '''n''':&nbsp;&nbsp; In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in '''ana'''....''only'', or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as '''fian'''....''goodness'' from '''fia'''....''good'', or from a verb, such '''axnen'''....''behaving'' from '''axner'''....''to behave''. == Vowels and Their Meanings == : Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types: ::* meronymic ::* hierarchical ::* geo-specific ::* oppositional/polar ::* vectorial ::* directional and positional ::* special === Ordinal Vowel Values === :: The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with '''y''' are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Vowels|Vowels]]. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Numeric Values of Vowels |- ! Ordinal Vowel !! '''o''' !! '''a''' !! '''e''' !! '''i''' !! '''u''' !! '''yo''' !! '''ya''' !! '''ye''' !! '''yi''' !! '''yu''' |- !row=1| Cardinal Number | 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 |} === Meronymic Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|meronymic}}''''' series. (This gradation can also be called '''''taxonomic'''''. The top element, or hypernym, has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are hyponyms or meronyms (= parts of the whole), and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. '''T<u>a</u>b''' (''body'') is the first meronym of '''t<u>o</u>b''' (''human being''), the hypernym or zeroth element. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Meronymic Series |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=7| Meronymic or Taxonomic |- ! 0 | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''fob'''....''plant'' || '''vob'''....''crop''|| '''mos'''....''floor''||'''som'''....''furniture''||'''tom'''....''building''||'''job'''....''time'' |- ! 1 | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''fab'''....''tree'' || '''vab'''....''grass''|| '''mas'''....''wall''||'''sam'''....''chest of drawers''||'''tam'''....''house''||'''jab'''....''year'' |- ! 2 | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''feb'''....''fruit'' || '''veb'''....''tuft''|| '''mes'''....''door''||'''sem'''....''table''||'''tem'''....''hall''||'''jeb'''....''season'' |- ! 3 | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''fib'''....''trunk'' || '''vib'''....''stalk''|| '''mis'''....''window''||'''sim'''....''chair''||'''tim'''....''room''||'''jib'''....''month'' |- ! 4 | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''fub'''....''branch'' || '''vub'''....''shoot''||'''mus'''....''stairs''||'''sum'''....''bed''||'''tum'''....''closet''||'''jub'''....''day'' |- ! 5 | '''tyob'''....''leg'' || '''fyob'''....''root'' || '''vyob'''....''tuber''|| || || ||'''jwob'''^*....''hour'' |- ! 6 | || || || || || ||'''jwab'''^*....''minute'' |- ! 7 | || || || || || ||'''jweb'''^*....''second'' |} * The letter '''w''' replaces the letter '''y''' following a '''j''', for ease of pronunciation. : The words that descend from the base word are called '''''meronyms'''''. A hypernym is a word that is higher in scale. === Hierarchical Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|hierarchical}}''''' series where the top element has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hierarchical Vowel Gradation |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=4| Hierarchy |- ! 0 | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''dot'''....''society'' || '''tod'''....''family''||'''xob'''....''organization'' |- ! 1 | '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''tad'''....''spouse''||'''xab'''....''staff'' |- ! 2 | '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ted'''....''parent''||'''xeb'''....''boss'' |- ! 3 | '''dib'''....''ministry'' || '''dit'''....''citizen'' ||'''tid'''....''sibling''||'''xib'''....''department'' |- ! 4 | '''dub'''....''minister'' || '''dut'''....''gentleman'' || '''tud'''....''child''||'''xub'''....''branch'' |} === Geo-specific Vowel Gradation === : Ordinals can have '''''{{color|blue|geo-specific}}''''' values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Geo-specific Vowel Values |- ! Ordinal ! Geo-sphere ! colspan=7| Examples |- | align=center | '''o''' || ''outer space, top level'' || '''m<u>o</u>p'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''outer space''|| '''mol'''....''nature''||'''dop'''....''military''||'''pop'''....''voyage''||'''mol'''....''nature''||'''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- | align=center | '''a''' || ''air, gas, sky'' || '''m<u>a</u>p'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' ||'''mal'''....''air''||'''dap'''....''air force''||'''pap'''....''flight''||'''mal'''....''wind''||'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | align=center | '''e''' || ''ground, soil, solid'' || '''m<u>e</u>p'''....''road'' || '''mem'''....''land''|| '''mel'''....''soil''||'''dep'''....''army''||'''pep'''....''ride''||'''mel'''....''soil''||'''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' |- | align=center | '''i''' || ''liquid'', ''water'', ''sea'' || '''m<u>i</u>p'''....''river'' || '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''mil'''....''water''||'''dip'''....''marines''|| '''pip'''....''navigation/sail''||'''mil'''....''water''||'''pit'''....''fish'' |- | align=center | '''u''' || ''underground'', ''mineral'', ''substance'' || '''m<u>u</u>p'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || '''mul'''....''mineral''|| ||'''pup'''....''tunneling''||'''mul'''....''matter''|| |} === Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation === : The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation |- ! Order || Mirad !! English |- | 0 || '''olza'''¹ || ''blank, of no color'' |- | 1 || '''alza''' || ''red'' |- | 2 || '''elza''' || ''orange'' |- | 3 || '''ilza''' || ''yellow'' |- | 4 || '''ulza''' || ''green'' |- | 5 || '''yolza''' || ''blue'' |- | 6 || '''yalza''' || ''purple'' |- | 7 || '''yelza''' || ''indigo'' |} {{small/top}} : 1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order. {{small/end}} : The colors black and white are: :* '''malza'''....''white'' :* '''molza'''....''black'' : Some colors are hybrids of two colors: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hybrid Colors |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''aolza''' || ''pink'' (a blend of ''blank'' and ''red'') |- | '''youlza''' || ''blue-green'' |- | '''maolza''' || ''gray'' (a blend of ''black'' and ''white'') |} : The word for ''brown'' is based on the word for ''soil'': :* '''melza'''....''brown'' (< '''mel'''....''soil'') : Two other colors are based on metals: :* '''agelkza'''....''silver'' (based on '''agelk'''....''silver metal'' :* '''aulkza'''....''gold'' (based on '''aulk'''....''gold metal'' === Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values === : In Group 2 stems: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Oppositional Vowel Values |- | '''a'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ya''' || intermediate || '''i'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yi''' |- | <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative || '''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ye''' || <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative |- | '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yo''' || value || '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yu''' |} ::* positive '''a''' contrasts with negative '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''av'''....''for'' vs. '''ov'''....''against'') ::* positive '''ya''' contrasts with negative '''yo'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yava'''....''innocent'' vs. '''yova'''....''guilty'') ::* positive '''i''' contrasts with negative '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''fia'''....''good'' vs. '''fua'''....''bad'') ::* positive '''yi''' contrasts with negative '''yu'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yiva'''....''free'' vs. '''yuva'''....''bound'') ::* '''e''' and '''ye''' are in-between values&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''eva'''....''neutral'', '''yeva'''....''fair'') ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation |- ! positive !! intermediate !! negative |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''ega'''....''normal'' || '''oga'''....''small'' |- | '''yava'''....''innocent'' || '''yeva'''....''just''|| '''yova'''....''guilty'' |- | '''ava'''....''for'' || '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''ova'''....''against'' |- | '''aker'''....''to win'' || '''eker'''....''to risk'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' |- | '''yak'''....''expectation'' || '''yek'''....''attempt'' || '''yok'''....''surprise'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || || '''fua'''....''bad'' |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || || '''ufer'''....''hate'' |- | '''yifa'''....''brave'' || || '''yufa'''....''afraid'' |} : Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit '''''oppositional''''' values: : The Group 1 base word '''bok''' (''illness'') is a good example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Group 1 base word with oppositional values |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- valign=top |'''bak'''....''health''||'''bek'''....''treatment''||'''bok'''....''illness'' |- |'''byak'''....''hygiene''||'''byek'''....''cure''||'''byok'''....''pain''<br>'''byoyk'''....''ache''<br>'''blok'''....''suffering''<br>'''brok'''....''agony'' |- |'''baak'''....''sanitation''|| ||'''book'''....''fatigue'' |- |'''bik'''....''care''|| ||'''buk'''....''wound''<br>'''buyk'''....''sore'' |} === Vectorial Vowel Values === : These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc. {{big/top}}&nbsp;&nbsp; ::::::'''a''' ::::::↑ ::::'''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;←&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;→&nbsp;&nbsp;'''i''' ::::::↓ ::::::'''o''' {{big/end}} :::'''a'''....''on, above, north'' ('''ab'''....''on'', '''zamer'''....''north'') :::'''e'''....''center, middle, equator'' ('''eb'''....''between'', '''ze'''....''center'') :::'''o'''....''off, below, south'' ('''ob'''....''off'', '''zomer'''....''south'') :::'''i'''....''right, east'' ('''zi'''....''right'', '''zimer'''....''east'') :::'''u'''....''left, west'' ('''zu'''....''left'', '''zumer'''....''west'') === Directional and Positional Vowel Values === {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Directional and Positional Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''z<u>a</u>mer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''b<u>a</u>er'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''<u>a</u>ber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''b<u>ya</u>er'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''<u>ya</u>ber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''z<u>o</u>mer'''....''south'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''b<u>yo</u>er'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''<u>o</u>per'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''p<u>yo</u>ser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''<u>yo</u>per'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''z<u>u</u>mer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''<u>u</u>ber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''p<u>yu</u>er'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''<u>yu</u>ber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''b<u>yu</u>ser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''z''i''mer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''p<u>i</u>er'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''<u>i</u>per'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''<u>yi</u>per'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''p<u>yi</u>ser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''z<u>e</u>mer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''<u>e</u>b'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''b<u>e</u>xer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''<u>ye</u>per'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''contain''|| '''b<u>ye</u>er'''....''contain'' |} === Special value of certain letters === : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular''. ::* '''aot'''....''person'' ::* '''anot'''....''individual'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yanber'''....''to compose'' ::* '''yonber'''....''to separate'' : The letter '''y''' is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural: ::* '''at'''....''I, me'' as opposed to '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''et'''....''you'' as opposed to '''yet'''....''you (pl.), you all'' ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''yit'''....''they, them'' ::* '''is'''....''it'' as opposed to '''yis'''....''they, them'' : The letter '''y''' is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''iyt'''....''she, her'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''toyb'''....''woman'' : The letter '''w''' is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''wit'''....''he, him'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''twob'''....''man'' === The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words === :: The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants. :: The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values. :: The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants |- ! Base Word !! Classifier Consonant !! Generic Consonant !! Scalarity Type |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''t''' = ''human'' || '''b''' = ''organism'' || meronymic |- | '''tof'''....''clothing'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''fabric'' || meronymic |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''society'' || meronymic |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place'' || meronymic |- | '''tov'''....''lingerie'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen'' || meronymic |- | '''tol'''....''nourishment'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''food'' || oppositional |- | '''top'''....''soul, spirit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''motion'' || meronymic |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''d''' = ''society'' || '''b''' = ''organism''||hierarchical |- | '''dop'''....''military'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement'' || geo-specific |- | '''dot'''....''society'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''human''|| hierarchical |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''j''' = ''time'' || '''b'''....''organism''|| hierarchical |- | '''fob'''....''vegetation'' || '''f''' = ''vegetable'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vob'''....''crop'' || '''v''' = ''plant'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vos'''....''flower'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''volz'''....''color'' || " " " || '''lz''' = ''color, art''|| spectral |- | '''som'''....''furniture'' || '''s''' = ''thing'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| meronymic |- | '''mos'''....''floor'' || '''m''' = ''place, nature'' || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''mor'''....''universe'' || " " " || '''r''' = ''machine, system''|| geo-specific |- | '''mom'''....''outer space'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''mol'''....''nature'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''substance''|| geo-specific |- | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement''|| geo-specific |- | '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''p''' = ''movement'' || '''t''' = ''human, animal''|| geo-specific |- | '''bok'''....''illness'' || '''b''' = ''organ'' || '''k''' = ''condition''|| oppositional |- | '''nom'''....''place'' || '''n''' = ''commercial'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| special |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || " " " || '''g''' = ''measurement''|| special |- | '''nof'''....''cloth'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''cloth''|| special |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen''|| special |- | '''nod'''....''point'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''communication''|| special |- | '''xob'''....''organization'' || '''x''' = ''action'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| hierarchical |} ==== Special Arrangement ==== : Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart. {| border=0 {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Other Group 1 Base Words |- valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! d- <br>communication |- | '''daz'''<br>''dance'' |- | '''dyaz'''<br>''ballet'' |- | '''dyez'''<br>''cinema'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''dez'''<br>''theater'' |- | '''diz'''<br>''comedy'' |- | '''din'''<br>''story'' |- | '''dun'''<br>''word'' |- | '''duz'''<br>''music'' |- | '''dyun'''<br>''name'' |- | '''dyan'''<br>''sentence'' |- | '''dyes'''<br>''book'' |- | '''deup'''<br>''rhythm'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! dr- <br>write |- | '''drof'''<br>''board'' |- | '''draf'''<br>''card'' |- | '''dref'''<br>''paper'' |- | '''drov'''<br>''cardboard'' |- | '''drav'''<br>''notebook'' |- | '''drev'''<br>''page'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''drar'''<br>''pencil'' |- | '''drir'''<br>''typewriter'' |- | '''drur'''<br>''printer'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! m- <br>nature |- | '''mag'''<br>''fire'' |- | '''mak'''<br>''electricity'' |- | '''mog'''<br>''ash'' |- | '''meg'''<br>''stone'' |- | '''mef'''<br>''brick'' |- | '''mug'''<br>''metal'' |- | '''muk'''<br>''mineral'' |- | '''mez'''<br>''crystal'' |- | '''mek'''<br>''dust'' |- | '''myek'''<br>''powder'' |- | '''mav'''<br>''flame'' |- | '''mov'''<br>''smoke'' |- | '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' |- | '''maj'''<br>''daytime'' |- | '''moj'''<br>''night'' |- | '''man'''<br>''light'' |- | '''maz'''<br>''shine'' |- | '''mon'''<br>''shade'' |- | '''moz'''<br>''dark'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! n- <br>commerce |- | '''naz'''<br>''value'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' |- | '''nax'''<br>''price'' |- | '''nyaz'''<br>''wealth'' |- | '''nyan'''<br>''stack'' |- | '''nox'''<br>''expense'' |- | '''nyox'''<br>''waste'' |- | '''nex'''<br>''saving'' |- | '''nyex'''<br>''storing'' |- | '''nix'''<br>''earning'' |- | '''nyix'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nux'''<br>''pay'' |- | '''nyux'''<br>''supply'' |- | '''nun'''<br>''merchandise'' |- | '''nyun'''<br>''product'' |- | '''nuz'''<br>''jewel'' |- | '''nem'''<br>''location'' |- | '''nyem'''<br>''place'' |- | '''nyeb'''<br>''box'' |- | '''nab'''<br>''row'' |- | '''nap'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nad'''<br>''line'' |- | '''nod'''<br>''point'' |- | '''ned'''<br>''plane'' |- | '''nyed'''<br>''grid'' |- | '''nyad'''<br>''chain'' |- | '''nid'''<br>''volume'' |- | '''nag'''<br>''measure'' |- | '''nak'''<br>''metric value'' |- | '''nog'''<br>''degree'' |- | '''nig'''<br>''space'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! j- <br>time |- | '''jag'''<br>''age'' |- | '''jud'''<br>''date'' |- | '''jod'''<br>''instance'' |- | '''jop'''<br>''sequence'' |- | '''jep'''<br>''process'' |- | '''jwap'''<br>''moment'' |- | '''jwep'''<br>''instant'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! s- <br>thing |- | '''sag'''<br>''number'' |- | '''saz'''<br>''sculpture'' |- | '''san'''<br>''form'' |- | '''saun'''<br>''kind'' |- | '''son'''<br>''matter (abstract)'' |- | '''sin'''<br>''image'' |- | '''siz'''<br>''painting'' |- | '''sun'''<br>''thing (concrete)'' |- | '''syan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''syen'''<br>''style'' |- | '''syin'''<br>''subject'' |- | '''syun'''<br>''object'' |- | '''sar'''<br>''instrument'' |- | '''sir'''<br>''machine'' |- | '''sor'''<br>''engine'' |- | '''sur'''<br>''motor'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! t- <br>human / knowledge |- | '''taz'''<br>''statue'' |- | '''tap'''<br>''physique'' |- | '''tep'''<br>''mind'' |- | '''top'''<br>''spirit'' |- | '''tuz'''<br>''art'' |- | '''toz'''<br>''skin color'' |- | '''tez'''<br>''culture'' |- | '''tyez'''<br>''magic'' |- | '''tin'''<br>''doctrine'' |- | '''tun'''<br>''science'' |- | '''tyan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''tyen'''<br>''skill'' |- | '''tyun'''<br>''idea'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''sensation'' |- | '''tes'''<br>''meaning'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' |- | '''tat'''<br>''angel'' |} |} === The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words === :: The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival ('''-a'''), adverbial ('''-ay'''), and verbal inflections ('''-er''', '''-ser''', '''-xer''', etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem. :: The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Stems of Group 2 Base Words |- ! Classifier Consonant !! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative |- ! rowspan=4|'''j''' <br>(''time'') | '''ja'''<br>''before'' || '''je'''<br>''during'' || '''jo'''<br>''after''||'''ji'''<br>''since'' || '''ju'''<br>''until'' |- | '''aj'''<br>''past'' || '''ej'''<br>''present'' || '''oj'''<br>''future'' || '''ij^er'''<br>''beginning/begin'' || '''uj/^er'''<br>''end/end'' |- | '''taj^er'''<br>''birth/to be born'' || '''tej^er'''<br>''life/to live'' || '''toj^er'''<br>''death/to die'' || '''tij^er'''<br>''awake state/to be awake'' || '''tuj^er'''<br>''sleep/to sleep'' |- | '''jwa'''<br>''early'' || '''jwe'''<br>''on time'' || '''jwo'''<br>''late'' || '''yij^a'''<br>''opening/open'' || '''yuj^a'''<br>''closing/closed'' |- !rowspan=4| '''g'''<br>(''measurement'') | '''ga'''<br>''more'' || '''ge'''<br>''equal'' || '''go'''<br>''less''|| '''gi'''ⁿ<br>''point'' || '''gu'''ⁿ<br>''angle'' |- | '''ag'''^a<br>''big'' || '''eg^a'''<br>''normal'' || '''og'''^a<br>''small'' || '''ig'''^a<br>''fast'' || '''ug'''^a<br>''slow'' |- | '''yag'''^a<br>''long'' || '''yeg'''^a<br>''normal'' || '''yog'''^a<br>''short'' || '''yig'''^a<br>''hard'' || '''yug'''^a<br>''soft'' |- | '''gya'''^a<br>''thick'' || '''gye'''^a<br>''enough'' || '''gyo-'''<br>''thin'' || '''gyi'''^a<br>''solid'' || '''gyu'''^a<br>''fragile'' |- !rowspan=4| '''k'''<br>(''randomness'') | '''ka'''^xer<br>''find'' || '''ke'''^xer<br>''seek'' || '''ko'''^xer<br>''hide'' || '''ki'''^a<br>''oblique''|| '''ku'''^a<br>''lateral'' |- | '''ak'''^er<br>''win'' || '''ek'''^er<br>''play'' || '''ok'''^er<br>''lose'' || '''ik'''^a<br>''full'' || '''uk'''^a<br>''empty'' |- | '''yak'''^er<br>''expect'' || '''yek'''^er<br>''try'' || '''yok'''^er<br>''suprise'' || '''yik'''^a<br>''difficult'' || '''yuk'''^a<br>''easy'' |- | '''kya'''^a<br>''mobile'' || '''kye'''^a<br>''haphazard'' || '''kyo'''^a<br>''fixed'' ||'''kyi'''^a<br>''heavy'' || '''kyu'''^a<br>''light'' |- ! '''m'''<br>(''nature'') | '''am'''^a<br>''hot'' || -- || '''om'''^a<br>''cold'' || '''im'''^a<br>''wet'' || '''um'''^a<br>''dry'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''f'''^er<br>(''want'', qualities) | || || || '''fi'''^a<br>''good'' || '''fu'''^a<br>''bad'' |- | '''fya'''^a<br>''holy'' || '''fye'''^a<br>''mythical'' || '''fyo'''^a<br>''profane''|| '''fyi'''^a<br>''useful'' || '''fyu'''^a<br>''harmful'' |- | '''yaf'''^er<br>''be able'' || '''yef'''^er<br>''must''|| '''yof'''^er<br>''cannot'' || '''yif'''^er<br>''dare'' || '''yuf'''^er<br>''fear'' |- | '''af'''^er<br>''may'' || '''ef'''^er<br>''need'' || '''of'''^er<br>''be prohibited'' || '''if'''^er<br>''love'' || '''uf'''^er<br>''hate'' |- !rowspan=6| '''v'''<br>(''truth, qualities'' ) | '''va'''<br>''yes'' || '''ve'''<br>''maybe'' || '''vo'''<br>''no''|| '''vi'''^a<br>''beautiful'' || '''vu'''^a<br>''ugly'' |- | '''vay'''<br>''really''||'''vey'''<br>''may''||'''voy'''<br>''not'' || || |- | '''av'''<br>''for'' || '''ev'''^a<br>''neutral'' || '''ov'''<br>''against''|| '''iv'''^a<br>''happy'' || '''uv'''^a<br>''sad'' |- | '''vya'''^a<br>''true'' || '''vye'''^a<br>''relative'' || '''vyo'''^a<br>''false''|| '''vyi'''^a<br>''clean'' || '''vyu'''^a<br>''dirty'' |- | '''yav'''^a<br>''innocent'' || '''yev'''^a<br>''fair'' || '''yov'''^a<br>''guilty''|| '''yiv'''^a<br>''free'' || '''yuv'''^a<br>''captive'' |- | '''van'''<br>''that'' || '''ven'''<br>''if'' || '''von'''<br>''lest''|| || |- ! rowspan=5|'''z'''<br>(spatial) | '''za'''<br>''in front of'' || '''ze'''<br>''in the middle of'' || '''zo'''<br>''in back of''|| '''zi'''^a<br>''right'' || '''zu'''^a<br>''left'' |- | '''zay'''<br>''ahead'' || '''zey'''<br>''across'' || '''zoy'''<br>''back, re-''|| || |- | '''zya'''^a<br>''wide'' || '''zye'''<br>''through'' || '''zyo'''^a<br>''narrow''||'''zyi'''^a<br>''flat'' || '''zyu'''^a<br>''round'' |- | '''az'''^a<br>''strong'' || '''ez'''^a<br>''moderate'' || '''oz'''^a<br>''weak''|| '''iz'''^a<br>''straight'' || '''uz'''^a<br>''curved'' |- | '''yaz'''^a<br>''convex'' || '''yez'''<br>''along'' || '''yoz'''^a<br>''concave'' || '''yiz'''<br>''beyond'' || '''yuz'''<br>''around'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''b-'''^er<br>(''put'') | '''ba'''^y/(^xer)<br>''with, (agitate)'' || '''be'''^y/(^(xer))<br>''at/by, (hold)'' || '''bo'''^y(^xer)<br>''without/(calm)''|| '''bi^(er/xer)'''<br>''from, (take/pull)'' || '''bu'''^(er/xer)<br>''to, (give/push)'' |- | '''ab'''^(er)<br>''on,(put on)'' || '''eb'''^(er)<br>''between,(block)'' || '''ob'''(^er)<br>''off,(take off)'' || '''ib'''^(er)<br>''away,(receive)'' || '''ub'''^(er)<br>''toward,(send)'' |- | '''bya'''^ser/xer<br>''stand/erect'' || '''bye'''^xer<br>''tap'' || '''byo'''^ser/xer<br>''hang/hang''|| '''byi'''^(ser)<br>''since,(originate)'' || '''byu'''^(ser/xer)<br>''up to,(contact/touch)'' |- | '''yab'''^(er)<br>''up,(raise)'' || '''yeb'''^(er)<br>''in,(put in)''<br>'''oyeb'''^(er)<br>''out,(take out)'' || '''yob'''^(er)<br>''down,(lower)''|| '''yib'''^(er)<br>''far,(remove)'' || '''yub'''^(er)<br>''near,(bring)'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''p'''^er<br>(''go'') | '''pa'''^ser/xer<br>''move/move'' || '''pe'''^ser/xer<br>''wait/trap'' || '''po'''^ser/xer<br>''stop/stop''|| '''pi'''^er/ser/xer<br>''leave/withdraw/catch'' || '''pu'''^er/ser/xer<br>''arrive/jump/throw'' |- | '''pya'''^er/ser/xer<br>''hover/jump up/launch'' || '''pye'''^ser/xer<br>''encounter/strike'' || '''pyo'''^ser/xer<br>''fall/drop''|| '''pyi'''^ser/xer<br>''emanate/derive'' || '''pyu'''^ser/xer<br>''reach/impact'' |- | '''yap'''^er<br>''rise'' || '''yep'''^er<br>''enter'' || '''yop'''^er<br>''descend''|| '''yip'''^er<br>''go far'' || '''yup'''^er<br>''approach'' |- | '''ap'''^er<br>''get on'' || '''ep'''^er<br>''intervene'' || '''op'''^er<br>''get off'' || '''ip'''^er<br>''go away'' ||'''up'''^er<br>''come'' |- !rowspan=2| '''s'''^er<br>(''be'') | '''sa'''^n/s/xer<br>''shape/evolve/make'' ||'''se'''^xer<br>''build'' || '''so'''^n/xer<br>''matter/destroy''|| '''si'''^n/yn<br>''image/sign'' || '''su'''^n/er/xer<br>''thing/provide/realize'' |- | '''as'''^er<br>''become'' || '''es'''^er<br>''exist'' || '''os'''^er<br>''cease to be'' || || |- ! rowspan=3|'''x'''^er<br>(''do'' ) | '''xa'''^ler<br>''execute'' || '''xe'''^ler<br>''practice'' || '''xo'''^ler<br>''fail'' || '''xi'''^ler<br>''undertake'' || '''xu'''^ler<br>''provoke'' |- |'''ax'''^ler<br>''act'' || '''ex'''^er<br>''function'' || '''ox'''^ler<br>''abstain'' || '''ix'''^er<br>''effect'' || '''ux'''^er<br>''cause'' |- | '''yax'''^er<br>''be busy'' || '''yex'''^er<br>''work'' || '''yox'''^er<br>''be idle'' || '''yix'''^er<br>''use'' || '''yux'''^er<br>''help'' |- ! '''t'''^er/rer/yer<br>(''know/recognize/know how'') | '''ta'''^xer<br>''remember'' || '''te'''^xer<br>''think'' || '''to'''^xer<br>''forget'' || '''ti'''^er/xer<br>''learn/study''<br>'''tri'''^er<br>''get to know''<br>'''tyi'''^er<br>''learn how'' || '''tu'''^er/xer/uxer<br>''inform/teach/raise''<br>'''tru'''^er<br>''familiarize''<br>'''tyu'''^er<br>''train'' |- ! '''d'''^er/rer<br>(''say/write'') | '''da'''^ler<br>''talk'' || '''de'''^ler<br>''state''<br>'''dye'''^er<br>''read'' || '''do'''^ler<br>''be silent''<br>'''dro'''^er<br>''erase'' || '''di'''^er/ler/rer<br>''ask/beg/require'' || '''du'''^er/ler/rer<br>''suggest/insist/demand''<br>'''dyu'''^er<br>''call'' |- ! rowspan=2|'''h-'''<br>(determiners) | '''ha'''^(a)<br>''the'' || '''he'''^a<br>''some'' || '''ho'''^a<br>''which'' || '''hi'''^a<br>''this'' || '''hu'''^a<br>''that'' |- | '''hya'''^(a)<br>''all'' || '''hye'''^a<br>''any'' || '''hyo'''^a<br>''no'' || '''hyi'''^a<br>''same'' || '''hyu'''^a<br>''other'' |- ! rowspan=2| (conjunctions) |'''ay'''<br>''and'' || '''ey'''<br>''or'' || '''oy'''<br>''but'' || || |- |'''ya'''ⁿ<br>''together'' || ||'''yo'''ⁿ<br>''apart''|| || |- ! rowspan=2| (numbers) | '''a'''<br>''one''|| '''e'''<br>''two''|| '''o'''<br>''zero''|| '''i'''<br>''three''|| '''u'''<br>''four'' |- | '''ya'''<br>''six''|| '''ye'''<br>''seven''|| '''yo'''<br>''five''|| '''yi'''<br>''eight''|| '''yu'''<br>''nine'' |- ! rowspan=1| (privatives) | || || '''lo-''' (''dis-/un-'')<br>'''lyo-''' (''dis-'')<br>'''oy-''' (''-less'')|| || |} :: <small>* Mixed root. '''taj/tej/toj''' instead of '''yaj/yej/yoj''', because the human letter root '''t''' is more intuitive.</small> :: Note: The opposition '''(y)a'''-'''(y)e'''-'''(y)o''' is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but '''(y)i-(y)u''' is two-way, without any intermediary sense. == Derived Word Formation Rules == : Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building: : These consist of the following rules: ::# Compounding ::# Affixation ::# Ordinal Vowel Scaling ::# Overlapping ::# Adding Ordinal Vowels ::# Swapping Generic Consonants ::# Marking Words for Gender ::# Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels ::# Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels ::# Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern ::# Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === Rule #1: Compounding === [[File:Compound 6 (maraviroc development).svg|thumb|]] : Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Compounding |- ! Component 1 !! Component 2 !! Compound |- | '''mor'''....''cosmos'' || '''tun'''....''science, -ology'' || '''mortun'''....''cosmology'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''memyaz'''....''mountain'' || '''magmemyaz'''....''volcano'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''mem'''....''land'' || '''dobmem'''....''territory'' |- | '''tul'''....''dish'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''tuldras'''....''menu'' |- | '''sin'''....''picture'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''sindras'''....''description'' |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''kyoxer'''....''to fix (in place)'' || '''tamkyoxer'''....''to settle'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''kyo-'''....''fixed'' || '''tep-'''....''mind'' || '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn'' |} : Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for ''rain'', for example, is '''ma(m)''' (''sky'') + '''mil''' (''water''), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, '''mamil'''. : When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg: :* '''uzra'''....''twisted'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ---> '''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' :* '''kyoa'''....''fixed'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn, obsessed'' :* '''aza'''....''strong'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''tepaza'''....''intelligent'' :* '''fua'''....''bad'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''futipa'''....''cross, ill-tempered'' :* '''aga'''....''big'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''tipaga'''....''magnanimous, generous'' === Rule #2: Affixation === [[File:Word Cloud of Various Prefixes.png|thumb|]] : Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes: ==== Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Base !! Compound |- | '''ja'''....''before'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''japer'''....''to precede'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''joper'''....''to follow'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' ||'''der'''....''to say'' || '''vader'''....''to affirm'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''dras'''....''something written'' || '''jodras'''....''postscript'' |- | '''za'''....''ahead'' ||'''jub'''....''day'' || '''zajub'''....''tomorrow'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' ||'''mel'''....''land'' || '''yonmel'''....''island'' |} : Prepositional prefixes ending in '''b''' with verbs '''per''' and '''ber''' (and their derivations) lose the '''b''' before verbal elements based on '''per''' (''go'') and '''ber''' (''put''), as shown in the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Assimilation of b and p |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! New Verb |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' (NOT: '''yabber''') |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' (NOT: '''yabper''') |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''aber'''....''put on, apply'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''aper'''....''get on, mount'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''ober'''....''take off, remove'' |- | '''ob'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''bux'''....''a push'' || '''yebux'''....''impulse'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall'' || '''yepyoser'''....''collapse'' |} : The loss of the '''b''' in the above words in one of the only cases of '''''fusion''''' in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form. Another case of fusion is when so-called '''''stubs''''' are combined. For example, '''doyijem''' (''public square''), which is composed of '''do(m)'''....''city'' + '''yij(a)'''....''open'' + '''(n)em'''....''place''. The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix '''a-''' can have many different meanings. : The adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped¹, as is the '''er''' or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that '''tyoyab''' becomes '''tyoya-'''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! Compound Verb |- | '''oza'''....''weak'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ozder'''....''whisper'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yagder'''....''ramble'' |- | '''aja'''....''past'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ajder'''....''evoke'' |- | '''yoga'''....''short'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yogder'''....''summarize'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''tyoyaper'''....''walk'' |- | '''dreer'''....''write'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' || '''dresar'''....''pencil'' |- | '''tuyob'''....''hand'' || '''dren'''....''writing'' || '''tuyodren'''....''manuscript'' |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mamil'''....''rain'' |} : <small>¹: Sometimes, the adjective ending '''a''' is retained when an adjective is compounded with '''xer''' or '''ser'''. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, '''aga''' + '''xer''' can produce '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' or '''agxer'''....''to grow''. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.</small> ==== Most Common Mirad Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Common Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Examples |- |'''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-''||'''anzyukpar'''....''unicycle''<br> '''antotin'''....''monotheism''<br>'''adeb'''....''emperor'' |- |'''aa-'''....''arch-, first-, prime''||'''aadub'''....''prime minister''<br>'''aatat'''....''archangel''<br>'''aavyan'''....''principle''<br>'''aasaun'''....''prototype'' |- |'''aag-'''....''arch-, main, macro-''||'''aagmep'''....''highway''<br> '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution''<br> '''aagovekut'''....''archrival'' |- |'''aaj-'''....''paleo-, proto-''||'''aajtobtun'''....''paleoanthropology''<br> '''aajsiyn'''....''fossil'' |- |'''ab-'''....''ad-, top, on, epi-''||'''abtob'''....''superman''<br> '''abtim'''....''attic''<br> '''abzen'''....''epicenter'' |- |'''aj-'''....''former, ex-'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife''<br>'''ajdeb'''....''former leader'' |- |'''ayb-'''....''over-, super-, hyper-, sur-''||'''aybmep'''....''overpass''<br>'''aybdresin'''....''superscript''<br>'''aybdyun'''....''hypernym'' |- |'''ag-'''....''mega(lo)-'' || '''agvyotos'''....''megalomania''<br>'''agtoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''alo(n)-'''....''deca-, ten-''||'''alojaga'''....''ten years old''<br> '''alojab'''....''decade''<br> '''alonsuna'''....''decimal'' |- |'''aloy(n)-'''....''deci-, tenth-''||'''aloynux'''....''tithe''<br> '''aloyngoler'''....''decimate'' |- |'''am-'''....''thermo-''||'''amzemula'''....''thermonuclear''<br> '''amvyabxar'''....''thermostat'' |- |'''amlo(n)-'''....''mega-''||'''amloagvunak'''....''megavolt''<br> '''amlotoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''amloyn-'''....''micro-''||'''amloynjweb'''....''microsecond'' |- |'''anyen-'''....''idio-''||'''anyenboka'''....''idiopathic''<br> '''anyendyan'''....''idiom''<br> '''anyentepa'''....''idiotic'' |- |'''ao(b/p)-'''....''north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axis''||'''aonab'''....''column'', ''x-y-axis''<br> '''aopuys yuzpar'''....''hop-on-hop-off bus''<br> '''aonada'''....''vertical'' |- |'''aoye(b/p)-'''....''in-and-out''||'''aoyebar'''....''piston''<br> '''aoyebelen'''....''import-exports''<br> '''aoyepaper'''....''fly in and out'' |- |'''aro(n)-'''....''kilo-''||'''aronminak'''....''kilometer''<br> '''arobanak'''....''kilobit'' |- |'''aroyn-'''....''milli-''||'''aroynvunak'''....''millivolt''<br> '''aoynwunak'''....''milliwatt'' |- |'''(a)so(n)'''....''cent-''||'''asojagat'''....''centenarian''<br> '''asolinak'''....''hectoliter''<br> '''sojab'''....''century'' |- |'''asoy(n)-'''....''cent-, centi-''||'''asoygenak'''....''centigram''<br> '''asoylinak'''....''centiliter'' |- |'''av-'''....''pro-''||'''avYanotina'''....''pro-Communist'' |- |'''ayn-'''....''full-, holo-, whole-''||'''aynnuut'''....''wholesaler''<br> '''aynsin'''....''hologram''<br> '''aynteptija'''....''fully-conscious'' |- |'''e(b/p)-'''....''inter-''||'''ebmos'''....''mezzanine''<br> '''ebyanmulxer'''....''intermingle''<br> '''eper'''....''intercede'' |- |'''ejna-'''....''neo-''||'''ejnadun'''....''neologism''<br> '''ejnaobdabin'''....''neocolonialism'' |- |'''e(n)-'''....''ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two-''||'''entyoba'''....''bipedal''<br> '''enzyuspar'''....''bicycle''<br> '''envolza'''....''dichromatic'' |- |'''eon-'''....''duo-, double-, twin-''||'''eonin'''....''dualism''<br> '''eondal'''....''double-speak''<br> '''eonsum'''....''twin bed'' |- |'''ev-'''....''a-, neutral'' ||'''evdofina'''....''amoral''<br>'''evdabtuna'''....''apolitical'' |- |'''ey(b/p)-'''....''intra-, among''||'''eybmasa'''....''intramural''<br> '''eybmimkuma'''....''intracoastal'' |- |'''eyn-'''....''demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi-''||'''eynzyus'''....''semi-circle''<br> '''eynzyup'''....''half-turn''<br> '''eyntilsyeb'''....''demitassee''<br> '''eynyonmel'''....''peninsula'' |- |'''fi-'''....''bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well-''||'''fixut'''....''benefactor''<br> '''fidrawa'''....''well-written''<br> '''fitos'''...''euphoria'' |- |'''fu-'''....''dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly-''||'''futos'''....''dysphoria''<br> '''futuwa'''....''ill-informed''<br> '''fuxeyn'''....''malfeasance'' |- |'''fya-'''....''hiero-, holy-, sancti-''||'''fyasdresiyn'''....''hieroglyphic''<br> '''fyader'''....''sanctify''<br> '''fyatwed'''....''holy father'' |- |'''fye-'''....''mythical, fantasy''||'''fyetop'''....''phantom''<br> '''fyetobet'''....''elfin''<br> '''fyetexer'''...''fantacize''<br> '''fyedin'''....''fantasy'' |- |'''fyo-'''....''evil, profane'' ||'''fyotez'''....''occult''<br>'''fyotat'''....''devil''<br>'''fyotyez'''....''witchcraft'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-, again'' || '''gawteaper'''....''revisit''<br> '''gawaker'''....''regain'' |- |'''garale-'''....''tera-''||'''garaleagbanak'''....''terabyte'' |- |'''garalyi-'''....''exa-''||'''garalyibanak'''....''exabit'' |- |'''garalyo-'''....''peta-''||'''galayoagbanak'''....''petabyte'' |- |'''garela-'''....''zetta-''||'''garelaagbanak'''....''zettabyte'' |- |'''garelu-'''....''yotta-''||'''gareluagbanak'''....''yottabyte'' |- |'''ge-'''....''equal to, equi-, even-''||'''geyafwa'''....''equipollent''<br> '''genaza'''....''equivalent'' |- |'''gel-'''....''homo-, like-, simul-''||'''gelzena'''....''homocentric''<br> '''gelvolza'''....''homochromatic'' |- |'''geyl-'''....''simul-''||'''geyldyan'''....''simile''<br> '''geylxer'''....''assimilate'' |- |'''gla-'''....''many-, multi-, poly-''||'''glatyenika'''....''multi-skilled''<br> '''glatwada'''....''polyandrous''<br> '''glavolza'''....''many-hued'' |- |'''glo-'''....''mini-, little-, few-''||'''gloduna'''....''succint, of few words''<br> '''glonixea'''....''low-earning'' |- |'''gorale-'''....''pico-''||'''goraleagfenak'''....''picofarad'' |- |'''goralyi-'''....''atto-''||'''goralyigenak'''....''attogram'' |- |'''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||'''goralyoon'''....''quadrillionth'' |- |'''goralyu-'''....''nano-''||'''goralyusonak'''....''nanosecond'' |- |'''gorela-'''....''zepto-''||'''gorelagenak'''....''zeptogram'' |- |'''gorelu-'''....''yocto-''||'''gorelugenak'''....''yoctogram'' |- |'''gra-'''....''extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra-''||'''gratosea'''....''hypersensitive''<br> '''grazoyaxler'''....''overreact''<br> '''granoxea'''....''extravagant'' |- |'''gro-'''....''hypo-, under-''||'''groyixlawa'''....''underemployed''<br> '''groaman'''....''hypothermia'' |- |'''gwa-'''....''hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure, macro-''||'''gwayelza'''....''pure pink''<br> '''gwayafa'''....''supreme''<br> '''gwauja'''....''ultimate''<br> '''gwazoa'''....''hindmost'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''least-, mini-, micro-''||'''gwosag'''....''minimum''<br> '''gwoyuzpur'''....''minibus''<br>'''gwoexlus'''....''microprocessor'' |- |'''hi-'''....''hither, these, this''||'''his'''....''this''<br> '''hisi'''....''these''<br> '''him'''....''here'' |- |'''hya(s)-'''....''pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every-''||'''hyas'''....''everything''<br> '''hyati'''....''all of them''<br> '''hyastea'''....''omniscient''<br> '''hyataadifa'''....''pansexual'' |- |'''hu-'''....''that''||'''hus'''....''that''<br> '''huj'''....''then''<br> '''huyen'''...''that way'' |- |'''huim-'''....''here-and-there, here-and-yon''||'''huimkexer'''....''search high and low''<br> '''huimpaper'''....''fly here and there''<br> '''hyuimpoper'''....''travel here-and-there'' |- |'''huu-'''....''so, such''||'''huugla'''....''so, so very''<br> '''hus'''....''such''<br> '''huyen'''....''in such a way, so, thus'' |- |'''hyaewa-'''....''ambi-''||'''hyaewati'''....''both of them''<br> '''hyaewaziza'''....''ambidextrous''<br> '''hyaewatoobifa'''....''ambi-sexual'' |- |'''hye-'''....''-ever, any, whatever, whichever''||'''hyem'''....''anywhere, wherever''<br> '''hyempea'''....''erratic''<br> '''hjej'''....''ever, anytime'' |- |'''hyi-'''....''homo-, like-, same, syn-''||'''hyitoobifa'''....''homosexual''<br> '''hyis'''....''same thing''<br> '''hyijoba'''....''synchronous'' |- |'''hyo(s)-'''....''nothing, a-'' || '''hyostosea'''....''apathetic'' |- |'''hyu(t/s)-'''....''alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, else''||'''hyutoobifa'''....''heterosexual''<br> '''hyua'''....''another, alternate''<br> '''hyutufa'''....''xenophobic''<br> '''hyus'''....''something else'' |- |'''hyui(t/s)-'''....''cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal''||'''hyuitvikaxen'''....''mutual admiration''<br> '''hyuixer'''....''reciprocate''<br> '''hyuisa'''....''mutual, reciprocal''<br> '''hyuitif'''....''mutual love'' |- |'''i-'''....''toward the speaker''||'''iber'''....''receive''<br>'''ixer'''....''result'' |- |'''ik-'''....''fully, thoroughly''||'''iktoxer'''....''forget completely''<br> '''iktos'''....''satisfaction''<br> '''ikyebixer'''....''engulf, swallow up completely'' |- |'''in-'''....''three-, tri-, tripl-, tern-''||'''inzyuspar'''....''tricycle''<br> '''inaga'''....''three-dimensional''<br> '''injiba'''....''trimensual''<br> '''insuna'''....''ternary''<br> '''intotan'''....''trinity'' |- |'''iyn-'''....''terci-, third''||'''iyna'''....''terciary''<br> '''iynxer'''....''cut into thirds'' |- |'''iz-'''....''ortho-, recti-, right-, straight-''||'''iznada'''....''rectilinear''<br> '''izguna'''....''orthogonal''<br> '''iztin'''....''orthdoxy''<br> '''izdea'''....''forthright'' |- |'''ja-'''....''ante-, fore-, pre-''||'''jaupya'''....''foregone''<br> '''jauper'''....''precede''<br> '''jadropeka'''....''antebellum'' |- |'''je-'''....''per-, continuously, ever-''||'''jetejer'''....''persevere''<br>'''jeteaxer'''....''watch''<br>'''jexrer'''....''perpetuate'' |- |'''jo-'''....''after-, meta-, post-''||'''joexlen'''....''postprocessing''<br> '''jomir'''....''metasphere''<br> '''jotej'''....''afterlife'' |- |'''jwa-'''....''early-, eo-, preter-, proto-''||'''jwaber'''....''prepare''<br> '''jwatuun'''....''premonition''<br> '''jwadodin'''....''early history, protohistory''<br> '''jwamola'''....''preternatural''<br> '''jwajoeb'''....''eocene'' |- |'''jwo-'''....''ceno-, late-, latter-, tard-''||'''jwonux'''....''late payment''<br> '''jwoa'''....''tardy''<br> '''jwoteja'''....''cenozoic'' |- |'''ko-'''....''cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth-''||'''koa'''....''covert''<br> '''koexut'''....''spy''<br> '''koyeper'''....''sneak in'' |- |'''(ko)vyo-'''....''pseudo-, mis-, wrong-''||'''kovyotun'''....''pseudoscience''<br>'''vyobekuer'''....''to mistreat'' |- |'''ku-'''....''para-''||'''kuifut'''....''paramour''<br> '''kuteliut'''....''parasite''<br> '''kuteptun'''....''parapsychology'' |- |'''kya-'''....''alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross-''||'''kyaember'''....''relocate''<br> '''kyajoba'''....''diachronic''<br> '''kyatajnad'''....''crossbreed''<br> '''kyatooba'''....''transgendered''<br> '''kyavolza'''....''variegated, motley'' |- |'''kyao-'''....''falteringly, unsteadily''||'''kyaoper'''....''stagger''<br> '''kyaotexer'''....''vacillate'' |- |'''kye-'''....''chance-, hap-, random-''||'''kyea'''....''haphazard''<br> '''kyebyus'''....''chance encounter''<br> '''kyeteater'''....''happen to see''<br> '''kyesauna'''....''of a random type'' |- |'''kyo-'''....''fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat-''||'''kyosaun'''....''stereotype''<br> '''kyopa'''....''stable, static, stationary''<br> '''kyoson'''....''status'' |- |'''lo-'''....''dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un-''||'''lozeb'''....''disequilibrium''<br> '''loyuvlaxer'''....''disengage''<br> '''loyuzyuber'''....''uncoil''<br> '''lomulvyusber'''....''decontaminate'' |- |'''logel-'''....''hetero-, different-''||'''logelsauna'''....''heterogenous''<br>'''logelaxer'''....''differentiate'' |- |'''maz-'''....''bright-''||'''mazteaba'''....''bright-eyed'' |- |'''mial-'''....''hygro-, atmo-, vapori-''||'''mialama'''....''hygrothermal''<br>'''mialnagar'''....''atomometer, vaporimeter'' |- |'''mil-'''....''aqua-, hydro-, water-''||'''milyexun'''....''aquaculture''<br> '''milmaka'''....''hydroelectric''<br> '''miltilsyeb'''....''water glass'' |- |'''mul-'''....''hylo-, substance''||'''mulsana'''....''hylomorphic'' |- |'''o(l)-'''....''a-, dis-, non-, un-, in-''||'''ovyilxwa'''....''unwashed''<br> '''omalza'''....''non-white''<br> '''ototina'''....''atheist''<br> '''otepzexea'''....''inattentive'' |- |'''o(b/p)-'''....''de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice-''||'''oper'''....''get off''<br> '''obneg'''....''sublevel''<br> '''obxeb'''....''sous-chef, sub-officer''<br>'''obtyodeb'''....''vice-president'' |- |'''oog-'''....''micro-'' || '''oogpob'''....''microorganism'' <nowiki>-</nowiki> |- | '''oj-'''....''future'' || '''ojtayd'''....''bride, future wife'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-'' ||'''gawder'''....''to repeat''<br>'''gawdyeer'''....''to re-read'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''micro-, mini-'' || '''ogalmor'''....''microcosm''<br>'''ogalteaxer'''....''microscope''<br>'''gowaxer'''....''minimize'' |- |'''of-'''....''prohibited'' ||'''ofbier'''....''steal''<br>'''ofbekul'''....''prohibited drug''<br>'''ofemkyoxer'''....''to squat'' |- |'''ov-'''....''contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un-''||'''ovalxer'''....''countervail''<br> '''ovper'''....''contravene''<br> '''ovkyin'''....''counterweight''<br> '''ovdat'''....''enemy''<br> '''olovmasbwa'''....''undefended'' |- |'''oy-'''....''-less, a(n)-, without''||'''oytofa'''...''naked''<br> '''oyxer'''....''deprive''<br> '''oytosen'''....''apathy''<br> '''oyteupiba'''....''toothless'' |- |'''oyb-'''....''hypo-, infra-, sub-, under-''||'''oybnadrer'''....''underline''<br> '''oybtomsan'''....''infrastructure''<br> '''oybseuxa'''....''subsonic''<br> '''oybtayoba'''....''hypodermic'' |- |'''oyeb-'''....''ex-, extra-, out-''||'''oyebnad'''....''outline''<br> '''oyebyujber'''....''exclude''<br> '''oyebdoabuer'''....''extradite'' |- |'''oyv-'''....''contra-, opposite, reverse''||'''oyvkuma'''...''opposite''<br> '''oyvder'''....''contradict''<br>'''oyvduer'''....''contraindicate''<br>'''oyvaxer'''....''reverse'' |- |'''tayi(b)-'''....''neuro-, nerve''||'''tayibteptun'''....''neuropsychology''<br> '''tayibyok'''....''neuralgia'' |- |'''teeb-'''....''auri-, oto-, ear-''||'''teebbekut'''....''aurist''<br> '''teeteiteyobtut'''....''otorhinolaryngologist''<br> '''teebyel'''....''earwax'' |- |'''tee(s/x/t)-'''....''audio-, son-, phono-''||'''teesnagen'''....''audiography''<br> '''teestaxdras'''....''phonogram''<br> '''teestun'''....''audiology''<br> '''teexdras'''....''audiogram''<br> '''teetyofwa'''....''inaudible'' |- |'''tei(b)-'''....''nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo-''||'''teibbok'''....''rhinitis''<br> '''teibyeg'''....''nostril''<br> '''teiz'''....''perfume''<br> '''teizuka'''....''aroma-free''<br> '''teityaf'''....''olfactory sense'' |- |'''tiibil-'''....''blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin-''||'''tiibililp'''....''hemorrhage''<br> '''tiibiliut'''....''bloodsucker''<br> '''tiibloker'''....''exsanguinate''<br> '''tiibiltun'''....''hematology'' |- |'''tuj-'''....''hypno-, somni-, sopor-''||'''tujbek'''....''hyptotherapy''<br> '''tujbyea'''....''somniferous, soporific'' |- |'''u(b/p)-'''....''toward''||'''uber'''....''send''<br>'''ubaer'''....''lean toward'' |- |'''ui-'''....''horizontal, left-right, x-axis''||'''uinab'''....''row'', ''x-axis''<br> '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- |'''uib-'''....''back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receive''||'''uibar'''....''transceiver'' |- |'''uig-'''....''fast-and-slow''||'''uigpar'''....''scooter'' |- |'''uij-'''....''begin-and-end, start-and-stop''||'''uijdaler'''....''stutter'' |- |'''uip-'''....''come-and-go''||'''uipen'''....''traffic, coming and going'' |- |'''uiz-'''....''straight-then-crooked''||'''uizbaser'''....''swagger''<br> '''uizdrer'''....''scribble''<br> '''uizpaser'''....''swerve'' |- |'''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater-''||'''ungona'''....''quadripartite''<br> '''unnednid'''....''tetrahedron''<br> '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' |- |'''uyn-'''....''fourth-, quarti-''||'''uynxer'''....''quarter''<br> '''uynjab'''....''quarter (of a year)'' |- |'''ut-'''....''auto-, self-, sui-, ego-''||'''utifon'''....''egoism''<br> '''utgober'''....''autodecrement''<br> '''utfuyix'''....''self-abuse''<br> '''uttujben'''....''suicide'' |- |'''uz-'''....''crooked, di-''||'''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- |'''va-'''....''yes''||'''vayovder'''....''convict''<br> '''vabier'''....''accept''<br> '''vatexer'''....''believe'' |- |'''vao-'''....''yes-no''||'''vaoder'''....''decide''<br> '''vaodaler'''....''waffle''<br> '''vaonaza'''....''boolean'' |- |'''vi-'''....''bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri-''||'''vituzyan'''....''fine arts, beaux arts''<br> '''vidun'''....''euphemism''<br> '''vidrenyan'''....''literature, belles lettres''<br> '''visuana'''....''classic'' |- |'''vo-'''....''non-, neg-''||'''voyafxer'''....''veto''<br> '''voxer'''....''negate''<br> '''voyovder'''....''acquit, declare not guilty'' |- |'''vya-'''....''justi-, recti-, true-, reg-''||'''vyadin'''....''true story''<br> '''vyader'''....''avow''<br> '''vyamol'''....''essence'' |- | '''vyao-'''....''right or wrong'' ||'''vyaoyek'''....''test'' |- |'''vyak-'''....''ortho-, correct-''||'''vyakdred'''....''orthography''<br> '''vyakxer'''....''correct'' |- |'''vyo-'''....''mis-, para-, wrong-''||'''vyoyufa'''....''paranoid''<br> '''vyoyux'''....''perfidy''<br> '''vyoyixer'''....''misuse'' |- |'''ya-'''....''more than one, multi-''||'''yaota'''....''communal'' |- |'''yab-'''....''hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper-''||'''yabdom'''....''uptown''<br> '''yabdoneg'''....''upper class''<br> '''yabduzneg'''....''high pitch''<br> '''yabexer'''....''support''<br> '''yabzyobix'''....''hypertension'' |- |'''yabnan-'''....''height-, hypso-, alti-''||'''yabnanagar'''....''hypsometer, altimeter'' |- |'''yag-'''....''long-''||'''yagyiban'''....''long distance''<br> '''yagyeker'''....''strive''<br> '''yagblokea'''....''long-suffering'' |- |'''yan-'''....''co(n)-, fellow-, -mate''||'''yanzena'''....''concentric''<br> '''yanyeker'''....''compete''<br> '''yandit'''....''fellow-citizen'' |- |'''yao(b/p)-'''....''up-and-down''||'''yaopuyser'''....''skip''<br> '''yaopsim'''....''seesaw''<br> '''yaoblir'''....''elevator''<br> '''yaobaser'''....''bounce'' |- |'''ya(on)-'''....''six-, hexa-, sex-''||'''yaonat'''....''sextet''<br> '''yaongun'''....''hexagon''<br> '''yaona'''....''six-fold, sextuple''<br>'''yagol'''....''sextile'' |- |'''yaov-'''....''guilty-or-innocent''||'''yaovder'''....''adjudicate''<br> '''yaovdutyan'''....''jury''<br> '''yaovkader'''....''plead''<br> '''yaovyek'''....''trial'' |- |'''yaoz-'''....''serrated, bumpy, jagged''||'''yaozaxer'''....''serrate''<br> '''yaozgoblar'''....''saw''<br> '''yaozper'''....''bump along'' |- |'''yayb-'''....''supra-''||'''yaybdooba'''....''supranational'' |- |'''yayn-'''....''sex-, sixth''||'''yayna'''...''sixth'' |- |'''ye(on)-'''....''hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven-''||'''yejub'''....''week''<br> '''yeongun'''....''heptagon''<br> '''yeonat'''....''septuplet'' |- |'''ye(b/p)-'''....''en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro-''||'''yebuzaser'''....''.inflect''<br> '''yebzoytiibufa'''....''intravenous''<br> '''yebyujer'''....''enclode''<br> '''yebtayoba'''....''endodermal''<br> '''yeper'''....''enter''<br> '''yeber'''....''introduce'' |- |'''yeov-'''....''fair or not ''|| '''yeovdut'''....''umpire'' |- |'''yeyb-'''....''intra-''||'''yeybmepyan'''....''intranet''<br> '''yeybdoeba'''....''intrastate'' |- |'''ye-'''....''hepto-, seven-, septi-''||'''yejub'''....''week'' |- |'''yeyn-'''....''seventh''|| '''yeynxer'''....''split into sevenths'' |- |'''yez'''....''para-, alongside''|| '''yezteptun'''....''parapsychology''<br>'''yezuper'''....''come alongside'' |- |'''yi(on)-'''....''oct-, eight-''||'''yiona'''...''eight-fold''<br>''octuple'' |- |'''yib-'''....''far-, tele-, remote''||'''yibsin'''....''televison''<br> '''yibteata'''....''far-sighted''<br> '''yibtrawa'''....''famous'' |- |'''yibaj-'''....''archai-, archeo-, ancient''||'''yibajtun'''....''archaeology'','''yibajtun'''....''archeology'' |- |'''yiyn-'''....''eighth''||'''yiynxer'''....''divide into eighths'' |- |'''yiz-'''....''beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-''||'''yiztyun'''...''metaphor''<br> '''yizeza'''....''paranormal''<br> '''yizmeirat'''....''extraterrestrial''<br> '''yizseux'''....''utrasound'' |- |'''yoon-'''....''five-, penta-, quint-''||'''yoongun'''....''pentagon''<br> '''yoongol'''...''quintile''<br> '''yoon'''....''group of five''<br> ''quintet'' |- |'''yo(b/p)-'''....''down-, hypo-, sub-''||'''yobdom'''...''downtown''<br> '''yoper'''....''go down''<br> '''yobgoler'''....''subdivide'' |- |'''yon-'''....''apart, dis-, se-''||'''yonzyaber'''....''disperse''<br> '''yonxer'''....''separate''<br> '''yonsauna'''....''distinct'' |- |'''yoyn-'''....''fifth-, quinti-''||'''yoynnaga'''....''quintic''<br> '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' |- |'''yu(n)-'''....''nine-, nona-''||'''yunapa'''....''ninth (in order)''<br> '''yungunid'''....''nonagon''<br> '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' |- |'''yub-'''....''near-, proxi-, para-''||'''yuboj'''....''near future''<br> '''yubna'''....''next''<br> '''yubteas'''....''closeup (view)''<br> '''yubge'''....''almost''<br> '''yubfia'''....''intimate''<br> '''yubgeser'''....''approximate''<br>'''yubdopa'''....''paramilitary'' |- |'''yui(b/p)-'''....''near-and-far''||'''yuibjo'''....''sooner or later''<br> '''yuibteabar'''....''bifocals''<br> '''yuipoper'''....''travel near and far'' |- |'''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut''||'''yuijar'''....''valve''<br> '''yuijer'''....''blink'', ''wink''<br> '''manyuijer'''....''blink''<br> '''makyuijar'''....''switch'' |- |'''yuyb-'''....''quasi-, pen-, almost''||'''yuybyonmel'''....''peninsula''<br> '''yuybega'''....''quasi-normal'' |- |'''yuon-'''....''ninth-, novi-''||'''yuonat'''....''nonuplet'' |- |'''yuz-'''....''circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round-''||'''yuzper'''....''circulate''<br> '''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br> '''yuzof'''....''wrap-around''<br> '''yuznadrer'''....''circumscribe'' |- |'''za-'''....''ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro-, north''||'''zatim'''....''antechamber''<br> '''zamimuf'''....''foremast''<br> '''zagab'''....''prefix''<br> '''zajuber'''....''procrastinate''<br>'''zamer'''....''north'' |- |'''zao-'''....''back-and-forth, front-and-back''||'''zaopaser'''....''wobble''<br> '''zaokuper'''....''slalom''<br> '''zaopyoser'''....''pendulate'' |- |'''zay-'''....''forth-, pro-, forward, ahead''||'''zaypuyser'''....''skip ahead''<br> '''zaypuxer'''....''propel''<br> '''zayper'''....''go forward, procede''<br> '''zayupea'''....''forthcoming'' |- |'''ze-'''....''mid-, central, medio-''||'''zetej'''....''midlife''<br> '''zepoxer'''....''interrupt, stop midway''<br> '''zetem'''....''central hall'' |- |'''zey-'''....''cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, across''||'''zeyper'''....''transit, get across''<br> '''zeynod'''....''crosspoint''<br> '''zeytyun'''....''metaphor'' |- |'''zi-'''....''right, east, dextro-''||'''zim'''....''right side''<br>'''zimera'''....''eastern'' |- |'''zo-'''....''back-, hind-, retro-, south''||'''zotib'''....''back''<br> '''zotiub'''....''hindquarters''<br> '''zonapa'''....''retrograde''<br>'''zomer'''....''south'' |- |'''zoy-'''....''back-, retro-, re-''||'''zoyper'''....''recede, go back''<br> '''zoybeler'''....''carry back''<br> '''zoyzyublen'''....''backspin'' |- |'''zu-'''....''left-, west-''||'''zutinut'''....''leftist''<br> '''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zumera'''....''western'' |- |'''zui-'''....''left-and-right, zig-zag, east-west''||'''zuibyoser'''....''dangle, hang left-and-right''<br> '''zuiper'''....''zigzag''<br> '''zuituyaba'''....''ambidextrous''<br>'''zuimera'''....''east-west'' |- |'''zya-'''....''-wide, wide-, broad-, all about''||'''zyauber'''....''broadcast''<br> '''zyateaba'''....''wide-eyed''<br> '''zyasauna'''....''general''<br> '''zyapoper'''....''cruise, wander''<br> '''zyamira'''....''global, worldwide'' |- |'''zye-'''....''per-, thorough-, thru-, trans-''||'''zyetejer'''....''live through, experience''<br> '''zyeteaxer'''....''peruse''<br> '''zyeteatyafwa'''....''transparent''<br> '''zyemep'''....''thoroughfare''<br> '''zyeper'''....''permeate, transit'' |- |'''zyo-'''....''narrow, steno-'' || '''zyotepa'''....''narrow-minded''<br>'''zyoteat'''....''tunnel vision''<br>'''zyoyija'''....''stenopeic'' |- |'''zyu-'''....''cyclo-, rot-, round-, gyro''||'''zyutim'''....''rotunda''<br> '''zyusem'''....''roundtable''<br> '''zyuper'''....''cycle, gyrate, rotate'' |} ==== Suffixes ==== : Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes. : '''Semantic Stub Suffixes''' :: Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Stub Suffixes |- valign=top ! Suffix Stub !! Suffix Full Form !! Suffixed Example < Base Word |- | '''-il'''....''liquid, drink'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''teab<u>il</u>'''....''tear''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teub<u>il</u>'''....''saliva''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''tayeb<u>il</u>'''....''sweat''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayeb'''....''skin''<br>'''mam<u>il</u>'''....''rain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mam'''....''sky'' |- | '''-al'''....''gas'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''tieb<u>al</u>'''....''breath''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' |- | '''-(e)l'''....''food'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''sup<u>el</u>'''....''pork''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''<u>sup</u>et'''....''swine''<br>'''ta<u>ol</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''taob'''....''flesh''<br>'''fe<u>l</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''feb'''....''fruit'' |- | '''-ul'''....''stuff'' || '''mul'''....''substance'' || '''vix<u>ul</u>'''....''cosmetic''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vix-'''....''to beautify''<br>'''bek<u>ul</u>'''....''medecine''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment'' |- | '''-yel'''....''oil, gel, wax, pulp'' || '''yel'''....''oil'' || '''olf<u>yel</u>'''....''olive oil''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''olfeb'''....''olive''<br>'''appelat<u>yel</u>'''....''wax''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''appelat'''....''bee''<br>'''mag<u>yel</u>'''....''grease''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mag'''....''fire''<br>'''bek<u>yel</u>'''....''salve''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment''<br>'''meg<u>yel</u>'''....''cement''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''meg'''....''stone''<br>'''yan<u>yel</u>'''....''paste''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yan'''....''together'' |- | '''-am'''....''house'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''apat<u>am</u>'''....''chicken coop''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apat'''....''chicken''<br>'''apellat<u>am</u>'''....''beehive''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apellat'''....''bee''<br>'''melyex<u>am</u>'''....''farmhouse''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''melyex'''....''agriculture''<br>'''datib<u>am</u>'''....''hostel''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''datib'''....''guest-reception'' |- | '''-(e)m'''....''place'' || '''nem'''....''place'' || '''vobyex<u>em</u>'''....''plantation, farm''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vob'''....''plant'' + '''yex'''....''work''<br>'''vab<u>em</u>'''....''field''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ab'''....''above, upper''<br>'''ze<u>m</u>'''....''middle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ze(a)'''....''middle'' <br> '''tim'''....''room'' |- | '''-im'''....''room'' || '''tim'''....''room'' || '''tul<u>im</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tul'''....''cuisine''<br>'''tuj<u>im</u>'''....''bedroom''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tuj'''....''sleep'' |- | '''-um'''....''cell, booth'' || '''tum'''....''compartment''|| '''pex<u>um</u>'''....''cage''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pexer'''....''catch''<br>'''ilzyapux<u>um</u>'''....''shower stall''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ilzyapux'''....''shower'' |- | '''-yem'''....''space'' || '''nyem'''....''enclosure'' || '''yom<u>yem</u>'''....''icebox''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yom'''....''ice'' |- | '''-yeb'''....''container'' || '''nyeb'''....''container'' || '''z<u>yeb</u>'''....''bottle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zye(f)'''....''glass''<br>'''vos<u>yeb</u>'''....''vase''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vos'''....''flower'' |- | '''-of'''....''material'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''t<u>of</u>'''....''clothes''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''t-'''....''human''<br>'''mis<u>of</u>'''....''curtain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mis'''....''window''<br>'''fa<u>of</u>'''....''wood''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''fa(b)-'''....''tree''<br>'''tay<u>of</u>'''....''leather''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayo(b)'''....''skin'' |- | '''-ov'''....''linen'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tey<u>ov</u>'''....''collar''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck'' |- | '''-ar'''....''instrument'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' ||'''p<u>ar</u>'''....''cart''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''p-'''....''motion''<br>'''zyup<u>ar</u>'''....''rotor''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyup'''....''turn''<br>'''gobr<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gobrar'''....''cut''<br>'''jwob<u>ar</u>'''....''watch''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-ir'''....''machine'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''dr<u>ir</u>'''....''typewriter''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dr-'''....''write''<br>'''gwob<u>ir</u>'''....''clock'' |- | '''-ur'''....''large machine'' || '''sur'''....''engine'' || '''p<u>ur</u>r'''....''car''<br>'''jwob<u>ur</u>r'''....''grandfather clock''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-(u)n'''....''thing'' || '''sun'''....''thing'' || '''d<u>un</u>'''....''word''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''d-'''....''utter, say''<br>'''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''piece, scrap''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gofrer'''....''rip, shread, tear''<br>'''zyi<u>un</u>'''....''plaque, plate''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyia'''....''flat''<br>'''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vyua'''....''dirty'' |- | '''-on'''....''abstract thing'' || '''son'''....''issue'' || '''yov<u>on</u>'''....''tort, wrong''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yov'''....''guilt'' |- | '''yen'''....''manner, kind'' || '''byen'''....''manner'' || '''tex<u>yen</u>'''....''opinion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tex'''....''thought''<br>'''hi<u>yen</u>'''....''this way, thus''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''hi-'''....''this''<br>'''es<u>yen</u>'''....''status''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''es-'''....''exist'' |- | '''-in'''....''-ism'' || '''tin'''....''doctrine'' || '''tot<u>in</u>'''....''theism, religion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tot-'''....''god''<br>'''Krist<u>in</u>'''....''Christianity''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Krist'''....''Christ''<br>'''vyisat<u>in</u>'''....''puritanism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vysiat'''....''puritan, clean person''<br>'''oytof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''oytofa'''....''nude'' |- | '''-ufyeg'''....''cylinder'' || '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' || '''man<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''candle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''man'''....''light''<br>'''tiib<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''artery''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tiib'''....''heart''<br>'''mil<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''toilet''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mil'''....''water''<br>'''mov<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''cheminee''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mov'''....''smoke'' |- | '''-ab'''....''government'' || '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dit<u>ab</u>'''....''democracy''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dit'''....''citizen'' |- | '''-eb'''....''leader'' || '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''x<u>eb</u>'''....''boss''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''x-'''....''do''<br>'''tam<u>eb</u>'''....''master of the house''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tam'''....''house'' |- | '''-ub'''....''branch'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''pat<u>ub</u>'''....''wing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | '''-ad'''....''language'' || '''-a''' + '''d(alzeyn)'''....''language'' || '''Frans<u>ad</u>'''....''French (language)'' |- | '''-uz'''....''jewelry'' || '''nuz'''....''jewel'' || '''teyob<u>uz</u>'''....''necklace''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck''<br>'''teeb<u>uz</u>'''....''earring''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teeb'''....''ear'' |- | '''-u(er)'''....''give'' || '''buer'''....''give'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>er'''....''exhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-i(er)'''....''take'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''tiebal<u>i</u>er'''....''inhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-ui(er)'''....''exchange'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>ier'''....''breathe''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |} ==== Derviational Suffixes ==== ::: Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivational Suffixes |- ! Derivational<br>Suffix !! Function || Base Word <br><br>--> Suffixed<br>Derivation |- | '''-er''' || Noun <br>--> Verbal Infinitive || '''sag'''....''count'' <big><br>--></big> '''sag<u>er</u>'''....''to count'' |- | '''-n''' || Present Tense Verb <br>--> Verbal Noun (Gerund)<br>Adjective <br>--> Abstract Noun || '''yexe'''....''(he/she/...) works'' <big><br>--></big> '''yexe<u>n</u>'''....''working''<br>'''via'''....''beautiful'' <big><br>--></big> '''via<u>n</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yuba'''....''near'' <big><br>--></big> '''yuba<u>n</u>'''....''proximity, nearness'' |- | '''-a''' || Noun <br>--> Adjective<br>Active Verb<br>--> Verbal Adjective (Present Participle)<br>Past Passive Verb <br>--> Perfect Passive Participle (Adjective)||'''mor'''....''universe'' <big><br>--></big> '''mor<u>a</u>'''....''universal''<br>'''ake'''....''wins'' <big><br>--></big> '''ake<u>a</u>'''....''winning''<br>'''teatwa'''....''was seen'' <big><br>--></big>'''teatwa<u>a</u>''' (or, shortened to: '''teatw<u>a</u>'''....''seen'') |- | '''-ya''' || INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM <br>--> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE || '''ip-'''....''go away'' <big><br>--></big> '''ip<u>ya</u>'''....''gone away'' |- | '''-yea''' || VERB STEM <br>--> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE) || '''zaypas-'''....''progress'' <big><br>--></big> '''zaypas<u>yea</u>'''....''progressive'' |- | '''-y''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ADVERB || '''iga'''....''quick'' <big><br>--></big> '''iga<u>y</u>'''....''quickly''<br>'''tea-'''....''knowing''<big><br>--></big>'''tea<u>y</u>'''....''knowingly'' |- | '''-ut''' || VERB STEM <br>--> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''one who Xes, -er'' || '''ak-'''....''win'' <big><br>--></big> '''ak<u>ut</u>''' ....''winner'' |- | '''-us''' || VERB STEM <br>--> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''thing that Xes, -er'' || '''gol-'''....''divide'' <big><br>--></big> '''gol<u>us</u>''' ....''divisor'' |- |- '''-t''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ANIMATE NOUN (human, one who is...) || '''yibtrawa'''....''well-known'' <big>-<br>--></big>'''yibtrawa<u>t</u>'''....''celebrity'' |- |- '''-s''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> INANIMATE NOUN (thing, something X) || '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big><br>--></big>'''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery'' |} ::: <small>*Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker '''-i''' fall under the latter category.</small> ==== Normal Semantic Suffixes==== :* Augmentative Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Augmentative Suffixes |- ! Augmentative Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-ag''' (augmentative) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamag'''....''mansion'' |- | '''-ayg''' (affectionate augmentative) || '''sem'''....''chair'' || '''semayg'''....''big old chair'' |- | '''-yag''' (pejorative augmentative) || '''apet'''....''horse'' || '''apetyag'''....''nag'' |} :* Diminutive Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Diminutive Suffixes |- ! Diminutive Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-og''' (diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamog'''....''hut'' |- | '''-oyg''' (affectionate diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamoyg'''....''cottage'' |- | '''-yog''' (pejorative diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamyog'''....''shack'' |- | '''-et''' (a smaller person) || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' |- | '''-es''' (thing of lesser importance) || '''nas'''....''money'' || '''nases'''....''change, coin'' |- | '''-ud''' (child of, offspring) || '''tob'''....''man'' || '''tobud'''....''infant'' |} :* Semantic Adjectival Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Adjectival Suffixes |- ! Adjectival Suffix !! Meaning !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-a''' || '''mor'''....''universe'' || ''related to, -al, -ic'' || '''mora'''....''universal'' |- | '''-aya''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekaya'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-oya''' || '''vyun'''....''spot'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''vyunoya'''....''spotless'' |- | '''-ika''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekika'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-uka''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''miekuka'''....''dust-free'' |- | '''-yea''' || '''vyod'''....''lie'' || ''given to doing X, -ive'' || '''vyodyea'''....''mendacious, given to lying'' |- | '''-yena''' || '''tat'''....''angel'' || ''like, -ly, -ic'' || '''tatyena'''....''angelic'' |} :* Other Semantic Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Other Semantic Suffixes |- ! Suffix !! Base Word || Derivation |- | '''-tun'''....''science, ...ology'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>tun</u>'''....''biology'' |- | '''-tut'''....''-ologist, expert, -ist'' || '''dar'''....''language'' || '''dar<u>tut</u>'''....''linquist'' |- | '''-tuin'''....''theory'' || '''tob'''....''mar'' || '''mar<u>tuin</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | '''-yan'''....''collection, aggregate'' || '''fab'''....''tree''|| '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest'' |- |'''-tyen'''....''trade, -ics'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''sir<u>tyen</u>'''....''mechanics'' |- | '''-if'''....''pet name'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''twed<u>if</u>'''....''papa'' |- | '''ifa'''....''-philic, -loving'' || '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''dyes<u>ifa</u>'''....''bibliophilic'' |- | '''ifwa'''....''liked by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ifwa</u>'''....''popular'' |- | '''ufa'''....''-phobic, -hating'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>ufa</u>'''....''misogynous'' |- | '''ufwa'''....''hated by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ufwa</u>'''....''unpopular'' |- | '''yafa'''....''able to'' || '''tyoyap-'''....''walk'' || '''tyoyap<u>yafa</u>'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''yafwa'''....''possible to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yafwa</u>'''....''visible'' |- | '''yofa'''....''unable to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yofa</u>'''....''blind'' |- | '''yofwa'''....''impossible to'' || '''dye-'''....''read'' || '''dye<u>yofwa</u>'''....''illegible'' |- | '''yika'''....''hard of...ing'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yika</u>'''....''hard of hearing'' |- | '''yikwa'''....''hard to'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yikwa</u>'''....''hard to hear'' |- | '''yuka'''....''easy at...ing'' || '''vatex-'''....''believe'' || '''vatex<u>yuka</u>'''....''gullible'' |- | '''yukwa'''....''easily...ed'' || '''test-'''....''understand'' || '''test<u>yukwa</u>'''....''easily understood'' |- | '''yufa'''....''fearful of, -phobic'' || '''tot'''....''god'' || '''tot<u>yufa</u>'''....''god-fearing'' |- | '''yufwa'''....''feared'' || '''hyat'''....''everybody'' || '''hyat<u>yufwa</u>'''....''feared by all'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''efa'''....''needful of'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''tel<u>efa</u>'''....''hungry'' |- | '''efwa'''....''necessary to'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>efa</u>'''....''vital'' |- | '''yefa'''....''duty-bound to, -worthy of'' || '''dud'''....''answer'' || '''dud<u>yefa</u>'''....''responsible'' |- | '''yefwa'''....''due, -worthy of'' || '''fid-'''....''laud'' || '''fid<u>yefwa</u>'''....''praiseworthy'' |- | '''afa'''....''authorized to'' || '''dokebi-'''....''vote'' || '''dokebi<u>afa</u>'''....''franchised'' |- | '''ofwa'''....''prohibited to'' || '''movi-'''....''smoke'' || '''movi<u>ofwa</u>gonem'''....''no-smoking zone'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''yivwa'''....''free to be ...ed'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yivwa</u>'''....''optional'' |- | '''yuva'''....''bound'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tam<u>yuva</u>'''....''house-bound'' |- | '''ova'''....''resistant, anti-'' || '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution'' || '''aagdovyab<u>ova</u>'''....''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''ava'''....''in favor of, pro-'' || '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' || '''tyodab<u>ava</u>'''....''pro-democracy'' |- | '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''toos'''....''gender'' || '''toos<u>eva</u>'''....''gender-neutral'' |} ==== Inflectional Suffixes ==== : Mirad has only one noun inflectional suffix, namely, '''-''', which makes a singular noun plural: ::* '''tam'''....''house'' --> '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' : The only other inflectional affixes are the following verb infixes and suffixes: ::* '''-er'''....infinitive ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' : Example: :* '''Wit tuj<u>eya</u> hoj van at pua.'''....''He <u>was sleeping</u> when I arrived.'' ::* '''-e-''' = progressive aspect infix ::* '''-y-''' = active voice infix ::* '''-a''' = past tense suffix === Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling === : Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called '''''first-level ordinal scaling'''''. ==== First-level Ordinal Scaling ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ First-level Ordinal Scaling |- valign=top ! ORDINAL VOWEL !! t...b !! m...r !! j...b !! m...s !! t...m !! d...b || f...b || s...m || d...t || t...d |- !row=1| '''o''' = 0 |'''tob'''<br>''man'' || '''mor'''<br>''universe'' || '''job'''<br>''time'' || '''mos'''<br>''floor''|| '''tom'''<br>''building'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' || '''fob'''<br>''plant'' || '''som'''<br>''furniture''||'''dot'''<br>''society''||'''tod'''<br>''family'' |- !row=1| '''a''' = 1 |'''tab'''<br>''body'' || '''mar'''<br>''sun'' || '''jab'''<br>''year'' || '''mas'''<br>''wall'' || '''tam'''<br>''house'' || '''dab'''<br>''government'' || '''fab'''<br>''tree'' || '''sam'''<br>''armoire''||'''dat'''<br>''friend'' || '''tad'''<br>''spouse'' |- !row=1| '''e''' = 2 |'''teb'''<br>''head'' || '''mer'''<br>''planet'' || '''jeb'''<br>''season''|| '''mes'''<br>''door'' || '''tem'''<br>''hall'' || '''deb'''<br>''leader'' || '''feb'''<br>''fruit'' || '''sem'''<br>''table''||'''det'''<br>''associate'' || '''ted'''<br>''parent'' |- !row=1| '''i''' = 3 |'''tib'''<br>''trunk'' || '''mir'''<br>''earth'' || '''jib'''<br>''month'' || '''mis'''<br>''window'' || '''tim'''<br>''room'' || '''dib'''<br>''office'' || '''fib'''<br>''tree trunk'' || '''sim'''<br>''chair''||'''dit'''<br>''citizen'' || '''tid'''<br>''sibling'' |- !row=1| '''u''' = 4 |'''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''mur'''<br>''moon'' || '''jub'''<br>''day'' || '''mus'''<br>''stairs'' || '''tum'''<br>''cell'' || '''dub'''<br>''minister'' || '''fub'''<br>''branch'' || '''sum'''<br>''bed''||'''dut'''<br>''gentleperson'' || '''tud'''<br>''child'' |- !row=1| '''yo''' = 5 |'''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || || '''jyob*'''<br>''hour'' || || || || '''fyob'''<br>''root'' || || || '''tyod'''<br>''people'' |} ::: <small>* The palatal glide '''y''' in these words, which follows a palatal '''j''' is hard to pronounce, so the '''y''' is replaced with a '''w''', giving '''jwob''', '''jwab''', and '''jweb'''.</small> ==== Second-level Ordinal Scaling ==== :: A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding an ordinal vowel immediately after a word's stem vowel. ::: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Second-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''mi...p''' !! '''me...p''' !! '''tu...b''' !! '''tyo...b'''!! '''ma...f''' !! '''me...g''' !! '''do...b''' |- | '''mip'''<br>''river'' || '''mep'''<br>''way'' || '''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' || '''meg'''<br>''stone'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' |- | '''mi<u>a</u>p'''<br>''stream'' || '''meap'''<br>''road'' || '''tuab'''<br>''shoulder'' || '''tyoab'''<br>''hip''|| '''maaf'''<br>''stratus'' || '''meag'''<br>''marble'' || '''doab'''...''fatherland'' |- | '''mi<u>e</u>p'''<br>''brook'' || '''meep'''<br>''path'' || '''tueb'''<br>''upper arm'' || '''tyoeb'''<br>''thigh''|| '''maef'''<br>''cumulus'' || '''meeg'''<br>''slate'' || '''doeb'''<br>''province, state'' |- | '''mi<u>i</u>p'''<br>''rivulet'' || '''meip'''<br>''trail'' || '''tuib'''<br>''elbow'' || '''tyoib'''<br>''knee''|| '''maif'''<br>''stratocumulus'' || '''meig'''<br>''granite'' || '''doib'''<br>''county, shire'' |- | '''mi<u>u</u>p'''<br>''torrent'' || '''meup'''<br>''track'' || '''tuub'''<br>''forearm'' || '''tyoub'''<br>''shin''|| '''mauf'''<br>''cumulonimbus'' || '''meug'''<br>''clay, dough'' || '''doub'''<br>''district'' |- | '''mi<u>yo</u>p'''<br>''trickle'' || || '''tuyob'''<br>''wrist'' || '''tyoyob'''<br>''ankle''||'''mayof'''<br>''nimbostatus'' || '''meyog'''<br>''china'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ya</u>b'''<br>''hand'' || '''tyoyab'''<br>''foot''||'''mayaf'''<br>''altostratus'' || '''meyag'''<br>''chalk'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ye</u>b'''<br>''fist'' || '''tyoyeb'''<br>''heel''|| '''mayef'''<br>''altocumulus'' || '''meyeg'''<br>''limestone'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yi</u>b'''<br>''palm'' || '''tyoyib'''<br>''sole''|| '''mayif'''<br>''cirrus'' || '''meyig'''<br>''alabaster'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yu</u>b'''<br>''finger'' || '''tyoyub'''<br>''toe''|| '''mayuf'''<br>''cirrostratus'' || '''meyug'''<br>''gypsum''|| |- | || || '''tu<u>lo</u>b'''<br>''fingernail'' || '''tyolob'''<br>''toenail''||'''malof'''<br>''cirrocumulus'' || |} ==== Third-level Ordinal Scaling ==== ::: A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing an ordinal number vowel to the word. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Third-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | '''<u>a</u>tuyub'''....''thumb'' |- | '''<u>e</u>tuyub'''....''index'' |- | '''<u>i</u>tuyub'''....''middle finger'' |- | '''<u>u</u>tuyub'''....''ring finger'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>tuyub'''....''pinky'' |} ::: So, to sum up, we have: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:6.4em; font-size:smaller" |+ Summary of Scaling |- ! '''t...b''' !! '''tob''' = ''human being'' |- | FIRST-LEVEL || '''tub'''....''arm'' |- | SECOND-LEVEL || '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | THIRD-LEVEL || '''atuyub'''....''thumb'' |} ==== Scaling with Prefixed Numbering ==== ::: We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words by prefixing an ordinal vowel even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first level usually begins with '''a'''. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefix Numbering |- ! align=left | NUMBER || '''dob'''....''state'' !! '''deb'''....''leader'' !! '''mez'''....''gem'' !! '''mer'''....''planet'' || '''maf'''....''cloud'' || '''sagtun'''....''mathematics'' |- ! 1 | '''<u>a</u>dob'''....''empire'' || '''adeb'''....''emperor'' || '''amez'''....''diamond'' || '''Amer'''....''Mercury'' || '''amaf'''....''nimbus'' || '''asagtun'''....''arithmetic'' |- ! 2 | '''<u>e</u>dob'''....''kingdom'' || '''edeb'''....''king'' || '''emez'''....''topaz'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' || '''emaf'''....''stratus'' || '''esagtun'''....''geometry'' |- ! 3 | '''<u>i</u>dob'''....''principality'' || '''ideb'''....''prince'' || '''imez'''....''ruby'' || '''Imer'''....''Earth'' || '''imaf'''....''nimbostatus'' || '''isagtun'''....''algebra'' |- ! 4 | '''<u>u</u>dob'''....''duchy'' || '''udeb'''....''duke'' || '''umez'''....''emerald'' ||'''Umer'''....''Mars'' || '''umaf'''....''cumulus'' || '''usagtun'''....''trigonometry'' |- ! 5 | '''<u>yo</u>dob'''....''marquisate'' || '''yodeb'''....''marquis'' || '''yomez'''....''saphire'' || '''Yomer'''....''Jupiter'' || '''yomaf'''....''cumulostatus'' || '''yosagtun'''....''calculus'' |- ! 6 | '''<u>ya</u>dob'''....''county'' || '''yadeb'''....''count'' || '''yamez'''....''lapis lazuli'' || '''Yamer'''....''Saturn'' || '''yamaf'''....''stratocumulus'' || |- ! 7 | '''<u>ye</u>dob'''....''dominion'' || '''yedeb'''....''lord'' || '''yemez'''....''amthyst'' || '''Yemer'''....''Uranus'' || '''yemaf'''....''altocumulus'' || |- ! 8 | '''<u>yi</u>dob'''....''viscounty'' || '''yideb'''....''viscount'' || '''yimez'''....''amber'' ||'''Yimer'''....''Pluto'' || '''yimaf'''....''altostratus'' || |- ! 9 | '''<u>yu</u>dob'''....''barony'' || '''yudeb'''....''baron'' || '''yumez'''....''topaz'' || || '''yumaf'''....''cirrocumulus'' || |- ! 10 | '''<u>alo</u>dob'''....''tribe'' || '''alodeb'''....''tribal chief'' || '''alomez'''....''opal'' || || '''alomaf'''....''cirrus'' || |} === Rule #4: Overlapping === : When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in '''''overlapping''''' or a '''''portmanteau'''''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Overlapping in Compounds |- ! First Word !! Second Word !! Portmanteau |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''mep'''....''road'' || '''domep'''....''boulevard'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''teub'''....''mouth'' || '''pateub'''....''beak'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''patub'''....''wing'' |- | '''teupib'''....''tooth'' || '''byok'''....''pain'' || '''teypibyok'''....''toothache'' |} : In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided. === Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels === : When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an '''o''', replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word. : Examples: ::* '''edob'''....''kingdom'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''edeb'''....''monarch'' ('''edweb'''....''king'', '''edeyb'''....''queen'') ::* '''udob'''....''principality'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''udeb'''....''prince'' ('''udweb'''....''prince'', '''udeyb'''....''princess'') : By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant: : Examples: : '''mil'''....''water'' + '''mal'''....''air'' -> '''mial'''....''vapor, steam'' === Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants === : When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant. : Example: <b>to<u>b</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D8;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-b</b> = <i>organism</i>) (<b>t-</b> = <i>human</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>tof</b>....<i>clothing, apparel</i> (<b>n-</b> = <i>commercial</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>nof</b>....<i>cloth, fabric</i> <b>no<u>f</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D7;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-f</b> = <i>cloth</i>) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Swapping Generic Consonants |- ! Base Word 1 !! Base Word 2 !! Derived Word |- | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tov'''....''lingerie'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''taf'''....''suit'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tef'''....''hat'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tif'''....''vest'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tyoyaf'''....''shoe'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tuyaf'''....''glove'' |- | '''doob'''^*....''nation'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''doof'''....''flag'' |- | '''taob'''^*....''flesh'' || '''tol'''....''food'' || '''taol'''....''meat'' |} :<small>* This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.</small> === Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender === : Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix '''w''' and the feminine infix '''y'''. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''w'''. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''y'''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Marking Animate Nouns for Gender |- ! Gender-Neutral !! Male !! Female |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''young person'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''it'''....''he/she/it'' || '''wit'''....''he'' || '''iyt'''....''she'' |- | '''apat'''....''cock'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''toob'''....''gender'' || '''twoob'''....''male'' || '''tooyb'''....''female'' |} ::* Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for women, rather than men, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Making Inanimate Objects Female-related |- ! Male-oriented or Neutral !! Female-oriented |- | '''taf'''....''suit'' || '''tayf'''....''dress'' |- | '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' || '''tyoyayv'''....''stockings'' |- | '''tiav'''....''shirt'' || '''tiayv'''....''blouse'' |} ::* Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Body Parts Genderized |- ! Neutral !! Male-oriented !! Female-oriented |- | '''tilab'''....''breast'' || '''twilab'''....''male breast'' || '''tilayb'''....''female breast'' |- | || '''twiyib'''....''testicals'' || '''tiyiyb'''....''ovary'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''sexual organ'' || '''twiyub'''....''penis'' || '''tiyuyb'''....''vagina'' |} ::* In nouns that end in '''-ut''', the agentive suffix meaning ''-er, one who...'', the nouns can be feminized by changing '''-ut''' to '''-uyt''', eg. '''dezut'''....''actor'' -> '''dezuyt'''....''actress''. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing '''-ut''' with '''w''' to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the '''w''' can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like '''dezut''' can mean ''actor'' of neutral or male gender. ::* Animate nouns having the ending '''-et''' (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding '''w''' or '''y''' to the semantic base of the word, eg. '''tobet'''....''child, youth'' -> '''toybet'''....''girl'' or '''twobet'''....''boy''. === Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels === : A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings. : Geo-specific Vowels: <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* '''o'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''outer space, abstract object, initial stuff''' ::* '''a'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sky, air, gas''' ::* '''e'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''land, soil, solid''' ::* '''i'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sea, water, liquid''' ::* '''u'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''underground, mineral, concrete object, other''' </div> :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels |- ! !!'''m...p''' !! '''m...m''' !! '''d...p''' !! '''p...t''' !! '''m...l''' |- ! Space | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''space'' || '''dop'''....''military'' || '''pot'''....||'''mol'''....''nature'' |- ! Sky | '''map'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''dap'''....''air force'' || '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''mal'''....''air'' |- ! Land | '''mep'''....''road''|| '''mem'''....''land''|| '''dep'''....''army'' || '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''mel'''....''soil'' |- ! Water | '''mip'''....''river''|| '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''dip'''....''marine force'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''mil'''....''water'' |- ! Underground (or other) | '''mup'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || || || '''mul'''....''stuff'' |} : This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Hybrids|Hybrids]] for more on this subject. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Hybrid nouns |- ! First-level Derivation !! + Geospecific Vowel !! Second-level Derivation |- | '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''i'''....''water, sea''|| '''pe<u>i</u>t'''....''aquatic mammal'' |- | '''pelt'''....''insect'' || '''a'''....''air, sky''|| '''pel<u>a</u>t'''....''flying insect'' |- | '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''i'''....''water, sea'' || '''me<u>i</u>l'''....''mud'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''a'''....''air, gas'' || '''mi<u>a</u>l'''....''vapor'' |} === Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels === : The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Vectorial Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact. :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" border="0" |+ Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''amer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''baer'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''aber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''byaer'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''yaber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''omer'''....''south'' |- | '''o''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''boer'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''oper'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''pyoser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''yoper'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''uber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''pyuer'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''yuber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''byuser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''pier'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''yiper'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''pyiser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''emer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''eb'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''bexer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''up against, strike''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike'' |} ==== Special value of certain vowels ==== : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular'': ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual'' ::* '''anota'''....''alone, solitary'' ::* '''anay'''....''only'' ::* '''aun'''....''unit'' : The prefixes '''ya-''' or '''yan-''' meaning ''collection, plural'': ::* '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''yanot'''....''constituent'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' ::* '''yanotyan'''....''community'' ::* '''yan'''....''together'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yon'''....''apart'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' vs. '''yonota'''....''private'' ::* '''yanxer'''....''to combine'' vs. '''yonxer'''....''to separate'' === Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns === : Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning. : For example, the mnemonic '''eu''' pattern from the word for mouth, '''teud''' can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Mnemonic Pattern Derivation |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teub'''....''mouth'' !! Classifier !! Generic |- | '''teud'''....''shout'' || '''t''' = human || '''d''' = communication |- | '''teuz'''....''voice'' || '''t''' = human || '''z''' = art |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''d''' = communication || '''z''' = art |- | '''seuz'''....''tone'' || '''s''' = thing || '''z''' = art |- | '''seux'''....''sound'' || '''s''' = thing || '''x''' = action |- | '''xeus'''....''noise'' || '''x''' = action || '''s''' = thing |- | '''teuf'''....''muzzle'' || '''t''' = human || '''f''' = apparel |- | '''teuv'''....''mask'' || '''t''' = human || '''v''' = linen |- | '''teus'''....''taste''|| '''t''' = human || '''s''' = thing |- | '''deup'''....''rhythm''|| '''d''' = communication || '''p''' = ''motion'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teab'''....''eye'' !! '''(t)ea-''' = ''see'' !! Generic |- | '''teaper'''....''visit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teader'''....''witness'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teaxer'''....''look'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teaser'''....''seem'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teater'''....''see'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keaxer'''....''scan'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleaxer'''....''check'' || '''vyal-''' = ''certain''|| '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''yoneater'''....''distinguish'' || '''yon-''' = ''apart''|| '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''beaxer'''....''guard'' || '''be-''' = ''hold'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teatier'''....''perceive'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teatuer'''....''show'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teeb'''....''ear'' !! '''(t)ee-''' = ''hear'' !! Generic |- | '''teeper'''....''attend'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teeder'''....''testify'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teexer'''....''listen'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teeser'''....''sound (like)'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teeter'''....''hear'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keexer'''....''scan (acoustically)'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''koteexer'''....''snoop on'' || '''ko-''' = ''hide'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleexer'''....''sound out'' || '''vyal-''' = certain || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teetier'''....''get wind of'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teetuer'''....''make heard'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- | '''zyateetuer'''....''rumor'' || '''zya-''' = ''all around'' || '''-u-''' = objected-directed |} : A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Shortening Long Compounds |- ! Word 1 !! Word 2 !! Long Compound !! Shortened Compound |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''ekpeteuder''' || '''ekpeder'''....''neigh'' |- | '''serpyet'''....''snake'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''serpyeteuder''' || '''sepyeder'''....''hiss'' |- | '''vifeb'''....''grape'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''vifebil'''....''grape juice'' || '''vifil'''....''wine'' |- | '''povob'''....''grain'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''povobil''' || '''povil'''....''beer'' |} : Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ From Full Words to Stubs |- ! Compound !! New Stub !! Derivation |- | '''tilabil'''....''breast milk'' || '''bil'''....''milk''|| '''bilyug'''....''butter'' |- | '''fauf'''....''log'' || '''-uf'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''cylinder''|| '''muf'''....''rod, stick'' |- | '''zyeg'''....''hole'' || '''-yeg'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''hole'', ''hollow thing''|| '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' |} : The clipped word '''bil''' now gives rise to other compounds: ::* '''bilyig'''....''cheese'' ::* '''bilyigem'''....''cheese factory'' ::* '''bilyug'''....''butter'' ::* '''bilyugyena'''....''butter-like'' : The word '''mufyeg''' (Lit: hollow stick) means '''pipe, reed, cylinder''' === Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === : Words which follow Rule #11 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation. : These nuances are obtained by: :* Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel. :: These vowels are: ::: '''a''' for '''a''' and '''ya''' ::: '''e''' for '''e''' and '''ye''' ::: '''i''' for '''i''' and '''yi''' ::: '''o''' for '''o''' and '''yo''' ::: '''u''' for '''u''' and '''yu''' :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nad'''....''line'' || '''naad'''....''rail'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''doob'''....''nation'' |- | '''vyab'''....''rule'' || '''vyayab'''....''system'' |- | '''boka'''....''sick'' || '''booka'''....''tired'' |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || '''noog'''....''phase'' |- | '''bil'''....''milk'' || '''biil'''....''juice'' |} :* Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''less''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deintensification with Post-y-gliding |- ! Word !! Mitigated Derivation |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''iyfer'''....''like'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''iyva'''....''glad'' |- | '''zyutom'''....''tower'' || '''zyutoym'''....''turret'' |- | '''ama'''....''hot'' || '''ayma'''....''warm'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''oyma'''....''cool'' |} :* Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''greater''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding |- ! Word !! Enhanced Derivation |- | '''pot'''....''wild animal'' || '''pyot'''....''predator animal'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pyat'''....''bird of prey'' |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''yoma'''....''frozen'' |- | '''nuxer'''....''pay'' || '''nyuxer'''....''deliver'' |- | '''nexer'''....''save'' || '''nyexer'''....''store'' |} :* Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid '''l''' or the further intensifying liquid '''r''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with L and R |- ! Word !! L-Intensitifed || R-Intensified |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''ifler'''....''be fond of'' || '''ifrer'''....''adore'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''ivla'''....''content'' || '''ivra'''....''delighted'' |- | '''vaa'''....''affirmative'' || '''vlaa'''....''sure'' || '''vraa'''....''indubitable'' |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agla'''....''huge'' || '''agra'''....''immense'' |- | '''ga'''....''more'' || '''gala'''....''multiple'' || '''gara'''....''exponential'' |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press'' || '''barer'''....''crush'' |- | '''yexer'''....''work'' || '''yexler'''....''labor'' || '''yexrer'''....''toil, slave'' |- | '''yixer'''....''use'' || '''yixler'''....''hire'' || '''yixrer'''....''exploit'' |} :* Adding consonants other than '''l''' or '''r''' as the generic consonant: : Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like '''t''', '''f''', '''s''', '''k''', and '''z''' are used, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with Other Consonants |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fika'''....''perfect''<br>'''fira'''....''excellent'' |- | '''fua'''....''bad'' || '''futa'''....''wicked''<br>'''fura'''....''rotten'' |- | '''gea'''....''equal'' || '''geta'''....''identical''<br>'''gela'''....''alike'' |- | '''vyaa'''....''true'' || '''vyaka'''....''correct''<br>'''vyama'''....''real'' |- | '''vyoa'''....''false'' || '''vyoka'''....''incorrect''<br>'''vyoma'''....''fake'' |- | '''yiga'''....''hard'' || '''yigza'''....''sour''<br>'''yigla'''....''brusk''<br>'''yigra'''....''brutal'' |- | '''yuga'''....''soft'' || '''yugfa'''....''smooth''<br>'''yugla'''....''tender''<br>'''yugra'''....''mild'' |} :* Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nab'''....''row'' || '''nap'''....''order'' |- | '''vyava'''....''just'' || '''vyafa'''....''precise'' |- | '''jwab'''....''minute'' || '''jwap'''....''moment'' |- | '''jweb'''....''second'' || '''jwep'''....''instant'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''tap'''....''physique'' |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''top'''....''soul, animus'' |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' |- | '''naz'''....''value'' || '''nas'''....''money'' |- | '''nag'''....''dimension'' || '''nak'''...''unit of measurement'' |} == Technical Nomenclature == : The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features. === Zoological Nomenclature === {{status|100%}} [[File:Animal diversity.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of animals are formed in a systematic way. ==== Base Names ==== : First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with '''p''' (mobile) and end with '''t''' (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures. : The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air ('''a'''), water ('''i'''), land ('''e'''), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild ('''o'''), tame, or predatory ('''y'''); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms |- ! Type !! Air = a !! Water = i !! Land = e !! Anywhere = o |- valign=top !row=1| Ordinary |'''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' || '''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Predatory |'''pyat'''....''raptor'' || '''pyit'''....''predatory fish'' || '''pyet'''....''reptile'' ||'''pyot'''....''predatory animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Hybrid |'''piat'''....''waterfowl''<br>'''pelat'''....''flying insect''<br>'''paet'''....''flightless bird'' ||'''piit'''....''crustacean''<br>'''pilt'''....''marine invertebrate''<br>'''peit'''....''mammalian fish''<br>'''pyeit'''....''mollusk''|| '''payet'''....''flying reptile''<br>'''piyet'''....''batracian''<br>'''peyet'''....''worm''<br>'''pelt'''....''insect'' ||'''piot'''....''aquatic mammal'' |} ==== Derived Names ==== : The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the [https://www.itis.gov/| Linnaean taxonomy]. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name '''Canidae''' (''canids''). The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin. ''Ca'' in Latin is pronounced '''ka'''. See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad. In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory. So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix '''ka''' to the base name for domestic land animal '''pet''', yielding '''kapet''' (''dog''). All other members of the dog family end in '''pot''' (feral animal) or '''pyot''' (predatory animal). The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel. If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, ''prairie dog'' (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by '''ci³xi²ro¹pot''' from '''<u>Ro</u>¹dentia <u>Sci</u>²uridae <u>Cy</u>³nomys''', where '''pot''' is the basic animal type ''wild animal''. All rodents have the taxonomic syllable '''ro''' from the Latin "order" taxon ''Rodentia'', while all squirrel names will have the syllable '''xi''' from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon ''<u>Sci</u>uridae'' ('''<u>xi</u>uriday'''). The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family: :: <u>Ca</u>nidae (''dog family'') > ::: '''<u>ka</u>pet'''...''the common domestic dog'' (only one species, ''Canis familiaris'') ::: '''<u>ka</u>pot'''...''wild dog'' ::: '''<u>ka</u>pyot'''...''predatory dog'' : Species under '''kapyot''' are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names: :: ''Canis <u>lu</u>pus'' > '''<u>lu</u>kapyot'''...''gray wolf (or just wolf)'' :: ''Canis <u>la</u>trans'' > '''<u>la</u>kapyot'''...''coyote, prairie wolf'' ::: ''Canis latrans <u>les</u>tes'' > '''<u>les</u>lakapyot'''...''mountain coyote'' :: ''Canis <u>au</u>rus'' > '''<u>aw</u>kapyot''' > ''jackal, golden jackal'' ::: ''Canis aurus <u>cur</u>ensis'' > '''<u>kur</u>awkapyot'''....''Indochinese jackal'' :: ''Canis <u>vul</u>pus'' > '''<u>vul</u>kapyot'''...''fox, red fox'' : If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is '''awkapyot''' and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from ''curensis'' would normally be '''ku''', but it has to be extended to '''kur''' because the base begins in a vowel. : The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Latin/Greek - Mirad correspondences |- ! Latin/Greek Spelling !! Latin Sound !! Mirad Spelling !! Example |- | ''au'' || ''aw'' || '''aw''' || ''<u>au</u>rus''....'''aw-''' |- | ''eu'' || ''ew'' || '''ew''' || ''<u>eu</u>ropa''....'''ew-''' |- | ''ai''<br>''ae'' || ''ay'' || '''ay''' || ''<u>ae</u>gyptus''....'''ay-''' |- | ''ei'' <br> ''ey'' || ''ey'' || '''ey''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''oe'' || ''oy'' || '''oy''' || ''F<u>oe</u>niculum''....'''oy''' |- | ''ua'' || ''wa'' || '''wa''' || ''s<u>ua</u>vis''....'''s<u>wa</u>''' |- | ''ca/co/cu'' || ''ka/ko/ku'' || '''ka/ko/ku''' || ''<u>ca</u>nis''....'''<u>ka</u>''' |- | ''ce/ci/cy''' || ''che/chi/chi'' || '''ce/ci/cy''' || ''<u>cy</u>pris''....'''<u>ci</u>''' |- | ''y'' || ''i'' || '''i''' || ''c<u>y</u>pris''....'''<u>i</u>''' |- | ''g''' || ''g'' || '''g''' || ''<u>Ge</u>ococcyx''/''<u>Ga</u>stropoda''....'''<u>g</u>''' |- | ''ch'' || ''k'' || '''k''' || ''<u>Chi</u>roptera''....'''<u>ki</u>''' |- | ''ph'' || ''f'' || '''f''' ||''S<u>ph</u>yrapicus''....'''<u>f</u>''' |- | ''rh'' || ''r'' || '''r''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''x'' || ''ks'' || '''ks''' || ''Lo<u>x</u>odonta''....'''<u>ks</u>''' |- | ''qu'' || ''kw'' || '''kw''' || ''<u>Qu</u>ercus''....'''<u>kw</u>''' |- | ''j'' || ''y'' || '''j''' || ''<u>ju</u>lianus''....'''<u>ju</u>''' |- | ''sci'' || ''shi'' || '''xi''' || ''<u>Sci</u>uridae''....'''<u>xi</u>''' |- | ''th'' || ''t'' || '''t''' || ''<u>Th</u>unnus''....'''<u>t</u>''' |- | ''cci'' || ''ksi'' || '''ksi''' || ''Va<u>cc</u>inus''....'''<u>ksi</u>''' |} : Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for ''Cinnamomum'' would be '''cin'''. : The Latin letter ''j'' is represented in Mirad with '''j''' even though it is pronounced like a ''y''. This is for better recognizability. ==== Genderized and Other Forms ==== : Form the female of an animal by inserting a '''y''' before the '''t''' of the base adult name: ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kape<u>y</u>t'''....''bitch'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkapyo<u>y</u>t'''....''vixen'' : Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a '''w''' right after the '''p''' of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with '''py''' in which case the '''w''' is inserted just before the '''t''' of the base name: ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekp<u>w</u>et'''....''stallion'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbop<u>w</u>et'''....''ram'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkpyo<u>w</u>t'''....''dog fox'' : Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an '''o''' after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name: ::* '''bopet'''....''bovine'' ====> '''bopwe<u>o</u>t'''....''ox'' ::* '''gafapat'''....''cock'' ====> '''gafapwe<u>o</u>t'''....''capon'' : The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-ud''', the stub for '''tud'''....''child'': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>ud</u>'''....''colt'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>ud</u>'''....''pup'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopet<u>ud</u>'''....''lamb'' : The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing '''-if''': ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>if</u>'''....''puppy'' ::* '''fepet'''....''cat'' ====> '''fepet<u>if</u>'''....''kitty'' : The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-og''': ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supet<u>og</u>'''....''piggy'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>og</u>'''....''pony'' : Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal '''ekpet'''....''horse'' can serve as an example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivations of Horse |- ! Variation !! Mirad Name !! English Name |- !row=1| Adult |'''ekpet'''||''horse'' |- !row=1| Male | '''ekpwet'''||''stallion'' |- !row=1| Female | '''ekpeyt'''||''mare'' |- !row=1| Offspring | '''ekpetud'''||''colt'' |- !row=1| Female Offspring | '''ekpetuyd'''||''filly'' |- !row=1| Small adult |'''ekpetog'''||''pony'' |- !row=1| Gelded | '''ekpweot'''||''gelding'' |} ==== Animal Sounds ==== : The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the '''t''' of the base name with '''d''', the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in '''-der''': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeder'''....''to neigh'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapeder'''....''to bark'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''pader'''....''to tweet, chirp'' ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpyeder'''....''to hiss'' : A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing '''-yan''' or '''-nyan''': ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotyan'''....''a pride of lions'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopetyan'''....''a herd of sheep'' ::* '''pit'''....''fish'' ====> '''pityan'''....''a school of fish'' : Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final '''t''' of the base name with '''-per'''....''to go'': ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpeper'''....''to slither'' ::* '''lapet'''....''rabbit'' ====> '''lapeper'''....''to hop'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeper'''....''to gallop'' : The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in '''l''' (a stub for '''tel''', meaning ''food''): ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supel'''....''pork'' ::* '''supetyob'''....''hog leg'' ====> '''supetyol'''....''ham'' ::* '''bopet'''....''steer'' ====> '''bopel'''....''beef'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopel'''....''mutton'' ::* '''bopetud'''....''calf'' ====> '''bopetul'''....''veal'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatel'''....''honey'' : The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing '''-am'''....''house'', '''-um'''....''cage'', etc. to the base name: ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supetam'''....''pigsty'' ::* '''gafapayt'''....''chicken'' ====> '''gafapaytam'''....''chicken coop'' ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotam'''....''lion's den'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapetam'''....''doghouse'' ::* '''forpelt'''....''ant'' ====> '''forpeltam'''....''anthill'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatam'''....''bee hive'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''patum'''....''birdcage'', '''patsum'''....''nest'', '''patyanam'''...''aviary'' ::* '''pot'''....''wild animal'' ====> '''potam'''....''lair'' ==== Dog Breeds ==== [[File:The dog book - a popular history of the dog, with practical information as to care and management of house, kennel, and exhibition dogs, and descriptions of all the important breeds (1909) (20785715825).jpg|thumb|]] : Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to '''kapet'''....''dog'' that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site [[https://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/]]. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership. : The base of the dog breed name is '''kapet'''....''dog''. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants ('''b''', '''c''', '''d''', etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned to the ordinal vowel '''o''', so '''bokepet''' is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the '''o'''....''zero'' to '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed. : As an example: : To get the name for ''basset hound'': ::* Start with the word for dog: '''kapet'''. : This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is '''h'''. This is prefixed to '''kapet''', with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with '''a''' for ''one''. The ''basset hound'' is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes '''ha-'''. ::* '''hakapet''' is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with '''ha kapet'''....''the dog''.). A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel '''i'''.... ''three'' is prefixed: ::* '''ihakapet''' is a "small-sized scent hound" : A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word '''a'''.... ''one'' is prefixed (with a '''w''' buffer glide when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, '''Gebaroma''' is placed in front, separated by a space: ::* '''Gebaroma awahikapet''' is a ''basset hound'', a dog breed name owned by Great Britain. The name can usually be abbreviated by dropping the country owner name, thus: '''awahikapet''' <gallery> </gallery> : Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site. Group 1 = '''<u>b</u>okapet'''....sheepdogs/cattledogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''b<u>a</u>kapet'''....sheepdogs ::::* Belgian only entry = '''Belima bakapet'''....''Belgian shepherd dog'' ::::* German only entry = '''Deuma bakapet'''....''German shepherd'' ::* Section 2 = '''bekapet'''....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>bekapet'''....''Welsh corgi (Cardigan)'' Group 2 = '''<u>c</u>okapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''c<u>a</u>kapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer type ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''c<u>e</u>kapet'''....Molossian type ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''c<u>i</u>kapet'''....''Swiss mountain/cattledogs'' Group 3 = '''<u>d</u>okapet'''....''terriers'' ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....large and medium-sized terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>9</u>th entry = '''Gebaroma <u>yu</u>dakapet'''....''Welsh terrier'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....small-sized terriers ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''d<u>e</u>kapet'''....bull type terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>3</u>rd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>i</u>dekapet'''....''Staffordshire bull terrier'' ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....toy terriers Group 4 = '''<u>f</u>okapet'''....<u>dachshunds</u> ::::* Germany only entry = '''fakapet'''....''dachshund'' Group 5 = '''<u>g</u>okapet'''....spitz and primitive types ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''g<u>a</u>kapet'''....nordic sledge dogs :::: USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''<u>a</u>gakapet'''....''Siberian husky'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''g<u>e</u>kapet'''....nordic hunting dogs ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''g<u>i</u>kapet'''....nordic watchdogs/herders ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''g<u>u</u>kapet'''....European spits ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''g<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Asian spitz and related breeds ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''g<u>ya</u>kapet'''....primitive types ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''g<u>ye</u>kapet'''....hunting dogs Group 6 = '''<u>h</u>okapet'''....scent hounds and related breeds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''h<u>a</u>kapet'''....''scent hounds'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>1</u> = '''<u>a</u>hakapet'''....large-sized hounds ::::* USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''Usoma <u>aw</u>ahakapet'''....''American foxhound'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>2</u> = '''<u>e</u>hakapet'''....medium-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain only entry = '''Gebaroma ehakapet'''....''harrier'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>3</u> = '''<u>i</u>hakapet'''....small-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>aw</u>ihakapet'''....''basset hound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>ew</u>ihakapet'''....''beagle'' Group 7 = '''<u>j</u>okapet'''....pointing dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''j<u>a</u>kapet'''....''continental pointing dogs'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''j<u>e</u>kapet'''....''British and Irish pointers and setters'' Group 8 = '''<u>k</u>akapet'''....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''k<u>a</u>kapet'''....''retrievers'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''k<u>e</u>kapet'''....''flushing dogs'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''k<u>i</u>kapet'''....''water dogs'' Group 9 = '''<u>l</u>okapet'''....companion and toy dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''l<u>a</u>kapet'''....bichons ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''l<u>e</u>kapet'''....poodles ::::* France only entry = '''Ferama lekapet'''....''poodle'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''l<u>i</u>kapet'''....small Belgian dogs ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''l<u>u</u>kapet'''....hairless dogs ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''l<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Tibetan breeds ::::* Tibet <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Tibama <u>e</u>lekapet'''....''shih tzu'' ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''l<u>ya</u>kapet'''....Chihuahueno ::::* Mexico only entry = '''Mexuma lyakapet'''....''chihuahua'' ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''l<u>ye</u>kapet'''....English toy spaniels ::* Section <u>8</u> = '''l<u>yi</u>kapet'''....Japan Chin and Pekingese ::* Section <u>9</u> = '''l<u>yu</u>kapet'''....continental toy spaniel and others ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>alo</u>kapet'''....Kromforhl&auml;nder ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>ale</u>kapet'''....small Molossian type dogs Group 10 = '''<u>m</u>okapet'''....sight hounds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''m<u>a</u>kapet'''....long-haired sighthounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>a</u>makapet'''....''greyhound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>makapet'''....''whippet'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''m<u>e</u>kapet'''....rough-haired sighthounds ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''m<u>i</u>kapet'''....short-haired sighthounds ==== Cat Breeds ==== : The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See [https://cfa.org/breeds/]. You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat '''fepet'''. : This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Cat Breed Names |- ! CFA Name !! First Letters<br>Lowercase !! Number<br>If Any + fepet!! Mirad Name |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Shorthair'' || '''am''' || '''a + fepet'''|| '''amafepet''' |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Wirehair'' || '''am''' || '''e + fepet'''|| '''amefepet''' |- | ''<u>Bal</u>inese'' || '''bal''' || '''bal + fepet''' || '''balfepet''' |- | ''<u>Ben</u>gal'' || '''ben''' || '''ben + fepet''' || '''benfepet''' |} === Color Nomenclature === : The word for ''color'' in Mirad is '''volz''', which is mnemonically related to the word for ''flower'' ('''vos'''). The diminutive of ''color'' is '''voylz''', meaning ''tint, shade, hue''. : The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub '''-lza'''. The zeroth-color is no color, simple ''blank'', ''clear'', or ''transparent''. :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Basic Color Words |- ! 0 - clear !! 1 - red !!2 - orange !!3 - yellow !!4 - green !! 5 - blue !! 6 - purple !! 7 - indigo |- |<br><br><br> ||bgcolor="#d30000"| ||bgcolor="#fc6600"| ||bgcolor="#fff200"| ||bgcolor="#3bb143"| ||bgcolor="#0018f9"| || bgcolor="#b200ed"| || bgcolor="#4b0082"| |- | '''olza''' || '''alza''' || '''elza''' || '''ilza''' || '''ulza''' || '''yolza''' || '''yalza''' || '''yelza''' |} : There are some other common colors: :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Basic Color Words |- |bgcolor="white"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || '''malza'''....''white'' ||(Associated with '''man''' (''light'') |- |bgcolor="#7c4700"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|| '''melza'''....''brown'' ||(Associated with '''mel''' (''soil'') |- |bgcolor="#222021"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''molza'''....''black'' ||(Associated with '''mon''' (''dark'') |- |bgcolor="#828282"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''maolza'''....''gray'' ||(A blend of '''malza''' and '''molza''') |- |bgcolor="#fc0fc0"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''aolza'''....''pink'' ||(A blend of '''olza'''....''clear'' and '''malza'''....''red'') |} : All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example: ::* '''mecirufeb-ulza'''....''lime green'' from '''mecirufeb'''....''lime fruit'' + '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''aquamarine'' from '''mim'''....''sea'' + '''yalza'''....''blue'' ::* '''licirufeb-ilza'''....''lemon yellow'' from '''licirufeb'''....''lemon'' + '''ilza'''....''yellow'' ::* '''salpyit-alza'''....''salmon red'' ::* '''magmef-alza'''....''firebrick red'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''sea blue, aquamarine'' : Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner: ::# A "light" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''ylza''': '''uylza'''....''light green'' ::# A "-ish" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzyena''': '''ulzyena'''....''greenish'' ::# A "bright" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzayna''': '''ulzayna'''....''bright green'' ::# A "dark" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzoyna''': '''ulzoyna'''....''dark green'' : Shaded variants can also be created by prefixing adjectival components such as these: :* '''oz-'''....''-ish, light-'' :* '''az-'''....''bright-, dark-'' :* '''kyu-'''....''light-'' :* '''maz-'''....''bright-'' :* '''eyn-'''....''semi-'' etc. : Some hybrid colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel: ::* '''maolza'''....''gray'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''molza'''....''black'' ::* '''yaulza'''....''blue-green, cyan'' from '''yalza'''....''blue'' and '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''maelza'''....''beige'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''melza'''....''brown'' : Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix '''-a''': ::* '''<u>Ulz</u> se via volz.'''....''<u>Green</u> is a beautiful color.'' ::* '''At gafe <u>yalzayn</u>.'''....''I prefer <u>dark blue</u>.'' : Colors can also be used to form verbs: ::* '''Iyta teobi <u>alzasa</u>.'''....''Her cheeks <u>turned red (= blushed)</u>.'' ::* '''His se fia <u>teubip malzaxus</u>.'''....''This is a good <u>teeth whitener</u>.'' ::* '''Eta teupibi <u>ilzaseye</u>.'''....''Your teeth are <u>yellowing</u>.'' ==== Rarely Used Colors ==== : The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the [[w:List_of_RAL_colors|Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors]] expressed in Mirad + '''-lz'''. For example, the color ''golden yellow'' has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 ('''ase''', in Mirad), thus, the color is named '''aselz'''. The adjectival form of this color is '''aselza'''. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names. ===== Skin colors ===== [[File:Coloured-family.jpg|thumb|]] : When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix '''tayo(b)-''' is used. The final '''-b''' of '''tayob''' is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for ''skin-color'' itself is '''tayovolz'''. Thus: ::* '''(tayo-)molzat'''....''black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)malzat'''....''white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)melzat'''....''brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omalzat'''....''non-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omolzat'''....''non-black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omelzat'''....''non-brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymolzat'''....''half-black(skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymalzat'''....''half-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)maolzat'''....''mulatto, mixed-skinned person'' ::* '''(tayob)olzat'''....''albino'' ::* '''hyetayovolza'''....''of any skin-tone'' ::* '''hyatayovolzati'''....''people of all colors'' ::* '''Iyt se duhotayovolza?'''....''What skin color is she?'' ==== Hair Colors ==== : Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, '''tayeb'''. The final '''-b''' of '''tayeb''' is dropped before a consonant or '''y'''. The word for ''hair color'' is '''tayevolz'''. ::* '''tayebalza'''....''red-headed, auburn'' ::** '''tayebalzayt'''....''an auburn female'' ::* '''tayemolza'''....''brunette'' ::* '''tayemelza'''....''brown-haired'' ::* '''tayebiylza'''....''blond'' ::* '''tayemaolza'''....''gray, gray-haired'' :::* '''It gwa tayemaolzaso.'''....''He will go gray early.'' ::* '''Duhotayevolza iyt se?'''....''What color hair is she?'' ==== Eye Colors ==== : Eye colors are expressed by the prefix '''tea(b)''' followed by the color. The word for ''eye color'' is '''teavolz'''. In the following examples, '''teab''' (''eye'') becomes '''tea''' before any consonants or glides: ::* '''teayolza'''....''blue-eyed'' ::* '''teabulza'''....''green-eyed'' ::* '''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' :::* '''teamelzat'''....''brown-eyed person'' ::* '''teamolz'''....''a black eye'' ::* '''teamalz'''....''the white of the eye'' ::* '''Duhoteavolza et se?'''....''What color eyes do you have?'' === Chemical Nomenclature === [[File:14LaAc periodic table IIb.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding '''lk''', a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for ''hydrogen'' is ''H''. So we replace that with the word for lowercase '''h''' in Mirad: '''he'''. By adding the stub suffix '''lk''', we get '''helk'''. : Use the names of the '''''small''''' letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name '''ca''' is pronounced '''cha''' as in English ''cha-cha''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" valign=top; align=center |+ Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names |- ! Lowercase !! a !! b !! c !! d !! !! e !! f !! g !! h !! !! i !! j !! k !! l !! m !! n !! !! o !! p !! q !! r !! s !! t !! !! u !! v !! w !! x !! y !! z |- align=center | !row=1| Mirad Name | '''a''' || '''ba''' || '''ca''' || '''da''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''e''' || '''fe''' || '''ge''' || '''he''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''i''' || '''ji''' || '''ki''' || '''li''' || '''mi''' || '''ni''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''o''' || '''po''' || '''ko''' || '''ro''' || '''so''' || '''to''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''u''' || '''vu''' || '''wu''' || '''xu''' || '''yu''' || '''zu''' |} ==== Coding Chemical Elements ==== : The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Coding Chemical Elements |- ! English Element Name !! Abbreviation !! Mirad Name |- | ''silver'' || ''Ar'' || '''arolk''' |- | ''iron'' || ''Fe'' || '''feelk''' |- | ''hydrogen'' || ''H'' || '''helk''' |- | ''nitrogen'' || ''N'' || '''nilk''' |- | ''mercury'' || ''Hg'' || '''hegelk''' |- | ''darmstadtium'' || ''Ds'' || '''dasolk''' |} : In chemical compounds, the '''lk''' is used only on the last element of the compound. : Chemical compounds such as ''H₂O (hydrogen dioxide)'' are coded in the following manner. ::# The ''H'' for ''hydrogen'' is rendered as '''he''' (without the '''-lk'''). ::# The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for ''two, bi-'', '''en-''' is prefixed to the '''h''', giving '''enhe'''. ::# The word for ''oxygen'', '''ol''' is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the '''lk''' is suffixed. ::# The English word ends in ''-ide'', which is rendered in Mirad as '''-iyd''', giving '''enheolkiyd''' : Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below: : Given the chemical element ''sulfur'', which has the abbreviation ''S'', the Mirad equivalent for this solid is '''solk'''. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are: ==== Chemical Compound Suffixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Chemical Suffix Equivalents |- ! English Suffix !! Mirad Equivalent !! English Example !! Mirad Equivalent |- | ''-ide'' || '''-iyd''' || ''sulfide'' || '''solkiyd''' |- | ''-ite'' || '''-iyt''' || ''sulfite'' || '''solkiyt''' |- | ''-ate'' || '''-ayt''' || ''sulfate'' || '''solkayt''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''-iyn''' || ''iodine'' || '''ilkiyn''' |- | ''-ane'' || '''-ayn''' || ''methane'' || '''ahelkayn''' |- | ''-ene'' || '''-eyn''' || ''benzene'' || '''ehelkeyn''' |- | ''-one'' || '''-oyn''' || ''ketone'' || '''ketoyn''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''--iyn''' || ''alanine'' || '''alaniyn''' |- | ''-ic'' || '''-a''' || ''ferric'' || '''feelka''' |- | ''-ous'' || '''aya''' || ''ferrous'' || '''feelkaya''' |} : Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in '''-n'''. : The numeral prefixes ''5'' and ''6'' end in '''-on''' instead of '''-n''' so as to distinguish them from the words '''yan'''....''together'' and '''yon'''....''apart''. : The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Numeric Prefixes |- ! Number !! Prefix !! Example |- | '''a'''....''mono-'' || '''an''' || '''anolkiyd'''....''<u>mono</u>xide (O)'' |- | '''e'''....''bi-/di-'' || '''en''' || '''encalkayt'''....''<u>bi</u>carbonate (C₂)'' |- | '''i'''....''tri-'' || '''in''' || '''inolkiyd-'''....''trioxide (O₃)'' |- | '''u'''....''tetr(a)-'' || '''un''' || '''unolkiyd-'''....''tetroxide (O₄)'' |- | '''yo'''....''pent(a)-'' || '''yoon''' || '''yoonolkiyd-'''....''pentoxide (O₅)'' |- | '''ya'''....''hex(a)-'' || '''yaon''' || '''yaonolkiyd'''....''hexoxide (O₆)'' |- | '''ye'''....''hept(a)-'' || '''yen''' || '''yenolkiyd'''....''heptoxide (O₇)'' |- | '''yi'''....''oct(o)-'' || '''yin''' || '''yinolkiyd-'''....''octoxide (O₈)'' |- | '''yu'''....''non(a)-'' || '''yun''' || '''yunolkiyd-'''....''nonoxide (O₉)'' |- | '''alo'''....''dec(a)-'' || '''alon''' || '''alonolkayt-'''....''decoxidate (O₁₀)'' |} : Examples: ::* ''carbon <u>di</u>oxide (C₂O)''....'''calk <u>en</u>olkiyd''' ::* ''sodium <u>bi</u>carbonate (Na2C)''....'''nialk <u>en</u>calkayt''' ::* ''calcium <u>di</u>hydrogen phosphate''....'''caalk <u>en</u>helk polkayt''' ::* ''glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)''....'''<u>yaon</u>ca<u>alan</u>he<u>yaon</u>olk''' (or: '''sakolos''') ::* ''methanol (C₃HOH)''....'''ca<u>in</u>heohelk''' : Note: the '''-lk''' is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings '''-iyd''', '''-iyt''', and '''-ayt''', etc. ==== Names of Atomic Parts ==== : The word for ''atom'' in Mirad is '''gwomulk''', which literally is ''least particle''. : The main particles in an atom are: ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' (positive) ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' (neutral) ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' (negative) : Every atom contains '''mulki''' (''subatomic particles''). [[File:Standard Model of Elementary Particles.svg|thumb|392x392px|The [[Standard Model]] classification of particles]] : The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart to the right, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See [[wikipedia:Subatomic_particle]] ). ::* '''hamulk'''....''hadron'' :::* '''mi-hamulk'''....''meson'' ::::* '''pimi-hamulk'''....''pion'' ::::* '''kami-hamulk'''....''kaon'' :::* '''ba-hamulk'''....''baryon'' ::::* '''lambda-ba-hamulk'''....''lambda baryon'' ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' ::* '''zemulk'''....''nucleon'' ::* '''alfamulk'''....''alpha particle'' ::* '''fermimulk'''....''fermion'' ::* '''goryumulk'''....''nanoparticle'' ::* '''kyiazon mulk'''....''graviton'' ::* '''bamulk'''....''boson particle'' :::* '''agha-bamulk'''....''higgs particle'' :::* '''agwu-bamulk'''....''W boson'' :::* '''agzu-bamulk'''....''Z boson'' :::* '''gamma-bamulk'''....''photon'' :::* '''ge-bamulk'''....''gluon'' ::* '''qomulk'''....''quark'' :::* '''ba-qomulk'''....''bottom quark'' :::* '''ca-qomulk'''....''charm quark'' :::* '''da-qomulk'''....''down quark'' :::* '''ov-qomulk'''....''antiparticle, antiquark'' :::* '''penta-qomulk'''....''penta quark'' :::* '''tetra-qomulk'''....''tetra quark'' :::* '''to-qomulk'''....''top quark'' :::* '''u-qomulk'''....''up quark'' :::* '''so-qomulk'''....''strange quark'' ::* '''limulk'''....''lepton'' :::* '''gamma-limulk'''....''photon'' (also: '''manmulk''') :::* '''mu-limulk'''....''muon'' :::* '''pi-limulk'''....''pion'' :::* '''tau-limulk'''....''tau'' :::* '''vu-e-limulk'''....''electron neutrino'' :::* '''vu-mu-limulk'''....''muon neutrino'' :::* '''vu-tau-limulk'''....''tau neutrino'' :::* '''e-limulk'''....''electron'' (also: '''vomulk''') : The nucleus of an atom is called '''zemulk'''. Therefore, '''zemulka''' means ''nuclear''. === Musical Nomenclature === ==== Musical Instruments ==== : The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument ('''duzar''' < '''duz''' (''music'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument''). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played. [[File:Madras musical instruments and snake charmer's music.jpg|thumb|<small>Madras_musical_instruments_and_snake_charmer's_music</small>]] {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Instruments |- ! Mirad !! English |- ! colspan=2 | Bowed-String |- | '''aduzar''' || ''violin'' |- | '''eduzar''' || ''violin alto'' |- | '''iduzar''' || ''cello'', ''violoncello'' |- | '''uduzar'''<br>'''eona uduzar''' || ''bass''<br>''double bass'' |- | '''yoduzar''' || ''viola'' |- | '''yaduzar''' || ''fiddle'' |- | '''yeduzar''' || ''viol'' |- |- '''yiduzar''' || ''erhu'' |- | '''yuduzar''' || ''hardanger fiddle'' |- | '''aloduzar''' || ''kemenche'' |- | '''aladuzar''' || ''nyckelharpa'' |- | '''aleduzar''' || ''rebab'' |- ! colspan=2 | Woodwind |- | '''faduzar''' || ''flute'' |- | '''feduzar''' || ''oboe'' |- | '''fiduzar''' || ''clarinet'' |- | '''fuduzar''' || ''bassoon'' |- | '''fyoduzar''' || ''French harp, harmonica'' |- | '''fyaduzar''' || ''recorder'' |- | '''fyeduzar''' || ''bagpipe'' |- | '''fyiduzar''' || ''didgeridoo'' |- | '''fyuduzar''' || ''piccolo'' |- | '''faloduzar''' || ''fife, hornpipe'' |- | '''faladuzar''' || ''ocarina, ocarine'' |- | '''faleduzar''' || ''sheng'' |- | '''faliduzar''' || ''duduk'' |- | '''faluduzar''' || ''bansuri'' |- | '''falyoduzar''' || ''suling'' |- ! colspan=2 | Brass &#x1f3b7; |- | '''voduzar''' || ''horn'' |- | '''vaduzar''' || ''trumpet'' |- | '''veduzar''' || ''trombone'' |- | '''vuduzar'''<br>-- '''avuduzar'''<br>-- '''evuduzar'''<br>--'''ivuduzar'''|| ''saxophone''<br>-- ''tenor saxophone''<br>-- ''alto saxophone''<br>-- ''bass saxophone'' |- | '''vyoduzar''' || ''tuba'' |- | '''vyaduzar''' || ''bugle'' |- | '''vyeduzar''' || ''French horn'' |- | '''vyiduzar''' || ''cornet'' |- | '''vyuduzar''' || ''baritone horn'' |- | '''valoduzar''' || ''alto horn'' |- | '''valaduzar''' || ''euphonium'' |- | '''valeduzar''' || ''flugelhorn'' |- | '''validuzar''' || ''sousaphone'' |- | '''valuduzar''' || ''clarion'' |- | '''valyoduzar''' || ''mellophone'' |- | '''valyaduzar''' || ''climbasso'' |- | '''valyeduzar''' || ''ophicleide'' |- ! colspan=2 | Percussion |- | '''kaduzar'''<br>-- '''akaduzar'''<br>-- '''ekaduzar'''<br>-- '''ikaduzar'''<br>-- '''ukaduzar'''<br>-- '''yokaduzar'''<br>-- '''yakaduzar'''<br>-- '''yekaduzar'''<br>-- '''yikaduzar'''<br>-- '''yukaduzar'''<br>-- '''alokaduzar'''<br>-- '''alakaduzar'''<br>-- '''alekaduzar'''<br>-- '''alikaduzar'''<br>-- '''alukaduzar''' || ''drum''<br>-- ''snare drum''<br>-- ''bass drum''<br>-- ''tenor drum''<br>-- ''steel drum''<br>-- ''bongo drum''<br>-- ''timbrel''<br>-- ''kettledrum''<br>-- ''hang drum''<br>-- ''tupan''<br>-- ''taiko''<br>-- ''spring drum''<br>-- ''octoban''<br>-- ''candombe drum''<br>-- ''steel tongue drum'' |- | '''keduzar''' || ''glockenspiel'' |- | '''kiduzar''' || ''vibraphone'' |- | '''kuduzar''' || ''marimba'' |- | '''kyoduzar''' || ''tubular bell'' |- | '''gaduzar''' || ''triangle'' |- | '''geduzar''' || ''gong'' |- | '''giduzar''' || ''castanet'' |- | '''guduzar''' || ''rattle'' |- | '''gyoduzar''' || ''xylophone'' |- | '''gyaduzar''' || ''maraca'' |- | '''gyeduzar''' || ''caj&oacute;n'' |- | '''gyiduzar''' || ''cymbal'' |- | '''gyuduzar''' || ''tambourine'' |- | '''galoduzar''' || ''steelpan'' |- | '''galaduzar''' || ''wind chime'' |- | '''galeduzar''' || ''chime bar'' |- | '''galiduzar''' || ''celeste'' |- | '''galuduzar''' || ''clapper'' |- | '''galyoduzar''' || ''Jew's harp'' |- | '''galyaduzar''' || ''bazooka'' |- | '''galyeduzar''' || ''waterphone'' |- | '''galyiduzar''' || ''balafon'' |- | '''galyuduzar''' || ''boomwhackers'' |- | '''geloduzar''' || ''udu'' |- | '''geladuzar''' || ''thunder sheet'' |- ! colspan=2 | Keyboard &#x1f3b9; |- | '''raduzar'''<br>-- '''utekea raduzar'''<br>-- '''agala raduzar'''<br>-- '''sem raduzar''' || ''piano''<br>-- ''player piano''<br>-- ''grand piano''<br>-- ''keyboard'' |- | '''reduzar''' || ''clavichord'' |- | '''riduzar''' || ''harpsichord'' |- | '''ruduzar'''<br>-- '''mufyeg ruduzar'''<br>-- '''maka ruduzar''' || ''organ''<br>-- ''pipe organ''<br>-- ''electric organ'' |- | '''ryoduzar''' || ''accordion'' |- | '''ryaduzar''' || ''dulcimer'' |- | '''ryeduzar''' || ''calliope'' |- | '''ryiduzar''' || ''melodica'' |- | '''ryuduzar''' || ''concertina'' |- ! colspan=2 | Guitar &#x1f3b8; |- | '''baduzar'''<br>-- '''seuxa baduzar'''<br>-- '''maka baduzar'''<br>-- '''yoba baduzar''' || ''guitar''<br>-- ''accoustic guitar''<br>-- ''electric guitar''<br>-- ''bass guitar'' |- | '''beduzar''' || ''banjo'' |- | '''biduzar''' || ''lute'' |- | '''buduzar''' || ''harp'' |- | '''byoduzar''' || ''mandolin'' |- | '''byaduzar''' || ''ukelele'' |- | '''byeduzar''' || ''zither'' |- | '''byiduzar''' || ''lyre'' |- | '''byuduzar''' || ''cithara, kithara'' |- | '''baloduzar''' || ''sitar'' |- | '''baladuzar''' || ''veena'' |- | '''baleduzar''' || ''koto'' |- | '''baliduzar''' || ''balalaika'' |- | '''baluduzar''' || ''charango'' |- | '''balyoduzar''' || ''hurdy-gurdy'' |} ==== Voice Ranges ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Voice Ranges (Deuz nabyani) |- ! Mirad !! English !! Meaning |- ! colspan=3 | Women |- | '''yabdeuztoyb''' || ''soprano'' || "high-voice-female" |- | '''zeyabdeuztoyb''' || ''mezzo-soprano'' || "high-ish-voice-female" |- | '''yobdeuztoyb''' || ''alto, contralto'' || "low-voice-female" |- ! colspan=3 | Men |- | '''yabdeuztwob''' || ''tenor'' || "high-voice-male" |- | '''ze-yabdeuztwob''' || ''baritone'' || "middle-high-voice-male" |- | '''yobdeuztwob''' || ''bass''||"low-voice-male" |- | '''vyo-yabdeuztwob''' || ''falsetto'' || "false-high-voice-male" |- ! colspan=3 | Boys |- | '''yabdeuztwobet''' || ''treble'' || "high-voice-boy" |} : Suffix these nouns with '''-a''' to make them adjectives, eg.: ::* '''His se <u>yabdeuztwoba</u> duznod.'''....''This is a <u>tenor</u> note.'' ==== Solmization Syllables ==== : The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Solmization Syllables |- | '''do''' || '''re''' || '''mi''' || '''fa''' || '''sol''' || '''la''' || '''ti''' || '''do''' |} ==== Musical Score Elements ==== [[File:Gigault-dernier-kyrie-mm9-12.png|thumb]] : The semitone or accidental symbols are: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Accidentals |- ! ENGLISH NAME !! SYMBOL !! MIRAD NAME !! ENGLISH EXAMPLE !! MIRAD EXAMPLE || MIRAD PRONUNCIATION |- | ''flat'' || <big>&#x1D12C;</big>|| '''yobwa''' (=''lowered'')|| ''B flat'' || '''B yobwa''' || '''ba YOBwa''' |- | ''sharp'' || <big>&#x1D130;</big> || '''yabwa''' (=''raised'')|| ''C sharp'' || '''C yabwa''' || '''ca YABwa''' |- | ''natural'' || <big>&#x1D12E;</big> || '''egxwa''' (=''normalized'')|| ''F natural'' || '''F egxwa''' || '''fe EGxwa''' |} : Some staff notation: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Staff Notation |- ! English Name !! Symbol !! Mirad Name |- | ''staff'' || <big>&#x1D119;</big> || '''nuidyan''' |- | ''treble clef, G clef'' || <big>&#x1D11E;</big> || '''G yijar''' |- | ''C clef'' || <big>&#x1D121;</big> || '''C yijar''' |- | ''base clef, F clef'' || <big>&#x1D122;</big> || '''F yijar''' |- | ''note'' || || '''nod''' |- | ''half note'' || <big>&#x1D15E;</big> || '''eyna nod''' |- | ''quarter note'' || <big>&#x1D15F;</big> || '''uyna nod''' |- | ''whole note'' || <big>&#x1D15D;</big> || '''ayna nod''' |- | ''quarter rest'' || <big>&#x1D13D; </big> || '''uyna poys''' |- | ''eighth note'' || <big>&#x1D160; </big> || '''yiyna nod''' |- | ''bar, measure'' || <big>&#x1D100;</big> || '''nodzyan''' |- | ''ligature'' || || '''yanxus''' |} ==== Characteristic Features of Music ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Characteristic Features of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''deup'''||'' beat'' |- |'''seupan'''||'' cadence'' |- |'''jes'''||'' duration'' |- |'''zoyteuz'''||'' echo'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||'' harmony'' |- |'''duzneg'''||''pitch'' |- |'''ijduzneg'''||'' key'' |- |'''druz'''||'' lyric'' |- |'''agala duzmus'''||'' major scale'' |- |'''duznag'''||'' measure'' |- |'''duznad'''||'' melody'' |- |'''duzjob''' ||''tempo'' |- |'''nak'''||'' meter'' |- |'''ogala duzmus'''||'' minor scale'' |- |'''duz'''||'' music'' |- |'''yinig'''||'' octave'' |- |'''byes'''||'' pulse'' |- |'''zoyseuzen'''||'' resonance'' |- |'''deupyan'''||'' rhythm'' |- |'''duzmus'''||'' scale'' |- |'''duzdreyn'''||'' score'' |- |'''seux'''||'' sound'' |- |'''duzigan'''||'' tempo'' |- |'''seuzvolz'''||'' timbre'' |- |'''seuz'''||'' tone'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||''chord, harmonic'' |- |'''aybseuz'''||''overtone'' |- |'''deuzunog'''||'' tune'' |- |'''deuz'''||'' voice'' |- |'''seuxnid'''||'' volume'' |} ==== Dynamics ==== : Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left ''as is'' in Mirad. : These include: <div style="background:lightyellow; font-style:italics"> : <i>a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo</i>, and others. </div> ==== Types of Arrangements ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Arrangements ! English !! Mirad |- |''a capella song''||'''a kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzari''' |- |''anthem''||'''fizdeuzun, tezdeuzun''' |- |''antiphon''||'''duiddeuzun''' |- |''aria''||'''arya, awat deuzun''' |- |''arrangement''||'''napbeyn''' |- |''art song''||'''tuz deuz''' |- |''ballad''||'''daz deuz, ifonkex deuzun''' |- |''battle hymn''||'''dropek deuzun''' |- |''bird song''||'''pat deuzun''' |- |''broadway song''||'''Broadway deuzun''' |- |''campfire song''||'''tamoftem deuzun''' |- |''cantata''||'''kantata''' |- |''canticle''||'''efyadeuzun''' |- |''carol''||'''ivdeuzun''' |- |''chant''||'''yagdeuzun''' |- |''choral arrangement''||'''deuzutyan napxeyn''' |- |''Christmas carol''||'''Kristtaj ivdeuzun''' |- |''classical song''||'''visauna deuzun''' |- |''composition''||'''duzdrun''' |- |''concerto''||'''koncerto''' |- |''country song''||'''odom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzun''' |- |''dance song''||'''daz deuzun''' |- |''dirge''||'''uvdeuzun''' |- |''ditty''||'''deuzog''' |- |''doggerel verse''||'''dizdeuzun''' |- |''drinking song''||'''tilien deuzun''' |- |''duet''||'''ewat (deuzun)''' |- |''folksong''||'''tyoyd deuzun''' |- |''glee''||'''Gebama deuzun''' |- |''gospel song''||'''fyadin deuzun''' |- |''hip hop song''||'''hip hop deuzun''' |- |''hit song''||'''agakus deuzun''' |- |''hymn''||'''fyadeuzun ''' |- |''instrumental''||'''duzarun''' |- |''jingle''||'''nundeuzunog''' |- |''karaoke song''||'''karaoke deuzun''' |- |''love song''||'''ifon deuzun''' |- |''lullaby''||'''tudet deuzun''' |- |''lute song''||'''riduzar deuzun''' |- |''madrigal''||'''duzuka deuzun''' |- |''marching song''||'''doptyopen deuzun''' |- |''medley''||'''ebmulxwa deuzyan''' |- |''metal song''||'''mug deuzun''' |- |''musical number''||'''duzun''' |- |''old standard''||'''ajdeuzun''' |- |''opera''||'''dyuz, dyuzun''' |- |''oratorio''||'''oratoryo''' |- |''paean''||'''akrun deuzun''' |- |''partsong''||'''gon deuzun''' |- |''patter song''||'''deuzig''' |- |''pop song''||'''tyoda deuzun''' |- |''psalm''||'''afyadeuzun''' |- |''rock song''||'''rok deuzun''' |- |''round''||'''zoydea deuzun''' |- |''sea shanty''||'''mim deuz''' |- |''show tune''||'''duez deuzun''' |- |''signature song''||'''ujak deuzun''' |- |''slow jam''||'''bluz deuzun''' |- |''soliloquy''||'''awat, awat deuzun''' |- |''solo''||'''awat (duzun), awat (deuzun)''' |- |''song''||'''deuzun''' |- |''spiritual, negro spiritual''||'''topa deuzun''' |- |''sporting song''||'''tapifek deuzun''' |- |''symphony''||'''viduzunyag''' |- |''theme song''||'''texzena deuz''' |- |''torch song''||'''ifonok uvdeuzun''' |- |''vaudeville song''||'''Vaudeville deuzun''' |- |''Wienerlied''||'''Viena deuzun''' |} ==== Musicians ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musicians ! English !! Mirad |- |''musician''||'''duzut, duztoyb, duzuyt, duztwob''' |- |''instrumentalist''||'''duzarut''' |- |''violinist''||'''aduzarut''' |- |''conductor''||'''duzdeb''', '''duzutyaneb''' |- |''soloist''||'''anduzut''' |- |''singer, vocalist''||'''deuzut''' |- |''danseur''||'''dyaztwob''' |- |''ballerina''||'''dyazuyt, dyaztoyb''' |- |''dancer''||'''dazut, dazuyt''' |- |''opera singer''||'''dyuzut, dyuzuyt''' |- |''operatist, librettist''||'''dyuzdrut''' |- |''composer''||'''duzdrut''' |- |''lyricist, songwriter''||'''deuzdrut''' |- |''dance conductor''||'''dazeb''' |- |''(symphony) orchestra''||'''duzarutyan''' |- |''philharmonic orchestra''||'''duzarutyanag''' |- |''chorus, chorale'' ||'''deuzutyan''' |- |''dance troupe''||'''dazutyan''' |} ==== Song Parts ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Song Parts ! Mirad !! English |- |'''ujgon'''||''coda'' |- |'''ijgon'''||''intro'' |- |'''ebek'''||''interlude'' |- |'''ijek'''||''finale'' |- |'''gawijun'''||''reprise'' |- |'''gawdeuzun'''||''refrain'' |- |'''agalduznad'''||''theme'' |- |'''nadyan'''||''verse'' |- |'''zeymep'''||''bridge'' |- |'''gawdwas'''||''chorus'' |- |'''ujnadyan'''||''outro'' |} ==== Music Genres ==== : Some genres and styles of music: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Genres of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''a kapella, boy duzari'''||''a capella'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''ambiant'' |- |'''Usoma tyoyduz'''||''American folk'' |- |'''Usoma egona duz'''||''American standard'' |- |'''yizejna'''||''avant garde'' |- |'''Baroka'''||''Baroque'' |- |'''yolza vab'''||''bluegrass'' |- |'''bluz'''||''blues'' |- |'''Bolliwud'''||''Bollywood'' |- |'''bossa nova'''||''bossa nova'' |- |'''kalipso'''||''calypso'' |- |'''Kelta yagdeuz'''||''Celtic chant'' |- |'''Canima tyoyduz'''||''Chinese folk'' |- |'''Canima ajutbyena dyuz'''||''Chinese traditional opera'' |- |'''jejoba deupyan ay bluz'''||''contemporary R&B'' |- |'''maima bluz'''||''country blues'' |- |'''maima duz'''||''country music'' |- |'''maima pop'''||''country pop'' |- |'''maima rap'''||''country rap'' |- |'''maima rok'''||''country rock'' |- |'''dazam pop'''||''dancehall pop'' |- |'''disko'''||''disco'' |- |'''du-wop'''||''doo-wop'' |- |'''maka dauz'''||''electronic dance music (EDM)'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''elevator music'' |- |'''Euma disko'''||''Euro-disco'' |- |'''jwayeka'''||''experimental'' |- |'''flamenko'''||''flamenco'' |- |'''funk'''||''funk'' |- |'''Gregoria yagdeuz'''||''Gregorian chant'' |- |'''hip-hop'''||''hip-hop'' |- |'''honki-tonk'''||''honky-tonk'' |- |'''hyusuna rok'''||''Indie rock'' |- |'''jaz'''||''jazz'' |- |'''makjaz'''||''jazztronica'' |- |'''juju'''||''juju'' |- |'''fyaxela duz'''||''liturgical music'' |- |'''majika'''||''majika'' |- |'''mamo'''||''mambo'' |- |'''merengwe'''||''merengue'' |- |'''mesitzo'''||''mesitzo'' |- |'''mug'''||''metal'' |- |'''Mixuma duz'''||''Mexican'' |- |'''seuz bi Naxvil'''||''Nashville sound'' |- |'''Ejna Orleans bluz'''||''New Orleans blues'' |- |'''dyuz'''||''opera'' |- |'''rancera'''||''ranchera'' |- |'''rap'''||''rap'' |- |'''rege'''||''reggae'' |- |'''deupyan ay blus, ro-ay-ba'''||''rhythm & blues'' |- |'''rok-ay-rol'''||''rock & roll'' |- |'''salsa'''||''salsa'' |- |'''samba'''||''samba'' |- |'''ska'''||''ska'' |- |'''galoduzaruta duz'''||''steel band music'' |- |'''swing'''||''swing'' |- |'''Tehano'''||''Tejano'' |- |'''eyntuj duz'''||''trance music'' |- |'''Zumera visauna'''||''Western classical'' |- |'''Zumeryena'''||''Western'' |- |'''zideko'''||''zydeco'' |} === Geographic Placenames === : As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants. ==== Countries of the World ==== [[File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Johnson's new chart of national emblems, 1868.jpg|thumb|]] Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter '''m''' is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.: : Example 1: : ''Burundi'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI. ::* ''BDI'' is lowercased to ''bdi'' ::* '''b''' is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell '''ba'''. ::* Since ''d'' is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: '''d'''. ::* The vowel ''i'' is left as is: '''i''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''badim''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Badim''' ::* BDI (Burundi) = '''Badim'''. : Example 2: : ''Uzbekistan'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB. ::* ''UZB'' is lowercased to ''uzb'' ::* '''u''' is left as is: '''u'''. ::* '''z''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''zu''' ::* '''b''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''ba''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''uzubam''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Uzubam''' ::* UZB (Uzbekistan) = '''Uzubam'''. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Country Names (click on arrows to sort a column) ! ISO !! English !! Mirad |- | ABW || ''Aruba''||'''Abawum''' |- | AFG || ''Afghanistan''||'''Afegem''' |- | AGO || ''Angola''||'''Agom''' |- | AIA || ''Anguilla''||'''Aiam''' |- | ALA || ''[[w:Åland|Åland Islands]]''||'''Alam''' |- | ALB || ''Albania''||'''Alibam''' |- | AND || ''Andorra''||'''Anidam''' |- | ANT || ''Netherlands Antilles''||'''Anitom''' |- | ARE || ''United Arab Emirates''||'''Arem''' |- | ARG || ''Argentina''||'''Arogem''' |- | ARM || ''Armenia''||'''Aromim''' |- | ASM || ''American Samoa''||'''Asomim''' |- | ATA || ''Antarctica''||'''Atam''' |- | ATF || ''French Southern Territories''||'''Atofem''' |- | ATG || ''Antigua and Barbuda''||'''Atogem''' |- | AUS || ''Australia''||'''Ausom''' |- | AUT || ''Austria''||'''Autom''' |- | AZE || ''Azerbaijan''||'''Azem''' |- | BDI || ''Burundi''||'''Badim''' |- | BEL || ''Belgium''||'''Belim''' |- | BEN || ''Benin''||'''Benim''' |- | BFA || ''Burkina Faso''||'''Bafam''' |- | BGD || ''Bangladesh''||'''Bagedam''' |- | BGR || ''Bulgaria''||'''Bagerom''' |- | BHR || ''Bahrain''||'''Baherom''' |- | BHS || ''[[w|The Bahamas|Bahamas]]''||'''Bahesom''' |- | BIH || ''Bosnia and Herzegovina''||'''Bihem''' |- | BLM || ''Saint Barthélemy''||'''Balimim''' |- | BLR || ''Belarus''||'''Balirom''' |- | BLZ || ''Belize''||'''Balizum''' |- | BMU || ''Bermuda''||'''Bamum''' |- | BOL || ''Bolivia''||'''Bolim''' |- | BRA || ''Brazil''||'''Baram''' |- | BRB || ''Barbados''||'''Barobam''' |- | BRN || ''[[w:Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]]''||'''Baronim''' |- | BTN || ''Bhutan''||'''Batonim''' |- | BVT || ''Bouvet Island''||'''Bavutom''' |- | BWA || ''Botswana''||'''Bawam''' |- | CAF || ''Central African Republic''||'''Cafem''' |- | CAN || ''Canada''||'''Canim''' |- | CCK || ''Cocos Islands''||'''Cacakim''' |- | CHE || ''Switzerland''||'''Cahem''' |- | CHL || ''Chile''||'''Cahelim''' |- | CHN || ''[[w:People's Republic of China|China]]''||'''Cahenim''' |- | CIV || ''Côte d'Ivoire''||'''Civum''' |- | CMR || ''Cameroon''||'''Camirom''' |- | COD || ''Democratic Republic of the Congo''||'''Codam''' |- | COG || ''Republic of the Congo''||'''Cogem''' |- | COK || ''Cook Islands''||'''Cokim''' |- | COL || ''Colombia''||'''Colim''' |- | COM || ''Comoros''||'''Comim''' |- | CPV || ''Cape Verde''||'''Capovum''' |- | CRI || ''Costa Rica''||'''Carim''' |- | CUB || ''Cuba''||'''Cubam''' |- | CXR || ''Christmas Island''||'''Caxurom''' |- | CYM || ''Cayman Islands''||'''Cayumim''' |- | CYP || ''Cyprus''||'''Cayupom''' |- | CZE || ''Czechia''||'''Cazem''' |- | DEU || ''Germany''||'''Deum''' |- | DJI || ''Djibouti''||'''Dajim''' |- | DMA || ''Dominica''||'''Damam''' |- | DNK || ''Denmark''||'''Danikim''' |- | DOM || ''Dominican Republic''||'''Domim''' |- | DZA || ''Algeria''||'''Dazam''' |- | ECU || ''Ecuador''||'''Ecum''' |- | EGY || ''Egypt''||'''Egeyum''' |- | ERI || ''Eritrea''||'''Erim''' |- | ESH || ''Western Sahara''||'''Esohem''' |- | ESP || ''Spain''||'''Esopom''' |- | EST || ''Estonia''||'''Esotom''' |- | ETH || ''Ethiopia''||'''Etohem''' |- | FIN || ''Finland''||'''Finim''' |- | FJI || ''Fiji''||'''Fejim''' |- | FLK || ''Falkland Islands (Malvinas)''||'''Felikim''' |- | FRA || ''France''||'''Feram''' |- | FRO || ''Faroe Islands''||'''Ferom''' |- | FSM || ''Federated States of Micronesia''||'''Fesomim''' |- | GAB || ''Gabon''||'''Gabam''' |- | GBR || ''United Kingdom''||'''Gebarom''' |- | GEO || ''Georgia''||'''Geom''' |- | GGY || ''Guernsey''||'''Gegeyum''' |- | GHA || ''Ghana''||'''Geham''' |- | GIB || ''Gibraltar''||'''Gibam''' |- | GLP || ''Guadeloupe''||'''Gelipom''' |- | GMB || ''Gambia''||'''Gemibam''' |- | GNB || ''Guinea-Bissau''||'''Genibam''' |- | GNQ || ''Equatorial Guinea''||'''Geniqom''' |- | GRC || ''Greece''||'''Gerocam''' |- | GRD || ''Grenada''||'''Gerodam''' |- | GRL || ''Greenland''||'''Gedolim''' |- | GTM || ''Guatemala''||'''Getomim''' |- | GUF || ''French Guiana''||'''Gufem''' |- | GUM || ''Guam''||'''Gumim''' |- | GUY || ''Guyana''||'''Guyum''' |- | HKG || ''Hong Kong''||'''Hekigem''' |- | HMD || ''Heard Island and McDonald Islands''||'''Hemidam''' |- | HND || ''Honduras''||'''Henidam''' |- | HRV || ''Croatia''||'''Herovum''' |- | HTI || ''Haiti''||'''Hetim''' |- | HUN || ''Hungary''||'''Hunim''' |- | IDN || ''Indonesia''||'''Idanim''' |- | IMN || ''Isle of Man''||'''Iminim''' |- | IND || ''India''||'''Inidam''' |- | IOT || ''British Indian Ocean Territory''||'''Iotom''' |- | IRL || ''Republic of Ireland''||'''Irolim''' |- | IRN || ''Iran''||'''Ironim''' |- | IRQ || ''Iraq''||'''Iroqom''' |- | ISL || ''Iceland''||'''Isolim''' |- | ISR || ''Israel''||'''Isorom''' |- | ITA || ''Italy''||'''Itam''' |- | JAM || ''Jamaica''||'''Jamim''' |- | JEY || ''Jersey''||'''Jeyum''' |- | JOR || ''Jordan''||'''Jorom''' |- | JPN || ''Japan''||'''Jiponim''' |- | KAZ || ''Kazakhstan''||'''Kazum''' |- | KEN || ''Kenya''||'''Kenim''' |- | KGZ || ''Kyrgyzstan''||'''Kigezum''' |- | KHM || ''Cambodia''||'''Kihemim''' |- | KIR || ''Kiribati''||'''Kirom''' |- | KNA || ''Saint Kitts and Nevis''||'''Kinam''' |- | KOR || ''[[w:South Korea|Korea, Republic of]]''||'''Korom''' |- | KWT || ''Kuwait''||'''Kiwutom''' |- | LAO || ''Laos''||'''Laom''' |- | LBN || ''Lebanon''||'''Libanim''' |- | LBR || ''Liberia''||'''Libarom''' |- | LBY || ''Libya''||'''Libayum''' |- | LCA || ''Saint Lucia''||'''Licam''' |- | LIE || ''Liechtenstein''||'''Liem''' |- | LKA || ''Sri Lanka''||'''Likam''' |- | LSO || ''Lesotho''||'''Lisom''' |- | LTU || ''Lithuania''||'''Litum''' |- | LUX || ''Luxembourg''||'''Luxum''' |- | LVA || ''Latvia''||'''Livam''' |- | MAC || ''[[W:Macau|Macao]]''||'''Macam''' |- | MAF || ''Saint Martin''||'''Mafem''' |- | MAR || ''Morocco''||'''Marom''' |- | MCO || ''Monaco''||'''Micom''' |- | MDA || ''Moldova''||'''Midam''' |- | MDG || ''Madagascar''||'''Midagem''' |- | MDV || ''Maldives''||'''Midavum''' |- | MEX || ''Mexico''||'''Mexum''' |- | MHL || ''Marshall Islands''||'''Mihelim''' |- | MKD || ''Republic of Macedonia''||'''Mikidam''' |- | MLI || ''Mali''||'''Milim''' |- | MLT || ''Malta''||'''Militom''' |- | MMR || ''Myanmar''||'''Mimirom''' |- | MNE || ''Montenegro''||'''Minem''' |- | MNG || ''Mongolia''||'''Minigem''' |- | MNP || ''Northern Mariana Islands''||'''Minipom''' |- | MOZ || ''Mozambique''||'''Mozum''' |- | MRT || ''Mauritania''||'''Mirotom''' |- | MSR || ''Montserrat''||'''Misorom''' |- | MTQ || ''Martinique''||'''Mitoqom''' |- | MUS || ''Mauritius''||'''Musom''' |- | MWI || ''Malawi''||'''Miwim''' |- | MYS || ''Malaysia''||'''Miyusom''' |- | MYT || ''Mayotte''||'''Miyutom''' |- | NAM || ''Namibia''||'''Namim''' |- | NCL || ''New Caledonia''||'''Nicalim''' |- | NER || ''Niger''||'''Nerom''' |- | NFK || ''Norfolk Island''||'''Nifekim''' |- | NGA || ''Nigeria''||'''Nigam''' |- | NIC || ''Nicaragua''||'''Nicam''' |- | NOR || ''Norway''||'''Norom''' |- | NIU || ''Niue''||'''Nium''' |- | NLD || ''Netherlands''||'''Nilidam''' |- | NPL || ''Nepal''||'''Nipolim''' |- | NRU || ''Nauru''||'''Nirum''' |- | NZL || ''New Zealand''||'''Nizulim''' |- | OMN || ''Oman''||'''Ominim''' |- | PAK || ''Pakistan''||'''Pakim''' |- | PAN || ''Panama''||'''Panim''' |- | PCN || ''Pitcairn Islands''||'''Pocanim''' |- | PER || ''Peru''||'''Perom''' |- | PHL || ''Philippines''||'''Pohelim''' |- | PLW || ''Palau''||'''Poliwum''' |- | PNG || ''Papua New Guinea''||'''Ponigem''' |- | POL || ''Poland''||'''Polim''' |- | PRI || ''Puerto Rico''||'''Porim''' |- | PRK || ''North Korea''||'''Porikim''' |- | PRT || ''Portugal''||'''Porotom''' |- | PRY || ''Paraguay''||'''Poroyum''' |- | PSE || ''Palestinian territories''||'''Posem''' |- | PYF || ''French Polynesia''||'''Poyufem''' |- | QAT || ''Qatar''||'''Qatom''' |- | REU || ''Réunion''||'''Reum''' |- | ROU || ''Romania''||'''Roum''' |- | RUS || ''Russia''||'''Rusom''' |- | RWA || ''Rwanda''||'''Rowam''' |- | SAU || ''Saudi Arabia''||'''Saum''' |- | SDN || ''Sudan''||'''Sodanim''' |- | SEN || ''Senegal''||'''Senim''' |- | SGP || ''Singapore''||'''Sogepom''' |- | SGS || ''South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands''||'''Sogesom''' |- | SHN || ''Saint Helena''||'''Sohenim''' |- | SJM || ''Svalbard and Jan Mayen''||'''Sojimim''' |- | SLB || ''Solomon Islands''||'''Solibam''' |- | SLE || ''Sierra Leone''||'''Solem''' |- | SLV || ''El Salvador''||'''Solivum''' |- | SMR || ''San Marino''||'''Somirom''' |- | SOM || ''Somalia''||'''Somim''' |- | SPM || ''Saint Pierre and Miquelon''||'''Sopomim''' |- | SRB || ''Serbia''||'''Sorobam''' |- | STP || ''São Tomé and Príncipe''||'''Sotopom''' |- | SUR || ''Suriname''||'''Surom''' |- | SVK || ''Slovakia''||'''Sovukim''' |- | SVN || ''Slovenia''||'''Sovunim''' |- | SWE || ''Sweden''||'''Sowem''' |- | SWZ || ''Swaziland''||'''Sowuzum''' |- | SYC || ''Seychelles''||'''Soyucam''' |- | SYR || ''Syria''||'''Soyurom''' |- | TCA || ''Turks and Caicos Islands''||'''Tocam''' |- | TCD || ''Chad''||'''Tocadam''' |- | TGO || ''Togo''||'''Togom''' |- | THA || ''Thailand''||'''Toham''' |- | TJK || ''Tajikistan''||'''Tojikim''' |- | TKL || ''Tokelau''||'''Tokilim''' |- | TKM || ''Turkmenistan''||'''Tokimim''' |- | TLS || ''East Timor''||'''Tolisom''' |- | TON || ''Tonga''||'''Tonim''' |- | TTO || ''Trinidad and Tobago''||'''Totom''' |- | TUN || ''Tunisia''||'''Tunim''' |- | TUR || ''Turkey''||'''Turim''' |- | TUV || ''Tuvalu''||'''Tuvum''' |- | TWN || ''Taiwan''||'''Towunim''' |- | TZA || ''Tanzania''||'''Tozam''' |- | UGA || ''Uganda''||'''Ugam''' |- | UKR || ''Ukraine''||'''Ukirom''' |- | UMI || ''United States Minor Outlying Islands''||'''Umim''' |- | URY || ''Uruguay''||'''Uroyum''' |- | USA || ''United States''||'''Usam''' |- | UZB || ''Uzbekistan''||'''Uzubam''' |- | VAT || ''Vatican City''||'''Vatom''' |- | VCT || ''Saint Vincent and the Grenadines''||'''Vucatom''' |- | VEN || ''Venezuela''||'''Venim''' |- | VGB || ''British Virgin Islands''||'''Vugebam''' |- | VIR || ''United States Virgin Islands''||'''Virom''' |- | VNM || ''Vietnam''||'''Vunimim''' |- | VUT || ''Vanuatu''||'''Vutom''' |- | WLF || ''Wallis and Futuna''||'''Wulifem''' |- | WSM || ''Samoa''||'''Wusomim''' |- | YEM || ''Yemen''||'''Yemim''' |- | ZAF || ''South Africa''||'''Zafem''' |- | ZMB || ''Zambia''||'''Zumibam''' |- | ZWE || ''Zimbabwe''||'''Zuwem''' |} : The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker '''a''', eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''France'' ==> '''Ferama'''....''French'' ::* '''Usam'''....''United States'' ==> '''Usama'''....''American'' ::* '''Deum'''....''Germany'' ==> '''Deuma'''....''German'' : The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final '''m''' of the placename to '''t''' (meaning person), eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferat'''....''a French person, a Frenchman'' : The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg: ::* '''Ferat'''....''a French person'' ==> '''ha Ferati'''....''the French'' ::* '''Etohet'''....''an Ethiopian'' ==> '''Etohwat'''....''an Ethiopian male'' ::* '''Finit'''....''a Finn'' ==> '''Finiyt'''....''a Finnish woman'' : Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: '''Ferama''' refers to the country of ''France'', not the language ''French''. ''French'' the language is '''Ferad.''' ==== Continents ==== [[File:Continental models.gif|thumb]] : The word for ''continent'' in Mirad is '''yanmel''' (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word '''yanmel''' with vectorial prefixes. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Continent Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Ayanmal''' || ''North America'' |- | '''Oyanmel''' || ''South America'' |- | '''Iyanmel''' || ''Asia'' |- | '''Uyanmel''' || ''Europe'' |- | '''Eyanmel''' || ''Africa'' |- | '''Yoyanmel''' || ''Oceania'' |} : The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing '''-a''': :* '''Iyanmela'''....''Asian'' :* '''Uyanmela'''....''European'' : By appending '''-t(i)''' to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants: :* '''Eyanmelat'''....''an African'' :* '''Ayanmelati'''....''North Americans'' : Note: <div style="background: lightyellow"> :* The ''Americas'' is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word '''Aoyanmel''' (a combination of North and South America). :* ''Central America'' is expressed in Mirad by '''Zea Aoyanmel''' (''Central America'') :* The word '''Usam''' means ''United States of America'' or ''USA''. The word ''America'' by itself is not used in Mirad; only ''North America'' or ''South America''. :* The word '''Usamati''' is used for ''Americans'' when referring to inhabitants of the U.S. :* The word '''Ayanmelati''' is used to refer to North Americans (U.S. and Canada). :* The word '''Eyanmel-Usamat''', or more briefly, '''Eusamat''' is used for ''African American''. :* ''Latin America'' is expressed as '''Liada Oyanmel'''. :* ''A Latino, Latina, or Latinx'' in the U.S. is called '''Liadwut, Liaduyt, or Liadut'''. :* In some geographic systems, '''Ausom'''....''Australia'' is considered a continent. </div> : The word for ''island'' is '''yonmel''' (= ''separate land''). An islander is '''yonmelat'''. ==== Oceans ==== : The Mirad word for ocean is '''mimag'''. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word '''mimag''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Ocean Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Amimag''' || ''Arctic Ocean'' |- | '''Omimag''' || ''Southern Ocean'' |- | '''Imimag''' || ''Pacific Ocean'' |- | '''Umimag''' || ''Atlantic Ocean'' |- | '''Emimag''' || ''Indian Ocean'' |} ==== Compass Directions and Poles ==== : The compass directions ('''merizoni''') and poles ('''mernodi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamer'''....''north'' / '''zamera'''....''northern'' / '''zamernod'''....''north pole'' ::* '''zomer'''....''south'' / '''zomera'''....''southern'' / '''zomernod'''....''south pole'' ::* '''zimer'''....''east'' / '''zimera'''....''eastern'' ::* '''zumer'''....''west'' / '''zumera'''....''western'' : The words '''Yibzamer'''....''Arctic'' and '''Yibzomer'''...''Antarctic(a)'' both use the prefix '''yib'''....''far''. : Prefixing the directions with '''iz-'''....''due-'' yields: ::* '''iz zamer'''....''due north'' ::* '''iz zomer'''....''due south'', etc. : Directional words can be hybridized, eg: ::* '''zaomera'''....''north-south'' ::* '''zuimera'''....''east-west'' ::* '''zaumera'''....''north-west'' ::* '''zaimera'''....''north-east'' ==== Earth Grid Lines ==== : The earth grid lines ('''mernadi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamernad'''....''Arctic Circle'' ::* '''zomernad'''....''Antarctic Circle'' ::* '''zaomernad'''....''longitude'' ::* '''zuimernad'''....''latitude'' ::* '''zemernad'''....''equator'' :::* '''abzemernad'''....''Tropic of Capricorn'' :::* '''obzemernad'''....''tropic, Tropic of Cancer'' ::::* '''yizobzemernad'''....''subtropic'' ::* '''eymernad'''....''meridian'' ::* '''mamnad'''....''horizon'' ::* '''aonada'''....''vertical'' ::* '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' ::* '''zyenada'''....''perpendicular'' ==== Languages of the World ==== [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|thumb|]] : Mirad names of languages are based on either: ::* the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or: ::* the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php|Library of Congress ISO639-2 Codes]]. : If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final '''m''' or the country name with '''d'''. For example, '''Enigem''' (''England''), becomes '''Eniged''' (''English''). See [[Mirad_Grammar#Countries of the World|Countries of the World]]. : If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and '''d''' is suffixed to the word. A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel. For example, '''ba''' + '''e''' becomes '''be'''. :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Mirad Language Names |- ! ISO Language Name !! Country or ISO Code !! Mirad Language Name |- | Abkhazian || abk || '''Abakid''' |- | Afar || aar || '''Aarod''' |- | Afrikaans || '''Zafem'''....''South Africa'' || '''Zafed''' |- | Akan || aka || '''Akad''' (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka) |- | Albanian || '''Alibam'''....''Albania'' || '''Alibad''' |- | Amharic || amh || '''Amihed''' |- | Arabic || ara || '''Arad''' |- | Aragonese || arg || '''Aroged''' |- | Armenian || '''Aromim''' || '''Heyud''' |- | Assamese || asm || '''Asomid''' |- | Avaric || ava || '''Avad''' |- | Avestan || ave || '''Aved''' |- | Aymara || aym || '''Ayumid''' |- | Azerbaijani || '''Azem'''....''Azerbaijan'' || '''Azed''' |- | Bambara || bam || '''Bamid''' |- | Bashkir || bak || '''Bakirod''' |- | Basque || baq || '''Baqod''' |- | Belarusian || '''Balirom'''....''Belarusia'' || '''Balirod''' |- | Bengali || '''Bagedim'''....''Bangladesh'' || '''Bagedid''' |- | Bislama || bis || '''Bisod''' |- | Bosnian || '''Bihem'''....''Bosnia'' || '''Bihed''' |- | Breton || bre || '''Bared''' |- | Bulgarian || '''Bagerom'''....''Bulgaria'' || '''Bagerod''' |- | Burmese || '''Mimirom'''....''Miyanmar'' || '''Mimirod''' |} ...and so on... : The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing '''-a''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''(the) English (language)'' ==> '''Enigeda'''....''(in the) English (language)'' ::* '''Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.'''....''This English language document is incomprehensible.'' : The language names can be verbalized with the addition of '''-der'''....''to say'', '''-daler'''....''to speak'', and '''-xer'''....''to translate into'', eg: ::* '''Ferad'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferader'''....''to say in French'' ::* '''Esopod'''....''Spanish'' ==> '''Esopodaler'''....''to speak Spanish'' ::* '''Arad'''....''Arabic'' ==> '''Aradxer'''....''to Arabicize/translate into Arabic'' ::* '''Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.'''....''French has many Anglicizations.'' : The speaker of a language is created by adding '''-ut''' or '''-alut''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''English'' ==> '''Enigedut (or) Enigedalut'''....''English speaker'' ::* '''Duven et Enigedale?'''....''Do you speak English?'' ::* '''Aradu hia dun.'''....''Say this word in Arabic.'' ::* '''At se Itadut/Itadalut.'''....''I am a speaker of Italian.'' : Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Language Variants |- ! Variation Category !! Example |- | '''Ajna'''....''Old/Ancient'' || '''Ajna Eniged'''....''Old English, Anglo-Saxon'' |- | '''Ejoba'''....''Modern'' || '''Ejoba Perod'''....''Modern Persian, Farsi'' |- | '''Visauna'''....''Classical'' || '''Visauna Gerocad'''....''Classical Greek'' |- | '''Vyirina'''....''Puristic'' || '''Vyirina Gerocad'''....''Katharevousa (Puristic Greek)'' |- | '''Tyoda'''....''Vulgar/Popular/Demotic'' || '''Tyoda Latod'''....''Vulgar Latin''<br>'''Tyoda Gerocad'''....''Demotic Greek'' |- | '''Fyaxela'''....''Liturgical'' || '''Fyaxela Hebad'''....''Liturgical Hebrew'' |- | '''Fyadyesa'''....''Biblical'' || '''Fyadyesa Hebad'''....''Biblical Hebrew'' |- | '''Egona'''....''Standard'' || '''Ejoba Egona Arad'''....''Modern Standard Arabic'' |- | '''Egema'''....''Egyptian'' || '''Egema Arad'''....''Egyptian Arabic'' |- | '''Usoma'''....''American'' || '''Usoma Eniged'''....''American English'' |} : There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself. ::* '''Mirad'''....''Mirad'' ('''Mir'''....''world'') ::* '''Meurad'''....''Martian'' ('''Meur'''...''Mars'') ::* ''Celtic'', which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called '''Celid''' in Mirad. ::* ''Indo-European'', with the code "ine", translates to '''Inied''' in Mirad. ==== Cities and Their Residents ==== : Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in '''-a''' or '''-yena'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Cities and Their Residents |- ! City !! Adjective !! Inhabitant |- | '''Paris'''....''Paris'' || '''Paris<u>yena</u>'''....''Parisian'' || '''Paris<u>at</u>'''....''Parisian'' |- | '''Ejna York'''....''New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>a</u>'''....''of New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>at</u>'''....''New Yorker'' |- | '''Rom'''....''Rome'' || '''Rom<u>a</u>'''....''Roman'' || '''Rom<u>at</u>'''....''Roman'' |- | '''Beijing'''....''Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>a</u>'''....''of Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>at</u>'''....''resident of Beijing'' |- | '''Berlin'''....''Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>a</u>'''....''from Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>at</u>'''....''Berliner'' |} : Examples: :* '''Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.'''....''Berlin citizens are called Berliners.'' :* '''Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.'''....''Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.'' === Playing Cards Notation === : The playing card suits and prime denominations are: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Playing Card Suits |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''tiib''' || ''heart''|| <big>{{cards|h}}</big> |- | '''melukar''' || ''spade''|| <big>{{cards|s}}</big> |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond''|| <big>{{cards|d}}</big> |- | '''infayeb''' || ''club''|| <big>{{cards|c}}</big> |} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ High Cards plus the Joker |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''Az bi tiibi''' || ''ace of hearts''||[[File:Simple_h_a.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edweb bi melukari'''||''king of spades''||[[File:Simple_s_k.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edeyb bi amezi'''||''queen of diamonds''||[[File:Simple_d_q.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Yuxtwobet bi infayebi''' || ''jack of clubs''||[[File:Simple_c_j.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''hihiduut''' || ''joker''|| [[File:Simple_jk_b.svg|40px|thumb]] |} : Some useful terms: ::* '''eker drafi'''....''to play cards'' ::* '''zyabuer ha drafi'''....''to deal the card'' ::* '''ebnapxer ha drafi'''....''to shuffle the cards'' ::* '''goler ha nyan'''....''to cut the deck'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to fold'' ::* '''durer'''....''to bid'' ::* '''lokoxer draf'''....''to turn over a card'' ::* '''lokoxer ota tuyab'''....''to show one's hand'' ::* '''abnabxer'''....''to trump'' ::* '''ekdrafnyan'''....''deck of cards'' ::* '''nab'''....''suit'' ::* '''joper nab'''...''to follow suit'' ::* '''kyesdraft'''....''wild card'' ::* '''abnaba draf'''....''trump card'' ::* '''ha yannas'''....''the pot'' ::* '''ha nax'''....''the ante'' ::* '''yaber ha nax'''....''to up/raise the ante'' === Chess Piece Nomenclature === {{chess diagram | tright | |= 8 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= 7 |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= 6 | | | | | | | | |= 5 | | | | |pd| | | |= 4 | | | | |pl|pl| | |= 3 | | | | | | | | |= 2 |pl|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|= 1 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= a b c d e f g h | The King's Gambit }} : The game of chess is called '''xahifek''' in Mirad. : The chess pieces ('''xahifek goyni''') are as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Chess Piece Names |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''edweb''' || ''king'' || [[File:Chess_klt45.svg|thumb|30px]] |- | '''edeyb''' || ''queen'' || [[File:Chess_qlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''efyaxeb''' || ''bishop'' || [[File:Chess_blt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''apetaput''' || ''knight'' || [[File:Chess_nlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''tamaz''' || ''rook'' || [[File:Chess_rlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''melyexut''' || ''pawn'' || [[File:Chess_plt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |} : Some chess terms: ::* ''to checkmate''....'''xahtojber''' ::* ''Check!''....''Xah!'' ::* ''Checkmate!''....'''xahtoj!''' ::* ''chess board''....'''xahifek seym, xahifek drof''' ::* ''to move a piece''....'''paxer goun''' ::* ''to capture a piece''....'''pixler goun''' ::* ''chess clock''....'''xahifek jwobar''' ::* ''chess set''....''xahifek gounyan'' ::* ''chess tournament''....'''xahifekanyan''' ::* ''chess player''....'''xehifekut''' ::* ''my turn''....'''ata nayb''' ::* ''score''....'''aoksag''' ::* ''world champion''....'''miraklut''' === Botanical Nomenclature === : The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the [https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy|international Linnaean taxonomy]. ==== Base Names ==== : So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words: ::* '''fab'''....trees :::* '''feb'''....''fruits and nuts'' ::* '''fayb'''....''vines and shrubs'' :::* '''feyb'''....''berries'' ::* '''vob'''....''crops'' ::* '''vol'''....''vegetables'' ::* '''veel'''....''legumes and beans'' ::* '''vos'''....''flowers'' ==== Specific Names ==== : To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, ''pine'' tree is rendered as '''pifab'''. The '''pi''' prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees ''<u>Pi</u>naceae''. The '''fab''' ending applies to all trees. To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. ''cedar tree'' is '''<u>ce</u>pifab''' from ''Pianaceae <u>Ce</u>drus''. A ''cedar of Lebanon'' is '''<u>li</u>cepifab''' from the more specific ''Pinaceae Cedrus <u>li</u>bani''. : By constructing botanical terms this way, all pine trees can be listed by searching for all names ending in '''pifab'''. [[File:171 Magnolien.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ '''Basic Botanical Terms''' |- |valign=top|'''fob'''....''plant''||valign=top|'''vob'''....''crop''||valign=top|'''vol'''....''vegetable''||valign=top|'''vos'''....''flower'' |- |valign=top|'''fab'''....''tree''<br>'''fayeb'''....''leaf''<br>'''faob'''....''wood''<br>'''fayob'''....''bark''||valign=top|'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''vayob'''....''peel''|| ||'''vosayeb'''....''petal''<br>'''vosayob'''....''sepal'' |- |valign=top|'''feb'''....''fruit/nut''||valign=top|'''veb'''....''ear/tuft''<br>'''veeb'''....''seed''<br>'''veeyb'''....''grain''||valign=top|'''veel'''....''legume''||'''voseb'''....''capitulum'' |- |valign=top|'''fib'''....''trunk''||valign=top|'''vib'''....''stem'' || || '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' |- |valign=top|'''fub'''....''branch''||valign=top|'''vub'''....''blade''<br>'''vulob'''....''thorn'' || || |- |valign=top|'''fyob'''....''root''||valign=top|'''vyob'''....''tuber'' || || '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' |} ===== Product Names ===== : Products derived from plants are formed with the following words: ::* '''-fel'''....''juice (from a pome)'' ::* '''-feel'''....''-ade'' ::* '''-feyl'''....''juice (from a berry)'' ::* '''-fil'''....''alcoholic drink/cider'' ::* '''-fyel'''....''oil/jam/syrup'' ::* '''-fyeyl'''....''jelly'' ::* '''-fol'''....''grounds/powder'' ::* '''-fayel'''....''leaf juice'' : Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Zoological_Nomenclature|Zoological Nomenclature]]. For example, an ''apple'' is from the <u>Ro</u>saceae family of trees, the genus being ''<u>Ma</u>lus''. So the word for ''apple'' becomes '''marofeb'''. ''Apple tree'' is '''marofab''' and ''apple juice'' is '''marofel'''. Thus, ''apple cider'' is '''marofil'''. ===== Crops ===== : Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base '''vob''' with taxonomic syllables. [[File:Usdaemmer1.jpg|thumb|]] : The base words of this group are: ::* '''-vob'''....''crop'' ::* '''-vab'''....''grass'' ::* '''-vayeb'''....''leaf'' ::* '''-veb'''....''ear, cob, head, spike, tuft'' ::* '''-veeb'''....''seed, germ'' ::* '''-veel'''....''bean, legume'' ::* '''-veeyb'''....''grain, kernel, pip'' ::* '''-vib'''....''stem'' ::* '''-vub'''....''blade, sprig, twig'' ::* '''-vyob'''....''tuber'' ::* '''-vel'''....''edible product'' ::* '''-vil'''....''drinkable product, beer'' ::* '''-vyel'''....''syrup'' ::* '''-vol'''....''vegetable'' : From the above base words are derived these products, among others: ::* '''sakol'''....''sugar'' < '''sakvob'''....''sugarcane'' ::* '''povel'''....''bread'' < '''povob'''....''cereal'' ::* '''zepovyel'''....''corn syrup, corn oil'' < '''zepovob'''....''corn'' ::* '''zepovil'''....''whiskey, bourbon'' ::* '''sepovil'''....''rye whiskey'' < '''zepovob'''....''rye'' ::* '''povil'''....''beer'' ::* '''epovil'''....''ale'' ::* '''avpovob mekil'''....''oatmeal'' < '''avpovob'''....''oat'' ::* '''orpovob zyiglal'''....''rice cake'' < '''orpovob'''....''rice'' ::* '''mekuvol'''....''melon'' ===== Vegetables and Legumes ===== : Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base '''vol''' (''vegetable'') or '''veel''' (''legume, bean'') with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy. Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks. [[File:Hrushikesh kulkarni vegetables.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Vegetables |- ! Edible Crop !! Taxonomy |- ! colspan=2| LEGUMES: EDIBLE SEEDS |- |'''faveel'''....''bean'' || ''Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris'' |- |'''lensfaveel'''....''lentil'' || ''Fabaceae Lens culinaris'' |- |'''glifaveel'''....''soybeen'' || ''Fabaceae Glycine max'' |- |'''vigfaveel'''....''black-eyed pea'' || ''Fabaceae Faseolus vigna unguiculata'' |- ! colspan=2 | Vegetables: Berries/Fruits |- |'''lisovol'''....''tomato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum'' |- |'''mesovol'''....''eggplant'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum melongena'' |- |'''perlawvol'''....''avocado'' || ''Lauraceae Persea americana'' |- |'''sakuvol'''....''cucumber'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''akapsovol'''....''chili pepper'' || ''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra'' || ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- ! colspan=2 |bulbs |- |'''amalvol'''....''leek'' || ''Allium ampeloprasum'' |- |'''cepalvol'''....''onion'' || ''Allium cepa'' |- |'''alkalvol'''....''shallot'' || ''Alium ascalonicum'' |- |'''satalvol'''....''garlic'' || ''Allium sativum'' |- |'''zinvol'''....''ginger'' || ''Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale'' |- |'''skoynalvol'''....''chive'' || ''Allium Schoenoprasum'' |- |'''foynapvol'''....''fennel'' || ''Apiaceae Phoenix dactylifera'' |- ! colspan=2 | melons/gourds |- |'''kuvol'''....''squash, gourd''|| ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita'' |- |'''makuvol'''....''pumpkin'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima'' |- |'''mekuvol'''....''melon, honeydew, cantaloupe'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melon'' |- |'''cikuvol'''....''watermelon'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus'' |- |'''pekuvol'''....''zucchini'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo'' |- ! colspan=2 | Tubers/Root Vegetables |- |'''tusovol'''....''potato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum'' |- |'''betamvol'''....''beet, beetroot'' || ''Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris'' |- |'''rafbravol'''....''radish''|| ''Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus'' |- |'''kadawapvol'''....''carrot''||''Apiaceae Daucus carota'' |- |'''nabravol'''....''turnip''|| ''Brassica napus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''pasavol'''....''parsnip'' ||''Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa'' |- |'''eskolaravol'''....''taro'' ||''Araceae Colocasia esculenta'' |- |'''divol'''....''yam'' ||''Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea'' |- ! colspan=2| Leafy/Flowering Vegetables |- |'''bravol'''....''cabbage'' || ''Brassicaceae'' |- |'''botrolbravol'''....''cauliflower''||''Brassica oleracea botrytis'' |- |'''gemolbravol'''....''Brussels sprouts''|| ''Brassica oleracea gemmifera'' |- |'''valkavol'''....''corn salad, lamb's lettuce''|| ''Caprifocilaceae Valerianella locusta'' |- |'''lakasvol'''....''lettuce''|| ''Asteraceae Lactuta sative'' |- |'''spinamvol'''....''spinach'' || ''Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea'' |- |'''rupolivol'''....''sorrel''|| ''Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa'' |- |'''tarasvol'''....''mustard greens''|| ''Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale'' |- |'''itolbravol'''....''broccoli''|| ''Brassica Oleracea italica'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra''|| ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- |'''petapvol'''....''parsley''|| ''Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum'' |- |'''basoclamvol'''....''basil''|| ''Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum'' |- |'''orlamvol'''....''thyme''|| ''Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare'' |- |'''encivol'''....''chicory, endive''|| ''Cichorium endivia'' |- |'''nasbravol'''....''watercress''|| ''Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale'' |- |'''korapvol'''....''coriander''|| ''Apiaceae Coridandrum sativum'' |- ! colspan=2 | Stalks |- |'''aspavol'''....''asparagus''|| ''Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis'' |- |'''gravapvol'''....''celery''|| ''Apiaceae Apium graveolens'' |- |'''rewmpolivol'''....''rhubarb''|| ''Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum'' |- |'''kurzinvol'''....''turmeric''|| ''Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa'' |- |'''kokarvol'''....''heart of palm, swamp cabbage''|| ''Arecaceae Cocos'' |- |'''cimpovol'''....''lemongrass''|| ''Poaceae Cymbopogon'' |} ==== Common Flower Names ==== [[File:Madeira-flowers hg.jpg|thumb|]] ===== Flower Parts ===== : Flower names are built on the base name '''vos''', meaning ''flower''. First, here is a list of flower parts: ::* '''vosayob'''....''sepal'' ::* '''vosayeb'''....''petal'' ::* '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' ::* '''veeybpexus'''....''stigma'' ::*'''vosij'''....''bud, flower bud'' ::* '''tooygon'''....''pistil'' ::* '''veeybyan'''....''pollen'' ::* '''twoogon'''....''stamen'' ::* '''twoogonyif'''....''filament'' ::* '''veeybyem'''....''anther'' ::* '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' ===== Flower Names ===== [[File:Tulipa suaveolens floriade to Canberra.jpg|thumb|]] : Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base '''vos''' that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples: : '''<u>som</u>pavos'''....''opium poppy'' (''<u>Pa</u>paver <u>som</u>niferum'') : '''<u>mag</u>vos'''....''magnolia'' (''<u>Mag</u>noliaceae Magnolia'') : '''<u>or</u>vos'''....''orchid'' (''<u>Or</u>chidaceae Orchis'') : '''<u>krokir</u>vos'''....''crocus'' (''<u>Ir</u>idaceae <u>Cro</u>cus'') : For a fuller list, see the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Flower_Words|Flower Words]]. === Computer Terminology === [[File:Generic-office-desktop2.svg|thumb]] : This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Computerese |- ! Mirad !! English |- |'''agna saibyan syaagir'''||''mainframe computer'' |- |'''absem syaagir'''||''desktop computer'' |- |'''agbanak'''||''byte'' |- |'''ajnexer'''||''to archive'' |- |'''amloagbanak'''||''megabyte'' |- |'''anay dyewa tax'''||''read-only memory, ROM'' |- |'''aota syaagir'''||''personal computer'' |- |'''aottuunyan'''||''profile'' |- |'''aoyebmeyp'''||''port'' |- |'''apaxler'''||''to swipe'' |- |'''aroagbanak'''||''kilobyte'' |- |'''baler buxnuf'''||''to press/hit a key'' |- |'''banak'''||''bit'' |- |'''agdresin kyoxea buxnuf'''||''caps lock key'' |- |'''buxnuf'''||''key'' |- |'''buxnufsemes'''||''keyboard'' |- |'''buxnufseym'''||''keypad'' |- |'''izeaxus'''||''cursor'' |- |'''byuxseym'''||''touchpad'' |- |'''datier'''||''to friend'' |- |'''dodrer ebdras'''||''to post a message'' |- |'''dota zeyn'''||''social medium'' |- |'''ebdrer'''||''to text'' |- |'''dreun'''||''document'' |- |'''dreuzyufer'''||''to scroll, pan'' |- |'''droer naab'''||''to delete a file'' |- |'''drou buxnuf'''||''delete key'' |- |'''drur'''||''printer'' |- |'''drurer naab'''||''to print out a file'' |- |'''drurer'''||''to print out'' |- |'''druru buxnuf'''||''print screen key'' |- |'''drurun'''||''a printout'' |- |'''dunexlar'''||''word processor'' |- |'''dyezier'''||''to take a movie'' |- |'''ebdayler'''||''to chat'' |- |'''ebdaylim'''||''chatroom'' |- |'''emojin'''||''emoji'' |- |'''ex buxnuf'''||''function key'' |- |'''exen vyaab'''||''operating system'' |- |'''extuundras'''||''program, application'' |- |'''extuundrasog'''||''app'' |- |'''extuundrasyan'''||''software'' |- |'''extuundrer'''||''to program'' |- |'''fuk'''||''bug'' |- |'''fukaya'''||''buggy'' |- |'''fukoyxer'''||''to debug'' |- |'''garalyoagbanak'''||''petabyte'' |- |'''gelxer naab'''||''to copy a file'' |- |'''googler'''||''to google'' |- |'''gyia kyos yebiar'''||''solid state drive, SSD'' |- |'''gyia zyiun yebiar'''||''cd drive'' |- |'''haydren dyun'''||''login name'' |- |'''haydrer bay tuyubbal'''||''to log in with one's fingerprint'' |- |'''haydrer'''||''to log in'' |- |'''hoydrer'''||''to log out'' |- |'''huisteaxar'''||''browser'' |- |'''kyeteaxer'''||''to browse'' |- |'''hyux buxnuf'''||''alt key'' |- |'''iber naab'''||''to receive a file'' |- |'''ila mez sinuar, IMS'''||''liquid crystal display, LDC'' |- |'''izbex buxnuf'''||''control key'' |- |'''izbexdrof'''||''motherboard'' |- |'''kliker ab'''||''click on'' |- |'''kodun'''||''password'' |- |'''gawdyunxer naab'''||''to rename a file'' |- |'''kyax buxnuf'''||''shift key'' |- |'''kyea yempuen tax'''||''random access memory, RAM'' |- |'''kyisier naab'''||''to download a file'' |- |'''kyisuer naab'''||''to upload a file'' |- |'''kyiunxar'''||''charger'' |- |'''kyiunxer'''||''to charge'' |- |'''lodatier'''||''to unfriend'' |- |'''makebdren'''||''email'' |- |'''makedrer'''||''to email'' |- |'''man-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOES'''||''LED'' |- |'''mansin dyes'''||''photo album'' |- |'''mis'''||''window'' |- |'''naab'''||''file'' |- |'''naedzyun'''||''trackball'' |- |'''nagonxar'''||''modem'' |- |'''neaf mansiniar'''||''web camera'' |- |'''nexer naab'''||''to save a file'' |- |'''num yibdalir'''||''cellphone'' |- |'''belyafwa syaagir'''||''laptop computer'' |- |'''oglagos'''||''microchip'' |- |'''gwoteexar'''||''microphone'' |- |'''omijber'''||''to boot up'' |- |'''omola tyep'''||''artificial intelligence, AI'' |- |'''gawomijber'''||''to reboot'' |- |'''paxer naab'''||''to move a file'' |- |'''paxyafwa yibdalir'''||''mobile phone'' |- |'''poxu zyumuf buxnuf'''||''scroll lock key'' |- |'''sagbexu buxnuf'''||''numlock key'' |- |'''sagseym'''||''number pad'' |- |'''sam'''||''console'' |- |'''saunapxer naab'''||''to sort a file'' |- |'''semes syaagir'''||''tablet computer'' |- |'''sindren semes'''||''graphics tablet'' |- |'''sindrenyan exlen aun'''||''graphics processing unit, GPU'' |- |'''sines'''||''icon'' |- |'''sinuar'''||''screen, display, monitor'' |- |'''syaager'''||''to compute'' |- |'''syaagir'''||''computer'' |- |'''syaagirdal'''||''computerese'' |- |'''syaagirtun'''||''computer science'' |- |'''syaagnyed'''||''spreadsheet'' |- |'''taam mays'''||''home screen'' |- |'''tampu buxnuf'''||''home key'' |- |'''sirmul'''||''hardware, physical matter'' |- |'''taxdrer'''||''to record'' |- |'''taxmuf'''||''memory stick'' |- |'''teataxdrer'''||''to video'' |- |'''teataxdrun'''||''video'' |- |'''tuunnabyan'''||''database'' |- |'''tuyab izdar'''||''mouse'' |- |'''uber naab'''||''to send a file'' |- |'''uinig buxnuf'''||''tab key'' |- |'''utmansin'''||''selfie'' |- |'''yaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD)'''||''HTML'' |- |'''yeber'''||''to enter, insert'' |- |'''yebu buxnuf'''||''enter key, return key, insert key'' |- |'''yiga zyiun yebiar'''||''hard disk drive, HDD'' |- |'''yijber naab'''||''to open a file'' |- |'''yujber naab'''||''to close a file'' |- |'''makmepdrof'''||''circuitboard'' |- |'''zea exlen aun'''||''central processing unit, CPU'' |- |'''zoynigxu buxnuf'''||''backspace key'' |- |'''zyiun yebiar'''||''disk drive'' |} === Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology === : This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages. ==== Medical Diseases ==== : Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg. ::* '''tiebalyoganbok'''....''asthma'' (lit: shortness of breath illness) ::* '''tiebbok'''....''pneumonia'' (lit: lung illness) ::* '''teibbok'''....''rhinitis'' (lit: nose illness) ::* '''tayibblok'''....''neuropathy'' (lit: nerve suffering) ::* '''tebbyoyk'''....''headache'' (lit: head ache) ::* '''teibzyegikanbok'''....''osteoporosis'' (lit: bone porosity illness) ==== Pharmaceuticals ==== : Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized. ::* '''aspirin'''....''aspirin'' ::* '''Ibupropen'''....''Ibupropen'' : Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose: ::* '''bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol'''....''analgesic, painkiller'' (Lit: pain reliever) ::* '''tikebilokxol'''....''emetic'' (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance) : Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see [https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn|International Nonproprietary Names]). For example, ''phenobarbital''. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ INN names pronunciation |- ! Greco-Roman<br>Spelling !! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | ch || '''k''' |- | ph || '''f''' |- | x || '''ks''' |- | y || '''i''' |- | qu || '''kw''' |- | rh || '''r''' |- | th || '''t''' |- | ae || '''ay''' |- | oe || '''oy''' |- | c before i, e, or y || '''c''' |- | c otherwise || '''k''' |- | final e || silent |- | double consonant || single consonant |} : Examples: ::* '''acetaminophen'''....''a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN'' ::* '''amphetamine'''....''am-fe-ta-MIN'' ::* '''trimethroprim'''....''tri-me-tro-PRIM'' ::* '''sulfamethoxazole'''....''sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL'' ::* '''oxacillin'''....''o-ksa-ci-LIN'' === Mineral and Crystal Nomenclature === : Minerals end in '''-muk''' with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see [[Wikipedia:List_of_mineral_symbols|The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols]]). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. For example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Some Mineral Names |- ! English!! IMA Symbol !! Mirad Spellings !! Mirad Name |- | ''argyrodyte'' || Agy || '''a-ge-yu''' || '''ageyumuk''' |- |''brochantyte'' || Bct || '''ba-ca-to''' || '''bacatomuk''' |- |''chromite'' || Chr || '''ca-he-ro''' || '''caheromuk''' |} : There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.: ::* ''Lemmleinite-K'' (Lem-k) is '''liemikomuk''' in Mirad. : Crystals end in '''-mez'''. The first part of the word is an enumeration. : The common crystals are listed here: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Names of Common Crystals |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''mez''' || ''crystal'' |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond'' |- | '''emez''' || ''topaz'' |- | '''imez''' || ''ruby'' |- | '''umez''' || ''emerald'' |- | '''yomez''' || ''sapphire'' |- | '''yamez''' || ''lapis lazuli'' |- | '''yemez''' || ''amethyst'' |- | '''yimez''' || ''amber'' |- | '''yumez''' || ''quartz'' |- | '''alomez''' || ''opal'' |- | '''alamez''' || ''tourmaline'' |- | '''alemez''' || ''garnet'' |- | '''alimez''' || ''zirconia'' |- | '''alumez''' || ''jasper'' |- | '''alyomez''' || ''jade'' |- | '''alyamez''' || ''marganite'' |} : Other, less common crystals end in '''-mez''' and are formed from the Wikipedia list of mineral symbols. : General words for earthen matter: :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' :* '''muz'''....''ore'' :* '''mug'''....''metal'' :* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :* '''meg'''....''rock, stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' :* '''mel'''....''soil'' :* '''meil'''....''mud'' :* '''mek'''....''dust'' :* '''miek'''....''sand'' :* '''mev'''....''porcelain'' :* '''mef'''....''brick'' ==== Rock Classification ==== : The naming of individual rock types is based on the [[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/download/bgs-rock-classification-scheme-igneous/| BGS Rock Classification Scheme ]]. : All rocks (other than the general word for ''rock'', '''meg''') end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type: ::* '''ameg'''....''sedimentary rock'' ::* '''emeg'''....''igneous rock'' ::* '''imag'''....''metamorphic rock'' : The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final ''e'' is dropped from names that end in ''yte'' or ''ite''. For example, ''trachydacite'' in the scheme becomes '''trachydacit''' in Mirad. This word is then followed by one of the rock types above ('''emeg''' ''igneous rock''). So ''trachydacite'' becomes '''trachydacitemeg''' in Mirad. For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary. :The word '''meg''' ''rock'' has some common derivatives: ::* '''megag'''....''boulder'' ::* '''meg'''....''stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' ::* '''megyel'''....''cement, asphalt, bitumen'' :::* '''megyelyig'''....''concrete'' ::* '''megil'''....''lava'' ::* '''meggos'''....''crag'' ::* '''megyig'''....''flintstone, basalt'' ::* '''meag'''....''marble'' ::* '''meeg'''....''slate'' ::* '''meig'''....''granite'' ::* '''meug'''....''clay, dough'' ::* '''meyog'''....''china'' ::* '''meyag'''....''chalk'' :::* '''meyaz'''....''pastel'' :::* '''meyayg'''....''calcite'' ::* '''meyeg'''....''limestone, sediment'' ::* '''meyig'''....''alabaster'' ::* '''meyug'''....''gypsum'' ::* '''mealog'''....''sandstone, stoneware'' ::* '''mameg'''....''coal'' :::* '''eymameg'''....''coke'' :::* '''maameg'''....''anthracite'' :::* '''maemeg'''....''peat'' :::* '''maimeg'''....''lignite'' : Related are: ::* '''mek'''....''dust'' :::* '''mekes'''....''grit'' :::* '''mekil'''....''grout'' :::* '''meyk'''....''grit'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder'' ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' ::* '''mieg'''....''coral'' ::* '''mel'''....''dirt'' ::* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''meil'''....''mud'' ::* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :::* '''meyz'''....''spar'' :::* '''meyzag'''....''feldspar'' ::* '''muz'''....''ore'' ::* '''memol'''....''alkali'' ::* '''mimol'''....''salt'' ::* '''mef'''....''brick'' === Metric Nomenclature === [[File:Conversion Factors.png|thumb|]] : Mirad uses the [[Wikt:International System of Units (SI)|International System of Units (SI)]]) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names ('''alpha''', '''gamma''', etc.) preceded with the word '''ag-''' if majuscule ('''aggamma''' for ''&Gamma;'') The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ''ohm'' (Ω) is '''agomega'''. All metric units end in the word '''nak'''. ==== SI Base Units ==== :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbeviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} ==== SI Derived Units ==== : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | B | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''agbanak''' |- | '''bit''' | align="center" | b | one bit of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ==== Convenient Non-SI Units ==== ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglinak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heabak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |} ==== Metrical Formulae ==== : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical <br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |} ==== Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes ==== : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for ''b'' (byte) is pronounced '''ba''' in Mirad. A terabyte ( ''Tb'') is therefore pronounced '''ag-to-ba''', which This amounts ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix<br><br>Mirad Pron. !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix !! SI Symbol<br><br>Mirad Pron. |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' ... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''<br>''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''<br>''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''<br>''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''<br>''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''<br>''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yoon-''' <br>''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''<br>''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yaon-'''<br>''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''<br>''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''<br>''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''<br>''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''<br>''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''<br>''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''<br>''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''<br>''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alo-'''<br>''deca-'' || ''da''<br>'''da-a-''' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci-''|| ''d''<br>'''da-''' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''<br>''hexa-'' || ''h''<br>'''hi-''' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi-''|| ''c''<br>'''ca-''' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''<br>''kilo-'' ||''k''<br>'''ki-''' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''<br>''milli-''|| ''m''<br>'''mi-''' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || ''M''<br>'''agmi-''' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-''|| ''r''<br>'''ro-''' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''<br>''giga-'' || ''G''<br>'''agge-''' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-''|| ''n''<br>'''ni-''' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || ''T''<br>'''agto-''' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-''|| ''p''<br>'''po-''' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ''P''<br>'''agpo-'''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-''||''f''<br>'''fe-''' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''<br>''exa-'' || ''E''<br>'''age-'''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''<br>''atto-''||''a''<br>'''a-''' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ''Z''<br>'''agzu-'''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''<br>''zepto-''||''z''<br>'''zu-''' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || '' Y''<br>'''agyu''' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''<br>''yocto-''||''y''<br>'''yu-''' |} : *Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. ==== Abbreviated Symbols ==== : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | Macro !! colspan=2 | Micro |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daage''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dage''' |- | ''hg'' (hexagram)|| '''hege''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cage''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''koge''' || ''mg'' (milligram) ||'''mige''' |- | ''Mg'' (megagram)|| '''agmige''' ||''rg'' or '''μg''' (microgram)|| '''roge''' or '''muge''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggege''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nige''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtoge''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''poge''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpoge''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fege''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agege''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''age''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzege''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zege''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyuge''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yuge''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* '''10 kg2'''....(pronounced as:) ''alo koge gar ewa'' ::* '''12 mm3'''....(pronounced as:) ''ale mimi gar iwa'' === Trigonometric Nomenclature === : This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by '''-naz''' (''value''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Trigonometry Functions |- ! Function (Symbol) !! Mirad Technical Name !! Mirad Ordinary Name |- | ''sine (sin)'' || '''soini-naz''' || '''uznaz''' |- | ''cosine (cos)'' || '''caoso-naz''' || '''yanuznaz''' |- | ''arccosine (arccos, cos^-1)''<br>''anticosine''<br>''inverse cosine''|| '''arocacaoso-naz''' || '''ovuznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic sine (sinh)'' || '''soinihe-naz'''|| '''enuza uznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic cosine (cosh)'' || '''caosohe-naz''' || '''enuza yanuznaz''' |- | ''secant (sec)'' || '''soeca-naz''' || '''golus naz''' |- | ''cosecant (csc)'' || '''casoca-naz''' || '''yangolus naz''' |- | ''arccosecant (arccsc)'' || '''arocacasoca-naz''' || '''enuza yangolus naz''' |} === Poetry Nomenclature === : Mirad uses the nonsense syllables '''di''' and '''da''' to form various poetic meter words that usually are formed with Greek words in English. The syllable '''di''' represents an ''unstressed'' syllable in verse, while the syllable '''da''' denotes a ''stressed'' syllable. These are hyphenated and followed with a space and the word '''deup''' as a noun, which means ''meter'' or ''rhythm''. The adjectival form of the word ends in '''deupa'''. Here are the most common poetic meters: ::* '''di-da deupa'''.... iambic :::* '''di-da yoondeup'''.... ''iambic pentameter'' ::* '''di-di-da deupa'''.... ''anapestic'' ::* '''di-da-da deupa'''.... ''bacchius'' ::* '''da-da deupa'''.... ''spondaic'' ::* '''da-da-da deupa'''.... ''molossus'' ::* '''da-da-di deupa'''.... ''antibacchius'' ::* '''da-di deupa'''.... ''tochaic'' :::* '''da-di deup'''.... ''trochee, choree'' ::* '''da-di-da deupa'''.... ''cretic, amphimacer'' ::* '''da-di-di deupa'''.... ''dactylic'' ::* '''da-di-di yaondeup'''.... ''dactylic hexameter'' ::* '''da-di-di-da deupa'''.... ''amphibrachic'' : Other words representing elements of poetry are: ::* '''drez'''....''poetry, verse'' :::* '''dreza'''....''poetic'' :::* '''drezyen'''....''poesy'' :::* '''drezyan'''....''anthology'' (of poetry) :::* '''drezut'''....''poet'' ::::* '''drezuyt'''....''poetess'' ::::* '''popdrezut'''....''minstrel'' ::::* '''Vikinga drezut'''....''skald'' ::::* '''dreuzut'''....''bard'' :::* '''odrez'''....''prose'' :::* '''vyasma drez'''....''concrete verse'' :::* '''tyoda drez'''....''folk poetry'' :::* '''indeupa drez'''....''trimeter'' :::* '''undeupa drez'''....''tetrameter'' :::* '''yoondeupa drez'''....''pentameter'' :::* '''yaondeupa drez'''....''hexameter'' :::* '''yendeupa drez'''....''heptameter'' :::* '''yindeupa drez'''....''octameter'' :::* '''ogelseuxwa drez'''....''blank verse'' :::* '''yiva drez'''....''free verse'' :::* '''drezun'''....''poem'' ::::* '''deuzwa drezun'''....''sung poem, lay'' ::::* '''dindrezun'''....''ballad'' ::::* '''dizdrezun'''....''limerick'' ::::* '''fiddrezun'''....''ode'' ::::* '''fizdrezun'''....''epic poem'' ::::* '''haikudrezun'''....''haiku'' ::::* '''viysindrezun'''....''idyll'' ::::* '''ifondrezun'''....''love poem, romantic poem'' ::::* '''indrezun'''....''terzain'' ::::* '''jodrezun'''....''epode'' ::::* '''yindrezun'''....''sistina'' ::::* '''klerihyudrezun'''....''clerihew'' ::::* '''meimdrezun'''....''pastoral'' ::::* '''melyexdrezun'''....''georgic'' ::::* '''petnyanuta drezun'''....''pastoral, eclogue'' ::::* '''popduzuta drezun'''....''troubadour poem'' ::::* '''rondodrezun'''....''rondeau, rondel, roundel'' ::::* '''seuz drezun'''....''sound poem'' ::::* '''tadyandrezun'''....''prothalamion, epithalamion'' ::::* '''tankadrezun'''....''tanka'' ::::* '''taxdrezun'''....''epitaph'' ::::* '''tuddrezun'''....''nursery rhyme'' ::::* '''ulondrezun'''....''sonnet'' ::::* '''ujdreznadeon'''....''envoi'' ::::* '''undrezun'''....''quatrain'' ::::* '''unnad drezun'''....''tetrastich'' ::::* '''uvdrezun'''....''elegy'' ::::* '''alyundrezun'''....''villanelle'' ::::* '''virelaydrezun'''....''virelai, virelay'' ::::* '''yizivtos drezun'''....''rhapsody'' ::::* '''yoondrezun'''....''quintain'' ::* '''dreznad'''....''line, -stich, verse'' :::* '''eyndreznad'''...''hemistich'' :::* '''endreznad'''....''couplet'' ::* '''dreznadyan'''....''stanza'' ::* '''gelseux'''....''rhyme'' :::* '''gelseuxyen'''....''rhyme scheme'' :::* '''dunija gelseuxen'''....''alliteration'' ::* '''seuxzoyxen'''....''assonance'' ::* '''geyldyan'''....''simile'' ::* '''yiztyun'''....''metaphor'' ::* '''yanseuzan'''....''consonance'' ::* '''deup'''....''rhythm, beat, metrical foot, meter'' ::* '''kyib'''....''stress'' ::* '''seuz'''....''tone'' === Dimensional Nomenclature === : This chart shows adjectives that describe dimensional relationships: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ Dimensional Words |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- | '''yaba'''....''high(er)'' || '''yeba'''....''inner'' || '''yoba'''....''low(er)'' |- | '''yaiba'''....''tall'' || '''yeiba'''....''deep inside'' || '''yoiba'''....''deep (down)'' |- | '''yauba'''....''short'' || '''yeuba'''....''a short way in'' || '''youba'''....''shallow'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || || '''yoga'''....''short'' |- | '''yiba'''....''far'' || || '''yuba'''....''near'' |- | '''aonada'''....''vertical'' || || '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- | '''kia'''....''diagonal'' || || '''kua'''....''lateral'' |- | '''zyia'''....''flat'' || || '''zyua'''....''round'' |- | '''yaza'''....''concave'' || '''yeza'''....''flush'' || '''yoza'''....''convex'' |} === Geologic Period Nomenclature === : The principal geochronologic units of the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest, are: :** '''joob'''....''eon'' :*** '''ajoob'''....''Hadean Eon'' :*** '''ejoob'''....''Archean Eon'' :*** '''ijoob'''....''Proterozoic Eon'' :*** '''ujoob'''....''Phanerozoic Eon'' :** '''joab'''....''era'' :*** '''ajoab'''....''Eoarchean Era'' :*** '''ejoab'''....''Paleoarchean Era'' :*** '''ijoab'''....''Mesoarchean Era'' :*** '''ujoab'''....''Neoarchean Era'' :*** '''yojoab'''....''Paleoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yajoab'''....''Mesoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yejoab'''....''Neoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yijoab'''....''Paleozoic Era'' :*** '''yujoab'''....''Mesozoic Era'' :*** '''alojoab'''....''Cenozoic Era'' :** '''joeb'''....''period'' :*** '''ajoeb'''....''Siderian Period'' :*** '''ejoeb'''....''Rhyacian Period'' :*** '''ijoeb'''....''Orosirian Period'' :*** '''ujoeb'''....''Statherian Period'' :*** '''yojoeb'''....''Calymmian Period'' :*** '''yajoeb'''....''Ectasian Period'' :*** '''yejoeb'''....''Stenian Period'' :*** '''yijoeb'''....''Tonian Period'' :*** '''yujoeb'''....''Cryogenian Period'' :*** '''alojoeb'''....''Ediacaran Period'' :*** '''alajoeb'''....''Cambrian Period'' :*** '''alejoeb'''....''Ordovician Period'' :*** '''alijoeb'''....''Silurian Period'' :*** '''alujoeb'''....''Devonian Period'' :*** '''alyojoeb'''....''Carboniferous Period'' :*** '''alyajoeb'''....''Permian Period'' :*** '''alyejoeb'''....''Triassic Period'' :*** '''alyijoeb'''....''Jurassic Period'' :*** '''alyujoeb'''....''Cretaceous Period'' :*** '''elojoeb'''....''Paleogene Period'' :*** '''elajoeb'''....''Neogene Period'' :*** '''elejoeb'''....''Quarternary Period'' :** '''joib'''....''epoch'' :*** '''ajoib'''....''Terreneuvian Epoch'' :*** '''ejoib'''....''Series 2 Epoch'' :*** '''ijoib'''....''Miaolingian Epoch'' :*** '''ujoib'''....''Furongian Epoch'' :*** '''yojoib'''....''Lower Epoch'' :*** '''yajoib'''....''Middle Epoch'' :*** '''yejoib'''....''Upper Epoch'' :*** '''yijoib'''....''Llandovery Epoch'' :*** '''yujoib'''....''Wenlock Epoch'' :*** '''alojoib'''....''Ludlow Epoch'' :*** '''alajoib'''....''Pridoli Epoch'' :** '''joub'''....''age'' :*** '''ajoub'''....''Fortunian Age'' :*** '''ejoub'''....''Stage 2 Age'' :*** '''ijoub'''....''Stage 3 Age'' :*** '''ujoub'''....''Stage 4 Age'' :*** '''yojoub'''....''Wulian Age'' :*** '''yajoub'''....''Drumian Age'' :*** '''yejoub'''....''Guzhangian Age'' :*** '''yijoub'''....''Paibian Age'' :*** '''yujoub'''....''Jianshanian Age'' :*** '''alojoub'''....''Stage 10 Age'' :*** '''alajoub'''....''Temadocian Age'' :*** '''alejoub'''....''Floian Age'' :*** '''alijoub'''....''Dapingian Age'' :*** '''alujoub'''....''Darriwilian Age'' :*** '''alyojoub'''....''Sandbian Age'' :*** '''alyajoub'''....''Katian Age'' :*** '''alyejoub'''....''Hirnantian Age'' :*** '''alyijoub'''....''Rhuddanian Age'' :*** '''alyujoub'''....''Aeronian Age'' :*** '''elojoub'''....''Telychian Age'' :*** '''elajoub'''....''Cheinwoodian Age'' :*** '''elejoub'''....''Homerian Age'' :*** '''elijoub'''....''Gorstian Age'' :*** '''elujoub'''....''Ludfordian Age'' :*** '''elyojoub'''....''Pridoli Age'' :*** '''elyajoub'''....''Lochkovian Age'' :*** '''elyejoub'''....''Pragian Age'' :*** '''elyijoub'''....''Emsian Age'' :*** '''elyujoub'''....''Eifelian Age'' :*** '''ilojoub'''....''Givetian Age'' :*** '''ilajoub'''....''Frasnian Age'' :*** '''ilejoub'''....''Famennian Age'' :*** '''ilijoub'''....''Tournaisian Age'' :*** '''ilujoub'''....''Visean Age'' :*** '''ilyojoub'''....''Serpukhovian Age'' :*** '''ilyajoub'''....''Bashkirian Age'' :*** '''ilyejoub'''....''Moscovian Age'' :*** '''ilyijoub'''....''Kasimovian Age'' :*** '''ilyujoub'''....''Gzhelian Age'' :*** '''ulojoub'''....''Asselian Age'' :*** '''ulajoub'''....''Sakmarian Age'' :*** '''ulejoub'''....''Artinskian Age'' :*** '''ulijoub'''....''Kungurian Age'' :*** '''ulujoub'''....''Roadian Age'' :*** '''ulyojoub'''....''Wordian Age'' :*** '''ulyajoub'''....''Capitanian Age'' :*** '''ulyejoub'''....''Wuchiapingian Age'' :*** '''ulyijoub'''....''Changhsingian Age'' :*** '''ulyujoub'''....''Induan Age'' :*** '''yolojoub'''....''Olenekian Age'' :*** '''yolajoub'''....''Anisian Age'' :*** '''yolejoub'''....''Ladnian Age'' :*** '''yolijoub'''....''Carnian Age'' :*** '''yolujoub'''....''Norian Age'' :*** '''yolyojoub'''....''Rhaetian Age'' :*** '''yolyajoub'''....''Hettangian Age'' :*** '''yolyejoub'''....''Sinemurian Age'' :*** '''yolyijoub'''....''Pliensbachian Age'' :*** '''yolyujoub'''....''Toarcian Age'' :*** '''yalojoub'''....''Aalenian Age'' :*** '''yalajoub'''....''Bajocian Age'' :*** '''yalejoub'''....''Bathonian Age'' :*** '''yalijoub'''....''Callovian Age'' :*** '''yalujoub'''....''Oxfordian Age'' :*** '''yalyojoub'''....''Kimmeridgian Age'' :*** '''yalyajoub'''....''Tithonian Age'' :*** '''yalyejoub'''....''Berriasian Age'' :*** '''yalyijoub'''....''Valanginian Age'' :*** '''yalyujoub'''....''Hauterivian Age'' :*** '''yelojoub'''....''Barremian Age '' :*** '''yelajoub'''....''Aptian Age '' :*** '''yelejoub'''....''Albian Age '' :*** '''yelijoub'''....''Cenomanian '' :*** '''yelujoub'''....''Turonian '' :*** '''yelyojoub'''....''Coniacian '' :*** '''yelyajoub'''....''Santonian '' :*** '''yelyejoub'''....''Campanian '' :*** '''yelyijoub'''....''Maastrichtian '' :*** '''yelyujoub'''....''Danian '' :*** '''yilojoub'''....''Selandian '' :*** '''yilajoub'''....''Thanetian '' :*** '''yilejoub'''....''Ypresian '' :*** '''yilijoub'''....''Lutetian '' :*** '''yilujoub'''....''Bartonian '' :*** '''yilyojoub'''....''Priaboanian '' :*** '''yilyajoub'''....''Rupelian '' :*** '''yilyejoub'''....''Chattian '' :*** '''yilyijoub'''....''Aquitanian '' :*** '''yilyujoub'''....''Burdigalian '' :*** '''yulojoub'''....''Langhian '' :*** '''yulajoub'''....''Serravallian '' :*** '''yulejoub'''....''Tortonian '' :*** '''yulijoub'''....''Messinian '' :*** '''yulujoub'''....''Zanclean '' :*** '''yulyojoub'''....''Piacenzian '' :*** '''yulyajoub'''....''Gelasian '' :*** '''yulyejoub'''....''Calabrian '' :*** '''yulyijoub'''....''Chibanian '' :*** '''yulyujoub'''....''Tarantian '' :*** '''asojoub'''....''Greenlandian '' :*** '''asajoub'''....''Northgrippian '' :*** '''asejoub'''....''Meghalayan '' === Names of Diacritics === : The Mirad words for diacritics (= accents) are based on the worldwide Unicode 4.0 standard. There are three kinds of diacritics based on where they are positioned relative to the base: ::* <b>aybsiyn</b>....<i>above mark</i> ::* <b>oybsiyn</b>....<i>below mark</i> ::* <b>absiyn</b>....<i>overlay mark</i> : The names are based on some common shapes: ::* <b>nod</b>....<i>dot</i> ::* <b>grun</b>....<i>hook</i> ::* <b>nad</b>....<i>line</i> ::* <b>kin</b>....<i>slash</i> ::* <b>vu</b>....<i>wedge</i> ::* <b>pyaon</b>....<i>wave</i> ::* <b>zyus</b>....<i>ring</i> ::* <b>uz</b>....<i>arch</i> ::* <b>zeymep</b>....<i>bridge</i> ::* <b>izmufseb</b>....<i>arrowhead</i> ::* <b>mar</b>....<i>star</i> : The above shapes can be modified by adjectives: ::* <b>kia</b>....<i>slanted</i> ::* <b>ao</b>....<i>vertical</i> ::* <b>yoga/yaga</b>....<i>short/long</i> ::* <b>en</b>....<i>double</i> ::* <b>yaba/yoba</b>....<i>up/down</i> ::* <b>zua/zia</b>....<i>left/right</i> ::* <b>oyvuzbwa</b>....<i>inverted</i> : Here is a chart listing the most common diacritics in the world's languages. (Note: Mirad does not use diacritics for its native words.) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;" |+ Mirad Names of Diacritics |- ! Diacritic !! Unicode<br>Value !! Mirad !! Unicode Name |- |<big><b>&#x0301;</b></big>|| 0301||<b> zukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zukin oybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030B;</b></big>|| 030B||<b> enzukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0317;</b></big>|| 0317||<b> zikin oybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030F;</b></big>|| 030F||<b> enzikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> zigrun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0327;</b></big>|| 0327||<b> zugrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>cedilla</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0328;</b></big>|| 0328||<b> zigrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>ogonek, nasal hook</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0302;</b></big>|| 0302||<b> yobvu aybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent, hat</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032D;</b></big>|| 032D||<b> yobvu oybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030C;</b></big>|| 030C||<b> vu aybsiyn</b>||<i>hachek, v above, caron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032C;</b></big>|| 032C||<b> vu oybsiyn</b>||<i>caron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0306;</b></big>|| 0306||<b> yabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0311;</b></big>|| 0311||<b> yobuz aybsin</b>||<i>inverted breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032F;</b></big>|| 032F||<b> yobuz oybsin </b>||<i>inverted breve below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0308;</b></big>|| 0308||<b> ennod aybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis above, double dot above, umlaut, trema</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0324;</b></big>|| 0324||<b> ennod oybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis below, double dot below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0307;</b></big>|| 0307||<b> nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above, overdot, tecka, tittle</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0323;</b></big>|| 0323||<b> nod oybsiyn</b>||<i>dot below, underdot, nang</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0351;</b></big>|| 0351||<b> zua eynzyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031C;</b></big>|| 031C||<b> zua eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia eynzyus aybsign</b>||<i>right half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0339;</b></big>|| 0339||<b> zia eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>right half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0305;</b></big>|| 0305||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>overline, overscore, vinculum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033F;</b></big>|| 033F||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double overline</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0332;</b></big>|| 0332||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>single lowline below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0333;</b></big>|| 0333||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double lowline, double underline, double underscore</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0304;</b></big>|| 0304||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>macron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0331;</b></big>|| 0331||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035E;</b></big>|| 935E||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron, longum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035F;</b></big>|| 035F||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030A;</b></big>|| 030A||<b> zyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>ring above, kroujek, overring</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0325;</b></big>|| 0325||<b> zyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032A;</b></big>|| 032A||<b> zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033A;</b></big>|| 033A||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0303;</b></big>|| 0303||<b> pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0342;</b></big>|| 0342||<b> yagpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek perispomeni</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0360;</b></big>|| 0360||<b> enpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>double tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0330;</b></big>|| 0330||<b> pyaon oybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032B;</b></big>|| 032B||<b> oyvuzbwa enuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted double arch below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033E;</b></big>|| 033E||<b> aonada pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical tilde, yerik</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031A;</b></big>|| 031A||<b> zua gun aybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> aonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> aonad oybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030E;</b></big>|| 030E||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033D;</b></big>|| 033D||<b> xu aybsiyn</b>||<i>x above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0353;</b></big>|| 0353||<b> xu oybsiyn</b>||<i>x below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033C;</b></big>|| 033C||<b> lapiat oybsiyn</b>||<i>seagull below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0310;</b></big>|| 0310||<b> nod ayb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>candrabindu</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0352;</b></big>|| 0352||<b> nod oyb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>fermata</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0314;</b></big>|| 0314||<b> zia grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma above, dasia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0326;</b></big>|| 0326||<b> zia grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0313;</b></big>|| 0313||<b> zua grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>reversed comma above, psili</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0320;</b></big>|| 0320||<b> gobsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>minus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031F;</b></big>|| 031F||<b> gabsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>plus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubay ge aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equals above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0349;</b></big>|| 0349||<b> zua gun oybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033B;</b></big>|| 033B||<b> ungun oybsiyn</b>||<i>square below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0334;</b></big>|| 0334||<b> Gereda nod-kin-nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek dialytika tonos</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia izmufseb aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x08F7;</b></big>|| 0356||<b> zia izmufseb ay yabizmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead and up arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0355;</b></big>|| 0355||<b> zia izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0354;</b></big>|| 0354||<b> zua izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>left arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0318;</b></big>|| 0318||<b> zua zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>left tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0319;</b></big>|| 0319||<b> zia zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>right tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031D;</b></big>|| 031D||<b> yob zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>up tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031E;</b></big>|| 031E||<b> yab zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>down tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0337;</b></big>|| 0337||<b> yoga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>short slash overlay, short solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0338;</b></big>|| 0338||<b> yaga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>long slash overlay, long solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0322;</b></big>|| 0322||<b> zoykixwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>retroflex hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0359;</b></big>|| 0359||<b> mar oybsiyn</b>||<i>asterisk below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035A;</b></big>|| 035A||<b> enzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>double ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0358;</b></big>|| 0358||<b> zinod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above right</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035C;</b></big>|| 035C||<b> enyabuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve below, ligature tie below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035D;</b></big>|| 035D||<b> enyabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0361;</b></big>|| 0361||<b> enyobuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double inverted breve, top ligature, tie bar</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035B;</b></big>|| 035B||<b> uiznad aybsiyn</b>||<i>zigzag above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0347;</b></big>|| 0347||<b> gese oybsiyn</b>||<i>equals sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubgese aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equal to above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0362;</b></big>|| 0362||<b> enziizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>double rightwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034E;</b></big>|| 034E||<b> yabizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>upwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> ziizmuf aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034A;</b></big>|| 034A||<b> opyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>not tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x037A;</b></big>|| 037A||<b> iota oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek ypogegrammeni, iota subscript</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0374;</b></big>|| 0374||<b> Gereda sag aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek numeral sign, dexia keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0375;</b></big>|| 0375||<b> Gereda sag oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek lower numeral sign, aristeri keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0651;</b></big>|| 0651||<b> xadda aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic shadda</i> |- |<big><b>&#x065E;</b></big>|| 065E||<b> fatha aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic fatha with two dots</i> |- |<big><b>&#x061A;</b></big>|| 061A||<b> kasra oybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic small kasra</i> |- |<big><b>&#x064C;</b></big>|| 064C||<b> damma aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic dammatan</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0652;</b></big>|| 0652||<b> sukun aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic sukun</i> |} === Grammar Terms === :*'''drevyab'''....''grammar'' :*'''dun'''....''word'' :*'''dyen'''....''phrase'' :*'''dyan'''....''sentence'' :** '''delyea'''....''declarative'' :** '''didyea'''....''interrogative'' :** '''azteudyea'''....''exclamatory'' :*'''dyangon'''....''clause'' :** '''agala dyangon'''....''main clause'' :** '''abyosyea dyangon'''....''dependent clause'' :** '''obdabyea dyangon'''....''subordinate clause'' :*'''anyendyen'''....''idiom'' :*'''dalzeyn'''....''language'' :*'''dalzeynes'''....''dialect'' :*'''dalyen'''....''locution'' :*'''dungon'''....''syllable'' :*'''dunog'''....''particle'' :*'''abun'''....''affix'' :** '''zabun'''....''prefix'' :** '''zobun'''....''suffix'' :** '''yebun'''....''infix'' :*'''kyid'''....''stress'' :*'''dredyen'''....''spelling, orthography'' :*'''seuxden'''....''pronunciation'' :*'''dalgon'''....''part of speech'' :**'''sundun'''....''noun'' :**'''avdun'''....''pronoun'' :**'''erdun'''....''verb'' :**'''adun'''....''adjective'' :**'''aydun'''....''adverb'' :**'''ebdun'''....''preposition'' :**'''yanxdun'''....''conjunction'' :**'''oybdun'''....''particle'' :**'''asaundun'''....''article, determiner'' :*'''jobyen'''....''tense'' :** '''eja'''....''present tense'' :** '''aja'''....''past tense'' :** '''oja'''....''future tense'' :** '''vensona'''....''conditional'' :* '''teagun'''....''aspect'' :** '''ikna'''....''perfect'' :** '''oikna'''....''imperfect'' :** '''zaypasyea'''....''progressive'' :*'''tipyen'''....''mood'' :** '''izeadyea'''....''indicative mood'' :** '''ovyamxwa'''....''subjunctive mood'' :*'''teuz'''....''voice'' :** '''axlyea'''....''active'' :** '''xolyea'''....''passive'' :** '''syundabea'''....''transitive'' :** '''osyundabea'''....''intransitive'' :** '''zyinzoyubea'''....''reflexive'' :*'''sankyas'''....''case'' :** '''syina'''....''nominative, subject'' :** '''bina'''....''genitive, possessive'' :** '''buna'''....''dative'' :** '''izsyuna'''....''accusative, direct object'' :** '''oizsyuna'''....''indirect object'' :** '''byina'''....''ablative'' :** '''dyuena'''....''vocative'' :*'''toob'''....''gender'' :** '''twooba'''....''masculine'' :** '''tooyba'''....''feminine'' :** '''evtwooba'''....''neuter'' :*'''sag'''....''number'' :** '''ansaga'''....''singular'' :** '''glasaga'''....''plural'' :*'''sagdun'''....''numeral'' == Forming Adjectives == : You can form an adjective by adding the suffix '''a''' to a substantive, any adverb not ending in '''-ay''', or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adjectives |- ! Noun !! Adjective |- | '''taam'''....''home'' || '''taama'''....''domestic'' |- | '''doob'''....''nation'' || '''dooba'''....''national'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''teja'''....''vital'' |- | '''tyoyapyaf'''....''ability to walk'' || '''tyoyapyafa'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''martun'''....''astronomy'' || '''martuna'''....''astronomical'' |- ! Pronoun !! Adjective |- | '''at'''....''I, me'' || '''ata'''....''my'' |- | '''eut'''....''yourself'' || '''euta'''....''your own'' |- | '''hiyen'''....''this kind'' || '''hiyena'''....''this kind of'' |- | '''duhot?'''....''who?'' || '''duhota?'''....''whose?'' |- ! Gerund !! Adjective |- | '''ifeken'''....''recreation'' || '''ifekena'''....''recreational'' |- ! Adverb !! Adjective |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiba'''....''distant'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaba'''....''high, upper'' |- ! Verb Form !! Adjective (= Participle) |- | '''teje'''....''(he) lives'' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- | '''tojo'''....''will die'' || '''tojoa'''....''moribund, about to die'' |- | '''tojbu'''....''would kill'' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- | '''twa'''....''was known'' || '''twaa'''....''known'' (usu. shortened to '''twa''') |} === Adjectival Suffixes === : Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just '''a'''. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Other Adjectives |- ! Suffix !! Meaning !! Noun !! Adjective |- ! rowspan=3|-ava !!rowspan=3| ''pro-, for'' !! !! |- | '''Usom'''<br>''U.S.'' || '''Usomava'''<br>''pro-U.S.'' |- | '''yuvrin'''<br>''slavery'' || '''yuvrinava'''<br>''pro-slavery'' |- ! rowspan=3|-ova !!rowspan=3| ''anti-, against'' !! !! |- | '''dobvyabyan'''<br>''constitution'' || '''dovyabyanova'''<br>''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''dot'''<br>''society'' || '''dotova'''<br>''anti-social'' |- ! rowspan=5|-aya !!rowspan=5| ''full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzaya'''<br>''colorful'' |- | '''futax'''<br>''resentment'' || '''futaxaya'''<br>''resentful'' |- | '''tiibil'''<br>''blood'' || '''tiibilaya'''<br>''bloody'' |- | '''yiflan'''<br>''courage'' || '''yiflanaya'''<br>''courageous'' |- ! rowspan=3|-oya !!rowspan=3| ''bereft of, -less, un-'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzoya'''<br>''colorless, pale'' |- | '''tajyaf'''<br>''talent'' || '''tajyafoya'''<br>''untalented'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ika !!rowspan=2| ''full of, -ous, -ful, -y'' !! !! |- | '''map'''<br>''wind'' || '''mapika'''<br>''windy'' |- ! rowspan=2|-uka !!rowspan=2| ''bereft of, without, -less'' !! !! |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasuka'''<br>''broke, penniless'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yena !! rowspan=4|''-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al'' !! !! |- | '''tudet'''<br>''child'' || '''tudetyena'''<br>''childish, infantile'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' || '''totyena'''<br>''divine, godly'' |- | '''pit'''<br>''fish'' || '''pityena'''<br>''fish-like, fishy'' |- ! rowspan=5|-wa or -awa !! rowspan=5|''-ed, past passive participle''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Past Passive Participle |- | '''t-'''<br>''know'' || '''twa'''<br>''known'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalwa'''<br>''spoken, oral'' |- | '''nixbu-'''<br>''sell'' || '''nixbuwa'''<br>''sold'' |- | '''dr-'''<br>''write'' || '''drawa'''<br>''written'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ea !!rowspan=4| ''-ing''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''ot-'''<br>''not know'' || '''otea'''<br>''ignorant'' |- | '''tej-'''<br>''live'' || '''tejea'''<br>''living, alive'' |- | '''tuj-'''<br>''die'' || '''tujea'''<br>''dying'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yea !!rowspan=5| ''-ive, prone to Xing, given to X''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''tujb-'''<br>''kill'' || '''tujbyea'''<br>''murderous'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texyea'''<br>''pensive, thoughtful'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyea'''<br>''forgetful'' |- | '''axl-'''<br>''act'' || '''axlyea'''<br>''active'' |- ! rowspan=5|-uwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, apt to be Xed''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Passive Participle |- | '''ex-'''<br>''operate'' || '''exuwa'''<br>''operable'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''feel'' || '''tosuwa'''<br>''palpable'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texuwa'''<br>''conceivable'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''teluwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yafa !!rowspan=3| ''-able, capable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafa'''<br>''sightful, able to see'' |- | '''dyed-'''<br>''read'' || '''dyedyafa'''<br>''literate'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yafwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, possible to be Xed''<br> (added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyafwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''telyafwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofa !!rowspan=5| ''incapable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' |- | '''tyoyap-'''<br>''walk'' || '''tyoyapyofa'''<br>''lame'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''dumb, incapable of speaking'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofwa !!rowspan=5| ''un-X-able'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''inaudible'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyofa'''<br>''unforgetable'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''unspeakable'' |- ! rowspan=6|-ifa !!rowspan=6| ''fond of, -phile'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''pot'''<br>''animal'' || '''potifa'''<br>''pet-friendly'' |- | '''hyitoob-'''<br>''same-gender'' || '''hyitoobifa'''<br>''homophile'' |- | '''tobot'''<br>''child'' || '''tobotifa'''<br>''pedophile'' |- | '''fitel'''<br>''food'' || '''fitelifa'''<br>''gourmand'' |- | '''doob'''<br>''nation'' || '''doobifa'''<br>''patriotic'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ifwa !!rowspan=2| ''loved by'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tyod'''<br>''people'' || '''tyodifwa'''<br>''popular'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ufa !!rowspan=4| ''adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tob'''<br>''human'' || '''tobufa'''<br>''misanthropic'' |- | '''hyut-'''<br>''other person'' || '''hyutufa'''<br>''xenophobic'' |- | '''toyb-'''<br>''woman'' || '''toybufa'''<br>''misogynist'' |- ! rowspan=5|-ef(w)a !!rowspan=5|''needful of,<br>(necessary to be X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''til'''<br>''drink'' || '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' |- | '''tel'''<br>''food'' || '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' |- | '''yelb-'''<br>''to oil'' || '''yelbefwa'''<br>''squeaky, in need of oil'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yef(w)a !!rowspan=4| ''worthy of,<br> due to be (deserving of being X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''fid'''<br>''praise'' || '''fidyefa'''<br>''praiseworthy'' |- | '''dud'''<br>''answer'' || '''dudyefa'''<br>''responsible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyefwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yuk(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''easy to, (easily X-ed)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyuka'''<br>''gullible'' |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyukwa'''<br>''incredible, hard to believe'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yik(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''hard to,<br>(hard of X-ing)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyikwa'''<br>''opaque'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyika'''<br>''hard of hearing'' |} === Adjectival Prefixes === ==== Negating the Meaning of Adjectives ==== ::: The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix '''o-'''. ::: Examples: ::::* '''vlea'''....''probable'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>vlea'''....''improbable'' ::::* '''fika'''....''perfect'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fika'''....''imperfect'' ::::* '''twa'''....''known'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>twa'''....''unknown'' ::::* '''bosa'''....''quiet'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>bosa'''....''upset, unquiet'' ::: Note: Occasionally, the prefix '''lo-''' is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case: ::::* '''fwa'''....''wanted'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fwa'''....''prohibited'' <big><</big> '''ofer'''....''to prohibit'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>yo</u>fwa'''....''impossible'' <big><</big> '''yofer'''....''to be unable'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>lo</u>fwa'''....''unwanted'' <big><</big> '''fer'''....''to want'' (disambiguated) ::: The prefixes '''lyo-''' and '''ov''' are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective: ::::* '''data'''....''friendly'' ::::* '''odata'''....''unfriendly'' ::::* '''ovdata'''....''hostile'' ::::* '''lyodata'''....''inimical'' ::::* '''dota'''....''social'' ::::* '''odota'''....''unsocial'' ::::* '''ovdota'''....''antisocial'' ::::* '''lyodota'''....''savage'' ==== Table of Adjective Prefixes ==== ::: As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones: :::{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes<br>Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column |- ! Mirad Prefix !! English Prefix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | '''o-''' || ''un-, a(n)-, in-, non-'' ||'''<u>o</u>baka'''....''unhealthy''<br>'''<u>o</u>yezyebeya'''....''incontinent'', '''<u>o</u>yelpea'''....''non-invasive''<br>'''<u>o</u>totina'''....''atheist'' |- |'''ov-''' || ''anti-, counter-'' || '''<u>ov</u>zuina'''....''anti-leftist''<br>'''<u>ov</u>iztida'''....''counter-intuitive'' |- |'''av-''' || ''pro-'' || '''<u>av</u>hyitoosifa'''....''pro-gay'' |- | '''kovyo-''' ||''pseudo-'' || '''<u>kovyo</u>tepina'''....''pseudo-intellectual'' |- | '''hya(s)-''' || ''all-, pan-, omni-'' || '''<u>hyas</u>tea'''....''all-knowing, omniscient'' |- | '''voy-, gal-''' || ''re-'' || '''<u>voy</u>upya'''....''returned''<br>'''<u>gal</u>abwa'''....''<u>re</u>applied'' |- | '''vyo-''' || ''mis-'' || '''<u>vyo</u>seudxwa'''....''mispronounced'' |- | '''eyn-''' || ''semi-, half-'' ||'''<u>eyn</u>levelaya'''....''semi-sweet''<br>'''<u>eyn</u>tija'''....''half-awake'' |- |'''yiz-''' || ''ultra-, super-'' || '''<u>yiz</u>doobina'''....''ultra-nationalist''<br>'''<u>yiz</u>mola'''....''supernatural'' |- | '''gro-''' || ''under-, hypo-'' || '''<u>gro</u>jaga'''....''under-aged'' |- | '''gra-''' || ''over-, hyper-, uber-'' || '''<u>gra</u>agxwa'''....''overgrown''<br>'''<u>gra</u>toseya'''....''hypersensitive'' |- | '''gla-''' ||''multi-, many-, poly-'' || '''<u>gla</u>kuma'''....''multilateral''<br>'''<u>gla</u>tadaya'''....''polygamous'' |- |'''fu-''' || ''mal-, ill-'' || '''<u>fu</u>teyenxwa'''....''ill-conceived''<br>'''<u>fu</u>sanxwa'''....''malformed'' |- | '''fi-''' || ''well-'' || '''<u>fi</u>tofabwa'''....''well-dressed'' |- | '''yuyb-''' ||''quasi-, almost'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>daba'''....''quasi-governmental'' |- | '''ja-''' || ''pre-, (a)fore-, pro-'' ||'''<u>ja</u>teyenxwa'''....''pre-conceived''<br>'''<u>ja</u>igdawa'''....''aformentioned'' |- | '''jo-''' || ''post-'' || '''<u>jo</u>dropeka'''....''post-war'' |- | '''oyeb-'''|| ''extra-, exo-, '' || '''<u>oyeb</u>tada'''....''extra-marital'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-'' || '''<u>yeb</u>tayoba'''....''endo-dermal'' |- | '''agl(a)-''' || ''macro-'' || '''<u>agla</u>mora'''....''macrocosmic'' |- | '''ogl(a)-''' || ''micro-'' || '''<u>ogla</u>mora'''....''microcosmic'' |- | '''ut-''' || ''auto-, self-, sui-'' || '''<u>ut</u>pana'''....''automatic''<br>'''<u>ut</u>tojbua'''....''suicidal'' |- | '''hyaewa-''' || ''ambi-'' || '''<u>hyaewa</u>tesea'''....''ambivalent'' |- | '''en-''' || ''bi-'' || '''<u>en</u>toobifa'''....''bisexual'' |- | '''yuz-''' || ''circum-'' || '''<u>yuz</u>teaxea'''....''circumspect'' |- | '''gel-''' || ''homo-'' || '''<u>gel</u>sauna'''....''homogeneous'' |- | '''ogel-''' || ''hetero-'' || '''<u>ogel</u>sauna'''....''heterogeneous'' |- | '''oyb-''' || ''infra-, sub-'' || '''<u>oyb</u>ivoza'''....''infrared'' |- | '''ge-''' || ''iso-, equi-'' || '''<u>ge</u>voza'''....''isochromatic'' |- | '''agr(a)-''' || ''mega-'' || '''<u>agra</u>tipa'''....''megamaniacal'' |- | '''ku-''' || ''para-'' || '''<u>ku</u>ega'''....''paranormal'' |- | '''yuyb-''' || ''quasi-, almost, pen-'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>dobyena'''....''quasi-official'' |- | '''yib-''' || ''tele-, far-'' || '''<u>yib</u>pyuxea'''....''far-reaching'' |- | '''zey-''' || ''trans-, cross-'' || '''<u>zey</u>mimaga'''....''transoceanic'' |- | '''aaj-''' || ''paleo-'' || '''<u>aaj</u>toba'''....''paleoloanthropic'' |- | '''eej-''' || ''neo-'' || '''<u>eej</u>visauna'''....''neoclassical'' |- | '''yibaj-''' || ''arch(a)eo-, ancient'' || '''yibajtuna'''....''archaeological'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-, inner, intro-'' || '''yebzena'''....''endocentric''<br>'''yebuzbwa'''....''introverted'' |- | '''oyeb-''' || ''exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)-'' || '''oyebzena'''....''exocentric''<br>'''oyebuzbwa'''....''extroverted'' |- | '''yab(an)-''' || ''high-, up'' || '''yabnoga'''....''upscale''<br>'''yabnayxa'''....''high-priced'' |- | '''yaban-''' || ''acro-'' || '''yabanyufa'''....''acrophobic'' |- | '''yob-''' || ''low-, down-'' || '''yobnoga'''....''low-grade, down-scale'' |} === English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison === : Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared |- ! English Suffix !! Meaning !! Mirad Suffix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | ''-ful'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''voz<u>aya</u>'''....''colorful''<br> '''tuz<u>ika</u>'''....''skillful'' |- | ''-ous'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''naz<u>ika</u>'''....''precious''<br> '''mil<u>aya</u>'''....''aqueous'' |- | ''-filled'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoke-filled'' |- | ''-y'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoky''<br> |- | ''-ous'' || of<br> like || '''-a''' || '''totin<u>a</u>'''....''religious''<br> '''vyos<u>a</u>'''....''erroneous'' |- | ''-ly'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tot<u>yena</u>'''....''godly''<br> '''toyb<u>yena</u>'''....''womanly'' |- | ''-like'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pat<u>yena</u>'''....''bird-like'' |- | ''-ish'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tobot<u>yena</u>'''....''childish'' |- | ''-y'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''fyab<u>yena</u>'''....''fruity'' |- | ''-ic'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tuz<u>yena</u>'''....''artistic''<br> '''sil<u>yena</u>'''....''acidic'' |- | ''-ic'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''tun<u>a</u>'''....''scientific''<br> '''bek<u>a</u>'''....''therapeutic'' |- | ''-ical'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''zyunid<u>a</u>'''....''spherical''<br> '''iztex<u>a</u>'''....''logical'' |- | ''-ological'' || pertaining to the study of || '''-tuna''' || '''tej<u>tuna</u>'''....''biological'' |- | ''-ist(ic)'' || pertaining to the doctrine of || '''-ina''' || '''dopar<u>ina</u>'''....''militarist(ic)''<br> '''nasyan<u>ina</u>'''....''capitalist(ic)'' |- | ''-ophobic'' (and ''miso-'' prefix) || hating<br> fearful of || '''-ufa''' || '''yudat<u>ufa</u>'''....''xenophonic''<br> '''tobyan<u>ufa</u>'''....''misanthropic'' |- | ''-ophilic'' (and ''philo-'' prefix) || loving || '''-ifa''' || '''tobot<u>ifa</u>'''....''pedophilic''<br> '''tob<u>ifa</u>'''....''philanthropic'' |- | ''-al'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pyot<u>yena</u>'''....''bestial'' |- | ''-al'' || of<br> pertaining to || '''-a''' || '''tej<u>a</u>'''....''vital''<br> '''aman<u>a</u>'''....''thermal'' |- | ''-less'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''tej<u>uka</u>'''....''lifeless''<br> '''tobot<u>oya</u>'''....''childless'' |- | ''-free'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''yom<u>uka</u>'''....''ice-free''<br> '''vyos<u>oya</u>'''....''error-free'' |- | ''-safe<br> -proof'' || free<br> not subject to || '''-vaka''' || '''mil<u>vaka</u>'''....''water<u>proof</u>'' |} == Forming Adverbs == : Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix '''a''', in other words, by adding a '''y''' to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''fi<u>a</u>'''....''good'' || '''fi<u>ay</u>'''....''well'' |- | '''vya<u>a</u>'''....''true'' || '''vya<u>ay</u>'''....''truly'' |- | '''gyu<u>a</u>'''....''easy'' || '''gyu<u>ay</u>'''....''easily'' |- | '''ig<u>a</u>'''....''quick'' || '''ig<u>ay</u>'''....''quickly'' |- | '''aut<u>a</u>'''....''personal'' || '''aut<u>ay</u>'''....''personally'' |} : For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example: ::* '''It tyoyape <u>ig</u>.'''....''He walks <u>fast</u>.'' ::* '''Yit xa has <u>fi</u>.'''....''They did it <u>well</u>.'' === Special Adverbs === : Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in '''-ay'''. : Here are the principal such adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Special Adverbs |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''vay'''||''indeed, really, certainly, do'' (cf. '''va'''....''yes'') |- | '''vey'''||''possibly, may, might'' (cf. '''ve'''....''maybe'') |- | '''voy'''||''not'' (cf. '''vo'''....''no'') |- | '''ga'''||''more'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gay'''||''also, moreover, further, still'' |- | '''ge'''||''as, equally'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gey'''||''even'' |- | '''go'''||''less'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''goy'''||''no longer, no more'' |- | '''gla'''||''very'' |- | '''glay'''||''quite, rather, so'' |- | '''gle'''||''so'' |- | '''glo'''||''not very, not so'' |- | '''gra'''||''too'' |- | '''gre'''||''enough, sufficiently, over-'' |- | '''gro'''||''not...enough, inadequately, under-'' |- | '''gwa'''||''most, super-'' |- | '''gwe'''||''average'' |- | '''gwo'''||''least, sub-'' |- | '''zay'''||''ahead, forward'' |- | '''zey'''||''across'' |- | '''zoy'''||''back'' |- | '''zye'''||''through'' |- | '''zya'''||''throughout'' |} : The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow: ::* AFFIRMATIVE: '''Va, at <u>vay</u> se taduwa.'''....''Yes, I am <u>indeed</u> married.'' ::* DUBITIVE: '''Iyta dud se <u>vey</u> vyosa.'''....''Her response is <u>possibly</u> wrong.'' ::* NEGATIVE: '''At <u>voy</u> se eta yuxrut.'''....''I am <u>not</u> your slave.'' : The adverbs above beginning with '''g''' are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb: ::* '''Et se <u>gla</u> via.'''....''You are <u>very</u> beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].'' ::* '''Et peya <u>gra</u> ig.'''....''You were going <u>too</u> fast [=ADVERB].'' ::* '''It <u>gra</u> dale.'''....''He talks [=VERB] <u>too</u> much.'' : Adverbs can be combined with prepositions to form compound prepositions. If the adverbs ends in '''b''' and the preposition following it begins in '''b''', they are joined together with a single '''b'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Compound Prepositions |- ! Special Adverb !! Example |- | '''yab'''....''up'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yabu''' || '''Ha pat papa <u>yabu</u> ha mam.'''....''The bird flew <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yobu'''|| '''Teaxu <u>yobu</u> ha mel.'''....''Look <u>down to</u> the ground.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yobi''' || '''Upu <u>yobi</u> ha abmas!'''....''Come <u>down from</u> the roof!'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yubi''' || '''Besu <u>yubi</u> ha mas.'''....''Stay <u>near (from)</u> the wall.'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yibi''' || '''Ha tobi igpia <u>yibi</u> ha yovbyokam.'''....''The people ran <u>far from</u> the prison.'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in, inward, inside'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yebu''' || '''Kyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa <u>yebu</u>ha tam!'''....''Guess who just walked <u>into</u> the house!'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out, outside'' + '''zye'''....''through'' || '''It tyoyapa <u>oyeb zye</u> ha zames.'''....''He walked <u>out</u> through the front door.'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>iz bu</u> hat.'''....''Go <u>right up to</u> him.'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''ub'''....''toward''|| '''Uzpu <u>zi ub</u> yat!'''....''Turn <u>right toward</u> us!'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Hat uzpa <u>zu ib</u> at.'''....''He turned <u>left away from</u> me.'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>zay bu</u> ha uj.'''....''Go <u>on to</u> the end.'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Upu <u>zoy bi</u> hua nem.'''....''Come <u>back from</u> that place.'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' + '''bay'''....''with'' || '''Van yat tyopu <u>yan bay</u> ha hyuti.'''....''Let's walk <u>together with</u> the others.'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Ha meri kyapeye <u>yon bi </u> hyuisi.'''....''The planets are drifting <u>apart from</u> one another.'' |} === Pro-adverbs === : There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as '''''pro-adverbs'''''. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like '''duhom?''' (''where?''), '''duhoyen?''' (''how?''), '''duhoj?''' (''when?''), '''duhogla''' (''to what extent?''), and their answers, such as '''hum''' (''there''), '''heyen''' (''somehow''), and '''hyoj''' (''never''), '''hugla''' (''so, to that extent''). These words are discussed under the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners|Deictic Determiners]]. == Forming Verbs == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech: ::* Noun stems ::* Adjective stems ::* Verb stems === Forming Verbs from Nouns === : Verbs can sometimes be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix '''er''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Denominal Verb Derivation |- ! Noun !! Verb |- | '''ak'''....''a gain'' || '''aker'''....''to win'' |- | '''af'''....''permission'' || '''afer'''....''may, be allowed'' |- | '''teud'''....''cry, shout'' || '''teuder'''....''to cry, shout, exclaim'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''tajer'''....''to be born'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tejer'''....''to live'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''tojer'''....''to die'' |- | '''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejer'''....''to continue'' |- | '''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijer'''....''to begin'' |- | '''uj'''....''end'' || '''ijer'''....''to end'' |- | '''yuj'''....''sleep'' || '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' |} === Verb Formants === : More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such '''''verb formants''''' are in this chart: :* '''-ser'''....''to be/become'' usually intransitive and stative (''unite'' = ''become one'') ::* '''-sler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-srer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-xer'''....''to do/make'' usually transitive and dynamic (''unite'' = ''make one'') ::* '''-xler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-xrer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-per'''....''to go'' usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (''mount'' = ''get onto'') ::* '''-pler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-prer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ber'''....''to put'' usually transitive and a verb of gesture (''apply'' = ''put onto'') ::* '''-bler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-brer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ier''' a stub from the verb '''bier'''....''to take'', usually an action verb benefiting the agent (''eat'' = ''take food'') :* '''-uer''' a stub from the verb '''buer'''....''to give'', usually an action verb benefiting the patient (''feed'' = ''give food'') :* '''-der'''....''to say'', a verb of communication (''affirm'' = ''say yes'') :* '''-drer'''....''to write'' :* '''-ter'''....''to know'', verbs of the perception and knowledge ('''teater''' = ''see'') :: Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids '''l''' or '''r''', eg.'''sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Verb Formants |- ! Noun !! Auxiliary Verb Or Verb Stub Formant !! Verb |- | '''yav'''....''innocence'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''yavder'''....''to acquit'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''yovaber'''....''to shame, accuse'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''yovober'''....''to excuse, exculpate'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''tofaber'''....''to dress, don'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''tofober'''....''to undress, strip'' |- | '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''detser'''....''to associate'' |- | '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''datxer'''....''to befriend'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''sanser'''....''to form (intransitive)'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''sanxer'''....''to form (transitive)'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''telier'''....''to eat, consume'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed, nourish'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tajber'''....''to give birth'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tejper'''....''to come alive'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tejber'''....''to bring to life'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tojber'''....''to kill'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tijper'''....''to wake up'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tijber'''....''to awaken'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''taxier'''....''to recall'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''yev'''....''justice'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''vyan'''....''truth'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyander'''....''to tell the truth'' |- | '''vyon'''....''falsehood'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyonder'''....''to tell a lie'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aker'''....''to gain'' || '''ilaker'''....''to take on liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' || '''iloker'''....''to leak, lose liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ilier'''....''to soak up'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour, water'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikser'''....''to get full'' || '''ilikser'''....''to be soaked'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikxer'''....''to fill up'' || '''ilikxer'''....''to flood, soak'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukser'''....''to become empty'' || '''ilukser'''....''to drain'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukxer'''....''to empty'' || '''ilukxer'''....''to flush'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''ilser'''....''to liquify, melt'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''ilxer'''....''to liquify, melt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''ilaber'''....''to wash'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aper'''....''to get on'' || '''ilaper'''....''to float'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''ilper'''....''to flow'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' || '''ilzyaber'''....''to spray, shower'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyober'''....''to squeeze'' || '''ilzyober'''....''to squirt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''pyexer'''....''to strike'' || '''ilpyexer'''....''to splash (with liquid)'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''yujer'''....''to close'' || '''ilyujer'''....''to plug'' |} : Note that verbs ending in '''-ser''' and '''-ier''' are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in '''-xer''' and '''-uer''' are transitive. Also, '''-ier''' verbs are subject-directed, while '''-uer''' verbs are object-directive or causative (making someone do something). === Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser === : The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with '''-xer'''....''to do, make, cause'', and the intransitive group with '''-ser'''....''to be, become''. : The following chart shows how these verbs are formed: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aza'''....''strong'' || '''azaxer'''....''fortify, strengthen, make strong'' || '''azaser'''....''get strong'' |- | '''oza'''....''week'' || '''ozaxer'''....''weaken'' || '''ozaser'''....''grow weaker'' |- | '''kyia'''....''heavy'' || '''kyiaxer'''....''weigh down'' || '''kyiaser'''....''grow heavy'' |- | '''kyua'''....''light'' || '''kyuaxer'''....''lighten, make lighter'' || '''kyuaser'''....''get lighter'' |- | '''yana'''....''together'' || '''yanaxer'''....''bring together'' || '''yanaser'''....''get together'' |} : The final adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the '''a''' makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agaxer'''....''magnify'' || '''agaser'''....''get big'' |- | || '''agxer'''....''grow'' || '''agxer'''....''grow up, mature'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iga'''....''fast'' || '''igaxer'''....''accelerate'' || '''igaser'''....''speed up'' |- | || '''igxer'''....''rush'' || '''igser'''....''hurry up'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''baka'''....''healthy'' || '''bakaxer'''....''make healthy'' || '''bakaser'''....''get healthy'' |- | || '''bakxer'''....''heal'' || '''bakser'''....''heal'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''sana'''....''formal'' || '''sanaxer'''....''formalize'' || '''sanaser'''....''become formal'' |- | || '''sanxer'''....''form, shape'' || '''sanser'''....''form, take shape'' |} === Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per === : Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb '''ber'''....''to put'', while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb '''per'''....''to go''. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in '''b''', the '''b''' is dropped. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Ber and Per |- ! Preposition<br>Base !! Transitive Gesture Verb !! Intransitive Motion Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply, put on'' || '''aper'''....''mount, get on'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove, take off'' || '''oper'''....''dismount, get off'' |- | '''ib'''....''away'' || '''iber'''....''receive'' || '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''send'' || '''uper'''....''come'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yeber'''....''insert''<br>'''oyeber'''....''take out'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''<br>'''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''lower'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''move away'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- ! !! !! |- |- | '''za'''....''front'' || '''zaber'''....''put up front'' || '''zaper'''....''take the lead'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''zayber'''....''advance'' || '''zayper'''....''advance, go forward'' |- | '''ze'''....''middle'' || '''zeber'''....''balance'' || '''zeper'''....''balance'' |- | '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zeyber'''....''take across, transfer'' || '''zeyper'''....''cross, go over, transit'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zober'''....''hinder'' || '''zoper'''....''trail, lag'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoyber'''....''set back, return'' || '''zoyper'''....''retreat, go back, return'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izber'''....''guide'' || '''izper'''....''aim for'' |- | '''uz'''....''crooked'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''turn, diverge'' |- |- '''zi'''....''right'' || '''ziber'''....''set to the right'' || '''ziper'''....''go right'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuber'''....''set to the left'' || '''zuper'''.... ''go left'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''take beyond'' || '''yizper'''....''pass by'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''take around'' || '''yuzper'''....''go around'' |} ==== Deriving Further Verbs of Gesture and Motion ==== : More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of '''ser''' and '''xer''', plus the intensifiers '''y''', '''l''' and '''r'''. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial '''p''' is a more semantically intense version of '''b'''. Also the verb endings '''-sler''' and '''-srer''' and more intense versions of the intransitive ending '''-ser''', while '''-xler''' and '''-xrer''' and more intense version of the transitve ending '''-xer'''. Verbs ending in '''-ler''' and '''-rer''' are transitive voice by nature, '''-rer''' being more semantically intense. Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating More Elaborate Verbs |- ! colspan="2"| Gesture Verb !! colspan="2"| Motion Verb |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | -- ||'''ber'''....''put'' <br>'''beer'''....''have'' <br>'''beler'''....''carry'' <br>'''bexer'''....''hold'' <br>'''bexler'''....''keep'' | '''per'''....''go''||-- |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press''<br>'''yanbaler'''....''compress''<br>'''yobaler'''....''depress, suppress''<br>'''yuzbaler'''....''hug''<br>'''zoybaler'''....''repress''<br>'''barer'''....''crush'' ||'''paer'''....''hover'' || |- |'''baser'''....''gesticulate'' || '''baxer'''....''make a gesture''<br>'''abaxer'''....''caress, pat'' || '''paser'''....''move''||'''paxer'''....''move'' |- |'''byaser'''....''stand up'' || '''byaxer'''....''set up, erect'' || '''pyaser'''....''jump up'' || '''pyaxer'''....''shoot, launch'' |- |'''basler'''....''budge'' || '''baxler'''....''rouse''<br>'''abaxler'''....''stroke'' || '''paaser'''....''get excited'' || '''paaxer'''....''excite''<br>'''apaxler'''....''sweep'' |- |'''basrer'''....''shake'' || '''baxrer'''....''shake''<br>'''abaxrer'''....''rub'' || || '''apaxrer'''....''scrub'' |- ! !! !! !! |- |'''beser'''....''stay'' || '''bexer'''....''hold''<br>'''zoybexer'''....''restrain''<br>'''yobexer'''....''detain, hold down'' || '''peser'''....''wait'' || '''pexer'''....''trap''<br>'''pexler'''....''capture''<br>'''pexrer'''....''abduct'' |- |'''byeser'''....''behave''|| '''byexer'''....''hit'' || '''pyeser'''....''run into, bump into''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike, knock''<br>'''yonpyexer'''....''break''<br>'''yopyexer'''....''knock down''<br>'''epyexer'''....''fight''<br>'''apyexer'''....''attack''<br>'''ovpyexer'''....''offend''<br>'''kunpyexer'''....''sideswipe''<br>'''tuyapyexer'''....''slap'' |- |'''besler'''....''adhere'' || '''bexler'''....''retain''|| || '''pyexler'''....''pound, beat''<br>'''apyexler'''....''assault''<br>'''yonpexler'''....''shatter, burst'' |- | || || '''yanpyesrer'''....''implode''<br>'''yonpyesler'''....''explode'' || '''pyexler'''....''blast, bomb'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''boser'''....''calm down''<br>'''boyser'''....''rest'' || '''boxer'''....''quieten, quell'' || '''poser'''....''stop''<br>'''poyser'''....''pause'' || '''poxer'''....''stop'' |- | '''byoser'''....''hang'' || '''byoxer'''....''hang'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall''<br>'''yonpyoser'''....''decay'' || '''pyoxer'''....''drop, throw down''<br>'''yopyoxer'''....''topple''<br> |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''biser'''....''originate'' || '''bixer'''....''pull''<br>'''yanbixer'''....''contract''<br>'''yonbixer'''....''distract''<br>'''yubixer'''....''attract''<br>'''yibixer'''....''distract''<br>'''oyebixer'''....''extract''<br>'''yebixer'''....''push in'' || || '''pixer'''....''catch'' |- |'''bisler'''....''spring'' || '''bixler'''....''yank''<br>'''bixrer'''....''ravage'' || || '''pixler'''....''snatch''<br>'''pixrer'''....''rape'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''buser'''....''be destined'' || '''buxer'''....''push, drive''<br>'''zyobuxer'''....''squeeze''<br>'''yebuxer'''....''expel''<br>'''abuxer'''....''impose'' || '''apuser'''....''assault'' || '''puxer'''....''throw, thrust'' |- |'''byuser'''....''bump into'' || '''byuxer'''....''touch''<br>'''yanbyuxer'''....''contact'' ||'''pyuser'''....''run into'' || '''pyuxer'''....''crash'' |- |'''busler'''....''swoop'' || '''buxler'''....''shove'' || '''pusler'''....''lunge, pounce'' || '''puxler'''....''thrust''<br>'''zyapuxler'''....''splatter'' |} === Deriving New Verbs with Prefixes === : Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb '''baxer''' (and its intransitive partner '''baser''') as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Baxer Verbs |- ! Prefix !! Verb |- ! colspan=2 | '''baxer'''....''gesture, make a bodily motion'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abaxer'''....''caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izbaxer'''....''point'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tebaxer'''....''nod'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' || '''vatebaxer'''....''nod yes'' |- | '''vo'''....''no'' || '''votebaxer'''....''nod no'' |- | '''ve'''....''maybe'' || '''vetebaxer'''....''shrug'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''tuyabaxer'''....''wave'' |- | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''tubaxer'''....''flail, swing'' |- | '''teubab'''....''tongue'' || '''teubabaxer'''....''lick'' |- | '''teab'''....''eye'' || '''teubaxer'''....''wink'' |- | '''patub'''....''wing'' || '''patubaxer'''....''flap'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''tail'' || '''tiyubaxer'''....''wag'' |- ! colspan=2 | '''baser'''....''gesticulate'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igbaser'''....''jerk'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''igzaybaser'''....''lurch'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoybaser'''....''recoil'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobaser'''....''bow, bend down'' |- | '''ku-'''....''side'' || '''kubaser'''....''slide'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igkubaser'''....''slip'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' + '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uizbaser'''....''sway, swagger, swish'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle, wobble, totter'' |} === Forming Frequentative Verbs === : A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by prefixing the syllable '''je-''' to the verb. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ The -eg- Frequentative Infix |- ! Regular Verb !! Frequantative Verb |- | '''paser'''....''move'' || '''jepaser'''....''shake, shudder'' |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump'' || '''jepyaser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''paper'''....''fly'' || '''jepaper'''....''flutter, flit'' |- | '''braser'''....''shake'' || '''jebraser'''....''shudder, quiver, vibrate'' |- | '''teupixer'''....''bite'' || '''jeteupiger'''....''nibble'' |- | '''ilzyaber'''....''spray'' || '''jeilzyaber'''....''sprinkle'' |- | '''pyexer'''....''beat'' || '''jepyexer'''....''batter, whip'' |} === Forming Hybrid Words === : Expressions with alternating components like ''back-and-forth'', ''up-and-down'', etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Words |- ! Alternative Components !! Hybrid Expression !! Examples |- | '''yab'''....''up'' +<br>'''yob'''....''down'' || '''yao(b)-'''....''up-and-down'' || '''yaoper'''....''fluctuate'', '''yaopuser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''a-'''....''up, north, skyward'' +<br>'''o-'''....''down, south'' || '''ao-'''....''vertical'' || '''aonada'''....''vertical'', '''aonab'''....''column'' |- | '''za(y)'''....''forth, north'' +<br>'''zo(y)'''....''back, south'' || '''zao(b)-'''....''front-back/north-to-south'' || '''zaobaser'''....''rock'', '''zaomera'''....''north/south'' |- |- '''zu'''....''left/west'' +<br>'''zi'''....''right/east'' || '''zui(b)-'''....''right-to-left/east-to-west'' || '''zuinada'''....''horizontal'', '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle'', '''zuimera'''....''east/west'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' +<br>'''bi'''....''from'' || '''bui-'''....''to-and-from'' || '''buipar'''....''shuttle'', '''buipop'''....''round-trip'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' +<br>'''ob'''....''off'' || '''ao(b)-'''....''on-and-off'' || '''aoper'''....''get on and off'' |- | '''yuj-'''....''closed'' +<br>'''yij-'''....''open'' || '''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut'' || '''yuijbar'''....''switch'', '''igyuijer'''....''blink'' |- | '''uj-'''....''stop'' +<br>'''ij-'''....''start'' || '''uij-'''....''stop-and-start'' || '''uijparpan'''....''stop-and-go traffic'' |- | '''(a)yeb'''....''in'' +<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''aoye(b)-'''....''in-and-out'' || '''igaoyeper'''....''run in-and-out'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' +<br>'''yib'''....''far'' || '''yui(b)-'''....''near-and-far'' || '''yuipoper'''....''travel near-and-far'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' +<br>'''ib'''....''away'' || '''ui(b)-'''....''toward-and-away'' || '''uipen'''....''coming and going'' |- | '''hum'''....''there'' +<br>'''him'''....''here'' || '''huim'''....''here-and-there'' || '''huimkexer'''....''search high-and-low (here-and-there)'' |- | '''hus'''....''that'' +<br>'''his'''....''this'' || '''huis'''....''this-and-that'' || '''huisyexer'''....''do odd jobs, work at this-or-that'' |- | '''hyut'''....''other person'' +<br>'''hyit'''....''same person'' || '''hyuit'''....''one another'' || '''hyuitifer'''....''love one another'', '''hyuita'''....''mutual, reciprocal'' |} : Here are some more examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ More Hybrids ! Hybrid Word !! English Gloss !! Alternating Components |- |'''aogsen'''||'' fluctuation (in size) ''|| '''ag-''' (''big'') + '''og-''' (''little'') + '''s-''' (''become'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''aonada'''||''vertical ''|| '''a-''' (''up/north'') + '''o-''' (''down/south'') + '''nad''' (''line'') + '''-a''' (''adj.'') |- |'''aopuys'''||'' hop-on-hop-off ''|| '''a(p)-''' (''on'') + '''o(p)-''' (''off'') + '''puys-''' (''hop'') |- |'''buien'''||'' trading, swapping ''|| '''bu-''' (''give'') + '''bi-''' (''trake'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''buip'''||'' traffic ''|| '''bu-''' (''to'') + '''bi-''' (''from'') + '''p-''' (''go'') |- |'''buixar'''||''spring''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix''' (''pull'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''buixek'''||'' tug-o-war ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- |'''buixnyem'''||'' drawer ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''nyem''' (''box'') |- |'''byaosen'''||'' teetering, stumbling ''|| '''byas-''' (''stand'') + '''byos-''' (''fall'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''diep'''||'' marine force ''|| '''dip''' (''sea force'') + '''dep''' (''land force'') |- |'''duid'''||'' q&a, interview ''|| '''dud''' (''answer'') + '''did''' (''question'') |- |'''eigpyexer''' || ''batter, whip'' || '''eg-''' (''again'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') + '''pyexer''' (''to hit'') |- |'''gao'''||'' more-or-less ''|| '''ga''' (''more'') + '''go''' (''less'') |- |'''glaojo'''||'' sooner or later ''|| '''gla''' (''very'') + '''glo''' (''slightly'') + '''jo''' (''after'') |- | '''huimkexer''' || ''search here and there'' || '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-m''' (''place'') + '''kex''' (''search'') + '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''huis'''||'' this-and-that ''|| '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-s''' (''thing'') |- |'''hyuit'''||'' one another ''|| '''hyu-''' (''other'') + '''hyi-''' (''same'') + '''-t''' (''person'') |- |'''kyaopen'''||'' fluctuation ''|| '''kya-''' (''mobile'') + '''kyo''' (''static'') + '''-pen''' (''going'') |- |'''maluier'''||'' breathe ''|| '''mal-''' (''air'') + '''u-''' (''let out'') + '''i-''' (''take in'') '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''maojyex'''||'' double-shift work ''|| '''maj''' (''day'') + '''moj''' (''night'') + '''yex''' (''work'') |- |'''maonig'''||'' flicker ''|| '''man''' (''light'') + '''mon''' (''dark'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') |- |'''maolza'''||'' black&white/gray ''|| '''malza''' (''white'') + '''molza''' (''black'') |- |'''meil'''||'' mud ''|| '''mel''' (''soil'') + '''mil''' (''water'') |- |'''memuiben'''||'' import-exports ''|| '''mem''' (''country'') + '''ub-''' (''send'') + '''ib-''' (''receive'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''mial'''||'' vapor ''|| '''mil''' (''water'') + '''mal''' (''air'') |- |'''mieg'''||'' reef ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-g''' (''stone'') |- |'''miek'''||'' sand ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-k''' (''rocky substance'') |- |'''miem'''||'' swamp ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''mem''' (''land'') |- |'''mimpuin'''||'' dock ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''mimpyaos'''||'' surf ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''sink'') |- |'''mimuip'''||'' tide ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip-''' (''go'') |- |'''peit'''||'' amphibian ''|| '''pet''' (''land animal'') + '''pit''' (''sea creature'') |- |'''puim'''||'' kiss-and-ride zone''|| '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''puixek'''||'' baseball ''|| '''pux-''' (''pitch'') + '''pix-''' (''catch'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- | '''pyaos''' || ''wave'' || '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''crest'') |- |'''teabyuij'''||'' blink ''|| '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') |- |'''tuijea'''||'' nodding off ''|| '''tuj-''' (''sleep'') + '''tij''' (''wake'') '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''uijdal'''||'' stutter ''|| '''uj-''' (''finish'') + '''ij-''' (''start'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''uipeni'''||'' comings & goings ''|| '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip''' (''go'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') + '''-i''' (''pl.'') |- |'''uiza'''||'' serpentine, snaky ''|| '''uza''' (''crooked'') + '''iza''' (''straight'') |- |'''vao?'''||'' yes or no? ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') |- |'''vaod'''||'' decision ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') + '''d-''' (''say'') |- |'''yaobar'''||'' elevator ''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaobyuijar'''||''piston''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open '') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaoplas'''||''oscillation''|| '''yap-''' (''up'') + '''yop-''' (''down'') + '''plas''' (''shake'') |- |'''yaopsim'''||''seesaw''|| '''yap-''' (''ascend'') + '''yop-''' (''descend'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''yaopus'''||''bounce''|| ya(''b'')'''-''' (''up'') + yo(''b'')'''-''' (''down'') + '''pus''' (''jump'') |- |'''yaovdut'''||''juror''|| '''yav-''' (''innocent'') + '''yov-''' (''guilty'') + '''d-''' (''say'') + '''-ut''' (''agent'') |- |'''yaoza'''||''uneven, bumpy, serrated''|| '''yaza''' (''convex'') + '''yoza''' (''concave'') |- |'''yaozgoblar'''||''saw''|| '''yaz''' (''protrusion '') + '''yoz''' (''indentation'') + '''gobl-''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaozil'''||''wave''|| '''yaz''' (''swell'') + '''yoz''' (''trough'') + '''-il''' (''liquid'') |- |'''yuibteabar'''||''bifocals''|| '''yub''' (''near'') + '''yib''' (''far'') + '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yuijar'''||'' valve, switch''|| '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaobelur'''||''ferry''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''bel-''' (''carry'') + '''-ur''' (''vehicle'') |- |'''zaobyexar'''||''swatter, bat''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''byex-''' (''strike'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaodal'''||''dialog''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''zaogoblar'''||''saw''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''gobl''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaokyax'''||''alternation''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''kyax''' (''change'') |- |'''zaopasen'''||''swinging''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo-''' (''back'') + '''pasen''' (''moving'') |- |'''zaopsim'''||''swing or rocker''|| '''zap-''' (''go forth'') + '''zap''' (''go back'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''zuibasen'''||''wiggling''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bas-''' (''move bodily'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuibayx'''||''wag''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bayx-''' (''slight body move'') |- |'''zuibyoxea'''||''dangling''|| '''zu''' (''left'') + '''zi''' (''right'') + '''byox-''' (''hang down'') + '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuiyafa'''||''ambidextrous''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''yafa''' (''capable'') |- |'''zyaobas'''||''throb''|| '''zya-''' (''wide'') + '''zyo-''' (''narrow'') + '''bas''' (''bodily movement'') |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Acronyms and Abbreviations|Word Families}}</noinclude> kmg0etdgr4y3afvfrnkt0htzn0wuqvt 4635624 4635622 2026-05-13T19:13:29Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Playing Cards Notation */ 4635624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right|limit=3}} == Introduction == : In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels. : The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of '''''base words''''' and '''''derived words'''''. : The vocabulary is built on '''''base words''''', that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by: ::* The meaning of each letter of the word. ::* The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: ''fixed'' vs. ''variable''. ::* How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language. ::* The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about). ::* The logic of its composition. ::* The mnemonic associations this word suggests. : The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called '''''vocabulary-building rules''''', which are spelled out below. == Base Words == : '''''Base words''''' are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups: ::* Group 1:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''nouns''''' ::* Group 2:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs'''''. == Base words of Group 1 == : Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters: :::* The first, a consonant called the '''''classifier''''' :::* The second, a vowel called the '''''ordinal''''' :::* The third, a consonant called the '''''generic''''' These words can be thought of as noun templates. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Base Word Composition |- ! Classifier !! Ordinal !! Generic !! Meaning |- | '''t''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''man'' |- | '''d''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''society'' |- | '''p''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''animal'' |- | '''f''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''plant'' |} == Base words of Group 2 == : Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as '''-er''' (verb infinitive marker) or '''-a''' (adjective marker): ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words | '''b-'''....''put'' || '''p-'''....''go'' |- | '''s-'''....''be'' || '''x-'''....''do'' |- | '''d-'''....''say'' || '''t-'''....''know'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ob'''....''off'' |- |'''bu'''....''to'' || '''bi'''....''from'' |- |'''if-'''....''love'' || '''uf-'''....''hate'' |- |'''fi-'''....''good'' || '''fu-'''....''bad'' |- |'''va'''....''yes'' || '''vo'''....''no'' |- |'''vya-'''^*....''true'' || '''vyo-'''....''false'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''o'''....''zero'' |} : *<small> As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include glided vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides '''y''' or '''w'''. So, for purposes here, '''ya''', '''ye''', '''yi''', '''yo''', '''yu''', '''wa''', and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "glided vowels".</small> == Consonants and Their Meanings == : The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Consonants and Their Meanings |- ! Consonant !! Group 1 Classifier !! Group 1 Generic !! Group 2 Classifier !! In Numbers |- | '''b''' || organ, health || organism || gesture, position || |- | '''d''' || society || family || communicating || |- | '''f''' || vegetation || textile, clothing || volition, attributes || |- | '''g''' || -- || measurement || quantity, attributes || |- | '''j''' || time || time || time || |- | '''k''' || -- || health || change, risk, attributes || |- | '''l''' || -- || element, food, liquid, nature || -- || '''l''' = ten |- | '''m''' || nature || place, building, furniture || temperature, light || '''ml''' = million<br>'''mr''' = billion |- | '''n''' || commerce || -- || -- || |- | '''p''' || animal, vehicle || motion || movement || |- | '''r''' || -- || tool, machine, cosmos || -- || '''r''' = thousand |- | '''s''' || form, image, furniture || thing || being, form, thing || '''s''' = hundred |- | '''t''' || human, body || person, animal || intelligence, knowing || |- | '''v''' || plant, color || linen || truth, attributes || |- | '''x''' || action || -- || action, doing, making || |- | '''z''' || -- || precious, art || spatial, attributes || |} : The following consonants functions rather than, or in addition to, semantic values: ::* '''l''' and '''r''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: '''baer'''....''to lean'', '''baler'''....''to press'', '''barer'''....''to crush''; ::* '''y''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''voa'''....''negative'' -> '''vyoa'''....''false'', or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''ama'''....''hot'' -> '''ayma'''....''warm''. ::* '''h''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Used functionally only in certain interjections like '''hoy'''....''goodbye'' and determiners like '''his'''....''this'', and has no semantic value. ::* '''w''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. '''tob'''....''person'' -> '''twob'''....''man'', or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. '''uber'''....''to send'' -> '''ubwer'''....''to be sent'', or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. '''awa'''....''one'', or 4) sometimes to substitute for '''y''' when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. '''jwo'''....''late'', instead of '''jyo'''. ::* '''n''':&nbsp;&nbsp; In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in '''ana'''....''only'', or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as '''fian'''....''goodness'' from '''fia'''....''good'', or from a verb, such '''axnen'''....''behaving'' from '''axner'''....''to behave''. == Vowels and Their Meanings == : Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types: ::* meronymic ::* hierarchical ::* geo-specific ::* oppositional/polar ::* vectorial ::* directional and positional ::* special === Ordinal Vowel Values === :: The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with '''y''' are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Vowels|Vowels]]. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Numeric Values of Vowels |- ! Ordinal Vowel !! '''o''' !! '''a''' !! '''e''' !! '''i''' !! '''u''' !! '''yo''' !! '''ya''' !! '''ye''' !! '''yi''' !! '''yu''' |- !row=1| Cardinal Number | 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 |} === Meronymic Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|meronymic}}''''' series. (This gradation can also be called '''''taxonomic'''''. The top element, or hypernym, has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are hyponyms or meronyms (= parts of the whole), and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. '''T<u>a</u>b''' (''body'') is the first meronym of '''t<u>o</u>b''' (''human being''), the hypernym or zeroth element. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Meronymic Series |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=7| Meronymic or Taxonomic |- ! 0 | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''fob'''....''plant'' || '''vob'''....''crop''|| '''mos'''....''floor''||'''som'''....''furniture''||'''tom'''....''building''||'''job'''....''time'' |- ! 1 | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''fab'''....''tree'' || '''vab'''....''grass''|| '''mas'''....''wall''||'''sam'''....''chest of drawers''||'''tam'''....''house''||'''jab'''....''year'' |- ! 2 | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''feb'''....''fruit'' || '''veb'''....''tuft''|| '''mes'''....''door''||'''sem'''....''table''||'''tem'''....''hall''||'''jeb'''....''season'' |- ! 3 | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''fib'''....''trunk'' || '''vib'''....''stalk''|| '''mis'''....''window''||'''sim'''....''chair''||'''tim'''....''room''||'''jib'''....''month'' |- ! 4 | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''fub'''....''branch'' || '''vub'''....''shoot''||'''mus'''....''stairs''||'''sum'''....''bed''||'''tum'''....''closet''||'''jub'''....''day'' |- ! 5 | '''tyob'''....''leg'' || '''fyob'''....''root'' || '''vyob'''....''tuber''|| || || ||'''jwob'''^*....''hour'' |- ! 6 | || || || || || ||'''jwab'''^*....''minute'' |- ! 7 | || || || || || ||'''jweb'''^*....''second'' |} * The letter '''w''' replaces the letter '''y''' following a '''j''', for ease of pronunciation. : The words that descend from the base word are called '''''meronyms'''''. A hypernym is a word that is higher in scale. === Hierarchical Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|hierarchical}}''''' series where the top element has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hierarchical Vowel Gradation |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=4| Hierarchy |- ! 0 | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''dot'''....''society'' || '''tod'''....''family''||'''xob'''....''organization'' |- ! 1 | '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''tad'''....''spouse''||'''xab'''....''staff'' |- ! 2 | '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ted'''....''parent''||'''xeb'''....''boss'' |- ! 3 | '''dib'''....''ministry'' || '''dit'''....''citizen'' ||'''tid'''....''sibling''||'''xib'''....''department'' |- ! 4 | '''dub'''....''minister'' || '''dut'''....''gentleman'' || '''tud'''....''child''||'''xub'''....''branch'' |} === Geo-specific Vowel Gradation === : Ordinals can have '''''{{color|blue|geo-specific}}''''' values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Geo-specific Vowel Values |- ! Ordinal ! Geo-sphere ! colspan=7| Examples |- | align=center | '''o''' || ''outer space, top level'' || '''m<u>o</u>p'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''outer space''|| '''mol'''....''nature''||'''dop'''....''military''||'''pop'''....''voyage''||'''mol'''....''nature''||'''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- | align=center | '''a''' || ''air, gas, sky'' || '''m<u>a</u>p'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' ||'''mal'''....''air''||'''dap'''....''air force''||'''pap'''....''flight''||'''mal'''....''wind''||'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | align=center | '''e''' || ''ground, soil, solid'' || '''m<u>e</u>p'''....''road'' || '''mem'''....''land''|| '''mel'''....''soil''||'''dep'''....''army''||'''pep'''....''ride''||'''mel'''....''soil''||'''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' |- | align=center | '''i''' || ''liquid'', ''water'', ''sea'' || '''m<u>i</u>p'''....''river'' || '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''mil'''....''water''||'''dip'''....''marines''|| '''pip'''....''navigation/sail''||'''mil'''....''water''||'''pit'''....''fish'' |- | align=center | '''u''' || ''underground'', ''mineral'', ''substance'' || '''m<u>u</u>p'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || '''mul'''....''mineral''|| ||'''pup'''....''tunneling''||'''mul'''....''matter''|| |} === Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation === : The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation |- ! Order || Mirad !! English |- | 0 || '''olza'''¹ || ''blank, of no color'' |- | 1 || '''alza''' || ''red'' |- | 2 || '''elza''' || ''orange'' |- | 3 || '''ilza''' || ''yellow'' |- | 4 || '''ulza''' || ''green'' |- | 5 || '''yolza''' || ''blue'' |- | 6 || '''yalza''' || ''purple'' |- | 7 || '''yelza''' || ''indigo'' |} {{small/top}} : 1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order. {{small/end}} : The colors black and white are: :* '''malza'''....''white'' :* '''molza'''....''black'' : Some colors are hybrids of two colors: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hybrid Colors |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''aolza''' || ''pink'' (a blend of ''blank'' and ''red'') |- | '''youlza''' || ''blue-green'' |- | '''maolza''' || ''gray'' (a blend of ''black'' and ''white'') |} : The word for ''brown'' is based on the word for ''soil'': :* '''melza'''....''brown'' (< '''mel'''....''soil'') : Two other colors are based on metals: :* '''agelkza'''....''silver'' (based on '''agelk'''....''silver metal'' :* '''aulkza'''....''gold'' (based on '''aulk'''....''gold metal'' === Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values === : In Group 2 stems: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Oppositional Vowel Values |- | '''a'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ya''' || intermediate || '''i'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yi''' |- | <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative || '''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ye''' || <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative |- | '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yo''' || value || '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yu''' |} ::* positive '''a''' contrasts with negative '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''av'''....''for'' vs. '''ov'''....''against'') ::* positive '''ya''' contrasts with negative '''yo'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yava'''....''innocent'' vs. '''yova'''....''guilty'') ::* positive '''i''' contrasts with negative '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''fia'''....''good'' vs. '''fua'''....''bad'') ::* positive '''yi''' contrasts with negative '''yu'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yiva'''....''free'' vs. '''yuva'''....''bound'') ::* '''e''' and '''ye''' are in-between values&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''eva'''....''neutral'', '''yeva'''....''fair'') ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation |- ! positive !! intermediate !! negative |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''ega'''....''normal'' || '''oga'''....''small'' |- | '''yava'''....''innocent'' || '''yeva'''....''just''|| '''yova'''....''guilty'' |- | '''ava'''....''for'' || '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''ova'''....''against'' |- | '''aker'''....''to win'' || '''eker'''....''to risk'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' |- | '''yak'''....''expectation'' || '''yek'''....''attempt'' || '''yok'''....''surprise'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || || '''fua'''....''bad'' |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || || '''ufer'''....''hate'' |- | '''yifa'''....''brave'' || || '''yufa'''....''afraid'' |} : Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit '''''oppositional''''' values: : The Group 1 base word '''bok''' (''illness'') is a good example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Group 1 base word with oppositional values |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- valign=top |'''bak'''....''health''||'''bek'''....''treatment''||'''bok'''....''illness'' |- |'''byak'''....''hygiene''||'''byek'''....''cure''||'''byok'''....''pain''<br>'''byoyk'''....''ache''<br>'''blok'''....''suffering''<br>'''brok'''....''agony'' |- |'''baak'''....''sanitation''|| ||'''book'''....''fatigue'' |- |'''bik'''....''care''|| ||'''buk'''....''wound''<br>'''buyk'''....''sore'' |} === Vectorial Vowel Values === : These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc. {{big/top}}&nbsp;&nbsp; ::::::'''a''' ::::::↑ ::::'''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;←&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;→&nbsp;&nbsp;'''i''' ::::::↓ ::::::'''o''' {{big/end}} :::'''a'''....''on, above, north'' ('''ab'''....''on'', '''zamer'''....''north'') :::'''e'''....''center, middle, equator'' ('''eb'''....''between'', '''ze'''....''center'') :::'''o'''....''off, below, south'' ('''ob'''....''off'', '''zomer'''....''south'') :::'''i'''....''right, east'' ('''zi'''....''right'', '''zimer'''....''east'') :::'''u'''....''left, west'' ('''zu'''....''left'', '''zumer'''....''west'') === Directional and Positional Vowel Values === {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Directional and Positional Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''z<u>a</u>mer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''b<u>a</u>er'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''<u>a</u>ber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''b<u>ya</u>er'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''<u>ya</u>ber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''z<u>o</u>mer'''....''south'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''b<u>yo</u>er'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''<u>o</u>per'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''p<u>yo</u>ser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''<u>yo</u>per'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''z<u>u</u>mer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''<u>u</u>ber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''p<u>yu</u>er'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''<u>yu</u>ber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''b<u>yu</u>ser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''z''i''mer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''p<u>i</u>er'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''<u>i</u>per'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''<u>yi</u>per'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''p<u>yi</u>ser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''z<u>e</u>mer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''<u>e</u>b'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''b<u>e</u>xer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''<u>ye</u>per'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''contain''|| '''b<u>ye</u>er'''....''contain'' |} === Special value of certain letters === : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular''. ::* '''aot'''....''person'' ::* '''anot'''....''individual'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yanber'''....''to compose'' ::* '''yonber'''....''to separate'' : The letter '''y''' is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural: ::* '''at'''....''I, me'' as opposed to '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''et'''....''you'' as opposed to '''yet'''....''you (pl.), you all'' ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''yit'''....''they, them'' ::* '''is'''....''it'' as opposed to '''yis'''....''they, them'' : The letter '''y''' is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''iyt'''....''she, her'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''toyb'''....''woman'' : The letter '''w''' is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''wit'''....''he, him'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''twob'''....''man'' === The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words === :: The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants. :: The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values. :: The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants |- ! Base Word !! Classifier Consonant !! Generic Consonant !! Scalarity Type |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''t''' = ''human'' || '''b''' = ''organism'' || meronymic |- | '''tof'''....''clothing'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''fabric'' || meronymic |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''society'' || meronymic |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place'' || meronymic |- | '''tov'''....''lingerie'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen'' || meronymic |- | '''tol'''....''nourishment'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''food'' || oppositional |- | '''top'''....''soul, spirit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''motion'' || meronymic |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''d''' = ''society'' || '''b''' = ''organism''||hierarchical |- | '''dop'''....''military'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement'' || geo-specific |- | '''dot'''....''society'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''human''|| hierarchical |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''j''' = ''time'' || '''b'''....''organism''|| hierarchical |- | '''fob'''....''vegetation'' || '''f''' = ''vegetable'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vob'''....''crop'' || '''v''' = ''plant'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vos'''....''flower'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''volz'''....''color'' || " " " || '''lz''' = ''color, art''|| spectral |- | '''som'''....''furniture'' || '''s''' = ''thing'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| meronymic |- | '''mos'''....''floor'' || '''m''' = ''place, nature'' || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''mor'''....''universe'' || " " " || '''r''' = ''machine, system''|| geo-specific |- | '''mom'''....''outer space'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''mol'''....''nature'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''substance''|| geo-specific |- | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement''|| geo-specific |- | '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''p''' = ''movement'' || '''t''' = ''human, animal''|| geo-specific |- | '''bok'''....''illness'' || '''b''' = ''organ'' || '''k''' = ''condition''|| oppositional |- | '''nom'''....''place'' || '''n''' = ''commercial'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| special |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || " " " || '''g''' = ''measurement''|| special |- | '''nof'''....''cloth'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''cloth''|| special |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen''|| special |- | '''nod'''....''point'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''communication''|| special |- | '''xob'''....''organization'' || '''x''' = ''action'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| hierarchical |} ==== Special Arrangement ==== : Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart. {| border=0 {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Other Group 1 Base Words |- valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! d- <br>communication |- | '''daz'''<br>''dance'' |- | '''dyaz'''<br>''ballet'' |- | '''dyez'''<br>''cinema'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''dez'''<br>''theater'' |- | '''diz'''<br>''comedy'' |- | '''din'''<br>''story'' |- | '''dun'''<br>''word'' |- | '''duz'''<br>''music'' |- | '''dyun'''<br>''name'' |- | '''dyan'''<br>''sentence'' |- | '''dyes'''<br>''book'' |- | '''deup'''<br>''rhythm'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! dr- <br>write |- | '''drof'''<br>''board'' |- | '''draf'''<br>''card'' |- | '''dref'''<br>''paper'' |- | '''drov'''<br>''cardboard'' |- | '''drav'''<br>''notebook'' |- | '''drev'''<br>''page'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''drar'''<br>''pencil'' |- | '''drir'''<br>''typewriter'' |- | '''drur'''<br>''printer'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! m- <br>nature |- | '''mag'''<br>''fire'' |- | '''mak'''<br>''electricity'' |- | '''mog'''<br>''ash'' |- | '''meg'''<br>''stone'' |- | '''mef'''<br>''brick'' |- | '''mug'''<br>''metal'' |- | '''muk'''<br>''mineral'' |- | '''mez'''<br>''crystal'' |- | '''mek'''<br>''dust'' |- | '''myek'''<br>''powder'' |- | '''mav'''<br>''flame'' |- | '''mov'''<br>''smoke'' |- | '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' |- | '''maj'''<br>''daytime'' |- | '''moj'''<br>''night'' |- | '''man'''<br>''light'' |- | '''maz'''<br>''shine'' |- | '''mon'''<br>''shade'' |- | '''moz'''<br>''dark'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! n- <br>commerce |- | '''naz'''<br>''value'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' |- | '''nax'''<br>''price'' |- | '''nyaz'''<br>''wealth'' |- | '''nyan'''<br>''stack'' |- | '''nox'''<br>''expense'' |- | '''nyox'''<br>''waste'' |- | '''nex'''<br>''saving'' |- | '''nyex'''<br>''storing'' |- | '''nix'''<br>''earning'' |- | '''nyix'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nux'''<br>''pay'' |- | '''nyux'''<br>''supply'' |- | '''nun'''<br>''merchandise'' |- | '''nyun'''<br>''product'' |- | '''nuz'''<br>''jewel'' |- | '''nem'''<br>''location'' |- | '''nyem'''<br>''place'' |- | '''nyeb'''<br>''box'' |- | '''nab'''<br>''row'' |- | '''nap'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nad'''<br>''line'' |- | '''nod'''<br>''point'' |- | '''ned'''<br>''plane'' |- | '''nyed'''<br>''grid'' |- | '''nyad'''<br>''chain'' |- | '''nid'''<br>''volume'' |- | '''nag'''<br>''measure'' |- | '''nak'''<br>''metric value'' |- | '''nog'''<br>''degree'' |- | '''nig'''<br>''space'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! j- <br>time |- | '''jag'''<br>''age'' |- | '''jud'''<br>''date'' |- | '''jod'''<br>''instance'' |- | '''jop'''<br>''sequence'' |- | '''jep'''<br>''process'' |- | '''jwap'''<br>''moment'' |- | '''jwep'''<br>''instant'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! s- <br>thing |- | '''sag'''<br>''number'' |- | '''saz'''<br>''sculpture'' |- | '''san'''<br>''form'' |- | '''saun'''<br>''kind'' |- | '''son'''<br>''matter (abstract)'' |- | '''sin'''<br>''image'' |- | '''siz'''<br>''painting'' |- | '''sun'''<br>''thing (concrete)'' |- | '''syan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''syen'''<br>''style'' |- | '''syin'''<br>''subject'' |- | '''syun'''<br>''object'' |- | '''sar'''<br>''instrument'' |- | '''sir'''<br>''machine'' |- | '''sor'''<br>''engine'' |- | '''sur'''<br>''motor'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! t- <br>human / knowledge |- | '''taz'''<br>''statue'' |- | '''tap'''<br>''physique'' |- | '''tep'''<br>''mind'' |- | '''top'''<br>''spirit'' |- | '''tuz'''<br>''art'' |- | '''toz'''<br>''skin color'' |- | '''tez'''<br>''culture'' |- | '''tyez'''<br>''magic'' |- | '''tin'''<br>''doctrine'' |- | '''tun'''<br>''science'' |- | '''tyan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''tyen'''<br>''skill'' |- | '''tyun'''<br>''idea'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''sensation'' |- | '''tes'''<br>''meaning'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' |- | '''tat'''<br>''angel'' |} |} === The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words === :: The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival ('''-a'''), adverbial ('''-ay'''), and verbal inflections ('''-er''', '''-ser''', '''-xer''', etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem. :: The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Stems of Group 2 Base Words |- ! Classifier Consonant !! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative |- ! rowspan=4|'''j''' <br>(''time'') | '''ja'''<br>''before'' || '''je'''<br>''during'' || '''jo'''<br>''after''||'''ji'''<br>''since'' || '''ju'''<br>''until'' |- | '''aj'''<br>''past'' || '''ej'''<br>''present'' || '''oj'''<br>''future'' || '''ij^er'''<br>''beginning/begin'' || '''uj/^er'''<br>''end/end'' |- | '''taj^er'''<br>''birth/to be born'' || '''tej^er'''<br>''life/to live'' || '''toj^er'''<br>''death/to die'' || '''tij^er'''<br>''awake state/to be awake'' || '''tuj^er'''<br>''sleep/to sleep'' |- | '''jwa'''<br>''early'' || '''jwe'''<br>''on time'' || '''jwo'''<br>''late'' || '''yij^a'''<br>''opening/open'' || '''yuj^a'''<br>''closing/closed'' |- !rowspan=4| '''g'''<br>(''measurement'') | '''ga'''<br>''more'' || '''ge'''<br>''equal'' || '''go'''<br>''less''|| '''gi'''ⁿ<br>''point'' || '''gu'''ⁿ<br>''angle'' |- | '''ag'''^a<br>''big'' || '''eg^a'''<br>''normal'' || '''og'''^a<br>''small'' || '''ig'''^a<br>''fast'' || '''ug'''^a<br>''slow'' |- | '''yag'''^a<br>''long'' || '''yeg'''^a<br>''normal'' || '''yog'''^a<br>''short'' || '''yig'''^a<br>''hard'' || '''yug'''^a<br>''soft'' |- | '''gya'''^a<br>''thick'' || '''gye'''^a<br>''enough'' || '''gyo-'''<br>''thin'' || '''gyi'''^a<br>''solid'' || '''gyu'''^a<br>''fragile'' |- !rowspan=4| '''k'''<br>(''randomness'') | '''ka'''^xer<br>''find'' || '''ke'''^xer<br>''seek'' || '''ko'''^xer<br>''hide'' || '''ki'''^a<br>''oblique''|| '''ku'''^a<br>''lateral'' |- | '''ak'''^er<br>''win'' || '''ek'''^er<br>''play'' || '''ok'''^er<br>''lose'' || '''ik'''^a<br>''full'' || '''uk'''^a<br>''empty'' |- | '''yak'''^er<br>''expect'' || '''yek'''^er<br>''try'' || '''yok'''^er<br>''suprise'' || '''yik'''^a<br>''difficult'' || '''yuk'''^a<br>''easy'' |- | '''kya'''^a<br>''mobile'' || '''kye'''^a<br>''haphazard'' || '''kyo'''^a<br>''fixed'' ||'''kyi'''^a<br>''heavy'' || '''kyu'''^a<br>''light'' |- ! '''m'''<br>(''nature'') | '''am'''^a<br>''hot'' || -- || '''om'''^a<br>''cold'' || '''im'''^a<br>''wet'' || '''um'''^a<br>''dry'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''f'''^er<br>(''want'', qualities) | || || || '''fi'''^a<br>''good'' || '''fu'''^a<br>''bad'' |- | '''fya'''^a<br>''holy'' || '''fye'''^a<br>''mythical'' || '''fyo'''^a<br>''profane''|| '''fyi'''^a<br>''useful'' || '''fyu'''^a<br>''harmful'' |- | '''yaf'''^er<br>''be able'' || '''yef'''^er<br>''must''|| '''yof'''^er<br>''cannot'' || '''yif'''^er<br>''dare'' || '''yuf'''^er<br>''fear'' |- | '''af'''^er<br>''may'' || '''ef'''^er<br>''need'' || '''of'''^er<br>''be prohibited'' || '''if'''^er<br>''love'' || '''uf'''^er<br>''hate'' |- !rowspan=6| '''v'''<br>(''truth, qualities'' ) | '''va'''<br>''yes'' || '''ve'''<br>''maybe'' || '''vo'''<br>''no''|| '''vi'''^a<br>''beautiful'' || '''vu'''^a<br>''ugly'' |- | '''vay'''<br>''really''||'''vey'''<br>''may''||'''voy'''<br>''not'' || || |- | '''av'''<br>''for'' || '''ev'''^a<br>''neutral'' || '''ov'''<br>''against''|| '''iv'''^a<br>''happy'' || '''uv'''^a<br>''sad'' |- | '''vya'''^a<br>''true'' || '''vye'''^a<br>''relative'' || '''vyo'''^a<br>''false''|| '''vyi'''^a<br>''clean'' || '''vyu'''^a<br>''dirty'' |- | '''yav'''^a<br>''innocent'' || '''yev'''^a<br>''fair'' || '''yov'''^a<br>''guilty''|| '''yiv'''^a<br>''free'' || '''yuv'''^a<br>''captive'' |- | '''van'''<br>''that'' || '''ven'''<br>''if'' || '''von'''<br>''lest''|| || |- ! rowspan=5|'''z'''<br>(spatial) | '''za'''<br>''in front of'' || '''ze'''<br>''in the middle of'' || '''zo'''<br>''in back of''|| '''zi'''^a<br>''right'' || '''zu'''^a<br>''left'' |- | '''zay'''<br>''ahead'' || '''zey'''<br>''across'' || '''zoy'''<br>''back, re-''|| || |- | '''zya'''^a<br>''wide'' || '''zye'''<br>''through'' || '''zyo'''^a<br>''narrow''||'''zyi'''^a<br>''flat'' || '''zyu'''^a<br>''round'' |- | '''az'''^a<br>''strong'' || '''ez'''^a<br>''moderate'' || '''oz'''^a<br>''weak''|| '''iz'''^a<br>''straight'' || '''uz'''^a<br>''curved'' |- | '''yaz'''^a<br>''convex'' || '''yez'''<br>''along'' || '''yoz'''^a<br>''concave'' || '''yiz'''<br>''beyond'' || '''yuz'''<br>''around'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''b-'''^er<br>(''put'') | '''ba'''^y/(^xer)<br>''with, (agitate)'' || '''be'''^y/(^(xer))<br>''at/by, (hold)'' || '''bo'''^y(^xer)<br>''without/(calm)''|| '''bi^(er/xer)'''<br>''from, (take/pull)'' || '''bu'''^(er/xer)<br>''to, (give/push)'' |- | '''ab'''^(er)<br>''on,(put on)'' || '''eb'''^(er)<br>''between,(block)'' || '''ob'''(^er)<br>''off,(take off)'' || '''ib'''^(er)<br>''away,(receive)'' || '''ub'''^(er)<br>''toward,(send)'' |- | '''bya'''^ser/xer<br>''stand/erect'' || '''bye'''^xer<br>''tap'' || '''byo'''^ser/xer<br>''hang/hang''|| '''byi'''^(ser)<br>''since,(originate)'' || '''byu'''^(ser/xer)<br>''up to,(contact/touch)'' |- | '''yab'''^(er)<br>''up,(raise)'' || '''yeb'''^(er)<br>''in,(put in)''<br>'''oyeb'''^(er)<br>''out,(take out)'' || '''yob'''^(er)<br>''down,(lower)''|| '''yib'''^(er)<br>''far,(remove)'' || '''yub'''^(er)<br>''near,(bring)'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''p'''^er<br>(''go'') | '''pa'''^ser/xer<br>''move/move'' || '''pe'''^ser/xer<br>''wait/trap'' || '''po'''^ser/xer<br>''stop/stop''|| '''pi'''^er/ser/xer<br>''leave/withdraw/catch'' || '''pu'''^er/ser/xer<br>''arrive/jump/throw'' |- | '''pya'''^er/ser/xer<br>''hover/jump up/launch'' || '''pye'''^ser/xer<br>''encounter/strike'' || '''pyo'''^ser/xer<br>''fall/drop''|| '''pyi'''^ser/xer<br>''emanate/derive'' || '''pyu'''^ser/xer<br>''reach/impact'' |- | '''yap'''^er<br>''rise'' || '''yep'''^er<br>''enter'' || '''yop'''^er<br>''descend''|| '''yip'''^er<br>''go far'' || '''yup'''^er<br>''approach'' |- | '''ap'''^er<br>''get on'' || '''ep'''^er<br>''intervene'' || '''op'''^er<br>''get off'' || '''ip'''^er<br>''go away'' ||'''up'''^er<br>''come'' |- !rowspan=2| '''s'''^er<br>(''be'') | '''sa'''^n/s/xer<br>''shape/evolve/make'' ||'''se'''^xer<br>''build'' || '''so'''^n/xer<br>''matter/destroy''|| '''si'''^n/yn<br>''image/sign'' || '''su'''^n/er/xer<br>''thing/provide/realize'' |- | '''as'''^er<br>''become'' || '''es'''^er<br>''exist'' || '''os'''^er<br>''cease to be'' || || |- ! rowspan=3|'''x'''^er<br>(''do'' ) | '''xa'''^ler<br>''execute'' || '''xe'''^ler<br>''practice'' || '''xo'''^ler<br>''fail'' || '''xi'''^ler<br>''undertake'' || '''xu'''^ler<br>''provoke'' |- |'''ax'''^ler<br>''act'' || '''ex'''^er<br>''function'' || '''ox'''^ler<br>''abstain'' || '''ix'''^er<br>''effect'' || '''ux'''^er<br>''cause'' |- | '''yax'''^er<br>''be busy'' || '''yex'''^er<br>''work'' || '''yox'''^er<br>''be idle'' || '''yix'''^er<br>''use'' || '''yux'''^er<br>''help'' |- ! '''t'''^er/rer/yer<br>(''know/recognize/know how'') | '''ta'''^xer<br>''remember'' || '''te'''^xer<br>''think'' || '''to'''^xer<br>''forget'' || '''ti'''^er/xer<br>''learn/study''<br>'''tri'''^er<br>''get to know''<br>'''tyi'''^er<br>''learn how'' || '''tu'''^er/xer/uxer<br>''inform/teach/raise''<br>'''tru'''^er<br>''familiarize''<br>'''tyu'''^er<br>''train'' |- ! '''d'''^er/rer<br>(''say/write'') | '''da'''^ler<br>''talk'' || '''de'''^ler<br>''state''<br>'''dye'''^er<br>''read'' || '''do'''^ler<br>''be silent''<br>'''dro'''^er<br>''erase'' || '''di'''^er/ler/rer<br>''ask/beg/require'' || '''du'''^er/ler/rer<br>''suggest/insist/demand''<br>'''dyu'''^er<br>''call'' |- ! rowspan=2|'''h-'''<br>(determiners) | '''ha'''^(a)<br>''the'' || '''he'''^a<br>''some'' || '''ho'''^a<br>''which'' || '''hi'''^a<br>''this'' || '''hu'''^a<br>''that'' |- | '''hya'''^(a)<br>''all'' || '''hye'''^a<br>''any'' || '''hyo'''^a<br>''no'' || '''hyi'''^a<br>''same'' || '''hyu'''^a<br>''other'' |- ! rowspan=2| (conjunctions) |'''ay'''<br>''and'' || '''ey'''<br>''or'' || '''oy'''<br>''but'' || || |- |'''ya'''ⁿ<br>''together'' || ||'''yo'''ⁿ<br>''apart''|| || |- ! rowspan=2| (numbers) | '''a'''<br>''one''|| '''e'''<br>''two''|| '''o'''<br>''zero''|| '''i'''<br>''three''|| '''u'''<br>''four'' |- | '''ya'''<br>''six''|| '''ye'''<br>''seven''|| '''yo'''<br>''five''|| '''yi'''<br>''eight''|| '''yu'''<br>''nine'' |- ! rowspan=1| (privatives) | || || '''lo-''' (''dis-/un-'')<br>'''lyo-''' (''dis-'')<br>'''oy-''' (''-less'')|| || |} :: <small>* Mixed root. '''taj/tej/toj''' instead of '''yaj/yej/yoj''', because the human letter root '''t''' is more intuitive.</small> :: Note: The opposition '''(y)a'''-'''(y)e'''-'''(y)o''' is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but '''(y)i-(y)u''' is two-way, without any intermediary sense. == Derived Word Formation Rules == : Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building: : These consist of the following rules: ::# Compounding ::# Affixation ::# Ordinal Vowel Scaling ::# Overlapping ::# Adding Ordinal Vowels ::# Swapping Generic Consonants ::# Marking Words for Gender ::# Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels ::# Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels ::# Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern ::# Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === Rule #1: Compounding === [[File:Compound 6 (maraviroc development).svg|thumb|]] : Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Compounding |- ! Component 1 !! Component 2 !! Compound |- | '''mor'''....''cosmos'' || '''tun'''....''science, -ology'' || '''mortun'''....''cosmology'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''memyaz'''....''mountain'' || '''magmemyaz'''....''volcano'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''mem'''....''land'' || '''dobmem'''....''territory'' |- | '''tul'''....''dish'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''tuldras'''....''menu'' |- | '''sin'''....''picture'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''sindras'''....''description'' |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''kyoxer'''....''to fix (in place)'' || '''tamkyoxer'''....''to settle'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''kyo-'''....''fixed'' || '''tep-'''....''mind'' || '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn'' |} : Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for ''rain'', for example, is '''ma(m)''' (''sky'') + '''mil''' (''water''), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, '''mamil'''. : When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg: :* '''uzra'''....''twisted'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ---> '''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' :* '''kyoa'''....''fixed'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn, obsessed'' :* '''aza'''....''strong'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''tepaza'''....''intelligent'' :* '''fua'''....''bad'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''futipa'''....''cross, ill-tempered'' :* '''aga'''....''big'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''tipaga'''....''magnanimous, generous'' === Rule #2: Affixation === [[File:Word Cloud of Various Prefixes.png|thumb|]] : Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes: ==== Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Base !! Compound |- | '''ja'''....''before'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''japer'''....''to precede'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''joper'''....''to follow'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' ||'''der'''....''to say'' || '''vader'''....''to affirm'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''dras'''....''something written'' || '''jodras'''....''postscript'' |- | '''za'''....''ahead'' ||'''jub'''....''day'' || '''zajub'''....''tomorrow'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' ||'''mel'''....''land'' || '''yonmel'''....''island'' |} : Prepositional prefixes ending in '''b''' with verbs '''per''' and '''ber''' (and their derivations) lose the '''b''' before verbal elements based on '''per''' (''go'') and '''ber''' (''put''), as shown in the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Assimilation of b and p |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! New Verb |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' (NOT: '''yabber''') |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' (NOT: '''yabper''') |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''aber'''....''put on, apply'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''aper'''....''get on, mount'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''ober'''....''take off, remove'' |- | '''ob'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''bux'''....''a push'' || '''yebux'''....''impulse'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall'' || '''yepyoser'''....''collapse'' |} : The loss of the '''b''' in the above words in one of the only cases of '''''fusion''''' in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form. Another case of fusion is when so-called '''''stubs''''' are combined. For example, '''doyijem''' (''public square''), which is composed of '''do(m)'''....''city'' + '''yij(a)'''....''open'' + '''(n)em'''....''place''. The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix '''a-''' can have many different meanings. : The adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped¹, as is the '''er''' or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that '''tyoyab''' becomes '''tyoya-'''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! Compound Verb |- | '''oza'''....''weak'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ozder'''....''whisper'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yagder'''....''ramble'' |- | '''aja'''....''past'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ajder'''....''evoke'' |- | '''yoga'''....''short'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yogder'''....''summarize'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''tyoyaper'''....''walk'' |- | '''dreer'''....''write'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' || '''dresar'''....''pencil'' |- | '''tuyob'''....''hand'' || '''dren'''....''writing'' || '''tuyodren'''....''manuscript'' |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mamil'''....''rain'' |} : <small>¹: Sometimes, the adjective ending '''a''' is retained when an adjective is compounded with '''xer''' or '''ser'''. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, '''aga''' + '''xer''' can produce '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' or '''agxer'''....''to grow''. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.</small> ==== Most Common Mirad Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Common Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Examples |- |'''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-''||'''anzyukpar'''....''unicycle''<br> '''antotin'''....''monotheism''<br>'''adeb'''....''emperor'' |- |'''aa-'''....''arch-, first-, prime''||'''aadub'''....''prime minister''<br>'''aatat'''....''archangel''<br>'''aavyan'''....''principle''<br>'''aasaun'''....''prototype'' |- |'''aag-'''....''arch-, main, macro-''||'''aagmep'''....''highway''<br> '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution''<br> '''aagovekut'''....''archrival'' |- |'''aaj-'''....''paleo-, proto-''||'''aajtobtun'''....''paleoanthropology''<br> '''aajsiyn'''....''fossil'' |- |'''ab-'''....''ad-, top, on, epi-''||'''abtob'''....''superman''<br> '''abtim'''....''attic''<br> '''abzen'''....''epicenter'' |- |'''aj-'''....''former, ex-'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife''<br>'''ajdeb'''....''former leader'' |- |'''ayb-'''....''over-, super-, hyper-, sur-''||'''aybmep'''....''overpass''<br>'''aybdresin'''....''superscript''<br>'''aybdyun'''....''hypernym'' |- |'''ag-'''....''mega(lo)-'' || '''agvyotos'''....''megalomania''<br>'''agtoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''alo(n)-'''....''deca-, ten-''||'''alojaga'''....''ten years old''<br> '''alojab'''....''decade''<br> '''alonsuna'''....''decimal'' |- |'''aloy(n)-'''....''deci-, tenth-''||'''aloynux'''....''tithe''<br> '''aloyngoler'''....''decimate'' |- |'''am-'''....''thermo-''||'''amzemula'''....''thermonuclear''<br> '''amvyabxar'''....''thermostat'' |- |'''amlo(n)-'''....''mega-''||'''amloagvunak'''....''megavolt''<br> '''amlotoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''amloyn-'''....''micro-''||'''amloynjweb'''....''microsecond'' |- |'''anyen-'''....''idio-''||'''anyenboka'''....''idiopathic''<br> '''anyendyan'''....''idiom''<br> '''anyentepa'''....''idiotic'' |- |'''ao(b/p)-'''....''north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axis''||'''aonab'''....''column'', ''x-y-axis''<br> '''aopuys yuzpar'''....''hop-on-hop-off bus''<br> '''aonada'''....''vertical'' |- |'''aoye(b/p)-'''....''in-and-out''||'''aoyebar'''....''piston''<br> '''aoyebelen'''....''import-exports''<br> '''aoyepaper'''....''fly in and out'' |- |'''aro(n)-'''....''kilo-''||'''aronminak'''....''kilometer''<br> '''arobanak'''....''kilobit'' |- |'''aroyn-'''....''milli-''||'''aroynvunak'''....''millivolt''<br> '''aoynwunak'''....''milliwatt'' |- |'''(a)so(n)'''....''cent-''||'''asojagat'''....''centenarian''<br> '''asolinak'''....''hectoliter''<br> '''sojab'''....''century'' |- |'''asoy(n)-'''....''cent-, centi-''||'''asoygenak'''....''centigram''<br> '''asoylinak'''....''centiliter'' |- |'''av-'''....''pro-''||'''avYanotina'''....''pro-Communist'' |- |'''ayn-'''....''full-, holo-, whole-''||'''aynnuut'''....''wholesaler''<br> '''aynsin'''....''hologram''<br> '''aynteptija'''....''fully-conscious'' |- |'''e(b/p)-'''....''inter-''||'''ebmos'''....''mezzanine''<br> '''ebyanmulxer'''....''intermingle''<br> '''eper'''....''intercede'' |- |'''ejna-'''....''neo-''||'''ejnadun'''....''neologism''<br> '''ejnaobdabin'''....''neocolonialism'' |- |'''e(n)-'''....''ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two-''||'''entyoba'''....''bipedal''<br> '''enzyuspar'''....''bicycle''<br> '''envolza'''....''dichromatic'' |- |'''eon-'''....''duo-, double-, twin-''||'''eonin'''....''dualism''<br> '''eondal'''....''double-speak''<br> '''eonsum'''....''twin bed'' |- |'''ev-'''....''a-, neutral'' ||'''evdofina'''....''amoral''<br>'''evdabtuna'''....''apolitical'' |- |'''ey(b/p)-'''....''intra-, among''||'''eybmasa'''....''intramural''<br> '''eybmimkuma'''....''intracoastal'' |- |'''eyn-'''....''demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi-''||'''eynzyus'''....''semi-circle''<br> '''eynzyup'''....''half-turn''<br> '''eyntilsyeb'''....''demitassee''<br> '''eynyonmel'''....''peninsula'' |- |'''fi-'''....''bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well-''||'''fixut'''....''benefactor''<br> '''fidrawa'''....''well-written''<br> '''fitos'''...''euphoria'' |- |'''fu-'''....''dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly-''||'''futos'''....''dysphoria''<br> '''futuwa'''....''ill-informed''<br> '''fuxeyn'''....''malfeasance'' |- |'''fya-'''....''hiero-, holy-, sancti-''||'''fyasdresiyn'''....''hieroglyphic''<br> '''fyader'''....''sanctify''<br> '''fyatwed'''....''holy father'' |- |'''fye-'''....''mythical, fantasy''||'''fyetop'''....''phantom''<br> '''fyetobet'''....''elfin''<br> '''fyetexer'''...''fantacize''<br> '''fyedin'''....''fantasy'' |- |'''fyo-'''....''evil, profane'' ||'''fyotez'''....''occult''<br>'''fyotat'''....''devil''<br>'''fyotyez'''....''witchcraft'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-, again'' || '''gawteaper'''....''revisit''<br> '''gawaker'''....''regain'' |- |'''garale-'''....''tera-''||'''garaleagbanak'''....''terabyte'' |- |'''garalyi-'''....''exa-''||'''garalyibanak'''....''exabit'' |- |'''garalyo-'''....''peta-''||'''galayoagbanak'''....''petabyte'' |- |'''garela-'''....''zetta-''||'''garelaagbanak'''....''zettabyte'' |- |'''garelu-'''....''yotta-''||'''gareluagbanak'''....''yottabyte'' |- |'''ge-'''....''equal to, equi-, even-''||'''geyafwa'''....''equipollent''<br> '''genaza'''....''equivalent'' |- |'''gel-'''....''homo-, like-, simul-''||'''gelzena'''....''homocentric''<br> '''gelvolza'''....''homochromatic'' |- |'''geyl-'''....''simul-''||'''geyldyan'''....''simile''<br> '''geylxer'''....''assimilate'' |- |'''gla-'''....''many-, multi-, poly-''||'''glatyenika'''....''multi-skilled''<br> '''glatwada'''....''polyandrous''<br> '''glavolza'''....''many-hued'' |- |'''glo-'''....''mini-, little-, few-''||'''gloduna'''....''succint, of few words''<br> '''glonixea'''....''low-earning'' |- |'''gorale-'''....''pico-''||'''goraleagfenak'''....''picofarad'' |- |'''goralyi-'''....''atto-''||'''goralyigenak'''....''attogram'' |- |'''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||'''goralyoon'''....''quadrillionth'' |- |'''goralyu-'''....''nano-''||'''goralyusonak'''....''nanosecond'' |- |'''gorela-'''....''zepto-''||'''gorelagenak'''....''zeptogram'' |- |'''gorelu-'''....''yocto-''||'''gorelugenak'''....''yoctogram'' |- |'''gra-'''....''extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra-''||'''gratosea'''....''hypersensitive''<br> '''grazoyaxler'''....''overreact''<br> '''granoxea'''....''extravagant'' |- |'''gro-'''....''hypo-, under-''||'''groyixlawa'''....''underemployed''<br> '''groaman'''....''hypothermia'' |- |'''gwa-'''....''hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure, macro-''||'''gwayelza'''....''pure pink''<br> '''gwayafa'''....''supreme''<br> '''gwauja'''....''ultimate''<br> '''gwazoa'''....''hindmost'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''least-, mini-, micro-''||'''gwosag'''....''minimum''<br> '''gwoyuzpur'''....''minibus''<br>'''gwoexlus'''....''microprocessor'' |- |'''hi-'''....''hither, these, this''||'''his'''....''this''<br> '''hisi'''....''these''<br> '''him'''....''here'' |- |'''hya(s)-'''....''pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every-''||'''hyas'''....''everything''<br> '''hyati'''....''all of them''<br> '''hyastea'''....''omniscient''<br> '''hyataadifa'''....''pansexual'' |- |'''hu-'''....''that''||'''hus'''....''that''<br> '''huj'''....''then''<br> '''huyen'''...''that way'' |- |'''huim-'''....''here-and-there, here-and-yon''||'''huimkexer'''....''search high and low''<br> '''huimpaper'''....''fly here and there''<br> '''hyuimpoper'''....''travel here-and-there'' |- |'''huu-'''....''so, such''||'''huugla'''....''so, so very''<br> '''hus'''....''such''<br> '''huyen'''....''in such a way, so, thus'' |- |'''hyaewa-'''....''ambi-''||'''hyaewati'''....''both of them''<br> '''hyaewaziza'''....''ambidextrous''<br> '''hyaewatoobifa'''....''ambi-sexual'' |- |'''hye-'''....''-ever, any, whatever, whichever''||'''hyem'''....''anywhere, wherever''<br> '''hyempea'''....''erratic''<br> '''hjej'''....''ever, anytime'' |- |'''hyi-'''....''homo-, like-, same, syn-''||'''hyitoobifa'''....''homosexual''<br> '''hyis'''....''same thing''<br> '''hyijoba'''....''synchronous'' |- |'''hyo(s)-'''....''nothing, a-'' || '''hyostosea'''....''apathetic'' |- |'''hyu(t/s)-'''....''alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, else''||'''hyutoobifa'''....''heterosexual''<br> '''hyua'''....''another, alternate''<br> '''hyutufa'''....''xenophobic''<br> '''hyus'''....''something else'' |- |'''hyui(t/s)-'''....''cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal''||'''hyuitvikaxen'''....''mutual admiration''<br> '''hyuixer'''....''reciprocate''<br> '''hyuisa'''....''mutual, reciprocal''<br> '''hyuitif'''....''mutual love'' |- |'''i-'''....''toward the speaker''||'''iber'''....''receive''<br>'''ixer'''....''result'' |- |'''ik-'''....''fully, thoroughly''||'''iktoxer'''....''forget completely''<br> '''iktos'''....''satisfaction''<br> '''ikyebixer'''....''engulf, swallow up completely'' |- |'''in-'''....''three-, tri-, tripl-, tern-''||'''inzyuspar'''....''tricycle''<br> '''inaga'''....''three-dimensional''<br> '''injiba'''....''trimensual''<br> '''insuna'''....''ternary''<br> '''intotan'''....''trinity'' |- |'''iyn-'''....''terci-, third''||'''iyna'''....''terciary''<br> '''iynxer'''....''cut into thirds'' |- |'''iz-'''....''ortho-, recti-, right-, straight-''||'''iznada'''....''rectilinear''<br> '''izguna'''....''orthogonal''<br> '''iztin'''....''orthdoxy''<br> '''izdea'''....''forthright'' |- |'''ja-'''....''ante-, fore-, pre-''||'''jaupya'''....''foregone''<br> '''jauper'''....''precede''<br> '''jadropeka'''....''antebellum'' |- |'''je-'''....''per-, continuously, ever-''||'''jetejer'''....''persevere''<br>'''jeteaxer'''....''watch''<br>'''jexrer'''....''perpetuate'' |- |'''jo-'''....''after-, meta-, post-''||'''joexlen'''....''postprocessing''<br> '''jomir'''....''metasphere''<br> '''jotej'''....''afterlife'' |- |'''jwa-'''....''early-, eo-, preter-, proto-''||'''jwaber'''....''prepare''<br> '''jwatuun'''....''premonition''<br> '''jwadodin'''....''early history, protohistory''<br> '''jwamola'''....''preternatural''<br> '''jwajoeb'''....''eocene'' |- |'''jwo-'''....''ceno-, late-, latter-, tard-''||'''jwonux'''....''late payment''<br> '''jwoa'''....''tardy''<br> '''jwoteja'''....''cenozoic'' |- |'''ko-'''....''cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth-''||'''koa'''....''covert''<br> '''koexut'''....''spy''<br> '''koyeper'''....''sneak in'' |- |'''(ko)vyo-'''....''pseudo-, mis-, wrong-''||'''kovyotun'''....''pseudoscience''<br>'''vyobekuer'''....''to mistreat'' |- |'''ku-'''....''para-''||'''kuifut'''....''paramour''<br> '''kuteliut'''....''parasite''<br> '''kuteptun'''....''parapsychology'' |- |'''kya-'''....''alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross-''||'''kyaember'''....''relocate''<br> '''kyajoba'''....''diachronic''<br> '''kyatajnad'''....''crossbreed''<br> '''kyatooba'''....''transgendered''<br> '''kyavolza'''....''variegated, motley'' |- |'''kyao-'''....''falteringly, unsteadily''||'''kyaoper'''....''stagger''<br> '''kyaotexer'''....''vacillate'' |- |'''kye-'''....''chance-, hap-, random-''||'''kyea'''....''haphazard''<br> '''kyebyus'''....''chance encounter''<br> '''kyeteater'''....''happen to see''<br> '''kyesauna'''....''of a random type'' |- |'''kyo-'''....''fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat-''||'''kyosaun'''....''stereotype''<br> '''kyopa'''....''stable, static, stationary''<br> '''kyoson'''....''status'' |- |'''lo-'''....''dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un-''||'''lozeb'''....''disequilibrium''<br> '''loyuvlaxer'''....''disengage''<br> '''loyuzyuber'''....''uncoil''<br> '''lomulvyusber'''....''decontaminate'' |- |'''logel-'''....''hetero-, different-''||'''logelsauna'''....''heterogenous''<br>'''logelaxer'''....''differentiate'' |- |'''maz-'''....''bright-''||'''mazteaba'''....''bright-eyed'' |- |'''mial-'''....''hygro-, atmo-, vapori-''||'''mialama'''....''hygrothermal''<br>'''mialnagar'''....''atomometer, vaporimeter'' |- |'''mil-'''....''aqua-, hydro-, water-''||'''milyexun'''....''aquaculture''<br> '''milmaka'''....''hydroelectric''<br> '''miltilsyeb'''....''water glass'' |- |'''mul-'''....''hylo-, substance''||'''mulsana'''....''hylomorphic'' |- |'''o(l)-'''....''a-, dis-, non-, un-, in-''||'''ovyilxwa'''....''unwashed''<br> '''omalza'''....''non-white''<br> '''ototina'''....''atheist''<br> '''otepzexea'''....''inattentive'' |- |'''o(b/p)-'''....''de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice-''||'''oper'''....''get off''<br> '''obneg'''....''sublevel''<br> '''obxeb'''....''sous-chef, sub-officer''<br>'''obtyodeb'''....''vice-president'' |- |'''oog-'''....''micro-'' || '''oogpob'''....''microorganism'' <nowiki>-</nowiki> |- | '''oj-'''....''future'' || '''ojtayd'''....''bride, future wife'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-'' ||'''gawder'''....''to repeat''<br>'''gawdyeer'''....''to re-read'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''micro-, mini-'' || '''ogalmor'''....''microcosm''<br>'''ogalteaxer'''....''microscope''<br>'''gowaxer'''....''minimize'' |- |'''of-'''....''prohibited'' ||'''ofbier'''....''steal''<br>'''ofbekul'''....''prohibited drug''<br>'''ofemkyoxer'''....''to squat'' |- |'''ov-'''....''contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un-''||'''ovalxer'''....''countervail''<br> '''ovper'''....''contravene''<br> '''ovkyin'''....''counterweight''<br> '''ovdat'''....''enemy''<br> '''olovmasbwa'''....''undefended'' |- |'''oy-'''....''-less, a(n)-, without''||'''oytofa'''...''naked''<br> '''oyxer'''....''deprive''<br> '''oytosen'''....''apathy''<br> '''oyteupiba'''....''toothless'' |- |'''oyb-'''....''hypo-, infra-, sub-, under-''||'''oybnadrer'''....''underline''<br> '''oybtomsan'''....''infrastructure''<br> '''oybseuxa'''....''subsonic''<br> '''oybtayoba'''....''hypodermic'' |- |'''oyeb-'''....''ex-, extra-, out-''||'''oyebnad'''....''outline''<br> '''oyebyujber'''....''exclude''<br> '''oyebdoabuer'''....''extradite'' |- |'''oyv-'''....''contra-, opposite, reverse''||'''oyvkuma'''...''opposite''<br> '''oyvder'''....''contradict''<br>'''oyvduer'''....''contraindicate''<br>'''oyvaxer'''....''reverse'' |- |'''tayi(b)-'''....''neuro-, nerve''||'''tayibteptun'''....''neuropsychology''<br> '''tayibyok'''....''neuralgia'' |- |'''teeb-'''....''auri-, oto-, ear-''||'''teebbekut'''....''aurist''<br> '''teeteiteyobtut'''....''otorhinolaryngologist''<br> '''teebyel'''....''earwax'' |- |'''tee(s/x/t)-'''....''audio-, son-, phono-''||'''teesnagen'''....''audiography''<br> '''teestaxdras'''....''phonogram''<br> '''teestun'''....''audiology''<br> '''teexdras'''....''audiogram''<br> '''teetyofwa'''....''inaudible'' |- |'''tei(b)-'''....''nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo-''||'''teibbok'''....''rhinitis''<br> '''teibyeg'''....''nostril''<br> '''teiz'''....''perfume''<br> '''teizuka'''....''aroma-free''<br> '''teityaf'''....''olfactory sense'' |- |'''tiibil-'''....''blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin-''||'''tiibililp'''....''hemorrhage''<br> '''tiibiliut'''....''bloodsucker''<br> '''tiibloker'''....''exsanguinate''<br> '''tiibiltun'''....''hematology'' |- |'''tuj-'''....''hypno-, somni-, sopor-''||'''tujbek'''....''hyptotherapy''<br> '''tujbyea'''....''somniferous, soporific'' |- |'''u(b/p)-'''....''toward''||'''uber'''....''send''<br>'''ubaer'''....''lean toward'' |- |'''ui-'''....''horizontal, left-right, x-axis''||'''uinab'''....''row'', ''x-axis''<br> '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- |'''uib-'''....''back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receive''||'''uibar'''....''transceiver'' |- |'''uig-'''....''fast-and-slow''||'''uigpar'''....''scooter'' |- |'''uij-'''....''begin-and-end, start-and-stop''||'''uijdaler'''....''stutter'' |- |'''uip-'''....''come-and-go''||'''uipen'''....''traffic, coming and going'' |- |'''uiz-'''....''straight-then-crooked''||'''uizbaser'''....''swagger''<br> '''uizdrer'''....''scribble''<br> '''uizpaser'''....''swerve'' |- |'''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater-''||'''ungona'''....''quadripartite''<br> '''unnednid'''....''tetrahedron''<br> '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' |- |'''uyn-'''....''fourth-, quarti-''||'''uynxer'''....''quarter''<br> '''uynjab'''....''quarter (of a year)'' |- |'''ut-'''....''auto-, self-, sui-, ego-''||'''utifon'''....''egoism''<br> '''utgober'''....''autodecrement''<br> '''utfuyix'''....''self-abuse''<br> '''uttujben'''....''suicide'' |- |'''uz-'''....''crooked, di-''||'''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- |'''va-'''....''yes''||'''vayovder'''....''convict''<br> '''vabier'''....''accept''<br> '''vatexer'''....''believe'' |- |'''vao-'''....''yes-no''||'''vaoder'''....''decide''<br> '''vaodaler'''....''waffle''<br> '''vaonaza'''....''boolean'' |- |'''vi-'''....''bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri-''||'''vituzyan'''....''fine arts, beaux arts''<br> '''vidun'''....''euphemism''<br> '''vidrenyan'''....''literature, belles lettres''<br> '''visuana'''....''classic'' |- |'''vo-'''....''non-, neg-''||'''voyafxer'''....''veto''<br> '''voxer'''....''negate''<br> '''voyovder'''....''acquit, declare not guilty'' |- |'''vya-'''....''justi-, recti-, true-, reg-''||'''vyadin'''....''true story''<br> '''vyader'''....''avow''<br> '''vyamol'''....''essence'' |- | '''vyao-'''....''right or wrong'' ||'''vyaoyek'''....''test'' |- |'''vyak-'''....''ortho-, correct-''||'''vyakdred'''....''orthography''<br> '''vyakxer'''....''correct'' |- |'''vyo-'''....''mis-, para-, wrong-''||'''vyoyufa'''....''paranoid''<br> '''vyoyux'''....''perfidy''<br> '''vyoyixer'''....''misuse'' |- |'''ya-'''....''more than one, multi-''||'''yaota'''....''communal'' |- |'''yab-'''....''hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper-''||'''yabdom'''....''uptown''<br> '''yabdoneg'''....''upper class''<br> '''yabduzneg'''....''high pitch''<br> '''yabexer'''....''support''<br> '''yabzyobix'''....''hypertension'' |- |'''yabnan-'''....''height-, hypso-, alti-''||'''yabnanagar'''....''hypsometer, altimeter'' |- |'''yag-'''....''long-''||'''yagyiban'''....''long distance''<br> '''yagyeker'''....''strive''<br> '''yagblokea'''....''long-suffering'' |- |'''yan-'''....''co(n)-, fellow-, -mate''||'''yanzena'''....''concentric''<br> '''yanyeker'''....''compete''<br> '''yandit'''....''fellow-citizen'' |- |'''yao(b/p)-'''....''up-and-down''||'''yaopuyser'''....''skip''<br> '''yaopsim'''....''seesaw''<br> '''yaoblir'''....''elevator''<br> '''yaobaser'''....''bounce'' |- |'''ya(on)-'''....''six-, hexa-, sex-''||'''yaonat'''....''sextet''<br> '''yaongun'''....''hexagon''<br> '''yaona'''....''six-fold, sextuple''<br>'''yagol'''....''sextile'' |- |'''yaov-'''....''guilty-or-innocent''||'''yaovder'''....''adjudicate''<br> '''yaovdutyan'''....''jury''<br> '''yaovkader'''....''plead''<br> '''yaovyek'''....''trial'' |- |'''yaoz-'''....''serrated, bumpy, jagged''||'''yaozaxer'''....''serrate''<br> '''yaozgoblar'''....''saw''<br> '''yaozper'''....''bump along'' |- |'''yayb-'''....''supra-''||'''yaybdooba'''....''supranational'' |- |'''yayn-'''....''sex-, sixth''||'''yayna'''...''sixth'' |- |'''ye(on)-'''....''hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven-''||'''yejub'''....''week''<br> '''yeongun'''....''heptagon''<br> '''yeonat'''....''septuplet'' |- |'''ye(b/p)-'''....''en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro-''||'''yebuzaser'''....''.inflect''<br> '''yebzoytiibufa'''....''intravenous''<br> '''yebyujer'''....''enclode''<br> '''yebtayoba'''....''endodermal''<br> '''yeper'''....''enter''<br> '''yeber'''....''introduce'' |- |'''yeov-'''....''fair or not ''|| '''yeovdut'''....''umpire'' |- |'''yeyb-'''....''intra-''||'''yeybmepyan'''....''intranet''<br> '''yeybdoeba'''....''intrastate'' |- |'''ye-'''....''hepto-, seven-, septi-''||'''yejub'''....''week'' |- |'''yeyn-'''....''seventh''|| '''yeynxer'''....''split into sevenths'' |- |'''yez'''....''para-, alongside''|| '''yezteptun'''....''parapsychology''<br>'''yezuper'''....''come alongside'' |- |'''yi(on)-'''....''oct-, eight-''||'''yiona'''...''eight-fold''<br>''octuple'' |- |'''yib-'''....''far-, tele-, remote''||'''yibsin'''....''televison''<br> '''yibteata'''....''far-sighted''<br> '''yibtrawa'''....''famous'' |- |'''yibaj-'''....''archai-, archeo-, ancient''||'''yibajtun'''....''archaeology'','''yibajtun'''....''archeology'' |- |'''yiyn-'''....''eighth''||'''yiynxer'''....''divide into eighths'' |- |'''yiz-'''....''beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-''||'''yiztyun'''...''metaphor''<br> '''yizeza'''....''paranormal''<br> '''yizmeirat'''....''extraterrestrial''<br> '''yizseux'''....''utrasound'' |- |'''yoon-'''....''five-, penta-, quint-''||'''yoongun'''....''pentagon''<br> '''yoongol'''...''quintile''<br> '''yoon'''....''group of five''<br> ''quintet'' |- |'''yo(b/p)-'''....''down-, hypo-, sub-''||'''yobdom'''...''downtown''<br> '''yoper'''....''go down''<br> '''yobgoler'''....''subdivide'' |- |'''yon-'''....''apart, dis-, se-''||'''yonzyaber'''....''disperse''<br> '''yonxer'''....''separate''<br> '''yonsauna'''....''distinct'' |- |'''yoyn-'''....''fifth-, quinti-''||'''yoynnaga'''....''quintic''<br> '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' |- |'''yu(n)-'''....''nine-, nona-''||'''yunapa'''....''ninth (in order)''<br> '''yungunid'''....''nonagon''<br> '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' |- |'''yub-'''....''near-, proxi-, para-''||'''yuboj'''....''near future''<br> '''yubna'''....''next''<br> '''yubteas'''....''closeup (view)''<br> '''yubge'''....''almost''<br> '''yubfia'''....''intimate''<br> '''yubgeser'''....''approximate''<br>'''yubdopa'''....''paramilitary'' |- |'''yui(b/p)-'''....''near-and-far''||'''yuibjo'''....''sooner or later''<br> '''yuibteabar'''....''bifocals''<br> '''yuipoper'''....''travel near and far'' |- |'''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut''||'''yuijar'''....''valve''<br> '''yuijer'''....''blink'', ''wink''<br> '''manyuijer'''....''blink''<br> '''makyuijar'''....''switch'' |- |'''yuyb-'''....''quasi-, pen-, almost''||'''yuybyonmel'''....''peninsula''<br> '''yuybega'''....''quasi-normal'' |- |'''yuon-'''....''ninth-, novi-''||'''yuonat'''....''nonuplet'' |- |'''yuz-'''....''circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round-''||'''yuzper'''....''circulate''<br> '''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br> '''yuzof'''....''wrap-around''<br> '''yuznadrer'''....''circumscribe'' |- |'''za-'''....''ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro-, north''||'''zatim'''....''antechamber''<br> '''zamimuf'''....''foremast''<br> '''zagab'''....''prefix''<br> '''zajuber'''....''procrastinate''<br>'''zamer'''....''north'' |- |'''zao-'''....''back-and-forth, front-and-back''||'''zaopaser'''....''wobble''<br> '''zaokuper'''....''slalom''<br> '''zaopyoser'''....''pendulate'' |- |'''zay-'''....''forth-, pro-, forward, ahead''||'''zaypuyser'''....''skip ahead''<br> '''zaypuxer'''....''propel''<br> '''zayper'''....''go forward, procede''<br> '''zayupea'''....''forthcoming'' |- |'''ze-'''....''mid-, central, medio-''||'''zetej'''....''midlife''<br> '''zepoxer'''....''interrupt, stop midway''<br> '''zetem'''....''central hall'' |- |'''zey-'''....''cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, across''||'''zeyper'''....''transit, get across''<br> '''zeynod'''....''crosspoint''<br> '''zeytyun'''....''metaphor'' |- |'''zi-'''....''right, east, dextro-''||'''zim'''....''right side''<br>'''zimera'''....''eastern'' |- |'''zo-'''....''back-, hind-, retro-, south''||'''zotib'''....''back''<br> '''zotiub'''....''hindquarters''<br> '''zonapa'''....''retrograde''<br>'''zomer'''....''south'' |- |'''zoy-'''....''back-, retro-, re-''||'''zoyper'''....''recede, go back''<br> '''zoybeler'''....''carry back''<br> '''zoyzyublen'''....''backspin'' |- |'''zu-'''....''left-, west-''||'''zutinut'''....''leftist''<br> '''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zumera'''....''western'' |- |'''zui-'''....''left-and-right, zig-zag, east-west''||'''zuibyoser'''....''dangle, hang left-and-right''<br> '''zuiper'''....''zigzag''<br> '''zuituyaba'''....''ambidextrous''<br>'''zuimera'''....''east-west'' |- |'''zya-'''....''-wide, wide-, broad-, all about''||'''zyauber'''....''broadcast''<br> '''zyateaba'''....''wide-eyed''<br> '''zyasauna'''....''general''<br> '''zyapoper'''....''cruise, wander''<br> '''zyamira'''....''global, worldwide'' |- |'''zye-'''....''per-, thorough-, thru-, trans-''||'''zyetejer'''....''live through, experience''<br> '''zyeteaxer'''....''peruse''<br> '''zyeteatyafwa'''....''transparent''<br> '''zyemep'''....''thoroughfare''<br> '''zyeper'''....''permeate, transit'' |- |'''zyo-'''....''narrow, steno-'' || '''zyotepa'''....''narrow-minded''<br>'''zyoteat'''....''tunnel vision''<br>'''zyoyija'''....''stenopeic'' |- |'''zyu-'''....''cyclo-, rot-, round-, gyro''||'''zyutim'''....''rotunda''<br> '''zyusem'''....''roundtable''<br> '''zyuper'''....''cycle, gyrate, rotate'' |} ==== Suffixes ==== : Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes. : '''Semantic Stub Suffixes''' :: Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Stub Suffixes |- valign=top ! Suffix Stub !! Suffix Full Form !! Suffixed Example < Base Word |- | '''-il'''....''liquid, drink'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''teab<u>il</u>'''....''tear''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teub<u>il</u>'''....''saliva''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''tayeb<u>il</u>'''....''sweat''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayeb'''....''skin''<br>'''mam<u>il</u>'''....''rain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mam'''....''sky'' |- | '''-al'''....''gas'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''tieb<u>al</u>'''....''breath''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' |- | '''-(e)l'''....''food'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''sup<u>el</u>'''....''pork''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''<u>sup</u>et'''....''swine''<br>'''ta<u>ol</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''taob'''....''flesh''<br>'''fe<u>l</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''feb'''....''fruit'' |- | '''-ul'''....''stuff'' || '''mul'''....''substance'' || '''vix<u>ul</u>'''....''cosmetic''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vix-'''....''to beautify''<br>'''bek<u>ul</u>'''....''medecine''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment'' |- | '''-yel'''....''oil, gel, wax, pulp'' || '''yel'''....''oil'' || '''olf<u>yel</u>'''....''olive oil''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''olfeb'''....''olive''<br>'''appelat<u>yel</u>'''....''wax''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''appelat'''....''bee''<br>'''mag<u>yel</u>'''....''grease''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mag'''....''fire''<br>'''bek<u>yel</u>'''....''salve''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment''<br>'''meg<u>yel</u>'''....''cement''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''meg'''....''stone''<br>'''yan<u>yel</u>'''....''paste''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yan'''....''together'' |- | '''-am'''....''house'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''apat<u>am</u>'''....''chicken coop''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apat'''....''chicken''<br>'''apellat<u>am</u>'''....''beehive''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apellat'''....''bee''<br>'''melyex<u>am</u>'''....''farmhouse''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''melyex'''....''agriculture''<br>'''datib<u>am</u>'''....''hostel''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''datib'''....''guest-reception'' |- | '''-(e)m'''....''place'' || '''nem'''....''place'' || '''vobyex<u>em</u>'''....''plantation, farm''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vob'''....''plant'' + '''yex'''....''work''<br>'''vab<u>em</u>'''....''field''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ab'''....''above, upper''<br>'''ze<u>m</u>'''....''middle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ze(a)'''....''middle'' <br> '''tim'''....''room'' |- | '''-im'''....''room'' || '''tim'''....''room'' || '''tul<u>im</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tul'''....''cuisine''<br>'''tuj<u>im</u>'''....''bedroom''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tuj'''....''sleep'' |- | '''-um'''....''cell, booth'' || '''tum'''....''compartment''|| '''pex<u>um</u>'''....''cage''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pexer'''....''catch''<br>'''ilzyapux<u>um</u>'''....''shower stall''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ilzyapux'''....''shower'' |- | '''-yem'''....''space'' || '''nyem'''....''enclosure'' || '''yom<u>yem</u>'''....''icebox''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yom'''....''ice'' |- | '''-yeb'''....''container'' || '''nyeb'''....''container'' || '''z<u>yeb</u>'''....''bottle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zye(f)'''....''glass''<br>'''vos<u>yeb</u>'''....''vase''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vos'''....''flower'' |- | '''-of'''....''material'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''t<u>of</u>'''....''clothes''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''t-'''....''human''<br>'''mis<u>of</u>'''....''curtain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mis'''....''window''<br>'''fa<u>of</u>'''....''wood''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''fa(b)-'''....''tree''<br>'''tay<u>of</u>'''....''leather''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayo(b)'''....''skin'' |- | '''-ov'''....''linen'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tey<u>ov</u>'''....''collar''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck'' |- | '''-ar'''....''instrument'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' ||'''p<u>ar</u>'''....''cart''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''p-'''....''motion''<br>'''zyup<u>ar</u>'''....''rotor''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyup'''....''turn''<br>'''gobr<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gobrar'''....''cut''<br>'''jwob<u>ar</u>'''....''watch''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-ir'''....''machine'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''dr<u>ir</u>'''....''typewriter''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dr-'''....''write''<br>'''gwob<u>ir</u>'''....''clock'' |- | '''-ur'''....''large machine'' || '''sur'''....''engine'' || '''p<u>ur</u>r'''....''car''<br>'''jwob<u>ur</u>r'''....''grandfather clock''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-(u)n'''....''thing'' || '''sun'''....''thing'' || '''d<u>un</u>'''....''word''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''d-'''....''utter, say''<br>'''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''piece, scrap''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gofrer'''....''rip, shread, tear''<br>'''zyi<u>un</u>'''....''plaque, plate''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyia'''....''flat''<br>'''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vyua'''....''dirty'' |- | '''-on'''....''abstract thing'' || '''son'''....''issue'' || '''yov<u>on</u>'''....''tort, wrong''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yov'''....''guilt'' |- | '''yen'''....''manner, kind'' || '''byen'''....''manner'' || '''tex<u>yen</u>'''....''opinion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tex'''....''thought''<br>'''hi<u>yen</u>'''....''this way, thus''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''hi-'''....''this''<br>'''es<u>yen</u>'''....''status''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''es-'''....''exist'' |- | '''-in'''....''-ism'' || '''tin'''....''doctrine'' || '''tot<u>in</u>'''....''theism, religion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tot-'''....''god''<br>'''Krist<u>in</u>'''....''Christianity''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Krist'''....''Christ''<br>'''vyisat<u>in</u>'''....''puritanism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vysiat'''....''puritan, clean person''<br>'''oytof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''oytofa'''....''nude'' |- | '''-ufyeg'''....''cylinder'' || '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' || '''man<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''candle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''man'''....''light''<br>'''tiib<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''artery''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tiib'''....''heart''<br>'''mil<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''toilet''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mil'''....''water''<br>'''mov<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''cheminee''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mov'''....''smoke'' |- | '''-ab'''....''government'' || '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dit<u>ab</u>'''....''democracy''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dit'''....''citizen'' |- | '''-eb'''....''leader'' || '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''x<u>eb</u>'''....''boss''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''x-'''....''do''<br>'''tam<u>eb</u>'''....''master of the house''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tam'''....''house'' |- | '''-ub'''....''branch'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''pat<u>ub</u>'''....''wing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | '''-ad'''....''language'' || '''-a''' + '''d(alzeyn)'''....''language'' || '''Frans<u>ad</u>'''....''French (language)'' |- | '''-uz'''....''jewelry'' || '''nuz'''....''jewel'' || '''teyob<u>uz</u>'''....''necklace''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck''<br>'''teeb<u>uz</u>'''....''earring''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teeb'''....''ear'' |- | '''-u(er)'''....''give'' || '''buer'''....''give'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>er'''....''exhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-i(er)'''....''take'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''tiebal<u>i</u>er'''....''inhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-ui(er)'''....''exchange'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>ier'''....''breathe''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |} ==== Derviational Suffixes ==== ::: Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivational Suffixes |- ! Derivational<br>Suffix !! Function || Base Word <br><br>--> Suffixed<br>Derivation |- | '''-er''' || Noun <br>--> Verbal Infinitive || '''sag'''....''count'' <big><br>--></big> '''sag<u>er</u>'''....''to count'' |- | '''-n''' || Present Tense Verb <br>--> Verbal Noun (Gerund)<br>Adjective <br>--> Abstract Noun || '''yexe'''....''(he/she/...) works'' <big><br>--></big> '''yexe<u>n</u>'''....''working''<br>'''via'''....''beautiful'' <big><br>--></big> '''via<u>n</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yuba'''....''near'' <big><br>--></big> '''yuba<u>n</u>'''....''proximity, nearness'' |- | '''-a''' || Noun <br>--> Adjective<br>Active Verb<br>--> Verbal Adjective (Present Participle)<br>Past Passive Verb <br>--> Perfect Passive Participle (Adjective)||'''mor'''....''universe'' <big><br>--></big> '''mor<u>a</u>'''....''universal''<br>'''ake'''....''wins'' <big><br>--></big> '''ake<u>a</u>'''....''winning''<br>'''teatwa'''....''was seen'' <big><br>--></big>'''teatwa<u>a</u>''' (or, shortened to: '''teatw<u>a</u>'''....''seen'') |- | '''-ya''' || INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM <br>--> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE || '''ip-'''....''go away'' <big><br>--></big> '''ip<u>ya</u>'''....''gone away'' |- | '''-yea''' || VERB STEM <br>--> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE) || '''zaypas-'''....''progress'' <big><br>--></big> '''zaypas<u>yea</u>'''....''progressive'' |- | '''-y''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ADVERB || '''iga'''....''quick'' <big><br>--></big> '''iga<u>y</u>'''....''quickly''<br>'''tea-'''....''knowing''<big><br>--></big>'''tea<u>y</u>'''....''knowingly'' |- | '''-ut''' || VERB STEM <br>--> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''one who Xes, -er'' || '''ak-'''....''win'' <big><br>--></big> '''ak<u>ut</u>''' ....''winner'' |- | '''-us''' || VERB STEM <br>--> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''thing that Xes, -er'' || '''gol-'''....''divide'' <big><br>--></big> '''gol<u>us</u>''' ....''divisor'' |- |- '''-t''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ANIMATE NOUN (human, one who is...) || '''yibtrawa'''....''well-known'' <big>-<br>--></big>'''yibtrawa<u>t</u>'''....''celebrity'' |- |- '''-s''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> INANIMATE NOUN (thing, something X) || '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big><br>--></big>'''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery'' |} ::: <small>*Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker '''-i''' fall under the latter category.</small> ==== Normal Semantic Suffixes==== :* Augmentative Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Augmentative Suffixes |- ! Augmentative Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-ag''' (augmentative) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamag'''....''mansion'' |- | '''-ayg''' (affectionate augmentative) || '''sem'''....''chair'' || '''semayg'''....''big old chair'' |- | '''-yag''' (pejorative augmentative) || '''apet'''....''horse'' || '''apetyag'''....''nag'' |} :* Diminutive Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Diminutive Suffixes |- ! Diminutive Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-og''' (diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamog'''....''hut'' |- | '''-oyg''' (affectionate diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamoyg'''....''cottage'' |- | '''-yog''' (pejorative diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamyog'''....''shack'' |- | '''-et''' (a smaller person) || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' |- | '''-es''' (thing of lesser importance) || '''nas'''....''money'' || '''nases'''....''change, coin'' |- | '''-ud''' (child of, offspring) || '''tob'''....''man'' || '''tobud'''....''infant'' |} :* Semantic Adjectival Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Adjectival Suffixes |- ! Adjectival Suffix !! Meaning !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-a''' || '''mor'''....''universe'' || ''related to, -al, -ic'' || '''mora'''....''universal'' |- | '''-aya''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekaya'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-oya''' || '''vyun'''....''spot'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''vyunoya'''....''spotless'' |- | '''-ika''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekika'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-uka''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''miekuka'''....''dust-free'' |- | '''-yea''' || '''vyod'''....''lie'' || ''given to doing X, -ive'' || '''vyodyea'''....''mendacious, given to lying'' |- | '''-yena''' || '''tat'''....''angel'' || ''like, -ly, -ic'' || '''tatyena'''....''angelic'' |} :* Other Semantic Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Other Semantic Suffixes |- ! Suffix !! Base Word || Derivation |- | '''-tun'''....''science, ...ology'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>tun</u>'''....''biology'' |- | '''-tut'''....''-ologist, expert, -ist'' || '''dar'''....''language'' || '''dar<u>tut</u>'''....''linquist'' |- | '''-tuin'''....''theory'' || '''tob'''....''mar'' || '''mar<u>tuin</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | '''-yan'''....''collection, aggregate'' || '''fab'''....''tree''|| '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest'' |- |'''-tyen'''....''trade, -ics'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''sir<u>tyen</u>'''....''mechanics'' |- | '''-if'''....''pet name'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''twed<u>if</u>'''....''papa'' |- | '''ifa'''....''-philic, -loving'' || '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''dyes<u>ifa</u>'''....''bibliophilic'' |- | '''ifwa'''....''liked by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ifwa</u>'''....''popular'' |- | '''ufa'''....''-phobic, -hating'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>ufa</u>'''....''misogynous'' |- | '''ufwa'''....''hated by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ufwa</u>'''....''unpopular'' |- | '''yafa'''....''able to'' || '''tyoyap-'''....''walk'' || '''tyoyap<u>yafa</u>'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''yafwa'''....''possible to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yafwa</u>'''....''visible'' |- | '''yofa'''....''unable to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yofa</u>'''....''blind'' |- | '''yofwa'''....''impossible to'' || '''dye-'''....''read'' || '''dye<u>yofwa</u>'''....''illegible'' |- | '''yika'''....''hard of...ing'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yika</u>'''....''hard of hearing'' |- | '''yikwa'''....''hard to'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yikwa</u>'''....''hard to hear'' |- | '''yuka'''....''easy at...ing'' || '''vatex-'''....''believe'' || '''vatex<u>yuka</u>'''....''gullible'' |- | '''yukwa'''....''easily...ed'' || '''test-'''....''understand'' || '''test<u>yukwa</u>'''....''easily understood'' |- | '''yufa'''....''fearful of, -phobic'' || '''tot'''....''god'' || '''tot<u>yufa</u>'''....''god-fearing'' |- | '''yufwa'''....''feared'' || '''hyat'''....''everybody'' || '''hyat<u>yufwa</u>'''....''feared by all'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''efa'''....''needful of'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''tel<u>efa</u>'''....''hungry'' |- | '''efwa'''....''necessary to'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>efa</u>'''....''vital'' |- | '''yefa'''....''duty-bound to, -worthy of'' || '''dud'''....''answer'' || '''dud<u>yefa</u>'''....''responsible'' |- | '''yefwa'''....''due, -worthy of'' || '''fid-'''....''laud'' || '''fid<u>yefwa</u>'''....''praiseworthy'' |- | '''afa'''....''authorized to'' || '''dokebi-'''....''vote'' || '''dokebi<u>afa</u>'''....''franchised'' |- | '''ofwa'''....''prohibited to'' || '''movi-'''....''smoke'' || '''movi<u>ofwa</u>gonem'''....''no-smoking zone'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''yivwa'''....''free to be ...ed'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yivwa</u>'''....''optional'' |- | '''yuva'''....''bound'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tam<u>yuva</u>'''....''house-bound'' |- | '''ova'''....''resistant, anti-'' || '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution'' || '''aagdovyab<u>ova</u>'''....''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''ava'''....''in favor of, pro-'' || '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' || '''tyodab<u>ava</u>'''....''pro-democracy'' |- | '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''toos'''....''gender'' || '''toos<u>eva</u>'''....''gender-neutral'' |} ==== Inflectional Suffixes ==== : Mirad has only one noun inflectional suffix, namely, '''-''', which makes a singular noun plural: ::* '''tam'''....''house'' --> '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' : The only other inflectional affixes are the following verb infixes and suffixes: ::* '''-er'''....infinitive ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' : Example: :* '''Wit tuj<u>eya</u> hoj van at pua.'''....''He <u>was sleeping</u> when I arrived.'' ::* '''-e-''' = progressive aspect infix ::* '''-y-''' = active voice infix ::* '''-a''' = past tense suffix === Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling === : Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called '''''first-level ordinal scaling'''''. ==== First-level Ordinal Scaling ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ First-level Ordinal Scaling |- valign=top ! ORDINAL VOWEL !! t...b !! m...r !! j...b !! m...s !! t...m !! d...b || f...b || s...m || d...t || t...d |- !row=1| '''o''' = 0 |'''tob'''<br>''man'' || '''mor'''<br>''universe'' || '''job'''<br>''time'' || '''mos'''<br>''floor''|| '''tom'''<br>''building'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' || '''fob'''<br>''plant'' || '''som'''<br>''furniture''||'''dot'''<br>''society''||'''tod'''<br>''family'' |- !row=1| '''a''' = 1 |'''tab'''<br>''body'' || '''mar'''<br>''sun'' || '''jab'''<br>''year'' || '''mas'''<br>''wall'' || '''tam'''<br>''house'' || '''dab'''<br>''government'' || '''fab'''<br>''tree'' || '''sam'''<br>''armoire''||'''dat'''<br>''friend'' || '''tad'''<br>''spouse'' |- !row=1| '''e''' = 2 |'''teb'''<br>''head'' || '''mer'''<br>''planet'' || '''jeb'''<br>''season''|| '''mes'''<br>''door'' || '''tem'''<br>''hall'' || '''deb'''<br>''leader'' || '''feb'''<br>''fruit'' || '''sem'''<br>''table''||'''det'''<br>''associate'' || '''ted'''<br>''parent'' |- !row=1| '''i''' = 3 |'''tib'''<br>''trunk'' || '''mir'''<br>''earth'' || '''jib'''<br>''month'' || '''mis'''<br>''window'' || '''tim'''<br>''room'' || '''dib'''<br>''office'' || '''fib'''<br>''tree trunk'' || '''sim'''<br>''chair''||'''dit'''<br>''citizen'' || '''tid'''<br>''sibling'' |- !row=1| '''u''' = 4 |'''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''mur'''<br>''moon'' || '''jub'''<br>''day'' || '''mus'''<br>''stairs'' || '''tum'''<br>''cell'' || '''dub'''<br>''minister'' || '''fub'''<br>''branch'' || '''sum'''<br>''bed''||'''dut'''<br>''gentleperson'' || '''tud'''<br>''child'' |- !row=1| '''yo''' = 5 |'''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || || '''jyob*'''<br>''hour'' || || || || '''fyob'''<br>''root'' || || || '''tyod'''<br>''people'' |} ::: <small>* The palatal glide '''y''' in these words, which follows a palatal '''j''' is hard to pronounce, so the '''y''' is replaced with a '''w''', giving '''jwob''', '''jwab''', and '''jweb'''.</small> ==== Second-level Ordinal Scaling ==== :: A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding an ordinal vowel immediately after a word's stem vowel. ::: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Second-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''mi...p''' !! '''me...p''' !! '''tu...b''' !! '''tyo...b'''!! '''ma...f''' !! '''me...g''' !! '''do...b''' |- | '''mip'''<br>''river'' || '''mep'''<br>''way'' || '''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' || '''meg'''<br>''stone'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' |- | '''mi<u>a</u>p'''<br>''stream'' || '''meap'''<br>''road'' || '''tuab'''<br>''shoulder'' || '''tyoab'''<br>''hip''|| '''maaf'''<br>''stratus'' || '''meag'''<br>''marble'' || '''doab'''...''fatherland'' |- | '''mi<u>e</u>p'''<br>''brook'' || '''meep'''<br>''path'' || '''tueb'''<br>''upper arm'' || '''tyoeb'''<br>''thigh''|| '''maef'''<br>''cumulus'' || '''meeg'''<br>''slate'' || '''doeb'''<br>''province, state'' |- | '''mi<u>i</u>p'''<br>''rivulet'' || '''meip'''<br>''trail'' || '''tuib'''<br>''elbow'' || '''tyoib'''<br>''knee''|| '''maif'''<br>''stratocumulus'' || '''meig'''<br>''granite'' || '''doib'''<br>''county, shire'' |- | '''mi<u>u</u>p'''<br>''torrent'' || '''meup'''<br>''track'' || '''tuub'''<br>''forearm'' || '''tyoub'''<br>''shin''|| '''mauf'''<br>''cumulonimbus'' || '''meug'''<br>''clay, dough'' || '''doub'''<br>''district'' |- | '''mi<u>yo</u>p'''<br>''trickle'' || || '''tuyob'''<br>''wrist'' || '''tyoyob'''<br>''ankle''||'''mayof'''<br>''nimbostatus'' || '''meyog'''<br>''china'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ya</u>b'''<br>''hand'' || '''tyoyab'''<br>''foot''||'''mayaf'''<br>''altostratus'' || '''meyag'''<br>''chalk'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ye</u>b'''<br>''fist'' || '''tyoyeb'''<br>''heel''|| '''mayef'''<br>''altocumulus'' || '''meyeg'''<br>''limestone'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yi</u>b'''<br>''palm'' || '''tyoyib'''<br>''sole''|| '''mayif'''<br>''cirrus'' || '''meyig'''<br>''alabaster'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yu</u>b'''<br>''finger'' || '''tyoyub'''<br>''toe''|| '''mayuf'''<br>''cirrostratus'' || '''meyug'''<br>''gypsum''|| |- | || || '''tu<u>lo</u>b'''<br>''fingernail'' || '''tyolob'''<br>''toenail''||'''malof'''<br>''cirrocumulus'' || |} ==== Third-level Ordinal Scaling ==== ::: A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing an ordinal number vowel to the word. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Third-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | '''<u>a</u>tuyub'''....''thumb'' |- | '''<u>e</u>tuyub'''....''index'' |- | '''<u>i</u>tuyub'''....''middle finger'' |- | '''<u>u</u>tuyub'''....''ring finger'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>tuyub'''....''pinky'' |} ::: So, to sum up, we have: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:6.4em; font-size:smaller" |+ Summary of Scaling |- ! '''t...b''' !! '''tob''' = ''human being'' |- | FIRST-LEVEL || '''tub'''....''arm'' |- | SECOND-LEVEL || '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | THIRD-LEVEL || '''atuyub'''....''thumb'' |} ==== Scaling with Prefixed Numbering ==== ::: We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words by prefixing an ordinal vowel even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first level usually begins with '''a'''. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefix Numbering |- ! align=left | NUMBER || '''dob'''....''state'' !! '''deb'''....''leader'' !! '''mez'''....''gem'' !! '''mer'''....''planet'' || '''maf'''....''cloud'' || '''sagtun'''....''mathematics'' |- ! 1 | '''<u>a</u>dob'''....''empire'' || '''adeb'''....''emperor'' || '''amez'''....''diamond'' || '''Amer'''....''Mercury'' || '''amaf'''....''nimbus'' || '''asagtun'''....''arithmetic'' |- ! 2 | '''<u>e</u>dob'''....''kingdom'' || '''edeb'''....''king'' || '''emez'''....''topaz'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' || '''emaf'''....''stratus'' || '''esagtun'''....''geometry'' |- ! 3 | '''<u>i</u>dob'''....''principality'' || '''ideb'''....''prince'' || '''imez'''....''ruby'' || '''Imer'''....''Earth'' || '''imaf'''....''nimbostatus'' || '''isagtun'''....''algebra'' |- ! 4 | '''<u>u</u>dob'''....''duchy'' || '''udeb'''....''duke'' || '''umez'''....''emerald'' ||'''Umer'''....''Mars'' || '''umaf'''....''cumulus'' || '''usagtun'''....''trigonometry'' |- ! 5 | '''<u>yo</u>dob'''....''marquisate'' || '''yodeb'''....''marquis'' || '''yomez'''....''saphire'' || '''Yomer'''....''Jupiter'' || '''yomaf'''....''cumulostatus'' || '''yosagtun'''....''calculus'' |- ! 6 | '''<u>ya</u>dob'''....''county'' || '''yadeb'''....''count'' || '''yamez'''....''lapis lazuli'' || '''Yamer'''....''Saturn'' || '''yamaf'''....''stratocumulus'' || |- ! 7 | '''<u>ye</u>dob'''....''dominion'' || '''yedeb'''....''lord'' || '''yemez'''....''amthyst'' || '''Yemer'''....''Uranus'' || '''yemaf'''....''altocumulus'' || |- ! 8 | '''<u>yi</u>dob'''....''viscounty'' || '''yideb'''....''viscount'' || '''yimez'''....''amber'' ||'''Yimer'''....''Pluto'' || '''yimaf'''....''altostratus'' || |- ! 9 | '''<u>yu</u>dob'''....''barony'' || '''yudeb'''....''baron'' || '''yumez'''....''topaz'' || || '''yumaf'''....''cirrocumulus'' || |- ! 10 | '''<u>alo</u>dob'''....''tribe'' || '''alodeb'''....''tribal chief'' || '''alomez'''....''opal'' || || '''alomaf'''....''cirrus'' || |} === Rule #4: Overlapping === : When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in '''''overlapping''''' or a '''''portmanteau'''''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Overlapping in Compounds |- ! First Word !! Second Word !! Portmanteau |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''mep'''....''road'' || '''domep'''....''boulevard'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''teub'''....''mouth'' || '''pateub'''....''beak'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''patub'''....''wing'' |- | '''teupib'''....''tooth'' || '''byok'''....''pain'' || '''teypibyok'''....''toothache'' |} : In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided. === Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels === : When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an '''o''', replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word. : Examples: ::* '''edob'''....''kingdom'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''edeb'''....''monarch'' ('''edweb'''....''king'', '''edeyb'''....''queen'') ::* '''udob'''....''principality'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''udeb'''....''prince'' ('''udweb'''....''prince'', '''udeyb'''....''princess'') : By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant: : Examples: : '''mil'''....''water'' + '''mal'''....''air'' -> '''mial'''....''vapor, steam'' === Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants === : When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant. : Example: <b>to<u>b</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D8;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-b</b> = <i>organism</i>) (<b>t-</b> = <i>human</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>tof</b>....<i>clothing, apparel</i> (<b>n-</b> = <i>commercial</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>nof</b>....<i>cloth, fabric</i> <b>no<u>f</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D7;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-f</b> = <i>cloth</i>) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Swapping Generic Consonants |- ! Base Word 1 !! Base Word 2 !! Derived Word |- | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tov'''....''lingerie'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''taf'''....''suit'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tef'''....''hat'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tif'''....''vest'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tyoyaf'''....''shoe'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tuyaf'''....''glove'' |- | '''doob'''^*....''nation'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''doof'''....''flag'' |- | '''taob'''^*....''flesh'' || '''tol'''....''food'' || '''taol'''....''meat'' |} :<small>* This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.</small> === Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender === : Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix '''w''' and the feminine infix '''y'''. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''w'''. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''y'''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Marking Animate Nouns for Gender |- ! Gender-Neutral !! Male !! Female |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''young person'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''it'''....''he/she/it'' || '''wit'''....''he'' || '''iyt'''....''she'' |- | '''apat'''....''cock'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''toob'''....''gender'' || '''twoob'''....''male'' || '''tooyb'''....''female'' |} ::* Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for women, rather than men, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Making Inanimate Objects Female-related |- ! Male-oriented or Neutral !! Female-oriented |- | '''taf'''....''suit'' || '''tayf'''....''dress'' |- | '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' || '''tyoyayv'''....''stockings'' |- | '''tiav'''....''shirt'' || '''tiayv'''....''blouse'' |} ::* Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Body Parts Genderized |- ! Neutral !! Male-oriented !! Female-oriented |- | '''tilab'''....''breast'' || '''twilab'''....''male breast'' || '''tilayb'''....''female breast'' |- | || '''twiyib'''....''testicals'' || '''tiyiyb'''....''ovary'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''sexual organ'' || '''twiyub'''....''penis'' || '''tiyuyb'''....''vagina'' |} ::* In nouns that end in '''-ut''', the agentive suffix meaning ''-er, one who...'', the nouns can be feminized by changing '''-ut''' to '''-uyt''', eg. '''dezut'''....''actor'' -> '''dezuyt'''....''actress''. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing '''-ut''' with '''w''' to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the '''w''' can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like '''dezut''' can mean ''actor'' of neutral or male gender. ::* Animate nouns having the ending '''-et''' (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding '''w''' or '''y''' to the semantic base of the word, eg. '''tobet'''....''child, youth'' -> '''toybet'''....''girl'' or '''twobet'''....''boy''. === Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels === : A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings. : Geo-specific Vowels: <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* '''o'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''outer space, abstract object, initial stuff''' ::* '''a'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sky, air, gas''' ::* '''e'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''land, soil, solid''' ::* '''i'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sea, water, liquid''' ::* '''u'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''underground, mineral, concrete object, other''' </div> :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels |- ! !!'''m...p''' !! '''m...m''' !! '''d...p''' !! '''p...t''' !! '''m...l''' |- ! Space | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''space'' || '''dop'''....''military'' || '''pot'''....||'''mol'''....''nature'' |- ! Sky | '''map'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''dap'''....''air force'' || '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''mal'''....''air'' |- ! Land | '''mep'''....''road''|| '''mem'''....''land''|| '''dep'''....''army'' || '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''mel'''....''soil'' |- ! Water | '''mip'''....''river''|| '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''dip'''....''marine force'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''mil'''....''water'' |- ! Underground (or other) | '''mup'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || || || '''mul'''....''stuff'' |} : This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Hybrids|Hybrids]] for more on this subject. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Hybrid nouns |- ! First-level Derivation !! + Geospecific Vowel !! Second-level Derivation |- | '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''i'''....''water, sea''|| '''pe<u>i</u>t'''....''aquatic mammal'' |- | '''pelt'''....''insect'' || '''a'''....''air, sky''|| '''pel<u>a</u>t'''....''flying insect'' |- | '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''i'''....''water, sea'' || '''me<u>i</u>l'''....''mud'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''a'''....''air, gas'' || '''mi<u>a</u>l'''....''vapor'' |} === Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels === : The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Vectorial Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact. :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" border="0" |+ Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''amer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''baer'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''aber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''byaer'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''yaber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''omer'''....''south'' |- | '''o''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''boer'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''oper'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''pyoser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''yoper'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''uber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''pyuer'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''yuber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''byuser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''pier'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''yiper'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''pyiser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''emer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''eb'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''bexer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''up against, strike''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike'' |} ==== Special value of certain vowels ==== : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular'': ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual'' ::* '''anota'''....''alone, solitary'' ::* '''anay'''....''only'' ::* '''aun'''....''unit'' : The prefixes '''ya-''' or '''yan-''' meaning ''collection, plural'': ::* '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''yanot'''....''constituent'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' ::* '''yanotyan'''....''community'' ::* '''yan'''....''together'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yon'''....''apart'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' vs. '''yonota'''....''private'' ::* '''yanxer'''....''to combine'' vs. '''yonxer'''....''to separate'' === Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns === : Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning. : For example, the mnemonic '''eu''' pattern from the word for mouth, '''teud''' can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Mnemonic Pattern Derivation |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teub'''....''mouth'' !! Classifier !! Generic |- | '''teud'''....''shout'' || '''t''' = human || '''d''' = communication |- | '''teuz'''....''voice'' || '''t''' = human || '''z''' = art |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''d''' = communication || '''z''' = art |- | '''seuz'''....''tone'' || '''s''' = thing || '''z''' = art |- | '''seux'''....''sound'' || '''s''' = thing || '''x''' = action |- | '''xeus'''....''noise'' || '''x''' = action || '''s''' = thing |- | '''teuf'''....''muzzle'' || '''t''' = human || '''f''' = apparel |- | '''teuv'''....''mask'' || '''t''' = human || '''v''' = linen |- | '''teus'''....''taste''|| '''t''' = human || '''s''' = thing |- | '''deup'''....''rhythm''|| '''d''' = communication || '''p''' = ''motion'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teab'''....''eye'' !! '''(t)ea-''' = ''see'' !! Generic |- | '''teaper'''....''visit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teader'''....''witness'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teaxer'''....''look'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teaser'''....''seem'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teater'''....''see'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keaxer'''....''scan'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleaxer'''....''check'' || '''vyal-''' = ''certain''|| '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''yoneater'''....''distinguish'' || '''yon-''' = ''apart''|| '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''beaxer'''....''guard'' || '''be-''' = ''hold'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teatier'''....''perceive'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teatuer'''....''show'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teeb'''....''ear'' !! '''(t)ee-''' = ''hear'' !! Generic |- | '''teeper'''....''attend'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teeder'''....''testify'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teexer'''....''listen'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teeser'''....''sound (like)'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teeter'''....''hear'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keexer'''....''scan (acoustically)'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''koteexer'''....''snoop on'' || '''ko-''' = ''hide'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleexer'''....''sound out'' || '''vyal-''' = certain || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teetier'''....''get wind of'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teetuer'''....''make heard'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- | '''zyateetuer'''....''rumor'' || '''zya-''' = ''all around'' || '''-u-''' = objected-directed |} : A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Shortening Long Compounds |- ! Word 1 !! Word 2 !! Long Compound !! Shortened Compound |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''ekpeteuder''' || '''ekpeder'''....''neigh'' |- | '''serpyet'''....''snake'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''serpyeteuder''' || '''sepyeder'''....''hiss'' |- | '''vifeb'''....''grape'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''vifebil'''....''grape juice'' || '''vifil'''....''wine'' |- | '''povob'''....''grain'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''povobil''' || '''povil'''....''beer'' |} : Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ From Full Words to Stubs |- ! Compound !! New Stub !! Derivation |- | '''tilabil'''....''breast milk'' || '''bil'''....''milk''|| '''bilyug'''....''butter'' |- | '''fauf'''....''log'' || '''-uf'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''cylinder''|| '''muf'''....''rod, stick'' |- | '''zyeg'''....''hole'' || '''-yeg'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''hole'', ''hollow thing''|| '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' |} : The clipped word '''bil''' now gives rise to other compounds: ::* '''bilyig'''....''cheese'' ::* '''bilyigem'''....''cheese factory'' ::* '''bilyug'''....''butter'' ::* '''bilyugyena'''....''butter-like'' : The word '''mufyeg''' (Lit: hollow stick) means '''pipe, reed, cylinder''' === Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === : Words which follow Rule #11 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation. : These nuances are obtained by: :* Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel. :: These vowels are: ::: '''a''' for '''a''' and '''ya''' ::: '''e''' for '''e''' and '''ye''' ::: '''i''' for '''i''' and '''yi''' ::: '''o''' for '''o''' and '''yo''' ::: '''u''' for '''u''' and '''yu''' :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nad'''....''line'' || '''naad'''....''rail'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''doob'''....''nation'' |- | '''vyab'''....''rule'' || '''vyayab'''....''system'' |- | '''boka'''....''sick'' || '''booka'''....''tired'' |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || '''noog'''....''phase'' |- | '''bil'''....''milk'' || '''biil'''....''juice'' |} :* Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''less''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deintensification with Post-y-gliding |- ! Word !! Mitigated Derivation |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''iyfer'''....''like'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''iyva'''....''glad'' |- | '''zyutom'''....''tower'' || '''zyutoym'''....''turret'' |- | '''ama'''....''hot'' || '''ayma'''....''warm'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''oyma'''....''cool'' |} :* Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''greater''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding |- ! Word !! Enhanced Derivation |- | '''pot'''....''wild animal'' || '''pyot'''....''predator animal'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pyat'''....''bird of prey'' |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''yoma'''....''frozen'' |- | '''nuxer'''....''pay'' || '''nyuxer'''....''deliver'' |- | '''nexer'''....''save'' || '''nyexer'''....''store'' |} :* Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid '''l''' or the further intensifying liquid '''r''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with L and R |- ! Word !! L-Intensitifed || R-Intensified |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''ifler'''....''be fond of'' || '''ifrer'''....''adore'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''ivla'''....''content'' || '''ivra'''....''delighted'' |- | '''vaa'''....''affirmative'' || '''vlaa'''....''sure'' || '''vraa'''....''indubitable'' |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agla'''....''huge'' || '''agra'''....''immense'' |- | '''ga'''....''more'' || '''gala'''....''multiple'' || '''gara'''....''exponential'' |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press'' || '''barer'''....''crush'' |- | '''yexer'''....''work'' || '''yexler'''....''labor'' || '''yexrer'''....''toil, slave'' |- | '''yixer'''....''use'' || '''yixler'''....''hire'' || '''yixrer'''....''exploit'' |} :* Adding consonants other than '''l''' or '''r''' as the generic consonant: : Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like '''t''', '''f''', '''s''', '''k''', and '''z''' are used, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with Other Consonants |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fika'''....''perfect''<br>'''fira'''....''excellent'' |- | '''fua'''....''bad'' || '''futa'''....''wicked''<br>'''fura'''....''rotten'' |- | '''gea'''....''equal'' || '''geta'''....''identical''<br>'''gela'''....''alike'' |- | '''vyaa'''....''true'' || '''vyaka'''....''correct''<br>'''vyama'''....''real'' |- | '''vyoa'''....''false'' || '''vyoka'''....''incorrect''<br>'''vyoma'''....''fake'' |- | '''yiga'''....''hard'' || '''yigza'''....''sour''<br>'''yigla'''....''brusk''<br>'''yigra'''....''brutal'' |- | '''yuga'''....''soft'' || '''yugfa'''....''smooth''<br>'''yugla'''....''tender''<br>'''yugra'''....''mild'' |} :* Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nab'''....''row'' || '''nap'''....''order'' |- | '''vyava'''....''just'' || '''vyafa'''....''precise'' |- | '''jwab'''....''minute'' || '''jwap'''....''moment'' |- | '''jweb'''....''second'' || '''jwep'''....''instant'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''tap'''....''physique'' |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''top'''....''soul, animus'' |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' |- | '''naz'''....''value'' || '''nas'''....''money'' |- | '''nag'''....''dimension'' || '''nak'''...''unit of measurement'' |} == Technical Nomenclature == : The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features. === Zoological Nomenclature === {{status|100%}} [[File:Animal diversity.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of animals are formed in a systematic way. ==== Base Names ==== : First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with '''p''' (mobile) and end with '''t''' (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures. : The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air ('''a'''), water ('''i'''), land ('''e'''), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild ('''o'''), tame, or predatory ('''y'''); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms |- ! Type !! Air = a !! Water = i !! Land = e !! Anywhere = o |- valign=top !row=1| Ordinary |'''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' || '''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Predatory |'''pyat'''....''raptor'' || '''pyit'''....''predatory fish'' || '''pyet'''....''reptile'' ||'''pyot'''....''predatory animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Hybrid |'''piat'''....''waterfowl''<br>'''pelat'''....''flying insect''<br>'''paet'''....''flightless bird'' ||'''piit'''....''crustacean''<br>'''pilt'''....''marine invertebrate''<br>'''peit'''....''mammalian fish''<br>'''pyeit'''....''mollusk''|| '''payet'''....''flying reptile''<br>'''piyet'''....''batracian''<br>'''peyet'''....''worm''<br>'''pelt'''....''insect'' ||'''piot'''....''aquatic mammal'' |} ==== Derived Names ==== : The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the [https://www.itis.gov/| Linnaean taxonomy]. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name '''Canidae''' (''canids''). The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin. ''Ca'' in Latin is pronounced '''ka'''. See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad. In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory. So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix '''ka''' to the base name for domestic land animal '''pet''', yielding '''kapet''' (''dog''). All other members of the dog family end in '''pot''' (feral animal) or '''pyot''' (predatory animal). The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel. If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, ''prairie dog'' (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by '''ci³xi²ro¹pot''' from '''<u>Ro</u>¹dentia <u>Sci</u>²uridae <u>Cy</u>³nomys''', where '''pot''' is the basic animal type ''wild animal''. All rodents have the taxonomic syllable '''ro''' from the Latin "order" taxon ''Rodentia'', while all squirrel names will have the syllable '''xi''' from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon ''<u>Sci</u>uridae'' ('''<u>xi</u>uriday'''). The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family: :: <u>Ca</u>nidae (''dog family'') > ::: '''<u>ka</u>pet'''...''the common domestic dog'' (only one species, ''Canis familiaris'') ::: '''<u>ka</u>pot'''...''wild dog'' ::: '''<u>ka</u>pyot'''...''predatory dog'' : Species under '''kapyot''' are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names: :: ''Canis <u>lu</u>pus'' > '''<u>lu</u>kapyot'''...''gray wolf (or just wolf)'' :: ''Canis <u>la</u>trans'' > '''<u>la</u>kapyot'''...''coyote, prairie wolf'' ::: ''Canis latrans <u>les</u>tes'' > '''<u>les</u>lakapyot'''...''mountain coyote'' :: ''Canis <u>au</u>rus'' > '''<u>aw</u>kapyot''' > ''jackal, golden jackal'' ::: ''Canis aurus <u>cur</u>ensis'' > '''<u>kur</u>awkapyot'''....''Indochinese jackal'' :: ''Canis <u>vul</u>pus'' > '''<u>vul</u>kapyot'''...''fox, red fox'' : If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is '''awkapyot''' and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from ''curensis'' would normally be '''ku''', but it has to be extended to '''kur''' because the base begins in a vowel. : The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Latin/Greek - Mirad correspondences |- ! Latin/Greek Spelling !! Latin Sound !! Mirad Spelling !! Example |- | ''au'' || ''aw'' || '''aw''' || ''<u>au</u>rus''....'''aw-''' |- | ''eu'' || ''ew'' || '''ew''' || ''<u>eu</u>ropa''....'''ew-''' |- | ''ai''<br>''ae'' || ''ay'' || '''ay''' || ''<u>ae</u>gyptus''....'''ay-''' |- | ''ei'' <br> ''ey'' || ''ey'' || '''ey''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''oe'' || ''oy'' || '''oy''' || ''F<u>oe</u>niculum''....'''oy''' |- | ''ua'' || ''wa'' || '''wa''' || ''s<u>ua</u>vis''....'''s<u>wa</u>''' |- | ''ca/co/cu'' || ''ka/ko/ku'' || '''ka/ko/ku''' || ''<u>ca</u>nis''....'''<u>ka</u>''' |- | ''ce/ci/cy''' || ''che/chi/chi'' || '''ce/ci/cy''' || ''<u>cy</u>pris''....'''<u>ci</u>''' |- | ''y'' || ''i'' || '''i''' || ''c<u>y</u>pris''....'''<u>i</u>''' |- | ''g''' || ''g'' || '''g''' || ''<u>Ge</u>ococcyx''/''<u>Ga</u>stropoda''....'''<u>g</u>''' |- | ''ch'' || ''k'' || '''k''' || ''<u>Chi</u>roptera''....'''<u>ki</u>''' |- | ''ph'' || ''f'' || '''f''' ||''S<u>ph</u>yrapicus''....'''<u>f</u>''' |- | ''rh'' || ''r'' || '''r''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''x'' || ''ks'' || '''ks''' || ''Lo<u>x</u>odonta''....'''<u>ks</u>''' |- | ''qu'' || ''kw'' || '''kw''' || ''<u>Qu</u>ercus''....'''<u>kw</u>''' |- | ''j'' || ''y'' || '''j''' || ''<u>ju</u>lianus''....'''<u>ju</u>''' |- | ''sci'' || ''shi'' || '''xi''' || ''<u>Sci</u>uridae''....'''<u>xi</u>''' |- | ''th'' || ''t'' || '''t''' || ''<u>Th</u>unnus''....'''<u>t</u>''' |- | ''cci'' || ''ksi'' || '''ksi''' || ''Va<u>cc</u>inus''....'''<u>ksi</u>''' |} : Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for ''Cinnamomum'' would be '''cin'''. : The Latin letter ''j'' is represented in Mirad with '''j''' even though it is pronounced like a ''y''. This is for better recognizability. ==== Genderized and Other Forms ==== : Form the female of an animal by inserting a '''y''' before the '''t''' of the base adult name: ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kape<u>y</u>t'''....''bitch'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkapyo<u>y</u>t'''....''vixen'' : Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a '''w''' right after the '''p''' of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with '''py''' in which case the '''w''' is inserted just before the '''t''' of the base name: ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekp<u>w</u>et'''....''stallion'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbop<u>w</u>et'''....''ram'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkpyo<u>w</u>t'''....''dog fox'' : Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an '''o''' after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name: ::* '''bopet'''....''bovine'' ====> '''bopwe<u>o</u>t'''....''ox'' ::* '''gafapat'''....''cock'' ====> '''gafapwe<u>o</u>t'''....''capon'' : The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-ud''', the stub for '''tud'''....''child'': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>ud</u>'''....''colt'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>ud</u>'''....''pup'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopet<u>ud</u>'''....''lamb'' : The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing '''-if''': ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>if</u>'''....''puppy'' ::* '''fepet'''....''cat'' ====> '''fepet<u>if</u>'''....''kitty'' : The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-og''': ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supet<u>og</u>'''....''piggy'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>og</u>'''....''pony'' : Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal '''ekpet'''....''horse'' can serve as an example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivations of Horse |- ! Variation !! Mirad Name !! English Name |- !row=1| Adult |'''ekpet'''||''horse'' |- !row=1| Male | '''ekpwet'''||''stallion'' |- !row=1| Female | '''ekpeyt'''||''mare'' |- !row=1| Offspring | '''ekpetud'''||''colt'' |- !row=1| Female Offspring | '''ekpetuyd'''||''filly'' |- !row=1| Small adult |'''ekpetog'''||''pony'' |- !row=1| Gelded | '''ekpweot'''||''gelding'' |} ==== Animal Sounds ==== : The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the '''t''' of the base name with '''d''', the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in '''-der''': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeder'''....''to neigh'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapeder'''....''to bark'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''pader'''....''to tweet, chirp'' ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpyeder'''....''to hiss'' : A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing '''-yan''' or '''-nyan''': ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotyan'''....''a pride of lions'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopetyan'''....''a herd of sheep'' ::* '''pit'''....''fish'' ====> '''pityan'''....''a school of fish'' : Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final '''t''' of the base name with '''-per'''....''to go'': ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpeper'''....''to slither'' ::* '''lapet'''....''rabbit'' ====> '''lapeper'''....''to hop'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeper'''....''to gallop'' : The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in '''l''' (a stub for '''tel''', meaning ''food''): ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supel'''....''pork'' ::* '''supetyob'''....''hog leg'' ====> '''supetyol'''....''ham'' ::* '''bopet'''....''steer'' ====> '''bopel'''....''beef'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopel'''....''mutton'' ::* '''bopetud'''....''calf'' ====> '''bopetul'''....''veal'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatel'''....''honey'' : The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing '''-am'''....''house'', '''-um'''....''cage'', etc. to the base name: ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supetam'''....''pigsty'' ::* '''gafapayt'''....''chicken'' ====> '''gafapaytam'''....''chicken coop'' ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotam'''....''lion's den'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapetam'''....''doghouse'' ::* '''forpelt'''....''ant'' ====> '''forpeltam'''....''anthill'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatam'''....''bee hive'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''patum'''....''birdcage'', '''patsum'''....''nest'', '''patyanam'''...''aviary'' ::* '''pot'''....''wild animal'' ====> '''potam'''....''lair'' ==== Dog Breeds ==== [[File:The dog book - a popular history of the dog, with practical information as to care and management of house, kennel, and exhibition dogs, and descriptions of all the important breeds (1909) (20785715825).jpg|thumb|]] : Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to '''kapet'''....''dog'' that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site [[https://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/]]. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership. : The base of the dog breed name is '''kapet'''....''dog''. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants ('''b''', '''c''', '''d''', etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned to the ordinal vowel '''o''', so '''bokepet''' is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the '''o'''....''zero'' to '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed. : As an example: : To get the name for ''basset hound'': ::* Start with the word for dog: '''kapet'''. : This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is '''h'''. This is prefixed to '''kapet''', with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with '''a''' for ''one''. The ''basset hound'' is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes '''ha-'''. ::* '''hakapet''' is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with '''ha kapet'''....''the dog''.). A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel '''i'''.... ''three'' is prefixed: ::* '''ihakapet''' is a "small-sized scent hound" : A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word '''a'''.... ''one'' is prefixed (with a '''w''' buffer glide when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, '''Gebaroma''' is placed in front, separated by a space: ::* '''Gebaroma awahikapet''' is a ''basset hound'', a dog breed name owned by Great Britain. The name can usually be abbreviated by dropping the country owner name, thus: '''awahikapet''' <gallery> </gallery> : Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site. Group 1 = '''<u>b</u>okapet'''....sheepdogs/cattledogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''b<u>a</u>kapet'''....sheepdogs ::::* Belgian only entry = '''Belima bakapet'''....''Belgian shepherd dog'' ::::* German only entry = '''Deuma bakapet'''....''German shepherd'' ::* Section 2 = '''bekapet'''....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>bekapet'''....''Welsh corgi (Cardigan)'' Group 2 = '''<u>c</u>okapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''c<u>a</u>kapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer type ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''c<u>e</u>kapet'''....Molossian type ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''c<u>i</u>kapet'''....''Swiss mountain/cattledogs'' Group 3 = '''<u>d</u>okapet'''....''terriers'' ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....large and medium-sized terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>9</u>th entry = '''Gebaroma <u>yu</u>dakapet'''....''Welsh terrier'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....small-sized terriers ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''d<u>e</u>kapet'''....bull type terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>3</u>rd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>i</u>dekapet'''....''Staffordshire bull terrier'' ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....toy terriers Group 4 = '''<u>f</u>okapet'''....<u>dachshunds</u> ::::* Germany only entry = '''fakapet'''....''dachshund'' Group 5 = '''<u>g</u>okapet'''....spitz and primitive types ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''g<u>a</u>kapet'''....nordic sledge dogs :::: USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''<u>a</u>gakapet'''....''Siberian husky'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''g<u>e</u>kapet'''....nordic hunting dogs ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''g<u>i</u>kapet'''....nordic watchdogs/herders ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''g<u>u</u>kapet'''....European spits ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''g<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Asian spitz and related breeds ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''g<u>ya</u>kapet'''....primitive types ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''g<u>ye</u>kapet'''....hunting dogs Group 6 = '''<u>h</u>okapet'''....scent hounds and related breeds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''h<u>a</u>kapet'''....''scent hounds'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>1</u> = '''<u>a</u>hakapet'''....large-sized hounds ::::* USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''Usoma <u>aw</u>ahakapet'''....''American foxhound'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>2</u> = '''<u>e</u>hakapet'''....medium-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain only entry = '''Gebaroma ehakapet'''....''harrier'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>3</u> = '''<u>i</u>hakapet'''....small-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>aw</u>ihakapet'''....''basset hound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>ew</u>ihakapet'''....''beagle'' Group 7 = '''<u>j</u>okapet'''....pointing dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''j<u>a</u>kapet'''....''continental pointing dogs'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''j<u>e</u>kapet'''....''British and Irish pointers and setters'' Group 8 = '''<u>k</u>akapet'''....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''k<u>a</u>kapet'''....''retrievers'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''k<u>e</u>kapet'''....''flushing dogs'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''k<u>i</u>kapet'''....''water dogs'' Group 9 = '''<u>l</u>okapet'''....companion and toy dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''l<u>a</u>kapet'''....bichons ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''l<u>e</u>kapet'''....poodles ::::* France only entry = '''Ferama lekapet'''....''poodle'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''l<u>i</u>kapet'''....small Belgian dogs ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''l<u>u</u>kapet'''....hairless dogs ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''l<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Tibetan breeds ::::* Tibet <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Tibama <u>e</u>lekapet'''....''shih tzu'' ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''l<u>ya</u>kapet'''....Chihuahueno ::::* Mexico only entry = '''Mexuma lyakapet'''....''chihuahua'' ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''l<u>ye</u>kapet'''....English toy spaniels ::* Section <u>8</u> = '''l<u>yi</u>kapet'''....Japan Chin and Pekingese ::* Section <u>9</u> = '''l<u>yu</u>kapet'''....continental toy spaniel and others ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>alo</u>kapet'''....Kromforhl&auml;nder ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>ale</u>kapet'''....small Molossian type dogs Group 10 = '''<u>m</u>okapet'''....sight hounds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''m<u>a</u>kapet'''....long-haired sighthounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>a</u>makapet'''....''greyhound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>makapet'''....''whippet'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''m<u>e</u>kapet'''....rough-haired sighthounds ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''m<u>i</u>kapet'''....short-haired sighthounds ==== Cat Breeds ==== : The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See [https://cfa.org/breeds/]. You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat '''fepet'''. : This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Cat Breed Names |- ! CFA Name !! First Letters<br>Lowercase !! Number<br>If Any + fepet!! Mirad Name |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Shorthair'' || '''am''' || '''a + fepet'''|| '''amafepet''' |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Wirehair'' || '''am''' || '''e + fepet'''|| '''amefepet''' |- | ''<u>Bal</u>inese'' || '''bal''' || '''bal + fepet''' || '''balfepet''' |- | ''<u>Ben</u>gal'' || '''ben''' || '''ben + fepet''' || '''benfepet''' |} === Color Nomenclature === : The word for ''color'' in Mirad is '''volz''', which is mnemonically related to the word for ''flower'' ('''vos'''). The diminutive of ''color'' is '''voylz''', meaning ''tint, shade, hue''. : The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub '''-lza'''. The zeroth-color is no color, simple ''blank'', ''clear'', or ''transparent''. :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Basic Color Words |- ! 0 - clear !! 1 - red !!2 - orange !!3 - yellow !!4 - green !! 5 - blue !! 6 - purple !! 7 - indigo |- |<br><br><br> ||bgcolor="#d30000"| ||bgcolor="#fc6600"| ||bgcolor="#fff200"| ||bgcolor="#3bb143"| ||bgcolor="#0018f9"| || bgcolor="#b200ed"| || bgcolor="#4b0082"| |- | '''olza''' || '''alza''' || '''elza''' || '''ilza''' || '''ulza''' || '''yolza''' || '''yalza''' || '''yelza''' |} : There are some other common colors: :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Basic Color Words |- |bgcolor="white"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || '''malza'''....''white'' ||(Associated with '''man''' (''light'') |- |bgcolor="#7c4700"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|| '''melza'''....''brown'' ||(Associated with '''mel''' (''soil'') |- |bgcolor="#222021"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''molza'''....''black'' ||(Associated with '''mon''' (''dark'') |- |bgcolor="#828282"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''maolza'''....''gray'' ||(A blend of '''malza''' and '''molza''') |- |bgcolor="#fc0fc0"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''aolza'''....''pink'' ||(A blend of '''olza'''....''clear'' and '''malza'''....''red'') |} : All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example: ::* '''mecirufeb-ulza'''....''lime green'' from '''mecirufeb'''....''lime fruit'' + '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''aquamarine'' from '''mim'''....''sea'' + '''yalza'''....''blue'' ::* '''licirufeb-ilza'''....''lemon yellow'' from '''licirufeb'''....''lemon'' + '''ilza'''....''yellow'' ::* '''salpyit-alza'''....''salmon red'' ::* '''magmef-alza'''....''firebrick red'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''sea blue, aquamarine'' : Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner: ::# A "light" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''ylza''': '''uylza'''....''light green'' ::# A "-ish" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzyena''': '''ulzyena'''....''greenish'' ::# A "bright" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzayna''': '''ulzayna'''....''bright green'' ::# A "dark" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzoyna''': '''ulzoyna'''....''dark green'' : Shaded variants can also be created by prefixing adjectival components such as these: :* '''oz-'''....''-ish, light-'' :* '''az-'''....''bright-, dark-'' :* '''kyu-'''....''light-'' :* '''maz-'''....''bright-'' :* '''eyn-'''....''semi-'' etc. : Some hybrid colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel: ::* '''maolza'''....''gray'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''molza'''....''black'' ::* '''yaulza'''....''blue-green, cyan'' from '''yalza'''....''blue'' and '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''maelza'''....''beige'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''melza'''....''brown'' : Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix '''-a''': ::* '''<u>Ulz</u> se via volz.'''....''<u>Green</u> is a beautiful color.'' ::* '''At gafe <u>yalzayn</u>.'''....''I prefer <u>dark blue</u>.'' : Colors can also be used to form verbs: ::* '''Iyta teobi <u>alzasa</u>.'''....''Her cheeks <u>turned red (= blushed)</u>.'' ::* '''His se fia <u>teubip malzaxus</u>.'''....''This is a good <u>teeth whitener</u>.'' ::* '''Eta teupibi <u>ilzaseye</u>.'''....''Your teeth are <u>yellowing</u>.'' ==== Rarely Used Colors ==== : The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the [[w:List_of_RAL_colors|Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors]] expressed in Mirad + '''-lz'''. For example, the color ''golden yellow'' has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 ('''ase''', in Mirad), thus, the color is named '''aselz'''. The adjectival form of this color is '''aselza'''. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names. ===== Skin colors ===== [[File:Coloured-family.jpg|thumb|]] : When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix '''tayo(b)-''' is used. The final '''-b''' of '''tayob''' is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for ''skin-color'' itself is '''tayovolz'''. Thus: ::* '''(tayo-)molzat'''....''black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)malzat'''....''white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)melzat'''....''brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omalzat'''....''non-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omolzat'''....''non-black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omelzat'''....''non-brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymolzat'''....''half-black(skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymalzat'''....''half-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)maolzat'''....''mulatto, mixed-skinned person'' ::* '''(tayob)olzat'''....''albino'' ::* '''hyetayovolza'''....''of any skin-tone'' ::* '''hyatayovolzati'''....''people of all colors'' ::* '''Iyt se duhotayovolza?'''....''What skin color is she?'' ==== Hair Colors ==== : Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, '''tayeb'''. The final '''-b''' of '''tayeb''' is dropped before a consonant or '''y'''. The word for ''hair color'' is '''tayevolz'''. ::* '''tayebalza'''....''red-headed, auburn'' ::** '''tayebalzayt'''....''an auburn female'' ::* '''tayemolza'''....''brunette'' ::* '''tayemelza'''....''brown-haired'' ::* '''tayebiylza'''....''blond'' ::* '''tayemaolza'''....''gray, gray-haired'' :::* '''It gwa tayemaolzaso.'''....''He will go gray early.'' ::* '''Duhotayevolza iyt se?'''....''What color hair is she?'' ==== Eye Colors ==== : Eye colors are expressed by the prefix '''tea(b)''' followed by the color. The word for ''eye color'' is '''teavolz'''. In the following examples, '''teab''' (''eye'') becomes '''tea''' before any consonants or glides: ::* '''teayolza'''....''blue-eyed'' ::* '''teabulza'''....''green-eyed'' ::* '''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' :::* '''teamelzat'''....''brown-eyed person'' ::* '''teamolz'''....''a black eye'' ::* '''teamalz'''....''the white of the eye'' ::* '''Duhoteavolza et se?'''....''What color eyes do you have?'' === Chemical Nomenclature === [[File:14LaAc periodic table IIb.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding '''lk''', a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for ''hydrogen'' is ''H''. So we replace that with the word for lowercase '''h''' in Mirad: '''he'''. By adding the stub suffix '''lk''', we get '''helk'''. : Use the names of the '''''small''''' letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name '''ca''' is pronounced '''cha''' as in English ''cha-cha''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" valign=top; align=center |+ Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names |- ! Lowercase !! a !! b !! c !! d !! !! e !! f !! g !! h !! !! i !! j !! k !! l !! m !! n !! !! o !! p !! q !! r !! s !! t !! !! u !! v !! w !! x !! y !! z |- align=center | !row=1| Mirad Name | '''a''' || '''ba''' || '''ca''' || '''da''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''e''' || '''fe''' || '''ge''' || '''he''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''i''' || '''ji''' || '''ki''' || '''li''' || '''mi''' || '''ni''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''o''' || '''po''' || '''ko''' || '''ro''' || '''so''' || '''to''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''u''' || '''vu''' || '''wu''' || '''xu''' || '''yu''' || '''zu''' |} ==== Coding Chemical Elements ==== : The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Coding Chemical Elements |- ! English Element Name !! Abbreviation !! Mirad Name |- | ''silver'' || ''Ar'' || '''arolk''' |- | ''iron'' || ''Fe'' || '''feelk''' |- | ''hydrogen'' || ''H'' || '''helk''' |- | ''nitrogen'' || ''N'' || '''nilk''' |- | ''mercury'' || ''Hg'' || '''hegelk''' |- | ''darmstadtium'' || ''Ds'' || '''dasolk''' |} : In chemical compounds, the '''lk''' is used only on the last element of the compound. : Chemical compounds such as ''H₂O (hydrogen dioxide)'' are coded in the following manner. ::# The ''H'' for ''hydrogen'' is rendered as '''he''' (without the '''-lk'''). ::# The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for ''two, bi-'', '''en-''' is prefixed to the '''h''', giving '''enhe'''. ::# The word for ''oxygen'', '''ol''' is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the '''lk''' is suffixed. ::# The English word ends in ''-ide'', which is rendered in Mirad as '''-iyd''', giving '''enheolkiyd''' : Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below: : Given the chemical element ''sulfur'', which has the abbreviation ''S'', the Mirad equivalent for this solid is '''solk'''. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are: ==== Chemical Compound Suffixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Chemical Suffix Equivalents |- ! English Suffix !! Mirad Equivalent !! English Example !! Mirad Equivalent |- | ''-ide'' || '''-iyd''' || ''sulfide'' || '''solkiyd''' |- | ''-ite'' || '''-iyt''' || ''sulfite'' || '''solkiyt''' |- | ''-ate'' || '''-ayt''' || ''sulfate'' || '''solkayt''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''-iyn''' || ''iodine'' || '''ilkiyn''' |- | ''-ane'' || '''-ayn''' || ''methane'' || '''ahelkayn''' |- | ''-ene'' || '''-eyn''' || ''benzene'' || '''ehelkeyn''' |- | ''-one'' || '''-oyn''' || ''ketone'' || '''ketoyn''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''--iyn''' || ''alanine'' || '''alaniyn''' |- | ''-ic'' || '''-a''' || ''ferric'' || '''feelka''' |- | ''-ous'' || '''aya''' || ''ferrous'' || '''feelkaya''' |} : Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in '''-n'''. : The numeral prefixes ''5'' and ''6'' end in '''-on''' instead of '''-n''' so as to distinguish them from the words '''yan'''....''together'' and '''yon'''....''apart''. : The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Numeric Prefixes |- ! Number !! Prefix !! Example |- | '''a'''....''mono-'' || '''an''' || '''anolkiyd'''....''<u>mono</u>xide (O)'' |- | '''e'''....''bi-/di-'' || '''en''' || '''encalkayt'''....''<u>bi</u>carbonate (C₂)'' |- | '''i'''....''tri-'' || '''in''' || '''inolkiyd-'''....''trioxide (O₃)'' |- | '''u'''....''tetr(a)-'' || '''un''' || '''unolkiyd-'''....''tetroxide (O₄)'' |- | '''yo'''....''pent(a)-'' || '''yoon''' || '''yoonolkiyd-'''....''pentoxide (O₅)'' |- | '''ya'''....''hex(a)-'' || '''yaon''' || '''yaonolkiyd'''....''hexoxide (O₆)'' |- | '''ye'''....''hept(a)-'' || '''yen''' || '''yenolkiyd'''....''heptoxide (O₇)'' |- | '''yi'''....''oct(o)-'' || '''yin''' || '''yinolkiyd-'''....''octoxide (O₈)'' |- | '''yu'''....''non(a)-'' || '''yun''' || '''yunolkiyd-'''....''nonoxide (O₉)'' |- | '''alo'''....''dec(a)-'' || '''alon''' || '''alonolkayt-'''....''decoxidate (O₁₀)'' |} : Examples: ::* ''carbon <u>di</u>oxide (C₂O)''....'''calk <u>en</u>olkiyd''' ::* ''sodium <u>bi</u>carbonate (Na2C)''....'''nialk <u>en</u>calkayt''' ::* ''calcium <u>di</u>hydrogen phosphate''....'''caalk <u>en</u>helk polkayt''' ::* ''glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)''....'''<u>yaon</u>ca<u>alan</u>he<u>yaon</u>olk''' (or: '''sakolos''') ::* ''methanol (C₃HOH)''....'''ca<u>in</u>heohelk''' : Note: the '''-lk''' is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings '''-iyd''', '''-iyt''', and '''-ayt''', etc. ==== Names of Atomic Parts ==== : The word for ''atom'' in Mirad is '''gwomulk''', which literally is ''least particle''. : The main particles in an atom are: ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' (positive) ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' (neutral) ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' (negative) : Every atom contains '''mulki''' (''subatomic particles''). [[File:Standard Model of Elementary Particles.svg|thumb|392x392px|The [[Standard Model]] classification of particles]] : The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart to the right, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See [[wikipedia:Subatomic_particle]] ). ::* '''hamulk'''....''hadron'' :::* '''mi-hamulk'''....''meson'' ::::* '''pimi-hamulk'''....''pion'' ::::* '''kami-hamulk'''....''kaon'' :::* '''ba-hamulk'''....''baryon'' ::::* '''lambda-ba-hamulk'''....''lambda baryon'' ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' ::* '''zemulk'''....''nucleon'' ::* '''alfamulk'''....''alpha particle'' ::* '''fermimulk'''....''fermion'' ::* '''goryumulk'''....''nanoparticle'' ::* '''kyiazon mulk'''....''graviton'' ::* '''bamulk'''....''boson particle'' :::* '''agha-bamulk'''....''higgs particle'' :::* '''agwu-bamulk'''....''W boson'' :::* '''agzu-bamulk'''....''Z boson'' :::* '''gamma-bamulk'''....''photon'' :::* '''ge-bamulk'''....''gluon'' ::* '''qomulk'''....''quark'' :::* '''ba-qomulk'''....''bottom quark'' :::* '''ca-qomulk'''....''charm quark'' :::* '''da-qomulk'''....''down quark'' :::* '''ov-qomulk'''....''antiparticle, antiquark'' :::* '''penta-qomulk'''....''penta quark'' :::* '''tetra-qomulk'''....''tetra quark'' :::* '''to-qomulk'''....''top quark'' :::* '''u-qomulk'''....''up quark'' :::* '''so-qomulk'''....''strange quark'' ::* '''limulk'''....''lepton'' :::* '''gamma-limulk'''....''photon'' (also: '''manmulk''') :::* '''mu-limulk'''....''muon'' :::* '''pi-limulk'''....''pion'' :::* '''tau-limulk'''....''tau'' :::* '''vu-e-limulk'''....''electron neutrino'' :::* '''vu-mu-limulk'''....''muon neutrino'' :::* '''vu-tau-limulk'''....''tau neutrino'' :::* '''e-limulk'''....''electron'' (also: '''vomulk''') : The nucleus of an atom is called '''zemulk'''. Therefore, '''zemulka''' means ''nuclear''. === Musical Nomenclature === ==== Musical Instruments ==== : The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument ('''duzar''' < '''duz''' (''music'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument''). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played. [[File:Madras musical instruments and snake charmer's music.jpg|thumb|<small>Madras_musical_instruments_and_snake_charmer's_music</small>]] {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Instruments |- ! Mirad !! English |- ! colspan=2 | Bowed-String |- | '''aduzar''' || ''violin'' |- | '''eduzar''' || ''violin alto'' |- | '''iduzar''' || ''cello'', ''violoncello'' |- | '''uduzar'''<br>'''eona uduzar''' || ''bass''<br>''double bass'' |- | '''yoduzar''' || ''viola'' |- | '''yaduzar''' || ''fiddle'' |- | '''yeduzar''' || ''viol'' |- |- '''yiduzar''' || ''erhu'' |- | '''yuduzar''' || ''hardanger fiddle'' |- | '''aloduzar''' || ''kemenche'' |- | '''aladuzar''' || ''nyckelharpa'' |- | '''aleduzar''' || ''rebab'' |- ! colspan=2 | Woodwind |- | '''faduzar''' || ''flute'' |- | '''feduzar''' || ''oboe'' |- | '''fiduzar''' || ''clarinet'' |- | '''fuduzar''' || ''bassoon'' |- | '''fyoduzar''' || ''French harp, harmonica'' |- | '''fyaduzar''' || ''recorder'' |- | '''fyeduzar''' || ''bagpipe'' |- | '''fyiduzar''' || ''didgeridoo'' |- | '''fyuduzar''' || ''piccolo'' |- | '''faloduzar''' || ''fife, hornpipe'' |- | '''faladuzar''' || ''ocarina, ocarine'' |- | '''faleduzar''' || ''sheng'' |- | '''faliduzar''' || ''duduk'' |- | '''faluduzar''' || ''bansuri'' |- | '''falyoduzar''' || ''suling'' |- ! colspan=2 | Brass &#x1f3b7; |- | '''voduzar''' || ''horn'' |- | '''vaduzar''' || ''trumpet'' |- | '''veduzar''' || ''trombone'' |- | '''vuduzar'''<br>-- '''avuduzar'''<br>-- '''evuduzar'''<br>--'''ivuduzar'''|| ''saxophone''<br>-- ''tenor saxophone''<br>-- ''alto saxophone''<br>-- ''bass saxophone'' |- | '''vyoduzar''' || ''tuba'' |- | '''vyaduzar''' || ''bugle'' |- | '''vyeduzar''' || ''French horn'' |- | '''vyiduzar''' || ''cornet'' |- | '''vyuduzar''' || ''baritone horn'' |- | '''valoduzar''' || ''alto horn'' |- | '''valaduzar''' || ''euphonium'' |- | '''valeduzar''' || ''flugelhorn'' |- | '''validuzar''' || ''sousaphone'' |- | '''valuduzar''' || ''clarion'' |- | '''valyoduzar''' || ''mellophone'' |- | '''valyaduzar''' || ''climbasso'' |- | '''valyeduzar''' || ''ophicleide'' |- ! colspan=2 | Percussion |- | '''kaduzar'''<br>-- '''akaduzar'''<br>-- '''ekaduzar'''<br>-- '''ikaduzar'''<br>-- '''ukaduzar'''<br>-- '''yokaduzar'''<br>-- '''yakaduzar'''<br>-- '''yekaduzar'''<br>-- '''yikaduzar'''<br>-- '''yukaduzar'''<br>-- '''alokaduzar'''<br>-- '''alakaduzar'''<br>-- '''alekaduzar'''<br>-- '''alikaduzar'''<br>-- '''alukaduzar''' || ''drum''<br>-- ''snare drum''<br>-- ''bass drum''<br>-- ''tenor drum''<br>-- ''steel drum''<br>-- ''bongo drum''<br>-- ''timbrel''<br>-- ''kettledrum''<br>-- ''hang drum''<br>-- ''tupan''<br>-- ''taiko''<br>-- ''spring drum''<br>-- ''octoban''<br>-- ''candombe drum''<br>-- ''steel tongue drum'' |- | '''keduzar''' || ''glockenspiel'' |- | '''kiduzar''' || ''vibraphone'' |- | '''kuduzar''' || ''marimba'' |- | '''kyoduzar''' || ''tubular bell'' |- | '''gaduzar''' || ''triangle'' |- | '''geduzar''' || ''gong'' |- | '''giduzar''' || ''castanet'' |- | '''guduzar''' || ''rattle'' |- | '''gyoduzar''' || ''xylophone'' |- | '''gyaduzar''' || ''maraca'' |- | '''gyeduzar''' || ''caj&oacute;n'' |- | '''gyiduzar''' || ''cymbal'' |- | '''gyuduzar''' || ''tambourine'' |- | '''galoduzar''' || ''steelpan'' |- | '''galaduzar''' || ''wind chime'' |- | '''galeduzar''' || ''chime bar'' |- | '''galiduzar''' || ''celeste'' |- | '''galuduzar''' || ''clapper'' |- | '''galyoduzar''' || ''Jew's harp'' |- | '''galyaduzar''' || ''bazooka'' |- | '''galyeduzar''' || ''waterphone'' |- | '''galyiduzar''' || ''balafon'' |- | '''galyuduzar''' || ''boomwhackers'' |- | '''geloduzar''' || ''udu'' |- | '''geladuzar''' || ''thunder sheet'' |- ! colspan=2 | Keyboard &#x1f3b9; |- | '''raduzar'''<br>-- '''utekea raduzar'''<br>-- '''agala raduzar'''<br>-- '''sem raduzar''' || ''piano''<br>-- ''player piano''<br>-- ''grand piano''<br>-- ''keyboard'' |- | '''reduzar''' || ''clavichord'' |- | '''riduzar''' || ''harpsichord'' |- | '''ruduzar'''<br>-- '''mufyeg ruduzar'''<br>-- '''maka ruduzar''' || ''organ''<br>-- ''pipe organ''<br>-- ''electric organ'' |- | '''ryoduzar''' || ''accordion'' |- | '''ryaduzar''' || ''dulcimer'' |- | '''ryeduzar''' || ''calliope'' |- | '''ryiduzar''' || ''melodica'' |- | '''ryuduzar''' || ''concertina'' |- ! colspan=2 | Guitar &#x1f3b8; |- | '''baduzar'''<br>-- '''seuxa baduzar'''<br>-- '''maka baduzar'''<br>-- '''yoba baduzar''' || ''guitar''<br>-- ''accoustic guitar''<br>-- ''electric guitar''<br>-- ''bass guitar'' |- | '''beduzar''' || ''banjo'' |- | '''biduzar''' || ''lute'' |- | '''buduzar''' || ''harp'' |- | '''byoduzar''' || ''mandolin'' |- | '''byaduzar''' || ''ukelele'' |- | '''byeduzar''' || ''zither'' |- | '''byiduzar''' || ''lyre'' |- | '''byuduzar''' || ''cithara, kithara'' |- | '''baloduzar''' || ''sitar'' |- | '''baladuzar''' || ''veena'' |- | '''baleduzar''' || ''koto'' |- | '''baliduzar''' || ''balalaika'' |- | '''baluduzar''' || ''charango'' |- | '''balyoduzar''' || ''hurdy-gurdy'' |} ==== Voice Ranges ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Voice Ranges (Deuz nabyani) |- ! Mirad !! English !! Meaning |- ! colspan=3 | Women |- | '''yabdeuztoyb''' || ''soprano'' || "high-voice-female" |- | '''zeyabdeuztoyb''' || ''mezzo-soprano'' || "high-ish-voice-female" |- | '''yobdeuztoyb''' || ''alto, contralto'' || "low-voice-female" |- ! colspan=3 | Men |- | '''yabdeuztwob''' || ''tenor'' || "high-voice-male" |- | '''ze-yabdeuztwob''' || ''baritone'' || "middle-high-voice-male" |- | '''yobdeuztwob''' || ''bass''||"low-voice-male" |- | '''vyo-yabdeuztwob''' || ''falsetto'' || "false-high-voice-male" |- ! colspan=3 | Boys |- | '''yabdeuztwobet''' || ''treble'' || "high-voice-boy" |} : Suffix these nouns with '''-a''' to make them adjectives, eg.: ::* '''His se <u>yabdeuztwoba</u> duznod.'''....''This is a <u>tenor</u> note.'' ==== Solmization Syllables ==== : The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Solmization Syllables |- | '''do''' || '''re''' || '''mi''' || '''fa''' || '''sol''' || '''la''' || '''ti''' || '''do''' |} ==== Musical Score Elements ==== [[File:Gigault-dernier-kyrie-mm9-12.png|thumb]] : The semitone or accidental symbols are: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Accidentals |- ! ENGLISH NAME !! SYMBOL !! MIRAD NAME !! ENGLISH EXAMPLE !! MIRAD EXAMPLE || MIRAD PRONUNCIATION |- | ''flat'' || <big>&#x1D12C;</big>|| '''yobwa''' (=''lowered'')|| ''B flat'' || '''B yobwa''' || '''ba YOBwa''' |- | ''sharp'' || <big>&#x1D130;</big> || '''yabwa''' (=''raised'')|| ''C sharp'' || '''C yabwa''' || '''ca YABwa''' |- | ''natural'' || <big>&#x1D12E;</big> || '''egxwa''' (=''normalized'')|| ''F natural'' || '''F egxwa''' || '''fe EGxwa''' |} : Some staff notation: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Staff Notation |- ! English Name !! Symbol !! Mirad Name |- | ''staff'' || <big>&#x1D119;</big> || '''nuidyan''' |- | ''treble clef, G clef'' || <big>&#x1D11E;</big> || '''G yijar''' |- | ''C clef'' || <big>&#x1D121;</big> || '''C yijar''' |- | ''base clef, F clef'' || <big>&#x1D122;</big> || '''F yijar''' |- | ''note'' || || '''nod''' |- | ''half note'' || <big>&#x1D15E;</big> || '''eyna nod''' |- | ''quarter note'' || <big>&#x1D15F;</big> || '''uyna nod''' |- | ''whole note'' || <big>&#x1D15D;</big> || '''ayna nod''' |- | ''quarter rest'' || <big>&#x1D13D; </big> || '''uyna poys''' |- | ''eighth note'' || <big>&#x1D160; </big> || '''yiyna nod''' |- | ''bar, measure'' || <big>&#x1D100;</big> || '''nodzyan''' |- | ''ligature'' || || '''yanxus''' |} ==== Characteristic Features of Music ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Characteristic Features of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''deup'''||'' beat'' |- |'''seupan'''||'' cadence'' |- |'''jes'''||'' duration'' |- |'''zoyteuz'''||'' echo'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||'' harmony'' |- |'''duzneg'''||''pitch'' |- |'''ijduzneg'''||'' key'' |- |'''druz'''||'' lyric'' |- |'''agala duzmus'''||'' major scale'' |- |'''duznag'''||'' measure'' |- |'''duznad'''||'' melody'' |- |'''duzjob''' ||''tempo'' |- |'''nak'''||'' meter'' |- |'''ogala duzmus'''||'' minor scale'' |- |'''duz'''||'' music'' |- |'''yinig'''||'' octave'' |- |'''byes'''||'' pulse'' |- |'''zoyseuzen'''||'' resonance'' |- |'''deupyan'''||'' rhythm'' |- |'''duzmus'''||'' scale'' |- |'''duzdreyn'''||'' score'' |- |'''seux'''||'' sound'' |- |'''duzigan'''||'' tempo'' |- |'''seuzvolz'''||'' timbre'' |- |'''seuz'''||'' tone'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||''chord, harmonic'' |- |'''aybseuz'''||''overtone'' |- |'''deuzunog'''||'' tune'' |- |'''deuz'''||'' voice'' |- |'''seuxnid'''||'' volume'' |} ==== Dynamics ==== : Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left ''as is'' in Mirad. : These include: <div style="background:lightyellow; font-style:italics"> : <i>a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo</i>, and others. </div> ==== Types of Arrangements ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Arrangements ! English !! Mirad |- |''a capella song''||'''a kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzari''' |- |''anthem''||'''fizdeuzun, tezdeuzun''' |- |''antiphon''||'''duiddeuzun''' |- |''aria''||'''arya, awat deuzun''' |- |''arrangement''||'''napbeyn''' |- |''art song''||'''tuz deuz''' |- |''ballad''||'''daz deuz, ifonkex deuzun''' |- |''battle hymn''||'''dropek deuzun''' |- |''bird song''||'''pat deuzun''' |- |''broadway song''||'''Broadway deuzun''' |- |''campfire song''||'''tamoftem deuzun''' |- |''cantata''||'''kantata''' |- |''canticle''||'''efyadeuzun''' |- |''carol''||'''ivdeuzun''' |- |''chant''||'''yagdeuzun''' |- |''choral arrangement''||'''deuzutyan napxeyn''' |- |''Christmas carol''||'''Kristtaj ivdeuzun''' |- |''classical song''||'''visauna deuzun''' |- |''composition''||'''duzdrun''' |- |''concerto''||'''koncerto''' |- |''country song''||'''odom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzun''' |- |''dance song''||'''daz deuzun''' |- |''dirge''||'''uvdeuzun''' |- |''ditty''||'''deuzog''' |- |''doggerel verse''||'''dizdeuzun''' |- |''drinking song''||'''tilien deuzun''' |- |''duet''||'''ewat (deuzun)''' |- |''folksong''||'''tyoyd deuzun''' |- |''glee''||'''Gebama deuzun''' |- |''gospel song''||'''fyadin deuzun''' |- |''hip hop song''||'''hip hop deuzun''' |- |''hit song''||'''agakus deuzun''' |- |''hymn''||'''fyadeuzun ''' |- |''instrumental''||'''duzarun''' |- |''jingle''||'''nundeuzunog''' |- |''karaoke song''||'''karaoke deuzun''' |- |''love song''||'''ifon deuzun''' |- |''lullaby''||'''tudet deuzun''' |- |''lute song''||'''riduzar deuzun''' |- |''madrigal''||'''duzuka deuzun''' |- |''marching song''||'''doptyopen deuzun''' |- |''medley''||'''ebmulxwa deuzyan''' |- |''metal song''||'''mug deuzun''' |- |''musical number''||'''duzun''' |- |''old standard''||'''ajdeuzun''' |- |''opera''||'''dyuz, dyuzun''' |- |''oratorio''||'''oratoryo''' |- |''paean''||'''akrun deuzun''' |- |''partsong''||'''gon deuzun''' |- |''patter song''||'''deuzig''' |- |''pop song''||'''tyoda deuzun''' |- |''psalm''||'''afyadeuzun''' |- |''rock song''||'''rok deuzun''' |- |''round''||'''zoydea deuzun''' |- |''sea shanty''||'''mim deuz''' |- |''show tune''||'''duez deuzun''' |- |''signature song''||'''ujak deuzun''' |- |''slow jam''||'''bluz deuzun''' |- |''soliloquy''||'''awat, awat deuzun''' |- |''solo''||'''awat (duzun), awat (deuzun)''' |- |''song''||'''deuzun''' |- |''spiritual, negro spiritual''||'''topa deuzun''' |- |''sporting song''||'''tapifek deuzun''' |- |''symphony''||'''viduzunyag''' |- |''theme song''||'''texzena deuz''' |- |''torch song''||'''ifonok uvdeuzun''' |- |''vaudeville song''||'''Vaudeville deuzun''' |- |''Wienerlied''||'''Viena deuzun''' |} ==== Musicians ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musicians ! English !! Mirad |- |''musician''||'''duzut, duztoyb, duzuyt, duztwob''' |- |''instrumentalist''||'''duzarut''' |- |''violinist''||'''aduzarut''' |- |''conductor''||'''duzdeb''', '''duzutyaneb''' |- |''soloist''||'''anduzut''' |- |''singer, vocalist''||'''deuzut''' |- |''danseur''||'''dyaztwob''' |- |''ballerina''||'''dyazuyt, dyaztoyb''' |- |''dancer''||'''dazut, dazuyt''' |- |''opera singer''||'''dyuzut, dyuzuyt''' |- |''operatist, librettist''||'''dyuzdrut''' |- |''composer''||'''duzdrut''' |- |''lyricist, songwriter''||'''deuzdrut''' |- |''dance conductor''||'''dazeb''' |- |''(symphony) orchestra''||'''duzarutyan''' |- |''philharmonic orchestra''||'''duzarutyanag''' |- |''chorus, chorale'' ||'''deuzutyan''' |- |''dance troupe''||'''dazutyan''' |} ==== Song Parts ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Song Parts ! Mirad !! English |- |'''ujgon'''||''coda'' |- |'''ijgon'''||''intro'' |- |'''ebek'''||''interlude'' |- |'''ijek'''||''finale'' |- |'''gawijun'''||''reprise'' |- |'''gawdeuzun'''||''refrain'' |- |'''agalduznad'''||''theme'' |- |'''nadyan'''||''verse'' |- |'''zeymep'''||''bridge'' |- |'''gawdwas'''||''chorus'' |- |'''ujnadyan'''||''outro'' |} ==== Music Genres ==== : Some genres and styles of music: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Genres of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''a kapella, boy duzari'''||''a capella'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''ambiant'' |- |'''Usoma tyoyduz'''||''American folk'' |- |'''Usoma egona duz'''||''American standard'' |- |'''yizejna'''||''avant garde'' |- |'''Baroka'''||''Baroque'' |- |'''yolza vab'''||''bluegrass'' |- |'''bluz'''||''blues'' |- |'''Bolliwud'''||''Bollywood'' |- |'''bossa nova'''||''bossa nova'' |- |'''kalipso'''||''calypso'' |- |'''Kelta yagdeuz'''||''Celtic chant'' |- |'''Canima tyoyduz'''||''Chinese folk'' |- |'''Canima ajutbyena dyuz'''||''Chinese traditional opera'' |- |'''jejoba deupyan ay bluz'''||''contemporary R&B'' |- |'''maima bluz'''||''country blues'' |- |'''maima duz'''||''country music'' |- |'''maima pop'''||''country pop'' |- |'''maima rap'''||''country rap'' |- |'''maima rok'''||''country rock'' |- |'''dazam pop'''||''dancehall pop'' |- |'''disko'''||''disco'' |- |'''du-wop'''||''doo-wop'' |- |'''maka dauz'''||''electronic dance music (EDM)'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''elevator music'' |- |'''Euma disko'''||''Euro-disco'' |- |'''jwayeka'''||''experimental'' |- |'''flamenko'''||''flamenco'' |- |'''funk'''||''funk'' |- |'''Gregoria yagdeuz'''||''Gregorian chant'' |- |'''hip-hop'''||''hip-hop'' |- |'''honki-tonk'''||''honky-tonk'' |- |'''hyusuna rok'''||''Indie rock'' |- |'''jaz'''||''jazz'' |- |'''makjaz'''||''jazztronica'' |- |'''juju'''||''juju'' |- |'''fyaxela duz'''||''liturgical music'' |- |'''majika'''||''majika'' |- |'''mamo'''||''mambo'' |- |'''merengwe'''||''merengue'' |- |'''mesitzo'''||''mesitzo'' |- |'''mug'''||''metal'' |- |'''Mixuma duz'''||''Mexican'' |- |'''seuz bi Naxvil'''||''Nashville sound'' |- |'''Ejna Orleans bluz'''||''New Orleans blues'' |- |'''dyuz'''||''opera'' |- |'''rancera'''||''ranchera'' |- |'''rap'''||''rap'' |- |'''rege'''||''reggae'' |- |'''deupyan ay blus, ro-ay-ba'''||''rhythm & blues'' |- |'''rok-ay-rol'''||''rock & roll'' |- |'''salsa'''||''salsa'' |- |'''samba'''||''samba'' |- |'''ska'''||''ska'' |- |'''galoduzaruta duz'''||''steel band music'' |- |'''swing'''||''swing'' |- |'''Tehano'''||''Tejano'' |- |'''eyntuj duz'''||''trance music'' |- |'''Zumera visauna'''||''Western classical'' |- |'''Zumeryena'''||''Western'' |- |'''zideko'''||''zydeco'' |} === Geographic Placenames === : As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants. ==== Countries of the World ==== [[File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Johnson's new chart of national emblems, 1868.jpg|thumb|]] Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter '''m''' is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.: : Example 1: : ''Burundi'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI. ::* ''BDI'' is lowercased to ''bdi'' ::* '''b''' is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell '''ba'''. ::* Since ''d'' is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: '''d'''. ::* The vowel ''i'' is left as is: '''i''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''badim''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Badim''' ::* BDI (Burundi) = '''Badim'''. : Example 2: : ''Uzbekistan'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB. ::* ''UZB'' is lowercased to ''uzb'' ::* '''u''' is left as is: '''u'''. ::* '''z''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''zu''' ::* '''b''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''ba''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''uzubam''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Uzubam''' ::* UZB (Uzbekistan) = '''Uzubam'''. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Country Names (click on arrows to sort a column) ! ISO !! English !! Mirad |- | ABW || ''Aruba''||'''Abawum''' |- | AFG || ''Afghanistan''||'''Afegem''' |- | AGO || ''Angola''||'''Agom''' |- | AIA || ''Anguilla''||'''Aiam''' |- | ALA || ''[[w:Åland|Åland Islands]]''||'''Alam''' |- | ALB || ''Albania''||'''Alibam''' |- | AND || ''Andorra''||'''Anidam''' |- | ANT || ''Netherlands Antilles''||'''Anitom''' |- | ARE || ''United Arab Emirates''||'''Arem''' |- | ARG || ''Argentina''||'''Arogem''' |- | ARM || ''Armenia''||'''Aromim''' |- | ASM || ''American Samoa''||'''Asomim''' |- | ATA || ''Antarctica''||'''Atam''' |- | ATF || ''French Southern Territories''||'''Atofem''' |- | ATG || ''Antigua and Barbuda''||'''Atogem''' |- | AUS || ''Australia''||'''Ausom''' |- | AUT || ''Austria''||'''Autom''' |- | AZE || ''Azerbaijan''||'''Azem''' |- | BDI || ''Burundi''||'''Badim''' |- | BEL || ''Belgium''||'''Belim''' |- | BEN || ''Benin''||'''Benim''' |- | BFA || ''Burkina Faso''||'''Bafam''' |- | BGD || ''Bangladesh''||'''Bagedam''' |- | BGR || ''Bulgaria''||'''Bagerom''' |- | BHR || ''Bahrain''||'''Baherom''' |- | BHS || ''[[w|The Bahamas|Bahamas]]''||'''Bahesom''' |- | BIH || ''Bosnia and Herzegovina''||'''Bihem''' |- | BLM || ''Saint Barthélemy''||'''Balimim''' |- | BLR || ''Belarus''||'''Balirom''' |- | BLZ || ''Belize''||'''Balizum''' |- | BMU || ''Bermuda''||'''Bamum''' |- | BOL || ''Bolivia''||'''Bolim''' |- | BRA || ''Brazil''||'''Baram''' |- | BRB || ''Barbados''||'''Barobam''' |- | BRN || ''[[w:Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]]''||'''Baronim''' |- | BTN || ''Bhutan''||'''Batonim''' |- | BVT || ''Bouvet Island''||'''Bavutom''' |- | BWA || ''Botswana''||'''Bawam''' |- | CAF || ''Central African Republic''||'''Cafem''' |- | CAN || ''Canada''||'''Canim''' |- | CCK || ''Cocos Islands''||'''Cacakim''' |- | CHE || ''Switzerland''||'''Cahem''' |- | CHL || ''Chile''||'''Cahelim''' |- | CHN || ''[[w:People's Republic of China|China]]''||'''Cahenim''' |- | CIV || ''Côte d'Ivoire''||'''Civum''' |- | CMR || ''Cameroon''||'''Camirom''' |- | COD || ''Democratic Republic of the Congo''||'''Codam''' |- | COG || ''Republic of the Congo''||'''Cogem''' |- | COK || ''Cook Islands''||'''Cokim''' |- | COL || ''Colombia''||'''Colim''' |- | COM || ''Comoros''||'''Comim''' |- | CPV || ''Cape Verde''||'''Capovum''' |- | CRI || ''Costa Rica''||'''Carim''' |- | CUB || ''Cuba''||'''Cubam''' |- | CXR || ''Christmas Island''||'''Caxurom''' |- | CYM || ''Cayman Islands''||'''Cayumim''' |- | CYP || ''Cyprus''||'''Cayupom''' |- | CZE || ''Czechia''||'''Cazem''' |- | DEU || ''Germany''||'''Deum''' |- | DJI || ''Djibouti''||'''Dajim''' |- | DMA || ''Dominica''||'''Damam''' |- | DNK || ''Denmark''||'''Danikim''' |- | DOM || ''Dominican Republic''||'''Domim''' |- | DZA || ''Algeria''||'''Dazam''' |- | ECU || ''Ecuador''||'''Ecum''' |- | EGY || ''Egypt''||'''Egeyum''' |- | ERI || ''Eritrea''||'''Erim''' |- | ESH || ''Western Sahara''||'''Esohem''' |- | ESP || ''Spain''||'''Esopom''' |- | EST || ''Estonia''||'''Esotom''' |- | ETH || ''Ethiopia''||'''Etohem''' |- | FIN || ''Finland''||'''Finim''' |- | FJI || ''Fiji''||'''Fejim''' |- | FLK || ''Falkland Islands (Malvinas)''||'''Felikim''' |- | FRA || ''France''||'''Feram''' |- | FRO || ''Faroe Islands''||'''Ferom''' |- | FSM || ''Federated States of Micronesia''||'''Fesomim''' |- | GAB || ''Gabon''||'''Gabam''' |- | GBR || ''United Kingdom''||'''Gebarom''' |- | GEO || ''Georgia''||'''Geom''' |- | GGY || ''Guernsey''||'''Gegeyum''' |- | GHA || ''Ghana''||'''Geham''' |- | GIB || ''Gibraltar''||'''Gibam''' |- | GLP || ''Guadeloupe''||'''Gelipom''' |- | GMB || ''Gambia''||'''Gemibam''' |- | GNB || ''Guinea-Bissau''||'''Genibam''' |- | GNQ || ''Equatorial Guinea''||'''Geniqom''' |- | GRC || ''Greece''||'''Gerocam''' |- | GRD || ''Grenada''||'''Gerodam''' |- | GRL || ''Greenland''||'''Gedolim''' |- | GTM || ''Guatemala''||'''Getomim''' |- | GUF || ''French Guiana''||'''Gufem''' |- | GUM || ''Guam''||'''Gumim''' |- | GUY || ''Guyana''||'''Guyum''' |- | HKG || ''Hong Kong''||'''Hekigem''' |- | HMD || ''Heard Island and McDonald Islands''||'''Hemidam''' |- | HND || ''Honduras''||'''Henidam''' |- | HRV || ''Croatia''||'''Herovum''' |- | HTI || ''Haiti''||'''Hetim''' |- | HUN || ''Hungary''||'''Hunim''' |- | IDN || ''Indonesia''||'''Idanim''' |- | IMN || ''Isle of Man''||'''Iminim''' |- | IND || ''India''||'''Inidam''' |- | IOT || ''British Indian Ocean Territory''||'''Iotom''' |- | IRL || ''Republic of Ireland''||'''Irolim''' |- | IRN || ''Iran''||'''Ironim''' |- | IRQ || ''Iraq''||'''Iroqom''' |- | ISL || ''Iceland''||'''Isolim''' |- | ISR || ''Israel''||'''Isorom''' |- | ITA || ''Italy''||'''Itam''' |- | JAM || ''Jamaica''||'''Jamim''' |- | JEY || ''Jersey''||'''Jeyum''' |- | JOR || ''Jordan''||'''Jorom''' |- | JPN || ''Japan''||'''Jiponim''' |- | KAZ || ''Kazakhstan''||'''Kazum''' |- | KEN || ''Kenya''||'''Kenim''' |- | KGZ || ''Kyrgyzstan''||'''Kigezum''' |- | KHM || ''Cambodia''||'''Kihemim''' |- | KIR || ''Kiribati''||'''Kirom''' |- | KNA || ''Saint Kitts and Nevis''||'''Kinam''' |- | KOR || ''[[w:South Korea|Korea, Republic of]]''||'''Korom''' |- | KWT || ''Kuwait''||'''Kiwutom''' |- | LAO || ''Laos''||'''Laom''' |- | LBN || ''Lebanon''||'''Libanim''' |- | LBR || ''Liberia''||'''Libarom''' |- | LBY || ''Libya''||'''Libayum''' |- | LCA || ''Saint Lucia''||'''Licam''' |- | LIE || ''Liechtenstein''||'''Liem''' |- | LKA || ''Sri Lanka''||'''Likam''' |- | LSO || ''Lesotho''||'''Lisom''' |- | LTU || ''Lithuania''||'''Litum''' |- | LUX || ''Luxembourg''||'''Luxum''' |- | LVA || ''Latvia''||'''Livam''' |- | MAC || ''[[W:Macau|Macao]]''||'''Macam''' |- | MAF || ''Saint Martin''||'''Mafem''' |- | MAR || ''Morocco''||'''Marom''' |- | MCO || ''Monaco''||'''Micom''' |- | MDA || ''Moldova''||'''Midam''' |- | MDG || ''Madagascar''||'''Midagem''' |- | MDV || ''Maldives''||'''Midavum''' |- | MEX || ''Mexico''||'''Mexum''' |- | MHL || ''Marshall Islands''||'''Mihelim''' |- | MKD || ''Republic of Macedonia''||'''Mikidam''' |- | MLI || ''Mali''||'''Milim''' |- | MLT || ''Malta''||'''Militom''' |- | MMR || ''Myanmar''||'''Mimirom''' |- | MNE || ''Montenegro''||'''Minem''' |- | MNG || ''Mongolia''||'''Minigem''' |- | MNP || ''Northern Mariana Islands''||'''Minipom''' |- | MOZ || ''Mozambique''||'''Mozum''' |- | MRT || ''Mauritania''||'''Mirotom''' |- | MSR || ''Montserrat''||'''Misorom''' |- | MTQ || ''Martinique''||'''Mitoqom''' |- | MUS || ''Mauritius''||'''Musom''' |- | MWI || ''Malawi''||'''Miwim''' |- | MYS || ''Malaysia''||'''Miyusom''' |- | MYT || ''Mayotte''||'''Miyutom''' |- | NAM || ''Namibia''||'''Namim''' |- | NCL || ''New Caledonia''||'''Nicalim''' |- | NER || ''Niger''||'''Nerom''' |- | NFK || ''Norfolk Island''||'''Nifekim''' |- | NGA || ''Nigeria''||'''Nigam''' |- | NIC || ''Nicaragua''||'''Nicam''' |- | NOR || ''Norway''||'''Norom''' |- | NIU || ''Niue''||'''Nium''' |- | NLD || ''Netherlands''||'''Nilidam''' |- | NPL || ''Nepal''||'''Nipolim''' |- | NRU || ''Nauru''||'''Nirum''' |- | NZL || ''New Zealand''||'''Nizulim''' |- | OMN || ''Oman''||'''Ominim''' |- | PAK || ''Pakistan''||'''Pakim''' |- | PAN || ''Panama''||'''Panim''' |- | PCN || ''Pitcairn Islands''||'''Pocanim''' |- | PER || ''Peru''||'''Perom''' |- | PHL || ''Philippines''||'''Pohelim''' |- | PLW || ''Palau''||'''Poliwum''' |- | PNG || ''Papua New Guinea''||'''Ponigem''' |- | POL || ''Poland''||'''Polim''' |- | PRI || ''Puerto Rico''||'''Porim''' |- | PRK || ''North Korea''||'''Porikim''' |- | PRT || ''Portugal''||'''Porotom''' |- | PRY || ''Paraguay''||'''Poroyum''' |- | PSE || ''Palestinian territories''||'''Posem''' |- | PYF || ''French Polynesia''||'''Poyufem''' |- | QAT || ''Qatar''||'''Qatom''' |- | REU || ''Réunion''||'''Reum''' |- | ROU || ''Romania''||'''Roum''' |- | RUS || ''Russia''||'''Rusom''' |- | RWA || ''Rwanda''||'''Rowam''' |- | SAU || ''Saudi Arabia''||'''Saum''' |- | SDN || ''Sudan''||'''Sodanim''' |- | SEN || ''Senegal''||'''Senim''' |- | SGP || ''Singapore''||'''Sogepom''' |- | SGS || ''South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands''||'''Sogesom''' |- | SHN || ''Saint Helena''||'''Sohenim''' |- | SJM || ''Svalbard and Jan Mayen''||'''Sojimim''' |- | SLB || ''Solomon Islands''||'''Solibam''' |- | SLE || ''Sierra Leone''||'''Solem''' |- | SLV || ''El Salvador''||'''Solivum''' |- | SMR || ''San Marino''||'''Somirom''' |- | SOM || ''Somalia''||'''Somim''' |- | SPM || ''Saint Pierre and Miquelon''||'''Sopomim''' |- | SRB || ''Serbia''||'''Sorobam''' |- | STP || ''São Tomé and Príncipe''||'''Sotopom''' |- | SUR || ''Suriname''||'''Surom''' |- | SVK || ''Slovakia''||'''Sovukim''' |- | SVN || ''Slovenia''||'''Sovunim''' |- | SWE || ''Sweden''||'''Sowem''' |- | SWZ || ''Swaziland''||'''Sowuzum''' |- | SYC || ''Seychelles''||'''Soyucam''' |- | SYR || ''Syria''||'''Soyurom''' |- | TCA || ''Turks and Caicos Islands''||'''Tocam''' |- | TCD || ''Chad''||'''Tocadam''' |- | TGO || ''Togo''||'''Togom''' |- | THA || ''Thailand''||'''Toham''' |- | TJK || ''Tajikistan''||'''Tojikim''' |- | TKL || ''Tokelau''||'''Tokilim''' |- | TKM || ''Turkmenistan''||'''Tokimim''' |- | TLS || ''East Timor''||'''Tolisom''' |- | TON || ''Tonga''||'''Tonim''' |- | TTO || ''Trinidad and Tobago''||'''Totom''' |- | TUN || ''Tunisia''||'''Tunim''' |- | TUR || ''Turkey''||'''Turim''' |- | TUV || ''Tuvalu''||'''Tuvum''' |- | TWN || ''Taiwan''||'''Towunim''' |- | TZA || ''Tanzania''||'''Tozam''' |- | UGA || ''Uganda''||'''Ugam''' |- | UKR || ''Ukraine''||'''Ukirom''' |- | UMI || ''United States Minor Outlying Islands''||'''Umim''' |- | URY || ''Uruguay''||'''Uroyum''' |- | USA || ''United States''||'''Usam''' |- | UZB || ''Uzbekistan''||'''Uzubam''' |- | VAT || ''Vatican City''||'''Vatom''' |- | VCT || ''Saint Vincent and the Grenadines''||'''Vucatom''' |- | VEN || ''Venezuela''||'''Venim''' |- | VGB || ''British Virgin Islands''||'''Vugebam''' |- | VIR || ''United States Virgin Islands''||'''Virom''' |- | VNM || ''Vietnam''||'''Vunimim''' |- | VUT || ''Vanuatu''||'''Vutom''' |- | WLF || ''Wallis and Futuna''||'''Wulifem''' |- | WSM || ''Samoa''||'''Wusomim''' |- | YEM || ''Yemen''||'''Yemim''' |- | ZAF || ''South Africa''||'''Zafem''' |- | ZMB || ''Zambia''||'''Zumibam''' |- | ZWE || ''Zimbabwe''||'''Zuwem''' |} : The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker '''a''', eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''France'' ==> '''Ferama'''....''French'' ::* '''Usam'''....''United States'' ==> '''Usama'''....''American'' ::* '''Deum'''....''Germany'' ==> '''Deuma'''....''German'' : The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final '''m''' of the placename to '''t''' (meaning person), eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferat'''....''a French person, a Frenchman'' : The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg: ::* '''Ferat'''....''a French person'' ==> '''ha Ferati'''....''the French'' ::* '''Etohet'''....''an Ethiopian'' ==> '''Etohwat'''....''an Ethiopian male'' ::* '''Finit'''....''a Finn'' ==> '''Finiyt'''....''a Finnish woman'' : Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: '''Ferama''' refers to the country of ''France'', not the language ''French''. ''French'' the language is '''Ferad.''' ==== Continents ==== [[File:Continental models.gif|thumb]] : The word for ''continent'' in Mirad is '''yanmel''' (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word '''yanmel''' with vectorial prefixes. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Continent Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Ayanmal''' || ''North America'' |- | '''Oyanmel''' || ''South America'' |- | '''Iyanmel''' || ''Asia'' |- | '''Uyanmel''' || ''Europe'' |- | '''Eyanmel''' || ''Africa'' |- | '''Yoyanmel''' || ''Oceania'' |} : The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing '''-a''': :* '''Iyanmela'''....''Asian'' :* '''Uyanmela'''....''European'' : By appending '''-t(i)''' to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants: :* '''Eyanmelat'''....''an African'' :* '''Ayanmelati'''....''North Americans'' : Note: <div style="background: lightyellow"> :* The ''Americas'' is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word '''Aoyanmel''' (a combination of North and South America). :* ''Central America'' is expressed in Mirad by '''Zea Aoyanmel''' (''Central America'') :* The word '''Usam''' means ''United States of America'' or ''USA''. The word ''America'' by itself is not used in Mirad; only ''North America'' or ''South America''. :* The word '''Usamati''' is used for ''Americans'' when referring to inhabitants of the U.S. :* The word '''Ayanmelati''' is used to refer to North Americans (U.S. and Canada). :* The word '''Eyanmel-Usamat''', or more briefly, '''Eusamat''' is used for ''African American''. :* ''Latin America'' is expressed as '''Liada Oyanmel'''. :* ''A Latino, Latina, or Latinx'' in the U.S. is called '''Liadwut, Liaduyt, or Liadut'''. :* In some geographic systems, '''Ausom'''....''Australia'' is considered a continent. </div> : The word for ''island'' is '''yonmel''' (= ''separate land''). An islander is '''yonmelat'''. ==== Oceans ==== : The Mirad word for ocean is '''mimag'''. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word '''mimag''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Ocean Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Amimag''' || ''Arctic Ocean'' |- | '''Omimag''' || ''Southern Ocean'' |- | '''Imimag''' || ''Pacific Ocean'' |- | '''Umimag''' || ''Atlantic Ocean'' |- | '''Emimag''' || ''Indian Ocean'' |} ==== Compass Directions and Poles ==== : The compass directions ('''merizoni''') and poles ('''mernodi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamer'''....''north'' / '''zamera'''....''northern'' / '''zamernod'''....''north pole'' ::* '''zomer'''....''south'' / '''zomera'''....''southern'' / '''zomernod'''....''south pole'' ::* '''zimer'''....''east'' / '''zimera'''....''eastern'' ::* '''zumer'''....''west'' / '''zumera'''....''western'' : The words '''Yibzamer'''....''Arctic'' and '''Yibzomer'''...''Antarctic(a)'' both use the prefix '''yib'''....''far''. : Prefixing the directions with '''iz-'''....''due-'' yields: ::* '''iz zamer'''....''due north'' ::* '''iz zomer'''....''due south'', etc. : Directional words can be hybridized, eg: ::* '''zaomera'''....''north-south'' ::* '''zuimera'''....''east-west'' ::* '''zaumera'''....''north-west'' ::* '''zaimera'''....''north-east'' ==== Earth Grid Lines ==== : The earth grid lines ('''mernadi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamernad'''....''Arctic Circle'' ::* '''zomernad'''....''Antarctic Circle'' ::* '''zaomernad'''....''longitude'' ::* '''zuimernad'''....''latitude'' ::* '''zemernad'''....''equator'' :::* '''abzemernad'''....''Tropic of Capricorn'' :::* '''obzemernad'''....''tropic, Tropic of Cancer'' ::::* '''yizobzemernad'''....''subtropic'' ::* '''eymernad'''....''meridian'' ::* '''mamnad'''....''horizon'' ::* '''aonada'''....''vertical'' ::* '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' ::* '''zyenada'''....''perpendicular'' ==== Languages of the World ==== [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|thumb|]] : Mirad names of languages are based on either: ::* the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or: ::* the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php|Library of Congress ISO639-2 Codes]]. : If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final '''m''' or the country name with '''d'''. For example, '''Enigem''' (''England''), becomes '''Eniged''' (''English''). See [[Mirad_Grammar#Countries of the World|Countries of the World]]. : If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and '''d''' is suffixed to the word. A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel. For example, '''ba''' + '''e''' becomes '''be'''. :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Mirad Language Names |- ! ISO Language Name !! Country or ISO Code !! Mirad Language Name |- | Abkhazian || abk || '''Abakid''' |- | Afar || aar || '''Aarod''' |- | Afrikaans || '''Zafem'''....''South Africa'' || '''Zafed''' |- | Akan || aka || '''Akad''' (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka) |- | Albanian || '''Alibam'''....''Albania'' || '''Alibad''' |- | Amharic || amh || '''Amihed''' |- | Arabic || ara || '''Arad''' |- | Aragonese || arg || '''Aroged''' |- | Armenian || '''Aromim''' || '''Heyud''' |- | Assamese || asm || '''Asomid''' |- | Avaric || ava || '''Avad''' |- | Avestan || ave || '''Aved''' |- | Aymara || aym || '''Ayumid''' |- | Azerbaijani || '''Azem'''....''Azerbaijan'' || '''Azed''' |- | Bambara || bam || '''Bamid''' |- | Bashkir || bak || '''Bakirod''' |- | Basque || baq || '''Baqod''' |- | Belarusian || '''Balirom'''....''Belarusia'' || '''Balirod''' |- | Bengali || '''Bagedim'''....''Bangladesh'' || '''Bagedid''' |- | Bislama || bis || '''Bisod''' |- | Bosnian || '''Bihem'''....''Bosnia'' || '''Bihed''' |- | Breton || bre || '''Bared''' |- | Bulgarian || '''Bagerom'''....''Bulgaria'' || '''Bagerod''' |- | Burmese || '''Mimirom'''....''Miyanmar'' || '''Mimirod''' |} ...and so on... : The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing '''-a''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''(the) English (language)'' ==> '''Enigeda'''....''(in the) English (language)'' ::* '''Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.'''....''This English language document is incomprehensible.'' : The language names can be verbalized with the addition of '''-der'''....''to say'', '''-daler'''....''to speak'', and '''-xer'''....''to translate into'', eg: ::* '''Ferad'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferader'''....''to say in French'' ::* '''Esopod'''....''Spanish'' ==> '''Esopodaler'''....''to speak Spanish'' ::* '''Arad'''....''Arabic'' ==> '''Aradxer'''....''to Arabicize/translate into Arabic'' ::* '''Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.'''....''French has many Anglicizations.'' : The speaker of a language is created by adding '''-ut''' or '''-alut''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''English'' ==> '''Enigedut (or) Enigedalut'''....''English speaker'' ::* '''Duven et Enigedale?'''....''Do you speak English?'' ::* '''Aradu hia dun.'''....''Say this word in Arabic.'' ::* '''At se Itadut/Itadalut.'''....''I am a speaker of Italian.'' : Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Language Variants |- ! Variation Category !! Example |- | '''Ajna'''....''Old/Ancient'' || '''Ajna Eniged'''....''Old English, Anglo-Saxon'' |- | '''Ejoba'''....''Modern'' || '''Ejoba Perod'''....''Modern Persian, Farsi'' |- | '''Visauna'''....''Classical'' || '''Visauna Gerocad'''....''Classical Greek'' |- | '''Vyirina'''....''Puristic'' || '''Vyirina Gerocad'''....''Katharevousa (Puristic Greek)'' |- | '''Tyoda'''....''Vulgar/Popular/Demotic'' || '''Tyoda Latod'''....''Vulgar Latin''<br>'''Tyoda Gerocad'''....''Demotic Greek'' |- | '''Fyaxela'''....''Liturgical'' || '''Fyaxela Hebad'''....''Liturgical Hebrew'' |- | '''Fyadyesa'''....''Biblical'' || '''Fyadyesa Hebad'''....''Biblical Hebrew'' |- | '''Egona'''....''Standard'' || '''Ejoba Egona Arad'''....''Modern Standard Arabic'' |- | '''Egema'''....''Egyptian'' || '''Egema Arad'''....''Egyptian Arabic'' |- | '''Usoma'''....''American'' || '''Usoma Eniged'''....''American English'' |} : There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself. ::* '''Mirad'''....''Mirad'' ('''Mir'''....''world'') ::* '''Meurad'''....''Martian'' ('''Meur'''...''Mars'') ::* ''Celtic'', which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called '''Celid''' in Mirad. ::* ''Indo-European'', with the code "ine", translates to '''Inied''' in Mirad. ==== Cities and Their Residents ==== : Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in '''-a''' or '''-yena'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Cities and Their Residents |- ! City !! Adjective !! Inhabitant |- | '''Paris'''....''Paris'' || '''Paris<u>yena</u>'''....''Parisian'' || '''Paris<u>at</u>'''....''Parisian'' |- | '''Ejna York'''....''New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>a</u>'''....''of New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>at</u>'''....''New Yorker'' |- | '''Rom'''....''Rome'' || '''Rom<u>a</u>'''....''Roman'' || '''Rom<u>at</u>'''....''Roman'' |- | '''Beijing'''....''Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>a</u>'''....''of Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>at</u>'''....''resident of Beijing'' |- | '''Berlin'''....''Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>a</u>'''....''from Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>at</u>'''....''Berliner'' |} : Examples: :* '''Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.'''....''Berlin citizens are called Berliners.'' :* '''Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.'''....''Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.'' === Playing Cards Notation === : The playing card suits and prime denominations are: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Playing Card Suits |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''tiib''' || ''heart''|| <big>{{cards|h}}</big> |- | '''melukar''' || ''spade''|| <big>{{cards|s}}</big> |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond''|| <big>{{cards|d}}</big> |- | '''infayeb''' || ''club''|| <big>{{cards|c}}</big> |} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ High Cards plus the Joker |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''Az bi tiibi''' || ''ace of hearts''||[[File:Simple_h_a.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edweb bi melukari'''||''king of spades''||[[File:Simple_s_k.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edeyb bi amezi'''||''queen of diamonds''||[[File:Simple_d_q.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Yuxtwobet bi infayebi''' || ''jack of clubs''||[[File:Simple_c_j.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''hihiduut''' || ''joker''|| [[File:Simple_jk_b.svg|40px|thumb]] |} : Some useful terms: ::* '''eker drafi'''....''to play cards'' ::* '''zyabuer ha drafi'''....''to deal the card'' ::* '''ebnapxer ha drafi'''....''to shuffle the cards'' ::* '''goler ha nyan'''....''to cut the deck'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to fold'' ::* '''durer'''....''to bid'' ::* '''lokoxer draf'''....''to turn over a card'' ::* '''lokoxer ota tuyab'''....''to show one's hand'' ::* '''abnabxer'''....''to trump'' ::* '''ekdrafnyan'''....''deck of cards'' ::* '''nab'''....''suit'' ::* '''joper nab'''...''to follow suit'' ::* '''kyesdraf'''....''wild card'' ::* '''abnaba draf'''....''trump card'' ::* '''ha yannas'''....''the pot'' ::* '''ha nax'''....''the ante'' ::* '''yaber ha nax'''....''to up/raise the ante'' === Chess Piece Nomenclature === {{chess diagram | tright | |= 8 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= 7 |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= 6 | | | | | | | | |= 5 | | | | |pd| | | |= 4 | | | | |pl|pl| | |= 3 | | | | | | | | |= 2 |pl|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|= 1 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= a b c d e f g h | The King's Gambit }} : The game of chess is called '''xahifek''' in Mirad. : The chess pieces ('''xahifek goyni''') are as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Chess Piece Names |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''edweb''' || ''king'' || [[File:Chess_klt45.svg|thumb|30px]] |- | '''edeyb''' || ''queen'' || [[File:Chess_qlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''efyaxeb''' || ''bishop'' || [[File:Chess_blt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''apetaput''' || ''knight'' || [[File:Chess_nlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''tamaz''' || ''rook'' || [[File:Chess_rlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''melyexut''' || ''pawn'' || [[File:Chess_plt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |} : Some chess terms: ::* ''to checkmate''....'''xahtojber''' ::* ''Check!''....''Xah!'' ::* ''Checkmate!''....'''xahtoj!''' ::* ''chess board''....'''xahifek seym, xahifek drof''' ::* ''to move a piece''....'''paxer goun''' ::* ''to capture a piece''....'''pixler goun''' ::* ''chess clock''....'''xahifek jwobar''' ::* ''chess set''....''xahifek gounyan'' ::* ''chess tournament''....'''xahifekanyan''' ::* ''chess player''....'''xehifekut''' ::* ''my turn''....'''ata nayb''' ::* ''score''....'''aoksag''' ::* ''world champion''....'''miraklut''' === Botanical Nomenclature === : The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the [https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy|international Linnaean taxonomy]. ==== Base Names ==== : So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words: ::* '''fab'''....trees :::* '''feb'''....''fruits and nuts'' ::* '''fayb'''....''vines and shrubs'' :::* '''feyb'''....''berries'' ::* '''vob'''....''crops'' ::* '''vol'''....''vegetables'' ::* '''veel'''....''legumes and beans'' ::* '''vos'''....''flowers'' ==== Specific Names ==== : To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, ''pine'' tree is rendered as '''pifab'''. The '''pi''' prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees ''<u>Pi</u>naceae''. The '''fab''' ending applies to all trees. To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. ''cedar tree'' is '''<u>ce</u>pifab''' from ''Pianaceae <u>Ce</u>drus''. A ''cedar of Lebanon'' is '''<u>li</u>cepifab''' from the more specific ''Pinaceae Cedrus <u>li</u>bani''. : By constructing botanical terms this way, all pine trees can be listed by searching for all names ending in '''pifab'''. [[File:171 Magnolien.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ '''Basic Botanical Terms''' |- |valign=top|'''fob'''....''plant''||valign=top|'''vob'''....''crop''||valign=top|'''vol'''....''vegetable''||valign=top|'''vos'''....''flower'' |- |valign=top|'''fab'''....''tree''<br>'''fayeb'''....''leaf''<br>'''faob'''....''wood''<br>'''fayob'''....''bark''||valign=top|'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''vayob'''....''peel''|| ||'''vosayeb'''....''petal''<br>'''vosayob'''....''sepal'' |- |valign=top|'''feb'''....''fruit/nut''||valign=top|'''veb'''....''ear/tuft''<br>'''veeb'''....''seed''<br>'''veeyb'''....''grain''||valign=top|'''veel'''....''legume''||'''voseb'''....''capitulum'' |- |valign=top|'''fib'''....''trunk''||valign=top|'''vib'''....''stem'' || || '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' |- |valign=top|'''fub'''....''branch''||valign=top|'''vub'''....''blade''<br>'''vulob'''....''thorn'' || || |- |valign=top|'''fyob'''....''root''||valign=top|'''vyob'''....''tuber'' || || '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' |} ===== Product Names ===== : Products derived from plants are formed with the following words: ::* '''-fel'''....''juice (from a pome)'' ::* '''-feel'''....''-ade'' ::* '''-feyl'''....''juice (from a berry)'' ::* '''-fil'''....''alcoholic drink/cider'' ::* '''-fyel'''....''oil/jam/syrup'' ::* '''-fyeyl'''....''jelly'' ::* '''-fol'''....''grounds/powder'' ::* '''-fayel'''....''leaf juice'' : Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Zoological_Nomenclature|Zoological Nomenclature]]. For example, an ''apple'' is from the <u>Ro</u>saceae family of trees, the genus being ''<u>Ma</u>lus''. So the word for ''apple'' becomes '''marofeb'''. ''Apple tree'' is '''marofab''' and ''apple juice'' is '''marofel'''. Thus, ''apple cider'' is '''marofil'''. ===== Crops ===== : Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base '''vob''' with taxonomic syllables. [[File:Usdaemmer1.jpg|thumb|]] : The base words of this group are: ::* '''-vob'''....''crop'' ::* '''-vab'''....''grass'' ::* '''-vayeb'''....''leaf'' ::* '''-veb'''....''ear, cob, head, spike, tuft'' ::* '''-veeb'''....''seed, germ'' ::* '''-veel'''....''bean, legume'' ::* '''-veeyb'''....''grain, kernel, pip'' ::* '''-vib'''....''stem'' ::* '''-vub'''....''blade, sprig, twig'' ::* '''-vyob'''....''tuber'' ::* '''-vel'''....''edible product'' ::* '''-vil'''....''drinkable product, beer'' ::* '''-vyel'''....''syrup'' ::* '''-vol'''....''vegetable'' : From the above base words are derived these products, among others: ::* '''sakol'''....''sugar'' < '''sakvob'''....''sugarcane'' ::* '''povel'''....''bread'' < '''povob'''....''cereal'' ::* '''zepovyel'''....''corn syrup, corn oil'' < '''zepovob'''....''corn'' ::* '''zepovil'''....''whiskey, bourbon'' ::* '''sepovil'''....''rye whiskey'' < '''zepovob'''....''rye'' ::* '''povil'''....''beer'' ::* '''epovil'''....''ale'' ::* '''avpovob mekil'''....''oatmeal'' < '''avpovob'''....''oat'' ::* '''orpovob zyiglal'''....''rice cake'' < '''orpovob'''....''rice'' ::* '''mekuvol'''....''melon'' ===== Vegetables and Legumes ===== : Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base '''vol''' (''vegetable'') or '''veel''' (''legume, bean'') with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy. Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks. [[File:Hrushikesh kulkarni vegetables.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Vegetables |- ! Edible Crop !! Taxonomy |- ! colspan=2| LEGUMES: EDIBLE SEEDS |- |'''faveel'''....''bean'' || ''Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris'' |- |'''lensfaveel'''....''lentil'' || ''Fabaceae Lens culinaris'' |- |'''glifaveel'''....''soybeen'' || ''Fabaceae Glycine max'' |- |'''vigfaveel'''....''black-eyed pea'' || ''Fabaceae Faseolus vigna unguiculata'' |- ! colspan=2 | Vegetables: Berries/Fruits |- |'''lisovol'''....''tomato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum'' |- |'''mesovol'''....''eggplant'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum melongena'' |- |'''perlawvol'''....''avocado'' || ''Lauraceae Persea americana'' |- |'''sakuvol'''....''cucumber'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''akapsovol'''....''chili pepper'' || ''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra'' || ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- ! colspan=2 |bulbs |- |'''amalvol'''....''leek'' || ''Allium ampeloprasum'' |- |'''cepalvol'''....''onion'' || ''Allium cepa'' |- |'''alkalvol'''....''shallot'' || ''Alium ascalonicum'' |- |'''satalvol'''....''garlic'' || ''Allium sativum'' |- |'''zinvol'''....''ginger'' || ''Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale'' |- |'''skoynalvol'''....''chive'' || ''Allium Schoenoprasum'' |- |'''foynapvol'''....''fennel'' || ''Apiaceae Phoenix dactylifera'' |- ! colspan=2 | melons/gourds |- |'''kuvol'''....''squash, gourd''|| ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita'' |- |'''makuvol'''....''pumpkin'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima'' |- |'''mekuvol'''....''melon, honeydew, cantaloupe'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melon'' |- |'''cikuvol'''....''watermelon'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus'' |- |'''pekuvol'''....''zucchini'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo'' |- ! colspan=2 | Tubers/Root Vegetables |- |'''tusovol'''....''potato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum'' |- |'''betamvol'''....''beet, beetroot'' || ''Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris'' |- |'''rafbravol'''....''radish''|| ''Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus'' |- |'''kadawapvol'''....''carrot''||''Apiaceae Daucus carota'' |- |'''nabravol'''....''turnip''|| ''Brassica napus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''pasavol'''....''parsnip'' ||''Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa'' |- |'''eskolaravol'''....''taro'' ||''Araceae Colocasia esculenta'' |- |'''divol'''....''yam'' ||''Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea'' |- ! colspan=2| Leafy/Flowering Vegetables |- |'''bravol'''....''cabbage'' || ''Brassicaceae'' |- |'''botrolbravol'''....''cauliflower''||''Brassica oleracea botrytis'' |- |'''gemolbravol'''....''Brussels sprouts''|| ''Brassica oleracea gemmifera'' |- |'''valkavol'''....''corn salad, lamb's lettuce''|| ''Caprifocilaceae Valerianella locusta'' |- |'''lakasvol'''....''lettuce''|| ''Asteraceae Lactuta sative'' |- |'''spinamvol'''....''spinach'' || ''Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea'' |- |'''rupolivol'''....''sorrel''|| ''Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa'' |- |'''tarasvol'''....''mustard greens''|| ''Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale'' |- |'''itolbravol'''....''broccoli''|| ''Brassica Oleracea italica'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra''|| ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- |'''petapvol'''....''parsley''|| ''Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum'' |- |'''basoclamvol'''....''basil''|| ''Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum'' |- |'''orlamvol'''....''thyme''|| ''Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare'' |- |'''encivol'''....''chicory, endive''|| ''Cichorium endivia'' |- |'''nasbravol'''....''watercress''|| ''Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale'' |- |'''korapvol'''....''coriander''|| ''Apiaceae Coridandrum sativum'' |- ! colspan=2 | Stalks |- |'''aspavol'''....''asparagus''|| ''Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis'' |- |'''gravapvol'''....''celery''|| ''Apiaceae Apium graveolens'' |- |'''rewmpolivol'''....''rhubarb''|| ''Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum'' |- |'''kurzinvol'''....''turmeric''|| ''Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa'' |- |'''kokarvol'''....''heart of palm, swamp cabbage''|| ''Arecaceae Cocos'' |- |'''cimpovol'''....''lemongrass''|| ''Poaceae Cymbopogon'' |} ==== Common Flower Names ==== [[File:Madeira-flowers hg.jpg|thumb|]] ===== Flower Parts ===== : Flower names are built on the base name '''vos''', meaning ''flower''. First, here is a list of flower parts: ::* '''vosayob'''....''sepal'' ::* '''vosayeb'''....''petal'' ::* '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' ::* '''veeybpexus'''....''stigma'' ::*'''vosij'''....''bud, flower bud'' ::* '''tooygon'''....''pistil'' ::* '''veeybyan'''....''pollen'' ::* '''twoogon'''....''stamen'' ::* '''twoogonyif'''....''filament'' ::* '''veeybyem'''....''anther'' ::* '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' ===== Flower Names ===== [[File:Tulipa suaveolens floriade to Canberra.jpg|thumb|]] : Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base '''vos''' that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples: : '''<u>som</u>pavos'''....''opium poppy'' (''<u>Pa</u>paver <u>som</u>niferum'') : '''<u>mag</u>vos'''....''magnolia'' (''<u>Mag</u>noliaceae Magnolia'') : '''<u>or</u>vos'''....''orchid'' (''<u>Or</u>chidaceae Orchis'') : '''<u>krokir</u>vos'''....''crocus'' (''<u>Ir</u>idaceae <u>Cro</u>cus'') : For a fuller list, see the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Flower_Words|Flower Words]]. === Computer Terminology === [[File:Generic-office-desktop2.svg|thumb]] : This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Computerese |- ! Mirad !! English |- |'''agna saibyan syaagir'''||''mainframe computer'' |- |'''absem syaagir'''||''desktop computer'' |- |'''agbanak'''||''byte'' |- |'''ajnexer'''||''to archive'' |- |'''amloagbanak'''||''megabyte'' |- |'''anay dyewa tax'''||''read-only memory, ROM'' |- |'''aota syaagir'''||''personal computer'' |- |'''aottuunyan'''||''profile'' |- |'''aoyebmeyp'''||''port'' |- |'''apaxler'''||''to swipe'' |- |'''aroagbanak'''||''kilobyte'' |- |'''baler buxnuf'''||''to press/hit a key'' |- |'''banak'''||''bit'' |- |'''agdresin kyoxea buxnuf'''||''caps lock key'' |- |'''buxnuf'''||''key'' |- |'''buxnufsemes'''||''keyboard'' |- |'''buxnufseym'''||''keypad'' |- |'''izeaxus'''||''cursor'' |- |'''byuxseym'''||''touchpad'' |- |'''datier'''||''to friend'' |- |'''dodrer ebdras'''||''to post a message'' |- |'''dota zeyn'''||''social medium'' |- |'''ebdrer'''||''to text'' |- |'''dreun'''||''document'' |- |'''dreuzyufer'''||''to scroll, pan'' |- |'''droer naab'''||''to delete a file'' |- |'''drou buxnuf'''||''delete key'' |- |'''drur'''||''printer'' |- |'''drurer naab'''||''to print out a file'' |- |'''drurer'''||''to print out'' |- |'''druru buxnuf'''||''print screen key'' |- |'''drurun'''||''a printout'' |- |'''dunexlar'''||''word processor'' |- |'''dyezier'''||''to take a movie'' |- |'''ebdayler'''||''to chat'' |- |'''ebdaylim'''||''chatroom'' |- |'''emojin'''||''emoji'' |- |'''ex buxnuf'''||''function key'' |- |'''exen vyaab'''||''operating system'' |- |'''extuundras'''||''program, application'' |- |'''extuundrasog'''||''app'' |- |'''extuundrasyan'''||''software'' |- |'''extuundrer'''||''to program'' |- |'''fuk'''||''bug'' |- |'''fukaya'''||''buggy'' |- |'''fukoyxer'''||''to debug'' |- |'''garalyoagbanak'''||''petabyte'' |- |'''gelxer naab'''||''to copy a file'' |- |'''googler'''||''to google'' |- |'''gyia kyos yebiar'''||''solid state drive, SSD'' |- |'''gyia zyiun yebiar'''||''cd drive'' |- |'''haydren dyun'''||''login name'' |- |'''haydrer bay tuyubbal'''||''to log in with one's fingerprint'' |- |'''haydrer'''||''to log in'' |- |'''hoydrer'''||''to log out'' |- |'''huisteaxar'''||''browser'' |- |'''kyeteaxer'''||''to browse'' |- |'''hyux buxnuf'''||''alt key'' |- |'''iber naab'''||''to receive a file'' |- |'''ila mez sinuar, IMS'''||''liquid crystal display, LDC'' |- |'''izbex buxnuf'''||''control key'' |- |'''izbexdrof'''||''motherboard'' |- |'''kliker ab'''||''click on'' |- |'''kodun'''||''password'' |- |'''gawdyunxer naab'''||''to rename a file'' |- |'''kyax buxnuf'''||''shift key'' |- |'''kyea yempuen tax'''||''random access memory, RAM'' |- |'''kyisier naab'''||''to download a file'' |- |'''kyisuer naab'''||''to upload a file'' |- |'''kyiunxar'''||''charger'' |- |'''kyiunxer'''||''to charge'' |- |'''lodatier'''||''to unfriend'' |- |'''makebdren'''||''email'' |- |'''makedrer'''||''to email'' |- |'''man-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOES'''||''LED'' |- |'''mansin dyes'''||''photo album'' |- |'''mis'''||''window'' |- |'''naab'''||''file'' |- |'''naedzyun'''||''trackball'' |- |'''nagonxar'''||''modem'' |- |'''neaf mansiniar'''||''web camera'' |- |'''nexer naab'''||''to save a file'' |- |'''num yibdalir'''||''cellphone'' |- |'''belyafwa syaagir'''||''laptop computer'' |- |'''oglagos'''||''microchip'' |- |'''gwoteexar'''||''microphone'' |- |'''omijber'''||''to boot up'' |- |'''omola tyep'''||''artificial intelligence, AI'' |- |'''gawomijber'''||''to reboot'' |- |'''paxer naab'''||''to move a file'' |- |'''paxyafwa yibdalir'''||''mobile phone'' |- |'''poxu zyumuf buxnuf'''||''scroll lock key'' |- |'''sagbexu buxnuf'''||''numlock key'' |- |'''sagseym'''||''number pad'' |- |'''sam'''||''console'' |- |'''saunapxer naab'''||''to sort a file'' |- |'''semes syaagir'''||''tablet computer'' |- |'''sindren semes'''||''graphics tablet'' |- |'''sindrenyan exlen aun'''||''graphics processing unit, GPU'' |- |'''sines'''||''icon'' |- |'''sinuar'''||''screen, display, monitor'' |- |'''syaager'''||''to compute'' |- |'''syaagir'''||''computer'' |- |'''syaagirdal'''||''computerese'' |- |'''syaagirtun'''||''computer science'' |- |'''syaagnyed'''||''spreadsheet'' |- |'''taam mays'''||''home screen'' |- |'''tampu buxnuf'''||''home key'' |- |'''sirmul'''||''hardware, physical matter'' |- |'''taxdrer'''||''to record'' |- |'''taxmuf'''||''memory stick'' |- |'''teataxdrer'''||''to video'' |- |'''teataxdrun'''||''video'' |- |'''tuunnabyan'''||''database'' |- |'''tuyab izdar'''||''mouse'' |- |'''uber naab'''||''to send a file'' |- |'''uinig buxnuf'''||''tab key'' |- |'''utmansin'''||''selfie'' |- |'''yaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD)'''||''HTML'' |- |'''yeber'''||''to enter, insert'' |- |'''yebu buxnuf'''||''enter key, return key, insert key'' |- |'''yiga zyiun yebiar'''||''hard disk drive, HDD'' |- |'''yijber naab'''||''to open a file'' |- |'''yujber naab'''||''to close a file'' |- |'''makmepdrof'''||''circuitboard'' |- |'''zea exlen aun'''||''central processing unit, CPU'' |- |'''zoynigxu buxnuf'''||''backspace key'' |- |'''zyiun yebiar'''||''disk drive'' |} === Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology === : This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages. ==== Medical Diseases ==== : Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg. ::* '''tiebalyoganbok'''....''asthma'' (lit: shortness of breath illness) ::* '''tiebbok'''....''pneumonia'' (lit: lung illness) ::* '''teibbok'''....''rhinitis'' (lit: nose illness) ::* '''tayibblok'''....''neuropathy'' (lit: nerve suffering) ::* '''tebbyoyk'''....''headache'' (lit: head ache) ::* '''teibzyegikanbok'''....''osteoporosis'' (lit: bone porosity illness) ==== Pharmaceuticals ==== : Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized. ::* '''aspirin'''....''aspirin'' ::* '''Ibupropen'''....''Ibupropen'' : Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose: ::* '''bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol'''....''analgesic, painkiller'' (Lit: pain reliever) ::* '''tikebilokxol'''....''emetic'' (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance) : Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see [https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn|International Nonproprietary Names]). For example, ''phenobarbital''. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ INN names pronunciation |- ! Greco-Roman<br>Spelling !! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | ch || '''k''' |- | ph || '''f''' |- | x || '''ks''' |- | y || '''i''' |- | qu || '''kw''' |- | rh || '''r''' |- | th || '''t''' |- | ae || '''ay''' |- | oe || '''oy''' |- | c before i, e, or y || '''c''' |- | c otherwise || '''k''' |- | final e || silent |- | double consonant || single consonant |} : Examples: ::* '''acetaminophen'''....''a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN'' ::* '''amphetamine'''....''am-fe-ta-MIN'' ::* '''trimethroprim'''....''tri-me-tro-PRIM'' ::* '''sulfamethoxazole'''....''sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL'' ::* '''oxacillin'''....''o-ksa-ci-LIN'' === Mineral and Crystal Nomenclature === : Minerals end in '''-muk''' with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see [[Wikipedia:List_of_mineral_symbols|The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols]]). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. For example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Some Mineral Names |- ! English!! IMA Symbol !! Mirad Spellings !! Mirad Name |- | ''argyrodyte'' || Agy || '''a-ge-yu''' || '''ageyumuk''' |- |''brochantyte'' || Bct || '''ba-ca-to''' || '''bacatomuk''' |- |''chromite'' || Chr || '''ca-he-ro''' || '''caheromuk''' |} : There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.: ::* ''Lemmleinite-K'' (Lem-k) is '''liemikomuk''' in Mirad. : Crystals end in '''-mez'''. The first part of the word is an enumeration. : The common crystals are listed here: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Names of Common Crystals |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''mez''' || ''crystal'' |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond'' |- | '''emez''' || ''topaz'' |- | '''imez''' || ''ruby'' |- | '''umez''' || ''emerald'' |- | '''yomez''' || ''sapphire'' |- | '''yamez''' || ''lapis lazuli'' |- | '''yemez''' || ''amethyst'' |- | '''yimez''' || ''amber'' |- | '''yumez''' || ''quartz'' |- | '''alomez''' || ''opal'' |- | '''alamez''' || ''tourmaline'' |- | '''alemez''' || ''garnet'' |- | '''alimez''' || ''zirconia'' |- | '''alumez''' || ''jasper'' |- | '''alyomez''' || ''jade'' |- | '''alyamez''' || ''marganite'' |} : Other, less common crystals end in '''-mez''' and are formed from the Wikipedia list of mineral symbols. : General words for earthen matter: :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' :* '''muz'''....''ore'' :* '''mug'''....''metal'' :* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :* '''meg'''....''rock, stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' :* '''mel'''....''soil'' :* '''meil'''....''mud'' :* '''mek'''....''dust'' :* '''miek'''....''sand'' :* '''mev'''....''porcelain'' :* '''mef'''....''brick'' ==== Rock Classification ==== : The naming of individual rock types is based on the [[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/download/bgs-rock-classification-scheme-igneous/| BGS Rock Classification Scheme ]]. : All rocks (other than the general word for ''rock'', '''meg''') end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type: ::* '''ameg'''....''sedimentary rock'' ::* '''emeg'''....''igneous rock'' ::* '''imag'''....''metamorphic rock'' : The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final ''e'' is dropped from names that end in ''yte'' or ''ite''. For example, ''trachydacite'' in the scheme becomes '''trachydacit''' in Mirad. This word is then followed by one of the rock types above ('''emeg''' ''igneous rock''). So ''trachydacite'' becomes '''trachydacitemeg''' in Mirad. For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary. :The word '''meg''' ''rock'' has some common derivatives: ::* '''megag'''....''boulder'' ::* '''meg'''....''stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' ::* '''megyel'''....''cement, asphalt, bitumen'' :::* '''megyelyig'''....''concrete'' ::* '''megil'''....''lava'' ::* '''meggos'''....''crag'' ::* '''megyig'''....''flintstone, basalt'' ::* '''meag'''....''marble'' ::* '''meeg'''....''slate'' ::* '''meig'''....''granite'' ::* '''meug'''....''clay, dough'' ::* '''meyog'''....''china'' ::* '''meyag'''....''chalk'' :::* '''meyaz'''....''pastel'' :::* '''meyayg'''....''calcite'' ::* '''meyeg'''....''limestone, sediment'' ::* '''meyig'''....''alabaster'' ::* '''meyug'''....''gypsum'' ::* '''mealog'''....''sandstone, stoneware'' ::* '''mameg'''....''coal'' :::* '''eymameg'''....''coke'' :::* '''maameg'''....''anthracite'' :::* '''maemeg'''....''peat'' :::* '''maimeg'''....''lignite'' : Related are: ::* '''mek'''....''dust'' :::* '''mekes'''....''grit'' :::* '''mekil'''....''grout'' :::* '''meyk'''....''grit'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder'' ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' ::* '''mieg'''....''coral'' ::* '''mel'''....''dirt'' ::* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''meil'''....''mud'' ::* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :::* '''meyz'''....''spar'' :::* '''meyzag'''....''feldspar'' ::* '''muz'''....''ore'' ::* '''memol'''....''alkali'' ::* '''mimol'''....''salt'' ::* '''mef'''....''brick'' === Metric Nomenclature === [[File:Conversion Factors.png|thumb|]] : Mirad uses the [[Wikt:International System of Units (SI)|International System of Units (SI)]]) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names ('''alpha''', '''gamma''', etc.) preceded with the word '''ag-''' if majuscule ('''aggamma''' for ''&Gamma;'') The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ''ohm'' (Ω) is '''agomega'''. All metric units end in the word '''nak'''. ==== SI Base Units ==== :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbeviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} ==== SI Derived Units ==== : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | B | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''agbanak''' |- | '''bit''' | align="center" | b | one bit of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ==== Convenient Non-SI Units ==== ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglinak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heabak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |} ==== Metrical Formulae ==== : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical <br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |} ==== Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes ==== : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for ''b'' (byte) is pronounced '''ba''' in Mirad. A terabyte ( ''Tb'') is therefore pronounced '''ag-to-ba''', which This amounts ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix<br><br>Mirad Pron. !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix !! SI Symbol<br><br>Mirad Pron. |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' ... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''<br>''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''<br>''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''<br>''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''<br>''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''<br>''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yoon-''' <br>''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''<br>''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yaon-'''<br>''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''<br>''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''<br>''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''<br>''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''<br>''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''<br>''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''<br>''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''<br>''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alo-'''<br>''deca-'' || ''da''<br>'''da-a-''' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci-''|| ''d''<br>'''da-''' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''<br>''hexa-'' || ''h''<br>'''hi-''' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi-''|| ''c''<br>'''ca-''' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''<br>''kilo-'' ||''k''<br>'''ki-''' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''<br>''milli-''|| ''m''<br>'''mi-''' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || ''M''<br>'''agmi-''' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-''|| ''r''<br>'''ro-''' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''<br>''giga-'' || ''G''<br>'''agge-''' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-''|| ''n''<br>'''ni-''' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || ''T''<br>'''agto-''' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-''|| ''p''<br>'''po-''' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ''P''<br>'''agpo-'''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-''||''f''<br>'''fe-''' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''<br>''exa-'' || ''E''<br>'''age-'''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''<br>''atto-''||''a''<br>'''a-''' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ''Z''<br>'''agzu-'''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''<br>''zepto-''||''z''<br>'''zu-''' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || '' Y''<br>'''agyu''' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''<br>''yocto-''||''y''<br>'''yu-''' |} : *Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. ==== Abbreviated Symbols ==== : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | Macro !! colspan=2 | Micro |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daage''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dage''' |- | ''hg'' (hexagram)|| '''hege''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cage''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''koge''' || ''mg'' (milligram) ||'''mige''' |- | ''Mg'' (megagram)|| '''agmige''' ||''rg'' or '''μg''' (microgram)|| '''roge''' or '''muge''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggege''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nige''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtoge''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''poge''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpoge''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fege''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agege''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''age''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzege''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zege''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyuge''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yuge''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* '''10 kg2'''....(pronounced as:) ''alo koge gar ewa'' ::* '''12 mm3'''....(pronounced as:) ''ale mimi gar iwa'' === Trigonometric Nomenclature === : This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by '''-naz''' (''value''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Trigonometry Functions |- ! Function (Symbol) !! Mirad Technical Name !! Mirad Ordinary Name |- | ''sine (sin)'' || '''soini-naz''' || '''uznaz''' |- | ''cosine (cos)'' || '''caoso-naz''' || '''yanuznaz''' |- | ''arccosine (arccos, cos^-1)''<br>''anticosine''<br>''inverse cosine''|| '''arocacaoso-naz''' || '''ovuznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic sine (sinh)'' || '''soinihe-naz'''|| '''enuza uznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic cosine (cosh)'' || '''caosohe-naz''' || '''enuza yanuznaz''' |- | ''secant (sec)'' || '''soeca-naz''' || '''golus naz''' |- | ''cosecant (csc)'' || '''casoca-naz''' || '''yangolus naz''' |- | ''arccosecant (arccsc)'' || '''arocacasoca-naz''' || '''enuza yangolus naz''' |} === Poetry Nomenclature === : Mirad uses the nonsense syllables '''di''' and '''da''' to form various poetic meter words that usually are formed with Greek words in English. The syllable '''di''' represents an ''unstressed'' syllable in verse, while the syllable '''da''' denotes a ''stressed'' syllable. These are hyphenated and followed with a space and the word '''deup''' as a noun, which means ''meter'' or ''rhythm''. The adjectival form of the word ends in '''deupa'''. Here are the most common poetic meters: ::* '''di-da deupa'''.... iambic :::* '''di-da yoondeup'''.... ''iambic pentameter'' ::* '''di-di-da deupa'''.... ''anapestic'' ::* '''di-da-da deupa'''.... ''bacchius'' ::* '''da-da deupa'''.... ''spondaic'' ::* '''da-da-da deupa'''.... ''molossus'' ::* '''da-da-di deupa'''.... ''antibacchius'' ::* '''da-di deupa'''.... ''tochaic'' :::* '''da-di deup'''.... ''trochee, choree'' ::* '''da-di-da deupa'''.... ''cretic, amphimacer'' ::* '''da-di-di deupa'''.... ''dactylic'' ::* '''da-di-di yaondeup'''.... ''dactylic hexameter'' ::* '''da-di-di-da deupa'''.... ''amphibrachic'' : Other words representing elements of poetry are: ::* '''drez'''....''poetry, verse'' :::* '''dreza'''....''poetic'' :::* '''drezyen'''....''poesy'' :::* '''drezyan'''....''anthology'' (of poetry) :::* '''drezut'''....''poet'' ::::* '''drezuyt'''....''poetess'' ::::* '''popdrezut'''....''minstrel'' ::::* '''Vikinga drezut'''....''skald'' ::::* '''dreuzut'''....''bard'' :::* '''odrez'''....''prose'' :::* '''vyasma drez'''....''concrete verse'' :::* '''tyoda drez'''....''folk poetry'' :::* '''indeupa drez'''....''trimeter'' :::* '''undeupa drez'''....''tetrameter'' :::* '''yoondeupa drez'''....''pentameter'' :::* '''yaondeupa drez'''....''hexameter'' :::* '''yendeupa drez'''....''heptameter'' :::* '''yindeupa drez'''....''octameter'' :::* '''ogelseuxwa drez'''....''blank verse'' :::* '''yiva drez'''....''free verse'' :::* '''drezun'''....''poem'' ::::* '''deuzwa drezun'''....''sung poem, lay'' ::::* '''dindrezun'''....''ballad'' ::::* '''dizdrezun'''....''limerick'' ::::* '''fiddrezun'''....''ode'' ::::* '''fizdrezun'''....''epic poem'' ::::* '''haikudrezun'''....''haiku'' ::::* '''viysindrezun'''....''idyll'' ::::* '''ifondrezun'''....''love poem, romantic poem'' ::::* '''indrezun'''....''terzain'' ::::* '''jodrezun'''....''epode'' ::::* '''yindrezun'''....''sistina'' ::::* '''klerihyudrezun'''....''clerihew'' ::::* '''meimdrezun'''....''pastoral'' ::::* '''melyexdrezun'''....''georgic'' ::::* '''petnyanuta drezun'''....''pastoral, eclogue'' ::::* '''popduzuta drezun'''....''troubadour poem'' ::::* '''rondodrezun'''....''rondeau, rondel, roundel'' ::::* '''seuz drezun'''....''sound poem'' ::::* '''tadyandrezun'''....''prothalamion, epithalamion'' ::::* '''tankadrezun'''....''tanka'' ::::* '''taxdrezun'''....''epitaph'' ::::* '''tuddrezun'''....''nursery rhyme'' ::::* '''ulondrezun'''....''sonnet'' ::::* '''ujdreznadeon'''....''envoi'' ::::* '''undrezun'''....''quatrain'' ::::* '''unnad drezun'''....''tetrastich'' ::::* '''uvdrezun'''....''elegy'' ::::* '''alyundrezun'''....''villanelle'' ::::* '''virelaydrezun'''....''virelai, virelay'' ::::* '''yizivtos drezun'''....''rhapsody'' ::::* '''yoondrezun'''....''quintain'' ::* '''dreznad'''....''line, -stich, verse'' :::* '''eyndreznad'''...''hemistich'' :::* '''endreznad'''....''couplet'' ::* '''dreznadyan'''....''stanza'' ::* '''gelseux'''....''rhyme'' :::* '''gelseuxyen'''....''rhyme scheme'' :::* '''dunija gelseuxen'''....''alliteration'' ::* '''seuxzoyxen'''....''assonance'' ::* '''geyldyan'''....''simile'' ::* '''yiztyun'''....''metaphor'' ::* '''yanseuzan'''....''consonance'' ::* '''deup'''....''rhythm, beat, metrical foot, meter'' ::* '''kyib'''....''stress'' ::* '''seuz'''....''tone'' === Dimensional Nomenclature === : This chart shows adjectives that describe dimensional relationships: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ Dimensional Words |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- | '''yaba'''....''high(er)'' || '''yeba'''....''inner'' || '''yoba'''....''low(er)'' |- | '''yaiba'''....''tall'' || '''yeiba'''....''deep inside'' || '''yoiba'''....''deep (down)'' |- | '''yauba'''....''short'' || '''yeuba'''....''a short way in'' || '''youba'''....''shallow'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || || '''yoga'''....''short'' |- | '''yiba'''....''far'' || || '''yuba'''....''near'' |- | '''aonada'''....''vertical'' || || '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- | '''kia'''....''diagonal'' || || '''kua'''....''lateral'' |- | '''zyia'''....''flat'' || || '''zyua'''....''round'' |- | '''yaza'''....''concave'' || '''yeza'''....''flush'' || '''yoza'''....''convex'' |} === Geologic Period Nomenclature === : The principal geochronologic units of the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest, are: :** '''joob'''....''eon'' :*** '''ajoob'''....''Hadean Eon'' :*** '''ejoob'''....''Archean Eon'' :*** '''ijoob'''....''Proterozoic Eon'' :*** '''ujoob'''....''Phanerozoic Eon'' :** '''joab'''....''era'' :*** '''ajoab'''....''Eoarchean Era'' :*** '''ejoab'''....''Paleoarchean Era'' :*** '''ijoab'''....''Mesoarchean Era'' :*** '''ujoab'''....''Neoarchean Era'' :*** '''yojoab'''....''Paleoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yajoab'''....''Mesoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yejoab'''....''Neoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yijoab'''....''Paleozoic Era'' :*** '''yujoab'''....''Mesozoic Era'' :*** '''alojoab'''....''Cenozoic Era'' :** '''joeb'''....''period'' :*** '''ajoeb'''....''Siderian Period'' :*** '''ejoeb'''....''Rhyacian Period'' :*** '''ijoeb'''....''Orosirian Period'' :*** '''ujoeb'''....''Statherian Period'' :*** '''yojoeb'''....''Calymmian Period'' :*** '''yajoeb'''....''Ectasian Period'' :*** '''yejoeb'''....''Stenian Period'' :*** '''yijoeb'''....''Tonian Period'' :*** '''yujoeb'''....''Cryogenian Period'' :*** '''alojoeb'''....''Ediacaran Period'' :*** '''alajoeb'''....''Cambrian Period'' :*** '''alejoeb'''....''Ordovician Period'' :*** '''alijoeb'''....''Silurian Period'' :*** '''alujoeb'''....''Devonian Period'' :*** '''alyojoeb'''....''Carboniferous Period'' :*** '''alyajoeb'''....''Permian Period'' :*** '''alyejoeb'''....''Triassic Period'' :*** '''alyijoeb'''....''Jurassic Period'' :*** '''alyujoeb'''....''Cretaceous Period'' :*** '''elojoeb'''....''Paleogene Period'' :*** '''elajoeb'''....''Neogene Period'' :*** '''elejoeb'''....''Quarternary Period'' :** '''joib'''....''epoch'' :*** '''ajoib'''....''Terreneuvian Epoch'' :*** '''ejoib'''....''Series 2 Epoch'' :*** '''ijoib'''....''Miaolingian Epoch'' :*** '''ujoib'''....''Furongian Epoch'' :*** '''yojoib'''....''Lower Epoch'' :*** '''yajoib'''....''Middle Epoch'' :*** '''yejoib'''....''Upper Epoch'' :*** '''yijoib'''....''Llandovery Epoch'' :*** '''yujoib'''....''Wenlock Epoch'' :*** '''alojoib'''....''Ludlow Epoch'' :*** '''alajoib'''....''Pridoli Epoch'' :** '''joub'''....''age'' :*** '''ajoub'''....''Fortunian Age'' :*** '''ejoub'''....''Stage 2 Age'' :*** '''ijoub'''....''Stage 3 Age'' :*** '''ujoub'''....''Stage 4 Age'' :*** '''yojoub'''....''Wulian Age'' :*** '''yajoub'''....''Drumian Age'' :*** '''yejoub'''....''Guzhangian Age'' :*** '''yijoub'''....''Paibian Age'' :*** '''yujoub'''....''Jianshanian Age'' :*** '''alojoub'''....''Stage 10 Age'' :*** '''alajoub'''....''Temadocian Age'' :*** '''alejoub'''....''Floian Age'' :*** '''alijoub'''....''Dapingian Age'' :*** '''alujoub'''....''Darriwilian Age'' :*** '''alyojoub'''....''Sandbian Age'' :*** '''alyajoub'''....''Katian Age'' :*** '''alyejoub'''....''Hirnantian Age'' :*** '''alyijoub'''....''Rhuddanian Age'' :*** '''alyujoub'''....''Aeronian Age'' :*** '''elojoub'''....''Telychian Age'' :*** '''elajoub'''....''Cheinwoodian Age'' :*** '''elejoub'''....''Homerian Age'' :*** '''elijoub'''....''Gorstian Age'' :*** '''elujoub'''....''Ludfordian Age'' :*** '''elyojoub'''....''Pridoli Age'' :*** '''elyajoub'''....''Lochkovian Age'' :*** '''elyejoub'''....''Pragian Age'' :*** '''elyijoub'''....''Emsian Age'' :*** '''elyujoub'''....''Eifelian Age'' :*** '''ilojoub'''....''Givetian Age'' :*** '''ilajoub'''....''Frasnian Age'' :*** '''ilejoub'''....''Famennian Age'' :*** '''ilijoub'''....''Tournaisian Age'' :*** '''ilujoub'''....''Visean Age'' :*** '''ilyojoub'''....''Serpukhovian Age'' :*** '''ilyajoub'''....''Bashkirian Age'' :*** '''ilyejoub'''....''Moscovian Age'' :*** '''ilyijoub'''....''Kasimovian Age'' :*** '''ilyujoub'''....''Gzhelian Age'' :*** '''ulojoub'''....''Asselian Age'' :*** '''ulajoub'''....''Sakmarian Age'' :*** '''ulejoub'''....''Artinskian Age'' :*** '''ulijoub'''....''Kungurian Age'' :*** '''ulujoub'''....''Roadian Age'' :*** '''ulyojoub'''....''Wordian Age'' :*** '''ulyajoub'''....''Capitanian Age'' :*** '''ulyejoub'''....''Wuchiapingian Age'' :*** '''ulyijoub'''....''Changhsingian Age'' :*** '''ulyujoub'''....''Induan Age'' :*** '''yolojoub'''....''Olenekian Age'' :*** '''yolajoub'''....''Anisian Age'' :*** '''yolejoub'''....''Ladnian Age'' :*** '''yolijoub'''....''Carnian Age'' :*** '''yolujoub'''....''Norian Age'' :*** '''yolyojoub'''....''Rhaetian Age'' :*** '''yolyajoub'''....''Hettangian Age'' :*** '''yolyejoub'''....''Sinemurian Age'' :*** '''yolyijoub'''....''Pliensbachian Age'' :*** '''yolyujoub'''....''Toarcian Age'' :*** '''yalojoub'''....''Aalenian Age'' :*** '''yalajoub'''....''Bajocian Age'' :*** '''yalejoub'''....''Bathonian Age'' :*** '''yalijoub'''....''Callovian Age'' :*** '''yalujoub'''....''Oxfordian Age'' :*** '''yalyojoub'''....''Kimmeridgian Age'' :*** '''yalyajoub'''....''Tithonian Age'' :*** '''yalyejoub'''....''Berriasian Age'' :*** '''yalyijoub'''....''Valanginian Age'' :*** '''yalyujoub'''....''Hauterivian Age'' :*** '''yelojoub'''....''Barremian Age '' :*** '''yelajoub'''....''Aptian Age '' :*** '''yelejoub'''....''Albian Age '' :*** '''yelijoub'''....''Cenomanian '' :*** '''yelujoub'''....''Turonian '' :*** '''yelyojoub'''....''Coniacian '' :*** '''yelyajoub'''....''Santonian '' :*** '''yelyejoub'''....''Campanian '' :*** '''yelyijoub'''....''Maastrichtian '' :*** '''yelyujoub'''....''Danian '' :*** '''yilojoub'''....''Selandian '' :*** '''yilajoub'''....''Thanetian '' :*** '''yilejoub'''....''Ypresian '' :*** '''yilijoub'''....''Lutetian '' :*** '''yilujoub'''....''Bartonian '' :*** '''yilyojoub'''....''Priaboanian '' :*** '''yilyajoub'''....''Rupelian '' :*** '''yilyejoub'''....''Chattian '' :*** '''yilyijoub'''....''Aquitanian '' :*** '''yilyujoub'''....''Burdigalian '' :*** '''yulojoub'''....''Langhian '' :*** '''yulajoub'''....''Serravallian '' :*** '''yulejoub'''....''Tortonian '' :*** '''yulijoub'''....''Messinian '' :*** '''yulujoub'''....''Zanclean '' :*** '''yulyojoub'''....''Piacenzian '' :*** '''yulyajoub'''....''Gelasian '' :*** '''yulyejoub'''....''Calabrian '' :*** '''yulyijoub'''....''Chibanian '' :*** '''yulyujoub'''....''Tarantian '' :*** '''asojoub'''....''Greenlandian '' :*** '''asajoub'''....''Northgrippian '' :*** '''asejoub'''....''Meghalayan '' === Names of Diacritics === : The Mirad words for diacritics (= accents) are based on the worldwide Unicode 4.0 standard. There are three kinds of diacritics based on where they are positioned relative to the base: ::* <b>aybsiyn</b>....<i>above mark</i> ::* <b>oybsiyn</b>....<i>below mark</i> ::* <b>absiyn</b>....<i>overlay mark</i> : The names are based on some common shapes: ::* <b>nod</b>....<i>dot</i> ::* <b>grun</b>....<i>hook</i> ::* <b>nad</b>....<i>line</i> ::* <b>kin</b>....<i>slash</i> ::* <b>vu</b>....<i>wedge</i> ::* <b>pyaon</b>....<i>wave</i> ::* <b>zyus</b>....<i>ring</i> ::* <b>uz</b>....<i>arch</i> ::* <b>zeymep</b>....<i>bridge</i> ::* <b>izmufseb</b>....<i>arrowhead</i> ::* <b>mar</b>....<i>star</i> : The above shapes can be modified by adjectives: ::* <b>kia</b>....<i>slanted</i> ::* <b>ao</b>....<i>vertical</i> ::* <b>yoga/yaga</b>....<i>short/long</i> ::* <b>en</b>....<i>double</i> ::* <b>yaba/yoba</b>....<i>up/down</i> ::* <b>zua/zia</b>....<i>left/right</i> ::* <b>oyvuzbwa</b>....<i>inverted</i> : Here is a chart listing the most common diacritics in the world's languages. (Note: Mirad does not use diacritics for its native words.) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;" |+ Mirad Names of Diacritics |- ! Diacritic !! Unicode<br>Value !! Mirad !! Unicode Name |- |<big><b>&#x0301;</b></big>|| 0301||<b> zukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zukin oybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030B;</b></big>|| 030B||<b> enzukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0317;</b></big>|| 0317||<b> zikin oybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030F;</b></big>|| 030F||<b> enzikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> zigrun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0327;</b></big>|| 0327||<b> zugrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>cedilla</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0328;</b></big>|| 0328||<b> zigrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>ogonek, nasal hook</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0302;</b></big>|| 0302||<b> yobvu aybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent, hat</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032D;</b></big>|| 032D||<b> yobvu oybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030C;</b></big>|| 030C||<b> vu aybsiyn</b>||<i>hachek, v above, caron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032C;</b></big>|| 032C||<b> vu oybsiyn</b>||<i>caron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0306;</b></big>|| 0306||<b> yabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0311;</b></big>|| 0311||<b> yobuz aybsin</b>||<i>inverted breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032F;</b></big>|| 032F||<b> yobuz oybsin </b>||<i>inverted breve below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0308;</b></big>|| 0308||<b> ennod aybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis above, double dot above, umlaut, trema</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0324;</b></big>|| 0324||<b> ennod oybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis below, double dot below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0307;</b></big>|| 0307||<b> nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above, overdot, tecka, tittle</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0323;</b></big>|| 0323||<b> nod oybsiyn</b>||<i>dot below, underdot, nang</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0351;</b></big>|| 0351||<b> zua eynzyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031C;</b></big>|| 031C||<b> zua eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia eynzyus aybsign</b>||<i>right half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0339;</b></big>|| 0339||<b> zia eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>right half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0305;</b></big>|| 0305||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>overline, overscore, vinculum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033F;</b></big>|| 033F||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double overline</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0332;</b></big>|| 0332||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>single lowline below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0333;</b></big>|| 0333||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double lowline, double underline, double underscore</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0304;</b></big>|| 0304||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>macron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0331;</b></big>|| 0331||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035E;</b></big>|| 935E||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron, longum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035F;</b></big>|| 035F||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030A;</b></big>|| 030A||<b> zyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>ring above, kroujek, overring</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0325;</b></big>|| 0325||<b> zyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032A;</b></big>|| 032A||<b> zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033A;</b></big>|| 033A||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0303;</b></big>|| 0303||<b> pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0342;</b></big>|| 0342||<b> yagpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek perispomeni</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0360;</b></big>|| 0360||<b> enpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>double tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0330;</b></big>|| 0330||<b> pyaon oybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032B;</b></big>|| 032B||<b> oyvuzbwa enuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted double arch below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033E;</b></big>|| 033E||<b> aonada pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical tilde, yerik</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031A;</b></big>|| 031A||<b> zua gun aybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> aonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> aonad oybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030E;</b></big>|| 030E||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033D;</b></big>|| 033D||<b> xu aybsiyn</b>||<i>x above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0353;</b></big>|| 0353||<b> xu oybsiyn</b>||<i>x below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033C;</b></big>|| 033C||<b> lapiat oybsiyn</b>||<i>seagull below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0310;</b></big>|| 0310||<b> nod ayb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>candrabindu</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0352;</b></big>|| 0352||<b> nod oyb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>fermata</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0314;</b></big>|| 0314||<b> zia grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma above, dasia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0326;</b></big>|| 0326||<b> zia grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0313;</b></big>|| 0313||<b> zua grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>reversed comma above, psili</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0320;</b></big>|| 0320||<b> gobsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>minus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031F;</b></big>|| 031F||<b> gabsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>plus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubay ge aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equals above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0349;</b></big>|| 0349||<b> zua gun oybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033B;</b></big>|| 033B||<b> ungun oybsiyn</b>||<i>square below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0334;</b></big>|| 0334||<b> Gereda nod-kin-nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek dialytika tonos</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia izmufseb aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x08F7;</b></big>|| 0356||<b> zia izmufseb ay yabizmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead and up arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0355;</b></big>|| 0355||<b> zia izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0354;</b></big>|| 0354||<b> zua izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>left arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0318;</b></big>|| 0318||<b> zua zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>left tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0319;</b></big>|| 0319||<b> zia zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>right tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031D;</b></big>|| 031D||<b> yob zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>up tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031E;</b></big>|| 031E||<b> yab zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>down tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0337;</b></big>|| 0337||<b> yoga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>short slash overlay, short solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0338;</b></big>|| 0338||<b> yaga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>long slash overlay, long solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0322;</b></big>|| 0322||<b> zoykixwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>retroflex hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0359;</b></big>|| 0359||<b> mar oybsiyn</b>||<i>asterisk below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035A;</b></big>|| 035A||<b> enzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>double ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0358;</b></big>|| 0358||<b> zinod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above right</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035C;</b></big>|| 035C||<b> enyabuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve below, ligature tie below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035D;</b></big>|| 035D||<b> enyabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0361;</b></big>|| 0361||<b> enyobuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double inverted breve, top ligature, tie bar</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035B;</b></big>|| 035B||<b> uiznad aybsiyn</b>||<i>zigzag above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0347;</b></big>|| 0347||<b> gese oybsiyn</b>||<i>equals sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubgese aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equal to above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0362;</b></big>|| 0362||<b> enziizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>double rightwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034E;</b></big>|| 034E||<b> yabizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>upwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> ziizmuf aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034A;</b></big>|| 034A||<b> opyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>not tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x037A;</b></big>|| 037A||<b> iota oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek ypogegrammeni, iota subscript</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0374;</b></big>|| 0374||<b> Gereda sag aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek numeral sign, dexia keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0375;</b></big>|| 0375||<b> Gereda sag oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek lower numeral sign, aristeri keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0651;</b></big>|| 0651||<b> xadda aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic shadda</i> |- |<big><b>&#x065E;</b></big>|| 065E||<b> fatha aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic fatha with two dots</i> |- |<big><b>&#x061A;</b></big>|| 061A||<b> kasra oybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic small kasra</i> |- |<big><b>&#x064C;</b></big>|| 064C||<b> damma aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic dammatan</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0652;</b></big>|| 0652||<b> sukun aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic sukun</i> |} === Grammar Terms === :*'''drevyab'''....''grammar'' :*'''dun'''....''word'' :*'''dyen'''....''phrase'' :*'''dyan'''....''sentence'' :** '''delyea'''....''declarative'' :** '''didyea'''....''interrogative'' :** '''azteudyea'''....''exclamatory'' :*'''dyangon'''....''clause'' :** '''agala dyangon'''....''main clause'' :** '''abyosyea dyangon'''....''dependent clause'' :** '''obdabyea dyangon'''....''subordinate clause'' :*'''anyendyen'''....''idiom'' :*'''dalzeyn'''....''language'' :*'''dalzeynes'''....''dialect'' :*'''dalyen'''....''locution'' :*'''dungon'''....''syllable'' :*'''dunog'''....''particle'' :*'''abun'''....''affix'' :** '''zabun'''....''prefix'' :** '''zobun'''....''suffix'' :** '''yebun'''....''infix'' :*'''kyid'''....''stress'' :*'''dredyen'''....''spelling, orthography'' :*'''seuxden'''....''pronunciation'' :*'''dalgon'''....''part of speech'' :**'''sundun'''....''noun'' :**'''avdun'''....''pronoun'' :**'''erdun'''....''verb'' :**'''adun'''....''adjective'' :**'''aydun'''....''adverb'' :**'''ebdun'''....''preposition'' :**'''yanxdun'''....''conjunction'' :**'''oybdun'''....''particle'' :**'''asaundun'''....''article, determiner'' :*'''jobyen'''....''tense'' :** '''eja'''....''present tense'' :** '''aja'''....''past tense'' :** '''oja'''....''future tense'' :** '''vensona'''....''conditional'' :* '''teagun'''....''aspect'' :** '''ikna'''....''perfect'' :** '''oikna'''....''imperfect'' :** '''zaypasyea'''....''progressive'' :*'''tipyen'''....''mood'' :** '''izeadyea'''....''indicative mood'' :** '''ovyamxwa'''....''subjunctive mood'' :*'''teuz'''....''voice'' :** '''axlyea'''....''active'' :** '''xolyea'''....''passive'' :** '''syundabea'''....''transitive'' :** '''osyundabea'''....''intransitive'' :** '''zyinzoyubea'''....''reflexive'' :*'''sankyas'''....''case'' :** '''syina'''....''nominative, subject'' :** '''bina'''....''genitive, possessive'' :** '''buna'''....''dative'' :** '''izsyuna'''....''accusative, direct object'' :** '''oizsyuna'''....''indirect object'' :** '''byina'''....''ablative'' :** '''dyuena'''....''vocative'' :*'''toob'''....''gender'' :** '''twooba'''....''masculine'' :** '''tooyba'''....''feminine'' :** '''evtwooba'''....''neuter'' :*'''sag'''....''number'' :** '''ansaga'''....''singular'' :** '''glasaga'''....''plural'' :*'''sagdun'''....''numeral'' == Forming Adjectives == : You can form an adjective by adding the suffix '''a''' to a substantive, any adverb not ending in '''-ay''', or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adjectives |- ! Noun !! Adjective |- | '''taam'''....''home'' || '''taama'''....''domestic'' |- | '''doob'''....''nation'' || '''dooba'''....''national'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''teja'''....''vital'' |- | '''tyoyapyaf'''....''ability to walk'' || '''tyoyapyafa'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''martun'''....''astronomy'' || '''martuna'''....''astronomical'' |- ! Pronoun !! Adjective |- | '''at'''....''I, me'' || '''ata'''....''my'' |- | '''eut'''....''yourself'' || '''euta'''....''your own'' |- | '''hiyen'''....''this kind'' || '''hiyena'''....''this kind of'' |- | '''duhot?'''....''who?'' || '''duhota?'''....''whose?'' |- ! Gerund !! Adjective |- | '''ifeken'''....''recreation'' || '''ifekena'''....''recreational'' |- ! Adverb !! Adjective |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiba'''....''distant'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaba'''....''high, upper'' |- ! Verb Form !! Adjective (= Participle) |- | '''teje'''....''(he) lives'' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- | '''tojo'''....''will die'' || '''tojoa'''....''moribund, about to die'' |- | '''tojbu'''....''would kill'' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- | '''twa'''....''was known'' || '''twaa'''....''known'' (usu. shortened to '''twa''') |} === Adjectival Suffixes === : Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just '''a'''. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Other Adjectives |- ! Suffix !! Meaning !! Noun !! Adjective |- ! rowspan=3|-ava !!rowspan=3| ''pro-, for'' !! !! |- | '''Usom'''<br>''U.S.'' || '''Usomava'''<br>''pro-U.S.'' |- | '''yuvrin'''<br>''slavery'' || '''yuvrinava'''<br>''pro-slavery'' |- ! rowspan=3|-ova !!rowspan=3| ''anti-, against'' !! !! |- | '''dobvyabyan'''<br>''constitution'' || '''dovyabyanova'''<br>''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''dot'''<br>''society'' || '''dotova'''<br>''anti-social'' |- ! rowspan=5|-aya !!rowspan=5| ''full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzaya'''<br>''colorful'' |- | '''futax'''<br>''resentment'' || '''futaxaya'''<br>''resentful'' |- | '''tiibil'''<br>''blood'' || '''tiibilaya'''<br>''bloody'' |- | '''yiflan'''<br>''courage'' || '''yiflanaya'''<br>''courageous'' |- ! rowspan=3|-oya !!rowspan=3| ''bereft of, -less, un-'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzoya'''<br>''colorless, pale'' |- | '''tajyaf'''<br>''talent'' || '''tajyafoya'''<br>''untalented'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ika !!rowspan=2| ''full of, -ous, -ful, -y'' !! !! |- | '''map'''<br>''wind'' || '''mapika'''<br>''windy'' |- ! rowspan=2|-uka !!rowspan=2| ''bereft of, without, -less'' !! !! |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasuka'''<br>''broke, penniless'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yena !! rowspan=4|''-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al'' !! !! |- | '''tudet'''<br>''child'' || '''tudetyena'''<br>''childish, infantile'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' || '''totyena'''<br>''divine, godly'' |- | '''pit'''<br>''fish'' || '''pityena'''<br>''fish-like, fishy'' |- ! rowspan=5|-wa or -awa !! rowspan=5|''-ed, past passive participle''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Past Passive Participle |- | '''t-'''<br>''know'' || '''twa'''<br>''known'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalwa'''<br>''spoken, oral'' |- | '''nixbu-'''<br>''sell'' || '''nixbuwa'''<br>''sold'' |- | '''dr-'''<br>''write'' || '''drawa'''<br>''written'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ea !!rowspan=4| ''-ing''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''ot-'''<br>''not know'' || '''otea'''<br>''ignorant'' |- | '''tej-'''<br>''live'' || '''tejea'''<br>''living, alive'' |- | '''tuj-'''<br>''die'' || '''tujea'''<br>''dying'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yea !!rowspan=5| ''-ive, prone to Xing, given to X''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''tujb-'''<br>''kill'' || '''tujbyea'''<br>''murderous'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texyea'''<br>''pensive, thoughtful'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyea'''<br>''forgetful'' |- | '''axl-'''<br>''act'' || '''axlyea'''<br>''active'' |- ! rowspan=5|-uwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, apt to be Xed''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Passive Participle |- | '''ex-'''<br>''operate'' || '''exuwa'''<br>''operable'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''feel'' || '''tosuwa'''<br>''palpable'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texuwa'''<br>''conceivable'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''teluwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yafa !!rowspan=3| ''-able, capable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafa'''<br>''sightful, able to see'' |- | '''dyed-'''<br>''read'' || '''dyedyafa'''<br>''literate'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yafwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, possible to be Xed''<br> (added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyafwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''telyafwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofa !!rowspan=5| ''incapable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' |- | '''tyoyap-'''<br>''walk'' || '''tyoyapyofa'''<br>''lame'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''dumb, incapable of speaking'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofwa !!rowspan=5| ''un-X-able'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''inaudible'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyofa'''<br>''unforgetable'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''unspeakable'' |- ! rowspan=6|-ifa !!rowspan=6| ''fond of, -phile'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''pot'''<br>''animal'' || '''potifa'''<br>''pet-friendly'' |- | '''hyitoob-'''<br>''same-gender'' || '''hyitoobifa'''<br>''homophile'' |- | '''tobot'''<br>''child'' || '''tobotifa'''<br>''pedophile'' |- | '''fitel'''<br>''food'' || '''fitelifa'''<br>''gourmand'' |- | '''doob'''<br>''nation'' || '''doobifa'''<br>''patriotic'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ifwa !!rowspan=2| ''loved by'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tyod'''<br>''people'' || '''tyodifwa'''<br>''popular'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ufa !!rowspan=4| ''adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tob'''<br>''human'' || '''tobufa'''<br>''misanthropic'' |- | '''hyut-'''<br>''other person'' || '''hyutufa'''<br>''xenophobic'' |- | '''toyb-'''<br>''woman'' || '''toybufa'''<br>''misogynist'' |- ! rowspan=5|-ef(w)a !!rowspan=5|''needful of,<br>(necessary to be X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''til'''<br>''drink'' || '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' |- | '''tel'''<br>''food'' || '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' |- | '''yelb-'''<br>''to oil'' || '''yelbefwa'''<br>''squeaky, in need of oil'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yef(w)a !!rowspan=4| ''worthy of,<br> due to be (deserving of being X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''fid'''<br>''praise'' || '''fidyefa'''<br>''praiseworthy'' |- | '''dud'''<br>''answer'' || '''dudyefa'''<br>''responsible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyefwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yuk(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''easy to, (easily X-ed)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyuka'''<br>''gullible'' |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyukwa'''<br>''incredible, hard to believe'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yik(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''hard to,<br>(hard of X-ing)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyikwa'''<br>''opaque'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyika'''<br>''hard of hearing'' |} === Adjectival Prefixes === ==== Negating the Meaning of Adjectives ==== ::: The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix '''o-'''. ::: Examples: ::::* '''vlea'''....''probable'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>vlea'''....''improbable'' ::::* '''fika'''....''perfect'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fika'''....''imperfect'' ::::* '''twa'''....''known'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>twa'''....''unknown'' ::::* '''bosa'''....''quiet'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>bosa'''....''upset, unquiet'' ::: Note: Occasionally, the prefix '''lo-''' is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case: ::::* '''fwa'''....''wanted'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fwa'''....''prohibited'' <big><</big> '''ofer'''....''to prohibit'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>yo</u>fwa'''....''impossible'' <big><</big> '''yofer'''....''to be unable'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>lo</u>fwa'''....''unwanted'' <big><</big> '''fer'''....''to want'' (disambiguated) ::: The prefixes '''lyo-''' and '''ov''' are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective: ::::* '''data'''....''friendly'' ::::* '''odata'''....''unfriendly'' ::::* '''ovdata'''....''hostile'' ::::* '''lyodata'''....''inimical'' ::::* '''dota'''....''social'' ::::* '''odota'''....''unsocial'' ::::* '''ovdota'''....''antisocial'' ::::* '''lyodota'''....''savage'' ==== Table of Adjective Prefixes ==== ::: As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones: :::{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes<br>Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column |- ! Mirad Prefix !! English Prefix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | '''o-''' || ''un-, a(n)-, in-, non-'' ||'''<u>o</u>baka'''....''unhealthy''<br>'''<u>o</u>yezyebeya'''....''incontinent'', '''<u>o</u>yelpea'''....''non-invasive''<br>'''<u>o</u>totina'''....''atheist'' |- |'''ov-''' || ''anti-, counter-'' || '''<u>ov</u>zuina'''....''anti-leftist''<br>'''<u>ov</u>iztida'''....''counter-intuitive'' |- |'''av-''' || ''pro-'' || '''<u>av</u>hyitoosifa'''....''pro-gay'' |- | '''kovyo-''' ||''pseudo-'' || '''<u>kovyo</u>tepina'''....''pseudo-intellectual'' |- | '''hya(s)-''' || ''all-, pan-, omni-'' || '''<u>hyas</u>tea'''....''all-knowing, omniscient'' |- | '''voy-, gal-''' || ''re-'' || '''<u>voy</u>upya'''....''returned''<br>'''<u>gal</u>abwa'''....''<u>re</u>applied'' |- | '''vyo-''' || ''mis-'' || '''<u>vyo</u>seudxwa'''....''mispronounced'' |- | '''eyn-''' || ''semi-, half-'' ||'''<u>eyn</u>levelaya'''....''semi-sweet''<br>'''<u>eyn</u>tija'''....''half-awake'' |- |'''yiz-''' || ''ultra-, super-'' || '''<u>yiz</u>doobina'''....''ultra-nationalist''<br>'''<u>yiz</u>mola'''....''supernatural'' |- | '''gro-''' || ''under-, hypo-'' || '''<u>gro</u>jaga'''....''under-aged'' |- | '''gra-''' || ''over-, hyper-, uber-'' || '''<u>gra</u>agxwa'''....''overgrown''<br>'''<u>gra</u>toseya'''....''hypersensitive'' |- | '''gla-''' ||''multi-, many-, poly-'' || '''<u>gla</u>kuma'''....''multilateral''<br>'''<u>gla</u>tadaya'''....''polygamous'' |- |'''fu-''' || ''mal-, ill-'' || '''<u>fu</u>teyenxwa'''....''ill-conceived''<br>'''<u>fu</u>sanxwa'''....''malformed'' |- | '''fi-''' || ''well-'' || '''<u>fi</u>tofabwa'''....''well-dressed'' |- | '''yuyb-''' ||''quasi-, almost'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>daba'''....''quasi-governmental'' |- | '''ja-''' || ''pre-, (a)fore-, pro-'' ||'''<u>ja</u>teyenxwa'''....''pre-conceived''<br>'''<u>ja</u>igdawa'''....''aformentioned'' |- | '''jo-''' || ''post-'' || '''<u>jo</u>dropeka'''....''post-war'' |- | '''oyeb-'''|| ''extra-, exo-, '' || '''<u>oyeb</u>tada'''....''extra-marital'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-'' || '''<u>yeb</u>tayoba'''....''endo-dermal'' |- | '''agl(a)-''' || ''macro-'' || '''<u>agla</u>mora'''....''macrocosmic'' |- | '''ogl(a)-''' || ''micro-'' || '''<u>ogla</u>mora'''....''microcosmic'' |- | '''ut-''' || ''auto-, self-, sui-'' || '''<u>ut</u>pana'''....''automatic''<br>'''<u>ut</u>tojbua'''....''suicidal'' |- | '''hyaewa-''' || ''ambi-'' || '''<u>hyaewa</u>tesea'''....''ambivalent'' |- | '''en-''' || ''bi-'' || '''<u>en</u>toobifa'''....''bisexual'' |- | '''yuz-''' || ''circum-'' || '''<u>yuz</u>teaxea'''....''circumspect'' |- | '''gel-''' || ''homo-'' || '''<u>gel</u>sauna'''....''homogeneous'' |- | '''ogel-''' || ''hetero-'' || '''<u>ogel</u>sauna'''....''heterogeneous'' |- | '''oyb-''' || ''infra-, sub-'' || '''<u>oyb</u>ivoza'''....''infrared'' |- | '''ge-''' || ''iso-, equi-'' || '''<u>ge</u>voza'''....''isochromatic'' |- | '''agr(a)-''' || ''mega-'' || '''<u>agra</u>tipa'''....''megamaniacal'' |- | '''ku-''' || ''para-'' || '''<u>ku</u>ega'''....''paranormal'' |- | '''yuyb-''' || ''quasi-, almost, pen-'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>dobyena'''....''quasi-official'' |- | '''yib-''' || ''tele-, far-'' || '''<u>yib</u>pyuxea'''....''far-reaching'' |- | '''zey-''' || ''trans-, cross-'' || '''<u>zey</u>mimaga'''....''transoceanic'' |- | '''aaj-''' || ''paleo-'' || '''<u>aaj</u>toba'''....''paleoloanthropic'' |- | '''eej-''' || ''neo-'' || '''<u>eej</u>visauna'''....''neoclassical'' |- | '''yibaj-''' || ''arch(a)eo-, ancient'' || '''yibajtuna'''....''archaeological'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-, inner, intro-'' || '''yebzena'''....''endocentric''<br>'''yebuzbwa'''....''introverted'' |- | '''oyeb-''' || ''exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)-'' || '''oyebzena'''....''exocentric''<br>'''oyebuzbwa'''....''extroverted'' |- | '''yab(an)-''' || ''high-, up'' || '''yabnoga'''....''upscale''<br>'''yabnayxa'''....''high-priced'' |- | '''yaban-''' || ''acro-'' || '''yabanyufa'''....''acrophobic'' |- | '''yob-''' || ''low-, down-'' || '''yobnoga'''....''low-grade, down-scale'' |} === English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison === : Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared |- ! English Suffix !! Meaning !! Mirad Suffix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | ''-ful'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''voz<u>aya</u>'''....''colorful''<br> '''tuz<u>ika</u>'''....''skillful'' |- | ''-ous'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''naz<u>ika</u>'''....''precious''<br> '''mil<u>aya</u>'''....''aqueous'' |- | ''-filled'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoke-filled'' |- | ''-y'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoky''<br> |- | ''-ous'' || of<br> like || '''-a''' || '''totin<u>a</u>'''....''religious''<br> '''vyos<u>a</u>'''....''erroneous'' |- | ''-ly'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tot<u>yena</u>'''....''godly''<br> '''toyb<u>yena</u>'''....''womanly'' |- | ''-like'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pat<u>yena</u>'''....''bird-like'' |- | ''-ish'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tobot<u>yena</u>'''....''childish'' |- | ''-y'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''fyab<u>yena</u>'''....''fruity'' |- | ''-ic'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tuz<u>yena</u>'''....''artistic''<br> '''sil<u>yena</u>'''....''acidic'' |- | ''-ic'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''tun<u>a</u>'''....''scientific''<br> '''bek<u>a</u>'''....''therapeutic'' |- | ''-ical'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''zyunid<u>a</u>'''....''spherical''<br> '''iztex<u>a</u>'''....''logical'' |- | ''-ological'' || pertaining to the study of || '''-tuna''' || '''tej<u>tuna</u>'''....''biological'' |- | ''-ist(ic)'' || pertaining to the doctrine of || '''-ina''' || '''dopar<u>ina</u>'''....''militarist(ic)''<br> '''nasyan<u>ina</u>'''....''capitalist(ic)'' |- | ''-ophobic'' (and ''miso-'' prefix) || hating<br> fearful of || '''-ufa''' || '''yudat<u>ufa</u>'''....''xenophonic''<br> '''tobyan<u>ufa</u>'''....''misanthropic'' |- | ''-ophilic'' (and ''philo-'' prefix) || loving || '''-ifa''' || '''tobot<u>ifa</u>'''....''pedophilic''<br> '''tob<u>ifa</u>'''....''philanthropic'' |- | ''-al'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pyot<u>yena</u>'''....''bestial'' |- | ''-al'' || of<br> pertaining to || '''-a''' || '''tej<u>a</u>'''....''vital''<br> '''aman<u>a</u>'''....''thermal'' |- | ''-less'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''tej<u>uka</u>'''....''lifeless''<br> '''tobot<u>oya</u>'''....''childless'' |- | ''-free'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''yom<u>uka</u>'''....''ice-free''<br> '''vyos<u>oya</u>'''....''error-free'' |- | ''-safe<br> -proof'' || free<br> not subject to || '''-vaka''' || '''mil<u>vaka</u>'''....''water<u>proof</u>'' |} == Forming Adverbs == : Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix '''a''', in other words, by adding a '''y''' to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''fi<u>a</u>'''....''good'' || '''fi<u>ay</u>'''....''well'' |- | '''vya<u>a</u>'''....''true'' || '''vya<u>ay</u>'''....''truly'' |- | '''gyu<u>a</u>'''....''easy'' || '''gyu<u>ay</u>'''....''easily'' |- | '''ig<u>a</u>'''....''quick'' || '''ig<u>ay</u>'''....''quickly'' |- | '''aut<u>a</u>'''....''personal'' || '''aut<u>ay</u>'''....''personally'' |} : For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example: ::* '''It tyoyape <u>ig</u>.'''....''He walks <u>fast</u>.'' ::* '''Yit xa has <u>fi</u>.'''....''They did it <u>well</u>.'' === Special Adverbs === : Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in '''-ay'''. : Here are the principal such adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Special Adverbs |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''vay'''||''indeed, really, certainly, do'' (cf. '''va'''....''yes'') |- | '''vey'''||''possibly, may, might'' (cf. '''ve'''....''maybe'') |- | '''voy'''||''not'' (cf. '''vo'''....''no'') |- | '''ga'''||''more'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gay'''||''also, moreover, further, still'' |- | '''ge'''||''as, equally'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gey'''||''even'' |- | '''go'''||''less'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''goy'''||''no longer, no more'' |- | '''gla'''||''very'' |- | '''glay'''||''quite, rather, so'' |- | '''gle'''||''so'' |- | '''glo'''||''not very, not so'' |- | '''gra'''||''too'' |- | '''gre'''||''enough, sufficiently, over-'' |- | '''gro'''||''not...enough, inadequately, under-'' |- | '''gwa'''||''most, super-'' |- | '''gwe'''||''average'' |- | '''gwo'''||''least, sub-'' |- | '''zay'''||''ahead, forward'' |- | '''zey'''||''across'' |- | '''zoy'''||''back'' |- | '''zye'''||''through'' |- | '''zya'''||''throughout'' |} : The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow: ::* AFFIRMATIVE: '''Va, at <u>vay</u> se taduwa.'''....''Yes, I am <u>indeed</u> married.'' ::* DUBITIVE: '''Iyta dud se <u>vey</u> vyosa.'''....''Her response is <u>possibly</u> wrong.'' ::* NEGATIVE: '''At <u>voy</u> se eta yuxrut.'''....''I am <u>not</u> your slave.'' : The adverbs above beginning with '''g''' are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb: ::* '''Et se <u>gla</u> via.'''....''You are <u>very</u> beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].'' ::* '''Et peya <u>gra</u> ig.'''....''You were going <u>too</u> fast [=ADVERB].'' ::* '''It <u>gra</u> dale.'''....''He talks [=VERB] <u>too</u> much.'' : Adverbs can be combined with prepositions to form compound prepositions. If the adverbs ends in '''b''' and the preposition following it begins in '''b''', they are joined together with a single '''b'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Compound Prepositions |- ! Special Adverb !! Example |- | '''yab'''....''up'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yabu''' || '''Ha pat papa <u>yabu</u> ha mam.'''....''The bird flew <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yobu'''|| '''Teaxu <u>yobu</u> ha mel.'''....''Look <u>down to</u> the ground.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yobi''' || '''Upu <u>yobi</u> ha abmas!'''....''Come <u>down from</u> the roof!'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yubi''' || '''Besu <u>yubi</u> ha mas.'''....''Stay <u>near (from)</u> the wall.'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yibi''' || '''Ha tobi igpia <u>yibi</u> ha yovbyokam.'''....''The people ran <u>far from</u> the prison.'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in, inward, inside'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yebu''' || '''Kyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa <u>yebu</u>ha tam!'''....''Guess who just walked <u>into</u> the house!'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out, outside'' + '''zye'''....''through'' || '''It tyoyapa <u>oyeb zye</u> ha zames.'''....''He walked <u>out</u> through the front door.'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>iz bu</u> hat.'''....''Go <u>right up to</u> him.'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''ub'''....''toward''|| '''Uzpu <u>zi ub</u> yat!'''....''Turn <u>right toward</u> us!'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Hat uzpa <u>zu ib</u> at.'''....''He turned <u>left away from</u> me.'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>zay bu</u> ha uj.'''....''Go <u>on to</u> the end.'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Upu <u>zoy bi</u> hua nem.'''....''Come <u>back from</u> that place.'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' + '''bay'''....''with'' || '''Van yat tyopu <u>yan bay</u> ha hyuti.'''....''Let's walk <u>together with</u> the others.'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Ha meri kyapeye <u>yon bi </u> hyuisi.'''....''The planets are drifting <u>apart from</u> one another.'' |} === Pro-adverbs === : There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as '''''pro-adverbs'''''. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like '''duhom?''' (''where?''), '''duhoyen?''' (''how?''), '''duhoj?''' (''when?''), '''duhogla''' (''to what extent?''), and their answers, such as '''hum''' (''there''), '''heyen''' (''somehow''), and '''hyoj''' (''never''), '''hugla''' (''so, to that extent''). These words are discussed under the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners|Deictic Determiners]]. == Forming Verbs == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech: ::* Noun stems ::* Adjective stems ::* Verb stems === Forming Verbs from Nouns === : Verbs can sometimes be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix '''er''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Denominal Verb Derivation |- ! Noun !! Verb |- | '''ak'''....''a gain'' || '''aker'''....''to win'' |- | '''af'''....''permission'' || '''afer'''....''may, be allowed'' |- | '''teud'''....''cry, shout'' || '''teuder'''....''to cry, shout, exclaim'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''tajer'''....''to be born'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tejer'''....''to live'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''tojer'''....''to die'' |- | '''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejer'''....''to continue'' |- | '''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijer'''....''to begin'' |- | '''uj'''....''end'' || '''ijer'''....''to end'' |- | '''yuj'''....''sleep'' || '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' |} === Verb Formants === : More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such '''''verb formants''''' are in this chart: :* '''-ser'''....''to be/become'' usually intransitive and stative (''unite'' = ''become one'') ::* '''-sler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-srer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-xer'''....''to do/make'' usually transitive and dynamic (''unite'' = ''make one'') ::* '''-xler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-xrer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-per'''....''to go'' usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (''mount'' = ''get onto'') ::* '''-pler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-prer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ber'''....''to put'' usually transitive and a verb of gesture (''apply'' = ''put onto'') ::* '''-bler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-brer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ier''' a stub from the verb '''bier'''....''to take'', usually an action verb benefiting the agent (''eat'' = ''take food'') :* '''-uer''' a stub from the verb '''buer'''....''to give'', usually an action verb benefiting the patient (''feed'' = ''give food'') :* '''-der'''....''to say'', a verb of communication (''affirm'' = ''say yes'') :* '''-drer'''....''to write'' :* '''-ter'''....''to know'', verbs of the perception and knowledge ('''teater''' = ''see'') :: Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids '''l''' or '''r''', eg.'''sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Verb Formants |- ! Noun !! Auxiliary Verb Or Verb Stub Formant !! Verb |- | '''yav'''....''innocence'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''yavder'''....''to acquit'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''yovaber'''....''to shame, accuse'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''yovober'''....''to excuse, exculpate'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''tofaber'''....''to dress, don'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''tofober'''....''to undress, strip'' |- | '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''detser'''....''to associate'' |- | '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''datxer'''....''to befriend'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''sanser'''....''to form (intransitive)'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''sanxer'''....''to form (transitive)'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''telier'''....''to eat, consume'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed, nourish'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tajber'''....''to give birth'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tejper'''....''to come alive'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tejber'''....''to bring to life'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tojber'''....''to kill'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tijper'''....''to wake up'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tijber'''....''to awaken'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''taxier'''....''to recall'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''yev'''....''justice'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''vyan'''....''truth'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyander'''....''to tell the truth'' |- | '''vyon'''....''falsehood'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyonder'''....''to tell a lie'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aker'''....''to gain'' || '''ilaker'''....''to take on liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' || '''iloker'''....''to leak, lose liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ilier'''....''to soak up'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour, water'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikser'''....''to get full'' || '''ilikser'''....''to be soaked'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikxer'''....''to fill up'' || '''ilikxer'''....''to flood, soak'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukser'''....''to become empty'' || '''ilukser'''....''to drain'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukxer'''....''to empty'' || '''ilukxer'''....''to flush'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''ilser'''....''to liquify, melt'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''ilxer'''....''to liquify, melt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''ilaber'''....''to wash'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aper'''....''to get on'' || '''ilaper'''....''to float'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''ilper'''....''to flow'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' || '''ilzyaber'''....''to spray, shower'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyober'''....''to squeeze'' || '''ilzyober'''....''to squirt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''pyexer'''....''to strike'' || '''ilpyexer'''....''to splash (with liquid)'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''yujer'''....''to close'' || '''ilyujer'''....''to plug'' |} : Note that verbs ending in '''-ser''' and '''-ier''' are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in '''-xer''' and '''-uer''' are transitive. Also, '''-ier''' verbs are subject-directed, while '''-uer''' verbs are object-directive or causative (making someone do something). === Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser === : The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with '''-xer'''....''to do, make, cause'', and the intransitive group with '''-ser'''....''to be, become''. : The following chart shows how these verbs are formed: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aza'''....''strong'' || '''azaxer'''....''fortify, strengthen, make strong'' || '''azaser'''....''get strong'' |- | '''oza'''....''week'' || '''ozaxer'''....''weaken'' || '''ozaser'''....''grow weaker'' |- | '''kyia'''....''heavy'' || '''kyiaxer'''....''weigh down'' || '''kyiaser'''....''grow heavy'' |- | '''kyua'''....''light'' || '''kyuaxer'''....''lighten, make lighter'' || '''kyuaser'''....''get lighter'' |- | '''yana'''....''together'' || '''yanaxer'''....''bring together'' || '''yanaser'''....''get together'' |} : The final adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the '''a''' makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agaxer'''....''magnify'' || '''agaser'''....''get big'' |- | || '''agxer'''....''grow'' || '''agxer'''....''grow up, mature'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iga'''....''fast'' || '''igaxer'''....''accelerate'' || '''igaser'''....''speed up'' |- | || '''igxer'''....''rush'' || '''igser'''....''hurry up'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''baka'''....''healthy'' || '''bakaxer'''....''make healthy'' || '''bakaser'''....''get healthy'' |- | || '''bakxer'''....''heal'' || '''bakser'''....''heal'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''sana'''....''formal'' || '''sanaxer'''....''formalize'' || '''sanaser'''....''become formal'' |- | || '''sanxer'''....''form, shape'' || '''sanser'''....''form, take shape'' |} === Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per === : Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb '''ber'''....''to put'', while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb '''per'''....''to go''. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in '''b''', the '''b''' is dropped. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Ber and Per |- ! Preposition<br>Base !! Transitive Gesture Verb !! Intransitive Motion Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply, put on'' || '''aper'''....''mount, get on'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove, take off'' || '''oper'''....''dismount, get off'' |- | '''ib'''....''away'' || '''iber'''....''receive'' || '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''send'' || '''uper'''....''come'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yeber'''....''insert''<br>'''oyeber'''....''take out'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''<br>'''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''lower'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''move away'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- ! !! !! |- |- | '''za'''....''front'' || '''zaber'''....''put up front'' || '''zaper'''....''take the lead'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''zayber'''....''advance'' || '''zayper'''....''advance, go forward'' |- | '''ze'''....''middle'' || '''zeber'''....''balance'' || '''zeper'''....''balance'' |- | '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zeyber'''....''take across, transfer'' || '''zeyper'''....''cross, go over, transit'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zober'''....''hinder'' || '''zoper'''....''trail, lag'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoyber'''....''set back, return'' || '''zoyper'''....''retreat, go back, return'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izber'''....''guide'' || '''izper'''....''aim for'' |- | '''uz'''....''crooked'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''turn, diverge'' |- |- '''zi'''....''right'' || '''ziber'''....''set to the right'' || '''ziper'''....''go right'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuber'''....''set to the left'' || '''zuper'''.... ''go left'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''take beyond'' || '''yizper'''....''pass by'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''take around'' || '''yuzper'''....''go around'' |} ==== Deriving Further Verbs of Gesture and Motion ==== : More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of '''ser''' and '''xer''', plus the intensifiers '''y''', '''l''' and '''r'''. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial '''p''' is a more semantically intense version of '''b'''. Also the verb endings '''-sler''' and '''-srer''' and more intense versions of the intransitive ending '''-ser''', while '''-xler''' and '''-xrer''' and more intense version of the transitve ending '''-xer'''. Verbs ending in '''-ler''' and '''-rer''' are transitive voice by nature, '''-rer''' being more semantically intense. Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating More Elaborate Verbs |- ! colspan="2"| Gesture Verb !! colspan="2"| Motion Verb |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | -- ||'''ber'''....''put'' <br>'''beer'''....''have'' <br>'''beler'''....''carry'' <br>'''bexer'''....''hold'' <br>'''bexler'''....''keep'' | '''per'''....''go''||-- |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press''<br>'''yanbaler'''....''compress''<br>'''yobaler'''....''depress, suppress''<br>'''yuzbaler'''....''hug''<br>'''zoybaler'''....''repress''<br>'''barer'''....''crush'' ||'''paer'''....''hover'' || |- |'''baser'''....''gesticulate'' || '''baxer'''....''make a gesture''<br>'''abaxer'''....''caress, pat'' || '''paser'''....''move''||'''paxer'''....''move'' |- |'''byaser'''....''stand up'' || '''byaxer'''....''set up, erect'' || '''pyaser'''....''jump up'' || '''pyaxer'''....''shoot, launch'' |- |'''basler'''....''budge'' || '''baxler'''....''rouse''<br>'''abaxler'''....''stroke'' || '''paaser'''....''get excited'' || '''paaxer'''....''excite''<br>'''apaxler'''....''sweep'' |- |'''basrer'''....''shake'' || '''baxrer'''....''shake''<br>'''abaxrer'''....''rub'' || || '''apaxrer'''....''scrub'' |- ! !! !! !! |- |'''beser'''....''stay'' || '''bexer'''....''hold''<br>'''zoybexer'''....''restrain''<br>'''yobexer'''....''detain, hold down'' || '''peser'''....''wait'' || '''pexer'''....''trap''<br>'''pexler'''....''capture''<br>'''pexrer'''....''abduct'' |- |'''byeser'''....''behave''|| '''byexer'''....''hit'' || '''pyeser'''....''run into, bump into''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike, knock''<br>'''yonpyexer'''....''break''<br>'''yopyexer'''....''knock down''<br>'''epyexer'''....''fight''<br>'''apyexer'''....''attack''<br>'''ovpyexer'''....''offend''<br>'''kunpyexer'''....''sideswipe''<br>'''tuyapyexer'''....''slap'' |- |'''besler'''....''adhere'' || '''bexler'''....''retain''|| || '''pyexler'''....''pound, beat''<br>'''apyexler'''....''assault''<br>'''yonpexler'''....''shatter, burst'' |- | || || '''yanpyesrer'''....''implode''<br>'''yonpyesler'''....''explode'' || '''pyexler'''....''blast, bomb'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''boser'''....''calm down''<br>'''boyser'''....''rest'' || '''boxer'''....''quieten, quell'' || '''poser'''....''stop''<br>'''poyser'''....''pause'' || '''poxer'''....''stop'' |- | '''byoser'''....''hang'' || '''byoxer'''....''hang'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall''<br>'''yonpyoser'''....''decay'' || '''pyoxer'''....''drop, throw down''<br>'''yopyoxer'''....''topple''<br> |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''biser'''....''originate'' || '''bixer'''....''pull''<br>'''yanbixer'''....''contract''<br>'''yonbixer'''....''distract''<br>'''yubixer'''....''attract''<br>'''yibixer'''....''distract''<br>'''oyebixer'''....''extract''<br>'''yebixer'''....''push in'' || || '''pixer'''....''catch'' |- |'''bisler'''....''spring'' || '''bixler'''....''yank''<br>'''bixrer'''....''ravage'' || || '''pixler'''....''snatch''<br>'''pixrer'''....''rape'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''buser'''....''be destined'' || '''buxer'''....''push, drive''<br>'''zyobuxer'''....''squeeze''<br>'''yebuxer'''....''expel''<br>'''abuxer'''....''impose'' || '''apuser'''....''assault'' || '''puxer'''....''throw, thrust'' |- |'''byuser'''....''bump into'' || '''byuxer'''....''touch''<br>'''yanbyuxer'''....''contact'' ||'''pyuser'''....''run into'' || '''pyuxer'''....''crash'' |- |'''busler'''....''swoop'' || '''buxler'''....''shove'' || '''pusler'''....''lunge, pounce'' || '''puxler'''....''thrust''<br>'''zyapuxler'''....''splatter'' |} === Deriving New Verbs with Prefixes === : Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb '''baxer''' (and its intransitive partner '''baser''') as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Baxer Verbs |- ! Prefix !! Verb |- ! colspan=2 | '''baxer'''....''gesture, make a bodily motion'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abaxer'''....''caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izbaxer'''....''point'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tebaxer'''....''nod'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' || '''vatebaxer'''....''nod yes'' |- | '''vo'''....''no'' || '''votebaxer'''....''nod no'' |- | '''ve'''....''maybe'' || '''vetebaxer'''....''shrug'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''tuyabaxer'''....''wave'' |- | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''tubaxer'''....''flail, swing'' |- | '''teubab'''....''tongue'' || '''teubabaxer'''....''lick'' |- | '''teab'''....''eye'' || '''teubaxer'''....''wink'' |- | '''patub'''....''wing'' || '''patubaxer'''....''flap'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''tail'' || '''tiyubaxer'''....''wag'' |- ! colspan=2 | '''baser'''....''gesticulate'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igbaser'''....''jerk'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''igzaybaser'''....''lurch'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoybaser'''....''recoil'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobaser'''....''bow, bend down'' |- | '''ku-'''....''side'' || '''kubaser'''....''slide'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igkubaser'''....''slip'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' + '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uizbaser'''....''sway, swagger, swish'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle, wobble, totter'' |} === Forming Frequentative Verbs === : A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by prefixing the syllable '''je-''' to the verb. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ The -eg- Frequentative Infix |- ! Regular Verb !! Frequantative Verb |- | '''paser'''....''move'' || '''jepaser'''....''shake, shudder'' |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump'' || '''jepyaser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''paper'''....''fly'' || '''jepaper'''....''flutter, flit'' |- | '''braser'''....''shake'' || '''jebraser'''....''shudder, quiver, vibrate'' |- | '''teupixer'''....''bite'' || '''jeteupiger'''....''nibble'' |- | '''ilzyaber'''....''spray'' || '''jeilzyaber'''....''sprinkle'' |- | '''pyexer'''....''beat'' || '''jepyexer'''....''batter, whip'' |} === Forming Hybrid Words === : Expressions with alternating components like ''back-and-forth'', ''up-and-down'', etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Words |- ! Alternative Components !! Hybrid Expression !! Examples |- | '''yab'''....''up'' +<br>'''yob'''....''down'' || '''yao(b)-'''....''up-and-down'' || '''yaoper'''....''fluctuate'', '''yaopuser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''a-'''....''up, north, skyward'' +<br>'''o-'''....''down, south'' || '''ao-'''....''vertical'' || '''aonada'''....''vertical'', '''aonab'''....''column'' |- | '''za(y)'''....''forth, north'' +<br>'''zo(y)'''....''back, south'' || '''zao(b)-'''....''front-back/north-to-south'' || '''zaobaser'''....''rock'', '''zaomera'''....''north/south'' |- |- '''zu'''....''left/west'' +<br>'''zi'''....''right/east'' || '''zui(b)-'''....''right-to-left/east-to-west'' || '''zuinada'''....''horizontal'', '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle'', '''zuimera'''....''east/west'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' +<br>'''bi'''....''from'' || '''bui-'''....''to-and-from'' || '''buipar'''....''shuttle'', '''buipop'''....''round-trip'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' +<br>'''ob'''....''off'' || '''ao(b)-'''....''on-and-off'' || '''aoper'''....''get on and off'' |- | '''yuj-'''....''closed'' +<br>'''yij-'''....''open'' || '''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut'' || '''yuijbar'''....''switch'', '''igyuijer'''....''blink'' |- | '''uj-'''....''stop'' +<br>'''ij-'''....''start'' || '''uij-'''....''stop-and-start'' || '''uijparpan'''....''stop-and-go traffic'' |- | '''(a)yeb'''....''in'' +<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''aoye(b)-'''....''in-and-out'' || '''igaoyeper'''....''run in-and-out'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' +<br>'''yib'''....''far'' || '''yui(b)-'''....''near-and-far'' || '''yuipoper'''....''travel near-and-far'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' +<br>'''ib'''....''away'' || '''ui(b)-'''....''toward-and-away'' || '''uipen'''....''coming and going'' |- | '''hum'''....''there'' +<br>'''him'''....''here'' || '''huim'''....''here-and-there'' || '''huimkexer'''....''search high-and-low (here-and-there)'' |- | '''hus'''....''that'' +<br>'''his'''....''this'' || '''huis'''....''this-and-that'' || '''huisyexer'''....''do odd jobs, work at this-or-that'' |- | '''hyut'''....''other person'' +<br>'''hyit'''....''same person'' || '''hyuit'''....''one another'' || '''hyuitifer'''....''love one another'', '''hyuita'''....''mutual, reciprocal'' |} : Here are some more examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ More Hybrids ! Hybrid Word !! English Gloss !! Alternating Components |- |'''aogsen'''||'' fluctuation (in size) ''|| '''ag-''' (''big'') + '''og-''' (''little'') + '''s-''' (''become'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''aonada'''||''vertical ''|| '''a-''' (''up/north'') + '''o-''' (''down/south'') + '''nad''' (''line'') + '''-a''' (''adj.'') |- |'''aopuys'''||'' hop-on-hop-off ''|| '''a(p)-''' (''on'') + '''o(p)-''' (''off'') + '''puys-''' (''hop'') |- |'''buien'''||'' trading, swapping ''|| '''bu-''' (''give'') + '''bi-''' (''trake'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''buip'''||'' traffic ''|| '''bu-''' (''to'') + '''bi-''' (''from'') + '''p-''' (''go'') |- |'''buixar'''||''spring''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix''' (''pull'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''buixek'''||'' tug-o-war ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- |'''buixnyem'''||'' drawer ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''nyem''' (''box'') |- |'''byaosen'''||'' teetering, stumbling ''|| '''byas-''' (''stand'') + '''byos-''' (''fall'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''diep'''||'' marine force ''|| '''dip''' (''sea force'') + '''dep''' (''land force'') |- |'''duid'''||'' q&a, interview ''|| '''dud''' (''answer'') + '''did''' (''question'') |- |'''eigpyexer''' || ''batter, whip'' || '''eg-''' (''again'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') + '''pyexer''' (''to hit'') |- |'''gao'''||'' more-or-less ''|| '''ga''' (''more'') + '''go''' (''less'') |- |'''glaojo'''||'' sooner or later ''|| '''gla''' (''very'') + '''glo''' (''slightly'') + '''jo''' (''after'') |- | '''huimkexer''' || ''search here and there'' || '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-m''' (''place'') + '''kex''' (''search'') + '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''huis'''||'' this-and-that ''|| '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-s''' (''thing'') |- |'''hyuit'''||'' one another ''|| '''hyu-''' (''other'') + '''hyi-''' (''same'') + '''-t''' (''person'') |- |'''kyaopen'''||'' fluctuation ''|| '''kya-''' (''mobile'') + '''kyo''' (''static'') + '''-pen''' (''going'') |- |'''maluier'''||'' breathe ''|| '''mal-''' (''air'') + '''u-''' (''let out'') + '''i-''' (''take in'') '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''maojyex'''||'' double-shift work ''|| '''maj''' (''day'') + '''moj''' (''night'') + '''yex''' (''work'') |- |'''maonig'''||'' flicker ''|| '''man''' (''light'') + '''mon''' (''dark'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') |- |'''maolza'''||'' black&white/gray ''|| '''malza''' (''white'') + '''molza''' (''black'') |- |'''meil'''||'' mud ''|| '''mel''' (''soil'') + '''mil''' (''water'') |- |'''memuiben'''||'' import-exports ''|| '''mem''' (''country'') + '''ub-''' (''send'') + '''ib-''' (''receive'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''mial'''||'' vapor ''|| '''mil''' (''water'') + '''mal''' (''air'') |- |'''mieg'''||'' reef ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-g''' (''stone'') |- |'''miek'''||'' sand ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-k''' (''rocky substance'') |- |'''miem'''||'' swamp ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''mem''' (''land'') |- |'''mimpuin'''||'' dock ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''mimpyaos'''||'' surf ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''sink'') |- |'''mimuip'''||'' tide ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip-''' (''go'') |- |'''peit'''||'' amphibian ''|| '''pet''' (''land animal'') + '''pit''' (''sea creature'') |- |'''puim'''||'' kiss-and-ride zone''|| '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''puixek'''||'' baseball ''|| '''pux-''' (''pitch'') + '''pix-''' (''catch'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- | '''pyaos''' || ''wave'' || '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''crest'') |- |'''teabyuij'''||'' blink ''|| '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') |- |'''tuijea'''||'' nodding off ''|| '''tuj-''' (''sleep'') + '''tij''' (''wake'') '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''uijdal'''||'' stutter ''|| '''uj-''' (''finish'') + '''ij-''' (''start'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''uipeni'''||'' comings & goings ''|| '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip''' (''go'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') + '''-i''' (''pl.'') |- |'''uiza'''||'' serpentine, snaky ''|| '''uza''' (''crooked'') + '''iza''' (''straight'') |- |'''vao?'''||'' yes or no? ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') |- |'''vaod'''||'' decision ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') + '''d-''' (''say'') |- |'''yaobar'''||'' elevator ''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaobyuijar'''||''piston''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open '') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaoplas'''||''oscillation''|| '''yap-''' (''up'') + '''yop-''' (''down'') + '''plas''' (''shake'') |- |'''yaopsim'''||''seesaw''|| '''yap-''' (''ascend'') + '''yop-''' (''descend'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''yaopus'''||''bounce''|| ya(''b'')'''-''' (''up'') + yo(''b'')'''-''' (''down'') + '''pus''' (''jump'') |- |'''yaovdut'''||''juror''|| '''yav-''' (''innocent'') + '''yov-''' (''guilty'') + '''d-''' (''say'') + '''-ut''' (''agent'') |- |'''yaoza'''||''uneven, bumpy, serrated''|| '''yaza''' (''convex'') + '''yoza''' (''concave'') |- |'''yaozgoblar'''||''saw''|| '''yaz''' (''protrusion '') + '''yoz''' (''indentation'') + '''gobl-''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaozil'''||''wave''|| '''yaz''' (''swell'') + '''yoz''' (''trough'') + '''-il''' (''liquid'') |- |'''yuibteabar'''||''bifocals''|| '''yub''' (''near'') + '''yib''' (''far'') + '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yuijar'''||'' valve, switch''|| '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaobelur'''||''ferry''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''bel-''' (''carry'') + '''-ur''' (''vehicle'') |- |'''zaobyexar'''||''swatter, bat''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''byex-''' (''strike'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaodal'''||''dialog''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''zaogoblar'''||''saw''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''gobl''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaokyax'''||''alternation''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''kyax''' (''change'') |- |'''zaopasen'''||''swinging''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo-''' (''back'') + '''pasen''' (''moving'') |- |'''zaopsim'''||''swing or rocker''|| '''zap-''' (''go forth'') + '''zap''' (''go back'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''zuibasen'''||''wiggling''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bas-''' (''move bodily'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuibayx'''||''wag''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bayx-''' (''slight body move'') |- |'''zuibyoxea'''||''dangling''|| '''zu''' (''left'') + '''zi''' (''right'') + '''byox-''' (''hang down'') + '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuiyafa'''||''ambidextrous''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''yafa''' (''capable'') |- |'''zyaobas'''||''throb''|| '''zya-''' (''wide'') + '''zyo-''' (''narrow'') + '''bas''' (''bodily movement'') |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Acronyms and Abbreviations|Word Families}}</noinclude> 3uy01a7oriy3oant41x88mwsvtil8fb 4635630 4635624 2026-05-13T19:17:48Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Chess Piece Nomenclature */ 4635630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right|limit=3}} == Introduction == : In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels. : The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of '''''base words''''' and '''''derived words'''''. : The vocabulary is built on '''''base words''''', that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by: ::* The meaning of each letter of the word. ::* The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: ''fixed'' vs. ''variable''. ::* How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language. ::* The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about). ::* The logic of its composition. ::* The mnemonic associations this word suggests. : The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called '''''vocabulary-building rules''''', which are spelled out below. == Base Words == : '''''Base words''''' are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups: ::* Group 1:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''nouns''''' ::* Group 2:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs'''''. == Base words of Group 1 == : Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters: :::* The first, a consonant called the '''''classifier''''' :::* The second, a vowel called the '''''ordinal''''' :::* The third, a consonant called the '''''generic''''' These words can be thought of as noun templates. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Base Word Composition |- ! Classifier !! Ordinal !! Generic !! Meaning |- | '''t''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''man'' |- | '''d''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''society'' |- | '''p''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''animal'' |- | '''f''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''plant'' |} == Base words of Group 2 == : Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as '''-er''' (verb infinitive marker) or '''-a''' (adjective marker): ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words | '''b-'''....''put'' || '''p-'''....''go'' |- | '''s-'''....''be'' || '''x-'''....''do'' |- | '''d-'''....''say'' || '''t-'''....''know'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ob'''....''off'' |- |'''bu'''....''to'' || '''bi'''....''from'' |- |'''if-'''....''love'' || '''uf-'''....''hate'' |- |'''fi-'''....''good'' || '''fu-'''....''bad'' |- |'''va'''....''yes'' || '''vo'''....''no'' |- |'''vya-'''^*....''true'' || '''vyo-'''....''false'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''o'''....''zero'' |} : *<small> As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include glided vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides '''y''' or '''w'''. So, for purposes here, '''ya''', '''ye''', '''yi''', '''yo''', '''yu''', '''wa''', and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "glided vowels".</small> == Consonants and Their Meanings == : The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Consonants and Their Meanings |- ! Consonant !! Group 1 Classifier !! Group 1 Generic !! Group 2 Classifier !! In Numbers |- | '''b''' || organ, health || organism || gesture, position || |- | '''d''' || society || family || communicating || |- | '''f''' || vegetation || textile, clothing || volition, attributes || |- | '''g''' || -- || measurement || quantity, attributes || |- | '''j''' || time || time || time || |- | '''k''' || -- || health || change, risk, attributes || |- | '''l''' || -- || element, food, liquid, nature || -- || '''l''' = ten |- | '''m''' || nature || place, building, furniture || temperature, light || '''ml''' = million<br>'''mr''' = billion |- | '''n''' || commerce || -- || -- || |- | '''p''' || animal, vehicle || motion || movement || |- | '''r''' || -- || tool, machine, cosmos || -- || '''r''' = thousand |- | '''s''' || form, image, furniture || thing || being, form, thing || '''s''' = hundred |- | '''t''' || human, body || person, animal || intelligence, knowing || |- | '''v''' || plant, color || linen || truth, attributes || |- | '''x''' || action || -- || action, doing, making || |- | '''z''' || -- || precious, art || spatial, attributes || |} : The following consonants functions rather than, or in addition to, semantic values: ::* '''l''' and '''r''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: '''baer'''....''to lean'', '''baler'''....''to press'', '''barer'''....''to crush''; ::* '''y''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''voa'''....''negative'' -> '''vyoa'''....''false'', or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''ama'''....''hot'' -> '''ayma'''....''warm''. ::* '''h''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Used functionally only in certain interjections like '''hoy'''....''goodbye'' and determiners like '''his'''....''this'', and has no semantic value. ::* '''w''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. '''tob'''....''person'' -> '''twob'''....''man'', or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. '''uber'''....''to send'' -> '''ubwer'''....''to be sent'', or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. '''awa'''....''one'', or 4) sometimes to substitute for '''y''' when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. '''jwo'''....''late'', instead of '''jyo'''. ::* '''n''':&nbsp;&nbsp; In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in '''ana'''....''only'', or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as '''fian'''....''goodness'' from '''fia'''....''good'', or from a verb, such '''axnen'''....''behaving'' from '''axner'''....''to behave''. == Vowels and Their Meanings == : Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types: ::* meronymic ::* hierarchical ::* geo-specific ::* oppositional/polar ::* vectorial ::* directional and positional ::* special === Ordinal Vowel Values === :: The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with '''y''' are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Vowels|Vowels]]. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Numeric Values of Vowels |- ! Ordinal Vowel !! '''o''' !! '''a''' !! '''e''' !! '''i''' !! '''u''' !! '''yo''' !! '''ya''' !! '''ye''' !! '''yi''' !! '''yu''' |- !row=1| Cardinal Number | 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 |} === Meronymic Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|meronymic}}''''' series. (This gradation can also be called '''''taxonomic'''''. The top element, or hypernym, has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are hyponyms or meronyms (= parts of the whole), and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. '''T<u>a</u>b''' (''body'') is the first meronym of '''t<u>o</u>b''' (''human being''), the hypernym or zeroth element. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Meronymic Series |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=7| Meronymic or Taxonomic |- ! 0 | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''fob'''....''plant'' || '''vob'''....''crop''|| '''mos'''....''floor''||'''som'''....''furniture''||'''tom'''....''building''||'''job'''....''time'' |- ! 1 | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''fab'''....''tree'' || '''vab'''....''grass''|| '''mas'''....''wall''||'''sam'''....''chest of drawers''||'''tam'''....''house''||'''jab'''....''year'' |- ! 2 | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''feb'''....''fruit'' || '''veb'''....''tuft''|| '''mes'''....''door''||'''sem'''....''table''||'''tem'''....''hall''||'''jeb'''....''season'' |- ! 3 | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''fib'''....''trunk'' || '''vib'''....''stalk''|| '''mis'''....''window''||'''sim'''....''chair''||'''tim'''....''room''||'''jib'''....''month'' |- ! 4 | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''fub'''....''branch'' || '''vub'''....''shoot''||'''mus'''....''stairs''||'''sum'''....''bed''||'''tum'''....''closet''||'''jub'''....''day'' |- ! 5 | '''tyob'''....''leg'' || '''fyob'''....''root'' || '''vyob'''....''tuber''|| || || ||'''jwob'''^*....''hour'' |- ! 6 | || || || || || ||'''jwab'''^*....''minute'' |- ! 7 | || || || || || ||'''jweb'''^*....''second'' |} * The letter '''w''' replaces the letter '''y''' following a '''j''', for ease of pronunciation. : The words that descend from the base word are called '''''meronyms'''''. A hypernym is a word that is higher in scale. === Hierarchical Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|hierarchical}}''''' series where the top element has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hierarchical Vowel Gradation |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=4| Hierarchy |- ! 0 | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''dot'''....''society'' || '''tod'''....''family''||'''xob'''....''organization'' |- ! 1 | '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''tad'''....''spouse''||'''xab'''....''staff'' |- ! 2 | '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ted'''....''parent''||'''xeb'''....''boss'' |- ! 3 | '''dib'''....''ministry'' || '''dit'''....''citizen'' ||'''tid'''....''sibling''||'''xib'''....''department'' |- ! 4 | '''dub'''....''minister'' || '''dut'''....''gentleman'' || '''tud'''....''child''||'''xub'''....''branch'' |} === Geo-specific Vowel Gradation === : Ordinals can have '''''{{color|blue|geo-specific}}''''' values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Geo-specific Vowel Values |- ! Ordinal ! Geo-sphere ! colspan=7| Examples |- | align=center | '''o''' || ''outer space, top level'' || '''m<u>o</u>p'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''outer space''|| '''mol'''....''nature''||'''dop'''....''military''||'''pop'''....''voyage''||'''mol'''....''nature''||'''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- | align=center | '''a''' || ''air, gas, sky'' || '''m<u>a</u>p'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' ||'''mal'''....''air''||'''dap'''....''air force''||'''pap'''....''flight''||'''mal'''....''wind''||'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | align=center | '''e''' || ''ground, soil, solid'' || '''m<u>e</u>p'''....''road'' || '''mem'''....''land''|| '''mel'''....''soil''||'''dep'''....''army''||'''pep'''....''ride''||'''mel'''....''soil''||'''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' |- | align=center | '''i''' || ''liquid'', ''water'', ''sea'' || '''m<u>i</u>p'''....''river'' || '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''mil'''....''water''||'''dip'''....''marines''|| '''pip'''....''navigation/sail''||'''mil'''....''water''||'''pit'''....''fish'' |- | align=center | '''u''' || ''underground'', ''mineral'', ''substance'' || '''m<u>u</u>p'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || '''mul'''....''mineral''|| ||'''pup'''....''tunneling''||'''mul'''....''matter''|| |} === Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation === : The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation |- ! Order || Mirad !! English |- | 0 || '''olza'''¹ || ''blank, of no color'' |- | 1 || '''alza''' || ''red'' |- | 2 || '''elza''' || ''orange'' |- | 3 || '''ilza''' || ''yellow'' |- | 4 || '''ulza''' || ''green'' |- | 5 || '''yolza''' || ''blue'' |- | 6 || '''yalza''' || ''purple'' |- | 7 || '''yelza''' || ''indigo'' |} {{small/top}} : 1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order. {{small/end}} : The colors black and white are: :* '''malza'''....''white'' :* '''molza'''....''black'' : Some colors are hybrids of two colors: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hybrid Colors |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''aolza''' || ''pink'' (a blend of ''blank'' and ''red'') |- | '''youlza''' || ''blue-green'' |- | '''maolza''' || ''gray'' (a blend of ''black'' and ''white'') |} : The word for ''brown'' is based on the word for ''soil'': :* '''melza'''....''brown'' (< '''mel'''....''soil'') : Two other colors are based on metals: :* '''agelkza'''....''silver'' (based on '''agelk'''....''silver metal'' :* '''aulkza'''....''gold'' (based on '''aulk'''....''gold metal'' === Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values === : In Group 2 stems: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Oppositional Vowel Values |- | '''a'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ya''' || intermediate || '''i'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yi''' |- | <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative || '''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ye''' || <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative |- | '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yo''' || value || '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yu''' |} ::* positive '''a''' contrasts with negative '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''av'''....''for'' vs. '''ov'''....''against'') ::* positive '''ya''' contrasts with negative '''yo'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yava'''....''innocent'' vs. '''yova'''....''guilty'') ::* positive '''i''' contrasts with negative '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''fia'''....''good'' vs. '''fua'''....''bad'') ::* positive '''yi''' contrasts with negative '''yu'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yiva'''....''free'' vs. '''yuva'''....''bound'') ::* '''e''' and '''ye''' are in-between values&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''eva'''....''neutral'', '''yeva'''....''fair'') ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation |- ! positive !! intermediate !! negative |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''ega'''....''normal'' || '''oga'''....''small'' |- | '''yava'''....''innocent'' || '''yeva'''....''just''|| '''yova'''....''guilty'' |- | '''ava'''....''for'' || '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''ova'''....''against'' |- | '''aker'''....''to win'' || '''eker'''....''to risk'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' |- | '''yak'''....''expectation'' || '''yek'''....''attempt'' || '''yok'''....''surprise'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || || '''fua'''....''bad'' |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || || '''ufer'''....''hate'' |- | '''yifa'''....''brave'' || || '''yufa'''....''afraid'' |} : Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit '''''oppositional''''' values: : The Group 1 base word '''bok''' (''illness'') is a good example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Group 1 base word with oppositional values |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- valign=top |'''bak'''....''health''||'''bek'''....''treatment''||'''bok'''....''illness'' |- |'''byak'''....''hygiene''||'''byek'''....''cure''||'''byok'''....''pain''<br>'''byoyk'''....''ache''<br>'''blok'''....''suffering''<br>'''brok'''....''agony'' |- |'''baak'''....''sanitation''|| ||'''book'''....''fatigue'' |- |'''bik'''....''care''|| ||'''buk'''....''wound''<br>'''buyk'''....''sore'' |} === Vectorial Vowel Values === : These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc. {{big/top}}&nbsp;&nbsp; ::::::'''a''' ::::::↑ ::::'''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;←&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;→&nbsp;&nbsp;'''i''' ::::::↓ ::::::'''o''' {{big/end}} :::'''a'''....''on, above, north'' ('''ab'''....''on'', '''zamer'''....''north'') :::'''e'''....''center, middle, equator'' ('''eb'''....''between'', '''ze'''....''center'') :::'''o'''....''off, below, south'' ('''ob'''....''off'', '''zomer'''....''south'') :::'''i'''....''right, east'' ('''zi'''....''right'', '''zimer'''....''east'') :::'''u'''....''left, west'' ('''zu'''....''left'', '''zumer'''....''west'') === Directional and Positional Vowel Values === {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Directional and Positional Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''z<u>a</u>mer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''b<u>a</u>er'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''<u>a</u>ber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''b<u>ya</u>er'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''<u>ya</u>ber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''z<u>o</u>mer'''....''south'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''b<u>yo</u>er'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''<u>o</u>per'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''p<u>yo</u>ser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''<u>yo</u>per'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''z<u>u</u>mer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''<u>u</u>ber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''p<u>yu</u>er'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''<u>yu</u>ber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''b<u>yu</u>ser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''z''i''mer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''p<u>i</u>er'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''<u>i</u>per'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''<u>yi</u>per'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''p<u>yi</u>ser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''z<u>e</u>mer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''<u>e</u>b'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''b<u>e</u>xer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''<u>ye</u>per'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''contain''|| '''b<u>ye</u>er'''....''contain'' |} === Special value of certain letters === : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular''. ::* '''aot'''....''person'' ::* '''anot'''....''individual'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yanber'''....''to compose'' ::* '''yonber'''....''to separate'' : The letter '''y''' is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural: ::* '''at'''....''I, me'' as opposed to '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''et'''....''you'' as opposed to '''yet'''....''you (pl.), you all'' ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''yit'''....''they, them'' ::* '''is'''....''it'' as opposed to '''yis'''....''they, them'' : The letter '''y''' is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''iyt'''....''she, her'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''toyb'''....''woman'' : The letter '''w''' is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''wit'''....''he, him'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''twob'''....''man'' === The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words === :: The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants. :: The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values. :: The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants |- ! Base Word !! Classifier Consonant !! Generic Consonant !! Scalarity Type |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''t''' = ''human'' || '''b''' = ''organism'' || meronymic |- | '''tof'''....''clothing'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''fabric'' || meronymic |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''society'' || meronymic |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place'' || meronymic |- | '''tov'''....''lingerie'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen'' || meronymic |- | '''tol'''....''nourishment'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''food'' || oppositional |- | '''top'''....''soul, spirit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''motion'' || meronymic |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''d''' = ''society'' || '''b''' = ''organism''||hierarchical |- | '''dop'''....''military'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement'' || geo-specific |- | '''dot'''....''society'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''human''|| hierarchical |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''j''' = ''time'' || '''b'''....''organism''|| hierarchical |- | '''fob'''....''vegetation'' || '''f''' = ''vegetable'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vob'''....''crop'' || '''v''' = ''plant'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vos'''....''flower'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''volz'''....''color'' || " " " || '''lz''' = ''color, art''|| spectral |- | '''som'''....''furniture'' || '''s''' = ''thing'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| meronymic |- | '''mos'''....''floor'' || '''m''' = ''place, nature'' || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''mor'''....''universe'' || " " " || '''r''' = ''machine, system''|| geo-specific |- | '''mom'''....''outer space'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''mol'''....''nature'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''substance''|| geo-specific |- | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement''|| geo-specific |- | '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''p''' = ''movement'' || '''t''' = ''human, animal''|| geo-specific |- | '''bok'''....''illness'' || '''b''' = ''organ'' || '''k''' = ''condition''|| oppositional |- | '''nom'''....''place'' || '''n''' = ''commercial'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| special |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || " " " || '''g''' = ''measurement''|| special |- | '''nof'''....''cloth'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''cloth''|| special |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen''|| special |- | '''nod'''....''point'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''communication''|| special |- | '''xob'''....''organization'' || '''x''' = ''action'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| hierarchical |} ==== Special Arrangement ==== : Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart. {| border=0 {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Other Group 1 Base Words |- valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! d- <br>communication |- | '''daz'''<br>''dance'' |- | '''dyaz'''<br>''ballet'' |- | '''dyez'''<br>''cinema'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''dez'''<br>''theater'' |- | '''diz'''<br>''comedy'' |- | '''din'''<br>''story'' |- | '''dun'''<br>''word'' |- | '''duz'''<br>''music'' |- | '''dyun'''<br>''name'' |- | '''dyan'''<br>''sentence'' |- | '''dyes'''<br>''book'' |- | '''deup'''<br>''rhythm'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! dr- <br>write |- | '''drof'''<br>''board'' |- | '''draf'''<br>''card'' |- | '''dref'''<br>''paper'' |- | '''drov'''<br>''cardboard'' |- | '''drav'''<br>''notebook'' |- | '''drev'''<br>''page'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''drar'''<br>''pencil'' |- | '''drir'''<br>''typewriter'' |- | '''drur'''<br>''printer'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! m- <br>nature |- | '''mag'''<br>''fire'' |- | '''mak'''<br>''electricity'' |- | '''mog'''<br>''ash'' |- | '''meg'''<br>''stone'' |- | '''mef'''<br>''brick'' |- | '''mug'''<br>''metal'' |- | '''muk'''<br>''mineral'' |- | '''mez'''<br>''crystal'' |- | '''mek'''<br>''dust'' |- | '''myek'''<br>''powder'' |- | '''mav'''<br>''flame'' |- | '''mov'''<br>''smoke'' |- | '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' |- | '''maj'''<br>''daytime'' |- | '''moj'''<br>''night'' |- | '''man'''<br>''light'' |- | '''maz'''<br>''shine'' |- | '''mon'''<br>''shade'' |- | '''moz'''<br>''dark'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! n- <br>commerce |- | '''naz'''<br>''value'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' |- | '''nax'''<br>''price'' |- | '''nyaz'''<br>''wealth'' |- | '''nyan'''<br>''stack'' |- | '''nox'''<br>''expense'' |- | '''nyox'''<br>''waste'' |- | '''nex'''<br>''saving'' |- | '''nyex'''<br>''storing'' |- | '''nix'''<br>''earning'' |- | '''nyix'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nux'''<br>''pay'' |- | '''nyux'''<br>''supply'' |- | '''nun'''<br>''merchandise'' |- | '''nyun'''<br>''product'' |- | '''nuz'''<br>''jewel'' |- | '''nem'''<br>''location'' |- | '''nyem'''<br>''place'' |- | '''nyeb'''<br>''box'' |- | '''nab'''<br>''row'' |- | '''nap'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nad'''<br>''line'' |- | '''nod'''<br>''point'' |- | '''ned'''<br>''plane'' |- | '''nyed'''<br>''grid'' |- | '''nyad'''<br>''chain'' |- | '''nid'''<br>''volume'' |- | '''nag'''<br>''measure'' |- | '''nak'''<br>''metric value'' |- | '''nog'''<br>''degree'' |- | '''nig'''<br>''space'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! j- <br>time |- | '''jag'''<br>''age'' |- | '''jud'''<br>''date'' |- | '''jod'''<br>''instance'' |- | '''jop'''<br>''sequence'' |- | '''jep'''<br>''process'' |- | '''jwap'''<br>''moment'' |- | '''jwep'''<br>''instant'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! s- <br>thing |- | '''sag'''<br>''number'' |- | '''saz'''<br>''sculpture'' |- | '''san'''<br>''form'' |- | '''saun'''<br>''kind'' |- | '''son'''<br>''matter (abstract)'' |- | '''sin'''<br>''image'' |- | '''siz'''<br>''painting'' |- | '''sun'''<br>''thing (concrete)'' |- | '''syan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''syen'''<br>''style'' |- | '''syin'''<br>''subject'' |- | '''syun'''<br>''object'' |- | '''sar'''<br>''instrument'' |- | '''sir'''<br>''machine'' |- | '''sor'''<br>''engine'' |- | '''sur'''<br>''motor'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! t- <br>human / knowledge |- | '''taz'''<br>''statue'' |- | '''tap'''<br>''physique'' |- | '''tep'''<br>''mind'' |- | '''top'''<br>''spirit'' |- | '''tuz'''<br>''art'' |- | '''toz'''<br>''skin color'' |- | '''tez'''<br>''culture'' |- | '''tyez'''<br>''magic'' |- | '''tin'''<br>''doctrine'' |- | '''tun'''<br>''science'' |- | '''tyan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''tyen'''<br>''skill'' |- | '''tyun'''<br>''idea'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''sensation'' |- | '''tes'''<br>''meaning'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' |- | '''tat'''<br>''angel'' |} |} === The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words === :: The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival ('''-a'''), adverbial ('''-ay'''), and verbal inflections ('''-er''', '''-ser''', '''-xer''', etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem. :: The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Stems of Group 2 Base Words |- ! Classifier Consonant !! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative |- ! rowspan=4|'''j''' <br>(''time'') | '''ja'''<br>''before'' || '''je'''<br>''during'' || '''jo'''<br>''after''||'''ji'''<br>''since'' || '''ju'''<br>''until'' |- | '''aj'''<br>''past'' || '''ej'''<br>''present'' || '''oj'''<br>''future'' || '''ij^er'''<br>''beginning/begin'' || '''uj/^er'''<br>''end/end'' |- | '''taj^er'''<br>''birth/to be born'' || '''tej^er'''<br>''life/to live'' || '''toj^er'''<br>''death/to die'' || '''tij^er'''<br>''awake state/to be awake'' || '''tuj^er'''<br>''sleep/to sleep'' |- | '''jwa'''<br>''early'' || '''jwe'''<br>''on time'' || '''jwo'''<br>''late'' || '''yij^a'''<br>''opening/open'' || '''yuj^a'''<br>''closing/closed'' |- !rowspan=4| '''g'''<br>(''measurement'') | '''ga'''<br>''more'' || '''ge'''<br>''equal'' || '''go'''<br>''less''|| '''gi'''ⁿ<br>''point'' || '''gu'''ⁿ<br>''angle'' |- | '''ag'''^a<br>''big'' || '''eg^a'''<br>''normal'' || '''og'''^a<br>''small'' || '''ig'''^a<br>''fast'' || '''ug'''^a<br>''slow'' |- | '''yag'''^a<br>''long'' || '''yeg'''^a<br>''normal'' || '''yog'''^a<br>''short'' || '''yig'''^a<br>''hard'' || '''yug'''^a<br>''soft'' |- | '''gya'''^a<br>''thick'' || '''gye'''^a<br>''enough'' || '''gyo-'''<br>''thin'' || '''gyi'''^a<br>''solid'' || '''gyu'''^a<br>''fragile'' |- !rowspan=4| '''k'''<br>(''randomness'') | '''ka'''^xer<br>''find'' || '''ke'''^xer<br>''seek'' || '''ko'''^xer<br>''hide'' || '''ki'''^a<br>''oblique''|| '''ku'''^a<br>''lateral'' |- | '''ak'''^er<br>''win'' || '''ek'''^er<br>''play'' || '''ok'''^er<br>''lose'' || '''ik'''^a<br>''full'' || '''uk'''^a<br>''empty'' |- | '''yak'''^er<br>''expect'' || '''yek'''^er<br>''try'' || '''yok'''^er<br>''suprise'' || '''yik'''^a<br>''difficult'' || '''yuk'''^a<br>''easy'' |- | '''kya'''^a<br>''mobile'' || '''kye'''^a<br>''haphazard'' || '''kyo'''^a<br>''fixed'' ||'''kyi'''^a<br>''heavy'' || '''kyu'''^a<br>''light'' |- ! '''m'''<br>(''nature'') | '''am'''^a<br>''hot'' || -- || '''om'''^a<br>''cold'' || '''im'''^a<br>''wet'' || '''um'''^a<br>''dry'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''f'''^er<br>(''want'', qualities) | || || || '''fi'''^a<br>''good'' || '''fu'''^a<br>''bad'' |- | '''fya'''^a<br>''holy'' || '''fye'''^a<br>''mythical'' || '''fyo'''^a<br>''profane''|| '''fyi'''^a<br>''useful'' || '''fyu'''^a<br>''harmful'' |- | '''yaf'''^er<br>''be able'' || '''yef'''^er<br>''must''|| '''yof'''^er<br>''cannot'' || '''yif'''^er<br>''dare'' || '''yuf'''^er<br>''fear'' |- | '''af'''^er<br>''may'' || '''ef'''^er<br>''need'' || '''of'''^er<br>''be prohibited'' || '''if'''^er<br>''love'' || '''uf'''^er<br>''hate'' |- !rowspan=6| '''v'''<br>(''truth, qualities'' ) | '''va'''<br>''yes'' || '''ve'''<br>''maybe'' || '''vo'''<br>''no''|| '''vi'''^a<br>''beautiful'' || '''vu'''^a<br>''ugly'' |- | '''vay'''<br>''really''||'''vey'''<br>''may''||'''voy'''<br>''not'' || || |- | '''av'''<br>''for'' || '''ev'''^a<br>''neutral'' || '''ov'''<br>''against''|| '''iv'''^a<br>''happy'' || '''uv'''^a<br>''sad'' |- | '''vya'''^a<br>''true'' || '''vye'''^a<br>''relative'' || '''vyo'''^a<br>''false''|| '''vyi'''^a<br>''clean'' || '''vyu'''^a<br>''dirty'' |- | '''yav'''^a<br>''innocent'' || '''yev'''^a<br>''fair'' || '''yov'''^a<br>''guilty''|| '''yiv'''^a<br>''free'' || '''yuv'''^a<br>''captive'' |- | '''van'''<br>''that'' || '''ven'''<br>''if'' || '''von'''<br>''lest''|| || |- ! rowspan=5|'''z'''<br>(spatial) | '''za'''<br>''in front of'' || '''ze'''<br>''in the middle of'' || '''zo'''<br>''in back of''|| '''zi'''^a<br>''right'' || '''zu'''^a<br>''left'' |- | '''zay'''<br>''ahead'' || '''zey'''<br>''across'' || '''zoy'''<br>''back, re-''|| || |- | '''zya'''^a<br>''wide'' || '''zye'''<br>''through'' || '''zyo'''^a<br>''narrow''||'''zyi'''^a<br>''flat'' || '''zyu'''^a<br>''round'' |- | '''az'''^a<br>''strong'' || '''ez'''^a<br>''moderate'' || '''oz'''^a<br>''weak''|| '''iz'''^a<br>''straight'' || '''uz'''^a<br>''curved'' |- | '''yaz'''^a<br>''convex'' || '''yez'''<br>''along'' || '''yoz'''^a<br>''concave'' || '''yiz'''<br>''beyond'' || '''yuz'''<br>''around'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''b-'''^er<br>(''put'') | '''ba'''^y/(^xer)<br>''with, (agitate)'' || '''be'''^y/(^(xer))<br>''at/by, (hold)'' || '''bo'''^y(^xer)<br>''without/(calm)''|| '''bi^(er/xer)'''<br>''from, (take/pull)'' || '''bu'''^(er/xer)<br>''to, (give/push)'' |- | '''ab'''^(er)<br>''on,(put on)'' || '''eb'''^(er)<br>''between,(block)'' || '''ob'''(^er)<br>''off,(take off)'' || '''ib'''^(er)<br>''away,(receive)'' || '''ub'''^(er)<br>''toward,(send)'' |- | '''bya'''^ser/xer<br>''stand/erect'' || '''bye'''^xer<br>''tap'' || '''byo'''^ser/xer<br>''hang/hang''|| '''byi'''^(ser)<br>''since,(originate)'' || '''byu'''^(ser/xer)<br>''up to,(contact/touch)'' |- | '''yab'''^(er)<br>''up,(raise)'' || '''yeb'''^(er)<br>''in,(put in)''<br>'''oyeb'''^(er)<br>''out,(take out)'' || '''yob'''^(er)<br>''down,(lower)''|| '''yib'''^(er)<br>''far,(remove)'' || '''yub'''^(er)<br>''near,(bring)'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''p'''^er<br>(''go'') | '''pa'''^ser/xer<br>''move/move'' || '''pe'''^ser/xer<br>''wait/trap'' || '''po'''^ser/xer<br>''stop/stop''|| '''pi'''^er/ser/xer<br>''leave/withdraw/catch'' || '''pu'''^er/ser/xer<br>''arrive/jump/throw'' |- | '''pya'''^er/ser/xer<br>''hover/jump up/launch'' || '''pye'''^ser/xer<br>''encounter/strike'' || '''pyo'''^ser/xer<br>''fall/drop''|| '''pyi'''^ser/xer<br>''emanate/derive'' || '''pyu'''^ser/xer<br>''reach/impact'' |- | '''yap'''^er<br>''rise'' || '''yep'''^er<br>''enter'' || '''yop'''^er<br>''descend''|| '''yip'''^er<br>''go far'' || '''yup'''^er<br>''approach'' |- | '''ap'''^er<br>''get on'' || '''ep'''^er<br>''intervene'' || '''op'''^er<br>''get off'' || '''ip'''^er<br>''go away'' ||'''up'''^er<br>''come'' |- !rowspan=2| '''s'''^er<br>(''be'') | '''sa'''^n/s/xer<br>''shape/evolve/make'' ||'''se'''^xer<br>''build'' || '''so'''^n/xer<br>''matter/destroy''|| '''si'''^n/yn<br>''image/sign'' || '''su'''^n/er/xer<br>''thing/provide/realize'' |- | '''as'''^er<br>''become'' || '''es'''^er<br>''exist'' || '''os'''^er<br>''cease to be'' || || |- ! rowspan=3|'''x'''^er<br>(''do'' ) | '''xa'''^ler<br>''execute'' || '''xe'''^ler<br>''practice'' || '''xo'''^ler<br>''fail'' || '''xi'''^ler<br>''undertake'' || '''xu'''^ler<br>''provoke'' |- |'''ax'''^ler<br>''act'' || '''ex'''^er<br>''function'' || '''ox'''^ler<br>''abstain'' || '''ix'''^er<br>''effect'' || '''ux'''^er<br>''cause'' |- | '''yax'''^er<br>''be busy'' || '''yex'''^er<br>''work'' || '''yox'''^er<br>''be idle'' || '''yix'''^er<br>''use'' || '''yux'''^er<br>''help'' |- ! '''t'''^er/rer/yer<br>(''know/recognize/know how'') | '''ta'''^xer<br>''remember'' || '''te'''^xer<br>''think'' || '''to'''^xer<br>''forget'' || '''ti'''^er/xer<br>''learn/study''<br>'''tri'''^er<br>''get to know''<br>'''tyi'''^er<br>''learn how'' || '''tu'''^er/xer/uxer<br>''inform/teach/raise''<br>'''tru'''^er<br>''familiarize''<br>'''tyu'''^er<br>''train'' |- ! '''d'''^er/rer<br>(''say/write'') | '''da'''^ler<br>''talk'' || '''de'''^ler<br>''state''<br>'''dye'''^er<br>''read'' || '''do'''^ler<br>''be silent''<br>'''dro'''^er<br>''erase'' || '''di'''^er/ler/rer<br>''ask/beg/require'' || '''du'''^er/ler/rer<br>''suggest/insist/demand''<br>'''dyu'''^er<br>''call'' |- ! rowspan=2|'''h-'''<br>(determiners) | '''ha'''^(a)<br>''the'' || '''he'''^a<br>''some'' || '''ho'''^a<br>''which'' || '''hi'''^a<br>''this'' || '''hu'''^a<br>''that'' |- | '''hya'''^(a)<br>''all'' || '''hye'''^a<br>''any'' || '''hyo'''^a<br>''no'' || '''hyi'''^a<br>''same'' || '''hyu'''^a<br>''other'' |- ! rowspan=2| (conjunctions) |'''ay'''<br>''and'' || '''ey'''<br>''or'' || '''oy'''<br>''but'' || || |- |'''ya'''ⁿ<br>''together'' || ||'''yo'''ⁿ<br>''apart''|| || |- ! rowspan=2| (numbers) | '''a'''<br>''one''|| '''e'''<br>''two''|| '''o'''<br>''zero''|| '''i'''<br>''three''|| '''u'''<br>''four'' |- | '''ya'''<br>''six''|| '''ye'''<br>''seven''|| '''yo'''<br>''five''|| '''yi'''<br>''eight''|| '''yu'''<br>''nine'' |- ! rowspan=1| (privatives) | || || '''lo-''' (''dis-/un-'')<br>'''lyo-''' (''dis-'')<br>'''oy-''' (''-less'')|| || |} :: <small>* Mixed root. '''taj/tej/toj''' instead of '''yaj/yej/yoj''', because the human letter root '''t''' is more intuitive.</small> :: Note: The opposition '''(y)a'''-'''(y)e'''-'''(y)o''' is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but '''(y)i-(y)u''' is two-way, without any intermediary sense. == Derived Word Formation Rules == : Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building: : These consist of the following rules: ::# Compounding ::# Affixation ::# Ordinal Vowel Scaling ::# Overlapping ::# Adding Ordinal Vowels ::# Swapping Generic Consonants ::# Marking Words for Gender ::# Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels ::# Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels ::# Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern ::# Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === Rule #1: Compounding === [[File:Compound 6 (maraviroc development).svg|thumb|]] : Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Compounding |- ! Component 1 !! Component 2 !! Compound |- | '''mor'''....''cosmos'' || '''tun'''....''science, -ology'' || '''mortun'''....''cosmology'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''memyaz'''....''mountain'' || '''magmemyaz'''....''volcano'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''mem'''....''land'' || '''dobmem'''....''territory'' |- | '''tul'''....''dish'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''tuldras'''....''menu'' |- | '''sin'''....''picture'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''sindras'''....''description'' |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''kyoxer'''....''to fix (in place)'' || '''tamkyoxer'''....''to settle'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''kyo-'''....''fixed'' || '''tep-'''....''mind'' || '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn'' |} : Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for ''rain'', for example, is '''ma(m)''' (''sky'') + '''mil''' (''water''), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, '''mamil'''. : When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg: :* '''uzra'''....''twisted'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ---> '''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' :* '''kyoa'''....''fixed'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn, obsessed'' :* '''aza'''....''strong'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''tepaza'''....''intelligent'' :* '''fua'''....''bad'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''futipa'''....''cross, ill-tempered'' :* '''aga'''....''big'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''tipaga'''....''magnanimous, generous'' === Rule #2: Affixation === [[File:Word Cloud of Various Prefixes.png|thumb|]] : Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes: ==== Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Base !! Compound |- | '''ja'''....''before'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''japer'''....''to precede'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''joper'''....''to follow'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' ||'''der'''....''to say'' || '''vader'''....''to affirm'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''dras'''....''something written'' || '''jodras'''....''postscript'' |- | '''za'''....''ahead'' ||'''jub'''....''day'' || '''zajub'''....''tomorrow'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' ||'''mel'''....''land'' || '''yonmel'''....''island'' |} : Prepositional prefixes ending in '''b''' with verbs '''per''' and '''ber''' (and their derivations) lose the '''b''' before verbal elements based on '''per''' (''go'') and '''ber''' (''put''), as shown in the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Assimilation of b and p |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! New Verb |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' (NOT: '''yabber''') |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' (NOT: '''yabper''') |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''aber'''....''put on, apply'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''aper'''....''get on, mount'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''ober'''....''take off, remove'' |- | '''ob'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''bux'''....''a push'' || '''yebux'''....''impulse'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall'' || '''yepyoser'''....''collapse'' |} : The loss of the '''b''' in the above words in one of the only cases of '''''fusion''''' in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form. Another case of fusion is when so-called '''''stubs''''' are combined. For example, '''doyijem''' (''public square''), which is composed of '''do(m)'''....''city'' + '''yij(a)'''....''open'' + '''(n)em'''....''place''. The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix '''a-''' can have many different meanings. : The adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped¹, as is the '''er''' or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that '''tyoyab''' becomes '''tyoya-'''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! Compound Verb |- | '''oza'''....''weak'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ozder'''....''whisper'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yagder'''....''ramble'' |- | '''aja'''....''past'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ajder'''....''evoke'' |- | '''yoga'''....''short'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yogder'''....''summarize'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''tyoyaper'''....''walk'' |- | '''dreer'''....''write'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' || '''dresar'''....''pencil'' |- | '''tuyob'''....''hand'' || '''dren'''....''writing'' || '''tuyodren'''....''manuscript'' |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mamil'''....''rain'' |} : <small>¹: Sometimes, the adjective ending '''a''' is retained when an adjective is compounded with '''xer''' or '''ser'''. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, '''aga''' + '''xer''' can produce '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' or '''agxer'''....''to grow''. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.</small> ==== Most Common Mirad Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Common Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Examples |- |'''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-''||'''anzyukpar'''....''unicycle''<br> '''antotin'''....''monotheism''<br>'''adeb'''....''emperor'' |- |'''aa-'''....''arch-, first-, prime''||'''aadub'''....''prime minister''<br>'''aatat'''....''archangel''<br>'''aavyan'''....''principle''<br>'''aasaun'''....''prototype'' |- |'''aag-'''....''arch-, main, macro-''||'''aagmep'''....''highway''<br> '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution''<br> '''aagovekut'''....''archrival'' |- |'''aaj-'''....''paleo-, proto-''||'''aajtobtun'''....''paleoanthropology''<br> '''aajsiyn'''....''fossil'' |- |'''ab-'''....''ad-, top, on, epi-''||'''abtob'''....''superman''<br> '''abtim'''....''attic''<br> '''abzen'''....''epicenter'' |- |'''aj-'''....''former, ex-'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife''<br>'''ajdeb'''....''former leader'' |- |'''ayb-'''....''over-, super-, hyper-, sur-''||'''aybmep'''....''overpass''<br>'''aybdresin'''....''superscript''<br>'''aybdyun'''....''hypernym'' |- |'''ag-'''....''mega(lo)-'' || '''agvyotos'''....''megalomania''<br>'''agtoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''alo(n)-'''....''deca-, ten-''||'''alojaga'''....''ten years old''<br> '''alojab'''....''decade''<br> '''alonsuna'''....''decimal'' |- |'''aloy(n)-'''....''deci-, tenth-''||'''aloynux'''....''tithe''<br> '''aloyngoler'''....''decimate'' |- |'''am-'''....''thermo-''||'''amzemula'''....''thermonuclear''<br> '''amvyabxar'''....''thermostat'' |- |'''amlo(n)-'''....''mega-''||'''amloagvunak'''....''megavolt''<br> '''amlotoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''amloyn-'''....''micro-''||'''amloynjweb'''....''microsecond'' |- |'''anyen-'''....''idio-''||'''anyenboka'''....''idiopathic''<br> '''anyendyan'''....''idiom''<br> '''anyentepa'''....''idiotic'' |- |'''ao(b/p)-'''....''north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axis''||'''aonab'''....''column'', ''x-y-axis''<br> '''aopuys yuzpar'''....''hop-on-hop-off bus''<br> '''aonada'''....''vertical'' |- |'''aoye(b/p)-'''....''in-and-out''||'''aoyebar'''....''piston''<br> '''aoyebelen'''....''import-exports''<br> '''aoyepaper'''....''fly in and out'' |- |'''aro(n)-'''....''kilo-''||'''aronminak'''....''kilometer''<br> '''arobanak'''....''kilobit'' |- |'''aroyn-'''....''milli-''||'''aroynvunak'''....''millivolt''<br> '''aoynwunak'''....''milliwatt'' |- |'''(a)so(n)'''....''cent-''||'''asojagat'''....''centenarian''<br> '''asolinak'''....''hectoliter''<br> '''sojab'''....''century'' |- |'''asoy(n)-'''....''cent-, centi-''||'''asoygenak'''....''centigram''<br> '''asoylinak'''....''centiliter'' |- |'''av-'''....''pro-''||'''avYanotina'''....''pro-Communist'' |- |'''ayn-'''....''full-, holo-, whole-''||'''aynnuut'''....''wholesaler''<br> '''aynsin'''....''hologram''<br> '''aynteptija'''....''fully-conscious'' |- |'''e(b/p)-'''....''inter-''||'''ebmos'''....''mezzanine''<br> '''ebyanmulxer'''....''intermingle''<br> '''eper'''....''intercede'' |- |'''ejna-'''....''neo-''||'''ejnadun'''....''neologism''<br> '''ejnaobdabin'''....''neocolonialism'' |- |'''e(n)-'''....''ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two-''||'''entyoba'''....''bipedal''<br> '''enzyuspar'''....''bicycle''<br> '''envolza'''....''dichromatic'' |- |'''eon-'''....''duo-, double-, twin-''||'''eonin'''....''dualism''<br> '''eondal'''....''double-speak''<br> '''eonsum'''....''twin bed'' |- |'''ev-'''....''a-, neutral'' ||'''evdofina'''....''amoral''<br>'''evdabtuna'''....''apolitical'' |- |'''ey(b/p)-'''....''intra-, among''||'''eybmasa'''....''intramural''<br> '''eybmimkuma'''....''intracoastal'' |- |'''eyn-'''....''demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi-''||'''eynzyus'''....''semi-circle''<br> '''eynzyup'''....''half-turn''<br> '''eyntilsyeb'''....''demitassee''<br> '''eynyonmel'''....''peninsula'' |- |'''fi-'''....''bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well-''||'''fixut'''....''benefactor''<br> '''fidrawa'''....''well-written''<br> '''fitos'''...''euphoria'' |- |'''fu-'''....''dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly-''||'''futos'''....''dysphoria''<br> '''futuwa'''....''ill-informed''<br> '''fuxeyn'''....''malfeasance'' |- |'''fya-'''....''hiero-, holy-, sancti-''||'''fyasdresiyn'''....''hieroglyphic''<br> '''fyader'''....''sanctify''<br> '''fyatwed'''....''holy father'' |- |'''fye-'''....''mythical, fantasy''||'''fyetop'''....''phantom''<br> '''fyetobet'''....''elfin''<br> '''fyetexer'''...''fantacize''<br> '''fyedin'''....''fantasy'' |- |'''fyo-'''....''evil, profane'' ||'''fyotez'''....''occult''<br>'''fyotat'''....''devil''<br>'''fyotyez'''....''witchcraft'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-, again'' || '''gawteaper'''....''revisit''<br> '''gawaker'''....''regain'' |- |'''garale-'''....''tera-''||'''garaleagbanak'''....''terabyte'' |- |'''garalyi-'''....''exa-''||'''garalyibanak'''....''exabit'' |- |'''garalyo-'''....''peta-''||'''galayoagbanak'''....''petabyte'' |- |'''garela-'''....''zetta-''||'''garelaagbanak'''....''zettabyte'' |- |'''garelu-'''....''yotta-''||'''gareluagbanak'''....''yottabyte'' |- |'''ge-'''....''equal to, equi-, even-''||'''geyafwa'''....''equipollent''<br> '''genaza'''....''equivalent'' |- |'''gel-'''....''homo-, like-, simul-''||'''gelzena'''....''homocentric''<br> '''gelvolza'''....''homochromatic'' |- |'''geyl-'''....''simul-''||'''geyldyan'''....''simile''<br> '''geylxer'''....''assimilate'' |- |'''gla-'''....''many-, multi-, poly-''||'''glatyenika'''....''multi-skilled''<br> '''glatwada'''....''polyandrous''<br> '''glavolza'''....''many-hued'' |- |'''glo-'''....''mini-, little-, few-''||'''gloduna'''....''succint, of few words''<br> '''glonixea'''....''low-earning'' |- |'''gorale-'''....''pico-''||'''goraleagfenak'''....''picofarad'' |- |'''goralyi-'''....''atto-''||'''goralyigenak'''....''attogram'' |- |'''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||'''goralyoon'''....''quadrillionth'' |- |'''goralyu-'''....''nano-''||'''goralyusonak'''....''nanosecond'' |- |'''gorela-'''....''zepto-''||'''gorelagenak'''....''zeptogram'' |- |'''gorelu-'''....''yocto-''||'''gorelugenak'''....''yoctogram'' |- |'''gra-'''....''extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra-''||'''gratosea'''....''hypersensitive''<br> '''grazoyaxler'''....''overreact''<br> '''granoxea'''....''extravagant'' |- |'''gro-'''....''hypo-, under-''||'''groyixlawa'''....''underemployed''<br> '''groaman'''....''hypothermia'' |- |'''gwa-'''....''hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure, macro-''||'''gwayelza'''....''pure pink''<br> '''gwayafa'''....''supreme''<br> '''gwauja'''....''ultimate''<br> '''gwazoa'''....''hindmost'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''least-, mini-, micro-''||'''gwosag'''....''minimum''<br> '''gwoyuzpur'''....''minibus''<br>'''gwoexlus'''....''microprocessor'' |- |'''hi-'''....''hither, these, this''||'''his'''....''this''<br> '''hisi'''....''these''<br> '''him'''....''here'' |- |'''hya(s)-'''....''pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every-''||'''hyas'''....''everything''<br> '''hyati'''....''all of them''<br> '''hyastea'''....''omniscient''<br> '''hyataadifa'''....''pansexual'' |- |'''hu-'''....''that''||'''hus'''....''that''<br> '''huj'''....''then''<br> '''huyen'''...''that way'' |- |'''huim-'''....''here-and-there, here-and-yon''||'''huimkexer'''....''search high and low''<br> '''huimpaper'''....''fly here and there''<br> '''hyuimpoper'''....''travel here-and-there'' |- |'''huu-'''....''so, such''||'''huugla'''....''so, so very''<br> '''hus'''....''such''<br> '''huyen'''....''in such a way, so, thus'' |- |'''hyaewa-'''....''ambi-''||'''hyaewati'''....''both of them''<br> '''hyaewaziza'''....''ambidextrous''<br> '''hyaewatoobifa'''....''ambi-sexual'' |- |'''hye-'''....''-ever, any, whatever, whichever''||'''hyem'''....''anywhere, wherever''<br> '''hyempea'''....''erratic''<br> '''hjej'''....''ever, anytime'' |- |'''hyi-'''....''homo-, like-, same, syn-''||'''hyitoobifa'''....''homosexual''<br> '''hyis'''....''same thing''<br> '''hyijoba'''....''synchronous'' |- |'''hyo(s)-'''....''nothing, a-'' || '''hyostosea'''....''apathetic'' |- |'''hyu(t/s)-'''....''alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, else''||'''hyutoobifa'''....''heterosexual''<br> '''hyua'''....''another, alternate''<br> '''hyutufa'''....''xenophobic''<br> '''hyus'''....''something else'' |- |'''hyui(t/s)-'''....''cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal''||'''hyuitvikaxen'''....''mutual admiration''<br> '''hyuixer'''....''reciprocate''<br> '''hyuisa'''....''mutual, reciprocal''<br> '''hyuitif'''....''mutual love'' |- |'''i-'''....''toward the speaker''||'''iber'''....''receive''<br>'''ixer'''....''result'' |- |'''ik-'''....''fully, thoroughly''||'''iktoxer'''....''forget completely''<br> '''iktos'''....''satisfaction''<br> '''ikyebixer'''....''engulf, swallow up completely'' |- |'''in-'''....''three-, tri-, tripl-, tern-''||'''inzyuspar'''....''tricycle''<br> '''inaga'''....''three-dimensional''<br> '''injiba'''....''trimensual''<br> '''insuna'''....''ternary''<br> '''intotan'''....''trinity'' |- |'''iyn-'''....''terci-, third''||'''iyna'''....''terciary''<br> '''iynxer'''....''cut into thirds'' |- |'''iz-'''....''ortho-, recti-, right-, straight-''||'''iznada'''....''rectilinear''<br> '''izguna'''....''orthogonal''<br> '''iztin'''....''orthdoxy''<br> '''izdea'''....''forthright'' |- |'''ja-'''....''ante-, fore-, pre-''||'''jaupya'''....''foregone''<br> '''jauper'''....''precede''<br> '''jadropeka'''....''antebellum'' |- |'''je-'''....''per-, continuously, ever-''||'''jetejer'''....''persevere''<br>'''jeteaxer'''....''watch''<br>'''jexrer'''....''perpetuate'' |- |'''jo-'''....''after-, meta-, post-''||'''joexlen'''....''postprocessing''<br> '''jomir'''....''metasphere''<br> '''jotej'''....''afterlife'' |- |'''jwa-'''....''early-, eo-, preter-, proto-''||'''jwaber'''....''prepare''<br> '''jwatuun'''....''premonition''<br> '''jwadodin'''....''early history, protohistory''<br> '''jwamola'''....''preternatural''<br> '''jwajoeb'''....''eocene'' |- |'''jwo-'''....''ceno-, late-, latter-, tard-''||'''jwonux'''....''late payment''<br> '''jwoa'''....''tardy''<br> '''jwoteja'''....''cenozoic'' |- |'''ko-'''....''cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth-''||'''koa'''....''covert''<br> '''koexut'''....''spy''<br> '''koyeper'''....''sneak in'' |- |'''(ko)vyo-'''....''pseudo-, mis-, wrong-''||'''kovyotun'''....''pseudoscience''<br>'''vyobekuer'''....''to mistreat'' |- |'''ku-'''....''para-''||'''kuifut'''....''paramour''<br> '''kuteliut'''....''parasite''<br> '''kuteptun'''....''parapsychology'' |- |'''kya-'''....''alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross-''||'''kyaember'''....''relocate''<br> '''kyajoba'''....''diachronic''<br> '''kyatajnad'''....''crossbreed''<br> '''kyatooba'''....''transgendered''<br> '''kyavolza'''....''variegated, motley'' |- |'''kyao-'''....''falteringly, unsteadily''||'''kyaoper'''....''stagger''<br> '''kyaotexer'''....''vacillate'' |- |'''kye-'''....''chance-, hap-, random-''||'''kyea'''....''haphazard''<br> '''kyebyus'''....''chance encounter''<br> '''kyeteater'''....''happen to see''<br> '''kyesauna'''....''of a random type'' |- |'''kyo-'''....''fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat-''||'''kyosaun'''....''stereotype''<br> '''kyopa'''....''stable, static, stationary''<br> '''kyoson'''....''status'' |- |'''lo-'''....''dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un-''||'''lozeb'''....''disequilibrium''<br> '''loyuvlaxer'''....''disengage''<br> '''loyuzyuber'''....''uncoil''<br> '''lomulvyusber'''....''decontaminate'' |- |'''logel-'''....''hetero-, different-''||'''logelsauna'''....''heterogenous''<br>'''logelaxer'''....''differentiate'' |- |'''maz-'''....''bright-''||'''mazteaba'''....''bright-eyed'' |- |'''mial-'''....''hygro-, atmo-, vapori-''||'''mialama'''....''hygrothermal''<br>'''mialnagar'''....''atomometer, vaporimeter'' |- |'''mil-'''....''aqua-, hydro-, water-''||'''milyexun'''....''aquaculture''<br> '''milmaka'''....''hydroelectric''<br> '''miltilsyeb'''....''water glass'' |- |'''mul-'''....''hylo-, substance''||'''mulsana'''....''hylomorphic'' |- |'''o(l)-'''....''a-, dis-, non-, un-, in-''||'''ovyilxwa'''....''unwashed''<br> '''omalza'''....''non-white''<br> '''ototina'''....''atheist''<br> '''otepzexea'''....''inattentive'' |- |'''o(b/p)-'''....''de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice-''||'''oper'''....''get off''<br> '''obneg'''....''sublevel''<br> '''obxeb'''....''sous-chef, sub-officer''<br>'''obtyodeb'''....''vice-president'' |- |'''oog-'''....''micro-'' || '''oogpob'''....''microorganism'' <nowiki>-</nowiki> |- | '''oj-'''....''future'' || '''ojtayd'''....''bride, future wife'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-'' ||'''gawder'''....''to repeat''<br>'''gawdyeer'''....''to re-read'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''micro-, mini-'' || '''ogalmor'''....''microcosm''<br>'''ogalteaxer'''....''microscope''<br>'''gowaxer'''....''minimize'' |- |'''of-'''....''prohibited'' ||'''ofbier'''....''steal''<br>'''ofbekul'''....''prohibited drug''<br>'''ofemkyoxer'''....''to squat'' |- |'''ov-'''....''contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un-''||'''ovalxer'''....''countervail''<br> '''ovper'''....''contravene''<br> '''ovkyin'''....''counterweight''<br> '''ovdat'''....''enemy''<br> '''olovmasbwa'''....''undefended'' |- |'''oy-'''....''-less, a(n)-, without''||'''oytofa'''...''naked''<br> '''oyxer'''....''deprive''<br> '''oytosen'''....''apathy''<br> '''oyteupiba'''....''toothless'' |- |'''oyb-'''....''hypo-, infra-, sub-, under-''||'''oybnadrer'''....''underline''<br> '''oybtomsan'''....''infrastructure''<br> '''oybseuxa'''....''subsonic''<br> '''oybtayoba'''....''hypodermic'' |- |'''oyeb-'''....''ex-, extra-, out-''||'''oyebnad'''....''outline''<br> '''oyebyujber'''....''exclude''<br> '''oyebdoabuer'''....''extradite'' |- |'''oyv-'''....''contra-, opposite, reverse''||'''oyvkuma'''...''opposite''<br> '''oyvder'''....''contradict''<br>'''oyvduer'''....''contraindicate''<br>'''oyvaxer'''....''reverse'' |- |'''tayi(b)-'''....''neuro-, nerve''||'''tayibteptun'''....''neuropsychology''<br> '''tayibyok'''....''neuralgia'' |- |'''teeb-'''....''auri-, oto-, ear-''||'''teebbekut'''....''aurist''<br> '''teeteiteyobtut'''....''otorhinolaryngologist''<br> '''teebyel'''....''earwax'' |- |'''tee(s/x/t)-'''....''audio-, son-, phono-''||'''teesnagen'''....''audiography''<br> '''teestaxdras'''....''phonogram''<br> '''teestun'''....''audiology''<br> '''teexdras'''....''audiogram''<br> '''teetyofwa'''....''inaudible'' |- |'''tei(b)-'''....''nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo-''||'''teibbok'''....''rhinitis''<br> '''teibyeg'''....''nostril''<br> '''teiz'''....''perfume''<br> '''teizuka'''....''aroma-free''<br> '''teityaf'''....''olfactory sense'' |- |'''tiibil-'''....''blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin-''||'''tiibililp'''....''hemorrhage''<br> '''tiibiliut'''....''bloodsucker''<br> '''tiibloker'''....''exsanguinate''<br> '''tiibiltun'''....''hematology'' |- |'''tuj-'''....''hypno-, somni-, sopor-''||'''tujbek'''....''hyptotherapy''<br> '''tujbyea'''....''somniferous, soporific'' |- |'''u(b/p)-'''....''toward''||'''uber'''....''send''<br>'''ubaer'''....''lean toward'' |- |'''ui-'''....''horizontal, left-right, x-axis''||'''uinab'''....''row'', ''x-axis''<br> '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- |'''uib-'''....''back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receive''||'''uibar'''....''transceiver'' |- |'''uig-'''....''fast-and-slow''||'''uigpar'''....''scooter'' |- |'''uij-'''....''begin-and-end, start-and-stop''||'''uijdaler'''....''stutter'' |- |'''uip-'''....''come-and-go''||'''uipen'''....''traffic, coming and going'' |- |'''uiz-'''....''straight-then-crooked''||'''uizbaser'''....''swagger''<br> '''uizdrer'''....''scribble''<br> '''uizpaser'''....''swerve'' |- |'''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater-''||'''ungona'''....''quadripartite''<br> '''unnednid'''....''tetrahedron''<br> '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' |- |'''uyn-'''....''fourth-, quarti-''||'''uynxer'''....''quarter''<br> '''uynjab'''....''quarter (of a year)'' |- |'''ut-'''....''auto-, self-, sui-, ego-''||'''utifon'''....''egoism''<br> '''utgober'''....''autodecrement''<br> '''utfuyix'''....''self-abuse''<br> '''uttujben'''....''suicide'' |- |'''uz-'''....''crooked, di-''||'''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- |'''va-'''....''yes''||'''vayovder'''....''convict''<br> '''vabier'''....''accept''<br> '''vatexer'''....''believe'' |- |'''vao-'''....''yes-no''||'''vaoder'''....''decide''<br> '''vaodaler'''....''waffle''<br> '''vaonaza'''....''boolean'' |- |'''vi-'''....''bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri-''||'''vituzyan'''....''fine arts, beaux arts''<br> '''vidun'''....''euphemism''<br> '''vidrenyan'''....''literature, belles lettres''<br> '''visuana'''....''classic'' |- |'''vo-'''....''non-, neg-''||'''voyafxer'''....''veto''<br> '''voxer'''....''negate''<br> '''voyovder'''....''acquit, declare not guilty'' |- |'''vya-'''....''justi-, recti-, true-, reg-''||'''vyadin'''....''true story''<br> '''vyader'''....''avow''<br> '''vyamol'''....''essence'' |- | '''vyao-'''....''right or wrong'' ||'''vyaoyek'''....''test'' |- |'''vyak-'''....''ortho-, correct-''||'''vyakdred'''....''orthography''<br> '''vyakxer'''....''correct'' |- |'''vyo-'''....''mis-, para-, wrong-''||'''vyoyufa'''....''paranoid''<br> '''vyoyux'''....''perfidy''<br> '''vyoyixer'''....''misuse'' |- |'''ya-'''....''more than one, multi-''||'''yaota'''....''communal'' |- |'''yab-'''....''hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper-''||'''yabdom'''....''uptown''<br> '''yabdoneg'''....''upper class''<br> '''yabduzneg'''....''high pitch''<br> '''yabexer'''....''support''<br> '''yabzyobix'''....''hypertension'' |- |'''yabnan-'''....''height-, hypso-, alti-''||'''yabnanagar'''....''hypsometer, altimeter'' |- |'''yag-'''....''long-''||'''yagyiban'''....''long distance''<br> '''yagyeker'''....''strive''<br> '''yagblokea'''....''long-suffering'' |- |'''yan-'''....''co(n)-, fellow-, -mate''||'''yanzena'''....''concentric''<br> '''yanyeker'''....''compete''<br> '''yandit'''....''fellow-citizen'' |- |'''yao(b/p)-'''....''up-and-down''||'''yaopuyser'''....''skip''<br> '''yaopsim'''....''seesaw''<br> '''yaoblir'''....''elevator''<br> '''yaobaser'''....''bounce'' |- |'''ya(on)-'''....''six-, hexa-, sex-''||'''yaonat'''....''sextet''<br> '''yaongun'''....''hexagon''<br> '''yaona'''....''six-fold, sextuple''<br>'''yagol'''....''sextile'' |- |'''yaov-'''....''guilty-or-innocent''||'''yaovder'''....''adjudicate''<br> '''yaovdutyan'''....''jury''<br> '''yaovkader'''....''plead''<br> '''yaovyek'''....''trial'' |- |'''yaoz-'''....''serrated, bumpy, jagged''||'''yaozaxer'''....''serrate''<br> '''yaozgoblar'''....''saw''<br> '''yaozper'''....''bump along'' |- |'''yayb-'''....''supra-''||'''yaybdooba'''....''supranational'' |- |'''yayn-'''....''sex-, sixth''||'''yayna'''...''sixth'' |- |'''ye(on)-'''....''hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven-''||'''yejub'''....''week''<br> '''yeongun'''....''heptagon''<br> '''yeonat'''....''septuplet'' |- |'''ye(b/p)-'''....''en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro-''||'''yebuzaser'''....''.inflect''<br> '''yebzoytiibufa'''....''intravenous''<br> '''yebyujer'''....''enclode''<br> '''yebtayoba'''....''endodermal''<br> '''yeper'''....''enter''<br> '''yeber'''....''introduce'' |- |'''yeov-'''....''fair or not ''|| '''yeovdut'''....''umpire'' |- |'''yeyb-'''....''intra-''||'''yeybmepyan'''....''intranet''<br> '''yeybdoeba'''....''intrastate'' |- |'''ye-'''....''hepto-, seven-, septi-''||'''yejub'''....''week'' |- |'''yeyn-'''....''seventh''|| '''yeynxer'''....''split into sevenths'' |- |'''yez'''....''para-, alongside''|| '''yezteptun'''....''parapsychology''<br>'''yezuper'''....''come alongside'' |- |'''yi(on)-'''....''oct-, eight-''||'''yiona'''...''eight-fold''<br>''octuple'' |- |'''yib-'''....''far-, tele-, remote''||'''yibsin'''....''televison''<br> '''yibteata'''....''far-sighted''<br> '''yibtrawa'''....''famous'' |- |'''yibaj-'''....''archai-, archeo-, ancient''||'''yibajtun'''....''archaeology'','''yibajtun'''....''archeology'' |- |'''yiyn-'''....''eighth''||'''yiynxer'''....''divide into eighths'' |- |'''yiz-'''....''beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-''||'''yiztyun'''...''metaphor''<br> '''yizeza'''....''paranormal''<br> '''yizmeirat'''....''extraterrestrial''<br> '''yizseux'''....''utrasound'' |- |'''yoon-'''....''five-, penta-, quint-''||'''yoongun'''....''pentagon''<br> '''yoongol'''...''quintile''<br> '''yoon'''....''group of five''<br> ''quintet'' |- |'''yo(b/p)-'''....''down-, hypo-, sub-''||'''yobdom'''...''downtown''<br> '''yoper'''....''go down''<br> '''yobgoler'''....''subdivide'' |- |'''yon-'''....''apart, dis-, se-''||'''yonzyaber'''....''disperse''<br> '''yonxer'''....''separate''<br> '''yonsauna'''....''distinct'' |- |'''yoyn-'''....''fifth-, quinti-''||'''yoynnaga'''....''quintic''<br> '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' |- |'''yu(n)-'''....''nine-, nona-''||'''yunapa'''....''ninth (in order)''<br> '''yungunid'''....''nonagon''<br> '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' |- |'''yub-'''....''near-, proxi-, para-''||'''yuboj'''....''near future''<br> '''yubna'''....''next''<br> '''yubteas'''....''closeup (view)''<br> '''yubge'''....''almost''<br> '''yubfia'''....''intimate''<br> '''yubgeser'''....''approximate''<br>'''yubdopa'''....''paramilitary'' |- |'''yui(b/p)-'''....''near-and-far''||'''yuibjo'''....''sooner or later''<br> '''yuibteabar'''....''bifocals''<br> '''yuipoper'''....''travel near and far'' |- |'''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut''||'''yuijar'''....''valve''<br> '''yuijer'''....''blink'', ''wink''<br> '''manyuijer'''....''blink''<br> '''makyuijar'''....''switch'' |- |'''yuyb-'''....''quasi-, pen-, almost''||'''yuybyonmel'''....''peninsula''<br> '''yuybega'''....''quasi-normal'' |- |'''yuon-'''....''ninth-, novi-''||'''yuonat'''....''nonuplet'' |- |'''yuz-'''....''circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round-''||'''yuzper'''....''circulate''<br> '''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br> '''yuzof'''....''wrap-around''<br> '''yuznadrer'''....''circumscribe'' |- |'''za-'''....''ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro-, north''||'''zatim'''....''antechamber''<br> '''zamimuf'''....''foremast''<br> '''zagab'''....''prefix''<br> '''zajuber'''....''procrastinate''<br>'''zamer'''....''north'' |- |'''zao-'''....''back-and-forth, front-and-back''||'''zaopaser'''....''wobble''<br> '''zaokuper'''....''slalom''<br> '''zaopyoser'''....''pendulate'' |- |'''zay-'''....''forth-, pro-, forward, ahead''||'''zaypuyser'''....''skip ahead''<br> '''zaypuxer'''....''propel''<br> '''zayper'''....''go forward, procede''<br> '''zayupea'''....''forthcoming'' |- |'''ze-'''....''mid-, central, medio-''||'''zetej'''....''midlife''<br> '''zepoxer'''....''interrupt, stop midway''<br> '''zetem'''....''central hall'' |- |'''zey-'''....''cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, across''||'''zeyper'''....''transit, get across''<br> '''zeynod'''....''crosspoint''<br> '''zeytyun'''....''metaphor'' |- |'''zi-'''....''right, east, dextro-''||'''zim'''....''right side''<br>'''zimera'''....''eastern'' |- |'''zo-'''....''back-, hind-, retro-, south''||'''zotib'''....''back''<br> '''zotiub'''....''hindquarters''<br> '''zonapa'''....''retrograde''<br>'''zomer'''....''south'' |- |'''zoy-'''....''back-, retro-, re-''||'''zoyper'''....''recede, go back''<br> '''zoybeler'''....''carry back''<br> '''zoyzyublen'''....''backspin'' |- |'''zu-'''....''left-, west-''||'''zutinut'''....''leftist''<br> '''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zumera'''....''western'' |- |'''zui-'''....''left-and-right, zig-zag, east-west''||'''zuibyoser'''....''dangle, hang left-and-right''<br> '''zuiper'''....''zigzag''<br> '''zuituyaba'''....''ambidextrous''<br>'''zuimera'''....''east-west'' |- |'''zya-'''....''-wide, wide-, broad-, all about''||'''zyauber'''....''broadcast''<br> '''zyateaba'''....''wide-eyed''<br> '''zyasauna'''....''general''<br> '''zyapoper'''....''cruise, wander''<br> '''zyamira'''....''global, worldwide'' |- |'''zye-'''....''per-, thorough-, thru-, trans-''||'''zyetejer'''....''live through, experience''<br> '''zyeteaxer'''....''peruse''<br> '''zyeteatyafwa'''....''transparent''<br> '''zyemep'''....''thoroughfare''<br> '''zyeper'''....''permeate, transit'' |- |'''zyo-'''....''narrow, steno-'' || '''zyotepa'''....''narrow-minded''<br>'''zyoteat'''....''tunnel vision''<br>'''zyoyija'''....''stenopeic'' |- |'''zyu-'''....''cyclo-, rot-, round-, gyro''||'''zyutim'''....''rotunda''<br> '''zyusem'''....''roundtable''<br> '''zyuper'''....''cycle, gyrate, rotate'' |} ==== Suffixes ==== : Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes. : '''Semantic Stub Suffixes''' :: Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Stub Suffixes |- valign=top ! Suffix Stub !! Suffix Full Form !! Suffixed Example < Base Word |- | '''-il'''....''liquid, drink'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''teab<u>il</u>'''....''tear''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teub<u>il</u>'''....''saliva''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''tayeb<u>il</u>'''....''sweat''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayeb'''....''skin''<br>'''mam<u>il</u>'''....''rain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mam'''....''sky'' |- | '''-al'''....''gas'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''tieb<u>al</u>'''....''breath''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' |- | '''-(e)l'''....''food'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''sup<u>el</u>'''....''pork''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''<u>sup</u>et'''....''swine''<br>'''ta<u>ol</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''taob'''....''flesh''<br>'''fe<u>l</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''feb'''....''fruit'' |- | '''-ul'''....''stuff'' || '''mul'''....''substance'' || '''vix<u>ul</u>'''....''cosmetic''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vix-'''....''to beautify''<br>'''bek<u>ul</u>'''....''medecine''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment'' |- | '''-yel'''....''oil, gel, wax, pulp'' || '''yel'''....''oil'' || '''olf<u>yel</u>'''....''olive oil''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''olfeb'''....''olive''<br>'''appelat<u>yel</u>'''....''wax''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''appelat'''....''bee''<br>'''mag<u>yel</u>'''....''grease''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mag'''....''fire''<br>'''bek<u>yel</u>'''....''salve''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment''<br>'''meg<u>yel</u>'''....''cement''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''meg'''....''stone''<br>'''yan<u>yel</u>'''....''paste''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yan'''....''together'' |- | '''-am'''....''house'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''apat<u>am</u>'''....''chicken coop''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apat'''....''chicken''<br>'''apellat<u>am</u>'''....''beehive''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apellat'''....''bee''<br>'''melyex<u>am</u>'''....''farmhouse''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''melyex'''....''agriculture''<br>'''datib<u>am</u>'''....''hostel''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''datib'''....''guest-reception'' |- | '''-(e)m'''....''place'' || '''nem'''....''place'' || '''vobyex<u>em</u>'''....''plantation, farm''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vob'''....''plant'' + '''yex'''....''work''<br>'''vab<u>em</u>'''....''field''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ab'''....''above, upper''<br>'''ze<u>m</u>'''....''middle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ze(a)'''....''middle'' <br> '''tim'''....''room'' |- | '''-im'''....''room'' || '''tim'''....''room'' || '''tul<u>im</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tul'''....''cuisine''<br>'''tuj<u>im</u>'''....''bedroom''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tuj'''....''sleep'' |- | '''-um'''....''cell, booth'' || '''tum'''....''compartment''|| '''pex<u>um</u>'''....''cage''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pexer'''....''catch''<br>'''ilzyapux<u>um</u>'''....''shower stall''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ilzyapux'''....''shower'' |- | '''-yem'''....''space'' || '''nyem'''....''enclosure'' || '''yom<u>yem</u>'''....''icebox''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yom'''....''ice'' |- | '''-yeb'''....''container'' || '''nyeb'''....''container'' || '''z<u>yeb</u>'''....''bottle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zye(f)'''....''glass''<br>'''vos<u>yeb</u>'''....''vase''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vos'''....''flower'' |- | '''-of'''....''material'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''t<u>of</u>'''....''clothes''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''t-'''....''human''<br>'''mis<u>of</u>'''....''curtain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mis'''....''window''<br>'''fa<u>of</u>'''....''wood''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''fa(b)-'''....''tree''<br>'''tay<u>of</u>'''....''leather''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayo(b)'''....''skin'' |- | '''-ov'''....''linen'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tey<u>ov</u>'''....''collar''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck'' |- | '''-ar'''....''instrument'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' ||'''p<u>ar</u>'''....''cart''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''p-'''....''motion''<br>'''zyup<u>ar</u>'''....''rotor''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyup'''....''turn''<br>'''gobr<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gobrar'''....''cut''<br>'''jwob<u>ar</u>'''....''watch''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-ir'''....''machine'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''dr<u>ir</u>'''....''typewriter''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dr-'''....''write''<br>'''gwob<u>ir</u>'''....''clock'' |- | '''-ur'''....''large machine'' || '''sur'''....''engine'' || '''p<u>ur</u>r'''....''car''<br>'''jwob<u>ur</u>r'''....''grandfather clock''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-(u)n'''....''thing'' || '''sun'''....''thing'' || '''d<u>un</u>'''....''word''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''d-'''....''utter, say''<br>'''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''piece, scrap''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gofrer'''....''rip, shread, tear''<br>'''zyi<u>un</u>'''....''plaque, plate''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyia'''....''flat''<br>'''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vyua'''....''dirty'' |- | '''-on'''....''abstract thing'' || '''son'''....''issue'' || '''yov<u>on</u>'''....''tort, wrong''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yov'''....''guilt'' |- | '''yen'''....''manner, kind'' || '''byen'''....''manner'' || '''tex<u>yen</u>'''....''opinion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tex'''....''thought''<br>'''hi<u>yen</u>'''....''this way, thus''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''hi-'''....''this''<br>'''es<u>yen</u>'''....''status''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''es-'''....''exist'' |- | '''-in'''....''-ism'' || '''tin'''....''doctrine'' || '''tot<u>in</u>'''....''theism, religion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tot-'''....''god''<br>'''Krist<u>in</u>'''....''Christianity''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Krist'''....''Christ''<br>'''vyisat<u>in</u>'''....''puritanism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vysiat'''....''puritan, clean person''<br>'''oytof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''oytofa'''....''nude'' |- | '''-ufyeg'''....''cylinder'' || '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' || '''man<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''candle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''man'''....''light''<br>'''tiib<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''artery''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tiib'''....''heart''<br>'''mil<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''toilet''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mil'''....''water''<br>'''mov<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''cheminee''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mov'''....''smoke'' |- | '''-ab'''....''government'' || '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dit<u>ab</u>'''....''democracy''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dit'''....''citizen'' |- | '''-eb'''....''leader'' || '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''x<u>eb</u>'''....''boss''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''x-'''....''do''<br>'''tam<u>eb</u>'''....''master of the house''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tam'''....''house'' |- | '''-ub'''....''branch'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''pat<u>ub</u>'''....''wing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | '''-ad'''....''language'' || '''-a''' + '''d(alzeyn)'''....''language'' || '''Frans<u>ad</u>'''....''French (language)'' |- | '''-uz'''....''jewelry'' || '''nuz'''....''jewel'' || '''teyob<u>uz</u>'''....''necklace''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck''<br>'''teeb<u>uz</u>'''....''earring''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teeb'''....''ear'' |- | '''-u(er)'''....''give'' || '''buer'''....''give'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>er'''....''exhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-i(er)'''....''take'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''tiebal<u>i</u>er'''....''inhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-ui(er)'''....''exchange'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>ier'''....''breathe''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |} ==== Derviational Suffixes ==== ::: Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivational Suffixes |- ! Derivational<br>Suffix !! Function || Base Word <br><br>--> Suffixed<br>Derivation |- | '''-er''' || Noun <br>--> Verbal Infinitive || '''sag'''....''count'' <big><br>--></big> '''sag<u>er</u>'''....''to count'' |- | '''-n''' || Present Tense Verb <br>--> Verbal Noun (Gerund)<br>Adjective <br>--> Abstract Noun || '''yexe'''....''(he/she/...) works'' <big><br>--></big> '''yexe<u>n</u>'''....''working''<br>'''via'''....''beautiful'' <big><br>--></big> '''via<u>n</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yuba'''....''near'' <big><br>--></big> '''yuba<u>n</u>'''....''proximity, nearness'' |- | '''-a''' || Noun <br>--> Adjective<br>Active Verb<br>--> Verbal Adjective (Present Participle)<br>Past Passive Verb <br>--> Perfect Passive Participle (Adjective)||'''mor'''....''universe'' <big><br>--></big> '''mor<u>a</u>'''....''universal''<br>'''ake'''....''wins'' <big><br>--></big> '''ake<u>a</u>'''....''winning''<br>'''teatwa'''....''was seen'' <big><br>--></big>'''teatwa<u>a</u>''' (or, shortened to: '''teatw<u>a</u>'''....''seen'') |- | '''-ya''' || INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM <br>--> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE || '''ip-'''....''go away'' <big><br>--></big> '''ip<u>ya</u>'''....''gone away'' |- | '''-yea''' || VERB STEM <br>--> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE) || '''zaypas-'''....''progress'' <big><br>--></big> '''zaypas<u>yea</u>'''....''progressive'' |- | '''-y''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ADVERB || '''iga'''....''quick'' <big><br>--></big> '''iga<u>y</u>'''....''quickly''<br>'''tea-'''....''knowing''<big><br>--></big>'''tea<u>y</u>'''....''knowingly'' |- | '''-ut''' || VERB STEM <br>--> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''one who Xes, -er'' || '''ak-'''....''win'' <big><br>--></big> '''ak<u>ut</u>''' ....''winner'' |- | '''-us''' || VERB STEM <br>--> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''thing that Xes, -er'' || '''gol-'''....''divide'' <big><br>--></big> '''gol<u>us</u>''' ....''divisor'' |- |- '''-t''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ANIMATE NOUN (human, one who is...) || '''yibtrawa'''....''well-known'' <big>-<br>--></big>'''yibtrawa<u>t</u>'''....''celebrity'' |- |- '''-s''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> INANIMATE NOUN (thing, something X) || '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big><br>--></big>'''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery'' |} ::: <small>*Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker '''-i''' fall under the latter category.</small> ==== Normal Semantic Suffixes==== :* Augmentative Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Augmentative Suffixes |- ! Augmentative Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-ag''' (augmentative) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamag'''....''mansion'' |- | '''-ayg''' (affectionate augmentative) || '''sem'''....''chair'' || '''semayg'''....''big old chair'' |- | '''-yag''' (pejorative augmentative) || '''apet'''....''horse'' || '''apetyag'''....''nag'' |} :* Diminutive Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Diminutive Suffixes |- ! Diminutive Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-og''' (diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamog'''....''hut'' |- | '''-oyg''' (affectionate diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamoyg'''....''cottage'' |- | '''-yog''' (pejorative diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamyog'''....''shack'' |- | '''-et''' (a smaller person) || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' |- | '''-es''' (thing of lesser importance) || '''nas'''....''money'' || '''nases'''....''change, coin'' |- | '''-ud''' (child of, offspring) || '''tob'''....''man'' || '''tobud'''....''infant'' |} :* Semantic Adjectival Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Adjectival Suffixes |- ! Adjectival Suffix !! Meaning !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-a''' || '''mor'''....''universe'' || ''related to, -al, -ic'' || '''mora'''....''universal'' |- | '''-aya''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekaya'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-oya''' || '''vyun'''....''spot'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''vyunoya'''....''spotless'' |- | '''-ika''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekika'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-uka''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''miekuka'''....''dust-free'' |- | '''-yea''' || '''vyod'''....''lie'' || ''given to doing X, -ive'' || '''vyodyea'''....''mendacious, given to lying'' |- | '''-yena''' || '''tat'''....''angel'' || ''like, -ly, -ic'' || '''tatyena'''....''angelic'' |} :* Other Semantic Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Other Semantic Suffixes |- ! Suffix !! Base Word || Derivation |- | '''-tun'''....''science, ...ology'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>tun</u>'''....''biology'' |- | '''-tut'''....''-ologist, expert, -ist'' || '''dar'''....''language'' || '''dar<u>tut</u>'''....''linquist'' |- | '''-tuin'''....''theory'' || '''tob'''....''mar'' || '''mar<u>tuin</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | '''-yan'''....''collection, aggregate'' || '''fab'''....''tree''|| '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest'' |- |'''-tyen'''....''trade, -ics'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''sir<u>tyen</u>'''....''mechanics'' |- | '''-if'''....''pet name'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''twed<u>if</u>'''....''papa'' |- | '''ifa'''....''-philic, -loving'' || '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''dyes<u>ifa</u>'''....''bibliophilic'' |- | '''ifwa'''....''liked by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ifwa</u>'''....''popular'' |- | '''ufa'''....''-phobic, -hating'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>ufa</u>'''....''misogynous'' |- | '''ufwa'''....''hated by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ufwa</u>'''....''unpopular'' |- | '''yafa'''....''able to'' || '''tyoyap-'''....''walk'' || '''tyoyap<u>yafa</u>'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''yafwa'''....''possible to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yafwa</u>'''....''visible'' |- | '''yofa'''....''unable to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yofa</u>'''....''blind'' |- | '''yofwa'''....''impossible to'' || '''dye-'''....''read'' || '''dye<u>yofwa</u>'''....''illegible'' |- | '''yika'''....''hard of...ing'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yika</u>'''....''hard of hearing'' |- | '''yikwa'''....''hard to'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yikwa</u>'''....''hard to hear'' |- | '''yuka'''....''easy at...ing'' || '''vatex-'''....''believe'' || '''vatex<u>yuka</u>'''....''gullible'' |- | '''yukwa'''....''easily...ed'' || '''test-'''....''understand'' || '''test<u>yukwa</u>'''....''easily understood'' |- | '''yufa'''....''fearful of, -phobic'' || '''tot'''....''god'' || '''tot<u>yufa</u>'''....''god-fearing'' |- | '''yufwa'''....''feared'' || '''hyat'''....''everybody'' || '''hyat<u>yufwa</u>'''....''feared by all'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''efa'''....''needful of'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''tel<u>efa</u>'''....''hungry'' |- | '''efwa'''....''necessary to'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>efa</u>'''....''vital'' |- | '''yefa'''....''duty-bound to, -worthy of'' || '''dud'''....''answer'' || '''dud<u>yefa</u>'''....''responsible'' |- | '''yefwa'''....''due, -worthy of'' || '''fid-'''....''laud'' || '''fid<u>yefwa</u>'''....''praiseworthy'' |- | '''afa'''....''authorized to'' || '''dokebi-'''....''vote'' || '''dokebi<u>afa</u>'''....''franchised'' |- | '''ofwa'''....''prohibited to'' || '''movi-'''....''smoke'' || '''movi<u>ofwa</u>gonem'''....''no-smoking zone'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''yivwa'''....''free to be ...ed'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yivwa</u>'''....''optional'' |- | '''yuva'''....''bound'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tam<u>yuva</u>'''....''house-bound'' |- | '''ova'''....''resistant, anti-'' || '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution'' || '''aagdovyab<u>ova</u>'''....''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''ava'''....''in favor of, pro-'' || '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' || '''tyodab<u>ava</u>'''....''pro-democracy'' |- | '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''toos'''....''gender'' || '''toos<u>eva</u>'''....''gender-neutral'' |} ==== Inflectional Suffixes ==== : Mirad has only one noun inflectional suffix, namely, '''-''', which makes a singular noun plural: ::* '''tam'''....''house'' --> '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' : The only other inflectional affixes are the following verb infixes and suffixes: ::* '''-er'''....infinitive ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' : Example: :* '''Wit tuj<u>eya</u> hoj van at pua.'''....''He <u>was sleeping</u> when I arrived.'' ::* '''-e-''' = progressive aspect infix ::* '''-y-''' = active voice infix ::* '''-a''' = past tense suffix === Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling === : Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called '''''first-level ordinal scaling'''''. ==== First-level Ordinal Scaling ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ First-level Ordinal Scaling |- valign=top ! ORDINAL VOWEL !! t...b !! m...r !! j...b !! m...s !! t...m !! d...b || f...b || s...m || d...t || t...d |- !row=1| '''o''' = 0 |'''tob'''<br>''man'' || '''mor'''<br>''universe'' || '''job'''<br>''time'' || '''mos'''<br>''floor''|| '''tom'''<br>''building'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' || '''fob'''<br>''plant'' || '''som'''<br>''furniture''||'''dot'''<br>''society''||'''tod'''<br>''family'' |- !row=1| '''a''' = 1 |'''tab'''<br>''body'' || '''mar'''<br>''sun'' || '''jab'''<br>''year'' || '''mas'''<br>''wall'' || '''tam'''<br>''house'' || '''dab'''<br>''government'' || '''fab'''<br>''tree'' || '''sam'''<br>''armoire''||'''dat'''<br>''friend'' || '''tad'''<br>''spouse'' |- !row=1| '''e''' = 2 |'''teb'''<br>''head'' || '''mer'''<br>''planet'' || '''jeb'''<br>''season''|| '''mes'''<br>''door'' || '''tem'''<br>''hall'' || '''deb'''<br>''leader'' || '''feb'''<br>''fruit'' || '''sem'''<br>''table''||'''det'''<br>''associate'' || '''ted'''<br>''parent'' |- !row=1| '''i''' = 3 |'''tib'''<br>''trunk'' || '''mir'''<br>''earth'' || '''jib'''<br>''month'' || '''mis'''<br>''window'' || '''tim'''<br>''room'' || '''dib'''<br>''office'' || '''fib'''<br>''tree trunk'' || '''sim'''<br>''chair''||'''dit'''<br>''citizen'' || '''tid'''<br>''sibling'' |- !row=1| '''u''' = 4 |'''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''mur'''<br>''moon'' || '''jub'''<br>''day'' || '''mus'''<br>''stairs'' || '''tum'''<br>''cell'' || '''dub'''<br>''minister'' || '''fub'''<br>''branch'' || '''sum'''<br>''bed''||'''dut'''<br>''gentleperson'' || '''tud'''<br>''child'' |- !row=1| '''yo''' = 5 |'''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || || '''jyob*'''<br>''hour'' || || || || '''fyob'''<br>''root'' || || || '''tyod'''<br>''people'' |} ::: <small>* The palatal glide '''y''' in these words, which follows a palatal '''j''' is hard to pronounce, so the '''y''' is replaced with a '''w''', giving '''jwob''', '''jwab''', and '''jweb'''.</small> ==== Second-level Ordinal Scaling ==== :: A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding an ordinal vowel immediately after a word's stem vowel. ::: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Second-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''mi...p''' !! '''me...p''' !! '''tu...b''' !! '''tyo...b'''!! '''ma...f''' !! '''me...g''' !! '''do...b''' |- | '''mip'''<br>''river'' || '''mep'''<br>''way'' || '''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' || '''meg'''<br>''stone'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' |- | '''mi<u>a</u>p'''<br>''stream'' || '''meap'''<br>''road'' || '''tuab'''<br>''shoulder'' || '''tyoab'''<br>''hip''|| '''maaf'''<br>''stratus'' || '''meag'''<br>''marble'' || '''doab'''...''fatherland'' |- | '''mi<u>e</u>p'''<br>''brook'' || '''meep'''<br>''path'' || '''tueb'''<br>''upper arm'' || '''tyoeb'''<br>''thigh''|| '''maef'''<br>''cumulus'' || '''meeg'''<br>''slate'' || '''doeb'''<br>''province, state'' |- | '''mi<u>i</u>p'''<br>''rivulet'' || '''meip'''<br>''trail'' || '''tuib'''<br>''elbow'' || '''tyoib'''<br>''knee''|| '''maif'''<br>''stratocumulus'' || '''meig'''<br>''granite'' || '''doib'''<br>''county, shire'' |- | '''mi<u>u</u>p'''<br>''torrent'' || '''meup'''<br>''track'' || '''tuub'''<br>''forearm'' || '''tyoub'''<br>''shin''|| '''mauf'''<br>''cumulonimbus'' || '''meug'''<br>''clay, dough'' || '''doub'''<br>''district'' |- | '''mi<u>yo</u>p'''<br>''trickle'' || || '''tuyob'''<br>''wrist'' || '''tyoyob'''<br>''ankle''||'''mayof'''<br>''nimbostatus'' || '''meyog'''<br>''china'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ya</u>b'''<br>''hand'' || '''tyoyab'''<br>''foot''||'''mayaf'''<br>''altostratus'' || '''meyag'''<br>''chalk'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ye</u>b'''<br>''fist'' || '''tyoyeb'''<br>''heel''|| '''mayef'''<br>''altocumulus'' || '''meyeg'''<br>''limestone'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yi</u>b'''<br>''palm'' || '''tyoyib'''<br>''sole''|| '''mayif'''<br>''cirrus'' || '''meyig'''<br>''alabaster'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yu</u>b'''<br>''finger'' || '''tyoyub'''<br>''toe''|| '''mayuf'''<br>''cirrostratus'' || '''meyug'''<br>''gypsum''|| |- | || || '''tu<u>lo</u>b'''<br>''fingernail'' || '''tyolob'''<br>''toenail''||'''malof'''<br>''cirrocumulus'' || |} ==== Third-level Ordinal Scaling ==== ::: A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing an ordinal number vowel to the word. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Third-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | '''<u>a</u>tuyub'''....''thumb'' |- | '''<u>e</u>tuyub'''....''index'' |- | '''<u>i</u>tuyub'''....''middle finger'' |- | '''<u>u</u>tuyub'''....''ring finger'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>tuyub'''....''pinky'' |} ::: So, to sum up, we have: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:6.4em; font-size:smaller" |+ Summary of Scaling |- ! '''t...b''' !! '''tob''' = ''human being'' |- | FIRST-LEVEL || '''tub'''....''arm'' |- | SECOND-LEVEL || '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | THIRD-LEVEL || '''atuyub'''....''thumb'' |} ==== Scaling with Prefixed Numbering ==== ::: We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words by prefixing an ordinal vowel even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first level usually begins with '''a'''. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefix Numbering |- ! align=left | NUMBER || '''dob'''....''state'' !! '''deb'''....''leader'' !! '''mez'''....''gem'' !! '''mer'''....''planet'' || '''maf'''....''cloud'' || '''sagtun'''....''mathematics'' |- ! 1 | '''<u>a</u>dob'''....''empire'' || '''adeb'''....''emperor'' || '''amez'''....''diamond'' || '''Amer'''....''Mercury'' || '''amaf'''....''nimbus'' || '''asagtun'''....''arithmetic'' |- ! 2 | '''<u>e</u>dob'''....''kingdom'' || '''edeb'''....''king'' || '''emez'''....''topaz'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' || '''emaf'''....''stratus'' || '''esagtun'''....''geometry'' |- ! 3 | '''<u>i</u>dob'''....''principality'' || '''ideb'''....''prince'' || '''imez'''....''ruby'' || '''Imer'''....''Earth'' || '''imaf'''....''nimbostatus'' || '''isagtun'''....''algebra'' |- ! 4 | '''<u>u</u>dob'''....''duchy'' || '''udeb'''....''duke'' || '''umez'''....''emerald'' ||'''Umer'''....''Mars'' || '''umaf'''....''cumulus'' || '''usagtun'''....''trigonometry'' |- ! 5 | '''<u>yo</u>dob'''....''marquisate'' || '''yodeb'''....''marquis'' || '''yomez'''....''saphire'' || '''Yomer'''....''Jupiter'' || '''yomaf'''....''cumulostatus'' || '''yosagtun'''....''calculus'' |- ! 6 | '''<u>ya</u>dob'''....''county'' || '''yadeb'''....''count'' || '''yamez'''....''lapis lazuli'' || '''Yamer'''....''Saturn'' || '''yamaf'''....''stratocumulus'' || |- ! 7 | '''<u>ye</u>dob'''....''dominion'' || '''yedeb'''....''lord'' || '''yemez'''....''amthyst'' || '''Yemer'''....''Uranus'' || '''yemaf'''....''altocumulus'' || |- ! 8 | '''<u>yi</u>dob'''....''viscounty'' || '''yideb'''....''viscount'' || '''yimez'''....''amber'' ||'''Yimer'''....''Pluto'' || '''yimaf'''....''altostratus'' || |- ! 9 | '''<u>yu</u>dob'''....''barony'' || '''yudeb'''....''baron'' || '''yumez'''....''topaz'' || || '''yumaf'''....''cirrocumulus'' || |- ! 10 | '''<u>alo</u>dob'''....''tribe'' || '''alodeb'''....''tribal chief'' || '''alomez'''....''opal'' || || '''alomaf'''....''cirrus'' || |} === Rule #4: Overlapping === : When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in '''''overlapping''''' or a '''''portmanteau'''''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Overlapping in Compounds |- ! First Word !! Second Word !! Portmanteau |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''mep'''....''road'' || '''domep'''....''boulevard'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''teub'''....''mouth'' || '''pateub'''....''beak'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''patub'''....''wing'' |- | '''teupib'''....''tooth'' || '''byok'''....''pain'' || '''teypibyok'''....''toothache'' |} : In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided. === Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels === : When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an '''o''', replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word. : Examples: ::* '''edob'''....''kingdom'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''edeb'''....''monarch'' ('''edweb'''....''king'', '''edeyb'''....''queen'') ::* '''udob'''....''principality'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''udeb'''....''prince'' ('''udweb'''....''prince'', '''udeyb'''....''princess'') : By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant: : Examples: : '''mil'''....''water'' + '''mal'''....''air'' -> '''mial'''....''vapor, steam'' === Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants === : When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant. : Example: <b>to<u>b</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D8;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-b</b> = <i>organism</i>) (<b>t-</b> = <i>human</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>tof</b>....<i>clothing, apparel</i> (<b>n-</b> = <i>commercial</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>nof</b>....<i>cloth, fabric</i> <b>no<u>f</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D7;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-f</b> = <i>cloth</i>) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Swapping Generic Consonants |- ! Base Word 1 !! Base Word 2 !! Derived Word |- | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tov'''....''lingerie'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''taf'''....''suit'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tef'''....''hat'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tif'''....''vest'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tyoyaf'''....''shoe'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tuyaf'''....''glove'' |- | '''doob'''^*....''nation'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''doof'''....''flag'' |- | '''taob'''^*....''flesh'' || '''tol'''....''food'' || '''taol'''....''meat'' |} :<small>* This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.</small> === Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender === : Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix '''w''' and the feminine infix '''y'''. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''w'''. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''y'''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Marking Animate Nouns for Gender |- ! Gender-Neutral !! Male !! Female |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''young person'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''it'''....''he/she/it'' || '''wit'''....''he'' || '''iyt'''....''she'' |- | '''apat'''....''cock'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''toob'''....''gender'' || '''twoob'''....''male'' || '''tooyb'''....''female'' |} ::* Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for women, rather than men, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Making Inanimate Objects Female-related |- ! Male-oriented or Neutral !! Female-oriented |- | '''taf'''....''suit'' || '''tayf'''....''dress'' |- | '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' || '''tyoyayv'''....''stockings'' |- | '''tiav'''....''shirt'' || '''tiayv'''....''blouse'' |} ::* Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Body Parts Genderized |- ! Neutral !! Male-oriented !! Female-oriented |- | '''tilab'''....''breast'' || '''twilab'''....''male breast'' || '''tilayb'''....''female breast'' |- | || '''twiyib'''....''testicals'' || '''tiyiyb'''....''ovary'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''sexual organ'' || '''twiyub'''....''penis'' || '''tiyuyb'''....''vagina'' |} ::* In nouns that end in '''-ut''', the agentive suffix meaning ''-er, one who...'', the nouns can be feminized by changing '''-ut''' to '''-uyt''', eg. '''dezut'''....''actor'' -> '''dezuyt'''....''actress''. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing '''-ut''' with '''w''' to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the '''w''' can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like '''dezut''' can mean ''actor'' of neutral or male gender. ::* Animate nouns having the ending '''-et''' (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding '''w''' or '''y''' to the semantic base of the word, eg. '''tobet'''....''child, youth'' -> '''toybet'''....''girl'' or '''twobet'''....''boy''. === Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels === : A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings. : Geo-specific Vowels: <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* '''o'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''outer space, abstract object, initial stuff''' ::* '''a'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sky, air, gas''' ::* '''e'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''land, soil, solid''' ::* '''i'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sea, water, liquid''' ::* '''u'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''underground, mineral, concrete object, other''' </div> :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels |- ! !!'''m...p''' !! '''m...m''' !! '''d...p''' !! '''p...t''' !! '''m...l''' |- ! Space | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''space'' || '''dop'''....''military'' || '''pot'''....||'''mol'''....''nature'' |- ! Sky | '''map'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''dap'''....''air force'' || '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''mal'''....''air'' |- ! Land | '''mep'''....''road''|| '''mem'''....''land''|| '''dep'''....''army'' || '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''mel'''....''soil'' |- ! Water | '''mip'''....''river''|| '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''dip'''....''marine force'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''mil'''....''water'' |- ! Underground (or other) | '''mup'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || || || '''mul'''....''stuff'' |} : This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Hybrids|Hybrids]] for more on this subject. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Hybrid nouns |- ! First-level Derivation !! + Geospecific Vowel !! Second-level Derivation |- | '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''i'''....''water, sea''|| '''pe<u>i</u>t'''....''aquatic mammal'' |- | '''pelt'''....''insect'' || '''a'''....''air, sky''|| '''pel<u>a</u>t'''....''flying insect'' |- | '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''i'''....''water, sea'' || '''me<u>i</u>l'''....''mud'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''a'''....''air, gas'' || '''mi<u>a</u>l'''....''vapor'' |} === Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels === : The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Vectorial Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact. :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" border="0" |+ Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''amer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''baer'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''aber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''byaer'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''yaber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''omer'''....''south'' |- | '''o''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''boer'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''oper'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''pyoser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''yoper'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''uber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''pyuer'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''yuber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''byuser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''pier'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''yiper'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''pyiser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''emer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''eb'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''bexer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''up against, strike''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike'' |} ==== Special value of certain vowels ==== : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular'': ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual'' ::* '''anota'''....''alone, solitary'' ::* '''anay'''....''only'' ::* '''aun'''....''unit'' : The prefixes '''ya-''' or '''yan-''' meaning ''collection, plural'': ::* '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''yanot'''....''constituent'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' ::* '''yanotyan'''....''community'' ::* '''yan'''....''together'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yon'''....''apart'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' vs. '''yonota'''....''private'' ::* '''yanxer'''....''to combine'' vs. '''yonxer'''....''to separate'' === Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns === : Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning. : For example, the mnemonic '''eu''' pattern from the word for mouth, '''teud''' can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Mnemonic Pattern Derivation |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teub'''....''mouth'' !! Classifier !! Generic |- | '''teud'''....''shout'' || '''t''' = human || '''d''' = communication |- | '''teuz'''....''voice'' || '''t''' = human || '''z''' = art |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''d''' = communication || '''z''' = art |- | '''seuz'''....''tone'' || '''s''' = thing || '''z''' = art |- | '''seux'''....''sound'' || '''s''' = thing || '''x''' = action |- | '''xeus'''....''noise'' || '''x''' = action || '''s''' = thing |- | '''teuf'''....''muzzle'' || '''t''' = human || '''f''' = apparel |- | '''teuv'''....''mask'' || '''t''' = human || '''v''' = linen |- | '''teus'''....''taste''|| '''t''' = human || '''s''' = thing |- | '''deup'''....''rhythm''|| '''d''' = communication || '''p''' = ''motion'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teab'''....''eye'' !! '''(t)ea-''' = ''see'' !! Generic |- | '''teaper'''....''visit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teader'''....''witness'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teaxer'''....''look'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teaser'''....''seem'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teater'''....''see'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keaxer'''....''scan'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleaxer'''....''check'' || '''vyal-''' = ''certain''|| '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''yoneater'''....''distinguish'' || '''yon-''' = ''apart''|| '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''beaxer'''....''guard'' || '''be-''' = ''hold'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teatier'''....''perceive'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teatuer'''....''show'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teeb'''....''ear'' !! '''(t)ee-''' = ''hear'' !! Generic |- | '''teeper'''....''attend'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teeder'''....''testify'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teexer'''....''listen'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teeser'''....''sound (like)'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teeter'''....''hear'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keexer'''....''scan (acoustically)'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''koteexer'''....''snoop on'' || '''ko-''' = ''hide'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleexer'''....''sound out'' || '''vyal-''' = certain || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teetier'''....''get wind of'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teetuer'''....''make heard'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- | '''zyateetuer'''....''rumor'' || '''zya-''' = ''all around'' || '''-u-''' = objected-directed |} : A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Shortening Long Compounds |- ! Word 1 !! Word 2 !! Long Compound !! Shortened Compound |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''ekpeteuder''' || '''ekpeder'''....''neigh'' |- | '''serpyet'''....''snake'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''serpyeteuder''' || '''sepyeder'''....''hiss'' |- | '''vifeb'''....''grape'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''vifebil'''....''grape juice'' || '''vifil'''....''wine'' |- | '''povob'''....''grain'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''povobil''' || '''povil'''....''beer'' |} : Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ From Full Words to Stubs |- ! Compound !! New Stub !! Derivation |- | '''tilabil'''....''breast milk'' || '''bil'''....''milk''|| '''bilyug'''....''butter'' |- | '''fauf'''....''log'' || '''-uf'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''cylinder''|| '''muf'''....''rod, stick'' |- | '''zyeg'''....''hole'' || '''-yeg'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''hole'', ''hollow thing''|| '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' |} : The clipped word '''bil''' now gives rise to other compounds: ::* '''bilyig'''....''cheese'' ::* '''bilyigem'''....''cheese factory'' ::* '''bilyug'''....''butter'' ::* '''bilyugyena'''....''butter-like'' : The word '''mufyeg''' (Lit: hollow stick) means '''pipe, reed, cylinder''' === Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === : Words which follow Rule #11 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation. : These nuances are obtained by: :* Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel. :: These vowels are: ::: '''a''' for '''a''' and '''ya''' ::: '''e''' for '''e''' and '''ye''' ::: '''i''' for '''i''' and '''yi''' ::: '''o''' for '''o''' and '''yo''' ::: '''u''' for '''u''' and '''yu''' :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nad'''....''line'' || '''naad'''....''rail'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''doob'''....''nation'' |- | '''vyab'''....''rule'' || '''vyayab'''....''system'' |- | '''boka'''....''sick'' || '''booka'''....''tired'' |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || '''noog'''....''phase'' |- | '''bil'''....''milk'' || '''biil'''....''juice'' |} :* Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''less''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deintensification with Post-y-gliding |- ! Word !! Mitigated Derivation |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''iyfer'''....''like'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''iyva'''....''glad'' |- | '''zyutom'''....''tower'' || '''zyutoym'''....''turret'' |- | '''ama'''....''hot'' || '''ayma'''....''warm'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''oyma'''....''cool'' |} :* Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''greater''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding |- ! Word !! Enhanced Derivation |- | '''pot'''....''wild animal'' || '''pyot'''....''predator animal'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pyat'''....''bird of prey'' |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''yoma'''....''frozen'' |- | '''nuxer'''....''pay'' || '''nyuxer'''....''deliver'' |- | '''nexer'''....''save'' || '''nyexer'''....''store'' |} :* Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid '''l''' or the further intensifying liquid '''r''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with L and R |- ! Word !! L-Intensitifed || R-Intensified |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''ifler'''....''be fond of'' || '''ifrer'''....''adore'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''ivla'''....''content'' || '''ivra'''....''delighted'' |- | '''vaa'''....''affirmative'' || '''vlaa'''....''sure'' || '''vraa'''....''indubitable'' |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agla'''....''huge'' || '''agra'''....''immense'' |- | '''ga'''....''more'' || '''gala'''....''multiple'' || '''gara'''....''exponential'' |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press'' || '''barer'''....''crush'' |- | '''yexer'''....''work'' || '''yexler'''....''labor'' || '''yexrer'''....''toil, slave'' |- | '''yixer'''....''use'' || '''yixler'''....''hire'' || '''yixrer'''....''exploit'' |} :* Adding consonants other than '''l''' or '''r''' as the generic consonant: : Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like '''t''', '''f''', '''s''', '''k''', and '''z''' are used, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with Other Consonants |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fika'''....''perfect''<br>'''fira'''....''excellent'' |- | '''fua'''....''bad'' || '''futa'''....''wicked''<br>'''fura'''....''rotten'' |- | '''gea'''....''equal'' || '''geta'''....''identical''<br>'''gela'''....''alike'' |- | '''vyaa'''....''true'' || '''vyaka'''....''correct''<br>'''vyama'''....''real'' |- | '''vyoa'''....''false'' || '''vyoka'''....''incorrect''<br>'''vyoma'''....''fake'' |- | '''yiga'''....''hard'' || '''yigza'''....''sour''<br>'''yigla'''....''brusk''<br>'''yigra'''....''brutal'' |- | '''yuga'''....''soft'' || '''yugfa'''....''smooth''<br>'''yugla'''....''tender''<br>'''yugra'''....''mild'' |} :* Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nab'''....''row'' || '''nap'''....''order'' |- | '''vyava'''....''just'' || '''vyafa'''....''precise'' |- | '''jwab'''....''minute'' || '''jwap'''....''moment'' |- | '''jweb'''....''second'' || '''jwep'''....''instant'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''tap'''....''physique'' |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''top'''....''soul, animus'' |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' |- | '''naz'''....''value'' || '''nas'''....''money'' |- | '''nag'''....''dimension'' || '''nak'''...''unit of measurement'' |} == Technical Nomenclature == : The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features. === Zoological Nomenclature === {{status|100%}} [[File:Animal diversity.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of animals are formed in a systematic way. ==== Base Names ==== : First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with '''p''' (mobile) and end with '''t''' (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures. : The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air ('''a'''), water ('''i'''), land ('''e'''), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild ('''o'''), tame, or predatory ('''y'''); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms |- ! Type !! Air = a !! Water = i !! Land = e !! Anywhere = o |- valign=top !row=1| Ordinary |'''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' || '''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Predatory |'''pyat'''....''raptor'' || '''pyit'''....''predatory fish'' || '''pyet'''....''reptile'' ||'''pyot'''....''predatory animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Hybrid |'''piat'''....''waterfowl''<br>'''pelat'''....''flying insect''<br>'''paet'''....''flightless bird'' ||'''piit'''....''crustacean''<br>'''pilt'''....''marine invertebrate''<br>'''peit'''....''mammalian fish''<br>'''pyeit'''....''mollusk''|| '''payet'''....''flying reptile''<br>'''piyet'''....''batracian''<br>'''peyet'''....''worm''<br>'''pelt'''....''insect'' ||'''piot'''....''aquatic mammal'' |} ==== Derived Names ==== : The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the [https://www.itis.gov/| Linnaean taxonomy]. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name '''Canidae''' (''canids''). The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin. ''Ca'' in Latin is pronounced '''ka'''. See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad. In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory. So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix '''ka''' to the base name for domestic land animal '''pet''', yielding '''kapet''' (''dog''). All other members of the dog family end in '''pot''' (feral animal) or '''pyot''' (predatory animal). The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel. If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, ''prairie dog'' (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by '''ci³xi²ro¹pot''' from '''<u>Ro</u>¹dentia <u>Sci</u>²uridae <u>Cy</u>³nomys''', where '''pot''' is the basic animal type ''wild animal''. All rodents have the taxonomic syllable '''ro''' from the Latin "order" taxon ''Rodentia'', while all squirrel names will have the syllable '''xi''' from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon ''<u>Sci</u>uridae'' ('''<u>xi</u>uriday'''). The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family: :: <u>Ca</u>nidae (''dog family'') > ::: '''<u>ka</u>pet'''...''the common domestic dog'' (only one species, ''Canis familiaris'') ::: '''<u>ka</u>pot'''...''wild dog'' ::: '''<u>ka</u>pyot'''...''predatory dog'' : Species under '''kapyot''' are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names: :: ''Canis <u>lu</u>pus'' > '''<u>lu</u>kapyot'''...''gray wolf (or just wolf)'' :: ''Canis <u>la</u>trans'' > '''<u>la</u>kapyot'''...''coyote, prairie wolf'' ::: ''Canis latrans <u>les</u>tes'' > '''<u>les</u>lakapyot'''...''mountain coyote'' :: ''Canis <u>au</u>rus'' > '''<u>aw</u>kapyot''' > ''jackal, golden jackal'' ::: ''Canis aurus <u>cur</u>ensis'' > '''<u>kur</u>awkapyot'''....''Indochinese jackal'' :: ''Canis <u>vul</u>pus'' > '''<u>vul</u>kapyot'''...''fox, red fox'' : If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is '''awkapyot''' and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from ''curensis'' would normally be '''ku''', but it has to be extended to '''kur''' because the base begins in a vowel. : The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Latin/Greek - Mirad correspondences |- ! Latin/Greek Spelling !! Latin Sound !! Mirad Spelling !! Example |- | ''au'' || ''aw'' || '''aw''' || ''<u>au</u>rus''....'''aw-''' |- | ''eu'' || ''ew'' || '''ew''' || ''<u>eu</u>ropa''....'''ew-''' |- | ''ai''<br>''ae'' || ''ay'' || '''ay''' || ''<u>ae</u>gyptus''....'''ay-''' |- | ''ei'' <br> ''ey'' || ''ey'' || '''ey''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''oe'' || ''oy'' || '''oy''' || ''F<u>oe</u>niculum''....'''oy''' |- | ''ua'' || ''wa'' || '''wa''' || ''s<u>ua</u>vis''....'''s<u>wa</u>''' |- | ''ca/co/cu'' || ''ka/ko/ku'' || '''ka/ko/ku''' || ''<u>ca</u>nis''....'''<u>ka</u>''' |- | ''ce/ci/cy''' || ''che/chi/chi'' || '''ce/ci/cy''' || ''<u>cy</u>pris''....'''<u>ci</u>''' |- | ''y'' || ''i'' || '''i''' || ''c<u>y</u>pris''....'''<u>i</u>''' |- | ''g''' || ''g'' || '''g''' || ''<u>Ge</u>ococcyx''/''<u>Ga</u>stropoda''....'''<u>g</u>''' |- | ''ch'' || ''k'' || '''k''' || ''<u>Chi</u>roptera''....'''<u>ki</u>''' |- | ''ph'' || ''f'' || '''f''' ||''S<u>ph</u>yrapicus''....'''<u>f</u>''' |- | ''rh'' || ''r'' || '''r''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''x'' || ''ks'' || '''ks''' || ''Lo<u>x</u>odonta''....'''<u>ks</u>''' |- | ''qu'' || ''kw'' || '''kw''' || ''<u>Qu</u>ercus''....'''<u>kw</u>''' |- | ''j'' || ''y'' || '''j''' || ''<u>ju</u>lianus''....'''<u>ju</u>''' |- | ''sci'' || ''shi'' || '''xi''' || ''<u>Sci</u>uridae''....'''<u>xi</u>''' |- | ''th'' || ''t'' || '''t''' || ''<u>Th</u>unnus''....'''<u>t</u>''' |- | ''cci'' || ''ksi'' || '''ksi''' || ''Va<u>cc</u>inus''....'''<u>ksi</u>''' |} : Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for ''Cinnamomum'' would be '''cin'''. : The Latin letter ''j'' is represented in Mirad with '''j''' even though it is pronounced like a ''y''. This is for better recognizability. ==== Genderized and Other Forms ==== : Form the female of an animal by inserting a '''y''' before the '''t''' of the base adult name: ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kape<u>y</u>t'''....''bitch'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkapyo<u>y</u>t'''....''vixen'' : Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a '''w''' right after the '''p''' of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with '''py''' in which case the '''w''' is inserted just before the '''t''' of the base name: ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekp<u>w</u>et'''....''stallion'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbop<u>w</u>et'''....''ram'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkpyo<u>w</u>t'''....''dog fox'' : Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an '''o''' after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name: ::* '''bopet'''....''bovine'' ====> '''bopwe<u>o</u>t'''....''ox'' ::* '''gafapat'''....''cock'' ====> '''gafapwe<u>o</u>t'''....''capon'' : The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-ud''', the stub for '''tud'''....''child'': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>ud</u>'''....''colt'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>ud</u>'''....''pup'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopet<u>ud</u>'''....''lamb'' : The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing '''-if''': ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>if</u>'''....''puppy'' ::* '''fepet'''....''cat'' ====> '''fepet<u>if</u>'''....''kitty'' : The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-og''': ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supet<u>og</u>'''....''piggy'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>og</u>'''....''pony'' : Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal '''ekpet'''....''horse'' can serve as an example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivations of Horse |- ! Variation !! Mirad Name !! English Name |- !row=1| Adult |'''ekpet'''||''horse'' |- !row=1| Male | '''ekpwet'''||''stallion'' |- !row=1| Female | '''ekpeyt'''||''mare'' |- !row=1| Offspring | '''ekpetud'''||''colt'' |- !row=1| Female Offspring | '''ekpetuyd'''||''filly'' |- !row=1| Small adult |'''ekpetog'''||''pony'' |- !row=1| Gelded | '''ekpweot'''||''gelding'' |} ==== Animal Sounds ==== : The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the '''t''' of the base name with '''d''', the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in '''-der''': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeder'''....''to neigh'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapeder'''....''to bark'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''pader'''....''to tweet, chirp'' ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpyeder'''....''to hiss'' : A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing '''-yan''' or '''-nyan''': ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotyan'''....''a pride of lions'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopetyan'''....''a herd of sheep'' ::* '''pit'''....''fish'' ====> '''pityan'''....''a school of fish'' : Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final '''t''' of the base name with '''-per'''....''to go'': ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpeper'''....''to slither'' ::* '''lapet'''....''rabbit'' ====> '''lapeper'''....''to hop'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeper'''....''to gallop'' : The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in '''l''' (a stub for '''tel''', meaning ''food''): ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supel'''....''pork'' ::* '''supetyob'''....''hog leg'' ====> '''supetyol'''....''ham'' ::* '''bopet'''....''steer'' ====> '''bopel'''....''beef'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopel'''....''mutton'' ::* '''bopetud'''....''calf'' ====> '''bopetul'''....''veal'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatel'''....''honey'' : The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing '''-am'''....''house'', '''-um'''....''cage'', etc. to the base name: ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supetam'''....''pigsty'' ::* '''gafapayt'''....''chicken'' ====> '''gafapaytam'''....''chicken coop'' ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotam'''....''lion's den'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapetam'''....''doghouse'' ::* '''forpelt'''....''ant'' ====> '''forpeltam'''....''anthill'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatam'''....''bee hive'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''patum'''....''birdcage'', '''patsum'''....''nest'', '''patyanam'''...''aviary'' ::* '''pot'''....''wild animal'' ====> '''potam'''....''lair'' ==== Dog Breeds ==== [[File:The dog book - a popular history of the dog, with practical information as to care and management of house, kennel, and exhibition dogs, and descriptions of all the important breeds (1909) (20785715825).jpg|thumb|]] : Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to '''kapet'''....''dog'' that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site [[https://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/]]. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership. : The base of the dog breed name is '''kapet'''....''dog''. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants ('''b''', '''c''', '''d''', etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned to the ordinal vowel '''o''', so '''bokepet''' is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the '''o'''....''zero'' to '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed. : As an example: : To get the name for ''basset hound'': ::* Start with the word for dog: '''kapet'''. : This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is '''h'''. This is prefixed to '''kapet''', with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with '''a''' for ''one''. The ''basset hound'' is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes '''ha-'''. ::* '''hakapet''' is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with '''ha kapet'''....''the dog''.). A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel '''i'''.... ''three'' is prefixed: ::* '''ihakapet''' is a "small-sized scent hound" : A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word '''a'''.... ''one'' is prefixed (with a '''w''' buffer glide when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, '''Gebaroma''' is placed in front, separated by a space: ::* '''Gebaroma awahikapet''' is a ''basset hound'', a dog breed name owned by Great Britain. The name can usually be abbreviated by dropping the country owner name, thus: '''awahikapet''' <gallery> </gallery> : Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site. Group 1 = '''<u>b</u>okapet'''....sheepdogs/cattledogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''b<u>a</u>kapet'''....sheepdogs ::::* Belgian only entry = '''Belima bakapet'''....''Belgian shepherd dog'' ::::* German only entry = '''Deuma bakapet'''....''German shepherd'' ::* Section 2 = '''bekapet'''....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>bekapet'''....''Welsh corgi (Cardigan)'' Group 2 = '''<u>c</u>okapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''c<u>a</u>kapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer type ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''c<u>e</u>kapet'''....Molossian type ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''c<u>i</u>kapet'''....''Swiss mountain/cattledogs'' Group 3 = '''<u>d</u>okapet'''....''terriers'' ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....large and medium-sized terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>9</u>th entry = '''Gebaroma <u>yu</u>dakapet'''....''Welsh terrier'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....small-sized terriers ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''d<u>e</u>kapet'''....bull type terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>3</u>rd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>i</u>dekapet'''....''Staffordshire bull terrier'' ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....toy terriers Group 4 = '''<u>f</u>okapet'''....<u>dachshunds</u> ::::* Germany only entry = '''fakapet'''....''dachshund'' Group 5 = '''<u>g</u>okapet'''....spitz and primitive types ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''g<u>a</u>kapet'''....nordic sledge dogs :::: USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''<u>a</u>gakapet'''....''Siberian husky'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''g<u>e</u>kapet'''....nordic hunting dogs ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''g<u>i</u>kapet'''....nordic watchdogs/herders ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''g<u>u</u>kapet'''....European spits ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''g<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Asian spitz and related breeds ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''g<u>ya</u>kapet'''....primitive types ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''g<u>ye</u>kapet'''....hunting dogs Group 6 = '''<u>h</u>okapet'''....scent hounds and related breeds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''h<u>a</u>kapet'''....''scent hounds'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>1</u> = '''<u>a</u>hakapet'''....large-sized hounds ::::* USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''Usoma <u>aw</u>ahakapet'''....''American foxhound'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>2</u> = '''<u>e</u>hakapet'''....medium-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain only entry = '''Gebaroma ehakapet'''....''harrier'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>3</u> = '''<u>i</u>hakapet'''....small-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>aw</u>ihakapet'''....''basset hound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>ew</u>ihakapet'''....''beagle'' Group 7 = '''<u>j</u>okapet'''....pointing dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''j<u>a</u>kapet'''....''continental pointing dogs'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''j<u>e</u>kapet'''....''British and Irish pointers and setters'' Group 8 = '''<u>k</u>akapet'''....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''k<u>a</u>kapet'''....''retrievers'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''k<u>e</u>kapet'''....''flushing dogs'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''k<u>i</u>kapet'''....''water dogs'' Group 9 = '''<u>l</u>okapet'''....companion and toy dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''l<u>a</u>kapet'''....bichons ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''l<u>e</u>kapet'''....poodles ::::* France only entry = '''Ferama lekapet'''....''poodle'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''l<u>i</u>kapet'''....small Belgian dogs ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''l<u>u</u>kapet'''....hairless dogs ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''l<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Tibetan breeds ::::* Tibet <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Tibama <u>e</u>lekapet'''....''shih tzu'' ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''l<u>ya</u>kapet'''....Chihuahueno ::::* Mexico only entry = '''Mexuma lyakapet'''....''chihuahua'' ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''l<u>ye</u>kapet'''....English toy spaniels ::* Section <u>8</u> = '''l<u>yi</u>kapet'''....Japan Chin and Pekingese ::* Section <u>9</u> = '''l<u>yu</u>kapet'''....continental toy spaniel and others ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>alo</u>kapet'''....Kromforhl&auml;nder ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>ale</u>kapet'''....small Molossian type dogs Group 10 = '''<u>m</u>okapet'''....sight hounds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''m<u>a</u>kapet'''....long-haired sighthounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>a</u>makapet'''....''greyhound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>makapet'''....''whippet'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''m<u>e</u>kapet'''....rough-haired sighthounds ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''m<u>i</u>kapet'''....short-haired sighthounds ==== Cat Breeds ==== : The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See [https://cfa.org/breeds/]. You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat '''fepet'''. : This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Cat Breed Names |- ! CFA Name !! First Letters<br>Lowercase !! Number<br>If Any + fepet!! Mirad Name |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Shorthair'' || '''am''' || '''a + fepet'''|| '''amafepet''' |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Wirehair'' || '''am''' || '''e + fepet'''|| '''amefepet''' |- | ''<u>Bal</u>inese'' || '''bal''' || '''bal + fepet''' || '''balfepet''' |- | ''<u>Ben</u>gal'' || '''ben''' || '''ben + fepet''' || '''benfepet''' |} === Color Nomenclature === : The word for ''color'' in Mirad is '''volz''', which is mnemonically related to the word for ''flower'' ('''vos'''). The diminutive of ''color'' is '''voylz''', meaning ''tint, shade, hue''. : The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub '''-lza'''. The zeroth-color is no color, simple ''blank'', ''clear'', or ''transparent''. :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Basic Color Words |- ! 0 - clear !! 1 - red !!2 - orange !!3 - yellow !!4 - green !! 5 - blue !! 6 - purple !! 7 - indigo |- |<br><br><br> ||bgcolor="#d30000"| ||bgcolor="#fc6600"| ||bgcolor="#fff200"| ||bgcolor="#3bb143"| ||bgcolor="#0018f9"| || bgcolor="#b200ed"| || bgcolor="#4b0082"| |- | '''olza''' || '''alza''' || '''elza''' || '''ilza''' || '''ulza''' || '''yolza''' || '''yalza''' || '''yelza''' |} : There are some other common colors: :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Basic Color Words |- |bgcolor="white"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || '''malza'''....''white'' ||(Associated with '''man''' (''light'') |- |bgcolor="#7c4700"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|| '''melza'''....''brown'' ||(Associated with '''mel''' (''soil'') |- |bgcolor="#222021"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''molza'''....''black'' ||(Associated with '''mon''' (''dark'') |- |bgcolor="#828282"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''maolza'''....''gray'' ||(A blend of '''malza''' and '''molza''') |- |bgcolor="#fc0fc0"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''aolza'''....''pink'' ||(A blend of '''olza'''....''clear'' and '''malza'''....''red'') |} : All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example: ::* '''mecirufeb-ulza'''....''lime green'' from '''mecirufeb'''....''lime fruit'' + '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''aquamarine'' from '''mim'''....''sea'' + '''yalza'''....''blue'' ::* '''licirufeb-ilza'''....''lemon yellow'' from '''licirufeb'''....''lemon'' + '''ilza'''....''yellow'' ::* '''salpyit-alza'''....''salmon red'' ::* '''magmef-alza'''....''firebrick red'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''sea blue, aquamarine'' : Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner: ::# A "light" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''ylza''': '''uylza'''....''light green'' ::# A "-ish" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzyena''': '''ulzyena'''....''greenish'' ::# A "bright" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzayna''': '''ulzayna'''....''bright green'' ::# A "dark" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzoyna''': '''ulzoyna'''....''dark green'' : Shaded variants can also be created by prefixing adjectival components such as these: :* '''oz-'''....''-ish, light-'' :* '''az-'''....''bright-, dark-'' :* '''kyu-'''....''light-'' :* '''maz-'''....''bright-'' :* '''eyn-'''....''semi-'' etc. : Some hybrid colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel: ::* '''maolza'''....''gray'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''molza'''....''black'' ::* '''yaulza'''....''blue-green, cyan'' from '''yalza'''....''blue'' and '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''maelza'''....''beige'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''melza'''....''brown'' : Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix '''-a''': ::* '''<u>Ulz</u> se via volz.'''....''<u>Green</u> is a beautiful color.'' ::* '''At gafe <u>yalzayn</u>.'''....''I prefer <u>dark blue</u>.'' : Colors can also be used to form verbs: ::* '''Iyta teobi <u>alzasa</u>.'''....''Her cheeks <u>turned red (= blushed)</u>.'' ::* '''His se fia <u>teubip malzaxus</u>.'''....''This is a good <u>teeth whitener</u>.'' ::* '''Eta teupibi <u>ilzaseye</u>.'''....''Your teeth are <u>yellowing</u>.'' ==== Rarely Used Colors ==== : The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the [[w:List_of_RAL_colors|Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors]] expressed in Mirad + '''-lz'''. For example, the color ''golden yellow'' has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 ('''ase''', in Mirad), thus, the color is named '''aselz'''. The adjectival form of this color is '''aselza'''. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names. ===== Skin colors ===== [[File:Coloured-family.jpg|thumb|]] : When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix '''tayo(b)-''' is used. The final '''-b''' of '''tayob''' is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for ''skin-color'' itself is '''tayovolz'''. Thus: ::* '''(tayo-)molzat'''....''black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)malzat'''....''white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)melzat'''....''brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omalzat'''....''non-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omolzat'''....''non-black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omelzat'''....''non-brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymolzat'''....''half-black(skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymalzat'''....''half-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)maolzat'''....''mulatto, mixed-skinned person'' ::* '''(tayob)olzat'''....''albino'' ::* '''hyetayovolza'''....''of any skin-tone'' ::* '''hyatayovolzati'''....''people of all colors'' ::* '''Iyt se duhotayovolza?'''....''What skin color is she?'' ==== Hair Colors ==== : Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, '''tayeb'''. The final '''-b''' of '''tayeb''' is dropped before a consonant or '''y'''. The word for ''hair color'' is '''tayevolz'''. ::* '''tayebalza'''....''red-headed, auburn'' ::** '''tayebalzayt'''....''an auburn female'' ::* '''tayemolza'''....''brunette'' ::* '''tayemelza'''....''brown-haired'' ::* '''tayebiylza'''....''blond'' ::* '''tayemaolza'''....''gray, gray-haired'' :::* '''It gwa tayemaolzaso.'''....''He will go gray early.'' ::* '''Duhotayevolza iyt se?'''....''What color hair is she?'' ==== Eye Colors ==== : Eye colors are expressed by the prefix '''tea(b)''' followed by the color. The word for ''eye color'' is '''teavolz'''. In the following examples, '''teab''' (''eye'') becomes '''tea''' before any consonants or glides: ::* '''teayolza'''....''blue-eyed'' ::* '''teabulza'''....''green-eyed'' ::* '''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' :::* '''teamelzat'''....''brown-eyed person'' ::* '''teamolz'''....''a black eye'' ::* '''teamalz'''....''the white of the eye'' ::* '''Duhoteavolza et se?'''....''What color eyes do you have?'' === Chemical Nomenclature === [[File:14LaAc periodic table IIb.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding '''lk''', a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for ''hydrogen'' is ''H''. So we replace that with the word for lowercase '''h''' in Mirad: '''he'''. By adding the stub suffix '''lk''', we get '''helk'''. : Use the names of the '''''small''''' letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name '''ca''' is pronounced '''cha''' as in English ''cha-cha''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" valign=top; align=center |+ Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names |- ! Lowercase !! a !! b !! c !! d !! !! e !! f !! g !! h !! !! i !! j !! k !! l !! m !! n !! !! o !! p !! q !! r !! s !! t !! !! u !! v !! w !! x !! y !! z |- align=center | !row=1| Mirad Name | '''a''' || '''ba''' || '''ca''' || '''da''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''e''' || '''fe''' || '''ge''' || '''he''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''i''' || '''ji''' || '''ki''' || '''li''' || '''mi''' || '''ni''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''o''' || '''po''' || '''ko''' || '''ro''' || '''so''' || '''to''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''u''' || '''vu''' || '''wu''' || '''xu''' || '''yu''' || '''zu''' |} ==== Coding Chemical Elements ==== : The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Coding Chemical Elements |- ! English Element Name !! Abbreviation !! Mirad Name |- | ''silver'' || ''Ar'' || '''arolk''' |- | ''iron'' || ''Fe'' || '''feelk''' |- | ''hydrogen'' || ''H'' || '''helk''' |- | ''nitrogen'' || ''N'' || '''nilk''' |- | ''mercury'' || ''Hg'' || '''hegelk''' |- | ''darmstadtium'' || ''Ds'' || '''dasolk''' |} : In chemical compounds, the '''lk''' is used only on the last element of the compound. : Chemical compounds such as ''H₂O (hydrogen dioxide)'' are coded in the following manner. ::# The ''H'' for ''hydrogen'' is rendered as '''he''' (without the '''-lk'''). ::# The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for ''two, bi-'', '''en-''' is prefixed to the '''h''', giving '''enhe'''. ::# The word for ''oxygen'', '''ol''' is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the '''lk''' is suffixed. ::# The English word ends in ''-ide'', which is rendered in Mirad as '''-iyd''', giving '''enheolkiyd''' : Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below: : Given the chemical element ''sulfur'', which has the abbreviation ''S'', the Mirad equivalent for this solid is '''solk'''. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are: ==== Chemical Compound Suffixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Chemical Suffix Equivalents |- ! English Suffix !! Mirad Equivalent !! English Example !! Mirad Equivalent |- | ''-ide'' || '''-iyd''' || ''sulfide'' || '''solkiyd''' |- | ''-ite'' || '''-iyt''' || ''sulfite'' || '''solkiyt''' |- | ''-ate'' || '''-ayt''' || ''sulfate'' || '''solkayt''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''-iyn''' || ''iodine'' || '''ilkiyn''' |- | ''-ane'' || '''-ayn''' || ''methane'' || '''ahelkayn''' |- | ''-ene'' || '''-eyn''' || ''benzene'' || '''ehelkeyn''' |- | ''-one'' || '''-oyn''' || ''ketone'' || '''ketoyn''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''--iyn''' || ''alanine'' || '''alaniyn''' |- | ''-ic'' || '''-a''' || ''ferric'' || '''feelka''' |- | ''-ous'' || '''aya''' || ''ferrous'' || '''feelkaya''' |} : Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in '''-n'''. : The numeral prefixes ''5'' and ''6'' end in '''-on''' instead of '''-n''' so as to distinguish them from the words '''yan'''....''together'' and '''yon'''....''apart''. : The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Numeric Prefixes |- ! Number !! Prefix !! Example |- | '''a'''....''mono-'' || '''an''' || '''anolkiyd'''....''<u>mono</u>xide (O)'' |- | '''e'''....''bi-/di-'' || '''en''' || '''encalkayt'''....''<u>bi</u>carbonate (C₂)'' |- | '''i'''....''tri-'' || '''in''' || '''inolkiyd-'''....''trioxide (O₃)'' |- | '''u'''....''tetr(a)-'' || '''un''' || '''unolkiyd-'''....''tetroxide (O₄)'' |- | '''yo'''....''pent(a)-'' || '''yoon''' || '''yoonolkiyd-'''....''pentoxide (O₅)'' |- | '''ya'''....''hex(a)-'' || '''yaon''' || '''yaonolkiyd'''....''hexoxide (O₆)'' |- | '''ye'''....''hept(a)-'' || '''yen''' || '''yenolkiyd'''....''heptoxide (O₇)'' |- | '''yi'''....''oct(o)-'' || '''yin''' || '''yinolkiyd-'''....''octoxide (O₈)'' |- | '''yu'''....''non(a)-'' || '''yun''' || '''yunolkiyd-'''....''nonoxide (O₉)'' |- | '''alo'''....''dec(a)-'' || '''alon''' || '''alonolkayt-'''....''decoxidate (O₁₀)'' |} : Examples: ::* ''carbon <u>di</u>oxide (C₂O)''....'''calk <u>en</u>olkiyd''' ::* ''sodium <u>bi</u>carbonate (Na2C)''....'''nialk <u>en</u>calkayt''' ::* ''calcium <u>di</u>hydrogen phosphate''....'''caalk <u>en</u>helk polkayt''' ::* ''glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)''....'''<u>yaon</u>ca<u>alan</u>he<u>yaon</u>olk''' (or: '''sakolos''') ::* ''methanol (C₃HOH)''....'''ca<u>in</u>heohelk''' : Note: the '''-lk''' is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings '''-iyd''', '''-iyt''', and '''-ayt''', etc. ==== Names of Atomic Parts ==== : The word for ''atom'' in Mirad is '''gwomulk''', which literally is ''least particle''. : The main particles in an atom are: ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' (positive) ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' (neutral) ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' (negative) : Every atom contains '''mulki''' (''subatomic particles''). [[File:Standard Model of Elementary Particles.svg|thumb|392x392px|The [[Standard Model]] classification of particles]] : The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart to the right, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See [[wikipedia:Subatomic_particle]] ). ::* '''hamulk'''....''hadron'' :::* '''mi-hamulk'''....''meson'' ::::* '''pimi-hamulk'''....''pion'' ::::* '''kami-hamulk'''....''kaon'' :::* '''ba-hamulk'''....''baryon'' ::::* '''lambda-ba-hamulk'''....''lambda baryon'' ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' ::* '''zemulk'''....''nucleon'' ::* '''alfamulk'''....''alpha particle'' ::* '''fermimulk'''....''fermion'' ::* '''goryumulk'''....''nanoparticle'' ::* '''kyiazon mulk'''....''graviton'' ::* '''bamulk'''....''boson particle'' :::* '''agha-bamulk'''....''higgs particle'' :::* '''agwu-bamulk'''....''W boson'' :::* '''agzu-bamulk'''....''Z boson'' :::* '''gamma-bamulk'''....''photon'' :::* '''ge-bamulk'''....''gluon'' ::* '''qomulk'''....''quark'' :::* '''ba-qomulk'''....''bottom quark'' :::* '''ca-qomulk'''....''charm quark'' :::* '''da-qomulk'''....''down quark'' :::* '''ov-qomulk'''....''antiparticle, antiquark'' :::* '''penta-qomulk'''....''penta quark'' :::* '''tetra-qomulk'''....''tetra quark'' :::* '''to-qomulk'''....''top quark'' :::* '''u-qomulk'''....''up quark'' :::* '''so-qomulk'''....''strange quark'' ::* '''limulk'''....''lepton'' :::* '''gamma-limulk'''....''photon'' (also: '''manmulk''') :::* '''mu-limulk'''....''muon'' :::* '''pi-limulk'''....''pion'' :::* '''tau-limulk'''....''tau'' :::* '''vu-e-limulk'''....''electron neutrino'' :::* '''vu-mu-limulk'''....''muon neutrino'' :::* '''vu-tau-limulk'''....''tau neutrino'' :::* '''e-limulk'''....''electron'' (also: '''vomulk''') : The nucleus of an atom is called '''zemulk'''. Therefore, '''zemulka''' means ''nuclear''. === Musical Nomenclature === ==== Musical Instruments ==== : The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument ('''duzar''' < '''duz''' (''music'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument''). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played. [[File:Madras musical instruments and snake charmer's music.jpg|thumb|<small>Madras_musical_instruments_and_snake_charmer's_music</small>]] {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Instruments |- ! Mirad !! English |- ! colspan=2 | Bowed-String |- | '''aduzar''' || ''violin'' |- | '''eduzar''' || ''violin alto'' |- | '''iduzar''' || ''cello'', ''violoncello'' |- | '''uduzar'''<br>'''eona uduzar''' || ''bass''<br>''double bass'' |- | '''yoduzar''' || ''viola'' |- | '''yaduzar''' || ''fiddle'' |- | '''yeduzar''' || ''viol'' |- |- '''yiduzar''' || ''erhu'' |- | '''yuduzar''' || ''hardanger fiddle'' |- | '''aloduzar''' || ''kemenche'' |- | '''aladuzar''' || ''nyckelharpa'' |- | '''aleduzar''' || ''rebab'' |- ! colspan=2 | Woodwind |- | '''faduzar''' || ''flute'' |- | '''feduzar''' || ''oboe'' |- | '''fiduzar''' || ''clarinet'' |- | '''fuduzar''' || ''bassoon'' |- | '''fyoduzar''' || ''French harp, harmonica'' |- | '''fyaduzar''' || ''recorder'' |- | '''fyeduzar''' || ''bagpipe'' |- | '''fyiduzar''' || ''didgeridoo'' |- | '''fyuduzar''' || ''piccolo'' |- | '''faloduzar''' || ''fife, hornpipe'' |- | '''faladuzar''' || ''ocarina, ocarine'' |- | '''faleduzar''' || ''sheng'' |- | '''faliduzar''' || ''duduk'' |- | '''faluduzar''' || ''bansuri'' |- | '''falyoduzar''' || ''suling'' |- ! colspan=2 | Brass &#x1f3b7; |- | '''voduzar''' || ''horn'' |- | '''vaduzar''' || ''trumpet'' |- | '''veduzar''' || ''trombone'' |- | '''vuduzar'''<br>-- '''avuduzar'''<br>-- '''evuduzar'''<br>--'''ivuduzar'''|| ''saxophone''<br>-- ''tenor saxophone''<br>-- ''alto saxophone''<br>-- ''bass saxophone'' |- | '''vyoduzar''' || ''tuba'' |- | '''vyaduzar''' || ''bugle'' |- | '''vyeduzar''' || ''French horn'' |- | '''vyiduzar''' || ''cornet'' |- | '''vyuduzar''' || ''baritone horn'' |- | '''valoduzar''' || ''alto horn'' |- | '''valaduzar''' || ''euphonium'' |- | '''valeduzar''' || ''flugelhorn'' |- | '''validuzar''' || ''sousaphone'' |- | '''valuduzar''' || ''clarion'' |- | '''valyoduzar''' || ''mellophone'' |- | '''valyaduzar''' || ''climbasso'' |- | '''valyeduzar''' || ''ophicleide'' |- ! colspan=2 | Percussion |- | '''kaduzar'''<br>-- '''akaduzar'''<br>-- '''ekaduzar'''<br>-- '''ikaduzar'''<br>-- '''ukaduzar'''<br>-- '''yokaduzar'''<br>-- '''yakaduzar'''<br>-- '''yekaduzar'''<br>-- '''yikaduzar'''<br>-- '''yukaduzar'''<br>-- '''alokaduzar'''<br>-- '''alakaduzar'''<br>-- '''alekaduzar'''<br>-- '''alikaduzar'''<br>-- '''alukaduzar''' || ''drum''<br>-- ''snare drum''<br>-- ''bass drum''<br>-- ''tenor drum''<br>-- ''steel drum''<br>-- ''bongo drum''<br>-- ''timbrel''<br>-- ''kettledrum''<br>-- ''hang drum''<br>-- ''tupan''<br>-- ''taiko''<br>-- ''spring drum''<br>-- ''octoban''<br>-- ''candombe drum''<br>-- ''steel tongue drum'' |- | '''keduzar''' || ''glockenspiel'' |- | '''kiduzar''' || ''vibraphone'' |- | '''kuduzar''' || ''marimba'' |- | '''kyoduzar''' || ''tubular bell'' |- | '''gaduzar''' || ''triangle'' |- | '''geduzar''' || ''gong'' |- | '''giduzar''' || ''castanet'' |- | '''guduzar''' || ''rattle'' |- | '''gyoduzar''' || ''xylophone'' |- | '''gyaduzar''' || ''maraca'' |- | '''gyeduzar''' || ''caj&oacute;n'' |- | '''gyiduzar''' || ''cymbal'' |- | '''gyuduzar''' || ''tambourine'' |- | '''galoduzar''' || ''steelpan'' |- | '''galaduzar''' || ''wind chime'' |- | '''galeduzar''' || ''chime bar'' |- | '''galiduzar''' || ''celeste'' |- | '''galuduzar''' || ''clapper'' |- | '''galyoduzar''' || ''Jew's harp'' |- | '''galyaduzar''' || ''bazooka'' |- | '''galyeduzar''' || ''waterphone'' |- | '''galyiduzar''' || ''balafon'' |- | '''galyuduzar''' || ''boomwhackers'' |- | '''geloduzar''' || ''udu'' |- | '''geladuzar''' || ''thunder sheet'' |- ! colspan=2 | Keyboard &#x1f3b9; |- | '''raduzar'''<br>-- '''utekea raduzar'''<br>-- '''agala raduzar'''<br>-- '''sem raduzar''' || ''piano''<br>-- ''player piano''<br>-- ''grand piano''<br>-- ''keyboard'' |- | '''reduzar''' || ''clavichord'' |- | '''riduzar''' || ''harpsichord'' |- | '''ruduzar'''<br>-- '''mufyeg ruduzar'''<br>-- '''maka ruduzar''' || ''organ''<br>-- ''pipe organ''<br>-- ''electric organ'' |- | '''ryoduzar''' || ''accordion'' |- | '''ryaduzar''' || ''dulcimer'' |- | '''ryeduzar''' || ''calliope'' |- | '''ryiduzar''' || ''melodica'' |- | '''ryuduzar''' || ''concertina'' |- ! colspan=2 | Guitar &#x1f3b8; |- | '''baduzar'''<br>-- '''seuxa baduzar'''<br>-- '''maka baduzar'''<br>-- '''yoba baduzar''' || ''guitar''<br>-- ''accoustic guitar''<br>-- ''electric guitar''<br>-- ''bass guitar'' |- | '''beduzar''' || ''banjo'' |- | '''biduzar''' || ''lute'' |- | '''buduzar''' || ''harp'' |- | '''byoduzar''' || ''mandolin'' |- | '''byaduzar''' || ''ukelele'' |- | '''byeduzar''' || ''zither'' |- | '''byiduzar''' || ''lyre'' |- | '''byuduzar''' || ''cithara, kithara'' |- | '''baloduzar''' || ''sitar'' |- | '''baladuzar''' || ''veena'' |- | '''baleduzar''' || ''koto'' |- | '''baliduzar''' || ''balalaika'' |- | '''baluduzar''' || ''charango'' |- | '''balyoduzar''' || ''hurdy-gurdy'' |} ==== Voice Ranges ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Voice Ranges (Deuz nabyani) |- ! Mirad !! English !! Meaning |- ! colspan=3 | Women |- | '''yabdeuztoyb''' || ''soprano'' || "high-voice-female" |- | '''zeyabdeuztoyb''' || ''mezzo-soprano'' || "high-ish-voice-female" |- | '''yobdeuztoyb''' || ''alto, contralto'' || "low-voice-female" |- ! colspan=3 | Men |- | '''yabdeuztwob''' || ''tenor'' || "high-voice-male" |- | '''ze-yabdeuztwob''' || ''baritone'' || "middle-high-voice-male" |- | '''yobdeuztwob''' || ''bass''||"low-voice-male" |- | '''vyo-yabdeuztwob''' || ''falsetto'' || "false-high-voice-male" |- ! colspan=3 | Boys |- | '''yabdeuztwobet''' || ''treble'' || "high-voice-boy" |} : Suffix these nouns with '''-a''' to make them adjectives, eg.: ::* '''His se <u>yabdeuztwoba</u> duznod.'''....''This is a <u>tenor</u> note.'' ==== Solmization Syllables ==== : The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Solmization Syllables |- | '''do''' || '''re''' || '''mi''' || '''fa''' || '''sol''' || '''la''' || '''ti''' || '''do''' |} ==== Musical Score Elements ==== [[File:Gigault-dernier-kyrie-mm9-12.png|thumb]] : The semitone or accidental symbols are: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Accidentals |- ! ENGLISH NAME !! SYMBOL !! MIRAD NAME !! ENGLISH EXAMPLE !! MIRAD EXAMPLE || MIRAD PRONUNCIATION |- | ''flat'' || <big>&#x1D12C;</big>|| '''yobwa''' (=''lowered'')|| ''B flat'' || '''B yobwa''' || '''ba YOBwa''' |- | ''sharp'' || <big>&#x1D130;</big> || '''yabwa''' (=''raised'')|| ''C sharp'' || '''C yabwa''' || '''ca YABwa''' |- | ''natural'' || <big>&#x1D12E;</big> || '''egxwa''' (=''normalized'')|| ''F natural'' || '''F egxwa''' || '''fe EGxwa''' |} : Some staff notation: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Staff Notation |- ! English Name !! Symbol !! Mirad Name |- | ''staff'' || <big>&#x1D119;</big> || '''nuidyan''' |- | ''treble clef, G clef'' || <big>&#x1D11E;</big> || '''G yijar''' |- | ''C clef'' || <big>&#x1D121;</big> || '''C yijar''' |- | ''base clef, F clef'' || <big>&#x1D122;</big> || '''F yijar''' |- | ''note'' || || '''nod''' |- | ''half note'' || <big>&#x1D15E;</big> || '''eyna nod''' |- | ''quarter note'' || <big>&#x1D15F;</big> || '''uyna nod''' |- | ''whole note'' || <big>&#x1D15D;</big> || '''ayna nod''' |- | ''quarter rest'' || <big>&#x1D13D; </big> || '''uyna poys''' |- | ''eighth note'' || <big>&#x1D160; </big> || '''yiyna nod''' |- | ''bar, measure'' || <big>&#x1D100;</big> || '''nodzyan''' |- | ''ligature'' || || '''yanxus''' |} ==== Characteristic Features of Music ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Characteristic Features of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''deup'''||'' beat'' |- |'''seupan'''||'' cadence'' |- |'''jes'''||'' duration'' |- |'''zoyteuz'''||'' echo'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||'' harmony'' |- |'''duzneg'''||''pitch'' |- |'''ijduzneg'''||'' key'' |- |'''druz'''||'' lyric'' |- |'''agala duzmus'''||'' major scale'' |- |'''duznag'''||'' measure'' |- |'''duznad'''||'' melody'' |- |'''duzjob''' ||''tempo'' |- |'''nak'''||'' meter'' |- |'''ogala duzmus'''||'' minor scale'' |- |'''duz'''||'' music'' |- |'''yinig'''||'' octave'' |- |'''byes'''||'' pulse'' |- |'''zoyseuzen'''||'' resonance'' |- |'''deupyan'''||'' rhythm'' |- |'''duzmus'''||'' scale'' |- |'''duzdreyn'''||'' score'' |- |'''seux'''||'' sound'' |- |'''duzigan'''||'' tempo'' |- |'''seuzvolz'''||'' timbre'' |- |'''seuz'''||'' tone'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||''chord, harmonic'' |- |'''aybseuz'''||''overtone'' |- |'''deuzunog'''||'' tune'' |- |'''deuz'''||'' voice'' |- |'''seuxnid'''||'' volume'' |} ==== Dynamics ==== : Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left ''as is'' in Mirad. : These include: <div style="background:lightyellow; font-style:italics"> : <i>a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo</i>, and others. </div> ==== Types of Arrangements ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Arrangements ! English !! Mirad |- |''a capella song''||'''a kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzari''' |- |''anthem''||'''fizdeuzun, tezdeuzun''' |- |''antiphon''||'''duiddeuzun''' |- |''aria''||'''arya, awat deuzun''' |- |''arrangement''||'''napbeyn''' |- |''art song''||'''tuz deuz''' |- |''ballad''||'''daz deuz, ifonkex deuzun''' |- |''battle hymn''||'''dropek deuzun''' |- |''bird song''||'''pat deuzun''' |- |''broadway song''||'''Broadway deuzun''' |- |''campfire song''||'''tamoftem deuzun''' |- |''cantata''||'''kantata''' |- |''canticle''||'''efyadeuzun''' |- |''carol''||'''ivdeuzun''' |- |''chant''||'''yagdeuzun''' |- |''choral arrangement''||'''deuzutyan napxeyn''' |- |''Christmas carol''||'''Kristtaj ivdeuzun''' |- |''classical song''||'''visauna deuzun''' |- |''composition''||'''duzdrun''' |- |''concerto''||'''koncerto''' |- |''country song''||'''odom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzun''' |- |''dance song''||'''daz deuzun''' |- |''dirge''||'''uvdeuzun''' |- |''ditty''||'''deuzog''' |- |''doggerel verse''||'''dizdeuzun''' |- |''drinking song''||'''tilien deuzun''' |- |''duet''||'''ewat (deuzun)''' |- |''folksong''||'''tyoyd deuzun''' |- |''glee''||'''Gebama deuzun''' |- |''gospel song''||'''fyadin deuzun''' |- |''hip hop song''||'''hip hop deuzun''' |- |''hit song''||'''agakus deuzun''' |- |''hymn''||'''fyadeuzun ''' |- |''instrumental''||'''duzarun''' |- |''jingle''||'''nundeuzunog''' |- |''karaoke song''||'''karaoke deuzun''' |- |''love song''||'''ifon deuzun''' |- |''lullaby''||'''tudet deuzun''' |- |''lute song''||'''riduzar deuzun''' |- |''madrigal''||'''duzuka deuzun''' |- |''marching song''||'''doptyopen deuzun''' |- |''medley''||'''ebmulxwa deuzyan''' |- |''metal song''||'''mug deuzun''' |- |''musical number''||'''duzun''' |- |''old standard''||'''ajdeuzun''' |- |''opera''||'''dyuz, dyuzun''' |- |''oratorio''||'''oratoryo''' |- |''paean''||'''akrun deuzun''' |- |''partsong''||'''gon deuzun''' |- |''patter song''||'''deuzig''' |- |''pop song''||'''tyoda deuzun''' |- |''psalm''||'''afyadeuzun''' |- |''rock song''||'''rok deuzun''' |- |''round''||'''zoydea deuzun''' |- |''sea shanty''||'''mim deuz''' |- |''show tune''||'''duez deuzun''' |- |''signature song''||'''ujak deuzun''' |- |''slow jam''||'''bluz deuzun''' |- |''soliloquy''||'''awat, awat deuzun''' |- |''solo''||'''awat (duzun), awat (deuzun)''' |- |''song''||'''deuzun''' |- |''spiritual, negro spiritual''||'''topa deuzun''' |- |''sporting song''||'''tapifek deuzun''' |- |''symphony''||'''viduzunyag''' |- |''theme song''||'''texzena deuz''' |- |''torch song''||'''ifonok uvdeuzun''' |- |''vaudeville song''||'''Vaudeville deuzun''' |- |''Wienerlied''||'''Viena deuzun''' |} ==== Musicians ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musicians ! English !! Mirad |- |''musician''||'''duzut, duztoyb, duzuyt, duztwob''' |- |''instrumentalist''||'''duzarut''' |- |''violinist''||'''aduzarut''' |- |''conductor''||'''duzdeb''', '''duzutyaneb''' |- |''soloist''||'''anduzut''' |- |''singer, vocalist''||'''deuzut''' |- |''danseur''||'''dyaztwob''' |- |''ballerina''||'''dyazuyt, dyaztoyb''' |- |''dancer''||'''dazut, dazuyt''' |- |''opera singer''||'''dyuzut, dyuzuyt''' |- |''operatist, librettist''||'''dyuzdrut''' |- |''composer''||'''duzdrut''' |- |''lyricist, songwriter''||'''deuzdrut''' |- |''dance conductor''||'''dazeb''' |- |''(symphony) orchestra''||'''duzarutyan''' |- |''philharmonic orchestra''||'''duzarutyanag''' |- |''chorus, chorale'' ||'''deuzutyan''' |- |''dance troupe''||'''dazutyan''' |} ==== Song Parts ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Song Parts ! Mirad !! English |- |'''ujgon'''||''coda'' |- |'''ijgon'''||''intro'' |- |'''ebek'''||''interlude'' |- |'''ijek'''||''finale'' |- |'''gawijun'''||''reprise'' |- |'''gawdeuzun'''||''refrain'' |- |'''agalduznad'''||''theme'' |- |'''nadyan'''||''verse'' |- |'''zeymep'''||''bridge'' |- |'''gawdwas'''||''chorus'' |- |'''ujnadyan'''||''outro'' |} ==== Music Genres ==== : Some genres and styles of music: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Genres of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''a kapella, boy duzari'''||''a capella'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''ambiant'' |- |'''Usoma tyoyduz'''||''American folk'' |- |'''Usoma egona duz'''||''American standard'' |- |'''yizejna'''||''avant garde'' |- |'''Baroka'''||''Baroque'' |- |'''yolza vab'''||''bluegrass'' |- |'''bluz'''||''blues'' |- |'''Bolliwud'''||''Bollywood'' |- |'''bossa nova'''||''bossa nova'' |- |'''kalipso'''||''calypso'' |- |'''Kelta yagdeuz'''||''Celtic chant'' |- |'''Canima tyoyduz'''||''Chinese folk'' |- |'''Canima ajutbyena dyuz'''||''Chinese traditional opera'' |- |'''jejoba deupyan ay bluz'''||''contemporary R&B'' |- |'''maima bluz'''||''country blues'' |- |'''maima duz'''||''country music'' |- |'''maima pop'''||''country pop'' |- |'''maima rap'''||''country rap'' |- |'''maima rok'''||''country rock'' |- |'''dazam pop'''||''dancehall pop'' |- |'''disko'''||''disco'' |- |'''du-wop'''||''doo-wop'' |- |'''maka dauz'''||''electronic dance music (EDM)'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''elevator music'' |- |'''Euma disko'''||''Euro-disco'' |- |'''jwayeka'''||''experimental'' |- |'''flamenko'''||''flamenco'' |- |'''funk'''||''funk'' |- |'''Gregoria yagdeuz'''||''Gregorian chant'' |- |'''hip-hop'''||''hip-hop'' |- |'''honki-tonk'''||''honky-tonk'' |- |'''hyusuna rok'''||''Indie rock'' |- |'''jaz'''||''jazz'' |- |'''makjaz'''||''jazztronica'' |- |'''juju'''||''juju'' |- |'''fyaxela duz'''||''liturgical music'' |- |'''majika'''||''majika'' |- |'''mamo'''||''mambo'' |- |'''merengwe'''||''merengue'' |- |'''mesitzo'''||''mesitzo'' |- |'''mug'''||''metal'' |- |'''Mixuma duz'''||''Mexican'' |- |'''seuz bi Naxvil'''||''Nashville sound'' |- |'''Ejna Orleans bluz'''||''New Orleans blues'' |- |'''dyuz'''||''opera'' |- |'''rancera'''||''ranchera'' |- |'''rap'''||''rap'' |- |'''rege'''||''reggae'' |- |'''deupyan ay blus, ro-ay-ba'''||''rhythm & blues'' |- |'''rok-ay-rol'''||''rock & roll'' |- |'''salsa'''||''salsa'' |- |'''samba'''||''samba'' |- |'''ska'''||''ska'' |- |'''galoduzaruta duz'''||''steel band music'' |- |'''swing'''||''swing'' |- |'''Tehano'''||''Tejano'' |- |'''eyntuj duz'''||''trance music'' |- |'''Zumera visauna'''||''Western classical'' |- |'''Zumeryena'''||''Western'' |- |'''zideko'''||''zydeco'' |} === Geographic Placenames === : As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants. ==== Countries of the World ==== [[File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Johnson's new chart of national emblems, 1868.jpg|thumb|]] Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter '''m''' is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.: : Example 1: : ''Burundi'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI. ::* ''BDI'' is lowercased to ''bdi'' ::* '''b''' is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell '''ba'''. ::* Since ''d'' is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: '''d'''. ::* The vowel ''i'' is left as is: '''i''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''badim''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Badim''' ::* BDI (Burundi) = '''Badim'''. : Example 2: : ''Uzbekistan'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB. ::* ''UZB'' is lowercased to ''uzb'' ::* '''u''' is left as is: '''u'''. ::* '''z''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''zu''' ::* '''b''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''ba''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''uzubam''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Uzubam''' ::* UZB (Uzbekistan) = '''Uzubam'''. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Country Names (click on arrows to sort a column) ! ISO !! English !! Mirad |- | ABW || ''Aruba''||'''Abawum''' |- | AFG || ''Afghanistan''||'''Afegem''' |- | AGO || ''Angola''||'''Agom''' |- | AIA || ''Anguilla''||'''Aiam''' |- | ALA || ''[[w:Åland|Åland Islands]]''||'''Alam''' |- | ALB || ''Albania''||'''Alibam''' |- | AND || ''Andorra''||'''Anidam''' |- | ANT || ''Netherlands Antilles''||'''Anitom''' |- | ARE || ''United Arab Emirates''||'''Arem''' |- | ARG || ''Argentina''||'''Arogem''' |- | ARM || ''Armenia''||'''Aromim''' |- | ASM || ''American Samoa''||'''Asomim''' |- | ATA || ''Antarctica''||'''Atam''' |- | ATF || ''French Southern Territories''||'''Atofem''' |- | ATG || ''Antigua and Barbuda''||'''Atogem''' |- | AUS || ''Australia''||'''Ausom''' |- | AUT || ''Austria''||'''Autom''' |- | AZE || ''Azerbaijan''||'''Azem''' |- | BDI || ''Burundi''||'''Badim''' |- | BEL || ''Belgium''||'''Belim''' |- | BEN || ''Benin''||'''Benim''' |- | BFA || ''Burkina Faso''||'''Bafam''' |- | BGD || ''Bangladesh''||'''Bagedam''' |- | BGR || ''Bulgaria''||'''Bagerom''' |- | BHR || ''Bahrain''||'''Baherom''' |- | BHS || ''[[w|The Bahamas|Bahamas]]''||'''Bahesom''' |- | BIH || ''Bosnia and Herzegovina''||'''Bihem''' |- | BLM || ''Saint Barthélemy''||'''Balimim''' |- | BLR || ''Belarus''||'''Balirom''' |- | BLZ || ''Belize''||'''Balizum''' |- | BMU || ''Bermuda''||'''Bamum''' |- | BOL || ''Bolivia''||'''Bolim''' |- | BRA || ''Brazil''||'''Baram''' |- | BRB || ''Barbados''||'''Barobam''' |- | BRN || ''[[w:Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]]''||'''Baronim''' |- | BTN || ''Bhutan''||'''Batonim''' |- | BVT || ''Bouvet Island''||'''Bavutom''' |- | BWA || ''Botswana''||'''Bawam''' |- | CAF || ''Central African Republic''||'''Cafem''' |- | CAN || ''Canada''||'''Canim''' |- | CCK || ''Cocos Islands''||'''Cacakim''' |- | CHE || ''Switzerland''||'''Cahem''' |- | CHL || ''Chile''||'''Cahelim''' |- | CHN || ''[[w:People's Republic of China|China]]''||'''Cahenim''' |- | CIV || ''Côte d'Ivoire''||'''Civum''' |- | CMR || ''Cameroon''||'''Camirom''' |- | COD || ''Democratic Republic of the Congo''||'''Codam''' |- | COG || ''Republic of the Congo''||'''Cogem''' |- | COK || ''Cook Islands''||'''Cokim''' |- | COL || ''Colombia''||'''Colim''' |- | COM || ''Comoros''||'''Comim''' |- | CPV || ''Cape Verde''||'''Capovum''' |- | CRI || ''Costa Rica''||'''Carim''' |- | CUB || ''Cuba''||'''Cubam''' |- | CXR || ''Christmas Island''||'''Caxurom''' |- | CYM || ''Cayman Islands''||'''Cayumim''' |- | CYP || ''Cyprus''||'''Cayupom''' |- | CZE || ''Czechia''||'''Cazem''' |- | DEU || ''Germany''||'''Deum''' |- | DJI || ''Djibouti''||'''Dajim''' |- | DMA || ''Dominica''||'''Damam''' |- | DNK || ''Denmark''||'''Danikim''' |- | DOM || ''Dominican Republic''||'''Domim''' |- | DZA || ''Algeria''||'''Dazam''' |- | ECU || ''Ecuador''||'''Ecum''' |- | EGY || ''Egypt''||'''Egeyum''' |- | ERI || ''Eritrea''||'''Erim''' |- | ESH || ''Western Sahara''||'''Esohem''' |- | ESP || ''Spain''||'''Esopom''' |- | EST || ''Estonia''||'''Esotom''' |- | ETH || ''Ethiopia''||'''Etohem''' |- | FIN || ''Finland''||'''Finim''' |- | FJI || ''Fiji''||'''Fejim''' |- | FLK || ''Falkland Islands (Malvinas)''||'''Felikim''' |- | FRA || ''France''||'''Feram''' |- | FRO || ''Faroe Islands''||'''Ferom''' |- | FSM || ''Federated States of Micronesia''||'''Fesomim''' |- | GAB || ''Gabon''||'''Gabam''' |- | GBR || ''United Kingdom''||'''Gebarom''' |- | GEO || ''Georgia''||'''Geom''' |- | GGY || ''Guernsey''||'''Gegeyum''' |- | GHA || ''Ghana''||'''Geham''' |- | GIB || ''Gibraltar''||'''Gibam''' |- | GLP || ''Guadeloupe''||'''Gelipom''' |- | GMB || ''Gambia''||'''Gemibam''' |- | GNB || ''Guinea-Bissau''||'''Genibam''' |- | GNQ || ''Equatorial Guinea''||'''Geniqom''' |- | GRC || ''Greece''||'''Gerocam''' |- | GRD || ''Grenada''||'''Gerodam''' |- | GRL || ''Greenland''||'''Gedolim''' |- | GTM || ''Guatemala''||'''Getomim''' |- | GUF || ''French Guiana''||'''Gufem''' |- | GUM || ''Guam''||'''Gumim''' |- | GUY || ''Guyana''||'''Guyum''' |- | HKG || ''Hong Kong''||'''Hekigem''' |- | HMD || ''Heard Island and McDonald Islands''||'''Hemidam''' |- | HND || ''Honduras''||'''Henidam''' |- | HRV || ''Croatia''||'''Herovum''' |- | HTI || ''Haiti''||'''Hetim''' |- | HUN || ''Hungary''||'''Hunim''' |- | IDN || ''Indonesia''||'''Idanim''' |- | IMN || ''Isle of Man''||'''Iminim''' |- | IND || ''India''||'''Inidam''' |- | IOT || ''British Indian Ocean Territory''||'''Iotom''' |- | IRL || ''Republic of Ireland''||'''Irolim''' |- | IRN || ''Iran''||'''Ironim''' |- | IRQ || ''Iraq''||'''Iroqom''' |- | ISL || ''Iceland''||'''Isolim''' |- | ISR || ''Israel''||'''Isorom''' |- | ITA || ''Italy''||'''Itam''' |- | JAM || ''Jamaica''||'''Jamim''' |- | JEY || ''Jersey''||'''Jeyum''' |- | JOR || ''Jordan''||'''Jorom''' |- | JPN || ''Japan''||'''Jiponim''' |- | KAZ || ''Kazakhstan''||'''Kazum''' |- | KEN || ''Kenya''||'''Kenim''' |- | KGZ || ''Kyrgyzstan''||'''Kigezum''' |- | KHM || ''Cambodia''||'''Kihemim''' |- | KIR || ''Kiribati''||'''Kirom''' |- | KNA || ''Saint Kitts and Nevis''||'''Kinam''' |- | KOR || ''[[w:South Korea|Korea, Republic of]]''||'''Korom''' |- | KWT || ''Kuwait''||'''Kiwutom''' |- | LAO || ''Laos''||'''Laom''' |- | LBN || ''Lebanon''||'''Libanim''' |- | LBR || ''Liberia''||'''Libarom''' |- | LBY || ''Libya''||'''Libayum''' |- | LCA || ''Saint Lucia''||'''Licam''' |- | LIE || ''Liechtenstein''||'''Liem''' |- | LKA || ''Sri Lanka''||'''Likam''' |- | LSO || ''Lesotho''||'''Lisom''' |- | LTU || ''Lithuania''||'''Litum''' |- | LUX || ''Luxembourg''||'''Luxum''' |- | LVA || ''Latvia''||'''Livam''' |- | MAC || ''[[W:Macau|Macao]]''||'''Macam''' |- | MAF || ''Saint Martin''||'''Mafem''' |- | MAR || ''Morocco''||'''Marom''' |- | MCO || ''Monaco''||'''Micom''' |- | MDA || ''Moldova''||'''Midam''' |- | MDG || ''Madagascar''||'''Midagem''' |- | MDV || ''Maldives''||'''Midavum''' |- | MEX || ''Mexico''||'''Mexum''' |- | MHL || ''Marshall Islands''||'''Mihelim''' |- | MKD || ''Republic of Macedonia''||'''Mikidam''' |- | MLI || ''Mali''||'''Milim''' |- | MLT || ''Malta''||'''Militom''' |- | MMR || ''Myanmar''||'''Mimirom''' |- | MNE || ''Montenegro''||'''Minem''' |- | MNG || ''Mongolia''||'''Minigem''' |- | MNP || ''Northern Mariana Islands''||'''Minipom''' |- | MOZ || ''Mozambique''||'''Mozum''' |- | MRT || ''Mauritania''||'''Mirotom''' |- | MSR || ''Montserrat''||'''Misorom''' |- | MTQ || ''Martinique''||'''Mitoqom''' |- | MUS || ''Mauritius''||'''Musom''' |- | MWI || ''Malawi''||'''Miwim''' |- | MYS || ''Malaysia''||'''Miyusom''' |- | MYT || ''Mayotte''||'''Miyutom''' |- | NAM || ''Namibia''||'''Namim''' |- | NCL || ''New Caledonia''||'''Nicalim''' |- | NER || ''Niger''||'''Nerom''' |- | NFK || ''Norfolk Island''||'''Nifekim''' |- | NGA || ''Nigeria''||'''Nigam''' |- | NIC || ''Nicaragua''||'''Nicam''' |- | NOR || ''Norway''||'''Norom''' |- | NIU || ''Niue''||'''Nium''' |- | NLD || ''Netherlands''||'''Nilidam''' |- | NPL || ''Nepal''||'''Nipolim''' |- | NRU || ''Nauru''||'''Nirum''' |- | NZL || ''New Zealand''||'''Nizulim''' |- | OMN || ''Oman''||'''Ominim''' |- | PAK || ''Pakistan''||'''Pakim''' |- | PAN || ''Panama''||'''Panim''' |- | PCN || ''Pitcairn Islands''||'''Pocanim''' |- | PER || ''Peru''||'''Perom''' |- | PHL || ''Philippines''||'''Pohelim''' |- | PLW || ''Palau''||'''Poliwum''' |- | PNG || ''Papua New Guinea''||'''Ponigem''' |- | POL || ''Poland''||'''Polim''' |- | PRI || ''Puerto Rico''||'''Porim''' |- | PRK || ''North Korea''||'''Porikim''' |- | PRT || ''Portugal''||'''Porotom''' |- | PRY || ''Paraguay''||'''Poroyum''' |- | PSE || ''Palestinian territories''||'''Posem''' |- | PYF || ''French Polynesia''||'''Poyufem''' |- | QAT || ''Qatar''||'''Qatom''' |- | REU || ''Réunion''||'''Reum''' |- | ROU || ''Romania''||'''Roum''' |- | RUS || ''Russia''||'''Rusom''' |- | RWA || ''Rwanda''||'''Rowam''' |- | SAU || ''Saudi Arabia''||'''Saum''' |- | SDN || ''Sudan''||'''Sodanim''' |- | SEN || ''Senegal''||'''Senim''' |- | SGP || ''Singapore''||'''Sogepom''' |- | SGS || ''South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands''||'''Sogesom''' |- | SHN || ''Saint Helena''||'''Sohenim''' |- | SJM || ''Svalbard and Jan Mayen''||'''Sojimim''' |- | SLB || ''Solomon Islands''||'''Solibam''' |- | SLE || ''Sierra Leone''||'''Solem''' |- | SLV || ''El Salvador''||'''Solivum''' |- | SMR || ''San Marino''||'''Somirom''' |- | SOM || ''Somalia''||'''Somim''' |- | SPM || ''Saint Pierre and Miquelon''||'''Sopomim''' |- | SRB || ''Serbia''||'''Sorobam''' |- | STP || ''São Tomé and Príncipe''||'''Sotopom''' |- | SUR || ''Suriname''||'''Surom''' |- | SVK || ''Slovakia''||'''Sovukim''' |- | SVN || ''Slovenia''||'''Sovunim''' |- | SWE || ''Sweden''||'''Sowem''' |- | SWZ || ''Swaziland''||'''Sowuzum''' |- | SYC || ''Seychelles''||'''Soyucam''' |- | SYR || ''Syria''||'''Soyurom''' |- | TCA || ''Turks and Caicos Islands''||'''Tocam''' |- | TCD || ''Chad''||'''Tocadam''' |- | TGO || ''Togo''||'''Togom''' |- | THA || ''Thailand''||'''Toham''' |- | TJK || ''Tajikistan''||'''Tojikim''' |- | TKL || ''Tokelau''||'''Tokilim''' |- | TKM || ''Turkmenistan''||'''Tokimim''' |- | TLS || ''East Timor''||'''Tolisom''' |- | TON || ''Tonga''||'''Tonim''' |- | TTO || ''Trinidad and Tobago''||'''Totom''' |- | TUN || ''Tunisia''||'''Tunim''' |- | TUR || ''Turkey''||'''Turim''' |- | TUV || ''Tuvalu''||'''Tuvum''' |- | TWN || ''Taiwan''||'''Towunim''' |- | TZA || ''Tanzania''||'''Tozam''' |- | UGA || ''Uganda''||'''Ugam''' |- | UKR || ''Ukraine''||'''Ukirom''' |- | UMI || ''United States Minor Outlying Islands''||'''Umim''' |- | URY || ''Uruguay''||'''Uroyum''' |- | USA || ''United States''||'''Usam''' |- | UZB || ''Uzbekistan''||'''Uzubam''' |- | VAT || ''Vatican City''||'''Vatom''' |- | VCT || ''Saint Vincent and the Grenadines''||'''Vucatom''' |- | VEN || ''Venezuela''||'''Venim''' |- | VGB || ''British Virgin Islands''||'''Vugebam''' |- | VIR || ''United States Virgin Islands''||'''Virom''' |- | VNM || ''Vietnam''||'''Vunimim''' |- | VUT || ''Vanuatu''||'''Vutom''' |- | WLF || ''Wallis and Futuna''||'''Wulifem''' |- | WSM || ''Samoa''||'''Wusomim''' |- | YEM || ''Yemen''||'''Yemim''' |- | ZAF || ''South Africa''||'''Zafem''' |- | ZMB || ''Zambia''||'''Zumibam''' |- | ZWE || ''Zimbabwe''||'''Zuwem''' |} : The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker '''a''', eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''France'' ==> '''Ferama'''....''French'' ::* '''Usam'''....''United States'' ==> '''Usama'''....''American'' ::* '''Deum'''....''Germany'' ==> '''Deuma'''....''German'' : The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final '''m''' of the placename to '''t''' (meaning person), eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferat'''....''a French person, a Frenchman'' : The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg: ::* '''Ferat'''....''a French person'' ==> '''ha Ferati'''....''the French'' ::* '''Etohet'''....''an Ethiopian'' ==> '''Etohwat'''....''an Ethiopian male'' ::* '''Finit'''....''a Finn'' ==> '''Finiyt'''....''a Finnish woman'' : Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: '''Ferama''' refers to the country of ''France'', not the language ''French''. ''French'' the language is '''Ferad.''' ==== Continents ==== [[File:Continental models.gif|thumb]] : The word for ''continent'' in Mirad is '''yanmel''' (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word '''yanmel''' with vectorial prefixes. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Continent Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Ayanmal''' || ''North America'' |- | '''Oyanmel''' || ''South America'' |- | '''Iyanmel''' || ''Asia'' |- | '''Uyanmel''' || ''Europe'' |- | '''Eyanmel''' || ''Africa'' |- | '''Yoyanmel''' || ''Oceania'' |} : The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing '''-a''': :* '''Iyanmela'''....''Asian'' :* '''Uyanmela'''....''European'' : By appending '''-t(i)''' to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants: :* '''Eyanmelat'''....''an African'' :* '''Ayanmelati'''....''North Americans'' : Note: <div style="background: lightyellow"> :* The ''Americas'' is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word '''Aoyanmel''' (a combination of North and South America). :* ''Central America'' is expressed in Mirad by '''Zea Aoyanmel''' (''Central America'') :* The word '''Usam''' means ''United States of America'' or ''USA''. The word ''America'' by itself is not used in Mirad; only ''North America'' or ''South America''. :* The word '''Usamati''' is used for ''Americans'' when referring to inhabitants of the U.S. :* The word '''Ayanmelati''' is used to refer to North Americans (U.S. and Canada). :* The word '''Eyanmel-Usamat''', or more briefly, '''Eusamat''' is used for ''African American''. :* ''Latin America'' is expressed as '''Liada Oyanmel'''. :* ''A Latino, Latina, or Latinx'' in the U.S. is called '''Liadwut, Liaduyt, or Liadut'''. :* In some geographic systems, '''Ausom'''....''Australia'' is considered a continent. </div> : The word for ''island'' is '''yonmel''' (= ''separate land''). An islander is '''yonmelat'''. ==== Oceans ==== : The Mirad word for ocean is '''mimag'''. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word '''mimag''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Ocean Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Amimag''' || ''Arctic Ocean'' |- | '''Omimag''' || ''Southern Ocean'' |- | '''Imimag''' || ''Pacific Ocean'' |- | '''Umimag''' || ''Atlantic Ocean'' |- | '''Emimag''' || ''Indian Ocean'' |} ==== Compass Directions and Poles ==== : The compass directions ('''merizoni''') and poles ('''mernodi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamer'''....''north'' / '''zamera'''....''northern'' / '''zamernod'''....''north pole'' ::* '''zomer'''....''south'' / '''zomera'''....''southern'' / '''zomernod'''....''south pole'' ::* '''zimer'''....''east'' / '''zimera'''....''eastern'' ::* '''zumer'''....''west'' / '''zumera'''....''western'' : The words '''Yibzamer'''....''Arctic'' and '''Yibzomer'''...''Antarctic(a)'' both use the prefix '''yib'''....''far''. : Prefixing the directions with '''iz-'''....''due-'' yields: ::* '''iz zamer'''....''due north'' ::* '''iz zomer'''....''due south'', etc. : Directional words can be hybridized, eg: ::* '''zaomera'''....''north-south'' ::* '''zuimera'''....''east-west'' ::* '''zaumera'''....''north-west'' ::* '''zaimera'''....''north-east'' ==== Earth Grid Lines ==== : The earth grid lines ('''mernadi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamernad'''....''Arctic Circle'' ::* '''zomernad'''....''Antarctic Circle'' ::* '''zaomernad'''....''longitude'' ::* '''zuimernad'''....''latitude'' ::* '''zemernad'''....''equator'' :::* '''abzemernad'''....''Tropic of Capricorn'' :::* '''obzemernad'''....''tropic, Tropic of Cancer'' ::::* '''yizobzemernad'''....''subtropic'' ::* '''eymernad'''....''meridian'' ::* '''mamnad'''....''horizon'' ::* '''aonada'''....''vertical'' ::* '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' ::* '''zyenada'''....''perpendicular'' ==== Languages of the World ==== [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|thumb|]] : Mirad names of languages are based on either: ::* the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or: ::* the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php|Library of Congress ISO639-2 Codes]]. : If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final '''m''' or the country name with '''d'''. For example, '''Enigem''' (''England''), becomes '''Eniged''' (''English''). See [[Mirad_Grammar#Countries of the World|Countries of the World]]. : If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and '''d''' is suffixed to the word. A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel. For example, '''ba''' + '''e''' becomes '''be'''. :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Mirad Language Names |- ! ISO Language Name !! Country or ISO Code !! Mirad Language Name |- | Abkhazian || abk || '''Abakid''' |- | Afar || aar || '''Aarod''' |- | Afrikaans || '''Zafem'''....''South Africa'' || '''Zafed''' |- | Akan || aka || '''Akad''' (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka) |- | Albanian || '''Alibam'''....''Albania'' || '''Alibad''' |- | Amharic || amh || '''Amihed''' |- | Arabic || ara || '''Arad''' |- | Aragonese || arg || '''Aroged''' |- | Armenian || '''Aromim''' || '''Heyud''' |- | Assamese || asm || '''Asomid''' |- | Avaric || ava || '''Avad''' |- | Avestan || ave || '''Aved''' |- | Aymara || aym || '''Ayumid''' |- | Azerbaijani || '''Azem'''....''Azerbaijan'' || '''Azed''' |- | Bambara || bam || '''Bamid''' |- | Bashkir || bak || '''Bakirod''' |- | Basque || baq || '''Baqod''' |- | Belarusian || '''Balirom'''....''Belarusia'' || '''Balirod''' |- | Bengali || '''Bagedim'''....''Bangladesh'' || '''Bagedid''' |- | Bislama || bis || '''Bisod''' |- | Bosnian || '''Bihem'''....''Bosnia'' || '''Bihed''' |- | Breton || bre || '''Bared''' |- | Bulgarian || '''Bagerom'''....''Bulgaria'' || '''Bagerod''' |- | Burmese || '''Mimirom'''....''Miyanmar'' || '''Mimirod''' |} ...and so on... : The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing '''-a''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''(the) English (language)'' ==> '''Enigeda'''....''(in the) English (language)'' ::* '''Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.'''....''This English language document is incomprehensible.'' : The language names can be verbalized with the addition of '''-der'''....''to say'', '''-daler'''....''to speak'', and '''-xer'''....''to translate into'', eg: ::* '''Ferad'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferader'''....''to say in French'' ::* '''Esopod'''....''Spanish'' ==> '''Esopodaler'''....''to speak Spanish'' ::* '''Arad'''....''Arabic'' ==> '''Aradxer'''....''to Arabicize/translate into Arabic'' ::* '''Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.'''....''French has many Anglicizations.'' : The speaker of a language is created by adding '''-ut''' or '''-alut''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''English'' ==> '''Enigedut (or) Enigedalut'''....''English speaker'' ::* '''Duven et Enigedale?'''....''Do you speak English?'' ::* '''Aradu hia dun.'''....''Say this word in Arabic.'' ::* '''At se Itadut/Itadalut.'''....''I am a speaker of Italian.'' : Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Language Variants |- ! Variation Category !! Example |- | '''Ajna'''....''Old/Ancient'' || '''Ajna Eniged'''....''Old English, Anglo-Saxon'' |- | '''Ejoba'''....''Modern'' || '''Ejoba Perod'''....''Modern Persian, Farsi'' |- | '''Visauna'''....''Classical'' || '''Visauna Gerocad'''....''Classical Greek'' |- | '''Vyirina'''....''Puristic'' || '''Vyirina Gerocad'''....''Katharevousa (Puristic Greek)'' |- | '''Tyoda'''....''Vulgar/Popular/Demotic'' || '''Tyoda Latod'''....''Vulgar Latin''<br>'''Tyoda Gerocad'''....''Demotic Greek'' |- | '''Fyaxela'''....''Liturgical'' || '''Fyaxela Hebad'''....''Liturgical Hebrew'' |- | '''Fyadyesa'''....''Biblical'' || '''Fyadyesa Hebad'''....''Biblical Hebrew'' |- | '''Egona'''....''Standard'' || '''Ejoba Egona Arad'''....''Modern Standard Arabic'' |- | '''Egema'''....''Egyptian'' || '''Egema Arad'''....''Egyptian Arabic'' |- | '''Usoma'''....''American'' || '''Usoma Eniged'''....''American English'' |} : There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself. ::* '''Mirad'''....''Mirad'' ('''Mir'''....''world'') ::* '''Meurad'''....''Martian'' ('''Meur'''...''Mars'') ::* ''Celtic'', which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called '''Celid''' in Mirad. ::* ''Indo-European'', with the code "ine", translates to '''Inied''' in Mirad. ==== Cities and Their Residents ==== : Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in '''-a''' or '''-yena'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Cities and Their Residents |- ! City !! Adjective !! Inhabitant |- | '''Paris'''....''Paris'' || '''Paris<u>yena</u>'''....''Parisian'' || '''Paris<u>at</u>'''....''Parisian'' |- | '''Ejna York'''....''New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>a</u>'''....''of New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>at</u>'''....''New Yorker'' |- | '''Rom'''....''Rome'' || '''Rom<u>a</u>'''....''Roman'' || '''Rom<u>at</u>'''....''Roman'' |- | '''Beijing'''....''Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>a</u>'''....''of Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>at</u>'''....''resident of Beijing'' |- | '''Berlin'''....''Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>a</u>'''....''from Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>at</u>'''....''Berliner'' |} : Examples: :* '''Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.'''....''Berlin citizens are called Berliners.'' :* '''Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.'''....''Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.'' === Playing Cards Notation === : The playing card suits and prime denominations are: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Playing Card Suits |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''tiib''' || ''heart''|| <big>{{cards|h}}</big> |- | '''melukar''' || ''spade''|| <big>{{cards|s}}</big> |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond''|| <big>{{cards|d}}</big> |- | '''infayeb''' || ''club''|| <big>{{cards|c}}</big> |} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ High Cards plus the Joker |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''Az bi tiibi''' || ''ace of hearts''||[[File:Simple_h_a.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edweb bi melukari'''||''king of spades''||[[File:Simple_s_k.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edeyb bi amezi'''||''queen of diamonds''||[[File:Simple_d_q.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Yuxtwobet bi infayebi''' || ''jack of clubs''||[[File:Simple_c_j.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''hihiduut''' || ''joker''|| [[File:Simple_jk_b.svg|40px|thumb]] |} : Some useful terms: ::* '''eker drafi'''....''to play cards'' ::* '''zyabuer ha drafi'''....''to deal the card'' ::* '''ebnapxer ha drafi'''....''to shuffle the cards'' ::* '''goler ha nyan'''....''to cut the deck'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to fold'' ::* '''durer'''....''to bid'' ::* '''lokoxer draf'''....''to turn over a card'' ::* '''lokoxer ota tuyab'''....''to show one's hand'' ::* '''abnabxer'''....''to trump'' ::* '''ekdrafnyan'''....''deck of cards'' ::* '''nab'''....''suit'' ::* '''joper nab'''...''to follow suit'' ::* '''kyesdraf'''....''wild card'' ::* '''abnaba draf'''....''trump card'' ::* '''ha yannas'''....''the pot'' ::* '''ha nax'''....''the ante'' ::* '''yaber ha nax'''....''to up/raise the ante'' === Chess Piece Nomenclature === {{chess diagram | tright | |= 8 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= 7 |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= 6 | | | | | | | | |= 5 | | | | |pd| | | |= 4 | | | | |pl|pl| | |= 3 | | | | | | | | |= 2 |pl|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|= 1 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= a b c d e f g h | The King's Gambit }} : The game of chess is called '''xahifek''' in Mirad. : The chess pieces ('''xahifek goyni''') are as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Chess Piece Names |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''edweb''' || ''king'' || [[File:Chess_klt45.svg|thumb|30px]] |- | '''edeyb''' || ''queen'' || [[File:Chess_qlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''efyaxeb''' || ''bishop'' || [[File:Chess_blt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''ekpetob''' || ''knight'' || [[File:Chess_nlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''tamaz''' || ''rook'' || [[File:Chess_rlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''melyexut''' || ''pawn'' || [[File:Chess_plt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |} : Some chess terms: ::* ''to checkmate''....'''xahpexer''' ::* ''Check!''....''Xah!'' ::* ''Checkmate!''....'''xahpexwa!''' ::* ''chess board''....'''xahifek seym, xahifek drof''' ::* ''to move a piece''....'''paxer goun''' ::* ''to capture a piece''....'''pixler goun''' ::* ''chess clock''....'''xahifek jwobar''' ::* ''chess set''....''xahifek gounyan'' ::* ''chess tournament''....'''xahifekanyan''' ::* ''chess player''....'''xehifekut''' ::* ''my turn''....'''ata zyuj''' ::* ''score''....'''aoksag''' ::* ''world champion''....'''miraklut''' === Botanical Nomenclature === : The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the [https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy|international Linnaean taxonomy]. ==== Base Names ==== : So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words: ::* '''fab'''....trees :::* '''feb'''....''fruits and nuts'' ::* '''fayb'''....''vines and shrubs'' :::* '''feyb'''....''berries'' ::* '''vob'''....''crops'' ::* '''vol'''....''vegetables'' ::* '''veel'''....''legumes and beans'' ::* '''vos'''....''flowers'' ==== Specific Names ==== : To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, ''pine'' tree is rendered as '''pifab'''. The '''pi''' prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees ''<u>Pi</u>naceae''. The '''fab''' ending applies to all trees. To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. ''cedar tree'' is '''<u>ce</u>pifab''' from ''Pianaceae <u>Ce</u>drus''. A ''cedar of Lebanon'' is '''<u>li</u>cepifab''' from the more specific ''Pinaceae Cedrus <u>li</u>bani''. : By constructing botanical terms this way, all pine trees can be listed by searching for all names ending in '''pifab'''. [[File:171 Magnolien.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ '''Basic Botanical Terms''' |- |valign=top|'''fob'''....''plant''||valign=top|'''vob'''....''crop''||valign=top|'''vol'''....''vegetable''||valign=top|'''vos'''....''flower'' |- |valign=top|'''fab'''....''tree''<br>'''fayeb'''....''leaf''<br>'''faob'''....''wood''<br>'''fayob'''....''bark''||valign=top|'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''vayob'''....''peel''|| ||'''vosayeb'''....''petal''<br>'''vosayob'''....''sepal'' |- |valign=top|'''feb'''....''fruit/nut''||valign=top|'''veb'''....''ear/tuft''<br>'''veeb'''....''seed''<br>'''veeyb'''....''grain''||valign=top|'''veel'''....''legume''||'''voseb'''....''capitulum'' |- |valign=top|'''fib'''....''trunk''||valign=top|'''vib'''....''stem'' || || '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' |- |valign=top|'''fub'''....''branch''||valign=top|'''vub'''....''blade''<br>'''vulob'''....''thorn'' || || |- |valign=top|'''fyob'''....''root''||valign=top|'''vyob'''....''tuber'' || || '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' |} ===== Product Names ===== : Products derived from plants are formed with the following words: ::* '''-fel'''....''juice (from a pome)'' ::* '''-feel'''....''-ade'' ::* '''-feyl'''....''juice (from a berry)'' ::* '''-fil'''....''alcoholic drink/cider'' ::* '''-fyel'''....''oil/jam/syrup'' ::* '''-fyeyl'''....''jelly'' ::* '''-fol'''....''grounds/powder'' ::* '''-fayel'''....''leaf juice'' : Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Zoological_Nomenclature|Zoological Nomenclature]]. For example, an ''apple'' is from the <u>Ro</u>saceae family of trees, the genus being ''<u>Ma</u>lus''. So the word for ''apple'' becomes '''marofeb'''. ''Apple tree'' is '''marofab''' and ''apple juice'' is '''marofel'''. Thus, ''apple cider'' is '''marofil'''. ===== Crops ===== : Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base '''vob''' with taxonomic syllables. [[File:Usdaemmer1.jpg|thumb|]] : The base words of this group are: ::* '''-vob'''....''crop'' ::* '''-vab'''....''grass'' ::* '''-vayeb'''....''leaf'' ::* '''-veb'''....''ear, cob, head, spike, tuft'' ::* '''-veeb'''....''seed, germ'' ::* '''-veel'''....''bean, legume'' ::* '''-veeyb'''....''grain, kernel, pip'' ::* '''-vib'''....''stem'' ::* '''-vub'''....''blade, sprig, twig'' ::* '''-vyob'''....''tuber'' ::* '''-vel'''....''edible product'' ::* '''-vil'''....''drinkable product, beer'' ::* '''-vyel'''....''syrup'' ::* '''-vol'''....''vegetable'' : From the above base words are derived these products, among others: ::* '''sakol'''....''sugar'' < '''sakvob'''....''sugarcane'' ::* '''povel'''....''bread'' < '''povob'''....''cereal'' ::* '''zepovyel'''....''corn syrup, corn oil'' < '''zepovob'''....''corn'' ::* '''zepovil'''....''whiskey, bourbon'' ::* '''sepovil'''....''rye whiskey'' < '''zepovob'''....''rye'' ::* '''povil'''....''beer'' ::* '''epovil'''....''ale'' ::* '''avpovob mekil'''....''oatmeal'' < '''avpovob'''....''oat'' ::* '''orpovob zyiglal'''....''rice cake'' < '''orpovob'''....''rice'' ::* '''mekuvol'''....''melon'' ===== Vegetables and Legumes ===== : Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base '''vol''' (''vegetable'') or '''veel''' (''legume, bean'') with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy. Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks. [[File:Hrushikesh kulkarni vegetables.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Vegetables |- ! Edible Crop !! Taxonomy |- ! colspan=2| LEGUMES: EDIBLE SEEDS |- |'''faveel'''....''bean'' || ''Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris'' |- |'''lensfaveel'''....''lentil'' || ''Fabaceae Lens culinaris'' |- |'''glifaveel'''....''soybeen'' || ''Fabaceae Glycine max'' |- |'''vigfaveel'''....''black-eyed pea'' || ''Fabaceae Faseolus vigna unguiculata'' |- ! colspan=2 | Vegetables: Berries/Fruits |- |'''lisovol'''....''tomato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum'' |- |'''mesovol'''....''eggplant'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum melongena'' |- |'''perlawvol'''....''avocado'' || ''Lauraceae Persea americana'' |- |'''sakuvol'''....''cucumber'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''akapsovol'''....''chili pepper'' || ''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra'' || ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- ! colspan=2 |bulbs |- |'''amalvol'''....''leek'' || ''Allium ampeloprasum'' |- |'''cepalvol'''....''onion'' || ''Allium cepa'' |- |'''alkalvol'''....''shallot'' || ''Alium ascalonicum'' |- |'''satalvol'''....''garlic'' || ''Allium sativum'' |- |'''zinvol'''....''ginger'' || ''Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale'' |- |'''skoynalvol'''....''chive'' || ''Allium Schoenoprasum'' |- |'''foynapvol'''....''fennel'' || ''Apiaceae Phoenix dactylifera'' |- ! colspan=2 | melons/gourds |- |'''kuvol'''....''squash, gourd''|| ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita'' |- |'''makuvol'''....''pumpkin'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima'' |- |'''mekuvol'''....''melon, honeydew, cantaloupe'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melon'' |- |'''cikuvol'''....''watermelon'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus'' |- |'''pekuvol'''....''zucchini'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo'' |- ! colspan=2 | Tubers/Root Vegetables |- |'''tusovol'''....''potato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum'' |- |'''betamvol'''....''beet, beetroot'' || ''Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris'' |- |'''rafbravol'''....''radish''|| ''Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus'' |- |'''kadawapvol'''....''carrot''||''Apiaceae Daucus carota'' |- |'''nabravol'''....''turnip''|| ''Brassica napus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''pasavol'''....''parsnip'' ||''Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa'' |- |'''eskolaravol'''....''taro'' ||''Araceae Colocasia esculenta'' |- |'''divol'''....''yam'' ||''Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea'' |- ! colspan=2| Leafy/Flowering Vegetables |- |'''bravol'''....''cabbage'' || ''Brassicaceae'' |- |'''botrolbravol'''....''cauliflower''||''Brassica oleracea botrytis'' |- |'''gemolbravol'''....''Brussels sprouts''|| ''Brassica oleracea gemmifera'' |- |'''valkavol'''....''corn salad, lamb's lettuce''|| ''Caprifocilaceae Valerianella locusta'' |- |'''lakasvol'''....''lettuce''|| ''Asteraceae Lactuta sative'' |- |'''spinamvol'''....''spinach'' || ''Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea'' |- |'''rupolivol'''....''sorrel''|| ''Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa'' |- |'''tarasvol'''....''mustard greens''|| ''Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale'' |- |'''itolbravol'''....''broccoli''|| ''Brassica Oleracea italica'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra''|| ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- |'''petapvol'''....''parsley''|| ''Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum'' |- |'''basoclamvol'''....''basil''|| ''Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum'' |- |'''orlamvol'''....''thyme''|| ''Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare'' |- |'''encivol'''....''chicory, endive''|| ''Cichorium endivia'' |- |'''nasbravol'''....''watercress''|| ''Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale'' |- |'''korapvol'''....''coriander''|| ''Apiaceae Coridandrum sativum'' |- ! colspan=2 | Stalks |- |'''aspavol'''....''asparagus''|| ''Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis'' |- |'''gravapvol'''....''celery''|| ''Apiaceae Apium graveolens'' |- |'''rewmpolivol'''....''rhubarb''|| ''Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum'' |- |'''kurzinvol'''....''turmeric''|| ''Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa'' |- |'''kokarvol'''....''heart of palm, swamp cabbage''|| ''Arecaceae Cocos'' |- |'''cimpovol'''....''lemongrass''|| ''Poaceae Cymbopogon'' |} ==== Common Flower Names ==== [[File:Madeira-flowers hg.jpg|thumb|]] ===== Flower Parts ===== : Flower names are built on the base name '''vos''', meaning ''flower''. First, here is a list of flower parts: ::* '''vosayob'''....''sepal'' ::* '''vosayeb'''....''petal'' ::* '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' ::* '''veeybpexus'''....''stigma'' ::*'''vosij'''....''bud, flower bud'' ::* '''tooygon'''....''pistil'' ::* '''veeybyan'''....''pollen'' ::* '''twoogon'''....''stamen'' ::* '''twoogonyif'''....''filament'' ::* '''veeybyem'''....''anther'' ::* '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' ===== Flower Names ===== [[File:Tulipa suaveolens floriade to Canberra.jpg|thumb|]] : Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base '''vos''' that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples: : '''<u>som</u>pavos'''....''opium poppy'' (''<u>Pa</u>paver <u>som</u>niferum'') : '''<u>mag</u>vos'''....''magnolia'' (''<u>Mag</u>noliaceae Magnolia'') : '''<u>or</u>vos'''....''orchid'' (''<u>Or</u>chidaceae Orchis'') : '''<u>krokir</u>vos'''....''crocus'' (''<u>Ir</u>idaceae <u>Cro</u>cus'') : For a fuller list, see the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Flower_Words|Flower Words]]. === Computer Terminology === [[File:Generic-office-desktop2.svg|thumb]] : This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Computerese |- ! Mirad !! English |- |'''agna saibyan syaagir'''||''mainframe computer'' |- |'''absem syaagir'''||''desktop computer'' |- |'''agbanak'''||''byte'' |- |'''ajnexer'''||''to archive'' |- |'''amloagbanak'''||''megabyte'' |- |'''anay dyewa tax'''||''read-only memory, ROM'' |- |'''aota syaagir'''||''personal computer'' |- |'''aottuunyan'''||''profile'' |- |'''aoyebmeyp'''||''port'' |- |'''apaxler'''||''to swipe'' |- |'''aroagbanak'''||''kilobyte'' |- |'''baler buxnuf'''||''to press/hit a key'' |- |'''banak'''||''bit'' |- |'''agdresin kyoxea buxnuf'''||''caps lock key'' |- |'''buxnuf'''||''key'' |- |'''buxnufsemes'''||''keyboard'' |- |'''buxnufseym'''||''keypad'' |- |'''izeaxus'''||''cursor'' |- |'''byuxseym'''||''touchpad'' |- |'''datier'''||''to friend'' |- |'''dodrer ebdras'''||''to post a message'' |- |'''dota zeyn'''||''social medium'' |- |'''ebdrer'''||''to text'' |- |'''dreun'''||''document'' |- |'''dreuzyufer'''||''to scroll, pan'' |- |'''droer naab'''||''to delete a file'' |- |'''drou buxnuf'''||''delete key'' |- |'''drur'''||''printer'' |- |'''drurer naab'''||''to print out a file'' |- |'''drurer'''||''to print out'' |- |'''druru buxnuf'''||''print screen key'' |- |'''drurun'''||''a printout'' |- |'''dunexlar'''||''word processor'' |- |'''dyezier'''||''to take a movie'' |- |'''ebdayler'''||''to chat'' |- |'''ebdaylim'''||''chatroom'' |- |'''emojin'''||''emoji'' |- |'''ex buxnuf'''||''function key'' |- |'''exen vyaab'''||''operating system'' |- |'''extuundras'''||''program, application'' |- |'''extuundrasog'''||''app'' |- |'''extuundrasyan'''||''software'' |- |'''extuundrer'''||''to program'' |- |'''fuk'''||''bug'' |- |'''fukaya'''||''buggy'' |- |'''fukoyxer'''||''to debug'' |- |'''garalyoagbanak'''||''petabyte'' |- |'''gelxer naab'''||''to copy a file'' |- |'''googler'''||''to google'' |- |'''gyia kyos yebiar'''||''solid state drive, SSD'' |- |'''gyia zyiun yebiar'''||''cd drive'' |- |'''haydren dyun'''||''login name'' |- |'''haydrer bay tuyubbal'''||''to log in with one's fingerprint'' |- |'''haydrer'''||''to log in'' |- |'''hoydrer'''||''to log out'' |- |'''huisteaxar'''||''browser'' |- |'''kyeteaxer'''||''to browse'' |- |'''hyux buxnuf'''||''alt key'' |- |'''iber naab'''||''to receive a file'' |- |'''ila mez sinuar, IMS'''||''liquid crystal display, LDC'' |- |'''izbex buxnuf'''||''control key'' |- |'''izbexdrof'''||''motherboard'' |- |'''kliker ab'''||''click on'' |- |'''kodun'''||''password'' |- |'''gawdyunxer naab'''||''to rename a file'' |- |'''kyax buxnuf'''||''shift key'' |- |'''kyea yempuen tax'''||''random access memory, RAM'' |- |'''kyisier naab'''||''to download a file'' |- |'''kyisuer naab'''||''to upload a file'' |- |'''kyiunxar'''||''charger'' |- |'''kyiunxer'''||''to charge'' |- |'''lodatier'''||''to unfriend'' |- |'''makebdren'''||''email'' |- |'''makedrer'''||''to email'' |- |'''man-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOES'''||''LED'' |- |'''mansin dyes'''||''photo album'' |- |'''mis'''||''window'' |- |'''naab'''||''file'' |- |'''naedzyun'''||''trackball'' |- |'''nagonxar'''||''modem'' |- |'''neaf mansiniar'''||''web camera'' |- |'''nexer naab'''||''to save a file'' |- |'''num yibdalir'''||''cellphone'' |- |'''belyafwa syaagir'''||''laptop computer'' |- |'''oglagos'''||''microchip'' |- |'''gwoteexar'''||''microphone'' |- |'''omijber'''||''to boot up'' |- |'''omola tyep'''||''artificial intelligence, AI'' |- |'''gawomijber'''||''to reboot'' |- |'''paxer naab'''||''to move a file'' |- |'''paxyafwa yibdalir'''||''mobile phone'' |- |'''poxu zyumuf buxnuf'''||''scroll lock key'' |- |'''sagbexu buxnuf'''||''numlock key'' |- |'''sagseym'''||''number pad'' |- |'''sam'''||''console'' |- |'''saunapxer naab'''||''to sort a file'' |- |'''semes syaagir'''||''tablet computer'' |- |'''sindren semes'''||''graphics tablet'' |- |'''sindrenyan exlen aun'''||''graphics processing unit, GPU'' |- |'''sines'''||''icon'' |- |'''sinuar'''||''screen, display, monitor'' |- |'''syaager'''||''to compute'' |- |'''syaagir'''||''computer'' |- |'''syaagirdal'''||''computerese'' |- |'''syaagirtun'''||''computer science'' |- |'''syaagnyed'''||''spreadsheet'' |- |'''taam mays'''||''home screen'' |- |'''tampu buxnuf'''||''home key'' |- |'''sirmul'''||''hardware, physical matter'' |- |'''taxdrer'''||''to record'' |- |'''taxmuf'''||''memory stick'' |- |'''teataxdrer'''||''to video'' |- |'''teataxdrun'''||''video'' |- |'''tuunnabyan'''||''database'' |- |'''tuyab izdar'''||''mouse'' |- |'''uber naab'''||''to send a file'' |- |'''uinig buxnuf'''||''tab key'' |- |'''utmansin'''||''selfie'' |- |'''yaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD)'''||''HTML'' |- |'''yeber'''||''to enter, insert'' |- |'''yebu buxnuf'''||''enter key, return key, insert key'' |- |'''yiga zyiun yebiar'''||''hard disk drive, HDD'' |- |'''yijber naab'''||''to open a file'' |- |'''yujber naab'''||''to close a file'' |- |'''makmepdrof'''||''circuitboard'' |- |'''zea exlen aun'''||''central processing unit, CPU'' |- |'''zoynigxu buxnuf'''||''backspace key'' |- |'''zyiun yebiar'''||''disk drive'' |} === Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology === : This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages. ==== Medical Diseases ==== : Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg. ::* '''tiebalyoganbok'''....''asthma'' (lit: shortness of breath illness) ::* '''tiebbok'''....''pneumonia'' (lit: lung illness) ::* '''teibbok'''....''rhinitis'' (lit: nose illness) ::* '''tayibblok'''....''neuropathy'' (lit: nerve suffering) ::* '''tebbyoyk'''....''headache'' (lit: head ache) ::* '''teibzyegikanbok'''....''osteoporosis'' (lit: bone porosity illness) ==== Pharmaceuticals ==== : Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized. ::* '''aspirin'''....''aspirin'' ::* '''Ibupropen'''....''Ibupropen'' : Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose: ::* '''bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol'''....''analgesic, painkiller'' (Lit: pain reliever) ::* '''tikebilokxol'''....''emetic'' (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance) : Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see [https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn|International Nonproprietary Names]). For example, ''phenobarbital''. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ INN names pronunciation |- ! Greco-Roman<br>Spelling !! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | ch || '''k''' |- | ph || '''f''' |- | x || '''ks''' |- | y || '''i''' |- | qu || '''kw''' |- | rh || '''r''' |- | th || '''t''' |- | ae || '''ay''' |- | oe || '''oy''' |- | c before i, e, or y || '''c''' |- | c otherwise || '''k''' |- | final e || silent |- | double consonant || single consonant |} : Examples: ::* '''acetaminophen'''....''a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN'' ::* '''amphetamine'''....''am-fe-ta-MIN'' ::* '''trimethroprim'''....''tri-me-tro-PRIM'' ::* '''sulfamethoxazole'''....''sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL'' ::* '''oxacillin'''....''o-ksa-ci-LIN'' === Mineral and Crystal Nomenclature === : Minerals end in '''-muk''' with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see [[Wikipedia:List_of_mineral_symbols|The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols]]). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. For example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Some Mineral Names |- ! English!! IMA Symbol !! Mirad Spellings !! Mirad Name |- | ''argyrodyte'' || Agy || '''a-ge-yu''' || '''ageyumuk''' |- |''brochantyte'' || Bct || '''ba-ca-to''' || '''bacatomuk''' |- |''chromite'' || Chr || '''ca-he-ro''' || '''caheromuk''' |} : There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.: ::* ''Lemmleinite-K'' (Lem-k) is '''liemikomuk''' in Mirad. : Crystals end in '''-mez'''. The first part of the word is an enumeration. : The common crystals are listed here: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Names of Common Crystals |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''mez''' || ''crystal'' |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond'' |- | '''emez''' || ''topaz'' |- | '''imez''' || ''ruby'' |- | '''umez''' || ''emerald'' |- | '''yomez''' || ''sapphire'' |- | '''yamez''' || ''lapis lazuli'' |- | '''yemez''' || ''amethyst'' |- | '''yimez''' || ''amber'' |- | '''yumez''' || ''quartz'' |- | '''alomez''' || ''opal'' |- | '''alamez''' || ''tourmaline'' |- | '''alemez''' || ''garnet'' |- | '''alimez''' || ''zirconia'' |- | '''alumez''' || ''jasper'' |- | '''alyomez''' || ''jade'' |- | '''alyamez''' || ''marganite'' |} : Other, less common crystals end in '''-mez''' and are formed from the Wikipedia list of mineral symbols. : General words for earthen matter: :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' :* '''muz'''....''ore'' :* '''mug'''....''metal'' :* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :* '''meg'''....''rock, stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' :* '''mel'''....''soil'' :* '''meil'''....''mud'' :* '''mek'''....''dust'' :* '''miek'''....''sand'' :* '''mev'''....''porcelain'' :* '''mef'''....''brick'' ==== Rock Classification ==== : The naming of individual rock types is based on the [[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/download/bgs-rock-classification-scheme-igneous/| BGS Rock Classification Scheme ]]. : All rocks (other than the general word for ''rock'', '''meg''') end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type: ::* '''ameg'''....''sedimentary rock'' ::* '''emeg'''....''igneous rock'' ::* '''imag'''....''metamorphic rock'' : The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final ''e'' is dropped from names that end in ''yte'' or ''ite''. For example, ''trachydacite'' in the scheme becomes '''trachydacit''' in Mirad. This word is then followed by one of the rock types above ('''emeg''' ''igneous rock''). So ''trachydacite'' becomes '''trachydacitemeg''' in Mirad. For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary. :The word '''meg''' ''rock'' has some common derivatives: ::* '''megag'''....''boulder'' ::* '''meg'''....''stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' ::* '''megyel'''....''cement, asphalt, bitumen'' :::* '''megyelyig'''....''concrete'' ::* '''megil'''....''lava'' ::* '''meggos'''....''crag'' ::* '''megyig'''....''flintstone, basalt'' ::* '''meag'''....''marble'' ::* '''meeg'''....''slate'' ::* '''meig'''....''granite'' ::* '''meug'''....''clay, dough'' ::* '''meyog'''....''china'' ::* '''meyag'''....''chalk'' :::* '''meyaz'''....''pastel'' :::* '''meyayg'''....''calcite'' ::* '''meyeg'''....''limestone, sediment'' ::* '''meyig'''....''alabaster'' ::* '''meyug'''....''gypsum'' ::* '''mealog'''....''sandstone, stoneware'' ::* '''mameg'''....''coal'' :::* '''eymameg'''....''coke'' :::* '''maameg'''....''anthracite'' :::* '''maemeg'''....''peat'' :::* '''maimeg'''....''lignite'' : Related are: ::* '''mek'''....''dust'' :::* '''mekes'''....''grit'' :::* '''mekil'''....''grout'' :::* '''meyk'''....''grit'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder'' ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' ::* '''mieg'''....''coral'' ::* '''mel'''....''dirt'' ::* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''meil'''....''mud'' ::* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :::* '''meyz'''....''spar'' :::* '''meyzag'''....''feldspar'' ::* '''muz'''....''ore'' ::* '''memol'''....''alkali'' ::* '''mimol'''....''salt'' ::* '''mef'''....''brick'' === Metric Nomenclature === [[File:Conversion Factors.png|thumb|]] : Mirad uses the [[Wikt:International System of Units (SI)|International System of Units (SI)]]) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names ('''alpha''', '''gamma''', etc.) preceded with the word '''ag-''' if majuscule ('''aggamma''' for ''&Gamma;'') The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ''ohm'' (Ω) is '''agomega'''. All metric units end in the word '''nak'''. ==== SI Base Units ==== :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbeviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} ==== SI Derived Units ==== : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | B | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''agbanak''' |- | '''bit''' | align="center" | b | one bit of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ==== Convenient Non-SI Units ==== ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglinak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heabak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |} ==== Metrical Formulae ==== : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical <br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |} ==== Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes ==== : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for ''b'' (byte) is pronounced '''ba''' in Mirad. A terabyte ( ''Tb'') is therefore pronounced '''ag-to-ba''', which This amounts ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix<br><br>Mirad Pron. !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix !! SI Symbol<br><br>Mirad Pron. |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' ... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''<br>''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''<br>''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''<br>''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''<br>''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''<br>''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yoon-''' <br>''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''<br>''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yaon-'''<br>''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''<br>''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''<br>''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''<br>''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''<br>''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''<br>''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''<br>''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''<br>''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alo-'''<br>''deca-'' || ''da''<br>'''da-a-''' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci-''|| ''d''<br>'''da-''' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''<br>''hexa-'' || ''h''<br>'''hi-''' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi-''|| ''c''<br>'''ca-''' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''<br>''kilo-'' ||''k''<br>'''ki-''' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''<br>''milli-''|| ''m''<br>'''mi-''' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || ''M''<br>'''agmi-''' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-''|| ''r''<br>'''ro-''' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''<br>''giga-'' || ''G''<br>'''agge-''' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-''|| ''n''<br>'''ni-''' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || ''T''<br>'''agto-''' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-''|| ''p''<br>'''po-''' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ''P''<br>'''agpo-'''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-''||''f''<br>'''fe-''' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''<br>''exa-'' || ''E''<br>'''age-'''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''<br>''atto-''||''a''<br>'''a-''' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ''Z''<br>'''agzu-'''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''<br>''zepto-''||''z''<br>'''zu-''' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || '' Y''<br>'''agyu''' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''<br>''yocto-''||''y''<br>'''yu-''' |} : *Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. ==== Abbreviated Symbols ==== : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | Macro !! colspan=2 | Micro |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daage''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dage''' |- | ''hg'' (hexagram)|| '''hege''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cage''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''koge''' || ''mg'' (milligram) ||'''mige''' |- | ''Mg'' (megagram)|| '''agmige''' ||''rg'' or '''μg''' (microgram)|| '''roge''' or '''muge''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggege''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nige''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtoge''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''poge''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpoge''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fege''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agege''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''age''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzege''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zege''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyuge''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yuge''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* '''10 kg2'''....(pronounced as:) ''alo koge gar ewa'' ::* '''12 mm3'''....(pronounced as:) ''ale mimi gar iwa'' === Trigonometric Nomenclature === : This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by '''-naz''' (''value''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Trigonometry Functions |- ! Function (Symbol) !! Mirad Technical Name !! Mirad Ordinary Name |- | ''sine (sin)'' || '''soini-naz''' || '''uznaz''' |- | ''cosine (cos)'' || '''caoso-naz''' || '''yanuznaz''' |- | ''arccosine (arccos, cos^-1)''<br>''anticosine''<br>''inverse cosine''|| '''arocacaoso-naz''' || '''ovuznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic sine (sinh)'' || '''soinihe-naz'''|| '''enuza uznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic cosine (cosh)'' || '''caosohe-naz''' || '''enuza yanuznaz''' |- | ''secant (sec)'' || '''soeca-naz''' || '''golus naz''' |- | ''cosecant (csc)'' || '''casoca-naz''' || '''yangolus naz''' |- | ''arccosecant (arccsc)'' || '''arocacasoca-naz''' || '''enuza yangolus naz''' |} === Poetry Nomenclature === : Mirad uses the nonsense syllables '''di''' and '''da''' to form various poetic meter words that usually are formed with Greek words in English. The syllable '''di''' represents an ''unstressed'' syllable in verse, while the syllable '''da''' denotes a ''stressed'' syllable. These are hyphenated and followed with a space and the word '''deup''' as a noun, which means ''meter'' or ''rhythm''. The adjectival form of the word ends in '''deupa'''. Here are the most common poetic meters: ::* '''di-da deupa'''.... iambic :::* '''di-da yoondeup'''.... ''iambic pentameter'' ::* '''di-di-da deupa'''.... ''anapestic'' ::* '''di-da-da deupa'''.... ''bacchius'' ::* '''da-da deupa'''.... ''spondaic'' ::* '''da-da-da deupa'''.... ''molossus'' ::* '''da-da-di deupa'''.... ''antibacchius'' ::* '''da-di deupa'''.... ''tochaic'' :::* '''da-di deup'''.... ''trochee, choree'' ::* '''da-di-da deupa'''.... ''cretic, amphimacer'' ::* '''da-di-di deupa'''.... ''dactylic'' ::* '''da-di-di yaondeup'''.... ''dactylic hexameter'' ::* '''da-di-di-da deupa'''.... ''amphibrachic'' : Other words representing elements of poetry are: ::* '''drez'''....''poetry, verse'' :::* '''dreza'''....''poetic'' :::* '''drezyen'''....''poesy'' :::* '''drezyan'''....''anthology'' (of poetry) :::* '''drezut'''....''poet'' ::::* '''drezuyt'''....''poetess'' ::::* '''popdrezut'''....''minstrel'' ::::* '''Vikinga drezut'''....''skald'' ::::* '''dreuzut'''....''bard'' :::* '''odrez'''....''prose'' :::* '''vyasma drez'''....''concrete verse'' :::* '''tyoda drez'''....''folk poetry'' :::* '''indeupa drez'''....''trimeter'' :::* '''undeupa drez'''....''tetrameter'' :::* '''yoondeupa drez'''....''pentameter'' :::* '''yaondeupa drez'''....''hexameter'' :::* '''yendeupa drez'''....''heptameter'' :::* '''yindeupa drez'''....''octameter'' :::* '''ogelseuxwa drez'''....''blank verse'' :::* '''yiva drez'''....''free verse'' :::* '''drezun'''....''poem'' ::::* '''deuzwa drezun'''....''sung poem, lay'' ::::* '''dindrezun'''....''ballad'' ::::* '''dizdrezun'''....''limerick'' ::::* '''fiddrezun'''....''ode'' ::::* '''fizdrezun'''....''epic poem'' ::::* '''haikudrezun'''....''haiku'' ::::* '''viysindrezun'''....''idyll'' ::::* '''ifondrezun'''....''love poem, romantic poem'' ::::* '''indrezun'''....''terzain'' ::::* '''jodrezun'''....''epode'' ::::* '''yindrezun'''....''sistina'' ::::* '''klerihyudrezun'''....''clerihew'' ::::* '''meimdrezun'''....''pastoral'' ::::* '''melyexdrezun'''....''georgic'' ::::* '''petnyanuta drezun'''....''pastoral, eclogue'' ::::* '''popduzuta drezun'''....''troubadour poem'' ::::* '''rondodrezun'''....''rondeau, rondel, roundel'' ::::* '''seuz drezun'''....''sound poem'' ::::* '''tadyandrezun'''....''prothalamion, epithalamion'' ::::* '''tankadrezun'''....''tanka'' ::::* '''taxdrezun'''....''epitaph'' ::::* '''tuddrezun'''....''nursery rhyme'' ::::* '''ulondrezun'''....''sonnet'' ::::* '''ujdreznadeon'''....''envoi'' ::::* '''undrezun'''....''quatrain'' ::::* '''unnad drezun'''....''tetrastich'' ::::* '''uvdrezun'''....''elegy'' ::::* '''alyundrezun'''....''villanelle'' ::::* '''virelaydrezun'''....''virelai, virelay'' ::::* '''yizivtos drezun'''....''rhapsody'' ::::* '''yoondrezun'''....''quintain'' ::* '''dreznad'''....''line, -stich, verse'' :::* '''eyndreznad'''...''hemistich'' :::* '''endreznad'''....''couplet'' ::* '''dreznadyan'''....''stanza'' ::* '''gelseux'''....''rhyme'' :::* '''gelseuxyen'''....''rhyme scheme'' :::* '''dunija gelseuxen'''....''alliteration'' ::* '''seuxzoyxen'''....''assonance'' ::* '''geyldyan'''....''simile'' ::* '''yiztyun'''....''metaphor'' ::* '''yanseuzan'''....''consonance'' ::* '''deup'''....''rhythm, beat, metrical foot, meter'' ::* '''kyib'''....''stress'' ::* '''seuz'''....''tone'' === Dimensional Nomenclature === : This chart shows adjectives that describe dimensional relationships: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ Dimensional Words |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- | '''yaba'''....''high(er)'' || '''yeba'''....''inner'' || '''yoba'''....''low(er)'' |- | '''yaiba'''....''tall'' || '''yeiba'''....''deep inside'' || '''yoiba'''....''deep (down)'' |- | '''yauba'''....''short'' || '''yeuba'''....''a short way in'' || '''youba'''....''shallow'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || || '''yoga'''....''short'' |- | '''yiba'''....''far'' || || '''yuba'''....''near'' |- | '''aonada'''....''vertical'' || || '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- | '''kia'''....''diagonal'' || || '''kua'''....''lateral'' |- | '''zyia'''....''flat'' || || '''zyua'''....''round'' |- | '''yaza'''....''concave'' || '''yeza'''....''flush'' || '''yoza'''....''convex'' |} === Geologic Period Nomenclature === : The principal geochronologic units of the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest, are: :** '''joob'''....''eon'' :*** '''ajoob'''....''Hadean Eon'' :*** '''ejoob'''....''Archean Eon'' :*** '''ijoob'''....''Proterozoic Eon'' :*** '''ujoob'''....''Phanerozoic Eon'' :** '''joab'''....''era'' :*** '''ajoab'''....''Eoarchean Era'' :*** '''ejoab'''....''Paleoarchean Era'' :*** '''ijoab'''....''Mesoarchean Era'' :*** '''ujoab'''....''Neoarchean Era'' :*** '''yojoab'''....''Paleoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yajoab'''....''Mesoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yejoab'''....''Neoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yijoab'''....''Paleozoic Era'' :*** '''yujoab'''....''Mesozoic Era'' :*** '''alojoab'''....''Cenozoic Era'' :** '''joeb'''....''period'' :*** '''ajoeb'''....''Siderian Period'' :*** '''ejoeb'''....''Rhyacian Period'' :*** '''ijoeb'''....''Orosirian Period'' :*** '''ujoeb'''....''Statherian Period'' :*** '''yojoeb'''....''Calymmian Period'' :*** '''yajoeb'''....''Ectasian Period'' :*** '''yejoeb'''....''Stenian Period'' :*** '''yijoeb'''....''Tonian Period'' :*** '''yujoeb'''....''Cryogenian Period'' :*** '''alojoeb'''....''Ediacaran Period'' :*** '''alajoeb'''....''Cambrian Period'' :*** '''alejoeb'''....''Ordovician Period'' :*** '''alijoeb'''....''Silurian Period'' :*** '''alujoeb'''....''Devonian Period'' :*** '''alyojoeb'''....''Carboniferous Period'' :*** '''alyajoeb'''....''Permian Period'' :*** '''alyejoeb'''....''Triassic Period'' :*** '''alyijoeb'''....''Jurassic Period'' :*** '''alyujoeb'''....''Cretaceous Period'' :*** '''elojoeb'''....''Paleogene Period'' :*** '''elajoeb'''....''Neogene Period'' :*** '''elejoeb'''....''Quarternary Period'' :** '''joib'''....''epoch'' :*** '''ajoib'''....''Terreneuvian Epoch'' :*** '''ejoib'''....''Series 2 Epoch'' :*** '''ijoib'''....''Miaolingian Epoch'' :*** '''ujoib'''....''Furongian Epoch'' :*** '''yojoib'''....''Lower Epoch'' :*** '''yajoib'''....''Middle Epoch'' :*** '''yejoib'''....''Upper Epoch'' :*** '''yijoib'''....''Llandovery Epoch'' :*** '''yujoib'''....''Wenlock Epoch'' :*** '''alojoib'''....''Ludlow Epoch'' :*** '''alajoib'''....''Pridoli Epoch'' :** '''joub'''....''age'' :*** '''ajoub'''....''Fortunian Age'' :*** '''ejoub'''....''Stage 2 Age'' :*** '''ijoub'''....''Stage 3 Age'' :*** '''ujoub'''....''Stage 4 Age'' :*** '''yojoub'''....''Wulian Age'' :*** '''yajoub'''....''Drumian Age'' :*** '''yejoub'''....''Guzhangian Age'' :*** '''yijoub'''....''Paibian Age'' :*** '''yujoub'''....''Jianshanian Age'' :*** '''alojoub'''....''Stage 10 Age'' :*** '''alajoub'''....''Temadocian Age'' :*** '''alejoub'''....''Floian Age'' :*** '''alijoub'''....''Dapingian Age'' :*** '''alujoub'''....''Darriwilian Age'' :*** '''alyojoub'''....''Sandbian Age'' :*** '''alyajoub'''....''Katian Age'' :*** '''alyejoub'''....''Hirnantian Age'' :*** '''alyijoub'''....''Rhuddanian Age'' :*** '''alyujoub'''....''Aeronian Age'' :*** '''elojoub'''....''Telychian Age'' :*** '''elajoub'''....''Cheinwoodian Age'' :*** '''elejoub'''....''Homerian Age'' :*** '''elijoub'''....''Gorstian Age'' :*** '''elujoub'''....''Ludfordian Age'' :*** '''elyojoub'''....''Pridoli Age'' :*** '''elyajoub'''....''Lochkovian Age'' :*** '''elyejoub'''....''Pragian Age'' :*** '''elyijoub'''....''Emsian Age'' :*** '''elyujoub'''....''Eifelian Age'' :*** '''ilojoub'''....''Givetian Age'' :*** '''ilajoub'''....''Frasnian Age'' :*** '''ilejoub'''....''Famennian Age'' :*** '''ilijoub'''....''Tournaisian Age'' :*** '''ilujoub'''....''Visean Age'' :*** '''ilyojoub'''....''Serpukhovian Age'' :*** '''ilyajoub'''....''Bashkirian Age'' :*** '''ilyejoub'''....''Moscovian Age'' :*** '''ilyijoub'''....''Kasimovian Age'' :*** '''ilyujoub'''....''Gzhelian Age'' :*** '''ulojoub'''....''Asselian Age'' :*** '''ulajoub'''....''Sakmarian Age'' :*** '''ulejoub'''....''Artinskian Age'' :*** '''ulijoub'''....''Kungurian Age'' :*** '''ulujoub'''....''Roadian Age'' :*** '''ulyojoub'''....''Wordian Age'' :*** '''ulyajoub'''....''Capitanian Age'' :*** '''ulyejoub'''....''Wuchiapingian Age'' :*** '''ulyijoub'''....''Changhsingian Age'' :*** '''ulyujoub'''....''Induan Age'' :*** '''yolojoub'''....''Olenekian Age'' :*** '''yolajoub'''....''Anisian Age'' :*** '''yolejoub'''....''Ladnian Age'' :*** '''yolijoub'''....''Carnian Age'' :*** '''yolujoub'''....''Norian Age'' :*** '''yolyojoub'''....''Rhaetian Age'' :*** '''yolyajoub'''....''Hettangian Age'' :*** '''yolyejoub'''....''Sinemurian Age'' :*** '''yolyijoub'''....''Pliensbachian Age'' :*** '''yolyujoub'''....''Toarcian Age'' :*** '''yalojoub'''....''Aalenian Age'' :*** '''yalajoub'''....''Bajocian Age'' :*** '''yalejoub'''....''Bathonian Age'' :*** '''yalijoub'''....''Callovian Age'' :*** '''yalujoub'''....''Oxfordian Age'' :*** '''yalyojoub'''....''Kimmeridgian Age'' :*** '''yalyajoub'''....''Tithonian Age'' :*** '''yalyejoub'''....''Berriasian Age'' :*** '''yalyijoub'''....''Valanginian Age'' :*** '''yalyujoub'''....''Hauterivian Age'' :*** '''yelojoub'''....''Barremian Age '' :*** '''yelajoub'''....''Aptian Age '' :*** '''yelejoub'''....''Albian Age '' :*** '''yelijoub'''....''Cenomanian '' :*** '''yelujoub'''....''Turonian '' :*** '''yelyojoub'''....''Coniacian '' :*** '''yelyajoub'''....''Santonian '' :*** '''yelyejoub'''....''Campanian '' :*** '''yelyijoub'''....''Maastrichtian '' :*** '''yelyujoub'''....''Danian '' :*** '''yilojoub'''....''Selandian '' :*** '''yilajoub'''....''Thanetian '' :*** '''yilejoub'''....''Ypresian '' :*** '''yilijoub'''....''Lutetian '' :*** '''yilujoub'''....''Bartonian '' :*** '''yilyojoub'''....''Priaboanian '' :*** '''yilyajoub'''....''Rupelian '' :*** '''yilyejoub'''....''Chattian '' :*** '''yilyijoub'''....''Aquitanian '' :*** '''yilyujoub'''....''Burdigalian '' :*** '''yulojoub'''....''Langhian '' :*** '''yulajoub'''....''Serravallian '' :*** '''yulejoub'''....''Tortonian '' :*** '''yulijoub'''....''Messinian '' :*** '''yulujoub'''....''Zanclean '' :*** '''yulyojoub'''....''Piacenzian '' :*** '''yulyajoub'''....''Gelasian '' :*** '''yulyejoub'''....''Calabrian '' :*** '''yulyijoub'''....''Chibanian '' :*** '''yulyujoub'''....''Tarantian '' :*** '''asojoub'''....''Greenlandian '' :*** '''asajoub'''....''Northgrippian '' :*** '''asejoub'''....''Meghalayan '' === Names of Diacritics === : The Mirad words for diacritics (= accents) are based on the worldwide Unicode 4.0 standard. There are three kinds of diacritics based on where they are positioned relative to the base: ::* <b>aybsiyn</b>....<i>above mark</i> ::* <b>oybsiyn</b>....<i>below mark</i> ::* <b>absiyn</b>....<i>overlay mark</i> : The names are based on some common shapes: ::* <b>nod</b>....<i>dot</i> ::* <b>grun</b>....<i>hook</i> ::* <b>nad</b>....<i>line</i> ::* <b>kin</b>....<i>slash</i> ::* <b>vu</b>....<i>wedge</i> ::* <b>pyaon</b>....<i>wave</i> ::* <b>zyus</b>....<i>ring</i> ::* <b>uz</b>....<i>arch</i> ::* <b>zeymep</b>....<i>bridge</i> ::* <b>izmufseb</b>....<i>arrowhead</i> ::* <b>mar</b>....<i>star</i> : The above shapes can be modified by adjectives: ::* <b>kia</b>....<i>slanted</i> ::* <b>ao</b>....<i>vertical</i> ::* <b>yoga/yaga</b>....<i>short/long</i> ::* <b>en</b>....<i>double</i> ::* <b>yaba/yoba</b>....<i>up/down</i> ::* <b>zua/zia</b>....<i>left/right</i> ::* <b>oyvuzbwa</b>....<i>inverted</i> : Here is a chart listing the most common diacritics in the world's languages. (Note: Mirad does not use diacritics for its native words.) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;" |+ Mirad Names of Diacritics |- ! Diacritic !! Unicode<br>Value !! Mirad !! Unicode Name |- |<big><b>&#x0301;</b></big>|| 0301||<b> zukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zukin oybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030B;</b></big>|| 030B||<b> enzukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0317;</b></big>|| 0317||<b> zikin oybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030F;</b></big>|| 030F||<b> enzikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> zigrun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0327;</b></big>|| 0327||<b> zugrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>cedilla</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0328;</b></big>|| 0328||<b> zigrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>ogonek, nasal hook</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0302;</b></big>|| 0302||<b> yobvu aybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent, hat</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032D;</b></big>|| 032D||<b> yobvu oybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030C;</b></big>|| 030C||<b> vu aybsiyn</b>||<i>hachek, v above, caron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032C;</b></big>|| 032C||<b> vu oybsiyn</b>||<i>caron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0306;</b></big>|| 0306||<b> yabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0311;</b></big>|| 0311||<b> yobuz aybsin</b>||<i>inverted breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032F;</b></big>|| 032F||<b> yobuz oybsin </b>||<i>inverted breve below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0308;</b></big>|| 0308||<b> ennod aybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis above, double dot above, umlaut, trema</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0324;</b></big>|| 0324||<b> ennod oybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis below, double dot below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0307;</b></big>|| 0307||<b> nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above, overdot, tecka, tittle</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0323;</b></big>|| 0323||<b> nod oybsiyn</b>||<i>dot below, underdot, nang</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0351;</b></big>|| 0351||<b> zua eynzyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031C;</b></big>|| 031C||<b> zua eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia eynzyus aybsign</b>||<i>right half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0339;</b></big>|| 0339||<b> zia eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>right half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0305;</b></big>|| 0305||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>overline, overscore, vinculum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033F;</b></big>|| 033F||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double overline</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0332;</b></big>|| 0332||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>single lowline below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0333;</b></big>|| 0333||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double lowline, double underline, double underscore</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0304;</b></big>|| 0304||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>macron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0331;</b></big>|| 0331||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035E;</b></big>|| 935E||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron, longum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035F;</b></big>|| 035F||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030A;</b></big>|| 030A||<b> zyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>ring above, kroujek, overring</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0325;</b></big>|| 0325||<b> zyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032A;</b></big>|| 032A||<b> zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033A;</b></big>|| 033A||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0303;</b></big>|| 0303||<b> pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0342;</b></big>|| 0342||<b> yagpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek perispomeni</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0360;</b></big>|| 0360||<b> enpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>double tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0330;</b></big>|| 0330||<b> pyaon oybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032B;</b></big>|| 032B||<b> oyvuzbwa enuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted double arch below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033E;</b></big>|| 033E||<b> aonada pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical tilde, yerik</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031A;</b></big>|| 031A||<b> zua gun aybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> aonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> aonad oybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030E;</b></big>|| 030E||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033D;</b></big>|| 033D||<b> xu aybsiyn</b>||<i>x above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0353;</b></big>|| 0353||<b> xu oybsiyn</b>||<i>x below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033C;</b></big>|| 033C||<b> lapiat oybsiyn</b>||<i>seagull below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0310;</b></big>|| 0310||<b> nod ayb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>candrabindu</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0352;</b></big>|| 0352||<b> nod oyb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>fermata</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0314;</b></big>|| 0314||<b> zia grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma above, dasia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0326;</b></big>|| 0326||<b> zia grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0313;</b></big>|| 0313||<b> zua grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>reversed comma above, psili</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0320;</b></big>|| 0320||<b> gobsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>minus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031F;</b></big>|| 031F||<b> gabsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>plus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubay ge aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equals above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0349;</b></big>|| 0349||<b> zua gun oybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033B;</b></big>|| 033B||<b> ungun oybsiyn</b>||<i>square below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0334;</b></big>|| 0334||<b> Gereda nod-kin-nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek dialytika tonos</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia izmufseb aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x08F7;</b></big>|| 0356||<b> zia izmufseb ay yabizmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead and up arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0355;</b></big>|| 0355||<b> zia izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0354;</b></big>|| 0354||<b> zua izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>left arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0318;</b></big>|| 0318||<b> zua zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>left tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0319;</b></big>|| 0319||<b> zia zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>right tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031D;</b></big>|| 031D||<b> yob zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>up tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031E;</b></big>|| 031E||<b> yab zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>down tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0337;</b></big>|| 0337||<b> yoga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>short slash overlay, short solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0338;</b></big>|| 0338||<b> yaga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>long slash overlay, long solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0322;</b></big>|| 0322||<b> zoykixwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>retroflex hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0359;</b></big>|| 0359||<b> mar oybsiyn</b>||<i>asterisk below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035A;</b></big>|| 035A||<b> enzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>double ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0358;</b></big>|| 0358||<b> zinod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above right</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035C;</b></big>|| 035C||<b> enyabuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve below, ligature tie below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035D;</b></big>|| 035D||<b> enyabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0361;</b></big>|| 0361||<b> enyobuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double inverted breve, top ligature, tie bar</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035B;</b></big>|| 035B||<b> uiznad aybsiyn</b>||<i>zigzag above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0347;</b></big>|| 0347||<b> gese oybsiyn</b>||<i>equals sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubgese aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equal to above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0362;</b></big>|| 0362||<b> enziizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>double rightwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034E;</b></big>|| 034E||<b> yabizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>upwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> ziizmuf aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034A;</b></big>|| 034A||<b> opyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>not tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x037A;</b></big>|| 037A||<b> iota oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek ypogegrammeni, iota subscript</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0374;</b></big>|| 0374||<b> Gereda sag aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek numeral sign, dexia keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0375;</b></big>|| 0375||<b> Gereda sag oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek lower numeral sign, aristeri keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0651;</b></big>|| 0651||<b> xadda aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic shadda</i> |- |<big><b>&#x065E;</b></big>|| 065E||<b> fatha aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic fatha with two dots</i> |- |<big><b>&#x061A;</b></big>|| 061A||<b> kasra oybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic small kasra</i> |- |<big><b>&#x064C;</b></big>|| 064C||<b> damma aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic dammatan</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0652;</b></big>|| 0652||<b> sukun aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic sukun</i> |} === Grammar Terms === :*'''drevyab'''....''grammar'' :*'''dun'''....''word'' :*'''dyen'''....''phrase'' :*'''dyan'''....''sentence'' :** '''delyea'''....''declarative'' :** '''didyea'''....''interrogative'' :** '''azteudyea'''....''exclamatory'' :*'''dyangon'''....''clause'' :** '''agala dyangon'''....''main clause'' :** '''abyosyea dyangon'''....''dependent clause'' :** '''obdabyea dyangon'''....''subordinate clause'' :*'''anyendyen'''....''idiom'' :*'''dalzeyn'''....''language'' :*'''dalzeynes'''....''dialect'' :*'''dalyen'''....''locution'' :*'''dungon'''....''syllable'' :*'''dunog'''....''particle'' :*'''abun'''....''affix'' :** '''zabun'''....''prefix'' :** '''zobun'''....''suffix'' :** '''yebun'''....''infix'' :*'''kyid'''....''stress'' :*'''dredyen'''....''spelling, orthography'' :*'''seuxden'''....''pronunciation'' :*'''dalgon'''....''part of speech'' :**'''sundun'''....''noun'' :**'''avdun'''....''pronoun'' :**'''erdun'''....''verb'' :**'''adun'''....''adjective'' :**'''aydun'''....''adverb'' :**'''ebdun'''....''preposition'' :**'''yanxdun'''....''conjunction'' :**'''oybdun'''....''particle'' :**'''asaundun'''....''article, determiner'' :*'''jobyen'''....''tense'' :** '''eja'''....''present tense'' :** '''aja'''....''past tense'' :** '''oja'''....''future tense'' :** '''vensona'''....''conditional'' :* '''teagun'''....''aspect'' :** '''ikna'''....''perfect'' :** '''oikna'''....''imperfect'' :** '''zaypasyea'''....''progressive'' :*'''tipyen'''....''mood'' :** '''izeadyea'''....''indicative mood'' :** '''ovyamxwa'''....''subjunctive mood'' :*'''teuz'''....''voice'' :** '''axlyea'''....''active'' :** '''xolyea'''....''passive'' :** '''syundabea'''....''transitive'' :** '''osyundabea'''....''intransitive'' :** '''zyinzoyubea'''....''reflexive'' :*'''sankyas'''....''case'' :** '''syina'''....''nominative, subject'' :** '''bina'''....''genitive, possessive'' :** '''buna'''....''dative'' :** '''izsyuna'''....''accusative, direct object'' :** '''oizsyuna'''....''indirect object'' :** '''byina'''....''ablative'' :** '''dyuena'''....''vocative'' :*'''toob'''....''gender'' :** '''twooba'''....''masculine'' :** '''tooyba'''....''feminine'' :** '''evtwooba'''....''neuter'' :*'''sag'''....''number'' :** '''ansaga'''....''singular'' :** '''glasaga'''....''plural'' :*'''sagdun'''....''numeral'' == Forming Adjectives == : You can form an adjective by adding the suffix '''a''' to a substantive, any adverb not ending in '''-ay''', or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adjectives |- ! Noun !! Adjective |- | '''taam'''....''home'' || '''taama'''....''domestic'' |- | '''doob'''....''nation'' || '''dooba'''....''national'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''teja'''....''vital'' |- | '''tyoyapyaf'''....''ability to walk'' || '''tyoyapyafa'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''martun'''....''astronomy'' || '''martuna'''....''astronomical'' |- ! Pronoun !! Adjective |- | '''at'''....''I, me'' || '''ata'''....''my'' |- | '''eut'''....''yourself'' || '''euta'''....''your own'' |- | '''hiyen'''....''this kind'' || '''hiyena'''....''this kind of'' |- | '''duhot?'''....''who?'' || '''duhota?'''....''whose?'' |- ! Gerund !! Adjective |- | '''ifeken'''....''recreation'' || '''ifekena'''....''recreational'' |- ! Adverb !! Adjective |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiba'''....''distant'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaba'''....''high, upper'' |- ! Verb Form !! Adjective (= Participle) |- | '''teje'''....''(he) lives'' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- | '''tojo'''....''will die'' || '''tojoa'''....''moribund, about to die'' |- | '''tojbu'''....''would kill'' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- | '''twa'''....''was known'' || '''twaa'''....''known'' (usu. shortened to '''twa''') |} === Adjectival Suffixes === : Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just '''a'''. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Other Adjectives |- ! Suffix !! Meaning !! Noun !! Adjective |- ! rowspan=3|-ava !!rowspan=3| ''pro-, for'' !! !! |- | '''Usom'''<br>''U.S.'' || '''Usomava'''<br>''pro-U.S.'' |- | '''yuvrin'''<br>''slavery'' || '''yuvrinava'''<br>''pro-slavery'' |- ! rowspan=3|-ova !!rowspan=3| ''anti-, against'' !! !! |- | '''dobvyabyan'''<br>''constitution'' || '''dovyabyanova'''<br>''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''dot'''<br>''society'' || '''dotova'''<br>''anti-social'' |- ! rowspan=5|-aya !!rowspan=5| ''full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzaya'''<br>''colorful'' |- | '''futax'''<br>''resentment'' || '''futaxaya'''<br>''resentful'' |- | '''tiibil'''<br>''blood'' || '''tiibilaya'''<br>''bloody'' |- | '''yiflan'''<br>''courage'' || '''yiflanaya'''<br>''courageous'' |- ! rowspan=3|-oya !!rowspan=3| ''bereft of, -less, un-'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzoya'''<br>''colorless, pale'' |- | '''tajyaf'''<br>''talent'' || '''tajyafoya'''<br>''untalented'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ika !!rowspan=2| ''full of, -ous, -ful, -y'' !! !! |- | '''map'''<br>''wind'' || '''mapika'''<br>''windy'' |- ! rowspan=2|-uka !!rowspan=2| ''bereft of, without, -less'' !! !! |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasuka'''<br>''broke, penniless'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yena !! rowspan=4|''-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al'' !! !! |- | '''tudet'''<br>''child'' || '''tudetyena'''<br>''childish, infantile'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' || '''totyena'''<br>''divine, godly'' |- | '''pit'''<br>''fish'' || '''pityena'''<br>''fish-like, fishy'' |- ! rowspan=5|-wa or -awa !! rowspan=5|''-ed, past passive participle''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Past Passive Participle |- | '''t-'''<br>''know'' || '''twa'''<br>''known'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalwa'''<br>''spoken, oral'' |- | '''nixbu-'''<br>''sell'' || '''nixbuwa'''<br>''sold'' |- | '''dr-'''<br>''write'' || '''drawa'''<br>''written'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ea !!rowspan=4| ''-ing''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''ot-'''<br>''not know'' || '''otea'''<br>''ignorant'' |- | '''tej-'''<br>''live'' || '''tejea'''<br>''living, alive'' |- | '''tuj-'''<br>''die'' || '''tujea'''<br>''dying'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yea !!rowspan=5| ''-ive, prone to Xing, given to X''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''tujb-'''<br>''kill'' || '''tujbyea'''<br>''murderous'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texyea'''<br>''pensive, thoughtful'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyea'''<br>''forgetful'' |- | '''axl-'''<br>''act'' || '''axlyea'''<br>''active'' |- ! rowspan=5|-uwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, apt to be Xed''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Passive Participle |- | '''ex-'''<br>''operate'' || '''exuwa'''<br>''operable'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''feel'' || '''tosuwa'''<br>''palpable'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texuwa'''<br>''conceivable'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''teluwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yafa !!rowspan=3| ''-able, capable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafa'''<br>''sightful, able to see'' |- | '''dyed-'''<br>''read'' || '''dyedyafa'''<br>''literate'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yafwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, possible to be Xed''<br> (added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyafwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''telyafwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofa !!rowspan=5| ''incapable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' |- | '''tyoyap-'''<br>''walk'' || '''tyoyapyofa'''<br>''lame'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''dumb, incapable of speaking'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofwa !!rowspan=5| ''un-X-able'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''inaudible'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyofa'''<br>''unforgetable'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''unspeakable'' |- ! rowspan=6|-ifa !!rowspan=6| ''fond of, -phile'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''pot'''<br>''animal'' || '''potifa'''<br>''pet-friendly'' |- | '''hyitoob-'''<br>''same-gender'' || '''hyitoobifa'''<br>''homophile'' |- | '''tobot'''<br>''child'' || '''tobotifa'''<br>''pedophile'' |- | '''fitel'''<br>''food'' || '''fitelifa'''<br>''gourmand'' |- | '''doob'''<br>''nation'' || '''doobifa'''<br>''patriotic'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ifwa !!rowspan=2| ''loved by'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tyod'''<br>''people'' || '''tyodifwa'''<br>''popular'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ufa !!rowspan=4| ''adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tob'''<br>''human'' || '''tobufa'''<br>''misanthropic'' |- | '''hyut-'''<br>''other person'' || '''hyutufa'''<br>''xenophobic'' |- | '''toyb-'''<br>''woman'' || '''toybufa'''<br>''misogynist'' |- ! rowspan=5|-ef(w)a !!rowspan=5|''needful of,<br>(necessary to be X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''til'''<br>''drink'' || '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' |- | '''tel'''<br>''food'' || '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' |- | '''yelb-'''<br>''to oil'' || '''yelbefwa'''<br>''squeaky, in need of oil'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yef(w)a !!rowspan=4| ''worthy of,<br> due to be (deserving of being X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''fid'''<br>''praise'' || '''fidyefa'''<br>''praiseworthy'' |- | '''dud'''<br>''answer'' || '''dudyefa'''<br>''responsible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyefwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yuk(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''easy to, (easily X-ed)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyuka'''<br>''gullible'' |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyukwa'''<br>''incredible, hard to believe'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yik(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''hard to,<br>(hard of X-ing)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyikwa'''<br>''opaque'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyika'''<br>''hard of hearing'' |} === Adjectival Prefixes === ==== Negating the Meaning of Adjectives ==== ::: The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix '''o-'''. ::: Examples: ::::* '''vlea'''....''probable'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>vlea'''....''improbable'' ::::* '''fika'''....''perfect'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fika'''....''imperfect'' ::::* '''twa'''....''known'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>twa'''....''unknown'' ::::* '''bosa'''....''quiet'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>bosa'''....''upset, unquiet'' ::: Note: Occasionally, the prefix '''lo-''' is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case: ::::* '''fwa'''....''wanted'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fwa'''....''prohibited'' <big><</big> '''ofer'''....''to prohibit'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>yo</u>fwa'''....''impossible'' <big><</big> '''yofer'''....''to be unable'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>lo</u>fwa'''....''unwanted'' <big><</big> '''fer'''....''to want'' (disambiguated) ::: The prefixes '''lyo-''' and '''ov''' are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective: ::::* '''data'''....''friendly'' ::::* '''odata'''....''unfriendly'' ::::* '''ovdata'''....''hostile'' ::::* '''lyodata'''....''inimical'' ::::* '''dota'''....''social'' ::::* '''odota'''....''unsocial'' ::::* '''ovdota'''....''antisocial'' ::::* '''lyodota'''....''savage'' ==== Table of Adjective Prefixes ==== ::: As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones: :::{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes<br>Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column |- ! Mirad Prefix !! English Prefix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | '''o-''' || ''un-, a(n)-, in-, non-'' ||'''<u>o</u>baka'''....''unhealthy''<br>'''<u>o</u>yezyebeya'''....''incontinent'', '''<u>o</u>yelpea'''....''non-invasive''<br>'''<u>o</u>totina'''....''atheist'' |- |'''ov-''' || ''anti-, counter-'' || '''<u>ov</u>zuina'''....''anti-leftist''<br>'''<u>ov</u>iztida'''....''counter-intuitive'' |- |'''av-''' || ''pro-'' || '''<u>av</u>hyitoosifa'''....''pro-gay'' |- | '''kovyo-''' ||''pseudo-'' || '''<u>kovyo</u>tepina'''....''pseudo-intellectual'' |- | '''hya(s)-''' || ''all-, pan-, omni-'' || '''<u>hyas</u>tea'''....''all-knowing, omniscient'' |- | '''voy-, gal-''' || ''re-'' || '''<u>voy</u>upya'''....''returned''<br>'''<u>gal</u>abwa'''....''<u>re</u>applied'' |- | '''vyo-''' || ''mis-'' || '''<u>vyo</u>seudxwa'''....''mispronounced'' |- | '''eyn-''' || ''semi-, half-'' ||'''<u>eyn</u>levelaya'''....''semi-sweet''<br>'''<u>eyn</u>tija'''....''half-awake'' |- |'''yiz-''' || ''ultra-, super-'' || '''<u>yiz</u>doobina'''....''ultra-nationalist''<br>'''<u>yiz</u>mola'''....''supernatural'' |- | '''gro-''' || ''under-, hypo-'' || '''<u>gro</u>jaga'''....''under-aged'' |- | '''gra-''' || ''over-, hyper-, uber-'' || '''<u>gra</u>agxwa'''....''overgrown''<br>'''<u>gra</u>toseya'''....''hypersensitive'' |- | '''gla-''' ||''multi-, many-, poly-'' || '''<u>gla</u>kuma'''....''multilateral''<br>'''<u>gla</u>tadaya'''....''polygamous'' |- |'''fu-''' || ''mal-, ill-'' || '''<u>fu</u>teyenxwa'''....''ill-conceived''<br>'''<u>fu</u>sanxwa'''....''malformed'' |- | '''fi-''' || ''well-'' || '''<u>fi</u>tofabwa'''....''well-dressed'' |- | '''yuyb-''' ||''quasi-, almost'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>daba'''....''quasi-governmental'' |- | '''ja-''' || ''pre-, (a)fore-, pro-'' ||'''<u>ja</u>teyenxwa'''....''pre-conceived''<br>'''<u>ja</u>igdawa'''....''aformentioned'' |- | '''jo-''' || ''post-'' || '''<u>jo</u>dropeka'''....''post-war'' |- | '''oyeb-'''|| ''extra-, exo-, '' || '''<u>oyeb</u>tada'''....''extra-marital'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-'' || '''<u>yeb</u>tayoba'''....''endo-dermal'' |- | '''agl(a)-''' || ''macro-'' || '''<u>agla</u>mora'''....''macrocosmic'' |- | '''ogl(a)-''' || ''micro-'' || '''<u>ogla</u>mora'''....''microcosmic'' |- | '''ut-''' || ''auto-, self-, sui-'' || '''<u>ut</u>pana'''....''automatic''<br>'''<u>ut</u>tojbua'''....''suicidal'' |- | '''hyaewa-''' || ''ambi-'' || '''<u>hyaewa</u>tesea'''....''ambivalent'' |- | '''en-''' || ''bi-'' || '''<u>en</u>toobifa'''....''bisexual'' |- | '''yuz-''' || ''circum-'' || '''<u>yuz</u>teaxea'''....''circumspect'' |- | '''gel-''' || ''homo-'' || '''<u>gel</u>sauna'''....''homogeneous'' |- | '''ogel-''' || ''hetero-'' || '''<u>ogel</u>sauna'''....''heterogeneous'' |- | '''oyb-''' || ''infra-, sub-'' || '''<u>oyb</u>ivoza'''....''infrared'' |- | '''ge-''' || ''iso-, equi-'' || '''<u>ge</u>voza'''....''isochromatic'' |- | '''agr(a)-''' || ''mega-'' || '''<u>agra</u>tipa'''....''megamaniacal'' |- | '''ku-''' || ''para-'' || '''<u>ku</u>ega'''....''paranormal'' |- | '''yuyb-''' || ''quasi-, almost, pen-'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>dobyena'''....''quasi-official'' |- | '''yib-''' || ''tele-, far-'' || '''<u>yib</u>pyuxea'''....''far-reaching'' |- | '''zey-''' || ''trans-, cross-'' || '''<u>zey</u>mimaga'''....''transoceanic'' |- | '''aaj-''' || ''paleo-'' || '''<u>aaj</u>toba'''....''paleoloanthropic'' |- | '''eej-''' || ''neo-'' || '''<u>eej</u>visauna'''....''neoclassical'' |- | '''yibaj-''' || ''arch(a)eo-, ancient'' || '''yibajtuna'''....''archaeological'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-, inner, intro-'' || '''yebzena'''....''endocentric''<br>'''yebuzbwa'''....''introverted'' |- | '''oyeb-''' || ''exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)-'' || '''oyebzena'''....''exocentric''<br>'''oyebuzbwa'''....''extroverted'' |- | '''yab(an)-''' || ''high-, up'' || '''yabnoga'''....''upscale''<br>'''yabnayxa'''....''high-priced'' |- | '''yaban-''' || ''acro-'' || '''yabanyufa'''....''acrophobic'' |- | '''yob-''' || ''low-, down-'' || '''yobnoga'''....''low-grade, down-scale'' |} === English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison === : Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared |- ! English Suffix !! Meaning !! Mirad Suffix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | ''-ful'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''voz<u>aya</u>'''....''colorful''<br> '''tuz<u>ika</u>'''....''skillful'' |- | ''-ous'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''naz<u>ika</u>'''....''precious''<br> '''mil<u>aya</u>'''....''aqueous'' |- | ''-filled'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoke-filled'' |- | ''-y'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoky''<br> |- | ''-ous'' || of<br> like || '''-a''' || '''totin<u>a</u>'''....''religious''<br> '''vyos<u>a</u>'''....''erroneous'' |- | ''-ly'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tot<u>yena</u>'''....''godly''<br> '''toyb<u>yena</u>'''....''womanly'' |- | ''-like'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pat<u>yena</u>'''....''bird-like'' |- | ''-ish'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tobot<u>yena</u>'''....''childish'' |- | ''-y'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''fyab<u>yena</u>'''....''fruity'' |- | ''-ic'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tuz<u>yena</u>'''....''artistic''<br> '''sil<u>yena</u>'''....''acidic'' |- | ''-ic'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''tun<u>a</u>'''....''scientific''<br> '''bek<u>a</u>'''....''therapeutic'' |- | ''-ical'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''zyunid<u>a</u>'''....''spherical''<br> '''iztex<u>a</u>'''....''logical'' |- | ''-ological'' || pertaining to the study of || '''-tuna''' || '''tej<u>tuna</u>'''....''biological'' |- | ''-ist(ic)'' || pertaining to the doctrine of || '''-ina''' || '''dopar<u>ina</u>'''....''militarist(ic)''<br> '''nasyan<u>ina</u>'''....''capitalist(ic)'' |- | ''-ophobic'' (and ''miso-'' prefix) || hating<br> fearful of || '''-ufa''' || '''yudat<u>ufa</u>'''....''xenophonic''<br> '''tobyan<u>ufa</u>'''....''misanthropic'' |- | ''-ophilic'' (and ''philo-'' prefix) || loving || '''-ifa''' || '''tobot<u>ifa</u>'''....''pedophilic''<br> '''tob<u>ifa</u>'''....''philanthropic'' |- | ''-al'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pyot<u>yena</u>'''....''bestial'' |- | ''-al'' || of<br> pertaining to || '''-a''' || '''tej<u>a</u>'''....''vital''<br> '''aman<u>a</u>'''....''thermal'' |- | ''-less'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''tej<u>uka</u>'''....''lifeless''<br> '''tobot<u>oya</u>'''....''childless'' |- | ''-free'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''yom<u>uka</u>'''....''ice-free''<br> '''vyos<u>oya</u>'''....''error-free'' |- | ''-safe<br> -proof'' || free<br> not subject to || '''-vaka''' || '''mil<u>vaka</u>'''....''water<u>proof</u>'' |} == Forming Adverbs == : Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix '''a''', in other words, by adding a '''y''' to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''fi<u>a</u>'''....''good'' || '''fi<u>ay</u>'''....''well'' |- | '''vya<u>a</u>'''....''true'' || '''vya<u>ay</u>'''....''truly'' |- | '''gyu<u>a</u>'''....''easy'' || '''gyu<u>ay</u>'''....''easily'' |- | '''ig<u>a</u>'''....''quick'' || '''ig<u>ay</u>'''....''quickly'' |- | '''aut<u>a</u>'''....''personal'' || '''aut<u>ay</u>'''....''personally'' |} : For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example: ::* '''It tyoyape <u>ig</u>.'''....''He walks <u>fast</u>.'' ::* '''Yit xa has <u>fi</u>.'''....''They did it <u>well</u>.'' === Special Adverbs === : Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in '''-ay'''. : Here are the principal such adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Special Adverbs |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''vay'''||''indeed, really, certainly, do'' (cf. '''va'''....''yes'') |- | '''vey'''||''possibly, may, might'' (cf. '''ve'''....''maybe'') |- | '''voy'''||''not'' (cf. '''vo'''....''no'') |- | '''ga'''||''more'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gay'''||''also, moreover, further, still'' |- | '''ge'''||''as, equally'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gey'''||''even'' |- | '''go'''||''less'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''goy'''||''no longer, no more'' |- | '''gla'''||''very'' |- | '''glay'''||''quite, rather, so'' |- | '''gle'''||''so'' |- | '''glo'''||''not very, not so'' |- | '''gra'''||''too'' |- | '''gre'''||''enough, sufficiently, over-'' |- | '''gro'''||''not...enough, inadequately, under-'' |- | '''gwa'''||''most, super-'' |- | '''gwe'''||''average'' |- | '''gwo'''||''least, sub-'' |- | '''zay'''||''ahead, forward'' |- | '''zey'''||''across'' |- | '''zoy'''||''back'' |- | '''zye'''||''through'' |- | '''zya'''||''throughout'' |} : The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow: ::* AFFIRMATIVE: '''Va, at <u>vay</u> se taduwa.'''....''Yes, I am <u>indeed</u> married.'' ::* DUBITIVE: '''Iyta dud se <u>vey</u> vyosa.'''....''Her response is <u>possibly</u> wrong.'' ::* NEGATIVE: '''At <u>voy</u> se eta yuxrut.'''....''I am <u>not</u> your slave.'' : The adverbs above beginning with '''g''' are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb: ::* '''Et se <u>gla</u> via.'''....''You are <u>very</u> beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].'' ::* '''Et peya <u>gra</u> ig.'''....''You were going <u>too</u> fast [=ADVERB].'' ::* '''It <u>gra</u> dale.'''....''He talks [=VERB] <u>too</u> much.'' : Adverbs can be combined with prepositions to form compound prepositions. If the adverbs ends in '''b''' and the preposition following it begins in '''b''', they are joined together with a single '''b'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Compound Prepositions |- ! Special Adverb !! Example |- | '''yab'''....''up'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yabu''' || '''Ha pat papa <u>yabu</u> ha mam.'''....''The bird flew <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yobu'''|| '''Teaxu <u>yobu</u> ha mel.'''....''Look <u>down to</u> the ground.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yobi''' || '''Upu <u>yobi</u> ha abmas!'''....''Come <u>down from</u> the roof!'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yubi''' || '''Besu <u>yubi</u> ha mas.'''....''Stay <u>near (from)</u> the wall.'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yibi''' || '''Ha tobi igpia <u>yibi</u> ha yovbyokam.'''....''The people ran <u>far from</u> the prison.'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in, inward, inside'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yebu''' || '''Kyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa <u>yebu</u>ha tam!'''....''Guess who just walked <u>into</u> the house!'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out, outside'' + '''zye'''....''through'' || '''It tyoyapa <u>oyeb zye</u> ha zames.'''....''He walked <u>out</u> through the front door.'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>iz bu</u> hat.'''....''Go <u>right up to</u> him.'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''ub'''....''toward''|| '''Uzpu <u>zi ub</u> yat!'''....''Turn <u>right toward</u> us!'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Hat uzpa <u>zu ib</u> at.'''....''He turned <u>left away from</u> me.'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>zay bu</u> ha uj.'''....''Go <u>on to</u> the end.'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Upu <u>zoy bi</u> hua nem.'''....''Come <u>back from</u> that place.'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' + '''bay'''....''with'' || '''Van yat tyopu <u>yan bay</u> ha hyuti.'''....''Let's walk <u>together with</u> the others.'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Ha meri kyapeye <u>yon bi </u> hyuisi.'''....''The planets are drifting <u>apart from</u> one another.'' |} === Pro-adverbs === : There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as '''''pro-adverbs'''''. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like '''duhom?''' (''where?''), '''duhoyen?''' (''how?''), '''duhoj?''' (''when?''), '''duhogla''' (''to what extent?''), and their answers, such as '''hum''' (''there''), '''heyen''' (''somehow''), and '''hyoj''' (''never''), '''hugla''' (''so, to that extent''). These words are discussed under the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners|Deictic Determiners]]. == Forming Verbs == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech: ::* Noun stems ::* Adjective stems ::* Verb stems === Forming Verbs from Nouns === : Verbs can sometimes be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix '''er''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Denominal Verb Derivation |- ! Noun !! Verb |- | '''ak'''....''a gain'' || '''aker'''....''to win'' |- | '''af'''....''permission'' || '''afer'''....''may, be allowed'' |- | '''teud'''....''cry, shout'' || '''teuder'''....''to cry, shout, exclaim'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''tajer'''....''to be born'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tejer'''....''to live'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''tojer'''....''to die'' |- | '''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejer'''....''to continue'' |- | '''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijer'''....''to begin'' |- | '''uj'''....''end'' || '''ijer'''....''to end'' |- | '''yuj'''....''sleep'' || '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' |} === Verb Formants === : More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such '''''verb formants''''' are in this chart: :* '''-ser'''....''to be/become'' usually intransitive and stative (''unite'' = ''become one'') ::* '''-sler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-srer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-xer'''....''to do/make'' usually transitive and dynamic (''unite'' = ''make one'') ::* '''-xler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-xrer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-per'''....''to go'' usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (''mount'' = ''get onto'') ::* '''-pler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-prer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ber'''....''to put'' usually transitive and a verb of gesture (''apply'' = ''put onto'') ::* '''-bler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-brer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ier''' a stub from the verb '''bier'''....''to take'', usually an action verb benefiting the agent (''eat'' = ''take food'') :* '''-uer''' a stub from the verb '''buer'''....''to give'', usually an action verb benefiting the patient (''feed'' = ''give food'') :* '''-der'''....''to say'', a verb of communication (''affirm'' = ''say yes'') :* '''-drer'''....''to write'' :* '''-ter'''....''to know'', verbs of the perception and knowledge ('''teater''' = ''see'') :: Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids '''l''' or '''r''', eg.'''sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Verb Formants |- ! Noun !! Auxiliary Verb Or Verb Stub Formant !! Verb |- | '''yav'''....''innocence'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''yavder'''....''to acquit'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''yovaber'''....''to shame, accuse'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''yovober'''....''to excuse, exculpate'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''tofaber'''....''to dress, don'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''tofober'''....''to undress, strip'' |- | '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''detser'''....''to associate'' |- | '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''datxer'''....''to befriend'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''sanser'''....''to form (intransitive)'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''sanxer'''....''to form (transitive)'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''telier'''....''to eat, consume'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed, nourish'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tajber'''....''to give birth'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tejper'''....''to come alive'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tejber'''....''to bring to life'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tojber'''....''to kill'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tijper'''....''to wake up'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tijber'''....''to awaken'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''taxier'''....''to recall'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''yev'''....''justice'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''vyan'''....''truth'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyander'''....''to tell the truth'' |- | '''vyon'''....''falsehood'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyonder'''....''to tell a lie'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aker'''....''to gain'' || '''ilaker'''....''to take on liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' || '''iloker'''....''to leak, lose liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ilier'''....''to soak up'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour, water'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikser'''....''to get full'' || '''ilikser'''....''to be soaked'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikxer'''....''to fill up'' || '''ilikxer'''....''to flood, soak'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukser'''....''to become empty'' || '''ilukser'''....''to drain'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukxer'''....''to empty'' || '''ilukxer'''....''to flush'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''ilser'''....''to liquify, melt'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''ilxer'''....''to liquify, melt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''ilaber'''....''to wash'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aper'''....''to get on'' || '''ilaper'''....''to float'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''ilper'''....''to flow'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' || '''ilzyaber'''....''to spray, shower'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyober'''....''to squeeze'' || '''ilzyober'''....''to squirt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''pyexer'''....''to strike'' || '''ilpyexer'''....''to splash (with liquid)'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''yujer'''....''to close'' || '''ilyujer'''....''to plug'' |} : Note that verbs ending in '''-ser''' and '''-ier''' are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in '''-xer''' and '''-uer''' are transitive. Also, '''-ier''' verbs are subject-directed, while '''-uer''' verbs are object-directive or causative (making someone do something). === Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser === : The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with '''-xer'''....''to do, make, cause'', and the intransitive group with '''-ser'''....''to be, become''. : The following chart shows how these verbs are formed: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aza'''....''strong'' || '''azaxer'''....''fortify, strengthen, make strong'' || '''azaser'''....''get strong'' |- | '''oza'''....''week'' || '''ozaxer'''....''weaken'' || '''ozaser'''....''grow weaker'' |- | '''kyia'''....''heavy'' || '''kyiaxer'''....''weigh down'' || '''kyiaser'''....''grow heavy'' |- | '''kyua'''....''light'' || '''kyuaxer'''....''lighten, make lighter'' || '''kyuaser'''....''get lighter'' |- | '''yana'''....''together'' || '''yanaxer'''....''bring together'' || '''yanaser'''....''get together'' |} : The final adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the '''a''' makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agaxer'''....''magnify'' || '''agaser'''....''get big'' |- | || '''agxer'''....''grow'' || '''agxer'''....''grow up, mature'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iga'''....''fast'' || '''igaxer'''....''accelerate'' || '''igaser'''....''speed up'' |- | || '''igxer'''....''rush'' || '''igser'''....''hurry up'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''baka'''....''healthy'' || '''bakaxer'''....''make healthy'' || '''bakaser'''....''get healthy'' |- | || '''bakxer'''....''heal'' || '''bakser'''....''heal'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''sana'''....''formal'' || '''sanaxer'''....''formalize'' || '''sanaser'''....''become formal'' |- | || '''sanxer'''....''form, shape'' || '''sanser'''....''form, take shape'' |} === Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per === : Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb '''ber'''....''to put'', while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb '''per'''....''to go''. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in '''b''', the '''b''' is dropped. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Ber and Per |- ! Preposition<br>Base !! Transitive Gesture Verb !! Intransitive Motion Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply, put on'' || '''aper'''....''mount, get on'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove, take off'' || '''oper'''....''dismount, get off'' |- | '''ib'''....''away'' || '''iber'''....''receive'' || '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''send'' || '''uper'''....''come'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yeber'''....''insert''<br>'''oyeber'''....''take out'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''<br>'''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''lower'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''move away'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- ! !! !! |- |- | '''za'''....''front'' || '''zaber'''....''put up front'' || '''zaper'''....''take the lead'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''zayber'''....''advance'' || '''zayper'''....''advance, go forward'' |- | '''ze'''....''middle'' || '''zeber'''....''balance'' || '''zeper'''....''balance'' |- | '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zeyber'''....''take across, transfer'' || '''zeyper'''....''cross, go over, transit'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zober'''....''hinder'' || '''zoper'''....''trail, lag'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoyber'''....''set back, return'' || '''zoyper'''....''retreat, go back, return'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izber'''....''guide'' || '''izper'''....''aim for'' |- | '''uz'''....''crooked'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''turn, diverge'' |- |- '''zi'''....''right'' || '''ziber'''....''set to the right'' || '''ziper'''....''go right'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuber'''....''set to the left'' || '''zuper'''.... ''go left'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''take beyond'' || '''yizper'''....''pass by'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''take around'' || '''yuzper'''....''go around'' |} ==== Deriving Further Verbs of Gesture and Motion ==== : More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of '''ser''' and '''xer''', plus the intensifiers '''y''', '''l''' and '''r'''. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial '''p''' is a more semantically intense version of '''b'''. Also the verb endings '''-sler''' and '''-srer''' and more intense versions of the intransitive ending '''-ser''', while '''-xler''' and '''-xrer''' and more intense version of the transitve ending '''-xer'''. Verbs ending in '''-ler''' and '''-rer''' are transitive voice by nature, '''-rer''' being more semantically intense. Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating More Elaborate Verbs |- ! colspan="2"| Gesture Verb !! colspan="2"| Motion Verb |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | -- ||'''ber'''....''put'' <br>'''beer'''....''have'' <br>'''beler'''....''carry'' <br>'''bexer'''....''hold'' <br>'''bexler'''....''keep'' | '''per'''....''go''||-- |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press''<br>'''yanbaler'''....''compress''<br>'''yobaler'''....''depress, suppress''<br>'''yuzbaler'''....''hug''<br>'''zoybaler'''....''repress''<br>'''barer'''....''crush'' ||'''paer'''....''hover'' || |- |'''baser'''....''gesticulate'' || '''baxer'''....''make a gesture''<br>'''abaxer'''....''caress, pat'' || '''paser'''....''move''||'''paxer'''....''move'' |- |'''byaser'''....''stand up'' || '''byaxer'''....''set up, erect'' || '''pyaser'''....''jump up'' || '''pyaxer'''....''shoot, launch'' |- |'''basler'''....''budge'' || '''baxler'''....''rouse''<br>'''abaxler'''....''stroke'' || '''paaser'''....''get excited'' || '''paaxer'''....''excite''<br>'''apaxler'''....''sweep'' |- |'''basrer'''....''shake'' || '''baxrer'''....''shake''<br>'''abaxrer'''....''rub'' || || '''apaxrer'''....''scrub'' |- ! !! !! !! |- |'''beser'''....''stay'' || '''bexer'''....''hold''<br>'''zoybexer'''....''restrain''<br>'''yobexer'''....''detain, hold down'' || '''peser'''....''wait'' || '''pexer'''....''trap''<br>'''pexler'''....''capture''<br>'''pexrer'''....''abduct'' |- |'''byeser'''....''behave''|| '''byexer'''....''hit'' || '''pyeser'''....''run into, bump into''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike, knock''<br>'''yonpyexer'''....''break''<br>'''yopyexer'''....''knock down''<br>'''epyexer'''....''fight''<br>'''apyexer'''....''attack''<br>'''ovpyexer'''....''offend''<br>'''kunpyexer'''....''sideswipe''<br>'''tuyapyexer'''....''slap'' |- |'''besler'''....''adhere'' || '''bexler'''....''retain''|| || '''pyexler'''....''pound, beat''<br>'''apyexler'''....''assault''<br>'''yonpexler'''....''shatter, burst'' |- | || || '''yanpyesrer'''....''implode''<br>'''yonpyesler'''....''explode'' || '''pyexler'''....''blast, bomb'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''boser'''....''calm down''<br>'''boyser'''....''rest'' || '''boxer'''....''quieten, quell'' || '''poser'''....''stop''<br>'''poyser'''....''pause'' || '''poxer'''....''stop'' |- | '''byoser'''....''hang'' || '''byoxer'''....''hang'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall''<br>'''yonpyoser'''....''decay'' || '''pyoxer'''....''drop, throw down''<br>'''yopyoxer'''....''topple''<br> |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''biser'''....''originate'' || '''bixer'''....''pull''<br>'''yanbixer'''....''contract''<br>'''yonbixer'''....''distract''<br>'''yubixer'''....''attract''<br>'''yibixer'''....''distract''<br>'''oyebixer'''....''extract''<br>'''yebixer'''....''push in'' || || '''pixer'''....''catch'' |- |'''bisler'''....''spring'' || '''bixler'''....''yank''<br>'''bixrer'''....''ravage'' || || '''pixler'''....''snatch''<br>'''pixrer'''....''rape'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''buser'''....''be destined'' || '''buxer'''....''push, drive''<br>'''zyobuxer'''....''squeeze''<br>'''yebuxer'''....''expel''<br>'''abuxer'''....''impose'' || '''apuser'''....''assault'' || '''puxer'''....''throw, thrust'' |- |'''byuser'''....''bump into'' || '''byuxer'''....''touch''<br>'''yanbyuxer'''....''contact'' ||'''pyuser'''....''run into'' || '''pyuxer'''....''crash'' |- |'''busler'''....''swoop'' || '''buxler'''....''shove'' || '''pusler'''....''lunge, pounce'' || '''puxler'''....''thrust''<br>'''zyapuxler'''....''splatter'' |} === Deriving New Verbs with Prefixes === : Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb '''baxer''' (and its intransitive partner '''baser''') as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Baxer Verbs |- ! Prefix !! Verb |- ! colspan=2 | '''baxer'''....''gesture, make a bodily motion'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abaxer'''....''caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izbaxer'''....''point'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tebaxer'''....''nod'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' || '''vatebaxer'''....''nod yes'' |- | '''vo'''....''no'' || '''votebaxer'''....''nod no'' |- | '''ve'''....''maybe'' || '''vetebaxer'''....''shrug'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''tuyabaxer'''....''wave'' |- | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''tubaxer'''....''flail, swing'' |- | '''teubab'''....''tongue'' || '''teubabaxer'''....''lick'' |- | '''teab'''....''eye'' || '''teubaxer'''....''wink'' |- | '''patub'''....''wing'' || '''patubaxer'''....''flap'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''tail'' || '''tiyubaxer'''....''wag'' |- ! colspan=2 | '''baser'''....''gesticulate'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igbaser'''....''jerk'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''igzaybaser'''....''lurch'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoybaser'''....''recoil'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobaser'''....''bow, bend down'' |- | '''ku-'''....''side'' || '''kubaser'''....''slide'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igkubaser'''....''slip'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' + '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uizbaser'''....''sway, swagger, swish'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle, wobble, totter'' |} === Forming Frequentative Verbs === : A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by prefixing the syllable '''je-''' to the verb. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ The -eg- Frequentative Infix |- ! Regular Verb !! Frequantative Verb |- | '''paser'''....''move'' || '''jepaser'''....''shake, shudder'' |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump'' || '''jepyaser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''paper'''....''fly'' || '''jepaper'''....''flutter, flit'' |- | '''braser'''....''shake'' || '''jebraser'''....''shudder, quiver, vibrate'' |- | '''teupixer'''....''bite'' || '''jeteupiger'''....''nibble'' |- | '''ilzyaber'''....''spray'' || '''jeilzyaber'''....''sprinkle'' |- | '''pyexer'''....''beat'' || '''jepyexer'''....''batter, whip'' |} === Forming Hybrid Words === : Expressions with alternating components like ''back-and-forth'', ''up-and-down'', etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Words |- ! Alternative Components !! Hybrid Expression !! Examples |- | '''yab'''....''up'' +<br>'''yob'''....''down'' || '''yao(b)-'''....''up-and-down'' || '''yaoper'''....''fluctuate'', '''yaopuser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''a-'''....''up, north, skyward'' +<br>'''o-'''....''down, south'' || '''ao-'''....''vertical'' || '''aonada'''....''vertical'', '''aonab'''....''column'' |- | '''za(y)'''....''forth, north'' +<br>'''zo(y)'''....''back, south'' || '''zao(b)-'''....''front-back/north-to-south'' || '''zaobaser'''....''rock'', '''zaomera'''....''north/south'' |- |- '''zu'''....''left/west'' +<br>'''zi'''....''right/east'' || '''zui(b)-'''....''right-to-left/east-to-west'' || '''zuinada'''....''horizontal'', '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle'', '''zuimera'''....''east/west'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' +<br>'''bi'''....''from'' || '''bui-'''....''to-and-from'' || '''buipar'''....''shuttle'', '''buipop'''....''round-trip'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' +<br>'''ob'''....''off'' || '''ao(b)-'''....''on-and-off'' || '''aoper'''....''get on and off'' |- | '''yuj-'''....''closed'' +<br>'''yij-'''....''open'' || '''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut'' || '''yuijbar'''....''switch'', '''igyuijer'''....''blink'' |- | '''uj-'''....''stop'' +<br>'''ij-'''....''start'' || '''uij-'''....''stop-and-start'' || '''uijparpan'''....''stop-and-go traffic'' |- | '''(a)yeb'''....''in'' +<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''aoye(b)-'''....''in-and-out'' || '''igaoyeper'''....''run in-and-out'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' +<br>'''yib'''....''far'' || '''yui(b)-'''....''near-and-far'' || '''yuipoper'''....''travel near-and-far'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' +<br>'''ib'''....''away'' || '''ui(b)-'''....''toward-and-away'' || '''uipen'''....''coming and going'' |- | '''hum'''....''there'' +<br>'''him'''....''here'' || '''huim'''....''here-and-there'' || '''huimkexer'''....''search high-and-low (here-and-there)'' |- | '''hus'''....''that'' +<br>'''his'''....''this'' || '''huis'''....''this-and-that'' || '''huisyexer'''....''do odd jobs, work at this-or-that'' |- | '''hyut'''....''other person'' +<br>'''hyit'''....''same person'' || '''hyuit'''....''one another'' || '''hyuitifer'''....''love one another'', '''hyuita'''....''mutual, reciprocal'' |} : Here are some more examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ More Hybrids ! Hybrid Word !! English Gloss !! Alternating Components |- |'''aogsen'''||'' fluctuation (in size) ''|| '''ag-''' (''big'') + '''og-''' (''little'') + '''s-''' (''become'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''aonada'''||''vertical ''|| '''a-''' (''up/north'') + '''o-''' (''down/south'') + '''nad''' (''line'') + '''-a''' (''adj.'') |- |'''aopuys'''||'' hop-on-hop-off ''|| '''a(p)-''' (''on'') + '''o(p)-''' (''off'') + '''puys-''' (''hop'') |- |'''buien'''||'' trading, swapping ''|| '''bu-''' (''give'') + '''bi-''' (''trake'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''buip'''||'' traffic ''|| '''bu-''' (''to'') + '''bi-''' (''from'') + '''p-''' (''go'') |- |'''buixar'''||''spring''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix''' (''pull'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''buixek'''||'' tug-o-war ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- |'''buixnyem'''||'' drawer ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''nyem''' (''box'') |- |'''byaosen'''||'' teetering, stumbling ''|| '''byas-''' (''stand'') + '''byos-''' (''fall'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''diep'''||'' marine force ''|| '''dip''' (''sea force'') + '''dep''' (''land force'') |- |'''duid'''||'' q&a, interview ''|| '''dud''' (''answer'') + '''did''' (''question'') |- |'''eigpyexer''' || ''batter, whip'' || '''eg-''' (''again'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') + '''pyexer''' (''to hit'') |- |'''gao'''||'' more-or-less ''|| '''ga''' (''more'') + '''go''' (''less'') |- |'''glaojo'''||'' sooner or later ''|| '''gla''' (''very'') + '''glo''' (''slightly'') + '''jo''' (''after'') |- | '''huimkexer''' || ''search here and there'' || '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-m''' (''place'') + '''kex''' (''search'') + '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''huis'''||'' this-and-that ''|| '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-s''' (''thing'') |- |'''hyuit'''||'' one another ''|| '''hyu-''' (''other'') + '''hyi-''' (''same'') + '''-t''' (''person'') |- |'''kyaopen'''||'' fluctuation ''|| '''kya-''' (''mobile'') + '''kyo''' (''static'') + '''-pen''' (''going'') |- |'''maluier'''||'' breathe ''|| '''mal-''' (''air'') + '''u-''' (''let out'') + '''i-''' (''take in'') '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''maojyex'''||'' double-shift work ''|| '''maj''' (''day'') + '''moj''' (''night'') + '''yex''' (''work'') |- |'''maonig'''||'' flicker ''|| '''man''' (''light'') + '''mon''' (''dark'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') |- |'''maolza'''||'' black&white/gray ''|| '''malza''' (''white'') + '''molza''' (''black'') |- |'''meil'''||'' mud ''|| '''mel''' (''soil'') + '''mil''' (''water'') |- |'''memuiben'''||'' import-exports ''|| '''mem''' (''country'') + '''ub-''' (''send'') + '''ib-''' (''receive'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''mial'''||'' vapor ''|| '''mil''' (''water'') + '''mal''' (''air'') |- |'''mieg'''||'' reef ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-g''' (''stone'') |- |'''miek'''||'' sand ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-k''' (''rocky substance'') |- |'''miem'''||'' swamp ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''mem''' (''land'') |- |'''mimpuin'''||'' dock ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''mimpyaos'''||'' surf ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''sink'') |- |'''mimuip'''||'' tide ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip-''' (''go'') |- |'''peit'''||'' amphibian ''|| '''pet''' (''land animal'') + '''pit''' (''sea creature'') |- |'''puim'''||'' kiss-and-ride zone''|| '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''puixek'''||'' baseball ''|| '''pux-''' (''pitch'') + '''pix-''' (''catch'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- | '''pyaos''' || ''wave'' || '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''crest'') |- |'''teabyuij'''||'' blink ''|| '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') |- |'''tuijea'''||'' nodding off ''|| '''tuj-''' (''sleep'') + '''tij''' (''wake'') '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''uijdal'''||'' stutter ''|| '''uj-''' (''finish'') + '''ij-''' (''start'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''uipeni'''||'' comings & goings ''|| '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip''' (''go'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') + '''-i''' (''pl.'') |- |'''uiza'''||'' serpentine, snaky ''|| '''uza''' (''crooked'') + '''iza''' (''straight'') |- |'''vao?'''||'' yes or no? ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') |- |'''vaod'''||'' decision ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') + '''d-''' (''say'') |- |'''yaobar'''||'' elevator ''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaobyuijar'''||''piston''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open '') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaoplas'''||''oscillation''|| '''yap-''' (''up'') + '''yop-''' (''down'') + '''plas''' (''shake'') |- |'''yaopsim'''||''seesaw''|| '''yap-''' (''ascend'') + '''yop-''' (''descend'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''yaopus'''||''bounce''|| ya(''b'')'''-''' (''up'') + yo(''b'')'''-''' (''down'') + '''pus''' (''jump'') |- |'''yaovdut'''||''juror''|| '''yav-''' (''innocent'') + '''yov-''' (''guilty'') + '''d-''' (''say'') + '''-ut''' (''agent'') |- |'''yaoza'''||''uneven, bumpy, serrated''|| '''yaza''' (''convex'') + '''yoza''' (''concave'') |- |'''yaozgoblar'''||''saw''|| '''yaz''' (''protrusion '') + '''yoz''' (''indentation'') + '''gobl-''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaozil'''||''wave''|| '''yaz''' (''swell'') + '''yoz''' (''trough'') + '''-il''' (''liquid'') |- |'''yuibteabar'''||''bifocals''|| '''yub''' (''near'') + '''yib''' (''far'') + '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yuijar'''||'' valve, switch''|| '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaobelur'''||''ferry''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''bel-''' (''carry'') + '''-ur''' (''vehicle'') |- |'''zaobyexar'''||''swatter, bat''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''byex-''' (''strike'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaodal'''||''dialog''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''zaogoblar'''||''saw''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''gobl''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaokyax'''||''alternation''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''kyax''' (''change'') |- |'''zaopasen'''||''swinging''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo-''' (''back'') + '''pasen''' (''moving'') |- |'''zaopsim'''||''swing or rocker''|| '''zap-''' (''go forth'') + '''zap''' (''go back'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''zuibasen'''||''wiggling''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bas-''' (''move bodily'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuibayx'''||''wag''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bayx-''' (''slight body move'') |- |'''zuibyoxea'''||''dangling''|| '''zu''' (''left'') + '''zi''' (''right'') + '''byox-''' (''hang down'') + '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuiyafa'''||''ambidextrous''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''yafa''' (''capable'') |- |'''zyaobas'''||''throb''|| '''zya-''' (''wide'') + '''zyo-''' (''narrow'') + '''bas''' (''bodily movement'') |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Acronyms and Abbreviations|Word Families}}</noinclude> rf9mnd0cvvv5o6x3jv6lt79fn7u93go 4635636 4635630 2026-05-13T19:28:15Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Flower Parts */ 4635636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right|limit=3}} == Introduction == : In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels. : The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of '''''base words''''' and '''''derived words'''''. : The vocabulary is built on '''''base words''''', that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by: ::* The meaning of each letter of the word. ::* The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: ''fixed'' vs. ''variable''. ::* How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language. ::* The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about). ::* The logic of its composition. ::* The mnemonic associations this word suggests. : The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called '''''vocabulary-building rules''''', which are spelled out below. == Base Words == : '''''Base words''''' are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups: ::* Group 1:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''nouns''''' ::* Group 2:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs'''''. == Base words of Group 1 == : Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters: :::* The first, a consonant called the '''''classifier''''' :::* The second, a vowel called the '''''ordinal''''' :::* The third, a consonant called the '''''generic''''' These words can be thought of as noun templates. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Base Word Composition |- ! Classifier !! Ordinal !! Generic !! Meaning |- | '''t''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''man'' |- | '''d''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''society'' |- | '''p''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''animal'' |- | '''f''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''plant'' |} == Base words of Group 2 == : Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as '''-er''' (verb infinitive marker) or '''-a''' (adjective marker): ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words | '''b-'''....''put'' || '''p-'''....''go'' |- | '''s-'''....''be'' || '''x-'''....''do'' |- | '''d-'''....''say'' || '''t-'''....''know'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ob'''....''off'' |- |'''bu'''....''to'' || '''bi'''....''from'' |- |'''if-'''....''love'' || '''uf-'''....''hate'' |- |'''fi-'''....''good'' || '''fu-'''....''bad'' |- |'''va'''....''yes'' || '''vo'''....''no'' |- |'''vya-'''^*....''true'' || '''vyo-'''....''false'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''o'''....''zero'' |} : *<small> As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include glided vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides '''y''' or '''w'''. So, for purposes here, '''ya''', '''ye''', '''yi''', '''yo''', '''yu''', '''wa''', and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "glided vowels".</small> == Consonants and Their Meanings == : The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Consonants and Their Meanings |- ! Consonant !! Group 1 Classifier !! Group 1 Generic !! Group 2 Classifier !! In Numbers |- | '''b''' || organ, health || organism || gesture, position || |- | '''d''' || society || family || communicating || |- | '''f''' || vegetation || textile, clothing || volition, attributes || |- | '''g''' || -- || measurement || quantity, attributes || |- | '''j''' || time || time || time || |- | '''k''' || -- || health || change, risk, attributes || |- | '''l''' || -- || element, food, liquid, nature || -- || '''l''' = ten |- | '''m''' || nature || place, building, furniture || temperature, light || '''ml''' = million<br>'''mr''' = billion |- | '''n''' || commerce || -- || -- || |- | '''p''' || animal, vehicle || motion || movement || |- | '''r''' || -- || tool, machine, cosmos || -- || '''r''' = thousand |- | '''s''' || form, image, furniture || thing || being, form, thing || '''s''' = hundred |- | '''t''' || human, body || person, animal || intelligence, knowing || |- | '''v''' || plant, color || linen || truth, attributes || |- | '''x''' || action || -- || action, doing, making || |- | '''z''' || -- || precious, art || spatial, attributes || |} : The following consonants functions rather than, or in addition to, semantic values: ::* '''l''' and '''r''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: '''baer'''....''to lean'', '''baler'''....''to press'', '''barer'''....''to crush''; ::* '''y''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''voa'''....''negative'' -> '''vyoa'''....''false'', or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''ama'''....''hot'' -> '''ayma'''....''warm''. ::* '''h''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Used functionally only in certain interjections like '''hoy'''....''goodbye'' and determiners like '''his'''....''this'', and has no semantic value. ::* '''w''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. '''tob'''....''person'' -> '''twob'''....''man'', or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. '''uber'''....''to send'' -> '''ubwer'''....''to be sent'', or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. '''awa'''....''one'', or 4) sometimes to substitute for '''y''' when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. '''jwo'''....''late'', instead of '''jyo'''. ::* '''n''':&nbsp;&nbsp; In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in '''ana'''....''only'', or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as '''fian'''....''goodness'' from '''fia'''....''good'', or from a verb, such '''axnen'''....''behaving'' from '''axner'''....''to behave''. == Vowels and Their Meanings == : Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types: ::* meronymic ::* hierarchical ::* geo-specific ::* oppositional/polar ::* vectorial ::* directional and positional ::* special === Ordinal Vowel Values === :: The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with '''y''' are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Vowels|Vowels]]. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Numeric Values of Vowels |- ! Ordinal Vowel !! '''o''' !! '''a''' !! '''e''' !! '''i''' !! '''u''' !! '''yo''' !! '''ya''' !! '''ye''' !! '''yi''' !! '''yu''' |- !row=1| Cardinal Number | 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 |} === Meronymic Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|meronymic}}''''' series. (This gradation can also be called '''''taxonomic'''''. The top element, or hypernym, has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are hyponyms or meronyms (= parts of the whole), and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. '''T<u>a</u>b''' (''body'') is the first meronym of '''t<u>o</u>b''' (''human being''), the hypernym or zeroth element. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Meronymic Series |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=7| Meronymic or Taxonomic |- ! 0 | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''fob'''....''plant'' || '''vob'''....''crop''|| '''mos'''....''floor''||'''som'''....''furniture''||'''tom'''....''building''||'''job'''....''time'' |- ! 1 | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''fab'''....''tree'' || '''vab'''....''grass''|| '''mas'''....''wall''||'''sam'''....''chest of drawers''||'''tam'''....''house''||'''jab'''....''year'' |- ! 2 | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''feb'''....''fruit'' || '''veb'''....''tuft''|| '''mes'''....''door''||'''sem'''....''table''||'''tem'''....''hall''||'''jeb'''....''season'' |- ! 3 | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''fib'''....''trunk'' || '''vib'''....''stalk''|| '''mis'''....''window''||'''sim'''....''chair''||'''tim'''....''room''||'''jib'''....''month'' |- ! 4 | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''fub'''....''branch'' || '''vub'''....''shoot''||'''mus'''....''stairs''||'''sum'''....''bed''||'''tum'''....''closet''||'''jub'''....''day'' |- ! 5 | '''tyob'''....''leg'' || '''fyob'''....''root'' || '''vyob'''....''tuber''|| || || ||'''jwob'''^*....''hour'' |- ! 6 | || || || || || ||'''jwab'''^*....''minute'' |- ! 7 | || || || || || ||'''jweb'''^*....''second'' |} * The letter '''w''' replaces the letter '''y''' following a '''j''', for ease of pronunciation. : The words that descend from the base word are called '''''meronyms'''''. A hypernym is a word that is higher in scale. === Hierarchical Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|hierarchical}}''''' series where the top element has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hierarchical Vowel Gradation |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=4| Hierarchy |- ! 0 | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''dot'''....''society'' || '''tod'''....''family''||'''xob'''....''organization'' |- ! 1 | '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''tad'''....''spouse''||'''xab'''....''staff'' |- ! 2 | '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ted'''....''parent''||'''xeb'''....''boss'' |- ! 3 | '''dib'''....''ministry'' || '''dit'''....''citizen'' ||'''tid'''....''sibling''||'''xib'''....''department'' |- ! 4 | '''dub'''....''minister'' || '''dut'''....''gentleman'' || '''tud'''....''child''||'''xub'''....''branch'' |} === Geo-specific Vowel Gradation === : Ordinals can have '''''{{color|blue|geo-specific}}''''' values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Geo-specific Vowel Values |- ! Ordinal ! Geo-sphere ! colspan=7| Examples |- | align=center | '''o''' || ''outer space, top level'' || '''m<u>o</u>p'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''outer space''|| '''mol'''....''nature''||'''dop'''....''military''||'''pop'''....''voyage''||'''mol'''....''nature''||'''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- | align=center | '''a''' || ''air, gas, sky'' || '''m<u>a</u>p'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' ||'''mal'''....''air''||'''dap'''....''air force''||'''pap'''....''flight''||'''mal'''....''wind''||'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | align=center | '''e''' || ''ground, soil, solid'' || '''m<u>e</u>p'''....''road'' || '''mem'''....''land''|| '''mel'''....''soil''||'''dep'''....''army''||'''pep'''....''ride''||'''mel'''....''soil''||'''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' |- | align=center | '''i''' || ''liquid'', ''water'', ''sea'' || '''m<u>i</u>p'''....''river'' || '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''mil'''....''water''||'''dip'''....''marines''|| '''pip'''....''navigation/sail''||'''mil'''....''water''||'''pit'''....''fish'' |- | align=center | '''u''' || ''underground'', ''mineral'', ''substance'' || '''m<u>u</u>p'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || '''mul'''....''mineral''|| ||'''pup'''....''tunneling''||'''mul'''....''matter''|| |} === Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation === : The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation |- ! Order || Mirad !! English |- | 0 || '''olza'''¹ || ''blank, of no color'' |- | 1 || '''alza''' || ''red'' |- | 2 || '''elza''' || ''orange'' |- | 3 || '''ilza''' || ''yellow'' |- | 4 || '''ulza''' || ''green'' |- | 5 || '''yolza''' || ''blue'' |- | 6 || '''yalza''' || ''purple'' |- | 7 || '''yelza''' || ''indigo'' |} {{small/top}} : 1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order. {{small/end}} : The colors black and white are: :* '''malza'''....''white'' :* '''molza'''....''black'' : Some colors are hybrids of two colors: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hybrid Colors |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''aolza''' || ''pink'' (a blend of ''blank'' and ''red'') |- | '''youlza''' || ''blue-green'' |- | '''maolza''' || ''gray'' (a blend of ''black'' and ''white'') |} : The word for ''brown'' is based on the word for ''soil'': :* '''melza'''....''brown'' (< '''mel'''....''soil'') : Two other colors are based on metals: :* '''agelkza'''....''silver'' (based on '''agelk'''....''silver metal'' :* '''aulkza'''....''gold'' (based on '''aulk'''....''gold metal'' === Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values === : In Group 2 stems: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Oppositional Vowel Values |- | '''a'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ya''' || intermediate || '''i'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yi''' |- | <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative || '''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ye''' || <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative |- | '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yo''' || value || '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yu''' |} ::* positive '''a''' contrasts with negative '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''av'''....''for'' vs. '''ov'''....''against'') ::* positive '''ya''' contrasts with negative '''yo'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yava'''....''innocent'' vs. '''yova'''....''guilty'') ::* positive '''i''' contrasts with negative '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''fia'''....''good'' vs. '''fua'''....''bad'') ::* positive '''yi''' contrasts with negative '''yu'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yiva'''....''free'' vs. '''yuva'''....''bound'') ::* '''e''' and '''ye''' are in-between values&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''eva'''....''neutral'', '''yeva'''....''fair'') ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation |- ! positive !! intermediate !! negative |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''ega'''....''normal'' || '''oga'''....''small'' |- | '''yava'''....''innocent'' || '''yeva'''....''just''|| '''yova'''....''guilty'' |- | '''ava'''....''for'' || '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''ova'''....''against'' |- | '''aker'''....''to win'' || '''eker'''....''to risk'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' |- | '''yak'''....''expectation'' || '''yek'''....''attempt'' || '''yok'''....''surprise'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || || '''fua'''....''bad'' |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || || '''ufer'''....''hate'' |- | '''yifa'''....''brave'' || || '''yufa'''....''afraid'' |} : Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit '''''oppositional''''' values: : The Group 1 base word '''bok''' (''illness'') is a good example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Group 1 base word with oppositional values |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- valign=top |'''bak'''....''health''||'''bek'''....''treatment''||'''bok'''....''illness'' |- |'''byak'''....''hygiene''||'''byek'''....''cure''||'''byok'''....''pain''<br>'''byoyk'''....''ache''<br>'''blok'''....''suffering''<br>'''brok'''....''agony'' |- |'''baak'''....''sanitation''|| ||'''book'''....''fatigue'' |- |'''bik'''....''care''|| ||'''buk'''....''wound''<br>'''buyk'''....''sore'' |} === Vectorial Vowel Values === : These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc. {{big/top}}&nbsp;&nbsp; ::::::'''a''' ::::::↑ ::::'''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;←&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;→&nbsp;&nbsp;'''i''' ::::::↓ ::::::'''o''' {{big/end}} :::'''a'''....''on, above, north'' ('''ab'''....''on'', '''zamer'''....''north'') :::'''e'''....''center, middle, equator'' ('''eb'''....''between'', '''ze'''....''center'') :::'''o'''....''off, below, south'' ('''ob'''....''off'', '''zomer'''....''south'') :::'''i'''....''right, east'' ('''zi'''....''right'', '''zimer'''....''east'') :::'''u'''....''left, west'' ('''zu'''....''left'', '''zumer'''....''west'') === Directional and Positional Vowel Values === {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Directional and Positional Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''z<u>a</u>mer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''b<u>a</u>er'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''<u>a</u>ber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''b<u>ya</u>er'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''<u>ya</u>ber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''z<u>o</u>mer'''....''south'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''b<u>yo</u>er'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''<u>o</u>per'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''p<u>yo</u>ser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''<u>yo</u>per'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''z<u>u</u>mer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''<u>u</u>ber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''p<u>yu</u>er'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''<u>yu</u>ber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''b<u>yu</u>ser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''z''i''mer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''p<u>i</u>er'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''<u>i</u>per'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''<u>yi</u>per'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''p<u>yi</u>ser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''z<u>e</u>mer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''<u>e</u>b'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''b<u>e</u>xer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''<u>ye</u>per'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''contain''|| '''b<u>ye</u>er'''....''contain'' |} === Special value of certain letters === : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular''. ::* '''aot'''....''person'' ::* '''anot'''....''individual'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yanber'''....''to compose'' ::* '''yonber'''....''to separate'' : The letter '''y''' is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural: ::* '''at'''....''I, me'' as opposed to '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''et'''....''you'' as opposed to '''yet'''....''you (pl.), you all'' ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''yit'''....''they, them'' ::* '''is'''....''it'' as opposed to '''yis'''....''they, them'' : The letter '''y''' is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''iyt'''....''she, her'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''toyb'''....''woman'' : The letter '''w''' is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''wit'''....''he, him'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''twob'''....''man'' === The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words === :: The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants. :: The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values. :: The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants |- ! Base Word !! Classifier Consonant !! Generic Consonant !! Scalarity Type |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''t''' = ''human'' || '''b''' = ''organism'' || meronymic |- | '''tof'''....''clothing'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''fabric'' || meronymic |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''society'' || meronymic |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place'' || meronymic |- | '''tov'''....''lingerie'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen'' || meronymic |- | '''tol'''....''nourishment'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''food'' || oppositional |- | '''top'''....''soul, spirit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''motion'' || meronymic |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''d''' = ''society'' || '''b''' = ''organism''||hierarchical |- | '''dop'''....''military'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement'' || geo-specific |- | '''dot'''....''society'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''human''|| hierarchical |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''j''' = ''time'' || '''b'''....''organism''|| hierarchical |- | '''fob'''....''vegetation'' || '''f''' = ''vegetable'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vob'''....''crop'' || '''v''' = ''plant'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vos'''....''flower'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''volz'''....''color'' || " " " || '''lz''' = ''color, art''|| spectral |- | '''som'''....''furniture'' || '''s''' = ''thing'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| meronymic |- | '''mos'''....''floor'' || '''m''' = ''place, nature'' || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''mor'''....''universe'' || " " " || '''r''' = ''machine, system''|| geo-specific |- | '''mom'''....''outer space'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''mol'''....''nature'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''substance''|| geo-specific |- | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement''|| geo-specific |- | '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''p''' = ''movement'' || '''t''' = ''human, animal''|| geo-specific |- | '''bok'''....''illness'' || '''b''' = ''organ'' || '''k''' = ''condition''|| oppositional |- | '''nom'''....''place'' || '''n''' = ''commercial'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| special |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || " " " || '''g''' = ''measurement''|| special |- | '''nof'''....''cloth'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''cloth''|| special |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen''|| special |- | '''nod'''....''point'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''communication''|| special |- | '''xob'''....''organization'' || '''x''' = ''action'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| hierarchical |} ==== Special Arrangement ==== : Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart. {| border=0 {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Other Group 1 Base Words |- valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! d- <br>communication |- | '''daz'''<br>''dance'' |- | '''dyaz'''<br>''ballet'' |- | '''dyez'''<br>''cinema'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''dez'''<br>''theater'' |- | '''diz'''<br>''comedy'' |- | '''din'''<br>''story'' |- | '''dun'''<br>''word'' |- | '''duz'''<br>''music'' |- | '''dyun'''<br>''name'' |- | '''dyan'''<br>''sentence'' |- | '''dyes'''<br>''book'' |- | '''deup'''<br>''rhythm'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! dr- <br>write |- | '''drof'''<br>''board'' |- | '''draf'''<br>''card'' |- | '''dref'''<br>''paper'' |- | '''drov'''<br>''cardboard'' |- | '''drav'''<br>''notebook'' |- | '''drev'''<br>''page'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''drar'''<br>''pencil'' |- | '''drir'''<br>''typewriter'' |- | '''drur'''<br>''printer'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! m- <br>nature |- | '''mag'''<br>''fire'' |- | '''mak'''<br>''electricity'' |- | '''mog'''<br>''ash'' |- | '''meg'''<br>''stone'' |- | '''mef'''<br>''brick'' |- | '''mug'''<br>''metal'' |- | '''muk'''<br>''mineral'' |- | '''mez'''<br>''crystal'' |- | '''mek'''<br>''dust'' |- | '''myek'''<br>''powder'' |- | '''mav'''<br>''flame'' |- | '''mov'''<br>''smoke'' |- | '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' |- | '''maj'''<br>''daytime'' |- | '''moj'''<br>''night'' |- | '''man'''<br>''light'' |- | '''maz'''<br>''shine'' |- | '''mon'''<br>''shade'' |- | '''moz'''<br>''dark'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! n- <br>commerce |- | '''naz'''<br>''value'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' |- | '''nax'''<br>''price'' |- | '''nyaz'''<br>''wealth'' |- | '''nyan'''<br>''stack'' |- | '''nox'''<br>''expense'' |- | '''nyox'''<br>''waste'' |- | '''nex'''<br>''saving'' |- | '''nyex'''<br>''storing'' |- | '''nix'''<br>''earning'' |- | '''nyix'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nux'''<br>''pay'' |- | '''nyux'''<br>''supply'' |- | '''nun'''<br>''merchandise'' |- | '''nyun'''<br>''product'' |- | '''nuz'''<br>''jewel'' |- | '''nem'''<br>''location'' |- | '''nyem'''<br>''place'' |- | '''nyeb'''<br>''box'' |- | '''nab'''<br>''row'' |- | '''nap'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nad'''<br>''line'' |- | '''nod'''<br>''point'' |- | '''ned'''<br>''plane'' |- | '''nyed'''<br>''grid'' |- | '''nyad'''<br>''chain'' |- | '''nid'''<br>''volume'' |- | '''nag'''<br>''measure'' |- | '''nak'''<br>''metric value'' |- | '''nog'''<br>''degree'' |- | '''nig'''<br>''space'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! j- <br>time |- | '''jag'''<br>''age'' |- | '''jud'''<br>''date'' |- | '''jod'''<br>''instance'' |- | '''jop'''<br>''sequence'' |- | '''jep'''<br>''process'' |- | '''jwap'''<br>''moment'' |- | '''jwep'''<br>''instant'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! s- <br>thing |- | '''sag'''<br>''number'' |- | '''saz'''<br>''sculpture'' |- | '''san'''<br>''form'' |- | '''saun'''<br>''kind'' |- | '''son'''<br>''matter (abstract)'' |- | '''sin'''<br>''image'' |- | '''siz'''<br>''painting'' |- | '''sun'''<br>''thing (concrete)'' |- | '''syan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''syen'''<br>''style'' |- | '''syin'''<br>''subject'' |- | '''syun'''<br>''object'' |- | '''sar'''<br>''instrument'' |- | '''sir'''<br>''machine'' |- | '''sor'''<br>''engine'' |- | '''sur'''<br>''motor'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! t- <br>human / knowledge |- | '''taz'''<br>''statue'' |- | '''tap'''<br>''physique'' |- | '''tep'''<br>''mind'' |- | '''top'''<br>''spirit'' |- | '''tuz'''<br>''art'' |- | '''toz'''<br>''skin color'' |- | '''tez'''<br>''culture'' |- | '''tyez'''<br>''magic'' |- | '''tin'''<br>''doctrine'' |- | '''tun'''<br>''science'' |- | '''tyan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''tyen'''<br>''skill'' |- | '''tyun'''<br>''idea'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''sensation'' |- | '''tes'''<br>''meaning'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' |- | '''tat'''<br>''angel'' |} |} === The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words === :: The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival ('''-a'''), adverbial ('''-ay'''), and verbal inflections ('''-er''', '''-ser''', '''-xer''', etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem. :: The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Stems of Group 2 Base Words |- ! Classifier Consonant !! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative |- ! rowspan=4|'''j''' <br>(''time'') | '''ja'''<br>''before'' || '''je'''<br>''during'' || '''jo'''<br>''after''||'''ji'''<br>''since'' || '''ju'''<br>''until'' |- | '''aj'''<br>''past'' || '''ej'''<br>''present'' || '''oj'''<br>''future'' || '''ij^er'''<br>''beginning/begin'' || '''uj/^er'''<br>''end/end'' |- | '''taj^er'''<br>''birth/to be born'' || '''tej^er'''<br>''life/to live'' || '''toj^er'''<br>''death/to die'' || '''tij^er'''<br>''awake state/to be awake'' || '''tuj^er'''<br>''sleep/to sleep'' |- | '''jwa'''<br>''early'' || '''jwe'''<br>''on time'' || '''jwo'''<br>''late'' || '''yij^a'''<br>''opening/open'' || '''yuj^a'''<br>''closing/closed'' |- !rowspan=4| '''g'''<br>(''measurement'') | '''ga'''<br>''more'' || '''ge'''<br>''equal'' || '''go'''<br>''less''|| '''gi'''ⁿ<br>''point'' || '''gu'''ⁿ<br>''angle'' |- | '''ag'''^a<br>''big'' || '''eg^a'''<br>''normal'' || '''og'''^a<br>''small'' || '''ig'''^a<br>''fast'' || '''ug'''^a<br>''slow'' |- | '''yag'''^a<br>''long'' || '''yeg'''^a<br>''normal'' || '''yog'''^a<br>''short'' || '''yig'''^a<br>''hard'' || '''yug'''^a<br>''soft'' |- | '''gya'''^a<br>''thick'' || '''gye'''^a<br>''enough'' || '''gyo-'''<br>''thin'' || '''gyi'''^a<br>''solid'' || '''gyu'''^a<br>''fragile'' |- !rowspan=4| '''k'''<br>(''randomness'') | '''ka'''^xer<br>''find'' || '''ke'''^xer<br>''seek'' || '''ko'''^xer<br>''hide'' || '''ki'''^a<br>''oblique''|| '''ku'''^a<br>''lateral'' |- | '''ak'''^er<br>''win'' || '''ek'''^er<br>''play'' || '''ok'''^er<br>''lose'' || '''ik'''^a<br>''full'' || '''uk'''^a<br>''empty'' |- | '''yak'''^er<br>''expect'' || '''yek'''^er<br>''try'' || '''yok'''^er<br>''suprise'' || '''yik'''^a<br>''difficult'' || '''yuk'''^a<br>''easy'' |- | '''kya'''^a<br>''mobile'' || '''kye'''^a<br>''haphazard'' || '''kyo'''^a<br>''fixed'' ||'''kyi'''^a<br>''heavy'' || '''kyu'''^a<br>''light'' |- ! '''m'''<br>(''nature'') | '''am'''^a<br>''hot'' || -- || '''om'''^a<br>''cold'' || '''im'''^a<br>''wet'' || '''um'''^a<br>''dry'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''f'''^er<br>(''want'', qualities) | || || || '''fi'''^a<br>''good'' || '''fu'''^a<br>''bad'' |- | '''fya'''^a<br>''holy'' || '''fye'''^a<br>''mythical'' || '''fyo'''^a<br>''profane''|| '''fyi'''^a<br>''useful'' || '''fyu'''^a<br>''harmful'' |- | '''yaf'''^er<br>''be able'' || '''yef'''^er<br>''must''|| '''yof'''^er<br>''cannot'' || '''yif'''^er<br>''dare'' || '''yuf'''^er<br>''fear'' |- | '''af'''^er<br>''may'' || '''ef'''^er<br>''need'' || '''of'''^er<br>''be prohibited'' || '''if'''^er<br>''love'' || '''uf'''^er<br>''hate'' |- !rowspan=6| '''v'''<br>(''truth, qualities'' ) | '''va'''<br>''yes'' || '''ve'''<br>''maybe'' || '''vo'''<br>''no''|| '''vi'''^a<br>''beautiful'' || '''vu'''^a<br>''ugly'' |- | '''vay'''<br>''really''||'''vey'''<br>''may''||'''voy'''<br>''not'' || || |- | '''av'''<br>''for'' || '''ev'''^a<br>''neutral'' || '''ov'''<br>''against''|| '''iv'''^a<br>''happy'' || '''uv'''^a<br>''sad'' |- | '''vya'''^a<br>''true'' || '''vye'''^a<br>''relative'' || '''vyo'''^a<br>''false''|| '''vyi'''^a<br>''clean'' || '''vyu'''^a<br>''dirty'' |- | '''yav'''^a<br>''innocent'' || '''yev'''^a<br>''fair'' || '''yov'''^a<br>''guilty''|| '''yiv'''^a<br>''free'' || '''yuv'''^a<br>''captive'' |- | '''van'''<br>''that'' || '''ven'''<br>''if'' || '''von'''<br>''lest''|| || |- ! rowspan=5|'''z'''<br>(spatial) | '''za'''<br>''in front of'' || '''ze'''<br>''in the middle of'' || '''zo'''<br>''in back of''|| '''zi'''^a<br>''right'' || '''zu'''^a<br>''left'' |- | '''zay'''<br>''ahead'' || '''zey'''<br>''across'' || '''zoy'''<br>''back, re-''|| || |- | '''zya'''^a<br>''wide'' || '''zye'''<br>''through'' || '''zyo'''^a<br>''narrow''||'''zyi'''^a<br>''flat'' || '''zyu'''^a<br>''round'' |- | '''az'''^a<br>''strong'' || '''ez'''^a<br>''moderate'' || '''oz'''^a<br>''weak''|| '''iz'''^a<br>''straight'' || '''uz'''^a<br>''curved'' |- | '''yaz'''^a<br>''convex'' || '''yez'''<br>''along'' || '''yoz'''^a<br>''concave'' || '''yiz'''<br>''beyond'' || '''yuz'''<br>''around'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''b-'''^er<br>(''put'') | '''ba'''^y/(^xer)<br>''with, (agitate)'' || '''be'''^y/(^(xer))<br>''at/by, (hold)'' || '''bo'''^y(^xer)<br>''without/(calm)''|| '''bi^(er/xer)'''<br>''from, (take/pull)'' || '''bu'''^(er/xer)<br>''to, (give/push)'' |- | '''ab'''^(er)<br>''on,(put on)'' || '''eb'''^(er)<br>''between,(block)'' || '''ob'''(^er)<br>''off,(take off)'' || '''ib'''^(er)<br>''away,(receive)'' || '''ub'''^(er)<br>''toward,(send)'' |- | '''bya'''^ser/xer<br>''stand/erect'' || '''bye'''^xer<br>''tap'' || '''byo'''^ser/xer<br>''hang/hang''|| '''byi'''^(ser)<br>''since,(originate)'' || '''byu'''^(ser/xer)<br>''up to,(contact/touch)'' |- | '''yab'''^(er)<br>''up,(raise)'' || '''yeb'''^(er)<br>''in,(put in)''<br>'''oyeb'''^(er)<br>''out,(take out)'' || '''yob'''^(er)<br>''down,(lower)''|| '''yib'''^(er)<br>''far,(remove)'' || '''yub'''^(er)<br>''near,(bring)'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''p'''^er<br>(''go'') | '''pa'''^ser/xer<br>''move/move'' || '''pe'''^ser/xer<br>''wait/trap'' || '''po'''^ser/xer<br>''stop/stop''|| '''pi'''^er/ser/xer<br>''leave/withdraw/catch'' || '''pu'''^er/ser/xer<br>''arrive/jump/throw'' |- | '''pya'''^er/ser/xer<br>''hover/jump up/launch'' || '''pye'''^ser/xer<br>''encounter/strike'' || '''pyo'''^ser/xer<br>''fall/drop''|| '''pyi'''^ser/xer<br>''emanate/derive'' || '''pyu'''^ser/xer<br>''reach/impact'' |- | '''yap'''^er<br>''rise'' || '''yep'''^er<br>''enter'' || '''yop'''^er<br>''descend''|| '''yip'''^er<br>''go far'' || '''yup'''^er<br>''approach'' |- | '''ap'''^er<br>''get on'' || '''ep'''^er<br>''intervene'' || '''op'''^er<br>''get off'' || '''ip'''^er<br>''go away'' ||'''up'''^er<br>''come'' |- !rowspan=2| '''s'''^er<br>(''be'') | '''sa'''^n/s/xer<br>''shape/evolve/make'' ||'''se'''^xer<br>''build'' || '''so'''^n/xer<br>''matter/destroy''|| '''si'''^n/yn<br>''image/sign'' || '''su'''^n/er/xer<br>''thing/provide/realize'' |- | '''as'''^er<br>''become'' || '''es'''^er<br>''exist'' || '''os'''^er<br>''cease to be'' || || |- ! rowspan=3|'''x'''^er<br>(''do'' ) | '''xa'''^ler<br>''execute'' || '''xe'''^ler<br>''practice'' || '''xo'''^ler<br>''fail'' || '''xi'''^ler<br>''undertake'' || '''xu'''^ler<br>''provoke'' |- |'''ax'''^ler<br>''act'' || '''ex'''^er<br>''function'' || '''ox'''^ler<br>''abstain'' || '''ix'''^er<br>''effect'' || '''ux'''^er<br>''cause'' |- | '''yax'''^er<br>''be busy'' || '''yex'''^er<br>''work'' || '''yox'''^er<br>''be idle'' || '''yix'''^er<br>''use'' || '''yux'''^er<br>''help'' |- ! '''t'''^er/rer/yer<br>(''know/recognize/know how'') | '''ta'''^xer<br>''remember'' || '''te'''^xer<br>''think'' || '''to'''^xer<br>''forget'' || '''ti'''^er/xer<br>''learn/study''<br>'''tri'''^er<br>''get to know''<br>'''tyi'''^er<br>''learn how'' || '''tu'''^er/xer/uxer<br>''inform/teach/raise''<br>'''tru'''^er<br>''familiarize''<br>'''tyu'''^er<br>''train'' |- ! '''d'''^er/rer<br>(''say/write'') | '''da'''^ler<br>''talk'' || '''de'''^ler<br>''state''<br>'''dye'''^er<br>''read'' || '''do'''^ler<br>''be silent''<br>'''dro'''^er<br>''erase'' || '''di'''^er/ler/rer<br>''ask/beg/require'' || '''du'''^er/ler/rer<br>''suggest/insist/demand''<br>'''dyu'''^er<br>''call'' |- ! rowspan=2|'''h-'''<br>(determiners) | '''ha'''^(a)<br>''the'' || '''he'''^a<br>''some'' || '''ho'''^a<br>''which'' || '''hi'''^a<br>''this'' || '''hu'''^a<br>''that'' |- | '''hya'''^(a)<br>''all'' || '''hye'''^a<br>''any'' || '''hyo'''^a<br>''no'' || '''hyi'''^a<br>''same'' || '''hyu'''^a<br>''other'' |- ! rowspan=2| (conjunctions) |'''ay'''<br>''and'' || '''ey'''<br>''or'' || '''oy'''<br>''but'' || || |- |'''ya'''ⁿ<br>''together'' || ||'''yo'''ⁿ<br>''apart''|| || |- ! rowspan=2| (numbers) | '''a'''<br>''one''|| '''e'''<br>''two''|| '''o'''<br>''zero''|| '''i'''<br>''three''|| '''u'''<br>''four'' |- | '''ya'''<br>''six''|| '''ye'''<br>''seven''|| '''yo'''<br>''five''|| '''yi'''<br>''eight''|| '''yu'''<br>''nine'' |- ! rowspan=1| (privatives) | || || '''lo-''' (''dis-/un-'')<br>'''lyo-''' (''dis-'')<br>'''oy-''' (''-less'')|| || |} :: <small>* Mixed root. '''taj/tej/toj''' instead of '''yaj/yej/yoj''', because the human letter root '''t''' is more intuitive.</small> :: Note: The opposition '''(y)a'''-'''(y)e'''-'''(y)o''' is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but '''(y)i-(y)u''' is two-way, without any intermediary sense. == Derived Word Formation Rules == : Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building: : These consist of the following rules: ::# Compounding ::# Affixation ::# Ordinal Vowel Scaling ::# Overlapping ::# Adding Ordinal Vowels ::# Swapping Generic Consonants ::# Marking Words for Gender ::# Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels ::# Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels ::# Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern ::# Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === Rule #1: Compounding === [[File:Compound 6 (maraviroc development).svg|thumb|]] : Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Compounding |- ! Component 1 !! Component 2 !! Compound |- | '''mor'''....''cosmos'' || '''tun'''....''science, -ology'' || '''mortun'''....''cosmology'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''memyaz'''....''mountain'' || '''magmemyaz'''....''volcano'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''mem'''....''land'' || '''dobmem'''....''territory'' |- | '''tul'''....''dish'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''tuldras'''....''menu'' |- | '''sin'''....''picture'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''sindras'''....''description'' |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''kyoxer'''....''to fix (in place)'' || '''tamkyoxer'''....''to settle'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''kyo-'''....''fixed'' || '''tep-'''....''mind'' || '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn'' |} : Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for ''rain'', for example, is '''ma(m)''' (''sky'') + '''mil''' (''water''), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, '''mamil'''. : When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg: :* '''uzra'''....''twisted'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ---> '''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' :* '''kyoa'''....''fixed'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn, obsessed'' :* '''aza'''....''strong'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''tepaza'''....''intelligent'' :* '''fua'''....''bad'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''futipa'''....''cross, ill-tempered'' :* '''aga'''....''big'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''tipaga'''....''magnanimous, generous'' === Rule #2: Affixation === [[File:Word Cloud of Various Prefixes.png|thumb|]] : Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes: ==== Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Base !! Compound |- | '''ja'''....''before'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''japer'''....''to precede'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''joper'''....''to follow'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' ||'''der'''....''to say'' || '''vader'''....''to affirm'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''dras'''....''something written'' || '''jodras'''....''postscript'' |- | '''za'''....''ahead'' ||'''jub'''....''day'' || '''zajub'''....''tomorrow'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' ||'''mel'''....''land'' || '''yonmel'''....''island'' |} : Prepositional prefixes ending in '''b''' with verbs '''per''' and '''ber''' (and their derivations) lose the '''b''' before verbal elements based on '''per''' (''go'') and '''ber''' (''put''), as shown in the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Assimilation of b and p |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! New Verb |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' (NOT: '''yabber''') |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' (NOT: '''yabper''') |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''aber'''....''put on, apply'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''aper'''....''get on, mount'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''ober'''....''take off, remove'' |- | '''ob'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''bux'''....''a push'' || '''yebux'''....''impulse'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall'' || '''yepyoser'''....''collapse'' |} : The loss of the '''b''' in the above words in one of the only cases of '''''fusion''''' in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form. Another case of fusion is when so-called '''''stubs''''' are combined. For example, '''doyijem''' (''public square''), which is composed of '''do(m)'''....''city'' + '''yij(a)'''....''open'' + '''(n)em'''....''place''. The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix '''a-''' can have many different meanings. : The adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped¹, as is the '''er''' or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that '''tyoyab''' becomes '''tyoya-'''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! Compound Verb |- | '''oza'''....''weak'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ozder'''....''whisper'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yagder'''....''ramble'' |- | '''aja'''....''past'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ajder'''....''evoke'' |- | '''yoga'''....''short'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yogder'''....''summarize'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''tyoyaper'''....''walk'' |- | '''dreer'''....''write'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' || '''dresar'''....''pencil'' |- | '''tuyob'''....''hand'' || '''dren'''....''writing'' || '''tuyodren'''....''manuscript'' |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mamil'''....''rain'' |} : <small>¹: Sometimes, the adjective ending '''a''' is retained when an adjective is compounded with '''xer''' or '''ser'''. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, '''aga''' + '''xer''' can produce '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' or '''agxer'''....''to grow''. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.</small> ==== Most Common Mirad Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Common Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Examples |- |'''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-''||'''anzyukpar'''....''unicycle''<br> '''antotin'''....''monotheism''<br>'''adeb'''....''emperor'' |- |'''aa-'''....''arch-, first-, prime''||'''aadub'''....''prime minister''<br>'''aatat'''....''archangel''<br>'''aavyan'''....''principle''<br>'''aasaun'''....''prototype'' |- |'''aag-'''....''arch-, main, macro-''||'''aagmep'''....''highway''<br> '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution''<br> '''aagovekut'''....''archrival'' |- |'''aaj-'''....''paleo-, proto-''||'''aajtobtun'''....''paleoanthropology''<br> '''aajsiyn'''....''fossil'' |- |'''ab-'''....''ad-, top, on, epi-''||'''abtob'''....''superman''<br> '''abtim'''....''attic''<br> '''abzen'''....''epicenter'' |- |'''aj-'''....''former, ex-'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife''<br>'''ajdeb'''....''former leader'' |- |'''ayb-'''....''over-, super-, hyper-, sur-''||'''aybmep'''....''overpass''<br>'''aybdresin'''....''superscript''<br>'''aybdyun'''....''hypernym'' |- |'''ag-'''....''mega(lo)-'' || '''agvyotos'''....''megalomania''<br>'''agtoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''alo(n)-'''....''deca-, ten-''||'''alojaga'''....''ten years old''<br> '''alojab'''....''decade''<br> '''alonsuna'''....''decimal'' |- |'''aloy(n)-'''....''deci-, tenth-''||'''aloynux'''....''tithe''<br> '''aloyngoler'''....''decimate'' |- |'''am-'''....''thermo-''||'''amzemula'''....''thermonuclear''<br> '''amvyabxar'''....''thermostat'' |- |'''amlo(n)-'''....''mega-''||'''amloagvunak'''....''megavolt''<br> '''amlotoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''amloyn-'''....''micro-''||'''amloynjweb'''....''microsecond'' |- |'''anyen-'''....''idio-''||'''anyenboka'''....''idiopathic''<br> '''anyendyan'''....''idiom''<br> '''anyentepa'''....''idiotic'' |- |'''ao(b/p)-'''....''north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axis''||'''aonab'''....''column'', ''x-y-axis''<br> '''aopuys yuzpar'''....''hop-on-hop-off bus''<br> '''aonada'''....''vertical'' |- |'''aoye(b/p)-'''....''in-and-out''||'''aoyebar'''....''piston''<br> '''aoyebelen'''....''import-exports''<br> '''aoyepaper'''....''fly in and out'' |- |'''aro(n)-'''....''kilo-''||'''aronminak'''....''kilometer''<br> '''arobanak'''....''kilobit'' |- |'''aroyn-'''....''milli-''||'''aroynvunak'''....''millivolt''<br> '''aoynwunak'''....''milliwatt'' |- |'''(a)so(n)'''....''cent-''||'''asojagat'''....''centenarian''<br> '''asolinak'''....''hectoliter''<br> '''sojab'''....''century'' |- |'''asoy(n)-'''....''cent-, centi-''||'''asoygenak'''....''centigram''<br> '''asoylinak'''....''centiliter'' |- |'''av-'''....''pro-''||'''avYanotina'''....''pro-Communist'' |- |'''ayn-'''....''full-, holo-, whole-''||'''aynnuut'''....''wholesaler''<br> '''aynsin'''....''hologram''<br> '''aynteptija'''....''fully-conscious'' |- |'''e(b/p)-'''....''inter-''||'''ebmos'''....''mezzanine''<br> '''ebyanmulxer'''....''intermingle''<br> '''eper'''....''intercede'' |- |'''ejna-'''....''neo-''||'''ejnadun'''....''neologism''<br> '''ejnaobdabin'''....''neocolonialism'' |- |'''e(n)-'''....''ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two-''||'''entyoba'''....''bipedal''<br> '''enzyuspar'''....''bicycle''<br> '''envolza'''....''dichromatic'' |- |'''eon-'''....''duo-, double-, twin-''||'''eonin'''....''dualism''<br> '''eondal'''....''double-speak''<br> '''eonsum'''....''twin bed'' |- |'''ev-'''....''a-, neutral'' ||'''evdofina'''....''amoral''<br>'''evdabtuna'''....''apolitical'' |- |'''ey(b/p)-'''....''intra-, among''||'''eybmasa'''....''intramural''<br> '''eybmimkuma'''....''intracoastal'' |- |'''eyn-'''....''demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi-''||'''eynzyus'''....''semi-circle''<br> '''eynzyup'''....''half-turn''<br> '''eyntilsyeb'''....''demitassee''<br> '''eynyonmel'''....''peninsula'' |- |'''fi-'''....''bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well-''||'''fixut'''....''benefactor''<br> '''fidrawa'''....''well-written''<br> '''fitos'''...''euphoria'' |- |'''fu-'''....''dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly-''||'''futos'''....''dysphoria''<br> '''futuwa'''....''ill-informed''<br> '''fuxeyn'''....''malfeasance'' |- |'''fya-'''....''hiero-, holy-, sancti-''||'''fyasdresiyn'''....''hieroglyphic''<br> '''fyader'''....''sanctify''<br> '''fyatwed'''....''holy father'' |- |'''fye-'''....''mythical, fantasy''||'''fyetop'''....''phantom''<br> '''fyetobet'''....''elfin''<br> '''fyetexer'''...''fantacize''<br> '''fyedin'''....''fantasy'' |- |'''fyo-'''....''evil, profane'' ||'''fyotez'''....''occult''<br>'''fyotat'''....''devil''<br>'''fyotyez'''....''witchcraft'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-, again'' || '''gawteaper'''....''revisit''<br> '''gawaker'''....''regain'' |- |'''garale-'''....''tera-''||'''garaleagbanak'''....''terabyte'' |- |'''garalyi-'''....''exa-''||'''garalyibanak'''....''exabit'' |- |'''garalyo-'''....''peta-''||'''galayoagbanak'''....''petabyte'' |- |'''garela-'''....''zetta-''||'''garelaagbanak'''....''zettabyte'' |- |'''garelu-'''....''yotta-''||'''gareluagbanak'''....''yottabyte'' |- |'''ge-'''....''equal to, equi-, even-''||'''geyafwa'''....''equipollent''<br> '''genaza'''....''equivalent'' |- |'''gel-'''....''homo-, like-, simul-''||'''gelzena'''....''homocentric''<br> '''gelvolza'''....''homochromatic'' |- |'''geyl-'''....''simul-''||'''geyldyan'''....''simile''<br> '''geylxer'''....''assimilate'' |- |'''gla-'''....''many-, multi-, poly-''||'''glatyenika'''....''multi-skilled''<br> '''glatwada'''....''polyandrous''<br> '''glavolza'''....''many-hued'' |- |'''glo-'''....''mini-, little-, few-''||'''gloduna'''....''succint, of few words''<br> '''glonixea'''....''low-earning'' |- |'''gorale-'''....''pico-''||'''goraleagfenak'''....''picofarad'' |- |'''goralyi-'''....''atto-''||'''goralyigenak'''....''attogram'' |- |'''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||'''goralyoon'''....''quadrillionth'' |- |'''goralyu-'''....''nano-''||'''goralyusonak'''....''nanosecond'' |- |'''gorela-'''....''zepto-''||'''gorelagenak'''....''zeptogram'' |- |'''gorelu-'''....''yocto-''||'''gorelugenak'''....''yoctogram'' |- |'''gra-'''....''extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra-''||'''gratosea'''....''hypersensitive''<br> '''grazoyaxler'''....''overreact''<br> '''granoxea'''....''extravagant'' |- |'''gro-'''....''hypo-, under-''||'''groyixlawa'''....''underemployed''<br> '''groaman'''....''hypothermia'' |- |'''gwa-'''....''hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure, macro-''||'''gwayelza'''....''pure pink''<br> '''gwayafa'''....''supreme''<br> '''gwauja'''....''ultimate''<br> '''gwazoa'''....''hindmost'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''least-, mini-, micro-''||'''gwosag'''....''minimum''<br> '''gwoyuzpur'''....''minibus''<br>'''gwoexlus'''....''microprocessor'' |- |'''hi-'''....''hither, these, this''||'''his'''....''this''<br> '''hisi'''....''these''<br> '''him'''....''here'' |- |'''hya(s)-'''....''pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every-''||'''hyas'''....''everything''<br> '''hyati'''....''all of them''<br> '''hyastea'''....''omniscient''<br> '''hyataadifa'''....''pansexual'' |- |'''hu-'''....''that''||'''hus'''....''that''<br> '''huj'''....''then''<br> '''huyen'''...''that way'' |- |'''huim-'''....''here-and-there, here-and-yon''||'''huimkexer'''....''search high and low''<br> '''huimpaper'''....''fly here and there''<br> '''hyuimpoper'''....''travel here-and-there'' |- |'''huu-'''....''so, such''||'''huugla'''....''so, so very''<br> '''hus'''....''such''<br> '''huyen'''....''in such a way, so, thus'' |- |'''hyaewa-'''....''ambi-''||'''hyaewati'''....''both of them''<br> '''hyaewaziza'''....''ambidextrous''<br> '''hyaewatoobifa'''....''ambi-sexual'' |- |'''hye-'''....''-ever, any, whatever, whichever''||'''hyem'''....''anywhere, wherever''<br> '''hyempea'''....''erratic''<br> '''hjej'''....''ever, anytime'' |- |'''hyi-'''....''homo-, like-, same, syn-''||'''hyitoobifa'''....''homosexual''<br> '''hyis'''....''same thing''<br> '''hyijoba'''....''synchronous'' |- |'''hyo(s)-'''....''nothing, a-'' || '''hyostosea'''....''apathetic'' |- |'''hyu(t/s)-'''....''alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, else''||'''hyutoobifa'''....''heterosexual''<br> '''hyua'''....''another, alternate''<br> '''hyutufa'''....''xenophobic''<br> '''hyus'''....''something else'' |- |'''hyui(t/s)-'''....''cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal''||'''hyuitvikaxen'''....''mutual admiration''<br> '''hyuixer'''....''reciprocate''<br> '''hyuisa'''....''mutual, reciprocal''<br> '''hyuitif'''....''mutual love'' |- |'''i-'''....''toward the speaker''||'''iber'''....''receive''<br>'''ixer'''....''result'' |- |'''ik-'''....''fully, thoroughly''||'''iktoxer'''....''forget completely''<br> '''iktos'''....''satisfaction''<br> '''ikyebixer'''....''engulf, swallow up completely'' |- |'''in-'''....''three-, tri-, tripl-, tern-''||'''inzyuspar'''....''tricycle''<br> '''inaga'''....''three-dimensional''<br> '''injiba'''....''trimensual''<br> '''insuna'''....''ternary''<br> '''intotan'''....''trinity'' |- |'''iyn-'''....''terci-, third''||'''iyna'''....''terciary''<br> '''iynxer'''....''cut into thirds'' |- |'''iz-'''....''ortho-, recti-, right-, straight-''||'''iznada'''....''rectilinear''<br> '''izguna'''....''orthogonal''<br> '''iztin'''....''orthdoxy''<br> '''izdea'''....''forthright'' |- |'''ja-'''....''ante-, fore-, pre-''||'''jaupya'''....''foregone''<br> '''jauper'''....''precede''<br> '''jadropeka'''....''antebellum'' |- |'''je-'''....''per-, continuously, ever-''||'''jetejer'''....''persevere''<br>'''jeteaxer'''....''watch''<br>'''jexrer'''....''perpetuate'' |- |'''jo-'''....''after-, meta-, post-''||'''joexlen'''....''postprocessing''<br> '''jomir'''....''metasphere''<br> '''jotej'''....''afterlife'' |- |'''jwa-'''....''early-, eo-, preter-, proto-''||'''jwaber'''....''prepare''<br> '''jwatuun'''....''premonition''<br> '''jwadodin'''....''early history, protohistory''<br> '''jwamola'''....''preternatural''<br> '''jwajoeb'''....''eocene'' |- |'''jwo-'''....''ceno-, late-, latter-, tard-''||'''jwonux'''....''late payment''<br> '''jwoa'''....''tardy''<br> '''jwoteja'''....''cenozoic'' |- |'''ko-'''....''cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth-''||'''koa'''....''covert''<br> '''koexut'''....''spy''<br> '''koyeper'''....''sneak in'' |- |'''(ko)vyo-'''....''pseudo-, mis-, wrong-''||'''kovyotun'''....''pseudoscience''<br>'''vyobekuer'''....''to mistreat'' |- |'''ku-'''....''para-''||'''kuifut'''....''paramour''<br> '''kuteliut'''....''parasite''<br> '''kuteptun'''....''parapsychology'' |- |'''kya-'''....''alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross-''||'''kyaember'''....''relocate''<br> '''kyajoba'''....''diachronic''<br> '''kyatajnad'''....''crossbreed''<br> '''kyatooba'''....''transgendered''<br> '''kyavolza'''....''variegated, motley'' |- |'''kyao-'''....''falteringly, unsteadily''||'''kyaoper'''....''stagger''<br> '''kyaotexer'''....''vacillate'' |- |'''kye-'''....''chance-, hap-, random-''||'''kyea'''....''haphazard''<br> '''kyebyus'''....''chance encounter''<br> '''kyeteater'''....''happen to see''<br> '''kyesauna'''....''of a random type'' |- |'''kyo-'''....''fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat-''||'''kyosaun'''....''stereotype''<br> '''kyopa'''....''stable, static, stationary''<br> '''kyoson'''....''status'' |- |'''lo-'''....''dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un-''||'''lozeb'''....''disequilibrium''<br> '''loyuvlaxer'''....''disengage''<br> '''loyuzyuber'''....''uncoil''<br> '''lomulvyusber'''....''decontaminate'' |- |'''logel-'''....''hetero-, different-''||'''logelsauna'''....''heterogenous''<br>'''logelaxer'''....''differentiate'' |- |'''maz-'''....''bright-''||'''mazteaba'''....''bright-eyed'' |- |'''mial-'''....''hygro-, atmo-, vapori-''||'''mialama'''....''hygrothermal''<br>'''mialnagar'''....''atomometer, vaporimeter'' |- |'''mil-'''....''aqua-, hydro-, water-''||'''milyexun'''....''aquaculture''<br> '''milmaka'''....''hydroelectric''<br> '''miltilsyeb'''....''water glass'' |- |'''mul-'''....''hylo-, substance''||'''mulsana'''....''hylomorphic'' |- |'''o(l)-'''....''a-, dis-, non-, un-, in-''||'''ovyilxwa'''....''unwashed''<br> '''omalza'''....''non-white''<br> '''ototina'''....''atheist''<br> '''otepzexea'''....''inattentive'' |- |'''o(b/p)-'''....''de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice-''||'''oper'''....''get off''<br> '''obneg'''....''sublevel''<br> '''obxeb'''....''sous-chef, sub-officer''<br>'''obtyodeb'''....''vice-president'' |- |'''oog-'''....''micro-'' || '''oogpob'''....''microorganism'' <nowiki>-</nowiki> |- | '''oj-'''....''future'' || '''ojtayd'''....''bride, future wife'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-'' ||'''gawder'''....''to repeat''<br>'''gawdyeer'''....''to re-read'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''micro-, mini-'' || '''ogalmor'''....''microcosm''<br>'''ogalteaxer'''....''microscope''<br>'''gowaxer'''....''minimize'' |- |'''of-'''....''prohibited'' ||'''ofbier'''....''steal''<br>'''ofbekul'''....''prohibited drug''<br>'''ofemkyoxer'''....''to squat'' |- |'''ov-'''....''contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un-''||'''ovalxer'''....''countervail''<br> '''ovper'''....''contravene''<br> '''ovkyin'''....''counterweight''<br> '''ovdat'''....''enemy''<br> '''olovmasbwa'''....''undefended'' |- |'''oy-'''....''-less, a(n)-, without''||'''oytofa'''...''naked''<br> '''oyxer'''....''deprive''<br> '''oytosen'''....''apathy''<br> '''oyteupiba'''....''toothless'' |- |'''oyb-'''....''hypo-, infra-, sub-, under-''||'''oybnadrer'''....''underline''<br> '''oybtomsan'''....''infrastructure''<br> '''oybseuxa'''....''subsonic''<br> '''oybtayoba'''....''hypodermic'' |- |'''oyeb-'''....''ex-, extra-, out-''||'''oyebnad'''....''outline''<br> '''oyebyujber'''....''exclude''<br> '''oyebdoabuer'''....''extradite'' |- |'''oyv-'''....''contra-, opposite, reverse''||'''oyvkuma'''...''opposite''<br> '''oyvder'''....''contradict''<br>'''oyvduer'''....''contraindicate''<br>'''oyvaxer'''....''reverse'' |- |'''tayi(b)-'''....''neuro-, nerve''||'''tayibteptun'''....''neuropsychology''<br> '''tayibyok'''....''neuralgia'' |- |'''teeb-'''....''auri-, oto-, ear-''||'''teebbekut'''....''aurist''<br> '''teeteiteyobtut'''....''otorhinolaryngologist''<br> '''teebyel'''....''earwax'' |- |'''tee(s/x/t)-'''....''audio-, son-, phono-''||'''teesnagen'''....''audiography''<br> '''teestaxdras'''....''phonogram''<br> '''teestun'''....''audiology''<br> '''teexdras'''....''audiogram''<br> '''teetyofwa'''....''inaudible'' |- |'''tei(b)-'''....''nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo-''||'''teibbok'''....''rhinitis''<br> '''teibyeg'''....''nostril''<br> '''teiz'''....''perfume''<br> '''teizuka'''....''aroma-free''<br> '''teityaf'''....''olfactory sense'' |- |'''tiibil-'''....''blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin-''||'''tiibililp'''....''hemorrhage''<br> '''tiibiliut'''....''bloodsucker''<br> '''tiibloker'''....''exsanguinate''<br> '''tiibiltun'''....''hematology'' |- |'''tuj-'''....''hypno-, somni-, sopor-''||'''tujbek'''....''hyptotherapy''<br> '''tujbyea'''....''somniferous, soporific'' |- |'''u(b/p)-'''....''toward''||'''uber'''....''send''<br>'''ubaer'''....''lean toward'' |- |'''ui-'''....''horizontal, left-right, x-axis''||'''uinab'''....''row'', ''x-axis''<br> '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- |'''uib-'''....''back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receive''||'''uibar'''....''transceiver'' |- |'''uig-'''....''fast-and-slow''||'''uigpar'''....''scooter'' |- |'''uij-'''....''begin-and-end, start-and-stop''||'''uijdaler'''....''stutter'' |- |'''uip-'''....''come-and-go''||'''uipen'''....''traffic, coming and going'' |- |'''uiz-'''....''straight-then-crooked''||'''uizbaser'''....''swagger''<br> '''uizdrer'''....''scribble''<br> '''uizpaser'''....''swerve'' |- |'''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater-''||'''ungona'''....''quadripartite''<br> '''unnednid'''....''tetrahedron''<br> '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' |- |'''uyn-'''....''fourth-, quarti-''||'''uynxer'''....''quarter''<br> '''uynjab'''....''quarter (of a year)'' |- |'''ut-'''....''auto-, self-, sui-, ego-''||'''utifon'''....''egoism''<br> '''utgober'''....''autodecrement''<br> '''utfuyix'''....''self-abuse''<br> '''uttujben'''....''suicide'' |- |'''uz-'''....''crooked, di-''||'''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- |'''va-'''....''yes''||'''vayovder'''....''convict''<br> '''vabier'''....''accept''<br> '''vatexer'''....''believe'' |- |'''vao-'''....''yes-no''||'''vaoder'''....''decide''<br> '''vaodaler'''....''waffle''<br> '''vaonaza'''....''boolean'' |- |'''vi-'''....''bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri-''||'''vituzyan'''....''fine arts, beaux arts''<br> '''vidun'''....''euphemism''<br> '''vidrenyan'''....''literature, belles lettres''<br> '''visuana'''....''classic'' |- |'''vo-'''....''non-, neg-''||'''voyafxer'''....''veto''<br> '''voxer'''....''negate''<br> '''voyovder'''....''acquit, declare not guilty'' |- |'''vya-'''....''justi-, recti-, true-, reg-''||'''vyadin'''....''true story''<br> '''vyader'''....''avow''<br> '''vyamol'''....''essence'' |- | '''vyao-'''....''right or wrong'' ||'''vyaoyek'''....''test'' |- |'''vyak-'''....''ortho-, correct-''||'''vyakdred'''....''orthography''<br> '''vyakxer'''....''correct'' |- |'''vyo-'''....''mis-, para-, wrong-''||'''vyoyufa'''....''paranoid''<br> '''vyoyux'''....''perfidy''<br> '''vyoyixer'''....''misuse'' |- |'''ya-'''....''more than one, multi-''||'''yaota'''....''communal'' |- |'''yab-'''....''hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper-''||'''yabdom'''....''uptown''<br> '''yabdoneg'''....''upper class''<br> '''yabduzneg'''....''high pitch''<br> '''yabexer'''....''support''<br> '''yabzyobix'''....''hypertension'' |- |'''yabnan-'''....''height-, hypso-, alti-''||'''yabnanagar'''....''hypsometer, altimeter'' |- |'''yag-'''....''long-''||'''yagyiban'''....''long distance''<br> '''yagyeker'''....''strive''<br> '''yagblokea'''....''long-suffering'' |- |'''yan-'''....''co(n)-, fellow-, -mate''||'''yanzena'''....''concentric''<br> '''yanyeker'''....''compete''<br> '''yandit'''....''fellow-citizen'' |- |'''yao(b/p)-'''....''up-and-down''||'''yaopuyser'''....''skip''<br> '''yaopsim'''....''seesaw''<br> '''yaoblir'''....''elevator''<br> '''yaobaser'''....''bounce'' |- |'''ya(on)-'''....''six-, hexa-, sex-''||'''yaonat'''....''sextet''<br> '''yaongun'''....''hexagon''<br> '''yaona'''....''six-fold, sextuple''<br>'''yagol'''....''sextile'' |- |'''yaov-'''....''guilty-or-innocent''||'''yaovder'''....''adjudicate''<br> '''yaovdutyan'''....''jury''<br> '''yaovkader'''....''plead''<br> '''yaovyek'''....''trial'' |- |'''yaoz-'''....''serrated, bumpy, jagged''||'''yaozaxer'''....''serrate''<br> '''yaozgoblar'''....''saw''<br> '''yaozper'''....''bump along'' |- |'''yayb-'''....''supra-''||'''yaybdooba'''....''supranational'' |- |'''yayn-'''....''sex-, sixth''||'''yayna'''...''sixth'' |- |'''ye(on)-'''....''hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven-''||'''yejub'''....''week''<br> '''yeongun'''....''heptagon''<br> '''yeonat'''....''septuplet'' |- |'''ye(b/p)-'''....''en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro-''||'''yebuzaser'''....''.inflect''<br> '''yebzoytiibufa'''....''intravenous''<br> '''yebyujer'''....''enclode''<br> '''yebtayoba'''....''endodermal''<br> '''yeper'''....''enter''<br> '''yeber'''....''introduce'' |- |'''yeov-'''....''fair or not ''|| '''yeovdut'''....''umpire'' |- |'''yeyb-'''....''intra-''||'''yeybmepyan'''....''intranet''<br> '''yeybdoeba'''....''intrastate'' |- |'''ye-'''....''hepto-, seven-, septi-''||'''yejub'''....''week'' |- |'''yeyn-'''....''seventh''|| '''yeynxer'''....''split into sevenths'' |- |'''yez'''....''para-, alongside''|| '''yezteptun'''....''parapsychology''<br>'''yezuper'''....''come alongside'' |- |'''yi(on)-'''....''oct-, eight-''||'''yiona'''...''eight-fold''<br>''octuple'' |- |'''yib-'''....''far-, tele-, remote''||'''yibsin'''....''televison''<br> '''yibteata'''....''far-sighted''<br> '''yibtrawa'''....''famous'' |- |'''yibaj-'''....''archai-, archeo-, ancient''||'''yibajtun'''....''archaeology'','''yibajtun'''....''archeology'' |- |'''yiyn-'''....''eighth''||'''yiynxer'''....''divide into eighths'' |- |'''yiz-'''....''beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-''||'''yiztyun'''...''metaphor''<br> '''yizeza'''....''paranormal''<br> '''yizmeirat'''....''extraterrestrial''<br> '''yizseux'''....''utrasound'' |- |'''yoon-'''....''five-, penta-, quint-''||'''yoongun'''....''pentagon''<br> '''yoongol'''...''quintile''<br> '''yoon'''....''group of five''<br> ''quintet'' |- |'''yo(b/p)-'''....''down-, hypo-, sub-''||'''yobdom'''...''downtown''<br> '''yoper'''....''go down''<br> '''yobgoler'''....''subdivide'' |- |'''yon-'''....''apart, dis-, se-''||'''yonzyaber'''....''disperse''<br> '''yonxer'''....''separate''<br> '''yonsauna'''....''distinct'' |- |'''yoyn-'''....''fifth-, quinti-''||'''yoynnaga'''....''quintic''<br> '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' |- |'''yu(n)-'''....''nine-, nona-''||'''yunapa'''....''ninth (in order)''<br> '''yungunid'''....''nonagon''<br> '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' |- |'''yub-'''....''near-, proxi-, para-''||'''yuboj'''....''near future''<br> '''yubna'''....''next''<br> '''yubteas'''....''closeup (view)''<br> '''yubge'''....''almost''<br> '''yubfia'''....''intimate''<br> '''yubgeser'''....''approximate''<br>'''yubdopa'''....''paramilitary'' |- |'''yui(b/p)-'''....''near-and-far''||'''yuibjo'''....''sooner or later''<br> '''yuibteabar'''....''bifocals''<br> '''yuipoper'''....''travel near and far'' |- |'''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut''||'''yuijar'''....''valve''<br> '''yuijer'''....''blink'', ''wink''<br> '''manyuijer'''....''blink''<br> '''makyuijar'''....''switch'' |- |'''yuyb-'''....''quasi-, pen-, almost''||'''yuybyonmel'''....''peninsula''<br> '''yuybega'''....''quasi-normal'' |- |'''yuon-'''....''ninth-, novi-''||'''yuonat'''....''nonuplet'' |- |'''yuz-'''....''circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round-''||'''yuzper'''....''circulate''<br> '''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br> '''yuzof'''....''wrap-around''<br> '''yuznadrer'''....''circumscribe'' |- |'''za-'''....''ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro-, north''||'''zatim'''....''antechamber''<br> '''zamimuf'''....''foremast''<br> '''zagab'''....''prefix''<br> '''zajuber'''....''procrastinate''<br>'''zamer'''....''north'' |- |'''zao-'''....''back-and-forth, front-and-back''||'''zaopaser'''....''wobble''<br> '''zaokuper'''....''slalom''<br> '''zaopyoser'''....''pendulate'' |- |'''zay-'''....''forth-, pro-, forward, ahead''||'''zaypuyser'''....''skip ahead''<br> '''zaypuxer'''....''propel''<br> '''zayper'''....''go forward, procede''<br> '''zayupea'''....''forthcoming'' |- |'''ze-'''....''mid-, central, medio-''||'''zetej'''....''midlife''<br> '''zepoxer'''....''interrupt, stop midway''<br> '''zetem'''....''central hall'' |- |'''zey-'''....''cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, across''||'''zeyper'''....''transit, get across''<br> '''zeynod'''....''crosspoint''<br> '''zeytyun'''....''metaphor'' |- |'''zi-'''....''right, east, dextro-''||'''zim'''....''right side''<br>'''zimera'''....''eastern'' |- |'''zo-'''....''back-, hind-, retro-, south''||'''zotib'''....''back''<br> '''zotiub'''....''hindquarters''<br> '''zonapa'''....''retrograde''<br>'''zomer'''....''south'' |- |'''zoy-'''....''back-, retro-, re-''||'''zoyper'''....''recede, go back''<br> '''zoybeler'''....''carry back''<br> '''zoyzyublen'''....''backspin'' |- |'''zu-'''....''left-, west-''||'''zutinut'''....''leftist''<br> '''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zumera'''....''western'' |- |'''zui-'''....''left-and-right, zig-zag, east-west''||'''zuibyoser'''....''dangle, hang left-and-right''<br> '''zuiper'''....''zigzag''<br> '''zuituyaba'''....''ambidextrous''<br>'''zuimera'''....''east-west'' |- |'''zya-'''....''-wide, wide-, broad-, all about''||'''zyauber'''....''broadcast''<br> '''zyateaba'''....''wide-eyed''<br> '''zyasauna'''....''general''<br> '''zyapoper'''....''cruise, wander''<br> '''zyamira'''....''global, worldwide'' |- |'''zye-'''....''per-, thorough-, thru-, trans-''||'''zyetejer'''....''live through, experience''<br> '''zyeteaxer'''....''peruse''<br> '''zyeteatyafwa'''....''transparent''<br> '''zyemep'''....''thoroughfare''<br> '''zyeper'''....''permeate, transit'' |- |'''zyo-'''....''narrow, steno-'' || '''zyotepa'''....''narrow-minded''<br>'''zyoteat'''....''tunnel vision''<br>'''zyoyija'''....''stenopeic'' |- |'''zyu-'''....''cyclo-, rot-, round-, gyro''||'''zyutim'''....''rotunda''<br> '''zyusem'''....''roundtable''<br> '''zyuper'''....''cycle, gyrate, rotate'' |} ==== Suffixes ==== : Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes. : '''Semantic Stub Suffixes''' :: Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Stub Suffixes |- valign=top ! Suffix Stub !! Suffix Full Form !! Suffixed Example < Base Word |- | '''-il'''....''liquid, drink'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''teab<u>il</u>'''....''tear''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teub<u>il</u>'''....''saliva''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''tayeb<u>il</u>'''....''sweat''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayeb'''....''skin''<br>'''mam<u>il</u>'''....''rain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mam'''....''sky'' |- | '''-al'''....''gas'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''tieb<u>al</u>'''....''breath''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' |- | '''-(e)l'''....''food'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''sup<u>el</u>'''....''pork''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''<u>sup</u>et'''....''swine''<br>'''ta<u>ol</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''taob'''....''flesh''<br>'''fe<u>l</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''feb'''....''fruit'' |- | '''-ul'''....''stuff'' || '''mul'''....''substance'' || '''vix<u>ul</u>'''....''cosmetic''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vix-'''....''to beautify''<br>'''bek<u>ul</u>'''....''medecine''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment'' |- | '''-yel'''....''oil, gel, wax, pulp'' || '''yel'''....''oil'' || '''olf<u>yel</u>'''....''olive oil''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''olfeb'''....''olive''<br>'''appelat<u>yel</u>'''....''wax''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''appelat'''....''bee''<br>'''mag<u>yel</u>'''....''grease''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mag'''....''fire''<br>'''bek<u>yel</u>'''....''salve''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment''<br>'''meg<u>yel</u>'''....''cement''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''meg'''....''stone''<br>'''yan<u>yel</u>'''....''paste''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yan'''....''together'' |- | '''-am'''....''house'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''apat<u>am</u>'''....''chicken coop''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apat'''....''chicken''<br>'''apellat<u>am</u>'''....''beehive''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apellat'''....''bee''<br>'''melyex<u>am</u>'''....''farmhouse''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''melyex'''....''agriculture''<br>'''datib<u>am</u>'''....''hostel''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''datib'''....''guest-reception'' |- | '''-(e)m'''....''place'' || '''nem'''....''place'' || '''vobyex<u>em</u>'''....''plantation, farm''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vob'''....''plant'' + '''yex'''....''work''<br>'''vab<u>em</u>'''....''field''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ab'''....''above, upper''<br>'''ze<u>m</u>'''....''middle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ze(a)'''....''middle'' <br> '''tim'''....''room'' |- | '''-im'''....''room'' || '''tim'''....''room'' || '''tul<u>im</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tul'''....''cuisine''<br>'''tuj<u>im</u>'''....''bedroom''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tuj'''....''sleep'' |- | '''-um'''....''cell, booth'' || '''tum'''....''compartment''|| '''pex<u>um</u>'''....''cage''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pexer'''....''catch''<br>'''ilzyapux<u>um</u>'''....''shower stall''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ilzyapux'''....''shower'' |- | '''-yem'''....''space'' || '''nyem'''....''enclosure'' || '''yom<u>yem</u>'''....''icebox''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yom'''....''ice'' |- | '''-yeb'''....''container'' || '''nyeb'''....''container'' || '''z<u>yeb</u>'''....''bottle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zye(f)'''....''glass''<br>'''vos<u>yeb</u>'''....''vase''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vos'''....''flower'' |- | '''-of'''....''material'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''t<u>of</u>'''....''clothes''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''t-'''....''human''<br>'''mis<u>of</u>'''....''curtain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mis'''....''window''<br>'''fa<u>of</u>'''....''wood''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''fa(b)-'''....''tree''<br>'''tay<u>of</u>'''....''leather''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayo(b)'''....''skin'' |- | '''-ov'''....''linen'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tey<u>ov</u>'''....''collar''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck'' |- | '''-ar'''....''instrument'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' ||'''p<u>ar</u>'''....''cart''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''p-'''....''motion''<br>'''zyup<u>ar</u>'''....''rotor''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyup'''....''turn''<br>'''gobr<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gobrar'''....''cut''<br>'''jwob<u>ar</u>'''....''watch''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-ir'''....''machine'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''dr<u>ir</u>'''....''typewriter''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dr-'''....''write''<br>'''gwob<u>ir</u>'''....''clock'' |- | '''-ur'''....''large machine'' || '''sur'''....''engine'' || '''p<u>ur</u>r'''....''car''<br>'''jwob<u>ur</u>r'''....''grandfather clock''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-(u)n'''....''thing'' || '''sun'''....''thing'' || '''d<u>un</u>'''....''word''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''d-'''....''utter, say''<br>'''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''piece, scrap''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gofrer'''....''rip, shread, tear''<br>'''zyi<u>un</u>'''....''plaque, plate''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyia'''....''flat''<br>'''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vyua'''....''dirty'' |- | '''-on'''....''abstract thing'' || '''son'''....''issue'' || '''yov<u>on</u>'''....''tort, wrong''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yov'''....''guilt'' |- | '''yen'''....''manner, kind'' || '''byen'''....''manner'' || '''tex<u>yen</u>'''....''opinion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tex'''....''thought''<br>'''hi<u>yen</u>'''....''this way, thus''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''hi-'''....''this''<br>'''es<u>yen</u>'''....''status''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''es-'''....''exist'' |- | '''-in'''....''-ism'' || '''tin'''....''doctrine'' || '''tot<u>in</u>'''....''theism, religion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tot-'''....''god''<br>'''Krist<u>in</u>'''....''Christianity''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Krist'''....''Christ''<br>'''vyisat<u>in</u>'''....''puritanism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vysiat'''....''puritan, clean person''<br>'''oytof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''oytofa'''....''nude'' |- | '''-ufyeg'''....''cylinder'' || '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' || '''man<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''candle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''man'''....''light''<br>'''tiib<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''artery''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tiib'''....''heart''<br>'''mil<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''toilet''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mil'''....''water''<br>'''mov<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''cheminee''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mov'''....''smoke'' |- | '''-ab'''....''government'' || '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dit<u>ab</u>'''....''democracy''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dit'''....''citizen'' |- | '''-eb'''....''leader'' || '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''x<u>eb</u>'''....''boss''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''x-'''....''do''<br>'''tam<u>eb</u>'''....''master of the house''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tam'''....''house'' |- | '''-ub'''....''branch'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''pat<u>ub</u>'''....''wing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | '''-ad'''....''language'' || '''-a''' + '''d(alzeyn)'''....''language'' || '''Frans<u>ad</u>'''....''French (language)'' |- | '''-uz'''....''jewelry'' || '''nuz'''....''jewel'' || '''teyob<u>uz</u>'''....''necklace''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck''<br>'''teeb<u>uz</u>'''....''earring''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teeb'''....''ear'' |- | '''-u(er)'''....''give'' || '''buer'''....''give'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>er'''....''exhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-i(er)'''....''take'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''tiebal<u>i</u>er'''....''inhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-ui(er)'''....''exchange'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>ier'''....''breathe''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |} ==== Derviational Suffixes ==== ::: Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivational Suffixes |- ! Derivational<br>Suffix !! Function || Base Word <br><br>--> Suffixed<br>Derivation |- | '''-er''' || Noun <br>--> Verbal Infinitive || '''sag'''....''count'' <big><br>--></big> '''sag<u>er</u>'''....''to count'' |- | '''-n''' || Present Tense Verb <br>--> Verbal Noun (Gerund)<br>Adjective <br>--> Abstract Noun || '''yexe'''....''(he/she/...) works'' <big><br>--></big> '''yexe<u>n</u>'''....''working''<br>'''via'''....''beautiful'' <big><br>--></big> '''via<u>n</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yuba'''....''near'' <big><br>--></big> '''yuba<u>n</u>'''....''proximity, nearness'' |- | '''-a''' || Noun <br>--> Adjective<br>Active Verb<br>--> Verbal Adjective (Present Participle)<br>Past Passive Verb <br>--> Perfect Passive Participle (Adjective)||'''mor'''....''universe'' <big><br>--></big> '''mor<u>a</u>'''....''universal''<br>'''ake'''....''wins'' <big><br>--></big> '''ake<u>a</u>'''....''winning''<br>'''teatwa'''....''was seen'' <big><br>--></big>'''teatwa<u>a</u>''' (or, shortened to: '''teatw<u>a</u>'''....''seen'') |- | '''-ya''' || INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM <br>--> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE || '''ip-'''....''go away'' <big><br>--></big> '''ip<u>ya</u>'''....''gone away'' |- | '''-yea''' || VERB STEM <br>--> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE) || '''zaypas-'''....''progress'' <big><br>--></big> '''zaypas<u>yea</u>'''....''progressive'' |- | '''-y''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ADVERB || '''iga'''....''quick'' <big><br>--></big> '''iga<u>y</u>'''....''quickly''<br>'''tea-'''....''knowing''<big><br>--></big>'''tea<u>y</u>'''....''knowingly'' |- | '''-ut''' || VERB STEM <br>--> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''one who Xes, -er'' || '''ak-'''....''win'' <big><br>--></big> '''ak<u>ut</u>''' ....''winner'' |- | '''-us''' || VERB STEM <br>--> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''thing that Xes, -er'' || '''gol-'''....''divide'' <big><br>--></big> '''gol<u>us</u>''' ....''divisor'' |- |- '''-t''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ANIMATE NOUN (human, one who is...) || '''yibtrawa'''....''well-known'' <big>-<br>--></big>'''yibtrawa<u>t</u>'''....''celebrity'' |- |- '''-s''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> INANIMATE NOUN (thing, something X) || '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big><br>--></big>'''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery'' |} ::: <small>*Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker '''-i''' fall under the latter category.</small> ==== Normal Semantic Suffixes==== :* Augmentative Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Augmentative Suffixes |- ! Augmentative Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-ag''' (augmentative) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamag'''....''mansion'' |- | '''-ayg''' (affectionate augmentative) || '''sem'''....''chair'' || '''semayg'''....''big old chair'' |- | '''-yag''' (pejorative augmentative) || '''apet'''....''horse'' || '''apetyag'''....''nag'' |} :* Diminutive Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Diminutive Suffixes |- ! Diminutive Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-og''' (diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamog'''....''hut'' |- | '''-oyg''' (affectionate diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamoyg'''....''cottage'' |- | '''-yog''' (pejorative diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamyog'''....''shack'' |- | '''-et''' (a smaller person) || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' |- | '''-es''' (thing of lesser importance) || '''nas'''....''money'' || '''nases'''....''change, coin'' |- | '''-ud''' (child of, offspring) || '''tob'''....''man'' || '''tobud'''....''infant'' |} :* Semantic Adjectival Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Adjectival Suffixes |- ! Adjectival Suffix !! Meaning !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-a''' || '''mor'''....''universe'' || ''related to, -al, -ic'' || '''mora'''....''universal'' |- | '''-aya''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekaya'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-oya''' || '''vyun'''....''spot'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''vyunoya'''....''spotless'' |- | '''-ika''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekika'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-uka''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''miekuka'''....''dust-free'' |- | '''-yea''' || '''vyod'''....''lie'' || ''given to doing X, -ive'' || '''vyodyea'''....''mendacious, given to lying'' |- | '''-yena''' || '''tat'''....''angel'' || ''like, -ly, -ic'' || '''tatyena'''....''angelic'' |} :* Other Semantic Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Other Semantic Suffixes |- ! Suffix !! Base Word || Derivation |- | '''-tun'''....''science, ...ology'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>tun</u>'''....''biology'' |- | '''-tut'''....''-ologist, expert, -ist'' || '''dar'''....''language'' || '''dar<u>tut</u>'''....''linquist'' |- | '''-tuin'''....''theory'' || '''tob'''....''mar'' || '''mar<u>tuin</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | '''-yan'''....''collection, aggregate'' || '''fab'''....''tree''|| '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest'' |- |'''-tyen'''....''trade, -ics'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''sir<u>tyen</u>'''....''mechanics'' |- | '''-if'''....''pet name'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''twed<u>if</u>'''....''papa'' |- | '''ifa'''....''-philic, -loving'' || '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''dyes<u>ifa</u>'''....''bibliophilic'' |- | '''ifwa'''....''liked by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ifwa</u>'''....''popular'' |- | '''ufa'''....''-phobic, -hating'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>ufa</u>'''....''misogynous'' |- | '''ufwa'''....''hated by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ufwa</u>'''....''unpopular'' |- | '''yafa'''....''able to'' || '''tyoyap-'''....''walk'' || '''tyoyap<u>yafa</u>'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''yafwa'''....''possible to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yafwa</u>'''....''visible'' |- | '''yofa'''....''unable to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yofa</u>'''....''blind'' |- | '''yofwa'''....''impossible to'' || '''dye-'''....''read'' || '''dye<u>yofwa</u>'''....''illegible'' |- | '''yika'''....''hard of...ing'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yika</u>'''....''hard of hearing'' |- | '''yikwa'''....''hard to'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yikwa</u>'''....''hard to hear'' |- | '''yuka'''....''easy at...ing'' || '''vatex-'''....''believe'' || '''vatex<u>yuka</u>'''....''gullible'' |- | '''yukwa'''....''easily...ed'' || '''test-'''....''understand'' || '''test<u>yukwa</u>'''....''easily understood'' |- | '''yufa'''....''fearful of, -phobic'' || '''tot'''....''god'' || '''tot<u>yufa</u>'''....''god-fearing'' |- | '''yufwa'''....''feared'' || '''hyat'''....''everybody'' || '''hyat<u>yufwa</u>'''....''feared by all'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''efa'''....''needful of'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''tel<u>efa</u>'''....''hungry'' |- | '''efwa'''....''necessary to'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>efa</u>'''....''vital'' |- | '''yefa'''....''duty-bound to, -worthy of'' || '''dud'''....''answer'' || '''dud<u>yefa</u>'''....''responsible'' |- | '''yefwa'''....''due, -worthy of'' || '''fid-'''....''laud'' || '''fid<u>yefwa</u>'''....''praiseworthy'' |- | '''afa'''....''authorized to'' || '''dokebi-'''....''vote'' || '''dokebi<u>afa</u>'''....''franchised'' |- | '''ofwa'''....''prohibited to'' || '''movi-'''....''smoke'' || '''movi<u>ofwa</u>gonem'''....''no-smoking zone'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''yivwa'''....''free to be ...ed'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yivwa</u>'''....''optional'' |- | '''yuva'''....''bound'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tam<u>yuva</u>'''....''house-bound'' |- | '''ova'''....''resistant, anti-'' || '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution'' || '''aagdovyab<u>ova</u>'''....''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''ava'''....''in favor of, pro-'' || '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' || '''tyodab<u>ava</u>'''....''pro-democracy'' |- | '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''toos'''....''gender'' || '''toos<u>eva</u>'''....''gender-neutral'' |} ==== Inflectional Suffixes ==== : Mirad has only one noun inflectional suffix, namely, '''-''', which makes a singular noun plural: ::* '''tam'''....''house'' --> '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' : The only other inflectional affixes are the following verb infixes and suffixes: ::* '''-er'''....infinitive ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' : Example: :* '''Wit tuj<u>eya</u> hoj van at pua.'''....''He <u>was sleeping</u> when I arrived.'' ::* '''-e-''' = progressive aspect infix ::* '''-y-''' = active voice infix ::* '''-a''' = past tense suffix === Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling === : Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called '''''first-level ordinal scaling'''''. ==== First-level Ordinal Scaling ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ First-level Ordinal Scaling |- valign=top ! ORDINAL VOWEL !! t...b !! m...r !! j...b !! m...s !! t...m !! d...b || f...b || s...m || d...t || t...d |- !row=1| '''o''' = 0 |'''tob'''<br>''man'' || '''mor'''<br>''universe'' || '''job'''<br>''time'' || '''mos'''<br>''floor''|| '''tom'''<br>''building'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' || '''fob'''<br>''plant'' || '''som'''<br>''furniture''||'''dot'''<br>''society''||'''tod'''<br>''family'' |- !row=1| '''a''' = 1 |'''tab'''<br>''body'' || '''mar'''<br>''sun'' || '''jab'''<br>''year'' || '''mas'''<br>''wall'' || '''tam'''<br>''house'' || '''dab'''<br>''government'' || '''fab'''<br>''tree'' || '''sam'''<br>''armoire''||'''dat'''<br>''friend'' || '''tad'''<br>''spouse'' |- !row=1| '''e''' = 2 |'''teb'''<br>''head'' || '''mer'''<br>''planet'' || '''jeb'''<br>''season''|| '''mes'''<br>''door'' || '''tem'''<br>''hall'' || '''deb'''<br>''leader'' || '''feb'''<br>''fruit'' || '''sem'''<br>''table''||'''det'''<br>''associate'' || '''ted'''<br>''parent'' |- !row=1| '''i''' = 3 |'''tib'''<br>''trunk'' || '''mir'''<br>''earth'' || '''jib'''<br>''month'' || '''mis'''<br>''window'' || '''tim'''<br>''room'' || '''dib'''<br>''office'' || '''fib'''<br>''tree trunk'' || '''sim'''<br>''chair''||'''dit'''<br>''citizen'' || '''tid'''<br>''sibling'' |- !row=1| '''u''' = 4 |'''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''mur'''<br>''moon'' || '''jub'''<br>''day'' || '''mus'''<br>''stairs'' || '''tum'''<br>''cell'' || '''dub'''<br>''minister'' || '''fub'''<br>''branch'' || '''sum'''<br>''bed''||'''dut'''<br>''gentleperson'' || '''tud'''<br>''child'' |- !row=1| '''yo''' = 5 |'''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || || '''jyob*'''<br>''hour'' || || || || '''fyob'''<br>''root'' || || || '''tyod'''<br>''people'' |} ::: <small>* The palatal glide '''y''' in these words, which follows a palatal '''j''' is hard to pronounce, so the '''y''' is replaced with a '''w''', giving '''jwob''', '''jwab''', and '''jweb'''.</small> ==== Second-level Ordinal Scaling ==== :: A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding an ordinal vowel immediately after a word's stem vowel. ::: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Second-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''mi...p''' !! '''me...p''' !! '''tu...b''' !! '''tyo...b'''!! '''ma...f''' !! '''me...g''' !! '''do...b''' |- | '''mip'''<br>''river'' || '''mep'''<br>''way'' || '''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' || '''meg'''<br>''stone'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' |- | '''mi<u>a</u>p'''<br>''stream'' || '''meap'''<br>''road'' || '''tuab'''<br>''shoulder'' || '''tyoab'''<br>''hip''|| '''maaf'''<br>''stratus'' || '''meag'''<br>''marble'' || '''doab'''...''fatherland'' |- | '''mi<u>e</u>p'''<br>''brook'' || '''meep'''<br>''path'' || '''tueb'''<br>''upper arm'' || '''tyoeb'''<br>''thigh''|| '''maef'''<br>''cumulus'' || '''meeg'''<br>''slate'' || '''doeb'''<br>''province, state'' |- | '''mi<u>i</u>p'''<br>''rivulet'' || '''meip'''<br>''trail'' || '''tuib'''<br>''elbow'' || '''tyoib'''<br>''knee''|| '''maif'''<br>''stratocumulus'' || '''meig'''<br>''granite'' || '''doib'''<br>''county, shire'' |- | '''mi<u>u</u>p'''<br>''torrent'' || '''meup'''<br>''track'' || '''tuub'''<br>''forearm'' || '''tyoub'''<br>''shin''|| '''mauf'''<br>''cumulonimbus'' || '''meug'''<br>''clay, dough'' || '''doub'''<br>''district'' |- | '''mi<u>yo</u>p'''<br>''trickle'' || || '''tuyob'''<br>''wrist'' || '''tyoyob'''<br>''ankle''||'''mayof'''<br>''nimbostatus'' || '''meyog'''<br>''china'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ya</u>b'''<br>''hand'' || '''tyoyab'''<br>''foot''||'''mayaf'''<br>''altostratus'' || '''meyag'''<br>''chalk'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ye</u>b'''<br>''fist'' || '''tyoyeb'''<br>''heel''|| '''mayef'''<br>''altocumulus'' || '''meyeg'''<br>''limestone'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yi</u>b'''<br>''palm'' || '''tyoyib'''<br>''sole''|| '''mayif'''<br>''cirrus'' || '''meyig'''<br>''alabaster'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yu</u>b'''<br>''finger'' || '''tyoyub'''<br>''toe''|| '''mayuf'''<br>''cirrostratus'' || '''meyug'''<br>''gypsum''|| |- | || || '''tu<u>lo</u>b'''<br>''fingernail'' || '''tyolob'''<br>''toenail''||'''malof'''<br>''cirrocumulus'' || |} ==== Third-level Ordinal Scaling ==== ::: A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing an ordinal number vowel to the word. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Third-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | '''<u>a</u>tuyub'''....''thumb'' |- | '''<u>e</u>tuyub'''....''index'' |- | '''<u>i</u>tuyub'''....''middle finger'' |- | '''<u>u</u>tuyub'''....''ring finger'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>tuyub'''....''pinky'' |} ::: So, to sum up, we have: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:6.4em; font-size:smaller" |+ Summary of Scaling |- ! '''t...b''' !! '''tob''' = ''human being'' |- | FIRST-LEVEL || '''tub'''....''arm'' |- | SECOND-LEVEL || '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | THIRD-LEVEL || '''atuyub'''....''thumb'' |} ==== Scaling with Prefixed Numbering ==== ::: We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words by prefixing an ordinal vowel even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first level usually begins with '''a'''. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefix Numbering |- ! align=left | NUMBER || '''dob'''....''state'' !! '''deb'''....''leader'' !! '''mez'''....''gem'' !! '''mer'''....''planet'' || '''maf'''....''cloud'' || '''sagtun'''....''mathematics'' |- ! 1 | '''<u>a</u>dob'''....''empire'' || '''adeb'''....''emperor'' || '''amez'''....''diamond'' || '''Amer'''....''Mercury'' || '''amaf'''....''nimbus'' || '''asagtun'''....''arithmetic'' |- ! 2 | '''<u>e</u>dob'''....''kingdom'' || '''edeb'''....''king'' || '''emez'''....''topaz'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' || '''emaf'''....''stratus'' || '''esagtun'''....''geometry'' |- ! 3 | '''<u>i</u>dob'''....''principality'' || '''ideb'''....''prince'' || '''imez'''....''ruby'' || '''Imer'''....''Earth'' || '''imaf'''....''nimbostatus'' || '''isagtun'''....''algebra'' |- ! 4 | '''<u>u</u>dob'''....''duchy'' || '''udeb'''....''duke'' || '''umez'''....''emerald'' ||'''Umer'''....''Mars'' || '''umaf'''....''cumulus'' || '''usagtun'''....''trigonometry'' |- ! 5 | '''<u>yo</u>dob'''....''marquisate'' || '''yodeb'''....''marquis'' || '''yomez'''....''saphire'' || '''Yomer'''....''Jupiter'' || '''yomaf'''....''cumulostatus'' || '''yosagtun'''....''calculus'' |- ! 6 | '''<u>ya</u>dob'''....''county'' || '''yadeb'''....''count'' || '''yamez'''....''lapis lazuli'' || '''Yamer'''....''Saturn'' || '''yamaf'''....''stratocumulus'' || |- ! 7 | '''<u>ye</u>dob'''....''dominion'' || '''yedeb'''....''lord'' || '''yemez'''....''amthyst'' || '''Yemer'''....''Uranus'' || '''yemaf'''....''altocumulus'' || |- ! 8 | '''<u>yi</u>dob'''....''viscounty'' || '''yideb'''....''viscount'' || '''yimez'''....''amber'' ||'''Yimer'''....''Pluto'' || '''yimaf'''....''altostratus'' || |- ! 9 | '''<u>yu</u>dob'''....''barony'' || '''yudeb'''....''baron'' || '''yumez'''....''topaz'' || || '''yumaf'''....''cirrocumulus'' || |- ! 10 | '''<u>alo</u>dob'''....''tribe'' || '''alodeb'''....''tribal chief'' || '''alomez'''....''opal'' || || '''alomaf'''....''cirrus'' || |} === Rule #4: Overlapping === : When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in '''''overlapping''''' or a '''''portmanteau'''''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Overlapping in Compounds |- ! First Word !! Second Word !! Portmanteau |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''mep'''....''road'' || '''domep'''....''boulevard'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''teub'''....''mouth'' || '''pateub'''....''beak'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''patub'''....''wing'' |- | '''teupib'''....''tooth'' || '''byok'''....''pain'' || '''teypibyok'''....''toothache'' |} : In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided. === Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels === : When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an '''o''', replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word. : Examples: ::* '''edob'''....''kingdom'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''edeb'''....''monarch'' ('''edweb'''....''king'', '''edeyb'''....''queen'') ::* '''udob'''....''principality'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''udeb'''....''prince'' ('''udweb'''....''prince'', '''udeyb'''....''princess'') : By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant: : Examples: : '''mil'''....''water'' + '''mal'''....''air'' -> '''mial'''....''vapor, steam'' === Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants === : When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant. : Example: <b>to<u>b</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D8;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-b</b> = <i>organism</i>) (<b>t-</b> = <i>human</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>tof</b>....<i>clothing, apparel</i> (<b>n-</b> = <i>commercial</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>nof</b>....<i>cloth, fabric</i> <b>no<u>f</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D7;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-f</b> = <i>cloth</i>) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Swapping Generic Consonants |- ! Base Word 1 !! Base Word 2 !! Derived Word |- | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tov'''....''lingerie'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''taf'''....''suit'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tef'''....''hat'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tif'''....''vest'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tyoyaf'''....''shoe'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tuyaf'''....''glove'' |- | '''doob'''^*....''nation'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''doof'''....''flag'' |- | '''taob'''^*....''flesh'' || '''tol'''....''food'' || '''taol'''....''meat'' |} :<small>* This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.</small> === Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender === : Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix '''w''' and the feminine infix '''y'''. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''w'''. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''y'''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Marking Animate Nouns for Gender |- ! Gender-Neutral !! Male !! Female |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''young person'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''it'''....''he/she/it'' || '''wit'''....''he'' || '''iyt'''....''she'' |- | '''apat'''....''cock'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''toob'''....''gender'' || '''twoob'''....''male'' || '''tooyb'''....''female'' |} ::* Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for women, rather than men, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Making Inanimate Objects Female-related |- ! Male-oriented or Neutral !! Female-oriented |- | '''taf'''....''suit'' || '''tayf'''....''dress'' |- | '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' || '''tyoyayv'''....''stockings'' |- | '''tiav'''....''shirt'' || '''tiayv'''....''blouse'' |} ::* Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Body Parts Genderized |- ! Neutral !! Male-oriented !! Female-oriented |- | '''tilab'''....''breast'' || '''twilab'''....''male breast'' || '''tilayb'''....''female breast'' |- | || '''twiyib'''....''testicals'' || '''tiyiyb'''....''ovary'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''sexual organ'' || '''twiyub'''....''penis'' || '''tiyuyb'''....''vagina'' |} ::* In nouns that end in '''-ut''', the agentive suffix meaning ''-er, one who...'', the nouns can be feminized by changing '''-ut''' to '''-uyt''', eg. '''dezut'''....''actor'' -> '''dezuyt'''....''actress''. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing '''-ut''' with '''w''' to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the '''w''' can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like '''dezut''' can mean ''actor'' of neutral or male gender. ::* Animate nouns having the ending '''-et''' (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding '''w''' or '''y''' to the semantic base of the word, eg. '''tobet'''....''child, youth'' -> '''toybet'''....''girl'' or '''twobet'''....''boy''. === Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels === : A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings. : Geo-specific Vowels: <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* '''o'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''outer space, abstract object, initial stuff''' ::* '''a'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sky, air, gas''' ::* '''e'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''land, soil, solid''' ::* '''i'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sea, water, liquid''' ::* '''u'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''underground, mineral, concrete object, other''' </div> :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels |- ! !!'''m...p''' !! '''m...m''' !! '''d...p''' !! '''p...t''' !! '''m...l''' |- ! Space | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''space'' || '''dop'''....''military'' || '''pot'''....||'''mol'''....''nature'' |- ! Sky | '''map'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''dap'''....''air force'' || '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''mal'''....''air'' |- ! Land | '''mep'''....''road''|| '''mem'''....''land''|| '''dep'''....''army'' || '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''mel'''....''soil'' |- ! Water | '''mip'''....''river''|| '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''dip'''....''marine force'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''mil'''....''water'' |- ! Underground (or other) | '''mup'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || || || '''mul'''....''stuff'' |} : This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Hybrids|Hybrids]] for more on this subject. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Hybrid nouns |- ! First-level Derivation !! + Geospecific Vowel !! Second-level Derivation |- | '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''i'''....''water, sea''|| '''pe<u>i</u>t'''....''aquatic mammal'' |- | '''pelt'''....''insect'' || '''a'''....''air, sky''|| '''pel<u>a</u>t'''....''flying insect'' |- | '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''i'''....''water, sea'' || '''me<u>i</u>l'''....''mud'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''a'''....''air, gas'' || '''mi<u>a</u>l'''....''vapor'' |} === Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels === : The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Vectorial Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact. :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" border="0" |+ Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''amer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''baer'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''aber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''byaer'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''yaber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''omer'''....''south'' |- | '''o''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''boer'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''oper'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''pyoser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''yoper'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''uber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''pyuer'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''yuber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''byuser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''pier'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''yiper'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''pyiser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''emer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''eb'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''bexer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''up against, strike''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike'' |} ==== Special value of certain vowels ==== : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular'': ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual'' ::* '''anota'''....''alone, solitary'' ::* '''anay'''....''only'' ::* '''aun'''....''unit'' : The prefixes '''ya-''' or '''yan-''' meaning ''collection, plural'': ::* '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''yanot'''....''constituent'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' ::* '''yanotyan'''....''community'' ::* '''yan'''....''together'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yon'''....''apart'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' vs. '''yonota'''....''private'' ::* '''yanxer'''....''to combine'' vs. '''yonxer'''....''to separate'' === Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns === : Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning. : For example, the mnemonic '''eu''' pattern from the word for mouth, '''teud''' can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Mnemonic Pattern Derivation |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teub'''....''mouth'' !! Classifier !! Generic |- | '''teud'''....''shout'' || '''t''' = human || '''d''' = communication |- | '''teuz'''....''voice'' || '''t''' = human || '''z''' = art |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''d''' = communication || '''z''' = art |- | '''seuz'''....''tone'' || '''s''' = thing || '''z''' = art |- | '''seux'''....''sound'' || '''s''' = thing || '''x''' = action |- | '''xeus'''....''noise'' || '''x''' = action || '''s''' = thing |- | '''teuf'''....''muzzle'' || '''t''' = human || '''f''' = apparel |- | '''teuv'''....''mask'' || '''t''' = human || '''v''' = linen |- | '''teus'''....''taste''|| '''t''' = human || '''s''' = thing |- | '''deup'''....''rhythm''|| '''d''' = communication || '''p''' = ''motion'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teab'''....''eye'' !! '''(t)ea-''' = ''see'' !! Generic |- | '''teaper'''....''visit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teader'''....''witness'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teaxer'''....''look'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teaser'''....''seem'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teater'''....''see'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keaxer'''....''scan'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleaxer'''....''check'' || '''vyal-''' = ''certain''|| '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''yoneater'''....''distinguish'' || '''yon-''' = ''apart''|| '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''beaxer'''....''guard'' || '''be-''' = ''hold'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teatier'''....''perceive'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teatuer'''....''show'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teeb'''....''ear'' !! '''(t)ee-''' = ''hear'' !! Generic |- | '''teeper'''....''attend'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teeder'''....''testify'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teexer'''....''listen'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teeser'''....''sound (like)'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teeter'''....''hear'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keexer'''....''scan (acoustically)'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''koteexer'''....''snoop on'' || '''ko-''' = ''hide'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleexer'''....''sound out'' || '''vyal-''' = certain || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teetier'''....''get wind of'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teetuer'''....''make heard'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- | '''zyateetuer'''....''rumor'' || '''zya-''' = ''all around'' || '''-u-''' = objected-directed |} : A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Shortening Long Compounds |- ! Word 1 !! Word 2 !! Long Compound !! Shortened Compound |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''ekpeteuder''' || '''ekpeder'''....''neigh'' |- | '''serpyet'''....''snake'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''serpyeteuder''' || '''sepyeder'''....''hiss'' |- | '''vifeb'''....''grape'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''vifebil'''....''grape juice'' || '''vifil'''....''wine'' |- | '''povob'''....''grain'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''povobil''' || '''povil'''....''beer'' |} : Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ From Full Words to Stubs |- ! Compound !! New Stub !! Derivation |- | '''tilabil'''....''breast milk'' || '''bil'''....''milk''|| '''bilyug'''....''butter'' |- | '''fauf'''....''log'' || '''-uf'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''cylinder''|| '''muf'''....''rod, stick'' |- | '''zyeg'''....''hole'' || '''-yeg'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''hole'', ''hollow thing''|| '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' |} : The clipped word '''bil''' now gives rise to other compounds: ::* '''bilyig'''....''cheese'' ::* '''bilyigem'''....''cheese factory'' ::* '''bilyug'''....''butter'' ::* '''bilyugyena'''....''butter-like'' : The word '''mufyeg''' (Lit: hollow stick) means '''pipe, reed, cylinder''' === Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === : Words which follow Rule #11 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation. : These nuances are obtained by: :* Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel. :: These vowels are: ::: '''a''' for '''a''' and '''ya''' ::: '''e''' for '''e''' and '''ye''' ::: '''i''' for '''i''' and '''yi''' ::: '''o''' for '''o''' and '''yo''' ::: '''u''' for '''u''' and '''yu''' :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nad'''....''line'' || '''naad'''....''rail'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''doob'''....''nation'' |- | '''vyab'''....''rule'' || '''vyayab'''....''system'' |- | '''boka'''....''sick'' || '''booka'''....''tired'' |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || '''noog'''....''phase'' |- | '''bil'''....''milk'' || '''biil'''....''juice'' |} :* Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''less''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deintensification with Post-y-gliding |- ! Word !! Mitigated Derivation |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''iyfer'''....''like'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''iyva'''....''glad'' |- | '''zyutom'''....''tower'' || '''zyutoym'''....''turret'' |- | '''ama'''....''hot'' || '''ayma'''....''warm'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''oyma'''....''cool'' |} :* Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''greater''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding |- ! Word !! Enhanced Derivation |- | '''pot'''....''wild animal'' || '''pyot'''....''predator animal'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pyat'''....''bird of prey'' |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''yoma'''....''frozen'' |- | '''nuxer'''....''pay'' || '''nyuxer'''....''deliver'' |- | '''nexer'''....''save'' || '''nyexer'''....''store'' |} :* Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid '''l''' or the further intensifying liquid '''r''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with L and R |- ! Word !! L-Intensitifed || R-Intensified |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''ifler'''....''be fond of'' || '''ifrer'''....''adore'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''ivla'''....''content'' || '''ivra'''....''delighted'' |- | '''vaa'''....''affirmative'' || '''vlaa'''....''sure'' || '''vraa'''....''indubitable'' |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agla'''....''huge'' || '''agra'''....''immense'' |- | '''ga'''....''more'' || '''gala'''....''multiple'' || '''gara'''....''exponential'' |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press'' || '''barer'''....''crush'' |- | '''yexer'''....''work'' || '''yexler'''....''labor'' || '''yexrer'''....''toil, slave'' |- | '''yixer'''....''use'' || '''yixler'''....''hire'' || '''yixrer'''....''exploit'' |} :* Adding consonants other than '''l''' or '''r''' as the generic consonant: : Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like '''t''', '''f''', '''s''', '''k''', and '''z''' are used, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with Other Consonants |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fika'''....''perfect''<br>'''fira'''....''excellent'' |- | '''fua'''....''bad'' || '''futa'''....''wicked''<br>'''fura'''....''rotten'' |- | '''gea'''....''equal'' || '''geta'''....''identical''<br>'''gela'''....''alike'' |- | '''vyaa'''....''true'' || '''vyaka'''....''correct''<br>'''vyama'''....''real'' |- | '''vyoa'''....''false'' || '''vyoka'''....''incorrect''<br>'''vyoma'''....''fake'' |- | '''yiga'''....''hard'' || '''yigza'''....''sour''<br>'''yigla'''....''brusk''<br>'''yigra'''....''brutal'' |- | '''yuga'''....''soft'' || '''yugfa'''....''smooth''<br>'''yugla'''....''tender''<br>'''yugra'''....''mild'' |} :* Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nab'''....''row'' || '''nap'''....''order'' |- | '''vyava'''....''just'' || '''vyafa'''....''precise'' |- | '''jwab'''....''minute'' || '''jwap'''....''moment'' |- | '''jweb'''....''second'' || '''jwep'''....''instant'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''tap'''....''physique'' |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''top'''....''soul, animus'' |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' |- | '''naz'''....''value'' || '''nas'''....''money'' |- | '''nag'''....''dimension'' || '''nak'''...''unit of measurement'' |} == Technical Nomenclature == : The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features. === Zoological Nomenclature === {{status|100%}} [[File:Animal diversity.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of animals are formed in a systematic way. ==== Base Names ==== : First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with '''p''' (mobile) and end with '''t''' (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures. : The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air ('''a'''), water ('''i'''), land ('''e'''), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild ('''o'''), tame, or predatory ('''y'''); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms |- ! Type !! Air = a !! Water = i !! Land = e !! Anywhere = o |- valign=top !row=1| Ordinary |'''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' || '''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Predatory |'''pyat'''....''raptor'' || '''pyit'''....''predatory fish'' || '''pyet'''....''reptile'' ||'''pyot'''....''predatory animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Hybrid |'''piat'''....''waterfowl''<br>'''pelat'''....''flying insect''<br>'''paet'''....''flightless bird'' ||'''piit'''....''crustacean''<br>'''pilt'''....''marine invertebrate''<br>'''peit'''....''mammalian fish''<br>'''pyeit'''....''mollusk''|| '''payet'''....''flying reptile''<br>'''piyet'''....''batracian''<br>'''peyet'''....''worm''<br>'''pelt'''....''insect'' ||'''piot'''....''aquatic mammal'' |} ==== Derived Names ==== : The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the [https://www.itis.gov/| Linnaean taxonomy]. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name '''Canidae''' (''canids''). The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin. ''Ca'' in Latin is pronounced '''ka'''. See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad. In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory. So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix '''ka''' to the base name for domestic land animal '''pet''', yielding '''kapet''' (''dog''). All other members of the dog family end in '''pot''' (feral animal) or '''pyot''' (predatory animal). The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel. If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, ''prairie dog'' (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by '''ci³xi²ro¹pot''' from '''<u>Ro</u>¹dentia <u>Sci</u>²uridae <u>Cy</u>³nomys''', where '''pot''' is the basic animal type ''wild animal''. All rodents have the taxonomic syllable '''ro''' from the Latin "order" taxon ''Rodentia'', while all squirrel names will have the syllable '''xi''' from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon ''<u>Sci</u>uridae'' ('''<u>xi</u>uriday'''). The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family: :: <u>Ca</u>nidae (''dog family'') > ::: '''<u>ka</u>pet'''...''the common domestic dog'' (only one species, ''Canis familiaris'') ::: '''<u>ka</u>pot'''...''wild dog'' ::: '''<u>ka</u>pyot'''...''predatory dog'' : Species under '''kapyot''' are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names: :: ''Canis <u>lu</u>pus'' > '''<u>lu</u>kapyot'''...''gray wolf (or just wolf)'' :: ''Canis <u>la</u>trans'' > '''<u>la</u>kapyot'''...''coyote, prairie wolf'' ::: ''Canis latrans <u>les</u>tes'' > '''<u>les</u>lakapyot'''...''mountain coyote'' :: ''Canis <u>au</u>rus'' > '''<u>aw</u>kapyot''' > ''jackal, golden jackal'' ::: ''Canis aurus <u>cur</u>ensis'' > '''<u>kur</u>awkapyot'''....''Indochinese jackal'' :: ''Canis <u>vul</u>pus'' > '''<u>vul</u>kapyot'''...''fox, red fox'' : If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is '''awkapyot''' and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from ''curensis'' would normally be '''ku''', but it has to be extended to '''kur''' because the base begins in a vowel. : The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Latin/Greek - Mirad correspondences |- ! Latin/Greek Spelling !! Latin Sound !! Mirad Spelling !! Example |- | ''au'' || ''aw'' || '''aw''' || ''<u>au</u>rus''....'''aw-''' |- | ''eu'' || ''ew'' || '''ew''' || ''<u>eu</u>ropa''....'''ew-''' |- | ''ai''<br>''ae'' || ''ay'' || '''ay''' || ''<u>ae</u>gyptus''....'''ay-''' |- | ''ei'' <br> ''ey'' || ''ey'' || '''ey''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''oe'' || ''oy'' || '''oy''' || ''F<u>oe</u>niculum''....'''oy''' |- | ''ua'' || ''wa'' || '''wa''' || ''s<u>ua</u>vis''....'''s<u>wa</u>''' |- | ''ca/co/cu'' || ''ka/ko/ku'' || '''ka/ko/ku''' || ''<u>ca</u>nis''....'''<u>ka</u>''' |- | ''ce/ci/cy''' || ''che/chi/chi'' || '''ce/ci/cy''' || ''<u>cy</u>pris''....'''<u>ci</u>''' |- | ''y'' || ''i'' || '''i''' || ''c<u>y</u>pris''....'''<u>i</u>''' |- | ''g''' || ''g'' || '''g''' || ''<u>Ge</u>ococcyx''/''<u>Ga</u>stropoda''....'''<u>g</u>''' |- | ''ch'' || ''k'' || '''k''' || ''<u>Chi</u>roptera''....'''<u>ki</u>''' |- | ''ph'' || ''f'' || '''f''' ||''S<u>ph</u>yrapicus''....'''<u>f</u>''' |- | ''rh'' || ''r'' || '''r''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''x'' || ''ks'' || '''ks''' || ''Lo<u>x</u>odonta''....'''<u>ks</u>''' |- | ''qu'' || ''kw'' || '''kw''' || ''<u>Qu</u>ercus''....'''<u>kw</u>''' |- | ''j'' || ''y'' || '''j''' || ''<u>ju</u>lianus''....'''<u>ju</u>''' |- | ''sci'' || ''shi'' || '''xi''' || ''<u>Sci</u>uridae''....'''<u>xi</u>''' |- | ''th'' || ''t'' || '''t''' || ''<u>Th</u>unnus''....'''<u>t</u>''' |- | ''cci'' || ''ksi'' || '''ksi''' || ''Va<u>cc</u>inus''....'''<u>ksi</u>''' |} : Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for ''Cinnamomum'' would be '''cin'''. : The Latin letter ''j'' is represented in Mirad with '''j''' even though it is pronounced like a ''y''. This is for better recognizability. ==== Genderized and Other Forms ==== : Form the female of an animal by inserting a '''y''' before the '''t''' of the base adult name: ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kape<u>y</u>t'''....''bitch'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkapyo<u>y</u>t'''....''vixen'' : Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a '''w''' right after the '''p''' of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with '''py''' in which case the '''w''' is inserted just before the '''t''' of the base name: ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekp<u>w</u>et'''....''stallion'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbop<u>w</u>et'''....''ram'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkpyo<u>w</u>t'''....''dog fox'' : Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an '''o''' after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name: ::* '''bopet'''....''bovine'' ====> '''bopwe<u>o</u>t'''....''ox'' ::* '''gafapat'''....''cock'' ====> '''gafapwe<u>o</u>t'''....''capon'' : The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-ud''', the stub for '''tud'''....''child'': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>ud</u>'''....''colt'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>ud</u>'''....''pup'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopet<u>ud</u>'''....''lamb'' : The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing '''-if''': ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>if</u>'''....''puppy'' ::* '''fepet'''....''cat'' ====> '''fepet<u>if</u>'''....''kitty'' : The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-og''': ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supet<u>og</u>'''....''piggy'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>og</u>'''....''pony'' : Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal '''ekpet'''....''horse'' can serve as an example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivations of Horse |- ! Variation !! Mirad Name !! English Name |- !row=1| Adult |'''ekpet'''||''horse'' |- !row=1| Male | '''ekpwet'''||''stallion'' |- !row=1| Female | '''ekpeyt'''||''mare'' |- !row=1| Offspring | '''ekpetud'''||''colt'' |- !row=1| Female Offspring | '''ekpetuyd'''||''filly'' |- !row=1| Small adult |'''ekpetog'''||''pony'' |- !row=1| Gelded | '''ekpweot'''||''gelding'' |} ==== Animal Sounds ==== : The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the '''t''' of the base name with '''d''', the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in '''-der''': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeder'''....''to neigh'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapeder'''....''to bark'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''pader'''....''to tweet, chirp'' ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpyeder'''....''to hiss'' : A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing '''-yan''' or '''-nyan''': ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotyan'''....''a pride of lions'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopetyan'''....''a herd of sheep'' ::* '''pit'''....''fish'' ====> '''pityan'''....''a school of fish'' : Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final '''t''' of the base name with '''-per'''....''to go'': ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpeper'''....''to slither'' ::* '''lapet'''....''rabbit'' ====> '''lapeper'''....''to hop'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeper'''....''to gallop'' : The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in '''l''' (a stub for '''tel''', meaning ''food''): ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supel'''....''pork'' ::* '''supetyob'''....''hog leg'' ====> '''supetyol'''....''ham'' ::* '''bopet'''....''steer'' ====> '''bopel'''....''beef'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopel'''....''mutton'' ::* '''bopetud'''....''calf'' ====> '''bopetul'''....''veal'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatel'''....''honey'' : The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing '''-am'''....''house'', '''-um'''....''cage'', etc. to the base name: ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supetam'''....''pigsty'' ::* '''gafapayt'''....''chicken'' ====> '''gafapaytam'''....''chicken coop'' ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotam'''....''lion's den'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapetam'''....''doghouse'' ::* '''forpelt'''....''ant'' ====> '''forpeltam'''....''anthill'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatam'''....''bee hive'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''patum'''....''birdcage'', '''patsum'''....''nest'', '''patyanam'''...''aviary'' ::* '''pot'''....''wild animal'' ====> '''potam'''....''lair'' ==== Dog Breeds ==== [[File:The dog book - a popular history of the dog, with practical information as to care and management of house, kennel, and exhibition dogs, and descriptions of all the important breeds (1909) (20785715825).jpg|thumb|]] : Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to '''kapet'''....''dog'' that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site [[https://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/]]. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership. : The base of the dog breed name is '''kapet'''....''dog''. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants ('''b''', '''c''', '''d''', etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned to the ordinal vowel '''o''', so '''bokepet''' is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the '''o'''....''zero'' to '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed. : As an example: : To get the name for ''basset hound'': ::* Start with the word for dog: '''kapet'''. : This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is '''h'''. This is prefixed to '''kapet''', with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with '''a''' for ''one''. The ''basset hound'' is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes '''ha-'''. ::* '''hakapet''' is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with '''ha kapet'''....''the dog''.). A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel '''i'''.... ''three'' is prefixed: ::* '''ihakapet''' is a "small-sized scent hound" : A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word '''a'''.... ''one'' is prefixed (with a '''w''' buffer glide when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, '''Gebaroma''' is placed in front, separated by a space: ::* '''Gebaroma awahikapet''' is a ''basset hound'', a dog breed name owned by Great Britain. The name can usually be abbreviated by dropping the country owner name, thus: '''awahikapet''' <gallery> </gallery> : Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site. Group 1 = '''<u>b</u>okapet'''....sheepdogs/cattledogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''b<u>a</u>kapet'''....sheepdogs ::::* Belgian only entry = '''Belima bakapet'''....''Belgian shepherd dog'' ::::* German only entry = '''Deuma bakapet'''....''German shepherd'' ::* Section 2 = '''bekapet'''....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>bekapet'''....''Welsh corgi (Cardigan)'' Group 2 = '''<u>c</u>okapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''c<u>a</u>kapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer type ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''c<u>e</u>kapet'''....Molossian type ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''c<u>i</u>kapet'''....''Swiss mountain/cattledogs'' Group 3 = '''<u>d</u>okapet'''....''terriers'' ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....large and medium-sized terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>9</u>th entry = '''Gebaroma <u>yu</u>dakapet'''....''Welsh terrier'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....small-sized terriers ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''d<u>e</u>kapet'''....bull type terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>3</u>rd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>i</u>dekapet'''....''Staffordshire bull terrier'' ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....toy terriers Group 4 = '''<u>f</u>okapet'''....<u>dachshunds</u> ::::* Germany only entry = '''fakapet'''....''dachshund'' Group 5 = '''<u>g</u>okapet'''....spitz and primitive types ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''g<u>a</u>kapet'''....nordic sledge dogs :::: USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''<u>a</u>gakapet'''....''Siberian husky'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''g<u>e</u>kapet'''....nordic hunting dogs ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''g<u>i</u>kapet'''....nordic watchdogs/herders ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''g<u>u</u>kapet'''....European spits ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''g<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Asian spitz and related breeds ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''g<u>ya</u>kapet'''....primitive types ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''g<u>ye</u>kapet'''....hunting dogs Group 6 = '''<u>h</u>okapet'''....scent hounds and related breeds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''h<u>a</u>kapet'''....''scent hounds'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>1</u> = '''<u>a</u>hakapet'''....large-sized hounds ::::* USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''Usoma <u>aw</u>ahakapet'''....''American foxhound'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>2</u> = '''<u>e</u>hakapet'''....medium-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain only entry = '''Gebaroma ehakapet'''....''harrier'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>3</u> = '''<u>i</u>hakapet'''....small-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>aw</u>ihakapet'''....''basset hound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>ew</u>ihakapet'''....''beagle'' Group 7 = '''<u>j</u>okapet'''....pointing dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''j<u>a</u>kapet'''....''continental pointing dogs'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''j<u>e</u>kapet'''....''British and Irish pointers and setters'' Group 8 = '''<u>k</u>akapet'''....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''k<u>a</u>kapet'''....''retrievers'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''k<u>e</u>kapet'''....''flushing dogs'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''k<u>i</u>kapet'''....''water dogs'' Group 9 = '''<u>l</u>okapet'''....companion and toy dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''l<u>a</u>kapet'''....bichons ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''l<u>e</u>kapet'''....poodles ::::* France only entry = '''Ferama lekapet'''....''poodle'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''l<u>i</u>kapet'''....small Belgian dogs ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''l<u>u</u>kapet'''....hairless dogs ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''l<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Tibetan breeds ::::* Tibet <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Tibama <u>e</u>lekapet'''....''shih tzu'' ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''l<u>ya</u>kapet'''....Chihuahueno ::::* Mexico only entry = '''Mexuma lyakapet'''....''chihuahua'' ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''l<u>ye</u>kapet'''....English toy spaniels ::* Section <u>8</u> = '''l<u>yi</u>kapet'''....Japan Chin and Pekingese ::* Section <u>9</u> = '''l<u>yu</u>kapet'''....continental toy spaniel and others ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>alo</u>kapet'''....Kromforhl&auml;nder ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>ale</u>kapet'''....small Molossian type dogs Group 10 = '''<u>m</u>okapet'''....sight hounds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''m<u>a</u>kapet'''....long-haired sighthounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>a</u>makapet'''....''greyhound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>makapet'''....''whippet'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''m<u>e</u>kapet'''....rough-haired sighthounds ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''m<u>i</u>kapet'''....short-haired sighthounds ==== Cat Breeds ==== : The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See [https://cfa.org/breeds/]. You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat '''fepet'''. : This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Cat Breed Names |- ! CFA Name !! First Letters<br>Lowercase !! Number<br>If Any + fepet!! Mirad Name |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Shorthair'' || '''am''' || '''a + fepet'''|| '''amafepet''' |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Wirehair'' || '''am''' || '''e + fepet'''|| '''amefepet''' |- | ''<u>Bal</u>inese'' || '''bal''' || '''bal + fepet''' || '''balfepet''' |- | ''<u>Ben</u>gal'' || '''ben''' || '''ben + fepet''' || '''benfepet''' |} === Color Nomenclature === : The word for ''color'' in Mirad is '''volz''', which is mnemonically related to the word for ''flower'' ('''vos'''). The diminutive of ''color'' is '''voylz''', meaning ''tint, shade, hue''. : The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub '''-lza'''. The zeroth-color is no color, simple ''blank'', ''clear'', or ''transparent''. :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Basic Color Words |- ! 0 - clear !! 1 - red !!2 - orange !!3 - yellow !!4 - green !! 5 - blue !! 6 - purple !! 7 - indigo |- |<br><br><br> ||bgcolor="#d30000"| ||bgcolor="#fc6600"| ||bgcolor="#fff200"| ||bgcolor="#3bb143"| ||bgcolor="#0018f9"| || bgcolor="#b200ed"| || bgcolor="#4b0082"| |- | '''olza''' || '''alza''' || '''elza''' || '''ilza''' || '''ulza''' || '''yolza''' || '''yalza''' || '''yelza''' |} : There are some other common colors: :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Basic Color Words |- |bgcolor="white"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || '''malza'''....''white'' ||(Associated with '''man''' (''light'') |- |bgcolor="#7c4700"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|| '''melza'''....''brown'' ||(Associated with '''mel''' (''soil'') |- |bgcolor="#222021"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''molza'''....''black'' ||(Associated with '''mon''' (''dark'') |- |bgcolor="#828282"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''maolza'''....''gray'' ||(A blend of '''malza''' and '''molza''') |- |bgcolor="#fc0fc0"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''aolza'''....''pink'' ||(A blend of '''olza'''....''clear'' and '''malza'''....''red'') |} : All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example: ::* '''mecirufeb-ulza'''....''lime green'' from '''mecirufeb'''....''lime fruit'' + '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''aquamarine'' from '''mim'''....''sea'' + '''yalza'''....''blue'' ::* '''licirufeb-ilza'''....''lemon yellow'' from '''licirufeb'''....''lemon'' + '''ilza'''....''yellow'' ::* '''salpyit-alza'''....''salmon red'' ::* '''magmef-alza'''....''firebrick red'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''sea blue, aquamarine'' : Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner: ::# A "light" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''ylza''': '''uylza'''....''light green'' ::# A "-ish" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzyena''': '''ulzyena'''....''greenish'' ::# A "bright" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzayna''': '''ulzayna'''....''bright green'' ::# A "dark" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzoyna''': '''ulzoyna'''....''dark green'' : Shaded variants can also be created by prefixing adjectival components such as these: :* '''oz-'''....''-ish, light-'' :* '''az-'''....''bright-, dark-'' :* '''kyu-'''....''light-'' :* '''maz-'''....''bright-'' :* '''eyn-'''....''semi-'' etc. : Some hybrid colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel: ::* '''maolza'''....''gray'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''molza'''....''black'' ::* '''yaulza'''....''blue-green, cyan'' from '''yalza'''....''blue'' and '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''maelza'''....''beige'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''melza'''....''brown'' : Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix '''-a''': ::* '''<u>Ulz</u> se via volz.'''....''<u>Green</u> is a beautiful color.'' ::* '''At gafe <u>yalzayn</u>.'''....''I prefer <u>dark blue</u>.'' : Colors can also be used to form verbs: ::* '''Iyta teobi <u>alzasa</u>.'''....''Her cheeks <u>turned red (= blushed)</u>.'' ::* '''His se fia <u>teubip malzaxus</u>.'''....''This is a good <u>teeth whitener</u>.'' ::* '''Eta teupibi <u>ilzaseye</u>.'''....''Your teeth are <u>yellowing</u>.'' ==== Rarely Used Colors ==== : The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the [[w:List_of_RAL_colors|Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors]] expressed in Mirad + '''-lz'''. For example, the color ''golden yellow'' has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 ('''ase''', in Mirad), thus, the color is named '''aselz'''. The adjectival form of this color is '''aselza'''. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names. ===== Skin colors ===== [[File:Coloured-family.jpg|thumb|]] : When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix '''tayo(b)-''' is used. The final '''-b''' of '''tayob''' is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for ''skin-color'' itself is '''tayovolz'''. Thus: ::* '''(tayo-)molzat'''....''black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)malzat'''....''white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)melzat'''....''brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omalzat'''....''non-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omolzat'''....''non-black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omelzat'''....''non-brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymolzat'''....''half-black(skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymalzat'''....''half-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)maolzat'''....''mulatto, mixed-skinned person'' ::* '''(tayob)olzat'''....''albino'' ::* '''hyetayovolza'''....''of any skin-tone'' ::* '''hyatayovolzati'''....''people of all colors'' ::* '''Iyt se duhotayovolza?'''....''What skin color is she?'' ==== Hair Colors ==== : Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, '''tayeb'''. The final '''-b''' of '''tayeb''' is dropped before a consonant or '''y'''. The word for ''hair color'' is '''tayevolz'''. ::* '''tayebalza'''....''red-headed, auburn'' ::** '''tayebalzayt'''....''an auburn female'' ::* '''tayemolza'''....''brunette'' ::* '''tayemelza'''....''brown-haired'' ::* '''tayebiylza'''....''blond'' ::* '''tayemaolza'''....''gray, gray-haired'' :::* '''It gwa tayemaolzaso.'''....''He will go gray early.'' ::* '''Duhotayevolza iyt se?'''....''What color hair is she?'' ==== Eye Colors ==== : Eye colors are expressed by the prefix '''tea(b)''' followed by the color. The word for ''eye color'' is '''teavolz'''. In the following examples, '''teab''' (''eye'') becomes '''tea''' before any consonants or glides: ::* '''teayolza'''....''blue-eyed'' ::* '''teabulza'''....''green-eyed'' ::* '''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' :::* '''teamelzat'''....''brown-eyed person'' ::* '''teamolz'''....''a black eye'' ::* '''teamalz'''....''the white of the eye'' ::* '''Duhoteavolza et se?'''....''What color eyes do you have?'' === Chemical Nomenclature === [[File:14LaAc periodic table IIb.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding '''lk''', a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for ''hydrogen'' is ''H''. So we replace that with the word for lowercase '''h''' in Mirad: '''he'''. By adding the stub suffix '''lk''', we get '''helk'''. : Use the names of the '''''small''''' letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name '''ca''' is pronounced '''cha''' as in English ''cha-cha''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" valign=top; align=center |+ Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names |- ! Lowercase !! a !! b !! c !! d !! !! e !! f !! g !! h !! !! i !! j !! k !! l !! m !! n !! !! o !! p !! q !! r !! s !! t !! !! u !! v !! w !! x !! y !! z |- align=center | !row=1| Mirad Name | '''a''' || '''ba''' || '''ca''' || '''da''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''e''' || '''fe''' || '''ge''' || '''he''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''i''' || '''ji''' || '''ki''' || '''li''' || '''mi''' || '''ni''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''o''' || '''po''' || '''ko''' || '''ro''' || '''so''' || '''to''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''u''' || '''vu''' || '''wu''' || '''xu''' || '''yu''' || '''zu''' |} ==== Coding Chemical Elements ==== : The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Coding Chemical Elements |- ! English Element Name !! Abbreviation !! Mirad Name |- | ''silver'' || ''Ar'' || '''arolk''' |- | ''iron'' || ''Fe'' || '''feelk''' |- | ''hydrogen'' || ''H'' || '''helk''' |- | ''nitrogen'' || ''N'' || '''nilk''' |- | ''mercury'' || ''Hg'' || '''hegelk''' |- | ''darmstadtium'' || ''Ds'' || '''dasolk''' |} : In chemical compounds, the '''lk''' is used only on the last element of the compound. : Chemical compounds such as ''H₂O (hydrogen dioxide)'' are coded in the following manner. ::# The ''H'' for ''hydrogen'' is rendered as '''he''' (without the '''-lk'''). ::# The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for ''two, bi-'', '''en-''' is prefixed to the '''h''', giving '''enhe'''. ::# The word for ''oxygen'', '''ol''' is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the '''lk''' is suffixed. ::# The English word ends in ''-ide'', which is rendered in Mirad as '''-iyd''', giving '''enheolkiyd''' : Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below: : Given the chemical element ''sulfur'', which has the abbreviation ''S'', the Mirad equivalent for this solid is '''solk'''. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are: ==== Chemical Compound Suffixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Chemical Suffix Equivalents |- ! English Suffix !! Mirad Equivalent !! English Example !! Mirad Equivalent |- | ''-ide'' || '''-iyd''' || ''sulfide'' || '''solkiyd''' |- | ''-ite'' || '''-iyt''' || ''sulfite'' || '''solkiyt''' |- | ''-ate'' || '''-ayt''' || ''sulfate'' || '''solkayt''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''-iyn''' || ''iodine'' || '''ilkiyn''' |- | ''-ane'' || '''-ayn''' || ''methane'' || '''ahelkayn''' |- | ''-ene'' || '''-eyn''' || ''benzene'' || '''ehelkeyn''' |- | ''-one'' || '''-oyn''' || ''ketone'' || '''ketoyn''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''--iyn''' || ''alanine'' || '''alaniyn''' |- | ''-ic'' || '''-a''' || ''ferric'' || '''feelka''' |- | ''-ous'' || '''aya''' || ''ferrous'' || '''feelkaya''' |} : Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in '''-n'''. : The numeral prefixes ''5'' and ''6'' end in '''-on''' instead of '''-n''' so as to distinguish them from the words '''yan'''....''together'' and '''yon'''....''apart''. : The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Numeric Prefixes |- ! Number !! Prefix !! Example |- | '''a'''....''mono-'' || '''an''' || '''anolkiyd'''....''<u>mono</u>xide (O)'' |- | '''e'''....''bi-/di-'' || '''en''' || '''encalkayt'''....''<u>bi</u>carbonate (C₂)'' |- | '''i'''....''tri-'' || '''in''' || '''inolkiyd-'''....''trioxide (O₃)'' |- | '''u'''....''tetr(a)-'' || '''un''' || '''unolkiyd-'''....''tetroxide (O₄)'' |- | '''yo'''....''pent(a)-'' || '''yoon''' || '''yoonolkiyd-'''....''pentoxide (O₅)'' |- | '''ya'''....''hex(a)-'' || '''yaon''' || '''yaonolkiyd'''....''hexoxide (O₆)'' |- | '''ye'''....''hept(a)-'' || '''yen''' || '''yenolkiyd'''....''heptoxide (O₇)'' |- | '''yi'''....''oct(o)-'' || '''yin''' || '''yinolkiyd-'''....''octoxide (O₈)'' |- | '''yu'''....''non(a)-'' || '''yun''' || '''yunolkiyd-'''....''nonoxide (O₉)'' |- | '''alo'''....''dec(a)-'' || '''alon''' || '''alonolkayt-'''....''decoxidate (O₁₀)'' |} : Examples: ::* ''carbon <u>di</u>oxide (C₂O)''....'''calk <u>en</u>olkiyd''' ::* ''sodium <u>bi</u>carbonate (Na2C)''....'''nialk <u>en</u>calkayt''' ::* ''calcium <u>di</u>hydrogen phosphate''....'''caalk <u>en</u>helk polkayt''' ::* ''glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)''....'''<u>yaon</u>ca<u>alan</u>he<u>yaon</u>olk''' (or: '''sakolos''') ::* ''methanol (C₃HOH)''....'''ca<u>in</u>heohelk''' : Note: the '''-lk''' is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings '''-iyd''', '''-iyt''', and '''-ayt''', etc. ==== Names of Atomic Parts ==== : The word for ''atom'' in Mirad is '''gwomulk''', which literally is ''least particle''. : The main particles in an atom are: ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' (positive) ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' (neutral) ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' (negative) : Every atom contains '''mulki''' (''subatomic particles''). [[File:Standard Model of Elementary Particles.svg|thumb|392x392px|The [[Standard Model]] classification of particles]] : The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart to the right, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See [[wikipedia:Subatomic_particle]] ). ::* '''hamulk'''....''hadron'' :::* '''mi-hamulk'''....''meson'' ::::* '''pimi-hamulk'''....''pion'' ::::* '''kami-hamulk'''....''kaon'' :::* '''ba-hamulk'''....''baryon'' ::::* '''lambda-ba-hamulk'''....''lambda baryon'' ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' ::* '''zemulk'''....''nucleon'' ::* '''alfamulk'''....''alpha particle'' ::* '''fermimulk'''....''fermion'' ::* '''goryumulk'''....''nanoparticle'' ::* '''kyiazon mulk'''....''graviton'' ::* '''bamulk'''....''boson particle'' :::* '''agha-bamulk'''....''higgs particle'' :::* '''agwu-bamulk'''....''W boson'' :::* '''agzu-bamulk'''....''Z boson'' :::* '''gamma-bamulk'''....''photon'' :::* '''ge-bamulk'''....''gluon'' ::* '''qomulk'''....''quark'' :::* '''ba-qomulk'''....''bottom quark'' :::* '''ca-qomulk'''....''charm quark'' :::* '''da-qomulk'''....''down quark'' :::* '''ov-qomulk'''....''antiparticle, antiquark'' :::* '''penta-qomulk'''....''penta quark'' :::* '''tetra-qomulk'''....''tetra quark'' :::* '''to-qomulk'''....''top quark'' :::* '''u-qomulk'''....''up quark'' :::* '''so-qomulk'''....''strange quark'' ::* '''limulk'''....''lepton'' :::* '''gamma-limulk'''....''photon'' (also: '''manmulk''') :::* '''mu-limulk'''....''muon'' :::* '''pi-limulk'''....''pion'' :::* '''tau-limulk'''....''tau'' :::* '''vu-e-limulk'''....''electron neutrino'' :::* '''vu-mu-limulk'''....''muon neutrino'' :::* '''vu-tau-limulk'''....''tau neutrino'' :::* '''e-limulk'''....''electron'' (also: '''vomulk''') : The nucleus of an atom is called '''zemulk'''. Therefore, '''zemulka''' means ''nuclear''. === Musical Nomenclature === ==== Musical Instruments ==== : The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument ('''duzar''' < '''duz''' (''music'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument''). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played. [[File:Madras musical instruments and snake charmer's music.jpg|thumb|<small>Madras_musical_instruments_and_snake_charmer's_music</small>]] {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Instruments |- ! Mirad !! English |- ! colspan=2 | Bowed-String |- | '''aduzar''' || ''violin'' |- | '''eduzar''' || ''violin alto'' |- | '''iduzar''' || ''cello'', ''violoncello'' |- | '''uduzar'''<br>'''eona uduzar''' || ''bass''<br>''double bass'' |- | '''yoduzar''' || ''viola'' |- | '''yaduzar''' || ''fiddle'' |- | '''yeduzar''' || ''viol'' |- |- '''yiduzar''' || ''erhu'' |- | '''yuduzar''' || ''hardanger fiddle'' |- | '''aloduzar''' || ''kemenche'' |- | '''aladuzar''' || ''nyckelharpa'' |- | '''aleduzar''' || ''rebab'' |- ! colspan=2 | Woodwind |- | '''faduzar''' || ''flute'' |- | '''feduzar''' || ''oboe'' |- | '''fiduzar''' || ''clarinet'' |- | '''fuduzar''' || ''bassoon'' |- | '''fyoduzar''' || ''French harp, harmonica'' |- | '''fyaduzar''' || ''recorder'' |- | '''fyeduzar''' || ''bagpipe'' |- | '''fyiduzar''' || ''didgeridoo'' |- | '''fyuduzar''' || ''piccolo'' |- | '''faloduzar''' || ''fife, hornpipe'' |- | '''faladuzar''' || ''ocarina, ocarine'' |- | '''faleduzar''' || ''sheng'' |- | '''faliduzar''' || ''duduk'' |- | '''faluduzar''' || ''bansuri'' |- | '''falyoduzar''' || ''suling'' |- ! colspan=2 | Brass &#x1f3b7; |- | '''voduzar''' || ''horn'' |- | '''vaduzar''' || ''trumpet'' |- | '''veduzar''' || ''trombone'' |- | '''vuduzar'''<br>-- '''avuduzar'''<br>-- '''evuduzar'''<br>--'''ivuduzar'''|| ''saxophone''<br>-- ''tenor saxophone''<br>-- ''alto saxophone''<br>-- ''bass saxophone'' |- | '''vyoduzar''' || ''tuba'' |- | '''vyaduzar''' || ''bugle'' |- | '''vyeduzar''' || ''French horn'' |- | '''vyiduzar''' || ''cornet'' |- | '''vyuduzar''' || ''baritone horn'' |- | '''valoduzar''' || ''alto horn'' |- | '''valaduzar''' || ''euphonium'' |- | '''valeduzar''' || ''flugelhorn'' |- | '''validuzar''' || ''sousaphone'' |- | '''valuduzar''' || ''clarion'' |- | '''valyoduzar''' || ''mellophone'' |- | '''valyaduzar''' || ''climbasso'' |- | '''valyeduzar''' || ''ophicleide'' |- ! colspan=2 | Percussion |- | '''kaduzar'''<br>-- '''akaduzar'''<br>-- '''ekaduzar'''<br>-- '''ikaduzar'''<br>-- '''ukaduzar'''<br>-- '''yokaduzar'''<br>-- '''yakaduzar'''<br>-- '''yekaduzar'''<br>-- '''yikaduzar'''<br>-- '''yukaduzar'''<br>-- '''alokaduzar'''<br>-- '''alakaduzar'''<br>-- '''alekaduzar'''<br>-- '''alikaduzar'''<br>-- '''alukaduzar''' || ''drum''<br>-- ''snare drum''<br>-- ''bass drum''<br>-- ''tenor drum''<br>-- ''steel drum''<br>-- ''bongo drum''<br>-- ''timbrel''<br>-- ''kettledrum''<br>-- ''hang drum''<br>-- ''tupan''<br>-- ''taiko''<br>-- ''spring drum''<br>-- ''octoban''<br>-- ''candombe drum''<br>-- ''steel tongue drum'' |- | '''keduzar''' || ''glockenspiel'' |- | '''kiduzar''' || ''vibraphone'' |- | '''kuduzar''' || ''marimba'' |- | '''kyoduzar''' || ''tubular bell'' |- | '''gaduzar''' || ''triangle'' |- | '''geduzar''' || ''gong'' |- | '''giduzar''' || ''castanet'' |- | '''guduzar''' || ''rattle'' |- | '''gyoduzar''' || ''xylophone'' |- | '''gyaduzar''' || ''maraca'' |- | '''gyeduzar''' || ''caj&oacute;n'' |- | '''gyiduzar''' || ''cymbal'' |- | '''gyuduzar''' || ''tambourine'' |- | '''galoduzar''' || ''steelpan'' |- | '''galaduzar''' || ''wind chime'' |- | '''galeduzar''' || ''chime bar'' |- | '''galiduzar''' || ''celeste'' |- | '''galuduzar''' || ''clapper'' |- | '''galyoduzar''' || ''Jew's harp'' |- | '''galyaduzar''' || ''bazooka'' |- | '''galyeduzar''' || ''waterphone'' |- | '''galyiduzar''' || ''balafon'' |- | '''galyuduzar''' || ''boomwhackers'' |- | '''geloduzar''' || ''udu'' |- | '''geladuzar''' || ''thunder sheet'' |- ! colspan=2 | Keyboard &#x1f3b9; |- | '''raduzar'''<br>-- '''utekea raduzar'''<br>-- '''agala raduzar'''<br>-- '''sem raduzar''' || ''piano''<br>-- ''player piano''<br>-- ''grand piano''<br>-- ''keyboard'' |- | '''reduzar''' || ''clavichord'' |- | '''riduzar''' || ''harpsichord'' |- | '''ruduzar'''<br>-- '''mufyeg ruduzar'''<br>-- '''maka ruduzar''' || ''organ''<br>-- ''pipe organ''<br>-- ''electric organ'' |- | '''ryoduzar''' || ''accordion'' |- | '''ryaduzar''' || ''dulcimer'' |- | '''ryeduzar''' || ''calliope'' |- | '''ryiduzar''' || ''melodica'' |- | '''ryuduzar''' || ''concertina'' |- ! colspan=2 | Guitar &#x1f3b8; |- | '''baduzar'''<br>-- '''seuxa baduzar'''<br>-- '''maka baduzar'''<br>-- '''yoba baduzar''' || ''guitar''<br>-- ''accoustic guitar''<br>-- ''electric guitar''<br>-- ''bass guitar'' |- | '''beduzar''' || ''banjo'' |- | '''biduzar''' || ''lute'' |- | '''buduzar''' || ''harp'' |- | '''byoduzar''' || ''mandolin'' |- | '''byaduzar''' || ''ukelele'' |- | '''byeduzar''' || ''zither'' |- | '''byiduzar''' || ''lyre'' |- | '''byuduzar''' || ''cithara, kithara'' |- | '''baloduzar''' || ''sitar'' |- | '''baladuzar''' || ''veena'' |- | '''baleduzar''' || ''koto'' |- | '''baliduzar''' || ''balalaika'' |- | '''baluduzar''' || ''charango'' |- | '''balyoduzar''' || ''hurdy-gurdy'' |} ==== Voice Ranges ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Voice Ranges (Deuz nabyani) |- ! Mirad !! English !! Meaning |- ! colspan=3 | Women |- | '''yabdeuztoyb''' || ''soprano'' || "high-voice-female" |- | '''zeyabdeuztoyb''' || ''mezzo-soprano'' || "high-ish-voice-female" |- | '''yobdeuztoyb''' || ''alto, contralto'' || "low-voice-female" |- ! colspan=3 | Men |- | '''yabdeuztwob''' || ''tenor'' || "high-voice-male" |- | '''ze-yabdeuztwob''' || ''baritone'' || "middle-high-voice-male" |- | '''yobdeuztwob''' || ''bass''||"low-voice-male" |- | '''vyo-yabdeuztwob''' || ''falsetto'' || "false-high-voice-male" |- ! colspan=3 | Boys |- | '''yabdeuztwobet''' || ''treble'' || "high-voice-boy" |} : Suffix these nouns with '''-a''' to make them adjectives, eg.: ::* '''His se <u>yabdeuztwoba</u> duznod.'''....''This is a <u>tenor</u> note.'' ==== Solmization Syllables ==== : The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Solmization Syllables |- | '''do''' || '''re''' || '''mi''' || '''fa''' || '''sol''' || '''la''' || '''ti''' || '''do''' |} ==== Musical Score Elements ==== [[File:Gigault-dernier-kyrie-mm9-12.png|thumb]] : The semitone or accidental symbols are: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Accidentals |- ! ENGLISH NAME !! SYMBOL !! MIRAD NAME !! ENGLISH EXAMPLE !! MIRAD EXAMPLE || MIRAD PRONUNCIATION |- | ''flat'' || <big>&#x1D12C;</big>|| '''yobwa''' (=''lowered'')|| ''B flat'' || '''B yobwa''' || '''ba YOBwa''' |- | ''sharp'' || <big>&#x1D130;</big> || '''yabwa''' (=''raised'')|| ''C sharp'' || '''C yabwa''' || '''ca YABwa''' |- | ''natural'' || <big>&#x1D12E;</big> || '''egxwa''' (=''normalized'')|| ''F natural'' || '''F egxwa''' || '''fe EGxwa''' |} : Some staff notation: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Staff Notation |- ! English Name !! Symbol !! Mirad Name |- | ''staff'' || <big>&#x1D119;</big> || '''nuidyan''' |- | ''treble clef, G clef'' || <big>&#x1D11E;</big> || '''G yijar''' |- | ''C clef'' || <big>&#x1D121;</big> || '''C yijar''' |- | ''base clef, F clef'' || <big>&#x1D122;</big> || '''F yijar''' |- | ''note'' || || '''nod''' |- | ''half note'' || <big>&#x1D15E;</big> || '''eyna nod''' |- | ''quarter note'' || <big>&#x1D15F;</big> || '''uyna nod''' |- | ''whole note'' || <big>&#x1D15D;</big> || '''ayna nod''' |- | ''quarter rest'' || <big>&#x1D13D; </big> || '''uyna poys''' |- | ''eighth note'' || <big>&#x1D160; </big> || '''yiyna nod''' |- | ''bar, measure'' || <big>&#x1D100;</big> || '''nodzyan''' |- | ''ligature'' || || '''yanxus''' |} ==== Characteristic Features of Music ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Characteristic Features of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''deup'''||'' beat'' |- |'''seupan'''||'' cadence'' |- |'''jes'''||'' duration'' |- |'''zoyteuz'''||'' echo'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||'' harmony'' |- |'''duzneg'''||''pitch'' |- |'''ijduzneg'''||'' key'' |- |'''druz'''||'' lyric'' |- |'''agala duzmus'''||'' major scale'' |- |'''duznag'''||'' measure'' |- |'''duznad'''||'' melody'' |- |'''duzjob''' ||''tempo'' |- |'''nak'''||'' meter'' |- |'''ogala duzmus'''||'' minor scale'' |- |'''duz'''||'' music'' |- |'''yinig'''||'' octave'' |- |'''byes'''||'' pulse'' |- |'''zoyseuzen'''||'' resonance'' |- |'''deupyan'''||'' rhythm'' |- |'''duzmus'''||'' scale'' |- |'''duzdreyn'''||'' score'' |- |'''seux'''||'' sound'' |- |'''duzigan'''||'' tempo'' |- |'''seuzvolz'''||'' timbre'' |- |'''seuz'''||'' tone'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||''chord, harmonic'' |- |'''aybseuz'''||''overtone'' |- |'''deuzunog'''||'' tune'' |- |'''deuz'''||'' voice'' |- |'''seuxnid'''||'' volume'' |} ==== Dynamics ==== : Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left ''as is'' in Mirad. : These include: <div style="background:lightyellow; font-style:italics"> : <i>a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo</i>, and others. </div> ==== Types of Arrangements ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Arrangements ! English !! Mirad |- |''a capella song''||'''a kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzari''' |- |''anthem''||'''fizdeuzun, tezdeuzun''' |- |''antiphon''||'''duiddeuzun''' |- |''aria''||'''arya, awat deuzun''' |- |''arrangement''||'''napbeyn''' |- |''art song''||'''tuz deuz''' |- |''ballad''||'''daz deuz, ifonkex deuzun''' |- |''battle hymn''||'''dropek deuzun''' |- |''bird song''||'''pat deuzun''' |- |''broadway song''||'''Broadway deuzun''' |- |''campfire song''||'''tamoftem deuzun''' |- |''cantata''||'''kantata''' |- |''canticle''||'''efyadeuzun''' |- |''carol''||'''ivdeuzun''' |- |''chant''||'''yagdeuzun''' |- |''choral arrangement''||'''deuzutyan napxeyn''' |- |''Christmas carol''||'''Kristtaj ivdeuzun''' |- |''classical song''||'''visauna deuzun''' |- |''composition''||'''duzdrun''' |- |''concerto''||'''koncerto''' |- |''country song''||'''odom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzun''' |- |''dance song''||'''daz deuzun''' |- |''dirge''||'''uvdeuzun''' |- |''ditty''||'''deuzog''' |- |''doggerel verse''||'''dizdeuzun''' |- |''drinking song''||'''tilien deuzun''' |- |''duet''||'''ewat (deuzun)''' |- |''folksong''||'''tyoyd deuzun''' |- |''glee''||'''Gebama deuzun''' |- |''gospel song''||'''fyadin deuzun''' |- |''hip hop song''||'''hip hop deuzun''' |- |''hit song''||'''agakus deuzun''' |- |''hymn''||'''fyadeuzun ''' |- |''instrumental''||'''duzarun''' |- |''jingle''||'''nundeuzunog''' |- |''karaoke song''||'''karaoke deuzun''' |- |''love song''||'''ifon deuzun''' |- |''lullaby''||'''tudet deuzun''' |- |''lute song''||'''riduzar deuzun''' |- |''madrigal''||'''duzuka deuzun''' |- |''marching song''||'''doptyopen deuzun''' |- |''medley''||'''ebmulxwa deuzyan''' |- |''metal song''||'''mug deuzun''' |- |''musical number''||'''duzun''' |- |''old standard''||'''ajdeuzun''' |- |''opera''||'''dyuz, dyuzun''' |- |''oratorio''||'''oratoryo''' |- |''paean''||'''akrun deuzun''' |- |''partsong''||'''gon deuzun''' |- |''patter song''||'''deuzig''' |- |''pop song''||'''tyoda deuzun''' |- |''psalm''||'''afyadeuzun''' |- |''rock song''||'''rok deuzun''' |- |''round''||'''zoydea deuzun''' |- |''sea shanty''||'''mim deuz''' |- |''show tune''||'''duez deuzun''' |- |''signature song''||'''ujak deuzun''' |- |''slow jam''||'''bluz deuzun''' |- |''soliloquy''||'''awat, awat deuzun''' |- |''solo''||'''awat (duzun), awat (deuzun)''' |- |''song''||'''deuzun''' |- |''spiritual, negro spiritual''||'''topa deuzun''' |- |''sporting song''||'''tapifek deuzun''' |- |''symphony''||'''viduzunyag''' |- |''theme song''||'''texzena deuz''' |- |''torch song''||'''ifonok uvdeuzun''' |- |''vaudeville song''||'''Vaudeville deuzun''' |- |''Wienerlied''||'''Viena deuzun''' |} ==== Musicians ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musicians ! English !! Mirad |- |''musician''||'''duzut, duztoyb, duzuyt, duztwob''' |- |''instrumentalist''||'''duzarut''' |- |''violinist''||'''aduzarut''' |- |''conductor''||'''duzdeb''', '''duzutyaneb''' |- |''soloist''||'''anduzut''' |- |''singer, vocalist''||'''deuzut''' |- |''danseur''||'''dyaztwob''' |- |''ballerina''||'''dyazuyt, dyaztoyb''' |- |''dancer''||'''dazut, dazuyt''' |- |''opera singer''||'''dyuzut, dyuzuyt''' |- |''operatist, librettist''||'''dyuzdrut''' |- |''composer''||'''duzdrut''' |- |''lyricist, songwriter''||'''deuzdrut''' |- |''dance conductor''||'''dazeb''' |- |''(symphony) orchestra''||'''duzarutyan''' |- |''philharmonic orchestra''||'''duzarutyanag''' |- |''chorus, chorale'' ||'''deuzutyan''' |- |''dance troupe''||'''dazutyan''' |} ==== Song Parts ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Song Parts ! Mirad !! English |- |'''ujgon'''||''coda'' |- |'''ijgon'''||''intro'' |- |'''ebek'''||''interlude'' |- |'''ijek'''||''finale'' |- |'''gawijun'''||''reprise'' |- |'''gawdeuzun'''||''refrain'' |- |'''agalduznad'''||''theme'' |- |'''nadyan'''||''verse'' |- |'''zeymep'''||''bridge'' |- |'''gawdwas'''||''chorus'' |- |'''ujnadyan'''||''outro'' |} ==== Music Genres ==== : Some genres and styles of music: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Genres of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''a kapella, boy duzari'''||''a capella'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''ambiant'' |- |'''Usoma tyoyduz'''||''American folk'' |- |'''Usoma egona duz'''||''American standard'' |- |'''yizejna'''||''avant garde'' |- |'''Baroka'''||''Baroque'' |- |'''yolza vab'''||''bluegrass'' |- |'''bluz'''||''blues'' |- |'''Bolliwud'''||''Bollywood'' |- |'''bossa nova'''||''bossa nova'' |- |'''kalipso'''||''calypso'' |- |'''Kelta yagdeuz'''||''Celtic chant'' |- |'''Canima tyoyduz'''||''Chinese folk'' |- |'''Canima ajutbyena dyuz'''||''Chinese traditional opera'' |- |'''jejoba deupyan ay bluz'''||''contemporary R&B'' |- |'''maima bluz'''||''country blues'' |- |'''maima duz'''||''country music'' |- |'''maima pop'''||''country pop'' |- |'''maima rap'''||''country rap'' |- |'''maima rok'''||''country rock'' |- |'''dazam pop'''||''dancehall pop'' |- |'''disko'''||''disco'' |- |'''du-wop'''||''doo-wop'' |- |'''maka dauz'''||''electronic dance music (EDM)'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''elevator music'' |- |'''Euma disko'''||''Euro-disco'' |- |'''jwayeka'''||''experimental'' |- |'''flamenko'''||''flamenco'' |- |'''funk'''||''funk'' |- |'''Gregoria yagdeuz'''||''Gregorian chant'' |- |'''hip-hop'''||''hip-hop'' |- |'''honki-tonk'''||''honky-tonk'' |- |'''hyusuna rok'''||''Indie rock'' |- |'''jaz'''||''jazz'' |- |'''makjaz'''||''jazztronica'' |- |'''juju'''||''juju'' |- |'''fyaxela duz'''||''liturgical music'' |- |'''majika'''||''majika'' |- |'''mamo'''||''mambo'' |- |'''merengwe'''||''merengue'' |- |'''mesitzo'''||''mesitzo'' |- |'''mug'''||''metal'' |- |'''Mixuma duz'''||''Mexican'' |- |'''seuz bi Naxvil'''||''Nashville sound'' |- |'''Ejna Orleans bluz'''||''New Orleans blues'' |- |'''dyuz'''||''opera'' |- |'''rancera'''||''ranchera'' |- |'''rap'''||''rap'' |- |'''rege'''||''reggae'' |- |'''deupyan ay blus, ro-ay-ba'''||''rhythm & blues'' |- |'''rok-ay-rol'''||''rock & roll'' |- |'''salsa'''||''salsa'' |- |'''samba'''||''samba'' |- |'''ska'''||''ska'' |- |'''galoduzaruta duz'''||''steel band music'' |- |'''swing'''||''swing'' |- |'''Tehano'''||''Tejano'' |- |'''eyntuj duz'''||''trance music'' |- |'''Zumera visauna'''||''Western classical'' |- |'''Zumeryena'''||''Western'' |- |'''zideko'''||''zydeco'' |} === Geographic Placenames === : As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants. ==== Countries of the World ==== [[File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Johnson's new chart of national emblems, 1868.jpg|thumb|]] Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter '''m''' is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.: : Example 1: : ''Burundi'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI. ::* ''BDI'' is lowercased to ''bdi'' ::* '''b''' is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell '''ba'''. ::* Since ''d'' is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: '''d'''. ::* The vowel ''i'' is left as is: '''i''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''badim''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Badim''' ::* BDI (Burundi) = '''Badim'''. : Example 2: : ''Uzbekistan'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB. ::* ''UZB'' is lowercased to ''uzb'' ::* '''u''' is left as is: '''u'''. ::* '''z''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''zu''' ::* '''b''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''ba''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''uzubam''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Uzubam''' ::* UZB (Uzbekistan) = '''Uzubam'''. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Country Names (click on arrows to sort a column) ! ISO !! English !! Mirad |- | ABW || ''Aruba''||'''Abawum''' |- | AFG || ''Afghanistan''||'''Afegem''' |- | AGO || ''Angola''||'''Agom''' |- | AIA || ''Anguilla''||'''Aiam''' |- | ALA || ''[[w:Åland|Åland Islands]]''||'''Alam''' |- | ALB || ''Albania''||'''Alibam''' |- | AND || ''Andorra''||'''Anidam''' |- | ANT || ''Netherlands Antilles''||'''Anitom''' |- | ARE || ''United Arab Emirates''||'''Arem''' |- | ARG || ''Argentina''||'''Arogem''' |- | ARM || ''Armenia''||'''Aromim''' |- | ASM || ''American Samoa''||'''Asomim''' |- | ATA || ''Antarctica''||'''Atam''' |- | ATF || ''French Southern Territories''||'''Atofem''' |- | ATG || ''Antigua and Barbuda''||'''Atogem''' |- | AUS || ''Australia''||'''Ausom''' |- | AUT || ''Austria''||'''Autom''' |- | AZE || ''Azerbaijan''||'''Azem''' |- | BDI || ''Burundi''||'''Badim''' |- | BEL || ''Belgium''||'''Belim''' |- | BEN || ''Benin''||'''Benim''' |- | BFA || ''Burkina Faso''||'''Bafam''' |- | BGD || ''Bangladesh''||'''Bagedam''' |- | BGR || ''Bulgaria''||'''Bagerom''' |- | BHR || ''Bahrain''||'''Baherom''' |- | BHS || ''[[w|The Bahamas|Bahamas]]''||'''Bahesom''' |- | BIH || ''Bosnia and Herzegovina''||'''Bihem''' |- | BLM || ''Saint Barthélemy''||'''Balimim''' |- | BLR || ''Belarus''||'''Balirom''' |- | BLZ || ''Belize''||'''Balizum''' |- | BMU || ''Bermuda''||'''Bamum''' |- | BOL || ''Bolivia''||'''Bolim''' |- | BRA || ''Brazil''||'''Baram''' |- | BRB || ''Barbados''||'''Barobam''' |- | BRN || ''[[w:Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]]''||'''Baronim''' |- | BTN || ''Bhutan''||'''Batonim''' |- | BVT || ''Bouvet Island''||'''Bavutom''' |- | BWA || ''Botswana''||'''Bawam''' |- | CAF || ''Central African Republic''||'''Cafem''' |- | CAN || ''Canada''||'''Canim''' |- | CCK || ''Cocos Islands''||'''Cacakim''' |- | CHE || ''Switzerland''||'''Cahem''' |- | CHL || ''Chile''||'''Cahelim''' |- | CHN || ''[[w:People's Republic of China|China]]''||'''Cahenim''' |- | CIV || ''Côte d'Ivoire''||'''Civum''' |- | CMR || ''Cameroon''||'''Camirom''' |- | COD || ''Democratic Republic of the Congo''||'''Codam''' |- | COG || ''Republic of the Congo''||'''Cogem''' |- | COK || ''Cook Islands''||'''Cokim''' |- | COL || ''Colombia''||'''Colim''' |- | COM || ''Comoros''||'''Comim''' |- | CPV || ''Cape Verde''||'''Capovum''' |- | CRI || ''Costa Rica''||'''Carim''' |- | CUB || ''Cuba''||'''Cubam''' |- | CXR || ''Christmas Island''||'''Caxurom''' |- | CYM || ''Cayman Islands''||'''Cayumim''' |- | CYP || ''Cyprus''||'''Cayupom''' |- | CZE || ''Czechia''||'''Cazem''' |- | DEU || ''Germany''||'''Deum''' |- | DJI || ''Djibouti''||'''Dajim''' |- | DMA || ''Dominica''||'''Damam''' |- | DNK || ''Denmark''||'''Danikim''' |- | DOM || ''Dominican Republic''||'''Domim''' |- | DZA || ''Algeria''||'''Dazam''' |- | ECU || ''Ecuador''||'''Ecum''' |- | EGY || ''Egypt''||'''Egeyum''' |- | ERI || ''Eritrea''||'''Erim''' |- | ESH || ''Western Sahara''||'''Esohem''' |- | ESP || ''Spain''||'''Esopom''' |- | EST || ''Estonia''||'''Esotom''' |- | ETH || ''Ethiopia''||'''Etohem''' |- | FIN || ''Finland''||'''Finim''' |- | FJI || ''Fiji''||'''Fejim''' |- | FLK || ''Falkland Islands (Malvinas)''||'''Felikim''' |- | FRA || ''France''||'''Feram''' |- | FRO || ''Faroe Islands''||'''Ferom''' |- | FSM || ''Federated States of Micronesia''||'''Fesomim''' |- | GAB || ''Gabon''||'''Gabam''' |- | GBR || ''United Kingdom''||'''Gebarom''' |- | GEO || ''Georgia''||'''Geom''' |- | GGY || ''Guernsey''||'''Gegeyum''' |- | GHA || ''Ghana''||'''Geham''' |- | GIB || ''Gibraltar''||'''Gibam''' |- | GLP || ''Guadeloupe''||'''Gelipom''' |- | GMB || ''Gambia''||'''Gemibam''' |- | GNB || ''Guinea-Bissau''||'''Genibam''' |- | GNQ || ''Equatorial Guinea''||'''Geniqom''' |- | GRC || ''Greece''||'''Gerocam''' |- | GRD || ''Grenada''||'''Gerodam''' |- | GRL || ''Greenland''||'''Gedolim''' |- | GTM || ''Guatemala''||'''Getomim''' |- | GUF || ''French Guiana''||'''Gufem''' |- | GUM || ''Guam''||'''Gumim''' |- | GUY || ''Guyana''||'''Guyum''' |- | HKG || ''Hong Kong''||'''Hekigem''' |- | HMD || ''Heard Island and McDonald Islands''||'''Hemidam''' |- | HND || ''Honduras''||'''Henidam''' |- | HRV || ''Croatia''||'''Herovum''' |- | HTI || ''Haiti''||'''Hetim''' |- | HUN || ''Hungary''||'''Hunim''' |- | IDN || ''Indonesia''||'''Idanim''' |- | IMN || ''Isle of Man''||'''Iminim''' |- | IND || ''India''||'''Inidam''' |- | IOT || ''British Indian Ocean Territory''||'''Iotom''' |- | IRL || ''Republic of Ireland''||'''Irolim''' |- | IRN || ''Iran''||'''Ironim''' |- | IRQ || ''Iraq''||'''Iroqom''' |- | ISL || ''Iceland''||'''Isolim''' |- | ISR || ''Israel''||'''Isorom''' |- | ITA || ''Italy''||'''Itam''' |- | JAM || ''Jamaica''||'''Jamim''' |- | JEY || ''Jersey''||'''Jeyum''' |- | JOR || ''Jordan''||'''Jorom''' |- | JPN || ''Japan''||'''Jiponim''' |- | KAZ || ''Kazakhstan''||'''Kazum''' |- | KEN || ''Kenya''||'''Kenim''' |- | KGZ || ''Kyrgyzstan''||'''Kigezum''' |- | KHM || ''Cambodia''||'''Kihemim''' |- | KIR || ''Kiribati''||'''Kirom''' |- | KNA || ''Saint Kitts and Nevis''||'''Kinam''' |- | KOR || ''[[w:South Korea|Korea, Republic of]]''||'''Korom''' |- | KWT || ''Kuwait''||'''Kiwutom''' |- | LAO || ''Laos''||'''Laom''' |- | LBN || ''Lebanon''||'''Libanim''' |- | LBR || ''Liberia''||'''Libarom''' |- | LBY || ''Libya''||'''Libayum''' |- | LCA || ''Saint Lucia''||'''Licam''' |- | LIE || ''Liechtenstein''||'''Liem''' |- | LKA || ''Sri Lanka''||'''Likam''' |- | LSO || ''Lesotho''||'''Lisom''' |- | LTU || ''Lithuania''||'''Litum''' |- | LUX || ''Luxembourg''||'''Luxum''' |- | LVA || ''Latvia''||'''Livam''' |- | MAC || ''[[W:Macau|Macao]]''||'''Macam''' |- | MAF || ''Saint Martin''||'''Mafem''' |- | MAR || ''Morocco''||'''Marom''' |- | MCO || ''Monaco''||'''Micom''' |- | MDA || ''Moldova''||'''Midam''' |- | MDG || ''Madagascar''||'''Midagem''' |- | MDV || ''Maldives''||'''Midavum''' |- | MEX || ''Mexico''||'''Mexum''' |- | MHL || ''Marshall Islands''||'''Mihelim''' |- | MKD || ''Republic of Macedonia''||'''Mikidam''' |- | MLI || ''Mali''||'''Milim''' |- | MLT || ''Malta''||'''Militom''' |- | MMR || ''Myanmar''||'''Mimirom''' |- | MNE || ''Montenegro''||'''Minem''' |- | MNG || ''Mongolia''||'''Minigem''' |- | MNP || ''Northern Mariana Islands''||'''Minipom''' |- | MOZ || ''Mozambique''||'''Mozum''' |- | MRT || ''Mauritania''||'''Mirotom''' |- | MSR || ''Montserrat''||'''Misorom''' |- | MTQ || ''Martinique''||'''Mitoqom''' |- | MUS || ''Mauritius''||'''Musom''' |- | MWI || ''Malawi''||'''Miwim''' |- | MYS || ''Malaysia''||'''Miyusom''' |- | MYT || ''Mayotte''||'''Miyutom''' |- | NAM || ''Namibia''||'''Namim''' |- | NCL || ''New Caledonia''||'''Nicalim''' |- | NER || ''Niger''||'''Nerom''' |- | NFK || ''Norfolk Island''||'''Nifekim''' |- | NGA || ''Nigeria''||'''Nigam''' |- | NIC || ''Nicaragua''||'''Nicam''' |- | NOR || ''Norway''||'''Norom''' |- | NIU || ''Niue''||'''Nium''' |- | NLD || ''Netherlands''||'''Nilidam''' |- | NPL || ''Nepal''||'''Nipolim''' |- | NRU || ''Nauru''||'''Nirum''' |- | NZL || ''New Zealand''||'''Nizulim''' |- | OMN || ''Oman''||'''Ominim''' |- | PAK || ''Pakistan''||'''Pakim''' |- | PAN || ''Panama''||'''Panim''' |- | PCN || ''Pitcairn Islands''||'''Pocanim''' |- | PER || ''Peru''||'''Perom''' |- | PHL || ''Philippines''||'''Pohelim''' |- | PLW || ''Palau''||'''Poliwum''' |- | PNG || ''Papua New Guinea''||'''Ponigem''' |- | POL || ''Poland''||'''Polim''' |- | PRI || ''Puerto Rico''||'''Porim''' |- | PRK || ''North Korea''||'''Porikim''' |- | PRT || ''Portugal''||'''Porotom''' |- | PRY || ''Paraguay''||'''Poroyum''' |- | PSE || ''Palestinian territories''||'''Posem''' |- | PYF || ''French Polynesia''||'''Poyufem''' |- | QAT || ''Qatar''||'''Qatom''' |- | REU || ''Réunion''||'''Reum''' |- | ROU || ''Romania''||'''Roum''' |- | RUS || ''Russia''||'''Rusom''' |- | RWA || ''Rwanda''||'''Rowam''' |- | SAU || ''Saudi Arabia''||'''Saum''' |- | SDN || ''Sudan''||'''Sodanim''' |- | SEN || ''Senegal''||'''Senim''' |- | SGP || ''Singapore''||'''Sogepom''' |- | SGS || ''South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands''||'''Sogesom''' |- | SHN || ''Saint Helena''||'''Sohenim''' |- | SJM || ''Svalbard and Jan Mayen''||'''Sojimim''' |- | SLB || ''Solomon Islands''||'''Solibam''' |- | SLE || ''Sierra Leone''||'''Solem''' |- | SLV || ''El Salvador''||'''Solivum''' |- | SMR || ''San Marino''||'''Somirom''' |- | SOM || ''Somalia''||'''Somim''' |- | SPM || ''Saint Pierre and Miquelon''||'''Sopomim''' |- | SRB || ''Serbia''||'''Sorobam''' |- | STP || ''São Tomé and Príncipe''||'''Sotopom''' |- | SUR || ''Suriname''||'''Surom''' |- | SVK || ''Slovakia''||'''Sovukim''' |- | SVN || ''Slovenia''||'''Sovunim''' |- | SWE || ''Sweden''||'''Sowem''' |- | SWZ || ''Swaziland''||'''Sowuzum''' |- | SYC || ''Seychelles''||'''Soyucam''' |- | SYR || ''Syria''||'''Soyurom''' |- | TCA || ''Turks and Caicos Islands''||'''Tocam''' |- | TCD || ''Chad''||'''Tocadam''' |- | TGO || ''Togo''||'''Togom''' |- | THA || ''Thailand''||'''Toham''' |- | TJK || ''Tajikistan''||'''Tojikim''' |- | TKL || ''Tokelau''||'''Tokilim''' |- | TKM || ''Turkmenistan''||'''Tokimim''' |- | TLS || ''East Timor''||'''Tolisom''' |- | TON || ''Tonga''||'''Tonim''' |- | TTO || ''Trinidad and Tobago''||'''Totom''' |- | TUN || ''Tunisia''||'''Tunim''' |- | TUR || ''Turkey''||'''Turim''' |- | TUV || ''Tuvalu''||'''Tuvum''' |- | TWN || ''Taiwan''||'''Towunim''' |- | TZA || ''Tanzania''||'''Tozam''' |- | UGA || ''Uganda''||'''Ugam''' |- | UKR || ''Ukraine''||'''Ukirom''' |- | UMI || ''United States Minor Outlying Islands''||'''Umim''' |- | URY || ''Uruguay''||'''Uroyum''' |- | USA || ''United States''||'''Usam''' |- | UZB || ''Uzbekistan''||'''Uzubam''' |- | VAT || ''Vatican City''||'''Vatom''' |- | VCT || ''Saint Vincent and the Grenadines''||'''Vucatom''' |- | VEN || ''Venezuela''||'''Venim''' |- | VGB || ''British Virgin Islands''||'''Vugebam''' |- | VIR || ''United States Virgin Islands''||'''Virom''' |- | VNM || ''Vietnam''||'''Vunimim''' |- | VUT || ''Vanuatu''||'''Vutom''' |- | WLF || ''Wallis and Futuna''||'''Wulifem''' |- | WSM || ''Samoa''||'''Wusomim''' |- | YEM || ''Yemen''||'''Yemim''' |- | ZAF || ''South Africa''||'''Zafem''' |- | ZMB || ''Zambia''||'''Zumibam''' |- | ZWE || ''Zimbabwe''||'''Zuwem''' |} : The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker '''a''', eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''France'' ==> '''Ferama'''....''French'' ::* '''Usam'''....''United States'' ==> '''Usama'''....''American'' ::* '''Deum'''....''Germany'' ==> '''Deuma'''....''German'' : The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final '''m''' of the placename to '''t''' (meaning person), eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferat'''....''a French person, a Frenchman'' : The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg: ::* '''Ferat'''....''a French person'' ==> '''ha Ferati'''....''the French'' ::* '''Etohet'''....''an Ethiopian'' ==> '''Etohwat'''....''an Ethiopian male'' ::* '''Finit'''....''a Finn'' ==> '''Finiyt'''....''a Finnish woman'' : Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: '''Ferama''' refers to the country of ''France'', not the language ''French''. ''French'' the language is '''Ferad.''' ==== Continents ==== [[File:Continental models.gif|thumb]] : The word for ''continent'' in Mirad is '''yanmel''' (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word '''yanmel''' with vectorial prefixes. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Continent Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Ayanmal''' || ''North America'' |- | '''Oyanmel''' || ''South America'' |- | '''Iyanmel''' || ''Asia'' |- | '''Uyanmel''' || ''Europe'' |- | '''Eyanmel''' || ''Africa'' |- | '''Yoyanmel''' || ''Oceania'' |} : The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing '''-a''': :* '''Iyanmela'''....''Asian'' :* '''Uyanmela'''....''European'' : By appending '''-t(i)''' to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants: :* '''Eyanmelat'''....''an African'' :* '''Ayanmelati'''....''North Americans'' : Note: <div style="background: lightyellow"> :* The ''Americas'' is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word '''Aoyanmel''' (a combination of North and South America). :* ''Central America'' is expressed in Mirad by '''Zea Aoyanmel''' (''Central America'') :* The word '''Usam''' means ''United States of America'' or ''USA''. The word ''America'' by itself is not used in Mirad; only ''North America'' or ''South America''. :* The word '''Usamati''' is used for ''Americans'' when referring to inhabitants of the U.S. :* The word '''Ayanmelati''' is used to refer to North Americans (U.S. and Canada). :* The word '''Eyanmel-Usamat''', or more briefly, '''Eusamat''' is used for ''African American''. :* ''Latin America'' is expressed as '''Liada Oyanmel'''. :* ''A Latino, Latina, or Latinx'' in the U.S. is called '''Liadwut, Liaduyt, or Liadut'''. :* In some geographic systems, '''Ausom'''....''Australia'' is considered a continent. </div> : The word for ''island'' is '''yonmel''' (= ''separate land''). An islander is '''yonmelat'''. ==== Oceans ==== : The Mirad word for ocean is '''mimag'''. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word '''mimag''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Ocean Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Amimag''' || ''Arctic Ocean'' |- | '''Omimag''' || ''Southern Ocean'' |- | '''Imimag''' || ''Pacific Ocean'' |- | '''Umimag''' || ''Atlantic Ocean'' |- | '''Emimag''' || ''Indian Ocean'' |} ==== Compass Directions and Poles ==== : The compass directions ('''merizoni''') and poles ('''mernodi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamer'''....''north'' / '''zamera'''....''northern'' / '''zamernod'''....''north pole'' ::* '''zomer'''....''south'' / '''zomera'''....''southern'' / '''zomernod'''....''south pole'' ::* '''zimer'''....''east'' / '''zimera'''....''eastern'' ::* '''zumer'''....''west'' / '''zumera'''....''western'' : The words '''Yibzamer'''....''Arctic'' and '''Yibzomer'''...''Antarctic(a)'' both use the prefix '''yib'''....''far''. : Prefixing the directions with '''iz-'''....''due-'' yields: ::* '''iz zamer'''....''due north'' ::* '''iz zomer'''....''due south'', etc. : Directional words can be hybridized, eg: ::* '''zaomera'''....''north-south'' ::* '''zuimera'''....''east-west'' ::* '''zaumera'''....''north-west'' ::* '''zaimera'''....''north-east'' ==== Earth Grid Lines ==== : The earth grid lines ('''mernadi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamernad'''....''Arctic Circle'' ::* '''zomernad'''....''Antarctic Circle'' ::* '''zaomernad'''....''longitude'' ::* '''zuimernad'''....''latitude'' ::* '''zemernad'''....''equator'' :::* '''abzemernad'''....''Tropic of Capricorn'' :::* '''obzemernad'''....''tropic, Tropic of Cancer'' ::::* '''yizobzemernad'''....''subtropic'' ::* '''eymernad'''....''meridian'' ::* '''mamnad'''....''horizon'' ::* '''aonada'''....''vertical'' ::* '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' ::* '''zyenada'''....''perpendicular'' ==== Languages of the World ==== [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|thumb|]] : Mirad names of languages are based on either: ::* the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or: ::* the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php|Library of Congress ISO639-2 Codes]]. : If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final '''m''' or the country name with '''d'''. For example, '''Enigem''' (''England''), becomes '''Eniged''' (''English''). See [[Mirad_Grammar#Countries of the World|Countries of the World]]. : If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and '''d''' is suffixed to the word. A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel. For example, '''ba''' + '''e''' becomes '''be'''. :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Mirad Language Names |- ! ISO Language Name !! Country or ISO Code !! Mirad Language Name |- | Abkhazian || abk || '''Abakid''' |- | Afar || aar || '''Aarod''' |- | Afrikaans || '''Zafem'''....''South Africa'' || '''Zafed''' |- | Akan || aka || '''Akad''' (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka) |- | Albanian || '''Alibam'''....''Albania'' || '''Alibad''' |- | Amharic || amh || '''Amihed''' |- | Arabic || ara || '''Arad''' |- | Aragonese || arg || '''Aroged''' |- | Armenian || '''Aromim''' || '''Heyud''' |- | Assamese || asm || '''Asomid''' |- | Avaric || ava || '''Avad''' |- | Avestan || ave || '''Aved''' |- | Aymara || aym || '''Ayumid''' |- | Azerbaijani || '''Azem'''....''Azerbaijan'' || '''Azed''' |- | Bambara || bam || '''Bamid''' |- | Bashkir || bak || '''Bakirod''' |- | Basque || baq || '''Baqod''' |- | Belarusian || '''Balirom'''....''Belarusia'' || '''Balirod''' |- | Bengali || '''Bagedim'''....''Bangladesh'' || '''Bagedid''' |- | Bislama || bis || '''Bisod''' |- | Bosnian || '''Bihem'''....''Bosnia'' || '''Bihed''' |- | Breton || bre || '''Bared''' |- | Bulgarian || '''Bagerom'''....''Bulgaria'' || '''Bagerod''' |- | Burmese || '''Mimirom'''....''Miyanmar'' || '''Mimirod''' |} ...and so on... : The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing '''-a''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''(the) English (language)'' ==> '''Enigeda'''....''(in the) English (language)'' ::* '''Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.'''....''This English language document is incomprehensible.'' : The language names can be verbalized with the addition of '''-der'''....''to say'', '''-daler'''....''to speak'', and '''-xer'''....''to translate into'', eg: ::* '''Ferad'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferader'''....''to say in French'' ::* '''Esopod'''....''Spanish'' ==> '''Esopodaler'''....''to speak Spanish'' ::* '''Arad'''....''Arabic'' ==> '''Aradxer'''....''to Arabicize/translate into Arabic'' ::* '''Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.'''....''French has many Anglicizations.'' : The speaker of a language is created by adding '''-ut''' or '''-alut''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''English'' ==> '''Enigedut (or) Enigedalut'''....''English speaker'' ::* '''Duven et Enigedale?'''....''Do you speak English?'' ::* '''Aradu hia dun.'''....''Say this word in Arabic.'' ::* '''At se Itadut/Itadalut.'''....''I am a speaker of Italian.'' : Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Language Variants |- ! Variation Category !! Example |- | '''Ajna'''....''Old/Ancient'' || '''Ajna Eniged'''....''Old English, Anglo-Saxon'' |- | '''Ejoba'''....''Modern'' || '''Ejoba Perod'''....''Modern Persian, Farsi'' |- | '''Visauna'''....''Classical'' || '''Visauna Gerocad'''....''Classical Greek'' |- | '''Vyirina'''....''Puristic'' || '''Vyirina Gerocad'''....''Katharevousa (Puristic Greek)'' |- | '''Tyoda'''....''Vulgar/Popular/Demotic'' || '''Tyoda Latod'''....''Vulgar Latin''<br>'''Tyoda Gerocad'''....''Demotic Greek'' |- | '''Fyaxela'''....''Liturgical'' || '''Fyaxela Hebad'''....''Liturgical Hebrew'' |- | '''Fyadyesa'''....''Biblical'' || '''Fyadyesa Hebad'''....''Biblical Hebrew'' |- | '''Egona'''....''Standard'' || '''Ejoba Egona Arad'''....''Modern Standard Arabic'' |- | '''Egema'''....''Egyptian'' || '''Egema Arad'''....''Egyptian Arabic'' |- | '''Usoma'''....''American'' || '''Usoma Eniged'''....''American English'' |} : There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself. ::* '''Mirad'''....''Mirad'' ('''Mir'''....''world'') ::* '''Meurad'''....''Martian'' ('''Meur'''...''Mars'') ::* ''Celtic'', which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called '''Celid''' in Mirad. ::* ''Indo-European'', with the code "ine", translates to '''Inied''' in Mirad. ==== Cities and Their Residents ==== : Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in '''-a''' or '''-yena'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Cities and Their Residents |- ! City !! Adjective !! Inhabitant |- | '''Paris'''....''Paris'' || '''Paris<u>yena</u>'''....''Parisian'' || '''Paris<u>at</u>'''....''Parisian'' |- | '''Ejna York'''....''New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>a</u>'''....''of New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>at</u>'''....''New Yorker'' |- | '''Rom'''....''Rome'' || '''Rom<u>a</u>'''....''Roman'' || '''Rom<u>at</u>'''....''Roman'' |- | '''Beijing'''....''Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>a</u>'''....''of Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>at</u>'''....''resident of Beijing'' |- | '''Berlin'''....''Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>a</u>'''....''from Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>at</u>'''....''Berliner'' |} : Examples: :* '''Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.'''....''Berlin citizens are called Berliners.'' :* '''Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.'''....''Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.'' === Playing Cards Notation === : The playing card suits and prime denominations are: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Playing Card Suits |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''tiib''' || ''heart''|| <big>{{cards|h}}</big> |- | '''melukar''' || ''spade''|| <big>{{cards|s}}</big> |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond''|| <big>{{cards|d}}</big> |- | '''infayeb''' || ''club''|| <big>{{cards|c}}</big> |} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ High Cards plus the Joker |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''Az bi tiibi''' || ''ace of hearts''||[[File:Simple_h_a.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edweb bi melukari'''||''king of spades''||[[File:Simple_s_k.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edeyb bi amezi'''||''queen of diamonds''||[[File:Simple_d_q.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Yuxtwobet bi infayebi''' || ''jack of clubs''||[[File:Simple_c_j.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''hihiduut''' || ''joker''|| [[File:Simple_jk_b.svg|40px|thumb]] |} : Some useful terms: ::* '''eker drafi'''....''to play cards'' ::* '''zyabuer ha drafi'''....''to deal the card'' ::* '''ebnapxer ha drafi'''....''to shuffle the cards'' ::* '''goler ha nyan'''....''to cut the deck'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to fold'' ::* '''durer'''....''to bid'' ::* '''lokoxer draf'''....''to turn over a card'' ::* '''lokoxer ota tuyab'''....''to show one's hand'' ::* '''abnabxer'''....''to trump'' ::* '''ekdrafnyan'''....''deck of cards'' ::* '''nab'''....''suit'' ::* '''joper nab'''...''to follow suit'' ::* '''kyesdraf'''....''wild card'' ::* '''abnaba draf'''....''trump card'' ::* '''ha yannas'''....''the pot'' ::* '''ha nax'''....''the ante'' ::* '''yaber ha nax'''....''to up/raise the ante'' === Chess Piece Nomenclature === {{chess diagram | tright | |= 8 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= 7 |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= 6 | | | | | | | | |= 5 | | | | |pd| | | |= 4 | | | | |pl|pl| | |= 3 | | | | | | | | |= 2 |pl|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|= 1 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= a b c d e f g h | The King's Gambit }} : The game of chess is called '''xahifek''' in Mirad. : The chess pieces ('''xahifek goyni''') are as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Chess Piece Names |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''edweb''' || ''king'' || [[File:Chess_klt45.svg|thumb|30px]] |- | '''edeyb''' || ''queen'' || [[File:Chess_qlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''efyaxeb''' || ''bishop'' || [[File:Chess_blt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''ekpetob''' || ''knight'' || [[File:Chess_nlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''tamaz''' || ''rook'' || [[File:Chess_rlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''melyexut''' || ''pawn'' || [[File:Chess_plt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |} : Some chess terms: ::* ''to checkmate''....'''xahpexer''' ::* ''Check!''....''Xah!'' ::* ''Checkmate!''....'''xahpexwa!''' ::* ''chess board''....'''xahifek seym, xahifek drof''' ::* ''to move a piece''....'''paxer goun''' ::* ''to capture a piece''....'''pixler goun''' ::* ''chess clock''....'''xahifek jwobar''' ::* ''chess set''....''xahifek gounyan'' ::* ''chess tournament''....'''xahifekanyan''' ::* ''chess player''....'''xehifekut''' ::* ''my turn''....'''ata zyuj''' ::* ''score''....'''aoksag''' ::* ''world champion''....'''miraklut''' === Botanical Nomenclature === : The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the [https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy|international Linnaean taxonomy]. ==== Base Names ==== : So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words: ::* '''fab'''....trees :::* '''feb'''....''fruits and nuts'' ::* '''fayb'''....''vines and shrubs'' :::* '''feyb'''....''berries'' ::* '''vob'''....''crops'' ::* '''vol'''....''vegetables'' ::* '''veel'''....''legumes and beans'' ::* '''vos'''....''flowers'' ==== Specific Names ==== : To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, ''pine'' tree is rendered as '''pifab'''. The '''pi''' prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees ''<u>Pi</u>naceae''. The '''fab''' ending applies to all trees. To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. ''cedar tree'' is '''<u>ce</u>pifab''' from ''Pianaceae <u>Ce</u>drus''. A ''cedar of Lebanon'' is '''<u>li</u>cepifab''' from the more specific ''Pinaceae Cedrus <u>li</u>bani''. : By constructing botanical terms this way, all pine trees can be listed by searching for all names ending in '''pifab'''. [[File:171 Magnolien.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ '''Basic Botanical Terms''' |- |valign=top|'''fob'''....''plant''||valign=top|'''vob'''....''crop''||valign=top|'''vol'''....''vegetable''||valign=top|'''vos'''....''flower'' |- |valign=top|'''fab'''....''tree''<br>'''fayeb'''....''leaf''<br>'''faob'''....''wood''<br>'''fayob'''....''bark''||valign=top|'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''vayob'''....''peel''|| ||'''vosayeb'''....''petal''<br>'''vosayob'''....''sepal'' |- |valign=top|'''feb'''....''fruit/nut''||valign=top|'''veb'''....''ear/tuft''<br>'''veeb'''....''seed''<br>'''veeyb'''....''grain''||valign=top|'''veel'''....''legume''||'''voseb'''....''capitulum'' |- |valign=top|'''fib'''....''trunk''||valign=top|'''vib'''....''stem'' || || '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' |- |valign=top|'''fub'''....''branch''||valign=top|'''vub'''....''blade''<br>'''vulob'''....''thorn'' || || |- |valign=top|'''fyob'''....''root''||valign=top|'''vyob'''....''tuber'' || || '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' |} ===== Product Names ===== : Products derived from plants are formed with the following words: ::* '''-fel'''....''juice (from a pome)'' ::* '''-feel'''....''-ade'' ::* '''-feyl'''....''juice (from a berry)'' ::* '''-fil'''....''alcoholic drink/cider'' ::* '''-fyel'''....''oil/jam/syrup'' ::* '''-fyeyl'''....''jelly'' ::* '''-fol'''....''grounds/powder'' ::* '''-fayel'''....''leaf juice'' : Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Zoological_Nomenclature|Zoological Nomenclature]]. For example, an ''apple'' is from the <u>Ro</u>saceae family of trees, the genus being ''<u>Ma</u>lus''. So the word for ''apple'' becomes '''marofeb'''. ''Apple tree'' is '''marofab''' and ''apple juice'' is '''marofel'''. Thus, ''apple cider'' is '''marofil'''. ===== Crops ===== : Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base '''vob''' with taxonomic syllables. [[File:Usdaemmer1.jpg|thumb|]] : The base words of this group are: ::* '''-vob'''....''crop'' ::* '''-vab'''....''grass'' ::* '''-vayeb'''....''leaf'' ::* '''-veb'''....''ear, cob, head, spike, tuft'' ::* '''-veeb'''....''seed, germ'' ::* '''-veel'''....''bean, legume'' ::* '''-veeyb'''....''grain, kernel, pip'' ::* '''-vib'''....''stem'' ::* '''-vub'''....''blade, sprig, twig'' ::* '''-vyob'''....''tuber'' ::* '''-vel'''....''edible product'' ::* '''-vil'''....''drinkable product, beer'' ::* '''-vyel'''....''syrup'' ::* '''-vol'''....''vegetable'' : From the above base words are derived these products, among others: ::* '''sakol'''....''sugar'' < '''sakvob'''....''sugarcane'' ::* '''povel'''....''bread'' < '''povob'''....''cereal'' ::* '''zepovyel'''....''corn syrup, corn oil'' < '''zepovob'''....''corn'' ::* '''zepovil'''....''whiskey, bourbon'' ::* '''sepovil'''....''rye whiskey'' < '''zepovob'''....''rye'' ::* '''povil'''....''beer'' ::* '''epovil'''....''ale'' ::* '''avpovob mekil'''....''oatmeal'' < '''avpovob'''....''oat'' ::* '''orpovob zyiglal'''....''rice cake'' < '''orpovob'''....''rice'' ::* '''mekuvol'''....''melon'' ===== Vegetables and Legumes ===== : Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base '''vol''' (''vegetable'') or '''veel''' (''legume, bean'') with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy. Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks. [[File:Hrushikesh kulkarni vegetables.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Vegetables |- ! Edible Crop !! Taxonomy |- ! colspan=2| LEGUMES: EDIBLE SEEDS |- |'''faveel'''....''bean'' || ''Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris'' |- |'''lensfaveel'''....''lentil'' || ''Fabaceae Lens culinaris'' |- |'''glifaveel'''....''soybeen'' || ''Fabaceae Glycine max'' |- |'''vigfaveel'''....''black-eyed pea'' || ''Fabaceae Faseolus vigna unguiculata'' |- ! colspan=2 | Vegetables: Berries/Fruits |- |'''lisovol'''....''tomato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum'' |- |'''mesovol'''....''eggplant'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum melongena'' |- |'''perlawvol'''....''avocado'' || ''Lauraceae Persea americana'' |- |'''sakuvol'''....''cucumber'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''akapsovol'''....''chili pepper'' || ''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra'' || ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- ! colspan=2 |bulbs |- |'''amalvol'''....''leek'' || ''Allium ampeloprasum'' |- |'''cepalvol'''....''onion'' || ''Allium cepa'' |- |'''alkalvol'''....''shallot'' || ''Alium ascalonicum'' |- |'''satalvol'''....''garlic'' || ''Allium sativum'' |- |'''zinvol'''....''ginger'' || ''Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale'' |- |'''skoynalvol'''....''chive'' || ''Allium Schoenoprasum'' |- |'''foynapvol'''....''fennel'' || ''Apiaceae Phoenix dactylifera'' |- ! colspan=2 | melons/gourds |- |'''kuvol'''....''squash, gourd''|| ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita'' |- |'''makuvol'''....''pumpkin'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima'' |- |'''mekuvol'''....''melon, honeydew, cantaloupe'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melon'' |- |'''cikuvol'''....''watermelon'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus'' |- |'''pekuvol'''....''zucchini'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo'' |- ! colspan=2 | Tubers/Root Vegetables |- |'''tusovol'''....''potato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum'' |- |'''betamvol'''....''beet, beetroot'' || ''Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris'' |- |'''rafbravol'''....''radish''|| ''Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus'' |- |'''kadawapvol'''....''carrot''||''Apiaceae Daucus carota'' |- |'''nabravol'''....''turnip''|| ''Brassica napus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''pasavol'''....''parsnip'' ||''Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa'' |- |'''eskolaravol'''....''taro'' ||''Araceae Colocasia esculenta'' |- |'''divol'''....''yam'' ||''Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea'' |- ! colspan=2| Leafy/Flowering Vegetables |- |'''bravol'''....''cabbage'' || ''Brassicaceae'' |- |'''botrolbravol'''....''cauliflower''||''Brassica oleracea botrytis'' |- |'''gemolbravol'''....''Brussels sprouts''|| ''Brassica oleracea gemmifera'' |- |'''valkavol'''....''corn salad, lamb's lettuce''|| ''Caprifocilaceae Valerianella locusta'' |- |'''lakasvol'''....''lettuce''|| ''Asteraceae Lactuta sative'' |- |'''spinamvol'''....''spinach'' || ''Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea'' |- |'''rupolivol'''....''sorrel''|| ''Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa'' |- |'''tarasvol'''....''mustard greens''|| ''Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale'' |- |'''itolbravol'''....''broccoli''|| ''Brassica Oleracea italica'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra''|| ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- |'''petapvol'''....''parsley''|| ''Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum'' |- |'''basoclamvol'''....''basil''|| ''Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum'' |- |'''orlamvol'''....''thyme''|| ''Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare'' |- |'''encivol'''....''chicory, endive''|| ''Cichorium endivia'' |- |'''nasbravol'''....''watercress''|| ''Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale'' |- |'''korapvol'''....''coriander''|| ''Apiaceae Coridandrum sativum'' |- ! colspan=2 | Stalks |- |'''aspavol'''....''asparagus''|| ''Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis'' |- |'''gravapvol'''....''celery''|| ''Apiaceae Apium graveolens'' |- |'''rewmpolivol'''....''rhubarb''|| ''Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum'' |- |'''kurzinvol'''....''turmeric''|| ''Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa'' |- |'''kokarvol'''....''heart of palm, swamp cabbage''|| ''Arecaceae Cocos'' |- |'''cimpovol'''....''lemongrass''|| ''Poaceae Cymbopogon'' |} ==== Common Flower Names ==== [[File:Madeira-flowers hg.jpg|thumb|]] ===== Flower Parts ===== : Flower names are built on the base name '''vos''', meaning ''flower''. First, here is a list of flower parts: ::* '''vosayob'''....''sepal'' ::* '''vosayeb'''....''petal'' ::* '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' ::* '''veeybpexus''' or '''vosmekibar'''....''stigma'' ::*'''vosij'''....''bud, flower bud'' ::* '''tooybgon'''....''pistil'' ::* '''veeybyan'''....''pollen'' ::* '''twoobgon'''....''stamen'' ::* '''twoobgonyif'''....''filament'' ::* '''veeybyem''' or '''vosmekuar'''....''anther'' ::* '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' ===== Flower Names ===== [[File:Tulipa suaveolens floriade to Canberra.jpg|thumb|]] : Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base '''vos''' that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples: : '''<u>som</u>pavos'''....''opium poppy'' (''<u>Pa</u>paver <u>som</u>niferum'') : '''<u>mag</u>vos'''....''magnolia'' (''<u>Mag</u>noliaceae Magnolia'') : '''<u>or</u>vos'''....''orchid'' (''<u>Or</u>chidaceae Orchis'') : '''<u>krokir</u>vos'''....''crocus'' (''<u>Ir</u>idaceae <u>Cro</u>cus'') : For a fuller list, see the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Flower_Words|Flower Words]]. === Computer Terminology === [[File:Generic-office-desktop2.svg|thumb]] : This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Computerese |- ! Mirad !! English |- |'''agna saibyan syaagir'''||''mainframe computer'' |- |'''absem syaagir'''||''desktop computer'' |- |'''agbanak'''||''byte'' |- |'''ajnexer'''||''to archive'' |- |'''amloagbanak'''||''megabyte'' |- |'''anay dyewa tax'''||''read-only memory, ROM'' |- |'''aota syaagir'''||''personal computer'' |- |'''aottuunyan'''||''profile'' |- |'''aoyebmeyp'''||''port'' |- |'''apaxler'''||''to swipe'' |- |'''aroagbanak'''||''kilobyte'' |- |'''baler buxnuf'''||''to press/hit a key'' |- |'''banak'''||''bit'' |- |'''agdresin kyoxea buxnuf'''||''caps lock key'' |- |'''buxnuf'''||''key'' |- |'''buxnufsemes'''||''keyboard'' |- |'''buxnufseym'''||''keypad'' |- |'''izeaxus'''||''cursor'' |- |'''byuxseym'''||''touchpad'' |- |'''datier'''||''to friend'' |- |'''dodrer ebdras'''||''to post a message'' |- |'''dota zeyn'''||''social medium'' |- |'''ebdrer'''||''to text'' |- |'''dreun'''||''document'' |- |'''dreuzyufer'''||''to scroll, pan'' |- |'''droer naab'''||''to delete a file'' |- |'''drou buxnuf'''||''delete key'' |- |'''drur'''||''printer'' |- |'''drurer naab'''||''to print out a file'' |- |'''drurer'''||''to print out'' |- |'''druru buxnuf'''||''print screen key'' |- |'''drurun'''||''a printout'' |- |'''dunexlar'''||''word processor'' |- |'''dyezier'''||''to take a movie'' |- |'''ebdayler'''||''to chat'' |- |'''ebdaylim'''||''chatroom'' |- |'''emojin'''||''emoji'' |- |'''ex buxnuf'''||''function key'' |- |'''exen vyaab'''||''operating system'' |- |'''extuundras'''||''program, application'' |- |'''extuundrasog'''||''app'' |- |'''extuundrasyan'''||''software'' |- |'''extuundrer'''||''to program'' |- |'''fuk'''||''bug'' |- |'''fukaya'''||''buggy'' |- |'''fukoyxer'''||''to debug'' |- |'''garalyoagbanak'''||''petabyte'' |- |'''gelxer naab'''||''to copy a file'' |- |'''googler'''||''to google'' |- |'''gyia kyos yebiar'''||''solid state drive, SSD'' |- |'''gyia zyiun yebiar'''||''cd drive'' |- |'''haydren dyun'''||''login name'' |- |'''haydrer bay tuyubbal'''||''to log in with one's fingerprint'' |- |'''haydrer'''||''to log in'' |- |'''hoydrer'''||''to log out'' |- |'''huisteaxar'''||''browser'' |- |'''kyeteaxer'''||''to browse'' |- |'''hyux buxnuf'''||''alt key'' |- |'''iber naab'''||''to receive a file'' |- |'''ila mez sinuar, IMS'''||''liquid crystal display, LDC'' |- |'''izbex buxnuf'''||''control key'' |- |'''izbexdrof'''||''motherboard'' |- |'''kliker ab'''||''click on'' |- |'''kodun'''||''password'' |- |'''gawdyunxer naab'''||''to rename a file'' |- |'''kyax buxnuf'''||''shift key'' |- |'''kyea yempuen tax'''||''random access memory, RAM'' |- |'''kyisier naab'''||''to download a file'' |- |'''kyisuer naab'''||''to upload a file'' |- |'''kyiunxar'''||''charger'' |- |'''kyiunxer'''||''to charge'' |- |'''lodatier'''||''to unfriend'' |- |'''makebdren'''||''email'' |- |'''makedrer'''||''to email'' |- |'''man-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOES'''||''LED'' |- |'''mansin dyes'''||''photo album'' |- |'''mis'''||''window'' |- |'''naab'''||''file'' |- |'''naedzyun'''||''trackball'' |- |'''nagonxar'''||''modem'' |- |'''neaf mansiniar'''||''web camera'' |- |'''nexer naab'''||''to save a file'' |- |'''num yibdalir'''||''cellphone'' |- |'''belyafwa syaagir'''||''laptop computer'' |- |'''oglagos'''||''microchip'' |- |'''gwoteexar'''||''microphone'' |- |'''omijber'''||''to boot up'' |- |'''omola tyep'''||''artificial intelligence, AI'' |- |'''gawomijber'''||''to reboot'' |- |'''paxer naab'''||''to move a file'' |- |'''paxyafwa yibdalir'''||''mobile phone'' |- |'''poxu zyumuf buxnuf'''||''scroll lock key'' |- |'''sagbexu buxnuf'''||''numlock key'' |- |'''sagseym'''||''number pad'' |- |'''sam'''||''console'' |- |'''saunapxer naab'''||''to sort a file'' |- |'''semes syaagir'''||''tablet computer'' |- |'''sindren semes'''||''graphics tablet'' |- |'''sindrenyan exlen aun'''||''graphics processing unit, GPU'' |- |'''sines'''||''icon'' |- |'''sinuar'''||''screen, display, monitor'' |- |'''syaager'''||''to compute'' |- |'''syaagir'''||''computer'' |- |'''syaagirdal'''||''computerese'' |- |'''syaagirtun'''||''computer science'' |- |'''syaagnyed'''||''spreadsheet'' |- |'''taam mays'''||''home screen'' |- |'''tampu buxnuf'''||''home key'' |- |'''sirmul'''||''hardware, physical matter'' |- |'''taxdrer'''||''to record'' |- |'''taxmuf'''||''memory stick'' |- |'''teataxdrer'''||''to video'' |- |'''teataxdrun'''||''video'' |- |'''tuunnabyan'''||''database'' |- |'''tuyab izdar'''||''mouse'' |- |'''uber naab'''||''to send a file'' |- |'''uinig buxnuf'''||''tab key'' |- |'''utmansin'''||''selfie'' |- |'''yaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD)'''||''HTML'' |- |'''yeber'''||''to enter, insert'' |- |'''yebu buxnuf'''||''enter key, return key, insert key'' |- |'''yiga zyiun yebiar'''||''hard disk drive, HDD'' |- |'''yijber naab'''||''to open a file'' |- |'''yujber naab'''||''to close a file'' |- |'''makmepdrof'''||''circuitboard'' |- |'''zea exlen aun'''||''central processing unit, CPU'' |- |'''zoynigxu buxnuf'''||''backspace key'' |- |'''zyiun yebiar'''||''disk drive'' |} === Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology === : This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages. ==== Medical Diseases ==== : Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg. ::* '''tiebalyoganbok'''....''asthma'' (lit: shortness of breath illness) ::* '''tiebbok'''....''pneumonia'' (lit: lung illness) ::* '''teibbok'''....''rhinitis'' (lit: nose illness) ::* '''tayibblok'''....''neuropathy'' (lit: nerve suffering) ::* '''tebbyoyk'''....''headache'' (lit: head ache) ::* '''teibzyegikanbok'''....''osteoporosis'' (lit: bone porosity illness) ==== Pharmaceuticals ==== : Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized. ::* '''aspirin'''....''aspirin'' ::* '''Ibupropen'''....''Ibupropen'' : Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose: ::* '''bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol'''....''analgesic, painkiller'' (Lit: pain reliever) ::* '''tikebilokxol'''....''emetic'' (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance) : Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see [https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn|International Nonproprietary Names]). For example, ''phenobarbital''. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ INN names pronunciation |- ! Greco-Roman<br>Spelling !! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | ch || '''k''' |- | ph || '''f''' |- | x || '''ks''' |- | y || '''i''' |- | qu || '''kw''' |- | rh || '''r''' |- | th || '''t''' |- | ae || '''ay''' |- | oe || '''oy''' |- | c before i, e, or y || '''c''' |- | c otherwise || '''k''' |- | final e || silent |- | double consonant || single consonant |} : Examples: ::* '''acetaminophen'''....''a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN'' ::* '''amphetamine'''....''am-fe-ta-MIN'' ::* '''trimethroprim'''....''tri-me-tro-PRIM'' ::* '''sulfamethoxazole'''....''sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL'' ::* '''oxacillin'''....''o-ksa-ci-LIN'' === Mineral and Crystal Nomenclature === : Minerals end in '''-muk''' with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see [[Wikipedia:List_of_mineral_symbols|The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols]]). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. For example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Some Mineral Names |- ! English!! IMA Symbol !! Mirad Spellings !! Mirad Name |- | ''argyrodyte'' || Agy || '''a-ge-yu''' || '''ageyumuk''' |- |''brochantyte'' || Bct || '''ba-ca-to''' || '''bacatomuk''' |- |''chromite'' || Chr || '''ca-he-ro''' || '''caheromuk''' |} : There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.: ::* ''Lemmleinite-K'' (Lem-k) is '''liemikomuk''' in Mirad. : Crystals end in '''-mez'''. The first part of the word is an enumeration. : The common crystals are listed here: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Names of Common Crystals |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''mez''' || ''crystal'' |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond'' |- | '''emez''' || ''topaz'' |- | '''imez''' || ''ruby'' |- | '''umez''' || ''emerald'' |- | '''yomez''' || ''sapphire'' |- | '''yamez''' || ''lapis lazuli'' |- | '''yemez''' || ''amethyst'' |- | '''yimez''' || ''amber'' |- | '''yumez''' || ''quartz'' |- | '''alomez''' || ''opal'' |- | '''alamez''' || ''tourmaline'' |- | '''alemez''' || ''garnet'' |- | '''alimez''' || ''zirconia'' |- | '''alumez''' || ''jasper'' |- | '''alyomez''' || ''jade'' |- | '''alyamez''' || ''marganite'' |} : Other, less common crystals end in '''-mez''' and are formed from the Wikipedia list of mineral symbols. : General words for earthen matter: :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' :* '''muz'''....''ore'' :* '''mug'''....''metal'' :* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :* '''meg'''....''rock, stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' :* '''mel'''....''soil'' :* '''meil'''....''mud'' :* '''mek'''....''dust'' :* '''miek'''....''sand'' :* '''mev'''....''porcelain'' :* '''mef'''....''brick'' ==== Rock Classification ==== : The naming of individual rock types is based on the [[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/download/bgs-rock-classification-scheme-igneous/| BGS Rock Classification Scheme ]]. : All rocks (other than the general word for ''rock'', '''meg''') end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type: ::* '''ameg'''....''sedimentary rock'' ::* '''emeg'''....''igneous rock'' ::* '''imag'''....''metamorphic rock'' : The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final ''e'' is dropped from names that end in ''yte'' or ''ite''. For example, ''trachydacite'' in the scheme becomes '''trachydacit''' in Mirad. This word is then followed by one of the rock types above ('''emeg''' ''igneous rock''). So ''trachydacite'' becomes '''trachydacitemeg''' in Mirad. For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary. :The word '''meg''' ''rock'' has some common derivatives: ::* '''megag'''....''boulder'' ::* '''meg'''....''stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' ::* '''megyel'''....''cement, asphalt, bitumen'' :::* '''megyelyig'''....''concrete'' ::* '''megil'''....''lava'' ::* '''meggos'''....''crag'' ::* '''megyig'''....''flintstone, basalt'' ::* '''meag'''....''marble'' ::* '''meeg'''....''slate'' ::* '''meig'''....''granite'' ::* '''meug'''....''clay, dough'' ::* '''meyog'''....''china'' ::* '''meyag'''....''chalk'' :::* '''meyaz'''....''pastel'' :::* '''meyayg'''....''calcite'' ::* '''meyeg'''....''limestone, sediment'' ::* '''meyig'''....''alabaster'' ::* '''meyug'''....''gypsum'' ::* '''mealog'''....''sandstone, stoneware'' ::* '''mameg'''....''coal'' :::* '''eymameg'''....''coke'' :::* '''maameg'''....''anthracite'' :::* '''maemeg'''....''peat'' :::* '''maimeg'''....''lignite'' : Related are: ::* '''mek'''....''dust'' :::* '''mekes'''....''grit'' :::* '''mekil'''....''grout'' :::* '''meyk'''....''grit'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder'' ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' ::* '''mieg'''....''coral'' ::* '''mel'''....''dirt'' ::* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''meil'''....''mud'' ::* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :::* '''meyz'''....''spar'' :::* '''meyzag'''....''feldspar'' ::* '''muz'''....''ore'' ::* '''memol'''....''alkali'' ::* '''mimol'''....''salt'' ::* '''mef'''....''brick'' === Metric Nomenclature === [[File:Conversion Factors.png|thumb|]] : Mirad uses the [[Wikt:International System of Units (SI)|International System of Units (SI)]]) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names ('''alpha''', '''gamma''', etc.) preceded with the word '''ag-''' if majuscule ('''aggamma''' for ''&Gamma;'') The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ''ohm'' (Ω) is '''agomega'''. All metric units end in the word '''nak'''. ==== SI Base Units ==== :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbeviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} ==== SI Derived Units ==== : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | B | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''agbanak''' |- | '''bit''' | align="center" | b | one bit of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ==== Convenient Non-SI Units ==== ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglinak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heabak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |} ==== Metrical Formulae ==== : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical <br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |} ==== Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes ==== : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for ''b'' (byte) is pronounced '''ba''' in Mirad. A terabyte ( ''Tb'') is therefore pronounced '''ag-to-ba''', which This amounts ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix<br><br>Mirad Pron. !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix !! SI Symbol<br><br>Mirad Pron. |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' ... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''<br>''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''<br>''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''<br>''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''<br>''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''<br>''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yoon-''' <br>''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''<br>''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yaon-'''<br>''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''<br>''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''<br>''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''<br>''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''<br>''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''<br>''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''<br>''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''<br>''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alo-'''<br>''deca-'' || ''da''<br>'''da-a-''' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci-''|| ''d''<br>'''da-''' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''<br>''hexa-'' || ''h''<br>'''hi-''' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi-''|| ''c''<br>'''ca-''' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''<br>''kilo-'' ||''k''<br>'''ki-''' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''<br>''milli-''|| ''m''<br>'''mi-''' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || ''M''<br>'''agmi-''' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-''|| ''r''<br>'''ro-''' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''<br>''giga-'' || ''G''<br>'''agge-''' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-''|| ''n''<br>'''ni-''' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || ''T''<br>'''agto-''' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-''|| ''p''<br>'''po-''' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ''P''<br>'''agpo-'''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-''||''f''<br>'''fe-''' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''<br>''exa-'' || ''E''<br>'''age-'''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''<br>''atto-''||''a''<br>'''a-''' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ''Z''<br>'''agzu-'''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''<br>''zepto-''||''z''<br>'''zu-''' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || '' Y''<br>'''agyu''' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''<br>''yocto-''||''y''<br>'''yu-''' |} : *Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. ==== Abbreviated Symbols ==== : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | Macro !! colspan=2 | Micro |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daage''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dage''' |- | ''hg'' (hexagram)|| '''hege''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cage''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''koge''' || ''mg'' (milligram) ||'''mige''' |- | ''Mg'' (megagram)|| '''agmige''' ||''rg'' or '''μg''' (microgram)|| '''roge''' or '''muge''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggege''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nige''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtoge''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''poge''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpoge''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fege''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agege''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''age''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzege''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zege''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyuge''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yuge''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* '''10 kg2'''....(pronounced as:) ''alo koge gar ewa'' ::* '''12 mm3'''....(pronounced as:) ''ale mimi gar iwa'' === Trigonometric Nomenclature === : This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by '''-naz''' (''value''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Trigonometry Functions |- ! Function (Symbol) !! Mirad Technical Name !! Mirad Ordinary Name |- | ''sine (sin)'' || '''soini-naz''' || '''uznaz''' |- | ''cosine (cos)'' || '''caoso-naz''' || '''yanuznaz''' |- | ''arccosine (arccos, cos^-1)''<br>''anticosine''<br>''inverse cosine''|| '''arocacaoso-naz''' || '''ovuznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic sine (sinh)'' || '''soinihe-naz'''|| '''enuza uznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic cosine (cosh)'' || '''caosohe-naz''' || '''enuza yanuznaz''' |- | ''secant (sec)'' || '''soeca-naz''' || '''golus naz''' |- | ''cosecant (csc)'' || '''casoca-naz''' || '''yangolus naz''' |- | ''arccosecant (arccsc)'' || '''arocacasoca-naz''' || '''enuza yangolus naz''' |} === Poetry Nomenclature === : Mirad uses the nonsense syllables '''di''' and '''da''' to form various poetic meter words that usually are formed with Greek words in English. The syllable '''di''' represents an ''unstressed'' syllable in verse, while the syllable '''da''' denotes a ''stressed'' syllable. These are hyphenated and followed with a space and the word '''deup''' as a noun, which means ''meter'' or ''rhythm''. The adjectival form of the word ends in '''deupa'''. Here are the most common poetic meters: ::* '''di-da deupa'''.... iambic :::* '''di-da yoondeup'''.... ''iambic pentameter'' ::* '''di-di-da deupa'''.... ''anapestic'' ::* '''di-da-da deupa'''.... ''bacchius'' ::* '''da-da deupa'''.... ''spondaic'' ::* '''da-da-da deupa'''.... ''molossus'' ::* '''da-da-di deupa'''.... ''antibacchius'' ::* '''da-di deupa'''.... ''tochaic'' :::* '''da-di deup'''.... ''trochee, choree'' ::* '''da-di-da deupa'''.... ''cretic, amphimacer'' ::* '''da-di-di deupa'''.... ''dactylic'' ::* '''da-di-di yaondeup'''.... ''dactylic hexameter'' ::* '''da-di-di-da deupa'''.... ''amphibrachic'' : Other words representing elements of poetry are: ::* '''drez'''....''poetry, verse'' :::* '''dreza'''....''poetic'' :::* '''drezyen'''....''poesy'' :::* '''drezyan'''....''anthology'' (of poetry) :::* '''drezut'''....''poet'' ::::* '''drezuyt'''....''poetess'' ::::* '''popdrezut'''....''minstrel'' ::::* '''Vikinga drezut'''....''skald'' ::::* '''dreuzut'''....''bard'' :::* '''odrez'''....''prose'' :::* '''vyasma drez'''....''concrete verse'' :::* '''tyoda drez'''....''folk poetry'' :::* '''indeupa drez'''....''trimeter'' :::* '''undeupa drez'''....''tetrameter'' :::* '''yoondeupa drez'''....''pentameter'' :::* '''yaondeupa drez'''....''hexameter'' :::* '''yendeupa drez'''....''heptameter'' :::* '''yindeupa drez'''....''octameter'' :::* '''ogelseuxwa drez'''....''blank verse'' :::* '''yiva drez'''....''free verse'' :::* '''drezun'''....''poem'' ::::* '''deuzwa drezun'''....''sung poem, lay'' ::::* '''dindrezun'''....''ballad'' ::::* '''dizdrezun'''....''limerick'' ::::* '''fiddrezun'''....''ode'' ::::* '''fizdrezun'''....''epic poem'' ::::* '''haikudrezun'''....''haiku'' ::::* '''viysindrezun'''....''idyll'' ::::* '''ifondrezun'''....''love poem, romantic poem'' ::::* '''indrezun'''....''terzain'' ::::* '''jodrezun'''....''epode'' ::::* '''yindrezun'''....''sistina'' ::::* '''klerihyudrezun'''....''clerihew'' ::::* '''meimdrezun'''....''pastoral'' ::::* '''melyexdrezun'''....''georgic'' ::::* '''petnyanuta drezun'''....''pastoral, eclogue'' ::::* '''popduzuta drezun'''....''troubadour poem'' ::::* '''rondodrezun'''....''rondeau, rondel, roundel'' ::::* '''seuz drezun'''....''sound poem'' ::::* '''tadyandrezun'''....''prothalamion, epithalamion'' ::::* '''tankadrezun'''....''tanka'' ::::* '''taxdrezun'''....''epitaph'' ::::* '''tuddrezun'''....''nursery rhyme'' ::::* '''ulondrezun'''....''sonnet'' ::::* '''ujdreznadeon'''....''envoi'' ::::* '''undrezun'''....''quatrain'' ::::* '''unnad drezun'''....''tetrastich'' ::::* '''uvdrezun'''....''elegy'' ::::* '''alyundrezun'''....''villanelle'' ::::* '''virelaydrezun'''....''virelai, virelay'' ::::* '''yizivtos drezun'''....''rhapsody'' ::::* '''yoondrezun'''....''quintain'' ::* '''dreznad'''....''line, -stich, verse'' :::* '''eyndreznad'''...''hemistich'' :::* '''endreznad'''....''couplet'' ::* '''dreznadyan'''....''stanza'' ::* '''gelseux'''....''rhyme'' :::* '''gelseuxyen'''....''rhyme scheme'' :::* '''dunija gelseuxen'''....''alliteration'' ::* '''seuxzoyxen'''....''assonance'' ::* '''geyldyan'''....''simile'' ::* '''yiztyun'''....''metaphor'' ::* '''yanseuzan'''....''consonance'' ::* '''deup'''....''rhythm, beat, metrical foot, meter'' ::* '''kyib'''....''stress'' ::* '''seuz'''....''tone'' === Dimensional Nomenclature === : This chart shows adjectives that describe dimensional relationships: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ Dimensional Words |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- | '''yaba'''....''high(er)'' || '''yeba'''....''inner'' || '''yoba'''....''low(er)'' |- | '''yaiba'''....''tall'' || '''yeiba'''....''deep inside'' || '''yoiba'''....''deep (down)'' |- | '''yauba'''....''short'' || '''yeuba'''....''a short way in'' || '''youba'''....''shallow'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || || '''yoga'''....''short'' |- | '''yiba'''....''far'' || || '''yuba'''....''near'' |- | '''aonada'''....''vertical'' || || '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- | '''kia'''....''diagonal'' || || '''kua'''....''lateral'' |- | '''zyia'''....''flat'' || || '''zyua'''....''round'' |- | '''yaza'''....''concave'' || '''yeza'''....''flush'' || '''yoza'''....''convex'' |} === Geologic Period Nomenclature === : The principal geochronologic units of the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest, are: :** '''joob'''....''eon'' :*** '''ajoob'''....''Hadean Eon'' :*** '''ejoob'''....''Archean Eon'' :*** '''ijoob'''....''Proterozoic Eon'' :*** '''ujoob'''....''Phanerozoic Eon'' :** '''joab'''....''era'' :*** '''ajoab'''....''Eoarchean Era'' :*** '''ejoab'''....''Paleoarchean Era'' :*** '''ijoab'''....''Mesoarchean Era'' :*** '''ujoab'''....''Neoarchean Era'' :*** '''yojoab'''....''Paleoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yajoab'''....''Mesoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yejoab'''....''Neoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yijoab'''....''Paleozoic Era'' :*** '''yujoab'''....''Mesozoic Era'' :*** '''alojoab'''....''Cenozoic Era'' :** '''joeb'''....''period'' :*** '''ajoeb'''....''Siderian Period'' :*** '''ejoeb'''....''Rhyacian Period'' :*** '''ijoeb'''....''Orosirian Period'' :*** '''ujoeb'''....''Statherian Period'' :*** '''yojoeb'''....''Calymmian Period'' :*** '''yajoeb'''....''Ectasian Period'' :*** '''yejoeb'''....''Stenian Period'' :*** '''yijoeb'''....''Tonian Period'' :*** '''yujoeb'''....''Cryogenian Period'' :*** '''alojoeb'''....''Ediacaran Period'' :*** '''alajoeb'''....''Cambrian Period'' :*** '''alejoeb'''....''Ordovician Period'' :*** '''alijoeb'''....''Silurian Period'' :*** '''alujoeb'''....''Devonian Period'' :*** '''alyojoeb'''....''Carboniferous Period'' :*** '''alyajoeb'''....''Permian Period'' :*** '''alyejoeb'''....''Triassic Period'' :*** '''alyijoeb'''....''Jurassic Period'' :*** '''alyujoeb'''....''Cretaceous Period'' :*** '''elojoeb'''....''Paleogene Period'' :*** '''elajoeb'''....''Neogene Period'' :*** '''elejoeb'''....''Quarternary Period'' :** '''joib'''....''epoch'' :*** '''ajoib'''....''Terreneuvian Epoch'' :*** '''ejoib'''....''Series 2 Epoch'' :*** '''ijoib'''....''Miaolingian Epoch'' :*** '''ujoib'''....''Furongian Epoch'' :*** '''yojoib'''....''Lower Epoch'' :*** '''yajoib'''....''Middle Epoch'' :*** '''yejoib'''....''Upper Epoch'' :*** '''yijoib'''....''Llandovery Epoch'' :*** '''yujoib'''....''Wenlock Epoch'' :*** '''alojoib'''....''Ludlow Epoch'' :*** '''alajoib'''....''Pridoli Epoch'' :** '''joub'''....''age'' :*** '''ajoub'''....''Fortunian Age'' :*** '''ejoub'''....''Stage 2 Age'' :*** '''ijoub'''....''Stage 3 Age'' :*** '''ujoub'''....''Stage 4 Age'' :*** '''yojoub'''....''Wulian Age'' :*** '''yajoub'''....''Drumian Age'' :*** '''yejoub'''....''Guzhangian Age'' :*** '''yijoub'''....''Paibian Age'' :*** '''yujoub'''....''Jianshanian Age'' :*** '''alojoub'''....''Stage 10 Age'' :*** '''alajoub'''....''Temadocian Age'' :*** '''alejoub'''....''Floian Age'' :*** '''alijoub'''....''Dapingian Age'' :*** '''alujoub'''....''Darriwilian Age'' :*** '''alyojoub'''....''Sandbian Age'' :*** '''alyajoub'''....''Katian Age'' :*** '''alyejoub'''....''Hirnantian Age'' :*** '''alyijoub'''....''Rhuddanian Age'' :*** '''alyujoub'''....''Aeronian Age'' :*** '''elojoub'''....''Telychian Age'' :*** '''elajoub'''....''Cheinwoodian Age'' :*** '''elejoub'''....''Homerian Age'' :*** '''elijoub'''....''Gorstian Age'' :*** '''elujoub'''....''Ludfordian Age'' :*** '''elyojoub'''....''Pridoli Age'' :*** '''elyajoub'''....''Lochkovian Age'' :*** '''elyejoub'''....''Pragian Age'' :*** '''elyijoub'''....''Emsian Age'' :*** '''elyujoub'''....''Eifelian Age'' :*** '''ilojoub'''....''Givetian Age'' :*** '''ilajoub'''....''Frasnian Age'' :*** '''ilejoub'''....''Famennian Age'' :*** '''ilijoub'''....''Tournaisian Age'' :*** '''ilujoub'''....''Visean Age'' :*** '''ilyojoub'''....''Serpukhovian Age'' :*** '''ilyajoub'''....''Bashkirian Age'' :*** '''ilyejoub'''....''Moscovian Age'' :*** '''ilyijoub'''....''Kasimovian Age'' :*** '''ilyujoub'''....''Gzhelian Age'' :*** '''ulojoub'''....''Asselian Age'' :*** '''ulajoub'''....''Sakmarian Age'' :*** '''ulejoub'''....''Artinskian Age'' :*** '''ulijoub'''....''Kungurian Age'' :*** '''ulujoub'''....''Roadian Age'' :*** '''ulyojoub'''....''Wordian Age'' :*** '''ulyajoub'''....''Capitanian Age'' :*** '''ulyejoub'''....''Wuchiapingian Age'' :*** '''ulyijoub'''....''Changhsingian Age'' :*** '''ulyujoub'''....''Induan Age'' :*** '''yolojoub'''....''Olenekian Age'' :*** '''yolajoub'''....''Anisian Age'' :*** '''yolejoub'''....''Ladnian Age'' :*** '''yolijoub'''....''Carnian Age'' :*** '''yolujoub'''....''Norian Age'' :*** '''yolyojoub'''....''Rhaetian Age'' :*** '''yolyajoub'''....''Hettangian Age'' :*** '''yolyejoub'''....''Sinemurian Age'' :*** '''yolyijoub'''....''Pliensbachian Age'' :*** '''yolyujoub'''....''Toarcian Age'' :*** '''yalojoub'''....''Aalenian Age'' :*** '''yalajoub'''....''Bajocian Age'' :*** '''yalejoub'''....''Bathonian Age'' :*** '''yalijoub'''....''Callovian Age'' :*** '''yalujoub'''....''Oxfordian Age'' :*** '''yalyojoub'''....''Kimmeridgian Age'' :*** '''yalyajoub'''....''Tithonian Age'' :*** '''yalyejoub'''....''Berriasian Age'' :*** '''yalyijoub'''....''Valanginian Age'' :*** '''yalyujoub'''....''Hauterivian Age'' :*** '''yelojoub'''....''Barremian Age '' :*** '''yelajoub'''....''Aptian Age '' :*** '''yelejoub'''....''Albian Age '' :*** '''yelijoub'''....''Cenomanian '' :*** '''yelujoub'''....''Turonian '' :*** '''yelyojoub'''....''Coniacian '' :*** '''yelyajoub'''....''Santonian '' :*** '''yelyejoub'''....''Campanian '' :*** '''yelyijoub'''....''Maastrichtian '' :*** '''yelyujoub'''....''Danian '' :*** '''yilojoub'''....''Selandian '' :*** '''yilajoub'''....''Thanetian '' :*** '''yilejoub'''....''Ypresian '' :*** '''yilijoub'''....''Lutetian '' :*** '''yilujoub'''....''Bartonian '' :*** '''yilyojoub'''....''Priaboanian '' :*** '''yilyajoub'''....''Rupelian '' :*** '''yilyejoub'''....''Chattian '' :*** '''yilyijoub'''....''Aquitanian '' :*** '''yilyujoub'''....''Burdigalian '' :*** '''yulojoub'''....''Langhian '' :*** '''yulajoub'''....''Serravallian '' :*** '''yulejoub'''....''Tortonian '' :*** '''yulijoub'''....''Messinian '' :*** '''yulujoub'''....''Zanclean '' :*** '''yulyojoub'''....''Piacenzian '' :*** '''yulyajoub'''....''Gelasian '' :*** '''yulyejoub'''....''Calabrian '' :*** '''yulyijoub'''....''Chibanian '' :*** '''yulyujoub'''....''Tarantian '' :*** '''asojoub'''....''Greenlandian '' :*** '''asajoub'''....''Northgrippian '' :*** '''asejoub'''....''Meghalayan '' === Names of Diacritics === : The Mirad words for diacritics (= accents) are based on the worldwide Unicode 4.0 standard. There are three kinds of diacritics based on where they are positioned relative to the base: ::* <b>aybsiyn</b>....<i>above mark</i> ::* <b>oybsiyn</b>....<i>below mark</i> ::* <b>absiyn</b>....<i>overlay mark</i> : The names are based on some common shapes: ::* <b>nod</b>....<i>dot</i> ::* <b>grun</b>....<i>hook</i> ::* <b>nad</b>....<i>line</i> ::* <b>kin</b>....<i>slash</i> ::* <b>vu</b>....<i>wedge</i> ::* <b>pyaon</b>....<i>wave</i> ::* <b>zyus</b>....<i>ring</i> ::* <b>uz</b>....<i>arch</i> ::* <b>zeymep</b>....<i>bridge</i> ::* <b>izmufseb</b>....<i>arrowhead</i> ::* <b>mar</b>....<i>star</i> : The above shapes can be modified by adjectives: ::* <b>kia</b>....<i>slanted</i> ::* <b>ao</b>....<i>vertical</i> ::* <b>yoga/yaga</b>....<i>short/long</i> ::* <b>en</b>....<i>double</i> ::* <b>yaba/yoba</b>....<i>up/down</i> ::* <b>zua/zia</b>....<i>left/right</i> ::* <b>oyvuzbwa</b>....<i>inverted</i> : Here is a chart listing the most common diacritics in the world's languages. (Note: Mirad does not use diacritics for its native words.) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;" |+ Mirad Names of Diacritics |- ! Diacritic !! Unicode<br>Value !! Mirad !! Unicode Name |- |<big><b>&#x0301;</b></big>|| 0301||<b> zukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zukin oybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030B;</b></big>|| 030B||<b> enzukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0317;</b></big>|| 0317||<b> zikin oybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030F;</b></big>|| 030F||<b> enzikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> zigrun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0327;</b></big>|| 0327||<b> zugrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>cedilla</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0328;</b></big>|| 0328||<b> zigrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>ogonek, nasal hook</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0302;</b></big>|| 0302||<b> yobvu aybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent, hat</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032D;</b></big>|| 032D||<b> yobvu oybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030C;</b></big>|| 030C||<b> vu aybsiyn</b>||<i>hachek, v above, caron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032C;</b></big>|| 032C||<b> vu oybsiyn</b>||<i>caron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0306;</b></big>|| 0306||<b> yabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0311;</b></big>|| 0311||<b> yobuz aybsin</b>||<i>inverted breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032F;</b></big>|| 032F||<b> yobuz oybsin </b>||<i>inverted breve below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0308;</b></big>|| 0308||<b> ennod aybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis above, double dot above, umlaut, trema</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0324;</b></big>|| 0324||<b> ennod oybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis below, double dot below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0307;</b></big>|| 0307||<b> nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above, overdot, tecka, tittle</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0323;</b></big>|| 0323||<b> nod oybsiyn</b>||<i>dot below, underdot, nang</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0351;</b></big>|| 0351||<b> zua eynzyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031C;</b></big>|| 031C||<b> zua eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia eynzyus aybsign</b>||<i>right half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0339;</b></big>|| 0339||<b> zia eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>right half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0305;</b></big>|| 0305||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>overline, overscore, vinculum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033F;</b></big>|| 033F||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double overline</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0332;</b></big>|| 0332||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>single lowline below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0333;</b></big>|| 0333||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double lowline, double underline, double underscore</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0304;</b></big>|| 0304||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>macron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0331;</b></big>|| 0331||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035E;</b></big>|| 935E||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron, longum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035F;</b></big>|| 035F||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030A;</b></big>|| 030A||<b> zyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>ring above, kroujek, overring</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0325;</b></big>|| 0325||<b> zyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032A;</b></big>|| 032A||<b> zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033A;</b></big>|| 033A||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0303;</b></big>|| 0303||<b> pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0342;</b></big>|| 0342||<b> yagpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek perispomeni</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0360;</b></big>|| 0360||<b> enpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>double tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0330;</b></big>|| 0330||<b> pyaon oybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032B;</b></big>|| 032B||<b> oyvuzbwa enuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted double arch below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033E;</b></big>|| 033E||<b> aonada pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical tilde, yerik</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031A;</b></big>|| 031A||<b> zua gun aybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> aonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> aonad oybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030E;</b></big>|| 030E||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033D;</b></big>|| 033D||<b> xu aybsiyn</b>||<i>x above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0353;</b></big>|| 0353||<b> xu oybsiyn</b>||<i>x below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033C;</b></big>|| 033C||<b> lapiat oybsiyn</b>||<i>seagull below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0310;</b></big>|| 0310||<b> nod ayb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>candrabindu</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0352;</b></big>|| 0352||<b> nod oyb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>fermata</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0314;</b></big>|| 0314||<b> zia grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma above, dasia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0326;</b></big>|| 0326||<b> zia grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0313;</b></big>|| 0313||<b> zua grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>reversed comma above, psili</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0320;</b></big>|| 0320||<b> gobsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>minus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031F;</b></big>|| 031F||<b> gabsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>plus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubay ge aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equals above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0349;</b></big>|| 0349||<b> zua gun oybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033B;</b></big>|| 033B||<b> ungun oybsiyn</b>||<i>square below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0334;</b></big>|| 0334||<b> Gereda nod-kin-nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek dialytika tonos</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia izmufseb aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x08F7;</b></big>|| 0356||<b> zia izmufseb ay yabizmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead and up arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0355;</b></big>|| 0355||<b> zia izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0354;</b></big>|| 0354||<b> zua izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>left arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0318;</b></big>|| 0318||<b> zua zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>left tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0319;</b></big>|| 0319||<b> zia zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>right tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031D;</b></big>|| 031D||<b> yob zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>up tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031E;</b></big>|| 031E||<b> yab zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>down tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0337;</b></big>|| 0337||<b> yoga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>short slash overlay, short solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0338;</b></big>|| 0338||<b> yaga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>long slash overlay, long solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0322;</b></big>|| 0322||<b> zoykixwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>retroflex hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0359;</b></big>|| 0359||<b> mar oybsiyn</b>||<i>asterisk below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035A;</b></big>|| 035A||<b> enzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>double ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0358;</b></big>|| 0358||<b> zinod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above right</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035C;</b></big>|| 035C||<b> enyabuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve below, ligature tie below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035D;</b></big>|| 035D||<b> enyabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0361;</b></big>|| 0361||<b> enyobuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double inverted breve, top ligature, tie bar</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035B;</b></big>|| 035B||<b> uiznad aybsiyn</b>||<i>zigzag above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0347;</b></big>|| 0347||<b> gese oybsiyn</b>||<i>equals sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubgese aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equal to above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0362;</b></big>|| 0362||<b> enziizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>double rightwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034E;</b></big>|| 034E||<b> yabizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>upwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> ziizmuf aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034A;</b></big>|| 034A||<b> opyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>not tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x037A;</b></big>|| 037A||<b> iota oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek ypogegrammeni, iota subscript</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0374;</b></big>|| 0374||<b> Gereda sag aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek numeral sign, dexia keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0375;</b></big>|| 0375||<b> Gereda sag oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek lower numeral sign, aristeri keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0651;</b></big>|| 0651||<b> xadda aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic shadda</i> |- |<big><b>&#x065E;</b></big>|| 065E||<b> fatha aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic fatha with two dots</i> |- |<big><b>&#x061A;</b></big>|| 061A||<b> kasra oybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic small kasra</i> |- |<big><b>&#x064C;</b></big>|| 064C||<b> damma aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic dammatan</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0652;</b></big>|| 0652||<b> sukun aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic sukun</i> |} === Grammar Terms === :*'''drevyab'''....''grammar'' :*'''dun'''....''word'' :*'''dyen'''....''phrase'' :*'''dyan'''....''sentence'' :** '''delyea'''....''declarative'' :** '''didyea'''....''interrogative'' :** '''azteudyea'''....''exclamatory'' :*'''dyangon'''....''clause'' :** '''agala dyangon'''....''main clause'' :** '''abyosyea dyangon'''....''dependent clause'' :** '''obdabyea dyangon'''....''subordinate clause'' :*'''anyendyen'''....''idiom'' :*'''dalzeyn'''....''language'' :*'''dalzeynes'''....''dialect'' :*'''dalyen'''....''locution'' :*'''dungon'''....''syllable'' :*'''dunog'''....''particle'' :*'''abun'''....''affix'' :** '''zabun'''....''prefix'' :** '''zobun'''....''suffix'' :** '''yebun'''....''infix'' :*'''kyid'''....''stress'' :*'''dredyen'''....''spelling, orthography'' :*'''seuxden'''....''pronunciation'' :*'''dalgon'''....''part of speech'' :**'''sundun'''....''noun'' :**'''avdun'''....''pronoun'' :**'''erdun'''....''verb'' :**'''adun'''....''adjective'' :**'''aydun'''....''adverb'' :**'''ebdun'''....''preposition'' :**'''yanxdun'''....''conjunction'' :**'''oybdun'''....''particle'' :**'''asaundun'''....''article, determiner'' :*'''jobyen'''....''tense'' :** '''eja'''....''present tense'' :** '''aja'''....''past tense'' :** '''oja'''....''future tense'' :** '''vensona'''....''conditional'' :* '''teagun'''....''aspect'' :** '''ikna'''....''perfect'' :** '''oikna'''....''imperfect'' :** '''zaypasyea'''....''progressive'' :*'''tipyen'''....''mood'' :** '''izeadyea'''....''indicative mood'' :** '''ovyamxwa'''....''subjunctive mood'' :*'''teuz'''....''voice'' :** '''axlyea'''....''active'' :** '''xolyea'''....''passive'' :** '''syundabea'''....''transitive'' :** '''osyundabea'''....''intransitive'' :** '''zyinzoyubea'''....''reflexive'' :*'''sankyas'''....''case'' :** '''syina'''....''nominative, subject'' :** '''bina'''....''genitive, possessive'' :** '''buna'''....''dative'' :** '''izsyuna'''....''accusative, direct object'' :** '''oizsyuna'''....''indirect object'' :** '''byina'''....''ablative'' :** '''dyuena'''....''vocative'' :*'''toob'''....''gender'' :** '''twooba'''....''masculine'' :** '''tooyba'''....''feminine'' :** '''evtwooba'''....''neuter'' :*'''sag'''....''number'' :** '''ansaga'''....''singular'' :** '''glasaga'''....''plural'' :*'''sagdun'''....''numeral'' == Forming Adjectives == : You can form an adjective by adding the suffix '''a''' to a substantive, any adverb not ending in '''-ay''', or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adjectives |- ! Noun !! Adjective |- | '''taam'''....''home'' || '''taama'''....''domestic'' |- | '''doob'''....''nation'' || '''dooba'''....''national'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''teja'''....''vital'' |- | '''tyoyapyaf'''....''ability to walk'' || '''tyoyapyafa'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''martun'''....''astronomy'' || '''martuna'''....''astronomical'' |- ! Pronoun !! Adjective |- | '''at'''....''I, me'' || '''ata'''....''my'' |- | '''eut'''....''yourself'' || '''euta'''....''your own'' |- | '''hiyen'''....''this kind'' || '''hiyena'''....''this kind of'' |- | '''duhot?'''....''who?'' || '''duhota?'''....''whose?'' |- ! Gerund !! Adjective |- | '''ifeken'''....''recreation'' || '''ifekena'''....''recreational'' |- ! Adverb !! Adjective |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiba'''....''distant'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaba'''....''high, upper'' |- ! Verb Form !! Adjective (= Participle) |- | '''teje'''....''(he) lives'' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- | '''tojo'''....''will die'' || '''tojoa'''....''moribund, about to die'' |- | '''tojbu'''....''would kill'' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- | '''twa'''....''was known'' || '''twaa'''....''known'' (usu. shortened to '''twa''') |} === Adjectival Suffixes === : Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just '''a'''. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Other Adjectives |- ! Suffix !! Meaning !! Noun !! Adjective |- ! rowspan=3|-ava !!rowspan=3| ''pro-, for'' !! !! |- | '''Usom'''<br>''U.S.'' || '''Usomava'''<br>''pro-U.S.'' |- | '''yuvrin'''<br>''slavery'' || '''yuvrinava'''<br>''pro-slavery'' |- ! rowspan=3|-ova !!rowspan=3| ''anti-, against'' !! !! |- | '''dobvyabyan'''<br>''constitution'' || '''dovyabyanova'''<br>''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''dot'''<br>''society'' || '''dotova'''<br>''anti-social'' |- ! rowspan=5|-aya !!rowspan=5| ''full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzaya'''<br>''colorful'' |- | '''futax'''<br>''resentment'' || '''futaxaya'''<br>''resentful'' |- | '''tiibil'''<br>''blood'' || '''tiibilaya'''<br>''bloody'' |- | '''yiflan'''<br>''courage'' || '''yiflanaya'''<br>''courageous'' |- ! rowspan=3|-oya !!rowspan=3| ''bereft of, -less, un-'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzoya'''<br>''colorless, pale'' |- | '''tajyaf'''<br>''talent'' || '''tajyafoya'''<br>''untalented'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ika !!rowspan=2| ''full of, -ous, -ful, -y'' !! !! |- | '''map'''<br>''wind'' || '''mapika'''<br>''windy'' |- ! rowspan=2|-uka !!rowspan=2| ''bereft of, without, -less'' !! !! |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasuka'''<br>''broke, penniless'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yena !! rowspan=4|''-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al'' !! !! |- | '''tudet'''<br>''child'' || '''tudetyena'''<br>''childish, infantile'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' || '''totyena'''<br>''divine, godly'' |- | '''pit'''<br>''fish'' || '''pityena'''<br>''fish-like, fishy'' |- ! rowspan=5|-wa or -awa !! rowspan=5|''-ed, past passive participle''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Past Passive Participle |- | '''t-'''<br>''know'' || '''twa'''<br>''known'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalwa'''<br>''spoken, oral'' |- | '''nixbu-'''<br>''sell'' || '''nixbuwa'''<br>''sold'' |- | '''dr-'''<br>''write'' || '''drawa'''<br>''written'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ea !!rowspan=4| ''-ing''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''ot-'''<br>''not know'' || '''otea'''<br>''ignorant'' |- | '''tej-'''<br>''live'' || '''tejea'''<br>''living, alive'' |- | '''tuj-'''<br>''die'' || '''tujea'''<br>''dying'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yea !!rowspan=5| ''-ive, prone to Xing, given to X''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''tujb-'''<br>''kill'' || '''tujbyea'''<br>''murderous'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texyea'''<br>''pensive, thoughtful'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyea'''<br>''forgetful'' |- | '''axl-'''<br>''act'' || '''axlyea'''<br>''active'' |- ! rowspan=5|-uwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, apt to be Xed''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Passive Participle |- | '''ex-'''<br>''operate'' || '''exuwa'''<br>''operable'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''feel'' || '''tosuwa'''<br>''palpable'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texuwa'''<br>''conceivable'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''teluwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yafa !!rowspan=3| ''-able, capable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafa'''<br>''sightful, able to see'' |- | '''dyed-'''<br>''read'' || '''dyedyafa'''<br>''literate'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yafwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, possible to be Xed''<br> (added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyafwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''telyafwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofa !!rowspan=5| ''incapable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' |- | '''tyoyap-'''<br>''walk'' || '''tyoyapyofa'''<br>''lame'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''dumb, incapable of speaking'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofwa !!rowspan=5| ''un-X-able'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''inaudible'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyofa'''<br>''unforgetable'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''unspeakable'' |- ! rowspan=6|-ifa !!rowspan=6| ''fond of, -phile'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''pot'''<br>''animal'' || '''potifa'''<br>''pet-friendly'' |- | '''hyitoob-'''<br>''same-gender'' || '''hyitoobifa'''<br>''homophile'' |- | '''tobot'''<br>''child'' || '''tobotifa'''<br>''pedophile'' |- | '''fitel'''<br>''food'' || '''fitelifa'''<br>''gourmand'' |- | '''doob'''<br>''nation'' || '''doobifa'''<br>''patriotic'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ifwa !!rowspan=2| ''loved by'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tyod'''<br>''people'' || '''tyodifwa'''<br>''popular'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ufa !!rowspan=4| ''adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tob'''<br>''human'' || '''tobufa'''<br>''misanthropic'' |- | '''hyut-'''<br>''other person'' || '''hyutufa'''<br>''xenophobic'' |- | '''toyb-'''<br>''woman'' || '''toybufa'''<br>''misogynist'' |- ! rowspan=5|-ef(w)a !!rowspan=5|''needful of,<br>(necessary to be X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''til'''<br>''drink'' || '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' |- | '''tel'''<br>''food'' || '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' |- | '''yelb-'''<br>''to oil'' || '''yelbefwa'''<br>''squeaky, in need of oil'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yef(w)a !!rowspan=4| ''worthy of,<br> due to be (deserving of being X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''fid'''<br>''praise'' || '''fidyefa'''<br>''praiseworthy'' |- | '''dud'''<br>''answer'' || '''dudyefa'''<br>''responsible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyefwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yuk(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''easy to, (easily X-ed)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyuka'''<br>''gullible'' |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyukwa'''<br>''incredible, hard to believe'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yik(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''hard to,<br>(hard of X-ing)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyikwa'''<br>''opaque'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyika'''<br>''hard of hearing'' |} === Adjectival Prefixes === ==== Negating the Meaning of Adjectives ==== ::: The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix '''o-'''. ::: Examples: ::::* '''vlea'''....''probable'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>vlea'''....''improbable'' ::::* '''fika'''....''perfect'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fika'''....''imperfect'' ::::* '''twa'''....''known'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>twa'''....''unknown'' ::::* '''bosa'''....''quiet'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>bosa'''....''upset, unquiet'' ::: Note: Occasionally, the prefix '''lo-''' is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case: ::::* '''fwa'''....''wanted'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fwa'''....''prohibited'' <big><</big> '''ofer'''....''to prohibit'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>yo</u>fwa'''....''impossible'' <big><</big> '''yofer'''....''to be unable'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>lo</u>fwa'''....''unwanted'' <big><</big> '''fer'''....''to want'' (disambiguated) ::: The prefixes '''lyo-''' and '''ov''' are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective: ::::* '''data'''....''friendly'' ::::* '''odata'''....''unfriendly'' ::::* '''ovdata'''....''hostile'' ::::* '''lyodata'''....''inimical'' ::::* '''dota'''....''social'' ::::* '''odota'''....''unsocial'' ::::* '''ovdota'''....''antisocial'' ::::* '''lyodota'''....''savage'' ==== Table of Adjective Prefixes ==== ::: As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones: :::{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes<br>Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column |- ! Mirad Prefix !! English Prefix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | '''o-''' || ''un-, a(n)-, in-, non-'' ||'''<u>o</u>baka'''....''unhealthy''<br>'''<u>o</u>yezyebeya'''....''incontinent'', '''<u>o</u>yelpea'''....''non-invasive''<br>'''<u>o</u>totina'''....''atheist'' |- |'''ov-''' || ''anti-, counter-'' || '''<u>ov</u>zuina'''....''anti-leftist''<br>'''<u>ov</u>iztida'''....''counter-intuitive'' |- |'''av-''' || ''pro-'' || '''<u>av</u>hyitoosifa'''....''pro-gay'' |- | '''kovyo-''' ||''pseudo-'' || '''<u>kovyo</u>tepina'''....''pseudo-intellectual'' |- | '''hya(s)-''' || ''all-, pan-, omni-'' || '''<u>hyas</u>tea'''....''all-knowing, omniscient'' |- | '''voy-, gal-''' || ''re-'' || '''<u>voy</u>upya'''....''returned''<br>'''<u>gal</u>abwa'''....''<u>re</u>applied'' |- | '''vyo-''' || ''mis-'' || '''<u>vyo</u>seudxwa'''....''mispronounced'' |- | '''eyn-''' || ''semi-, half-'' ||'''<u>eyn</u>levelaya'''....''semi-sweet''<br>'''<u>eyn</u>tija'''....''half-awake'' |- |'''yiz-''' || ''ultra-, super-'' || '''<u>yiz</u>doobina'''....''ultra-nationalist''<br>'''<u>yiz</u>mola'''....''supernatural'' |- | '''gro-''' || ''under-, hypo-'' || '''<u>gro</u>jaga'''....''under-aged'' |- | '''gra-''' || ''over-, hyper-, uber-'' || '''<u>gra</u>agxwa'''....''overgrown''<br>'''<u>gra</u>toseya'''....''hypersensitive'' |- | '''gla-''' ||''multi-, many-, poly-'' || '''<u>gla</u>kuma'''....''multilateral''<br>'''<u>gla</u>tadaya'''....''polygamous'' |- |'''fu-''' || ''mal-, ill-'' || '''<u>fu</u>teyenxwa'''....''ill-conceived''<br>'''<u>fu</u>sanxwa'''....''malformed'' |- | '''fi-''' || ''well-'' || '''<u>fi</u>tofabwa'''....''well-dressed'' |- | '''yuyb-''' ||''quasi-, almost'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>daba'''....''quasi-governmental'' |- | '''ja-''' || ''pre-, (a)fore-, pro-'' ||'''<u>ja</u>teyenxwa'''....''pre-conceived''<br>'''<u>ja</u>igdawa'''....''aformentioned'' |- | '''jo-''' || ''post-'' || '''<u>jo</u>dropeka'''....''post-war'' |- | '''oyeb-'''|| ''extra-, exo-, '' || '''<u>oyeb</u>tada'''....''extra-marital'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-'' || '''<u>yeb</u>tayoba'''....''endo-dermal'' |- | '''agl(a)-''' || ''macro-'' || '''<u>agla</u>mora'''....''macrocosmic'' |- | '''ogl(a)-''' || ''micro-'' || '''<u>ogla</u>mora'''....''microcosmic'' |- | '''ut-''' || ''auto-, self-, sui-'' || '''<u>ut</u>pana'''....''automatic''<br>'''<u>ut</u>tojbua'''....''suicidal'' |- | '''hyaewa-''' || ''ambi-'' || '''<u>hyaewa</u>tesea'''....''ambivalent'' |- | '''en-''' || ''bi-'' || '''<u>en</u>toobifa'''....''bisexual'' |- | '''yuz-''' || ''circum-'' || '''<u>yuz</u>teaxea'''....''circumspect'' |- | '''gel-''' || ''homo-'' || '''<u>gel</u>sauna'''....''homogeneous'' |- | '''ogel-''' || ''hetero-'' || '''<u>ogel</u>sauna'''....''heterogeneous'' |- | '''oyb-''' || ''infra-, sub-'' || '''<u>oyb</u>ivoza'''....''infrared'' |- | '''ge-''' || ''iso-, equi-'' || '''<u>ge</u>voza'''....''isochromatic'' |- | '''agr(a)-''' || ''mega-'' || '''<u>agra</u>tipa'''....''megamaniacal'' |- | '''ku-''' || ''para-'' || '''<u>ku</u>ega'''....''paranormal'' |- | '''yuyb-''' || ''quasi-, almost, pen-'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>dobyena'''....''quasi-official'' |- | '''yib-''' || ''tele-, far-'' || '''<u>yib</u>pyuxea'''....''far-reaching'' |- | '''zey-''' || ''trans-, cross-'' || '''<u>zey</u>mimaga'''....''transoceanic'' |- | '''aaj-''' || ''paleo-'' || '''<u>aaj</u>toba'''....''paleoloanthropic'' |- | '''eej-''' || ''neo-'' || '''<u>eej</u>visauna'''....''neoclassical'' |- | '''yibaj-''' || ''arch(a)eo-, ancient'' || '''yibajtuna'''....''archaeological'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-, inner, intro-'' || '''yebzena'''....''endocentric''<br>'''yebuzbwa'''....''introverted'' |- | '''oyeb-''' || ''exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)-'' || '''oyebzena'''....''exocentric''<br>'''oyebuzbwa'''....''extroverted'' |- | '''yab(an)-''' || ''high-, up'' || '''yabnoga'''....''upscale''<br>'''yabnayxa'''....''high-priced'' |- | '''yaban-''' || ''acro-'' || '''yabanyufa'''....''acrophobic'' |- | '''yob-''' || ''low-, down-'' || '''yobnoga'''....''low-grade, down-scale'' |} === English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison === : Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared |- ! English Suffix !! Meaning !! Mirad Suffix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | ''-ful'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''voz<u>aya</u>'''....''colorful''<br> '''tuz<u>ika</u>'''....''skillful'' |- | ''-ous'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''naz<u>ika</u>'''....''precious''<br> '''mil<u>aya</u>'''....''aqueous'' |- | ''-filled'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoke-filled'' |- | ''-y'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoky''<br> |- | ''-ous'' || of<br> like || '''-a''' || '''totin<u>a</u>'''....''religious''<br> '''vyos<u>a</u>'''....''erroneous'' |- | ''-ly'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tot<u>yena</u>'''....''godly''<br> '''toyb<u>yena</u>'''....''womanly'' |- | ''-like'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pat<u>yena</u>'''....''bird-like'' |- | ''-ish'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tobot<u>yena</u>'''....''childish'' |- | ''-y'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''fyab<u>yena</u>'''....''fruity'' |- | ''-ic'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tuz<u>yena</u>'''....''artistic''<br> '''sil<u>yena</u>'''....''acidic'' |- | ''-ic'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''tun<u>a</u>'''....''scientific''<br> '''bek<u>a</u>'''....''therapeutic'' |- | ''-ical'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''zyunid<u>a</u>'''....''spherical''<br> '''iztex<u>a</u>'''....''logical'' |- | ''-ological'' || pertaining to the study of || '''-tuna''' || '''tej<u>tuna</u>'''....''biological'' |- | ''-ist(ic)'' || pertaining to the doctrine of || '''-ina''' || '''dopar<u>ina</u>'''....''militarist(ic)''<br> '''nasyan<u>ina</u>'''....''capitalist(ic)'' |- | ''-ophobic'' (and ''miso-'' prefix) || hating<br> fearful of || '''-ufa''' || '''yudat<u>ufa</u>'''....''xenophonic''<br> '''tobyan<u>ufa</u>'''....''misanthropic'' |- | ''-ophilic'' (and ''philo-'' prefix) || loving || '''-ifa''' || '''tobot<u>ifa</u>'''....''pedophilic''<br> '''tob<u>ifa</u>'''....''philanthropic'' |- | ''-al'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pyot<u>yena</u>'''....''bestial'' |- | ''-al'' || of<br> pertaining to || '''-a''' || '''tej<u>a</u>'''....''vital''<br> '''aman<u>a</u>'''....''thermal'' |- | ''-less'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''tej<u>uka</u>'''....''lifeless''<br> '''tobot<u>oya</u>'''....''childless'' |- | ''-free'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''yom<u>uka</u>'''....''ice-free''<br> '''vyos<u>oya</u>'''....''error-free'' |- | ''-safe<br> -proof'' || free<br> not subject to || '''-vaka''' || '''mil<u>vaka</u>'''....''water<u>proof</u>'' |} == Forming Adverbs == : Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix '''a''', in other words, by adding a '''y''' to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''fi<u>a</u>'''....''good'' || '''fi<u>ay</u>'''....''well'' |- | '''vya<u>a</u>'''....''true'' || '''vya<u>ay</u>'''....''truly'' |- | '''gyu<u>a</u>'''....''easy'' || '''gyu<u>ay</u>'''....''easily'' |- | '''ig<u>a</u>'''....''quick'' || '''ig<u>ay</u>'''....''quickly'' |- | '''aut<u>a</u>'''....''personal'' || '''aut<u>ay</u>'''....''personally'' |} : For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example: ::* '''It tyoyape <u>ig</u>.'''....''He walks <u>fast</u>.'' ::* '''Yit xa has <u>fi</u>.'''....''They did it <u>well</u>.'' === Special Adverbs === : Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in '''-ay'''. : Here are the principal such adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Special Adverbs |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''vay'''||''indeed, really, certainly, do'' (cf. '''va'''....''yes'') |- | '''vey'''||''possibly, may, might'' (cf. '''ve'''....''maybe'') |- | '''voy'''||''not'' (cf. '''vo'''....''no'') |- | '''ga'''||''more'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gay'''||''also, moreover, further, still'' |- | '''ge'''||''as, equally'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gey'''||''even'' |- | '''go'''||''less'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''goy'''||''no longer, no more'' |- | '''gla'''||''very'' |- | '''glay'''||''quite, rather, so'' |- | '''gle'''||''so'' |- | '''glo'''||''not very, not so'' |- | '''gra'''||''too'' |- | '''gre'''||''enough, sufficiently, over-'' |- | '''gro'''||''not...enough, inadequately, under-'' |- | '''gwa'''||''most, super-'' |- | '''gwe'''||''average'' |- | '''gwo'''||''least, sub-'' |- | '''zay'''||''ahead, forward'' |- | '''zey'''||''across'' |- | '''zoy'''||''back'' |- | '''zye'''||''through'' |- | '''zya'''||''throughout'' |} : The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow: ::* AFFIRMATIVE: '''Va, at <u>vay</u> se taduwa.'''....''Yes, I am <u>indeed</u> married.'' ::* DUBITIVE: '''Iyta dud se <u>vey</u> vyosa.'''....''Her response is <u>possibly</u> wrong.'' ::* NEGATIVE: '''At <u>voy</u> se eta yuxrut.'''....''I am <u>not</u> your slave.'' : The adverbs above beginning with '''g''' are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb: ::* '''Et se <u>gla</u> via.'''....''You are <u>very</u> beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].'' ::* '''Et peya <u>gra</u> ig.'''....''You were going <u>too</u> fast [=ADVERB].'' ::* '''It <u>gra</u> dale.'''....''He talks [=VERB] <u>too</u> much.'' : Adverbs can be combined with prepositions to form compound prepositions. If the adverbs ends in '''b''' and the preposition following it begins in '''b''', they are joined together with a single '''b'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Compound Prepositions |- ! Special Adverb !! Example |- | '''yab'''....''up'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yabu''' || '''Ha pat papa <u>yabu</u> ha mam.'''....''The bird flew <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yobu'''|| '''Teaxu <u>yobu</u> ha mel.'''....''Look <u>down to</u> the ground.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yobi''' || '''Upu <u>yobi</u> ha abmas!'''....''Come <u>down from</u> the roof!'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yubi''' || '''Besu <u>yubi</u> ha mas.'''....''Stay <u>near (from)</u> the wall.'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yibi''' || '''Ha tobi igpia <u>yibi</u> ha yovbyokam.'''....''The people ran <u>far from</u> the prison.'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in, inward, inside'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yebu''' || '''Kyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa <u>yebu</u>ha tam!'''....''Guess who just walked <u>into</u> the house!'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out, outside'' + '''zye'''....''through'' || '''It tyoyapa <u>oyeb zye</u> ha zames.'''....''He walked <u>out</u> through the front door.'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>iz bu</u> hat.'''....''Go <u>right up to</u> him.'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''ub'''....''toward''|| '''Uzpu <u>zi ub</u> yat!'''....''Turn <u>right toward</u> us!'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Hat uzpa <u>zu ib</u> at.'''....''He turned <u>left away from</u> me.'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>zay bu</u> ha uj.'''....''Go <u>on to</u> the end.'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Upu <u>zoy bi</u> hua nem.'''....''Come <u>back from</u> that place.'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' + '''bay'''....''with'' || '''Van yat tyopu <u>yan bay</u> ha hyuti.'''....''Let's walk <u>together with</u> the others.'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Ha meri kyapeye <u>yon bi </u> hyuisi.'''....''The planets are drifting <u>apart from</u> one another.'' |} === Pro-adverbs === : There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as '''''pro-adverbs'''''. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like '''duhom?''' (''where?''), '''duhoyen?''' (''how?''), '''duhoj?''' (''when?''), '''duhogla''' (''to what extent?''), and their answers, such as '''hum''' (''there''), '''heyen''' (''somehow''), and '''hyoj''' (''never''), '''hugla''' (''so, to that extent''). These words are discussed under the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners|Deictic Determiners]]. == Forming Verbs == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech: ::* Noun stems ::* Adjective stems ::* Verb stems === Forming Verbs from Nouns === : Verbs can sometimes be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix '''er''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Denominal Verb Derivation |- ! Noun !! Verb |- | '''ak'''....''a gain'' || '''aker'''....''to win'' |- | '''af'''....''permission'' || '''afer'''....''may, be allowed'' |- | '''teud'''....''cry, shout'' || '''teuder'''....''to cry, shout, exclaim'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''tajer'''....''to be born'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tejer'''....''to live'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''tojer'''....''to die'' |- | '''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejer'''....''to continue'' |- | '''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijer'''....''to begin'' |- | '''uj'''....''end'' || '''ijer'''....''to end'' |- | '''yuj'''....''sleep'' || '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' |} === Verb Formants === : More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such '''''verb formants''''' are in this chart: :* '''-ser'''....''to be/become'' usually intransitive and stative (''unite'' = ''become one'') ::* '''-sler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-srer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-xer'''....''to do/make'' usually transitive and dynamic (''unite'' = ''make one'') ::* '''-xler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-xrer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-per'''....''to go'' usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (''mount'' = ''get onto'') ::* '''-pler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-prer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ber'''....''to put'' usually transitive and a verb of gesture (''apply'' = ''put onto'') ::* '''-bler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-brer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ier''' a stub from the verb '''bier'''....''to take'', usually an action verb benefiting the agent (''eat'' = ''take food'') :* '''-uer''' a stub from the verb '''buer'''....''to give'', usually an action verb benefiting the patient (''feed'' = ''give food'') :* '''-der'''....''to say'', a verb of communication (''affirm'' = ''say yes'') :* '''-drer'''....''to write'' :* '''-ter'''....''to know'', verbs of the perception and knowledge ('''teater''' = ''see'') :: Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids '''l''' or '''r''', eg.'''sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Verb Formants |- ! Noun !! Auxiliary Verb Or Verb Stub Formant !! Verb |- | '''yav'''....''innocence'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''yavder'''....''to acquit'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''yovaber'''....''to shame, accuse'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''yovober'''....''to excuse, exculpate'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''tofaber'''....''to dress, don'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''tofober'''....''to undress, strip'' |- | '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''detser'''....''to associate'' |- | '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''datxer'''....''to befriend'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''sanser'''....''to form (intransitive)'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''sanxer'''....''to form (transitive)'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''telier'''....''to eat, consume'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed, nourish'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tajber'''....''to give birth'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tejper'''....''to come alive'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tejber'''....''to bring to life'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tojber'''....''to kill'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tijper'''....''to wake up'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tijber'''....''to awaken'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''taxier'''....''to recall'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''yev'''....''justice'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''vyan'''....''truth'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyander'''....''to tell the truth'' |- | '''vyon'''....''falsehood'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyonder'''....''to tell a lie'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aker'''....''to gain'' || '''ilaker'''....''to take on liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' || '''iloker'''....''to leak, lose liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ilier'''....''to soak up'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour, water'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikser'''....''to get full'' || '''ilikser'''....''to be soaked'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikxer'''....''to fill up'' || '''ilikxer'''....''to flood, soak'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukser'''....''to become empty'' || '''ilukser'''....''to drain'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukxer'''....''to empty'' || '''ilukxer'''....''to flush'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''ilser'''....''to liquify, melt'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''ilxer'''....''to liquify, melt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''ilaber'''....''to wash'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aper'''....''to get on'' || '''ilaper'''....''to float'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''ilper'''....''to flow'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' || '''ilzyaber'''....''to spray, shower'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyober'''....''to squeeze'' || '''ilzyober'''....''to squirt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''pyexer'''....''to strike'' || '''ilpyexer'''....''to splash (with liquid)'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''yujer'''....''to close'' || '''ilyujer'''....''to plug'' |} : Note that verbs ending in '''-ser''' and '''-ier''' are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in '''-xer''' and '''-uer''' are transitive. Also, '''-ier''' verbs are subject-directed, while '''-uer''' verbs are object-directive or causative (making someone do something). === Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser === : The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with '''-xer'''....''to do, make, cause'', and the intransitive group with '''-ser'''....''to be, become''. : The following chart shows how these verbs are formed: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aza'''....''strong'' || '''azaxer'''....''fortify, strengthen, make strong'' || '''azaser'''....''get strong'' |- | '''oza'''....''week'' || '''ozaxer'''....''weaken'' || '''ozaser'''....''grow weaker'' |- | '''kyia'''....''heavy'' || '''kyiaxer'''....''weigh down'' || '''kyiaser'''....''grow heavy'' |- | '''kyua'''....''light'' || '''kyuaxer'''....''lighten, make lighter'' || '''kyuaser'''....''get lighter'' |- | '''yana'''....''together'' || '''yanaxer'''....''bring together'' || '''yanaser'''....''get together'' |} : The final adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the '''a''' makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agaxer'''....''magnify'' || '''agaser'''....''get big'' |- | || '''agxer'''....''grow'' || '''agxer'''....''grow up, mature'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iga'''....''fast'' || '''igaxer'''....''accelerate'' || '''igaser'''....''speed up'' |- | || '''igxer'''....''rush'' || '''igser'''....''hurry up'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''baka'''....''healthy'' || '''bakaxer'''....''make healthy'' || '''bakaser'''....''get healthy'' |- | || '''bakxer'''....''heal'' || '''bakser'''....''heal'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''sana'''....''formal'' || '''sanaxer'''....''formalize'' || '''sanaser'''....''become formal'' |- | || '''sanxer'''....''form, shape'' || '''sanser'''....''form, take shape'' |} === Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per === : Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb '''ber'''....''to put'', while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb '''per'''....''to go''. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in '''b''', the '''b''' is dropped. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Ber and Per |- ! Preposition<br>Base !! Transitive Gesture Verb !! Intransitive Motion Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply, put on'' || '''aper'''....''mount, get on'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove, take off'' || '''oper'''....''dismount, get off'' |- | '''ib'''....''away'' || '''iber'''....''receive'' || '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''send'' || '''uper'''....''come'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yeber'''....''insert''<br>'''oyeber'''....''take out'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''<br>'''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''lower'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''move away'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- ! !! !! |- |- | '''za'''....''front'' || '''zaber'''....''put up front'' || '''zaper'''....''take the lead'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''zayber'''....''advance'' || '''zayper'''....''advance, go forward'' |- | '''ze'''....''middle'' || '''zeber'''....''balance'' || '''zeper'''....''balance'' |- | '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zeyber'''....''take across, transfer'' || '''zeyper'''....''cross, go over, transit'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zober'''....''hinder'' || '''zoper'''....''trail, lag'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoyber'''....''set back, return'' || '''zoyper'''....''retreat, go back, return'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izber'''....''guide'' || '''izper'''....''aim for'' |- | '''uz'''....''crooked'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''turn, diverge'' |- |- '''zi'''....''right'' || '''ziber'''....''set to the right'' || '''ziper'''....''go right'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuber'''....''set to the left'' || '''zuper'''.... ''go left'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''take beyond'' || '''yizper'''....''pass by'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''take around'' || '''yuzper'''....''go around'' |} ==== Deriving Further Verbs of Gesture and Motion ==== : More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of '''ser''' and '''xer''', plus the intensifiers '''y''', '''l''' and '''r'''. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial '''p''' is a more semantically intense version of '''b'''. Also the verb endings '''-sler''' and '''-srer''' and more intense versions of the intransitive ending '''-ser''', while '''-xler''' and '''-xrer''' and more intense version of the transitve ending '''-xer'''. Verbs ending in '''-ler''' and '''-rer''' are transitive voice by nature, '''-rer''' being more semantically intense. Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating More Elaborate Verbs |- ! colspan="2"| Gesture Verb !! colspan="2"| Motion Verb |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | -- ||'''ber'''....''put'' <br>'''beer'''....''have'' <br>'''beler'''....''carry'' <br>'''bexer'''....''hold'' <br>'''bexler'''....''keep'' | '''per'''....''go''||-- |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press''<br>'''yanbaler'''....''compress''<br>'''yobaler'''....''depress, suppress''<br>'''yuzbaler'''....''hug''<br>'''zoybaler'''....''repress''<br>'''barer'''....''crush'' ||'''paer'''....''hover'' || |- |'''baser'''....''gesticulate'' || '''baxer'''....''make a gesture''<br>'''abaxer'''....''caress, pat'' || '''paser'''....''move''||'''paxer'''....''move'' |- |'''byaser'''....''stand up'' || '''byaxer'''....''set up, erect'' || '''pyaser'''....''jump up'' || '''pyaxer'''....''shoot, launch'' |- |'''basler'''....''budge'' || '''baxler'''....''rouse''<br>'''abaxler'''....''stroke'' || '''paaser'''....''get excited'' || '''paaxer'''....''excite''<br>'''apaxler'''....''sweep'' |- |'''basrer'''....''shake'' || '''baxrer'''....''shake''<br>'''abaxrer'''....''rub'' || || '''apaxrer'''....''scrub'' |- ! !! !! !! |- |'''beser'''....''stay'' || '''bexer'''....''hold''<br>'''zoybexer'''....''restrain''<br>'''yobexer'''....''detain, hold down'' || '''peser'''....''wait'' || '''pexer'''....''trap''<br>'''pexler'''....''capture''<br>'''pexrer'''....''abduct'' |- |'''byeser'''....''behave''|| '''byexer'''....''hit'' || '''pyeser'''....''run into, bump into''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike, knock''<br>'''yonpyexer'''....''break''<br>'''yopyexer'''....''knock down''<br>'''epyexer'''....''fight''<br>'''apyexer'''....''attack''<br>'''ovpyexer'''....''offend''<br>'''kunpyexer'''....''sideswipe''<br>'''tuyapyexer'''....''slap'' |- |'''besler'''....''adhere'' || '''bexler'''....''retain''|| || '''pyexler'''....''pound, beat''<br>'''apyexler'''....''assault''<br>'''yonpexler'''....''shatter, burst'' |- | || || '''yanpyesrer'''....''implode''<br>'''yonpyesler'''....''explode'' || '''pyexler'''....''blast, bomb'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''boser'''....''calm down''<br>'''boyser'''....''rest'' || '''boxer'''....''quieten, quell'' || '''poser'''....''stop''<br>'''poyser'''....''pause'' || '''poxer'''....''stop'' |- | '''byoser'''....''hang'' || '''byoxer'''....''hang'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall''<br>'''yonpyoser'''....''decay'' || '''pyoxer'''....''drop, throw down''<br>'''yopyoxer'''....''topple''<br> |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''biser'''....''originate'' || '''bixer'''....''pull''<br>'''yanbixer'''....''contract''<br>'''yonbixer'''....''distract''<br>'''yubixer'''....''attract''<br>'''yibixer'''....''distract''<br>'''oyebixer'''....''extract''<br>'''yebixer'''....''push in'' || || '''pixer'''....''catch'' |- |'''bisler'''....''spring'' || '''bixler'''....''yank''<br>'''bixrer'''....''ravage'' || || '''pixler'''....''snatch''<br>'''pixrer'''....''rape'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''buser'''....''be destined'' || '''buxer'''....''push, drive''<br>'''zyobuxer'''....''squeeze''<br>'''yebuxer'''....''expel''<br>'''abuxer'''....''impose'' || '''apuser'''....''assault'' || '''puxer'''....''throw, thrust'' |- |'''byuser'''....''bump into'' || '''byuxer'''....''touch''<br>'''yanbyuxer'''....''contact'' ||'''pyuser'''....''run into'' || '''pyuxer'''....''crash'' |- |'''busler'''....''swoop'' || '''buxler'''....''shove'' || '''pusler'''....''lunge, pounce'' || '''puxler'''....''thrust''<br>'''zyapuxler'''....''splatter'' |} === Deriving New Verbs with Prefixes === : Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb '''baxer''' (and its intransitive partner '''baser''') as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Baxer Verbs |- ! Prefix !! Verb |- ! colspan=2 | '''baxer'''....''gesture, make a bodily motion'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abaxer'''....''caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izbaxer'''....''point'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tebaxer'''....''nod'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' || '''vatebaxer'''....''nod yes'' |- | '''vo'''....''no'' || '''votebaxer'''....''nod no'' |- | '''ve'''....''maybe'' || '''vetebaxer'''....''shrug'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''tuyabaxer'''....''wave'' |- | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''tubaxer'''....''flail, swing'' |- | '''teubab'''....''tongue'' || '''teubabaxer'''....''lick'' |- | '''teab'''....''eye'' || '''teubaxer'''....''wink'' |- | '''patub'''....''wing'' || '''patubaxer'''....''flap'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''tail'' || '''tiyubaxer'''....''wag'' |- ! colspan=2 | '''baser'''....''gesticulate'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igbaser'''....''jerk'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''igzaybaser'''....''lurch'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoybaser'''....''recoil'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobaser'''....''bow, bend down'' |- | '''ku-'''....''side'' || '''kubaser'''....''slide'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igkubaser'''....''slip'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' + '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uizbaser'''....''sway, swagger, swish'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle, wobble, totter'' |} === Forming Frequentative Verbs === : A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by prefixing the syllable '''je-''' to the verb. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ The -eg- Frequentative Infix |- ! Regular Verb !! Frequantative Verb |- | '''paser'''....''move'' || '''jepaser'''....''shake, shudder'' |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump'' || '''jepyaser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''paper'''....''fly'' || '''jepaper'''....''flutter, flit'' |- | '''braser'''....''shake'' || '''jebraser'''....''shudder, quiver, vibrate'' |- | '''teupixer'''....''bite'' || '''jeteupiger'''....''nibble'' |- | '''ilzyaber'''....''spray'' || '''jeilzyaber'''....''sprinkle'' |- | '''pyexer'''....''beat'' || '''jepyexer'''....''batter, whip'' |} === Forming Hybrid Words === : Expressions with alternating components like ''back-and-forth'', ''up-and-down'', etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Words |- ! Alternative Components !! Hybrid Expression !! Examples |- | '''yab'''....''up'' +<br>'''yob'''....''down'' || '''yao(b)-'''....''up-and-down'' || '''yaoper'''....''fluctuate'', '''yaopuser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''a-'''....''up, north, skyward'' +<br>'''o-'''....''down, south'' || '''ao-'''....''vertical'' || '''aonada'''....''vertical'', '''aonab'''....''column'' |- | '''za(y)'''....''forth, north'' +<br>'''zo(y)'''....''back, south'' || '''zao(b)-'''....''front-back/north-to-south'' || '''zaobaser'''....''rock'', '''zaomera'''....''north/south'' |- |- '''zu'''....''left/west'' +<br>'''zi'''....''right/east'' || '''zui(b)-'''....''right-to-left/east-to-west'' || '''zuinada'''....''horizontal'', '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle'', '''zuimera'''....''east/west'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' +<br>'''bi'''....''from'' || '''bui-'''....''to-and-from'' || '''buipar'''....''shuttle'', '''buipop'''....''round-trip'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' +<br>'''ob'''....''off'' || '''ao(b)-'''....''on-and-off'' || '''aoper'''....''get on and off'' |- | '''yuj-'''....''closed'' +<br>'''yij-'''....''open'' || '''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut'' || '''yuijbar'''....''switch'', '''igyuijer'''....''blink'' |- | '''uj-'''....''stop'' +<br>'''ij-'''....''start'' || '''uij-'''....''stop-and-start'' || '''uijparpan'''....''stop-and-go traffic'' |- | '''(a)yeb'''....''in'' +<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''aoye(b)-'''....''in-and-out'' || '''igaoyeper'''....''run in-and-out'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' +<br>'''yib'''....''far'' || '''yui(b)-'''....''near-and-far'' || '''yuipoper'''....''travel near-and-far'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' +<br>'''ib'''....''away'' || '''ui(b)-'''....''toward-and-away'' || '''uipen'''....''coming and going'' |- | '''hum'''....''there'' +<br>'''him'''....''here'' || '''huim'''....''here-and-there'' || '''huimkexer'''....''search high-and-low (here-and-there)'' |- | '''hus'''....''that'' +<br>'''his'''....''this'' || '''huis'''....''this-and-that'' || '''huisyexer'''....''do odd jobs, work at this-or-that'' |- | '''hyut'''....''other person'' +<br>'''hyit'''....''same person'' || '''hyuit'''....''one another'' || '''hyuitifer'''....''love one another'', '''hyuita'''....''mutual, reciprocal'' |} : Here are some more examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ More Hybrids ! Hybrid Word !! English Gloss !! Alternating Components |- |'''aogsen'''||'' fluctuation (in size) ''|| '''ag-''' (''big'') + '''og-''' (''little'') + '''s-''' (''become'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''aonada'''||''vertical ''|| '''a-''' (''up/north'') + '''o-''' (''down/south'') + '''nad''' (''line'') + '''-a''' (''adj.'') |- |'''aopuys'''||'' hop-on-hop-off ''|| '''a(p)-''' (''on'') + '''o(p)-''' (''off'') + '''puys-''' (''hop'') |- |'''buien'''||'' trading, swapping ''|| '''bu-''' (''give'') + '''bi-''' (''trake'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''buip'''||'' traffic ''|| '''bu-''' (''to'') + '''bi-''' (''from'') + '''p-''' (''go'') |- |'''buixar'''||''spring''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix''' (''pull'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''buixek'''||'' tug-o-war ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- |'''buixnyem'''||'' drawer ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''nyem''' (''box'') |- |'''byaosen'''||'' teetering, stumbling ''|| '''byas-''' (''stand'') + '''byos-''' (''fall'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''diep'''||'' marine force ''|| '''dip''' (''sea force'') + '''dep''' (''land force'') |- |'''duid'''||'' q&a, interview ''|| '''dud''' (''answer'') + '''did''' (''question'') |- |'''eigpyexer''' || ''batter, whip'' || '''eg-''' (''again'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') + '''pyexer''' (''to hit'') |- |'''gao'''||'' more-or-less ''|| '''ga''' (''more'') + '''go''' (''less'') |- |'''glaojo'''||'' sooner or later ''|| '''gla''' (''very'') + '''glo''' (''slightly'') + '''jo''' (''after'') |- | '''huimkexer''' || ''search here and there'' || '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-m''' (''place'') + '''kex''' (''search'') + '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''huis'''||'' this-and-that ''|| '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-s''' (''thing'') |- |'''hyuit'''||'' one another ''|| '''hyu-''' (''other'') + '''hyi-''' (''same'') + '''-t''' (''person'') |- |'''kyaopen'''||'' fluctuation ''|| '''kya-''' (''mobile'') + '''kyo''' (''static'') + '''-pen''' (''going'') |- |'''maluier'''||'' breathe ''|| '''mal-''' (''air'') + '''u-''' (''let out'') + '''i-''' (''take in'') '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''maojyex'''||'' double-shift work ''|| '''maj''' (''day'') + '''moj''' (''night'') + '''yex''' (''work'') |- |'''maonig'''||'' flicker ''|| '''man''' (''light'') + '''mon''' (''dark'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') |- |'''maolza'''||'' black&white/gray ''|| '''malza''' (''white'') + '''molza''' (''black'') |- |'''meil'''||'' mud ''|| '''mel''' (''soil'') + '''mil''' (''water'') |- |'''memuiben'''||'' import-exports ''|| '''mem''' (''country'') + '''ub-''' (''send'') + '''ib-''' (''receive'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''mial'''||'' vapor ''|| '''mil''' (''water'') + '''mal''' (''air'') |- |'''mieg'''||'' reef ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-g''' (''stone'') |- |'''miek'''||'' sand ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-k''' (''rocky substance'') |- |'''miem'''||'' swamp ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''mem''' (''land'') |- |'''mimpuin'''||'' dock ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''mimpyaos'''||'' surf ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''sink'') |- |'''mimuip'''||'' tide ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip-''' (''go'') |- |'''peit'''||'' amphibian ''|| '''pet''' (''land animal'') + '''pit''' (''sea creature'') |- |'''puim'''||'' kiss-and-ride zone''|| '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''puixek'''||'' baseball ''|| '''pux-''' (''pitch'') + '''pix-''' (''catch'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- | '''pyaos''' || ''wave'' || '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''crest'') |- |'''teabyuij'''||'' blink ''|| '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') |- |'''tuijea'''||'' nodding off ''|| '''tuj-''' (''sleep'') + '''tij''' (''wake'') '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''uijdal'''||'' stutter ''|| '''uj-''' (''finish'') + '''ij-''' (''start'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''uipeni'''||'' comings & goings ''|| '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip''' (''go'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') + '''-i''' (''pl.'') |- |'''uiza'''||'' serpentine, snaky ''|| '''uza''' (''crooked'') + '''iza''' (''straight'') |- |'''vao?'''||'' yes or no? ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') |- |'''vaod'''||'' decision ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') + '''d-''' (''say'') |- |'''yaobar'''||'' elevator ''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaobyuijar'''||''piston''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open '') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaoplas'''||''oscillation''|| '''yap-''' (''up'') + '''yop-''' (''down'') + '''plas''' (''shake'') |- |'''yaopsim'''||''seesaw''|| '''yap-''' (''ascend'') + '''yop-''' (''descend'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''yaopus'''||''bounce''|| ya(''b'')'''-''' (''up'') + yo(''b'')'''-''' (''down'') + '''pus''' (''jump'') |- |'''yaovdut'''||''juror''|| '''yav-''' (''innocent'') + '''yov-''' (''guilty'') + '''d-''' (''say'') + '''-ut''' (''agent'') |- |'''yaoza'''||''uneven, bumpy, serrated''|| '''yaza''' (''convex'') + '''yoza''' (''concave'') |- |'''yaozgoblar'''||''saw''|| '''yaz''' (''protrusion '') + '''yoz''' (''indentation'') + '''gobl-''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaozil'''||''wave''|| '''yaz''' (''swell'') + '''yoz''' (''trough'') + '''-il''' (''liquid'') |- |'''yuibteabar'''||''bifocals''|| '''yub''' (''near'') + '''yib''' (''far'') + '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yuijar'''||'' valve, switch''|| '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaobelur'''||''ferry''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''bel-''' (''carry'') + '''-ur''' (''vehicle'') |- |'''zaobyexar'''||''swatter, bat''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''byex-''' (''strike'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaodal'''||''dialog''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''zaogoblar'''||''saw''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''gobl''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaokyax'''||''alternation''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''kyax''' (''change'') |- |'''zaopasen'''||''swinging''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo-''' (''back'') + '''pasen''' (''moving'') |- |'''zaopsim'''||''swing or rocker''|| '''zap-''' (''go forth'') + '''zap''' (''go back'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''zuibasen'''||''wiggling''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bas-''' (''move bodily'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuibayx'''||''wag''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bayx-''' (''slight body move'') |- |'''zuibyoxea'''||''dangling''|| '''zu''' (''left'') + '''zi''' (''right'') + '''byox-''' (''hang down'') + '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuiyafa'''||''ambidextrous''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''yafa''' (''capable'') |- |'''zyaobas'''||''throb''|| '''zya-''' (''wide'') + '''zyo-''' (''narrow'') + '''bas''' (''bodily movement'') |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Acronyms and Abbreviations|Word Families}}</noinclude> i8ish4d7155tht8t2jyllbsh2eof68z 4635637 4635636 2026-05-13T19:30:28Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Flower Names */ 4635637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right|limit=3}} == Introduction == : In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels. : The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of '''''base words''''' and '''''derived words'''''. : The vocabulary is built on '''''base words''''', that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by: ::* The meaning of each letter of the word. ::* The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: ''fixed'' vs. ''variable''. ::* How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language. ::* The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about). ::* The logic of its composition. ::* The mnemonic associations this word suggests. : The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called '''''vocabulary-building rules''''', which are spelled out below. == Base Words == : '''''Base words''''' are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups: ::* Group 1:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''nouns''''' ::* Group 2:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs'''''. == Base words of Group 1 == : Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters: :::* The first, a consonant called the '''''classifier''''' :::* The second, a vowel called the '''''ordinal''''' :::* The third, a consonant called the '''''generic''''' These words can be thought of as noun templates. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Base Word Composition |- ! Classifier !! Ordinal !! Generic !! Meaning |- | '''t''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''man'' |- | '''d''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''society'' |- | '''p''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''animal'' |- | '''f''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''plant'' |} == Base words of Group 2 == : Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as '''-er''' (verb infinitive marker) or '''-a''' (adjective marker): ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words | '''b-'''....''put'' || '''p-'''....''go'' |- | '''s-'''....''be'' || '''x-'''....''do'' |- | '''d-'''....''say'' || '''t-'''....''know'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ob'''....''off'' |- |'''bu'''....''to'' || '''bi'''....''from'' |- |'''if-'''....''love'' || '''uf-'''....''hate'' |- |'''fi-'''....''good'' || '''fu-'''....''bad'' |- |'''va'''....''yes'' || '''vo'''....''no'' |- |'''vya-'''^*....''true'' || '''vyo-'''....''false'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''o'''....''zero'' |} : *<small> As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include glided vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides '''y''' or '''w'''. So, for purposes here, '''ya''', '''ye''', '''yi''', '''yo''', '''yu''', '''wa''', and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "glided vowels".</small> == Consonants and Their Meanings == : The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Consonants and Their Meanings |- ! Consonant !! Group 1 Classifier !! Group 1 Generic !! Group 2 Classifier !! In Numbers |- | '''b''' || organ, health || organism || gesture, position || |- | '''d''' || society || family || communicating || |- | '''f''' || vegetation || textile, clothing || volition, attributes || |- | '''g''' || -- || measurement || quantity, attributes || |- | '''j''' || time || time || time || |- | '''k''' || -- || health || change, risk, attributes || |- | '''l''' || -- || element, food, liquid, nature || -- || '''l''' = ten |- | '''m''' || nature || place, building, furniture || temperature, light || '''ml''' = million<br>'''mr''' = billion |- | '''n''' || commerce || -- || -- || |- | '''p''' || animal, vehicle || motion || movement || |- | '''r''' || -- || tool, machine, cosmos || -- || '''r''' = thousand |- | '''s''' || form, image, furniture || thing || being, form, thing || '''s''' = hundred |- | '''t''' || human, body || person, animal || intelligence, knowing || |- | '''v''' || plant, color || linen || truth, attributes || |- | '''x''' || action || -- || action, doing, making || |- | '''z''' || -- || precious, art || spatial, attributes || |} : The following consonants functions rather than, or in addition to, semantic values: ::* '''l''' and '''r''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: '''baer'''....''to lean'', '''baler'''....''to press'', '''barer'''....''to crush''; ::* '''y''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''voa'''....''negative'' -> '''vyoa'''....''false'', or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''ama'''....''hot'' -> '''ayma'''....''warm''. ::* '''h''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Used functionally only in certain interjections like '''hoy'''....''goodbye'' and determiners like '''his'''....''this'', and has no semantic value. ::* '''w''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. '''tob'''....''person'' -> '''twob'''....''man'', or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. '''uber'''....''to send'' -> '''ubwer'''....''to be sent'', or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. '''awa'''....''one'', or 4) sometimes to substitute for '''y''' when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. '''jwo'''....''late'', instead of '''jyo'''. ::* '''n''':&nbsp;&nbsp; In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in '''ana'''....''only'', or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as '''fian'''....''goodness'' from '''fia'''....''good'', or from a verb, such '''axnen'''....''behaving'' from '''axner'''....''to behave''. == Vowels and Their Meanings == : Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types: ::* meronymic ::* hierarchical ::* geo-specific ::* oppositional/polar ::* vectorial ::* directional and positional ::* special === Ordinal Vowel Values === :: The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with '''y''' are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Vowels|Vowels]]. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Numeric Values of Vowels |- ! Ordinal Vowel !! '''o''' !! '''a''' !! '''e''' !! '''i''' !! '''u''' !! '''yo''' !! '''ya''' !! '''ye''' !! '''yi''' !! '''yu''' |- !row=1| Cardinal Number | 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 |} === Meronymic Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|meronymic}}''''' series. (This gradation can also be called '''''taxonomic'''''. The top element, or hypernym, has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are hyponyms or meronyms (= parts of the whole), and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. '''T<u>a</u>b''' (''body'') is the first meronym of '''t<u>o</u>b''' (''human being''), the hypernym or zeroth element. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Meronymic Series |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=7| Meronymic or Taxonomic |- ! 0 | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''fob'''....''plant'' || '''vob'''....''crop''|| '''mos'''....''floor''||'''som'''....''furniture''||'''tom'''....''building''||'''job'''....''time'' |- ! 1 | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''fab'''....''tree'' || '''vab'''....''grass''|| '''mas'''....''wall''||'''sam'''....''chest of drawers''||'''tam'''....''house''||'''jab'''....''year'' |- ! 2 | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''feb'''....''fruit'' || '''veb'''....''tuft''|| '''mes'''....''door''||'''sem'''....''table''||'''tem'''....''hall''||'''jeb'''....''season'' |- ! 3 | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''fib'''....''trunk'' || '''vib'''....''stalk''|| '''mis'''....''window''||'''sim'''....''chair''||'''tim'''....''room''||'''jib'''....''month'' |- ! 4 | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''fub'''....''branch'' || '''vub'''....''shoot''||'''mus'''....''stairs''||'''sum'''....''bed''||'''tum'''....''closet''||'''jub'''....''day'' |- ! 5 | '''tyob'''....''leg'' || '''fyob'''....''root'' || '''vyob'''....''tuber''|| || || ||'''jwob'''^*....''hour'' |- ! 6 | || || || || || ||'''jwab'''^*....''minute'' |- ! 7 | || || || || || ||'''jweb'''^*....''second'' |} * The letter '''w''' replaces the letter '''y''' following a '''j''', for ease of pronunciation. : The words that descend from the base word are called '''''meronyms'''''. A hypernym is a word that is higher in scale. === Hierarchical Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|hierarchical}}''''' series where the top element has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hierarchical Vowel Gradation |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=4| Hierarchy |- ! 0 | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''dot'''....''society'' || '''tod'''....''family''||'''xob'''....''organization'' |- ! 1 | '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''tad'''....''spouse''||'''xab'''....''staff'' |- ! 2 | '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ted'''....''parent''||'''xeb'''....''boss'' |- ! 3 | '''dib'''....''ministry'' || '''dit'''....''citizen'' ||'''tid'''....''sibling''||'''xib'''....''department'' |- ! 4 | '''dub'''....''minister'' || '''dut'''....''gentleman'' || '''tud'''....''child''||'''xub'''....''branch'' |} === Geo-specific Vowel Gradation === : Ordinals can have '''''{{color|blue|geo-specific}}''''' values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Geo-specific Vowel Values |- ! Ordinal ! Geo-sphere ! colspan=7| Examples |- | align=center | '''o''' || ''outer space, top level'' || '''m<u>o</u>p'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''outer space''|| '''mol'''....''nature''||'''dop'''....''military''||'''pop'''....''voyage''||'''mol'''....''nature''||'''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- | align=center | '''a''' || ''air, gas, sky'' || '''m<u>a</u>p'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' ||'''mal'''....''air''||'''dap'''....''air force''||'''pap'''....''flight''||'''mal'''....''wind''||'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | align=center | '''e''' || ''ground, soil, solid'' || '''m<u>e</u>p'''....''road'' || '''mem'''....''land''|| '''mel'''....''soil''||'''dep'''....''army''||'''pep'''....''ride''||'''mel'''....''soil''||'''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' |- | align=center | '''i''' || ''liquid'', ''water'', ''sea'' || '''m<u>i</u>p'''....''river'' || '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''mil'''....''water''||'''dip'''....''marines''|| '''pip'''....''navigation/sail''||'''mil'''....''water''||'''pit'''....''fish'' |- | align=center | '''u''' || ''underground'', ''mineral'', ''substance'' || '''m<u>u</u>p'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || '''mul'''....''mineral''|| ||'''pup'''....''tunneling''||'''mul'''....''matter''|| |} === Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation === : The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation |- ! Order || Mirad !! English |- | 0 || '''olza'''¹ || ''blank, of no color'' |- | 1 || '''alza''' || ''red'' |- | 2 || '''elza''' || ''orange'' |- | 3 || '''ilza''' || ''yellow'' |- | 4 || '''ulza''' || ''green'' |- | 5 || '''yolza''' || ''blue'' |- | 6 || '''yalza''' || ''purple'' |- | 7 || '''yelza''' || ''indigo'' |} {{small/top}} : 1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order. {{small/end}} : The colors black and white are: :* '''malza'''....''white'' :* '''molza'''....''black'' : Some colors are hybrids of two colors: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hybrid Colors |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''aolza''' || ''pink'' (a blend of ''blank'' and ''red'') |- | '''youlza''' || ''blue-green'' |- | '''maolza''' || ''gray'' (a blend of ''black'' and ''white'') |} : The word for ''brown'' is based on the word for ''soil'': :* '''melza'''....''brown'' (< '''mel'''....''soil'') : Two other colors are based on metals: :* '''agelkza'''....''silver'' (based on '''agelk'''....''silver metal'' :* '''aulkza'''....''gold'' (based on '''aulk'''....''gold metal'' === Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values === : In Group 2 stems: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Oppositional Vowel Values |- | '''a'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ya''' || intermediate || '''i'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yi''' |- | <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative || '''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ye''' || <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative |- | '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yo''' || value || '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yu''' |} ::* positive '''a''' contrasts with negative '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''av'''....''for'' vs. '''ov'''....''against'') ::* positive '''ya''' contrasts with negative '''yo'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yava'''....''innocent'' vs. '''yova'''....''guilty'') ::* positive '''i''' contrasts with negative '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''fia'''....''good'' vs. '''fua'''....''bad'') ::* positive '''yi''' contrasts with negative '''yu'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yiva'''....''free'' vs. '''yuva'''....''bound'') ::* '''e''' and '''ye''' are in-between values&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''eva'''....''neutral'', '''yeva'''....''fair'') ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation |- ! positive !! intermediate !! negative |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''ega'''....''normal'' || '''oga'''....''small'' |- | '''yava'''....''innocent'' || '''yeva'''....''just''|| '''yova'''....''guilty'' |- | '''ava'''....''for'' || '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''ova'''....''against'' |- | '''aker'''....''to win'' || '''eker'''....''to risk'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' |- | '''yak'''....''expectation'' || '''yek'''....''attempt'' || '''yok'''....''surprise'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || || '''fua'''....''bad'' |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || || '''ufer'''....''hate'' |- | '''yifa'''....''brave'' || || '''yufa'''....''afraid'' |} : Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit '''''oppositional''''' values: : The Group 1 base word '''bok''' (''illness'') is a good example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Group 1 base word with oppositional values |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- valign=top |'''bak'''....''health''||'''bek'''....''treatment''||'''bok'''....''illness'' |- |'''byak'''....''hygiene''||'''byek'''....''cure''||'''byok'''....''pain''<br>'''byoyk'''....''ache''<br>'''blok'''....''suffering''<br>'''brok'''....''agony'' |- |'''baak'''....''sanitation''|| ||'''book'''....''fatigue'' |- |'''bik'''....''care''|| ||'''buk'''....''wound''<br>'''buyk'''....''sore'' |} === Vectorial Vowel Values === : These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc. {{big/top}}&nbsp;&nbsp; ::::::'''a''' ::::::↑ ::::'''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;←&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;→&nbsp;&nbsp;'''i''' ::::::↓ ::::::'''o''' {{big/end}} :::'''a'''....''on, above, north'' ('''ab'''....''on'', '''zamer'''....''north'') :::'''e'''....''center, middle, equator'' ('''eb'''....''between'', '''ze'''....''center'') :::'''o'''....''off, below, south'' ('''ob'''....''off'', '''zomer'''....''south'') :::'''i'''....''right, east'' ('''zi'''....''right'', '''zimer'''....''east'') :::'''u'''....''left, west'' ('''zu'''....''left'', '''zumer'''....''west'') === Directional and Positional Vowel Values === {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Directional and Positional Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''z<u>a</u>mer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''b<u>a</u>er'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''<u>a</u>ber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''b<u>ya</u>er'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''<u>ya</u>ber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''z<u>o</u>mer'''....''south'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''b<u>yo</u>er'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''<u>o</u>per'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''p<u>yo</u>ser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''<u>yo</u>per'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''z<u>u</u>mer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''<u>u</u>ber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''p<u>yu</u>er'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''<u>yu</u>ber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''b<u>yu</u>ser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''z''i''mer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''p<u>i</u>er'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''<u>i</u>per'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''<u>yi</u>per'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''p<u>yi</u>ser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''z<u>e</u>mer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''<u>e</u>b'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''b<u>e</u>xer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''<u>ye</u>per'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''contain''|| '''b<u>ye</u>er'''....''contain'' |} === Special value of certain letters === : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular''. ::* '''aot'''....''person'' ::* '''anot'''....''individual'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yanber'''....''to compose'' ::* '''yonber'''....''to separate'' : The letter '''y''' is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural: ::* '''at'''....''I, me'' as opposed to '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''et'''....''you'' as opposed to '''yet'''....''you (pl.), you all'' ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''yit'''....''they, them'' ::* '''is'''....''it'' as opposed to '''yis'''....''they, them'' : The letter '''y''' is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''iyt'''....''she, her'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''toyb'''....''woman'' : The letter '''w''' is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''wit'''....''he, him'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''twob'''....''man'' === The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words === :: The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants. :: The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values. :: The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants |- ! Base Word !! Classifier Consonant !! Generic Consonant !! Scalarity Type |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''t''' = ''human'' || '''b''' = ''organism'' || meronymic |- | '''tof'''....''clothing'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''fabric'' || meronymic |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''society'' || meronymic |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place'' || meronymic |- | '''tov'''....''lingerie'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen'' || meronymic |- | '''tol'''....''nourishment'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''food'' || oppositional |- | '''top'''....''soul, spirit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''motion'' || meronymic |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''d''' = ''society'' || '''b''' = ''organism''||hierarchical |- | '''dop'''....''military'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement'' || geo-specific |- | '''dot'''....''society'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''human''|| hierarchical |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''j''' = ''time'' || '''b'''....''organism''|| hierarchical |- | '''fob'''....''vegetation'' || '''f''' = ''vegetable'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vob'''....''crop'' || '''v''' = ''plant'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vos'''....''flower'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''volz'''....''color'' || " " " || '''lz''' = ''color, art''|| spectral |- | '''som'''....''furniture'' || '''s''' = ''thing'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| meronymic |- | '''mos'''....''floor'' || '''m''' = ''place, nature'' || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''mor'''....''universe'' || " " " || '''r''' = ''machine, system''|| geo-specific |- | '''mom'''....''outer space'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''mol'''....''nature'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''substance''|| geo-specific |- | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement''|| geo-specific |- | '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''p''' = ''movement'' || '''t''' = ''human, animal''|| geo-specific |- | '''bok'''....''illness'' || '''b''' = ''organ'' || '''k''' = ''condition''|| oppositional |- | '''nom'''....''place'' || '''n''' = ''commercial'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| special |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || " " " || '''g''' = ''measurement''|| special |- | '''nof'''....''cloth'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''cloth''|| special |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen''|| special |- | '''nod'''....''point'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''communication''|| special |- | '''xob'''....''organization'' || '''x''' = ''action'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| hierarchical |} ==== Special Arrangement ==== : Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart. {| border=0 {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Other Group 1 Base Words |- valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! d- <br>communication |- | '''daz'''<br>''dance'' |- | '''dyaz'''<br>''ballet'' |- | '''dyez'''<br>''cinema'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''dez'''<br>''theater'' |- | '''diz'''<br>''comedy'' |- | '''din'''<br>''story'' |- | '''dun'''<br>''word'' |- | '''duz'''<br>''music'' |- | '''dyun'''<br>''name'' |- | '''dyan'''<br>''sentence'' |- | '''dyes'''<br>''book'' |- | '''deup'''<br>''rhythm'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! dr- <br>write |- | '''drof'''<br>''board'' |- | '''draf'''<br>''card'' |- | '''dref'''<br>''paper'' |- | '''drov'''<br>''cardboard'' |- | '''drav'''<br>''notebook'' |- | '''drev'''<br>''page'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''drar'''<br>''pencil'' |- | '''drir'''<br>''typewriter'' |- | '''drur'''<br>''printer'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! m- <br>nature |- | '''mag'''<br>''fire'' |- | '''mak'''<br>''electricity'' |- | '''mog'''<br>''ash'' |- | '''meg'''<br>''stone'' |- | '''mef'''<br>''brick'' |- | '''mug'''<br>''metal'' |- | '''muk'''<br>''mineral'' |- | '''mez'''<br>''crystal'' |- | '''mek'''<br>''dust'' |- | '''myek'''<br>''powder'' |- | '''mav'''<br>''flame'' |- | '''mov'''<br>''smoke'' |- | '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' |- | '''maj'''<br>''daytime'' |- | '''moj'''<br>''night'' |- | '''man'''<br>''light'' |- | '''maz'''<br>''shine'' |- | '''mon'''<br>''shade'' |- | '''moz'''<br>''dark'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! n- <br>commerce |- | '''naz'''<br>''value'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' |- | '''nax'''<br>''price'' |- | '''nyaz'''<br>''wealth'' |- | '''nyan'''<br>''stack'' |- | '''nox'''<br>''expense'' |- | '''nyox'''<br>''waste'' |- | '''nex'''<br>''saving'' |- | '''nyex'''<br>''storing'' |- | '''nix'''<br>''earning'' |- | '''nyix'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nux'''<br>''pay'' |- | '''nyux'''<br>''supply'' |- | '''nun'''<br>''merchandise'' |- | '''nyun'''<br>''product'' |- | '''nuz'''<br>''jewel'' |- | '''nem'''<br>''location'' |- | '''nyem'''<br>''place'' |- | '''nyeb'''<br>''box'' |- | '''nab'''<br>''row'' |- | '''nap'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nad'''<br>''line'' |- | '''nod'''<br>''point'' |- | '''ned'''<br>''plane'' |- | '''nyed'''<br>''grid'' |- | '''nyad'''<br>''chain'' |- | '''nid'''<br>''volume'' |- | '''nag'''<br>''measure'' |- | '''nak'''<br>''metric value'' |- | '''nog'''<br>''degree'' |- | '''nig'''<br>''space'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! j- <br>time |- | '''jag'''<br>''age'' |- | '''jud'''<br>''date'' |- | '''jod'''<br>''instance'' |- | '''jop'''<br>''sequence'' |- | '''jep'''<br>''process'' |- | '''jwap'''<br>''moment'' |- | '''jwep'''<br>''instant'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! s- <br>thing |- | '''sag'''<br>''number'' |- | '''saz'''<br>''sculpture'' |- | '''san'''<br>''form'' |- | '''saun'''<br>''kind'' |- | '''son'''<br>''matter (abstract)'' |- | '''sin'''<br>''image'' |- | '''siz'''<br>''painting'' |- | '''sun'''<br>''thing (concrete)'' |- | '''syan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''syen'''<br>''style'' |- | '''syin'''<br>''subject'' |- | '''syun'''<br>''object'' |- | '''sar'''<br>''instrument'' |- | '''sir'''<br>''machine'' |- | '''sor'''<br>''engine'' |- | '''sur'''<br>''motor'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! t- <br>human / knowledge |- | '''taz'''<br>''statue'' |- | '''tap'''<br>''physique'' |- | '''tep'''<br>''mind'' |- | '''top'''<br>''spirit'' |- | '''tuz'''<br>''art'' |- | '''toz'''<br>''skin color'' |- | '''tez'''<br>''culture'' |- | '''tyez'''<br>''magic'' |- | '''tin'''<br>''doctrine'' |- | '''tun'''<br>''science'' |- | '''tyan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''tyen'''<br>''skill'' |- | '''tyun'''<br>''idea'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''sensation'' |- | '''tes'''<br>''meaning'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' |- | '''tat'''<br>''angel'' |} |} === The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words === :: The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival ('''-a'''), adverbial ('''-ay'''), and verbal inflections ('''-er''', '''-ser''', '''-xer''', etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem. :: The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Stems of Group 2 Base Words |- ! Classifier Consonant !! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative |- ! rowspan=4|'''j''' <br>(''time'') | '''ja'''<br>''before'' || '''je'''<br>''during'' || '''jo'''<br>''after''||'''ji'''<br>''since'' || '''ju'''<br>''until'' |- | '''aj'''<br>''past'' || '''ej'''<br>''present'' || '''oj'''<br>''future'' || '''ij^er'''<br>''beginning/begin'' || '''uj/^er'''<br>''end/end'' |- | '''taj^er'''<br>''birth/to be born'' || '''tej^er'''<br>''life/to live'' || '''toj^er'''<br>''death/to die'' || '''tij^er'''<br>''awake state/to be awake'' || '''tuj^er'''<br>''sleep/to sleep'' |- | '''jwa'''<br>''early'' || '''jwe'''<br>''on time'' || '''jwo'''<br>''late'' || '''yij^a'''<br>''opening/open'' || '''yuj^a'''<br>''closing/closed'' |- !rowspan=4| '''g'''<br>(''measurement'') | '''ga'''<br>''more'' || '''ge'''<br>''equal'' || '''go'''<br>''less''|| '''gi'''ⁿ<br>''point'' || '''gu'''ⁿ<br>''angle'' |- | '''ag'''^a<br>''big'' || '''eg^a'''<br>''normal'' || '''og'''^a<br>''small'' || '''ig'''^a<br>''fast'' || '''ug'''^a<br>''slow'' |- | '''yag'''^a<br>''long'' || '''yeg'''^a<br>''normal'' || '''yog'''^a<br>''short'' || '''yig'''^a<br>''hard'' || '''yug'''^a<br>''soft'' |- | '''gya'''^a<br>''thick'' || '''gye'''^a<br>''enough'' || '''gyo-'''<br>''thin'' || '''gyi'''^a<br>''solid'' || '''gyu'''^a<br>''fragile'' |- !rowspan=4| '''k'''<br>(''randomness'') | '''ka'''^xer<br>''find'' || '''ke'''^xer<br>''seek'' || '''ko'''^xer<br>''hide'' || '''ki'''^a<br>''oblique''|| '''ku'''^a<br>''lateral'' |- | '''ak'''^er<br>''win'' || '''ek'''^er<br>''play'' || '''ok'''^er<br>''lose'' || '''ik'''^a<br>''full'' || '''uk'''^a<br>''empty'' |- | '''yak'''^er<br>''expect'' || '''yek'''^er<br>''try'' || '''yok'''^er<br>''suprise'' || '''yik'''^a<br>''difficult'' || '''yuk'''^a<br>''easy'' |- | '''kya'''^a<br>''mobile'' || '''kye'''^a<br>''haphazard'' || '''kyo'''^a<br>''fixed'' ||'''kyi'''^a<br>''heavy'' || '''kyu'''^a<br>''light'' |- ! '''m'''<br>(''nature'') | '''am'''^a<br>''hot'' || -- || '''om'''^a<br>''cold'' || '''im'''^a<br>''wet'' || '''um'''^a<br>''dry'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''f'''^er<br>(''want'', qualities) | || || || '''fi'''^a<br>''good'' || '''fu'''^a<br>''bad'' |- | '''fya'''^a<br>''holy'' || '''fye'''^a<br>''mythical'' || '''fyo'''^a<br>''profane''|| '''fyi'''^a<br>''useful'' || '''fyu'''^a<br>''harmful'' |- | '''yaf'''^er<br>''be able'' || '''yef'''^er<br>''must''|| '''yof'''^er<br>''cannot'' || '''yif'''^er<br>''dare'' || '''yuf'''^er<br>''fear'' |- | '''af'''^er<br>''may'' || '''ef'''^er<br>''need'' || '''of'''^er<br>''be prohibited'' || '''if'''^er<br>''love'' || '''uf'''^er<br>''hate'' |- !rowspan=6| '''v'''<br>(''truth, qualities'' ) | '''va'''<br>''yes'' || '''ve'''<br>''maybe'' || '''vo'''<br>''no''|| '''vi'''^a<br>''beautiful'' || '''vu'''^a<br>''ugly'' |- | '''vay'''<br>''really''||'''vey'''<br>''may''||'''voy'''<br>''not'' || || |- | '''av'''<br>''for'' || '''ev'''^a<br>''neutral'' || '''ov'''<br>''against''|| '''iv'''^a<br>''happy'' || '''uv'''^a<br>''sad'' |- | '''vya'''^a<br>''true'' || '''vye'''^a<br>''relative'' || '''vyo'''^a<br>''false''|| '''vyi'''^a<br>''clean'' || '''vyu'''^a<br>''dirty'' |- | '''yav'''^a<br>''innocent'' || '''yev'''^a<br>''fair'' || '''yov'''^a<br>''guilty''|| '''yiv'''^a<br>''free'' || '''yuv'''^a<br>''captive'' |- | '''van'''<br>''that'' || '''ven'''<br>''if'' || '''von'''<br>''lest''|| || |- ! rowspan=5|'''z'''<br>(spatial) | '''za'''<br>''in front of'' || '''ze'''<br>''in the middle of'' || '''zo'''<br>''in back of''|| '''zi'''^a<br>''right'' || '''zu'''^a<br>''left'' |- | '''zay'''<br>''ahead'' || '''zey'''<br>''across'' || '''zoy'''<br>''back, re-''|| || |- | '''zya'''^a<br>''wide'' || '''zye'''<br>''through'' || '''zyo'''^a<br>''narrow''||'''zyi'''^a<br>''flat'' || '''zyu'''^a<br>''round'' |- | '''az'''^a<br>''strong'' || '''ez'''^a<br>''moderate'' || '''oz'''^a<br>''weak''|| '''iz'''^a<br>''straight'' || '''uz'''^a<br>''curved'' |- | '''yaz'''^a<br>''convex'' || '''yez'''<br>''along'' || '''yoz'''^a<br>''concave'' || '''yiz'''<br>''beyond'' || '''yuz'''<br>''around'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''b-'''^er<br>(''put'') | '''ba'''^y/(^xer)<br>''with, (agitate)'' || '''be'''^y/(^(xer))<br>''at/by, (hold)'' || '''bo'''^y(^xer)<br>''without/(calm)''|| '''bi^(er/xer)'''<br>''from, (take/pull)'' || '''bu'''^(er/xer)<br>''to, (give/push)'' |- | '''ab'''^(er)<br>''on,(put on)'' || '''eb'''^(er)<br>''between,(block)'' || '''ob'''(^er)<br>''off,(take off)'' || '''ib'''^(er)<br>''away,(receive)'' || '''ub'''^(er)<br>''toward,(send)'' |- | '''bya'''^ser/xer<br>''stand/erect'' || '''bye'''^xer<br>''tap'' || '''byo'''^ser/xer<br>''hang/hang''|| '''byi'''^(ser)<br>''since,(originate)'' || '''byu'''^(ser/xer)<br>''up to,(contact/touch)'' |- | '''yab'''^(er)<br>''up,(raise)'' || '''yeb'''^(er)<br>''in,(put in)''<br>'''oyeb'''^(er)<br>''out,(take out)'' || '''yob'''^(er)<br>''down,(lower)''|| '''yib'''^(er)<br>''far,(remove)'' || '''yub'''^(er)<br>''near,(bring)'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''p'''^er<br>(''go'') | '''pa'''^ser/xer<br>''move/move'' || '''pe'''^ser/xer<br>''wait/trap'' || '''po'''^ser/xer<br>''stop/stop''|| '''pi'''^er/ser/xer<br>''leave/withdraw/catch'' || '''pu'''^er/ser/xer<br>''arrive/jump/throw'' |- | '''pya'''^er/ser/xer<br>''hover/jump up/launch'' || '''pye'''^ser/xer<br>''encounter/strike'' || '''pyo'''^ser/xer<br>''fall/drop''|| '''pyi'''^ser/xer<br>''emanate/derive'' || '''pyu'''^ser/xer<br>''reach/impact'' |- | '''yap'''^er<br>''rise'' || '''yep'''^er<br>''enter'' || '''yop'''^er<br>''descend''|| '''yip'''^er<br>''go far'' || '''yup'''^er<br>''approach'' |- | '''ap'''^er<br>''get on'' || '''ep'''^er<br>''intervene'' || '''op'''^er<br>''get off'' || '''ip'''^er<br>''go away'' ||'''up'''^er<br>''come'' |- !rowspan=2| '''s'''^er<br>(''be'') | '''sa'''^n/s/xer<br>''shape/evolve/make'' ||'''se'''^xer<br>''build'' || '''so'''^n/xer<br>''matter/destroy''|| '''si'''^n/yn<br>''image/sign'' || '''su'''^n/er/xer<br>''thing/provide/realize'' |- | '''as'''^er<br>''become'' || '''es'''^er<br>''exist'' || '''os'''^er<br>''cease to be'' || || |- ! rowspan=3|'''x'''^er<br>(''do'' ) | '''xa'''^ler<br>''execute'' || '''xe'''^ler<br>''practice'' || '''xo'''^ler<br>''fail'' || '''xi'''^ler<br>''undertake'' || '''xu'''^ler<br>''provoke'' |- |'''ax'''^ler<br>''act'' || '''ex'''^er<br>''function'' || '''ox'''^ler<br>''abstain'' || '''ix'''^er<br>''effect'' || '''ux'''^er<br>''cause'' |- | '''yax'''^er<br>''be busy'' || '''yex'''^er<br>''work'' || '''yox'''^er<br>''be idle'' || '''yix'''^er<br>''use'' || '''yux'''^er<br>''help'' |- ! '''t'''^er/rer/yer<br>(''know/recognize/know how'') | '''ta'''^xer<br>''remember'' || '''te'''^xer<br>''think'' || '''to'''^xer<br>''forget'' || '''ti'''^er/xer<br>''learn/study''<br>'''tri'''^er<br>''get to know''<br>'''tyi'''^er<br>''learn how'' || '''tu'''^er/xer/uxer<br>''inform/teach/raise''<br>'''tru'''^er<br>''familiarize''<br>'''tyu'''^er<br>''train'' |- ! '''d'''^er/rer<br>(''say/write'') | '''da'''^ler<br>''talk'' || '''de'''^ler<br>''state''<br>'''dye'''^er<br>''read'' || '''do'''^ler<br>''be silent''<br>'''dro'''^er<br>''erase'' || '''di'''^er/ler/rer<br>''ask/beg/require'' || '''du'''^er/ler/rer<br>''suggest/insist/demand''<br>'''dyu'''^er<br>''call'' |- ! rowspan=2|'''h-'''<br>(determiners) | '''ha'''^(a)<br>''the'' || '''he'''^a<br>''some'' || '''ho'''^a<br>''which'' || '''hi'''^a<br>''this'' || '''hu'''^a<br>''that'' |- | '''hya'''^(a)<br>''all'' || '''hye'''^a<br>''any'' || '''hyo'''^a<br>''no'' || '''hyi'''^a<br>''same'' || '''hyu'''^a<br>''other'' |- ! rowspan=2| (conjunctions) |'''ay'''<br>''and'' || '''ey'''<br>''or'' || '''oy'''<br>''but'' || || |- |'''ya'''ⁿ<br>''together'' || ||'''yo'''ⁿ<br>''apart''|| || |- ! rowspan=2| (numbers) | '''a'''<br>''one''|| '''e'''<br>''two''|| '''o'''<br>''zero''|| '''i'''<br>''three''|| '''u'''<br>''four'' |- | '''ya'''<br>''six''|| '''ye'''<br>''seven''|| '''yo'''<br>''five''|| '''yi'''<br>''eight''|| '''yu'''<br>''nine'' |- ! rowspan=1| (privatives) | || || '''lo-''' (''dis-/un-'')<br>'''lyo-''' (''dis-'')<br>'''oy-''' (''-less'')|| || |} :: <small>* Mixed root. '''taj/tej/toj''' instead of '''yaj/yej/yoj''', because the human letter root '''t''' is more intuitive.</small> :: Note: The opposition '''(y)a'''-'''(y)e'''-'''(y)o''' is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but '''(y)i-(y)u''' is two-way, without any intermediary sense. == Derived Word Formation Rules == : Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building: : These consist of the following rules: ::# Compounding ::# Affixation ::# Ordinal Vowel Scaling ::# Overlapping ::# Adding Ordinal Vowels ::# Swapping Generic Consonants ::# Marking Words for Gender ::# Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels ::# Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels ::# Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern ::# Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === Rule #1: Compounding === [[File:Compound 6 (maraviroc development).svg|thumb|]] : Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Compounding |- ! Component 1 !! Component 2 !! Compound |- | '''mor'''....''cosmos'' || '''tun'''....''science, -ology'' || '''mortun'''....''cosmology'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''memyaz'''....''mountain'' || '''magmemyaz'''....''volcano'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''mem'''....''land'' || '''dobmem'''....''territory'' |- | '''tul'''....''dish'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''tuldras'''....''menu'' |- | '''sin'''....''picture'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''sindras'''....''description'' |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''kyoxer'''....''to fix (in place)'' || '''tamkyoxer'''....''to settle'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''kyo-'''....''fixed'' || '''tep-'''....''mind'' || '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn'' |} : Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for ''rain'', for example, is '''ma(m)''' (''sky'') + '''mil''' (''water''), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, '''mamil'''. : When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg: :* '''uzra'''....''twisted'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ---> '''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' :* '''kyoa'''....''fixed'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn, obsessed'' :* '''aza'''....''strong'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''tepaza'''....''intelligent'' :* '''fua'''....''bad'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''futipa'''....''cross, ill-tempered'' :* '''aga'''....''big'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''tipaga'''....''magnanimous, generous'' === Rule #2: Affixation === [[File:Word Cloud of Various Prefixes.png|thumb|]] : Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes: ==== Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Base !! Compound |- | '''ja'''....''before'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''japer'''....''to precede'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''joper'''....''to follow'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' ||'''der'''....''to say'' || '''vader'''....''to affirm'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''dras'''....''something written'' || '''jodras'''....''postscript'' |- | '''za'''....''ahead'' ||'''jub'''....''day'' || '''zajub'''....''tomorrow'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' ||'''mel'''....''land'' || '''yonmel'''....''island'' |} : Prepositional prefixes ending in '''b''' with verbs '''per''' and '''ber''' (and their derivations) lose the '''b''' before verbal elements based on '''per''' (''go'') and '''ber''' (''put''), as shown in the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Assimilation of b and p |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! New Verb |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' (NOT: '''yabber''') |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' (NOT: '''yabper''') |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''aber'''....''put on, apply'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''aper'''....''get on, mount'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''ober'''....''take off, remove'' |- | '''ob'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''bux'''....''a push'' || '''yebux'''....''impulse'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall'' || '''yepyoser'''....''collapse'' |} : The loss of the '''b''' in the above words in one of the only cases of '''''fusion''''' in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form. Another case of fusion is when so-called '''''stubs''''' are combined. For example, '''doyijem''' (''public square''), which is composed of '''do(m)'''....''city'' + '''yij(a)'''....''open'' + '''(n)em'''....''place''. The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix '''a-''' can have many different meanings. : The adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped¹, as is the '''er''' or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that '''tyoyab''' becomes '''tyoya-'''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! Compound Verb |- | '''oza'''....''weak'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ozder'''....''whisper'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yagder'''....''ramble'' |- | '''aja'''....''past'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ajder'''....''evoke'' |- | '''yoga'''....''short'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yogder'''....''summarize'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''tyoyaper'''....''walk'' |- | '''dreer'''....''write'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' || '''dresar'''....''pencil'' |- | '''tuyob'''....''hand'' || '''dren'''....''writing'' || '''tuyodren'''....''manuscript'' |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mamil'''....''rain'' |} : <small>¹: Sometimes, the adjective ending '''a''' is retained when an adjective is compounded with '''xer''' or '''ser'''. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, '''aga''' + '''xer''' can produce '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' or '''agxer'''....''to grow''. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.</small> ==== Most Common Mirad Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Common Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Examples |- |'''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-''||'''anzyukpar'''....''unicycle''<br> '''antotin'''....''monotheism''<br>'''adeb'''....''emperor'' |- |'''aa-'''....''arch-, first-, prime''||'''aadub'''....''prime minister''<br>'''aatat'''....''archangel''<br>'''aavyan'''....''principle''<br>'''aasaun'''....''prototype'' |- |'''aag-'''....''arch-, main, macro-''||'''aagmep'''....''highway''<br> '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution''<br> '''aagovekut'''....''archrival'' |- |'''aaj-'''....''paleo-, proto-''||'''aajtobtun'''....''paleoanthropology''<br> '''aajsiyn'''....''fossil'' |- |'''ab-'''....''ad-, top, on, epi-''||'''abtob'''....''superman''<br> '''abtim'''....''attic''<br> '''abzen'''....''epicenter'' |- |'''aj-'''....''former, ex-'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife''<br>'''ajdeb'''....''former leader'' |- |'''ayb-'''....''over-, super-, hyper-, sur-''||'''aybmep'''....''overpass''<br>'''aybdresin'''....''superscript''<br>'''aybdyun'''....''hypernym'' |- |'''ag-'''....''mega(lo)-'' || '''agvyotos'''....''megalomania''<br>'''agtoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''alo(n)-'''....''deca-, ten-''||'''alojaga'''....''ten years old''<br> '''alojab'''....''decade''<br> '''alonsuna'''....''decimal'' |- |'''aloy(n)-'''....''deci-, tenth-''||'''aloynux'''....''tithe''<br> '''aloyngoler'''....''decimate'' |- |'''am-'''....''thermo-''||'''amzemula'''....''thermonuclear''<br> '''amvyabxar'''....''thermostat'' |- |'''amlo(n)-'''....''mega-''||'''amloagvunak'''....''megavolt''<br> '''amlotoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''amloyn-'''....''micro-''||'''amloynjweb'''....''microsecond'' |- |'''anyen-'''....''idio-''||'''anyenboka'''....''idiopathic''<br> '''anyendyan'''....''idiom''<br> '''anyentepa'''....''idiotic'' |- |'''ao(b/p)-'''....''north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axis''||'''aonab'''....''column'', ''x-y-axis''<br> '''aopuys yuzpar'''....''hop-on-hop-off bus''<br> '''aonada'''....''vertical'' |- |'''aoye(b/p)-'''....''in-and-out''||'''aoyebar'''....''piston''<br> '''aoyebelen'''....''import-exports''<br> '''aoyepaper'''....''fly in and out'' |- |'''aro(n)-'''....''kilo-''||'''aronminak'''....''kilometer''<br> '''arobanak'''....''kilobit'' |- |'''aroyn-'''....''milli-''||'''aroynvunak'''....''millivolt''<br> '''aoynwunak'''....''milliwatt'' |- |'''(a)so(n)'''....''cent-''||'''asojagat'''....''centenarian''<br> '''asolinak'''....''hectoliter''<br> '''sojab'''....''century'' |- |'''asoy(n)-'''....''cent-, centi-''||'''asoygenak'''....''centigram''<br> '''asoylinak'''....''centiliter'' |- |'''av-'''....''pro-''||'''avYanotina'''....''pro-Communist'' |- |'''ayn-'''....''full-, holo-, whole-''||'''aynnuut'''....''wholesaler''<br> '''aynsin'''....''hologram''<br> '''aynteptija'''....''fully-conscious'' |- |'''e(b/p)-'''....''inter-''||'''ebmos'''....''mezzanine''<br> '''ebyanmulxer'''....''intermingle''<br> '''eper'''....''intercede'' |- |'''ejna-'''....''neo-''||'''ejnadun'''....''neologism''<br> '''ejnaobdabin'''....''neocolonialism'' |- |'''e(n)-'''....''ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two-''||'''entyoba'''....''bipedal''<br> '''enzyuspar'''....''bicycle''<br> '''envolza'''....''dichromatic'' |- |'''eon-'''....''duo-, double-, twin-''||'''eonin'''....''dualism''<br> '''eondal'''....''double-speak''<br> '''eonsum'''....''twin bed'' |- |'''ev-'''....''a-, neutral'' ||'''evdofina'''....''amoral''<br>'''evdabtuna'''....''apolitical'' |- |'''ey(b/p)-'''....''intra-, among''||'''eybmasa'''....''intramural''<br> '''eybmimkuma'''....''intracoastal'' |- |'''eyn-'''....''demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi-''||'''eynzyus'''....''semi-circle''<br> '''eynzyup'''....''half-turn''<br> '''eyntilsyeb'''....''demitassee''<br> '''eynyonmel'''....''peninsula'' |- |'''fi-'''....''bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well-''||'''fixut'''....''benefactor''<br> '''fidrawa'''....''well-written''<br> '''fitos'''...''euphoria'' |- |'''fu-'''....''dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly-''||'''futos'''....''dysphoria''<br> '''futuwa'''....''ill-informed''<br> '''fuxeyn'''....''malfeasance'' |- |'''fya-'''....''hiero-, holy-, sancti-''||'''fyasdresiyn'''....''hieroglyphic''<br> '''fyader'''....''sanctify''<br> '''fyatwed'''....''holy father'' |- |'''fye-'''....''mythical, fantasy''||'''fyetop'''....''phantom''<br> '''fyetobet'''....''elfin''<br> '''fyetexer'''...''fantacize''<br> '''fyedin'''....''fantasy'' |- |'''fyo-'''....''evil, profane'' ||'''fyotez'''....''occult''<br>'''fyotat'''....''devil''<br>'''fyotyez'''....''witchcraft'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-, again'' || '''gawteaper'''....''revisit''<br> '''gawaker'''....''regain'' |- |'''garale-'''....''tera-''||'''garaleagbanak'''....''terabyte'' |- |'''garalyi-'''....''exa-''||'''garalyibanak'''....''exabit'' |- |'''garalyo-'''....''peta-''||'''galayoagbanak'''....''petabyte'' |- |'''garela-'''....''zetta-''||'''garelaagbanak'''....''zettabyte'' |- |'''garelu-'''....''yotta-''||'''gareluagbanak'''....''yottabyte'' |- |'''ge-'''....''equal to, equi-, even-''||'''geyafwa'''....''equipollent''<br> '''genaza'''....''equivalent'' |- |'''gel-'''....''homo-, like-, simul-''||'''gelzena'''....''homocentric''<br> '''gelvolza'''....''homochromatic'' |- |'''geyl-'''....''simul-''||'''geyldyan'''....''simile''<br> '''geylxer'''....''assimilate'' |- |'''gla-'''....''many-, multi-, poly-''||'''glatyenika'''....''multi-skilled''<br> '''glatwada'''....''polyandrous''<br> '''glavolza'''....''many-hued'' |- |'''glo-'''....''mini-, little-, few-''||'''gloduna'''....''succint, of few words''<br> '''glonixea'''....''low-earning'' |- |'''gorale-'''....''pico-''||'''goraleagfenak'''....''picofarad'' |- |'''goralyi-'''....''atto-''||'''goralyigenak'''....''attogram'' |- |'''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||'''goralyoon'''....''quadrillionth'' |- |'''goralyu-'''....''nano-''||'''goralyusonak'''....''nanosecond'' |- |'''gorela-'''....''zepto-''||'''gorelagenak'''....''zeptogram'' |- |'''gorelu-'''....''yocto-''||'''gorelugenak'''....''yoctogram'' |- |'''gra-'''....''extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra-''||'''gratosea'''....''hypersensitive''<br> '''grazoyaxler'''....''overreact''<br> '''granoxea'''....''extravagant'' |- |'''gro-'''....''hypo-, under-''||'''groyixlawa'''....''underemployed''<br> '''groaman'''....''hypothermia'' |- |'''gwa-'''....''hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure, macro-''||'''gwayelza'''....''pure pink''<br> '''gwayafa'''....''supreme''<br> '''gwauja'''....''ultimate''<br> '''gwazoa'''....''hindmost'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''least-, mini-, micro-''||'''gwosag'''....''minimum''<br> '''gwoyuzpur'''....''minibus''<br>'''gwoexlus'''....''microprocessor'' |- |'''hi-'''....''hither, these, this''||'''his'''....''this''<br> '''hisi'''....''these''<br> '''him'''....''here'' |- |'''hya(s)-'''....''pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every-''||'''hyas'''....''everything''<br> '''hyati'''....''all of them''<br> '''hyastea'''....''omniscient''<br> '''hyataadifa'''....''pansexual'' |- |'''hu-'''....''that''||'''hus'''....''that''<br> '''huj'''....''then''<br> '''huyen'''...''that way'' |- |'''huim-'''....''here-and-there, here-and-yon''||'''huimkexer'''....''search high and low''<br> '''huimpaper'''....''fly here and there''<br> '''hyuimpoper'''....''travel here-and-there'' |- |'''huu-'''....''so, such''||'''huugla'''....''so, so very''<br> '''hus'''....''such''<br> '''huyen'''....''in such a way, so, thus'' |- |'''hyaewa-'''....''ambi-''||'''hyaewati'''....''both of them''<br> '''hyaewaziza'''....''ambidextrous''<br> '''hyaewatoobifa'''....''ambi-sexual'' |- |'''hye-'''....''-ever, any, whatever, whichever''||'''hyem'''....''anywhere, wherever''<br> '''hyempea'''....''erratic''<br> '''hjej'''....''ever, anytime'' |- |'''hyi-'''....''homo-, like-, same, syn-''||'''hyitoobifa'''....''homosexual''<br> '''hyis'''....''same thing''<br> '''hyijoba'''....''synchronous'' |- |'''hyo(s)-'''....''nothing, a-'' || '''hyostosea'''....''apathetic'' |- |'''hyu(t/s)-'''....''alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, else''||'''hyutoobifa'''....''heterosexual''<br> '''hyua'''....''another, alternate''<br> '''hyutufa'''....''xenophobic''<br> '''hyus'''....''something else'' |- |'''hyui(t/s)-'''....''cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal''||'''hyuitvikaxen'''....''mutual admiration''<br> '''hyuixer'''....''reciprocate''<br> '''hyuisa'''....''mutual, reciprocal''<br> '''hyuitif'''....''mutual love'' |- |'''i-'''....''toward the speaker''||'''iber'''....''receive''<br>'''ixer'''....''result'' |- |'''ik-'''....''fully, thoroughly''||'''iktoxer'''....''forget completely''<br> '''iktos'''....''satisfaction''<br> '''ikyebixer'''....''engulf, swallow up completely'' |- |'''in-'''....''three-, tri-, tripl-, tern-''||'''inzyuspar'''....''tricycle''<br> '''inaga'''....''three-dimensional''<br> '''injiba'''....''trimensual''<br> '''insuna'''....''ternary''<br> '''intotan'''....''trinity'' |- |'''iyn-'''....''terci-, third''||'''iyna'''....''terciary''<br> '''iynxer'''....''cut into thirds'' |- |'''iz-'''....''ortho-, recti-, right-, straight-''||'''iznada'''....''rectilinear''<br> '''izguna'''....''orthogonal''<br> '''iztin'''....''orthdoxy''<br> '''izdea'''....''forthright'' |- |'''ja-'''....''ante-, fore-, pre-''||'''jaupya'''....''foregone''<br> '''jauper'''....''precede''<br> '''jadropeka'''....''antebellum'' |- |'''je-'''....''per-, continuously, ever-''||'''jetejer'''....''persevere''<br>'''jeteaxer'''....''watch''<br>'''jexrer'''....''perpetuate'' |- |'''jo-'''....''after-, meta-, post-''||'''joexlen'''....''postprocessing''<br> '''jomir'''....''metasphere''<br> '''jotej'''....''afterlife'' |- |'''jwa-'''....''early-, eo-, preter-, proto-''||'''jwaber'''....''prepare''<br> '''jwatuun'''....''premonition''<br> '''jwadodin'''....''early history, protohistory''<br> '''jwamola'''....''preternatural''<br> '''jwajoeb'''....''eocene'' |- |'''jwo-'''....''ceno-, late-, latter-, tard-''||'''jwonux'''....''late payment''<br> '''jwoa'''....''tardy''<br> '''jwoteja'''....''cenozoic'' |- |'''ko-'''....''cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth-''||'''koa'''....''covert''<br> '''koexut'''....''spy''<br> '''koyeper'''....''sneak in'' |- |'''(ko)vyo-'''....''pseudo-, mis-, wrong-''||'''kovyotun'''....''pseudoscience''<br>'''vyobekuer'''....''to mistreat'' |- |'''ku-'''....''para-''||'''kuifut'''....''paramour''<br> '''kuteliut'''....''parasite''<br> '''kuteptun'''....''parapsychology'' |- |'''kya-'''....''alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross-''||'''kyaember'''....''relocate''<br> '''kyajoba'''....''diachronic''<br> '''kyatajnad'''....''crossbreed''<br> '''kyatooba'''....''transgendered''<br> '''kyavolza'''....''variegated, motley'' |- |'''kyao-'''....''falteringly, unsteadily''||'''kyaoper'''....''stagger''<br> '''kyaotexer'''....''vacillate'' |- |'''kye-'''....''chance-, hap-, random-''||'''kyea'''....''haphazard''<br> '''kyebyus'''....''chance encounter''<br> '''kyeteater'''....''happen to see''<br> '''kyesauna'''....''of a random type'' |- |'''kyo-'''....''fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat-''||'''kyosaun'''....''stereotype''<br> '''kyopa'''....''stable, static, stationary''<br> '''kyoson'''....''status'' |- |'''lo-'''....''dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un-''||'''lozeb'''....''disequilibrium''<br> '''loyuvlaxer'''....''disengage''<br> '''loyuzyuber'''....''uncoil''<br> '''lomulvyusber'''....''decontaminate'' |- |'''logel-'''....''hetero-, different-''||'''logelsauna'''....''heterogenous''<br>'''logelaxer'''....''differentiate'' |- |'''maz-'''....''bright-''||'''mazteaba'''....''bright-eyed'' |- |'''mial-'''....''hygro-, atmo-, vapori-''||'''mialama'''....''hygrothermal''<br>'''mialnagar'''....''atomometer, vaporimeter'' |- |'''mil-'''....''aqua-, hydro-, water-''||'''milyexun'''....''aquaculture''<br> '''milmaka'''....''hydroelectric''<br> '''miltilsyeb'''....''water glass'' |- |'''mul-'''....''hylo-, substance''||'''mulsana'''....''hylomorphic'' |- |'''o(l)-'''....''a-, dis-, non-, un-, in-''||'''ovyilxwa'''....''unwashed''<br> '''omalza'''....''non-white''<br> '''ototina'''....''atheist''<br> '''otepzexea'''....''inattentive'' |- |'''o(b/p)-'''....''de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice-''||'''oper'''....''get off''<br> '''obneg'''....''sublevel''<br> '''obxeb'''....''sous-chef, sub-officer''<br>'''obtyodeb'''....''vice-president'' |- |'''oog-'''....''micro-'' || '''oogpob'''....''microorganism'' <nowiki>-</nowiki> |- | '''oj-'''....''future'' || '''ojtayd'''....''bride, future wife'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-'' ||'''gawder'''....''to repeat''<br>'''gawdyeer'''....''to re-read'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''micro-, mini-'' || '''ogalmor'''....''microcosm''<br>'''ogalteaxer'''....''microscope''<br>'''gowaxer'''....''minimize'' |- |'''of-'''....''prohibited'' ||'''ofbier'''....''steal''<br>'''ofbekul'''....''prohibited drug''<br>'''ofemkyoxer'''....''to squat'' |- |'''ov-'''....''contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un-''||'''ovalxer'''....''countervail''<br> '''ovper'''....''contravene''<br> '''ovkyin'''....''counterweight''<br> '''ovdat'''....''enemy''<br> '''olovmasbwa'''....''undefended'' |- |'''oy-'''....''-less, a(n)-, without''||'''oytofa'''...''naked''<br> '''oyxer'''....''deprive''<br> '''oytosen'''....''apathy''<br> '''oyteupiba'''....''toothless'' |- |'''oyb-'''....''hypo-, infra-, sub-, under-''||'''oybnadrer'''....''underline''<br> '''oybtomsan'''....''infrastructure''<br> '''oybseuxa'''....''subsonic''<br> '''oybtayoba'''....''hypodermic'' |- |'''oyeb-'''....''ex-, extra-, out-''||'''oyebnad'''....''outline''<br> '''oyebyujber'''....''exclude''<br> '''oyebdoabuer'''....''extradite'' |- |'''oyv-'''....''contra-, opposite, reverse''||'''oyvkuma'''...''opposite''<br> '''oyvder'''....''contradict''<br>'''oyvduer'''....''contraindicate''<br>'''oyvaxer'''....''reverse'' |- |'''tayi(b)-'''....''neuro-, nerve''||'''tayibteptun'''....''neuropsychology''<br> '''tayibyok'''....''neuralgia'' |- |'''teeb-'''....''auri-, oto-, ear-''||'''teebbekut'''....''aurist''<br> '''teeteiteyobtut'''....''otorhinolaryngologist''<br> '''teebyel'''....''earwax'' |- |'''tee(s/x/t)-'''....''audio-, son-, phono-''||'''teesnagen'''....''audiography''<br> '''teestaxdras'''....''phonogram''<br> '''teestun'''....''audiology''<br> '''teexdras'''....''audiogram''<br> '''teetyofwa'''....''inaudible'' |- |'''tei(b)-'''....''nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo-''||'''teibbok'''....''rhinitis''<br> '''teibyeg'''....''nostril''<br> '''teiz'''....''perfume''<br> '''teizuka'''....''aroma-free''<br> '''teityaf'''....''olfactory sense'' |- |'''tiibil-'''....''blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin-''||'''tiibililp'''....''hemorrhage''<br> '''tiibiliut'''....''bloodsucker''<br> '''tiibloker'''....''exsanguinate''<br> '''tiibiltun'''....''hematology'' |- |'''tuj-'''....''hypno-, somni-, sopor-''||'''tujbek'''....''hyptotherapy''<br> '''tujbyea'''....''somniferous, soporific'' |- |'''u(b/p)-'''....''toward''||'''uber'''....''send''<br>'''ubaer'''....''lean toward'' |- |'''ui-'''....''horizontal, left-right, x-axis''||'''uinab'''....''row'', ''x-axis''<br> '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- |'''uib-'''....''back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receive''||'''uibar'''....''transceiver'' |- |'''uig-'''....''fast-and-slow''||'''uigpar'''....''scooter'' |- |'''uij-'''....''begin-and-end, start-and-stop''||'''uijdaler'''....''stutter'' |- |'''uip-'''....''come-and-go''||'''uipen'''....''traffic, coming and going'' |- |'''uiz-'''....''straight-then-crooked''||'''uizbaser'''....''swagger''<br> '''uizdrer'''....''scribble''<br> '''uizpaser'''....''swerve'' |- |'''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater-''||'''ungona'''....''quadripartite''<br> '''unnednid'''....''tetrahedron''<br> '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' |- |'''uyn-'''....''fourth-, quarti-''||'''uynxer'''....''quarter''<br> '''uynjab'''....''quarter (of a year)'' |- |'''ut-'''....''auto-, self-, sui-, ego-''||'''utifon'''....''egoism''<br> '''utgober'''....''autodecrement''<br> '''utfuyix'''....''self-abuse''<br> '''uttujben'''....''suicide'' |- |'''uz-'''....''crooked, di-''||'''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- |'''va-'''....''yes''||'''vayovder'''....''convict''<br> '''vabier'''....''accept''<br> '''vatexer'''....''believe'' |- |'''vao-'''....''yes-no''||'''vaoder'''....''decide''<br> '''vaodaler'''....''waffle''<br> '''vaonaza'''....''boolean'' |- |'''vi-'''....''bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri-''||'''vituzyan'''....''fine arts, beaux arts''<br> '''vidun'''....''euphemism''<br> '''vidrenyan'''....''literature, belles lettres''<br> '''visuana'''....''classic'' |- |'''vo-'''....''non-, neg-''||'''voyafxer'''....''veto''<br> '''voxer'''....''negate''<br> '''voyovder'''....''acquit, declare not guilty'' |- |'''vya-'''....''justi-, recti-, true-, reg-''||'''vyadin'''....''true story''<br> '''vyader'''....''avow''<br> '''vyamol'''....''essence'' |- | '''vyao-'''....''right or wrong'' ||'''vyaoyek'''....''test'' |- |'''vyak-'''....''ortho-, correct-''||'''vyakdred'''....''orthography''<br> '''vyakxer'''....''correct'' |- |'''vyo-'''....''mis-, para-, wrong-''||'''vyoyufa'''....''paranoid''<br> '''vyoyux'''....''perfidy''<br> '''vyoyixer'''....''misuse'' |- |'''ya-'''....''more than one, multi-''||'''yaota'''....''communal'' |- |'''yab-'''....''hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper-''||'''yabdom'''....''uptown''<br> '''yabdoneg'''....''upper class''<br> '''yabduzneg'''....''high pitch''<br> '''yabexer'''....''support''<br> '''yabzyobix'''....''hypertension'' |- |'''yabnan-'''....''height-, hypso-, alti-''||'''yabnanagar'''....''hypsometer, altimeter'' |- |'''yag-'''....''long-''||'''yagyiban'''....''long distance''<br> '''yagyeker'''....''strive''<br> '''yagblokea'''....''long-suffering'' |- |'''yan-'''....''co(n)-, fellow-, -mate''||'''yanzena'''....''concentric''<br> '''yanyeker'''....''compete''<br> '''yandit'''....''fellow-citizen'' |- |'''yao(b/p)-'''....''up-and-down''||'''yaopuyser'''....''skip''<br> '''yaopsim'''....''seesaw''<br> '''yaoblir'''....''elevator''<br> '''yaobaser'''....''bounce'' |- |'''ya(on)-'''....''six-, hexa-, sex-''||'''yaonat'''....''sextet''<br> '''yaongun'''....''hexagon''<br> '''yaona'''....''six-fold, sextuple''<br>'''yagol'''....''sextile'' |- |'''yaov-'''....''guilty-or-innocent''||'''yaovder'''....''adjudicate''<br> '''yaovdutyan'''....''jury''<br> '''yaovkader'''....''plead''<br> '''yaovyek'''....''trial'' |- |'''yaoz-'''....''serrated, bumpy, jagged''||'''yaozaxer'''....''serrate''<br> '''yaozgoblar'''....''saw''<br> '''yaozper'''....''bump along'' |- |'''yayb-'''....''supra-''||'''yaybdooba'''....''supranational'' |- |'''yayn-'''....''sex-, sixth''||'''yayna'''...''sixth'' |- |'''ye(on)-'''....''hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven-''||'''yejub'''....''week''<br> '''yeongun'''....''heptagon''<br> '''yeonat'''....''septuplet'' |- |'''ye(b/p)-'''....''en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro-''||'''yebuzaser'''....''.inflect''<br> '''yebzoytiibufa'''....''intravenous''<br> '''yebyujer'''....''enclode''<br> '''yebtayoba'''....''endodermal''<br> '''yeper'''....''enter''<br> '''yeber'''....''introduce'' |- |'''yeov-'''....''fair or not ''|| '''yeovdut'''....''umpire'' |- |'''yeyb-'''....''intra-''||'''yeybmepyan'''....''intranet''<br> '''yeybdoeba'''....''intrastate'' |- |'''ye-'''....''hepto-, seven-, septi-''||'''yejub'''....''week'' |- |'''yeyn-'''....''seventh''|| '''yeynxer'''....''split into sevenths'' |- |'''yez'''....''para-, alongside''|| '''yezteptun'''....''parapsychology''<br>'''yezuper'''....''come alongside'' |- |'''yi(on)-'''....''oct-, eight-''||'''yiona'''...''eight-fold''<br>''octuple'' |- |'''yib-'''....''far-, tele-, remote''||'''yibsin'''....''televison''<br> '''yibteata'''....''far-sighted''<br> '''yibtrawa'''....''famous'' |- |'''yibaj-'''....''archai-, archeo-, ancient''||'''yibajtun'''....''archaeology'','''yibajtun'''....''archeology'' |- |'''yiyn-'''....''eighth''||'''yiynxer'''....''divide into eighths'' |- |'''yiz-'''....''beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-''||'''yiztyun'''...''metaphor''<br> '''yizeza'''....''paranormal''<br> '''yizmeirat'''....''extraterrestrial''<br> '''yizseux'''....''utrasound'' |- |'''yoon-'''....''five-, penta-, quint-''||'''yoongun'''....''pentagon''<br> '''yoongol'''...''quintile''<br> '''yoon'''....''group of five''<br> ''quintet'' |- |'''yo(b/p)-'''....''down-, hypo-, sub-''||'''yobdom'''...''downtown''<br> '''yoper'''....''go down''<br> '''yobgoler'''....''subdivide'' |- |'''yon-'''....''apart, dis-, se-''||'''yonzyaber'''....''disperse''<br> '''yonxer'''....''separate''<br> '''yonsauna'''....''distinct'' |- |'''yoyn-'''....''fifth-, quinti-''||'''yoynnaga'''....''quintic''<br> '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' |- |'''yu(n)-'''....''nine-, nona-''||'''yunapa'''....''ninth (in order)''<br> '''yungunid'''....''nonagon''<br> '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' |- |'''yub-'''....''near-, proxi-, para-''||'''yuboj'''....''near future''<br> '''yubna'''....''next''<br> '''yubteas'''....''closeup (view)''<br> '''yubge'''....''almost''<br> '''yubfia'''....''intimate''<br> '''yubgeser'''....''approximate''<br>'''yubdopa'''....''paramilitary'' |- |'''yui(b/p)-'''....''near-and-far''||'''yuibjo'''....''sooner or later''<br> '''yuibteabar'''....''bifocals''<br> '''yuipoper'''....''travel near and far'' |- |'''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut''||'''yuijar'''....''valve''<br> '''yuijer'''....''blink'', ''wink''<br> '''manyuijer'''....''blink''<br> '''makyuijar'''....''switch'' |- |'''yuyb-'''....''quasi-, pen-, almost''||'''yuybyonmel'''....''peninsula''<br> '''yuybega'''....''quasi-normal'' |- |'''yuon-'''....''ninth-, novi-''||'''yuonat'''....''nonuplet'' |- |'''yuz-'''....''circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round-''||'''yuzper'''....''circulate''<br> '''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br> '''yuzof'''....''wrap-around''<br> '''yuznadrer'''....''circumscribe'' |- |'''za-'''....''ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro-, north''||'''zatim'''....''antechamber''<br> '''zamimuf'''....''foremast''<br> '''zagab'''....''prefix''<br> '''zajuber'''....''procrastinate''<br>'''zamer'''....''north'' |- |'''zao-'''....''back-and-forth, front-and-back''||'''zaopaser'''....''wobble''<br> '''zaokuper'''....''slalom''<br> '''zaopyoser'''....''pendulate'' |- |'''zay-'''....''forth-, pro-, forward, ahead''||'''zaypuyser'''....''skip ahead''<br> '''zaypuxer'''....''propel''<br> '''zayper'''....''go forward, procede''<br> '''zayupea'''....''forthcoming'' |- |'''ze-'''....''mid-, central, medio-''||'''zetej'''....''midlife''<br> '''zepoxer'''....''interrupt, stop midway''<br> '''zetem'''....''central hall'' |- |'''zey-'''....''cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, across''||'''zeyper'''....''transit, get across''<br> '''zeynod'''....''crosspoint''<br> '''zeytyun'''....''metaphor'' |- |'''zi-'''....''right, east, dextro-''||'''zim'''....''right side''<br>'''zimera'''....''eastern'' |- |'''zo-'''....''back-, hind-, retro-, south''||'''zotib'''....''back''<br> '''zotiub'''....''hindquarters''<br> '''zonapa'''....''retrograde''<br>'''zomer'''....''south'' |- |'''zoy-'''....''back-, retro-, re-''||'''zoyper'''....''recede, go back''<br> '''zoybeler'''....''carry back''<br> '''zoyzyublen'''....''backspin'' |- |'''zu-'''....''left-, west-''||'''zutinut'''....''leftist''<br> '''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zumera'''....''western'' |- |'''zui-'''....''left-and-right, zig-zag, east-west''||'''zuibyoser'''....''dangle, hang left-and-right''<br> '''zuiper'''....''zigzag''<br> '''zuituyaba'''....''ambidextrous''<br>'''zuimera'''....''east-west'' |- |'''zya-'''....''-wide, wide-, broad-, all about''||'''zyauber'''....''broadcast''<br> '''zyateaba'''....''wide-eyed''<br> '''zyasauna'''....''general''<br> '''zyapoper'''....''cruise, wander''<br> '''zyamira'''....''global, worldwide'' |- |'''zye-'''....''per-, thorough-, thru-, trans-''||'''zyetejer'''....''live through, experience''<br> '''zyeteaxer'''....''peruse''<br> '''zyeteatyafwa'''....''transparent''<br> '''zyemep'''....''thoroughfare''<br> '''zyeper'''....''permeate, transit'' |- |'''zyo-'''....''narrow, steno-'' || '''zyotepa'''....''narrow-minded''<br>'''zyoteat'''....''tunnel vision''<br>'''zyoyija'''....''stenopeic'' |- |'''zyu-'''....''cyclo-, rot-, round-, gyro''||'''zyutim'''....''rotunda''<br> '''zyusem'''....''roundtable''<br> '''zyuper'''....''cycle, gyrate, rotate'' |} ==== Suffixes ==== : Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes. : '''Semantic Stub Suffixes''' :: Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Stub Suffixes |- valign=top ! Suffix Stub !! Suffix Full Form !! Suffixed Example < Base Word |- | '''-il'''....''liquid, drink'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''teab<u>il</u>'''....''tear''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teub<u>il</u>'''....''saliva''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''tayeb<u>il</u>'''....''sweat''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayeb'''....''skin''<br>'''mam<u>il</u>'''....''rain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mam'''....''sky'' |- | '''-al'''....''gas'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''tieb<u>al</u>'''....''breath''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' |- | '''-(e)l'''....''food'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''sup<u>el</u>'''....''pork''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''<u>sup</u>et'''....''swine''<br>'''ta<u>ol</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''taob'''....''flesh''<br>'''fe<u>l</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''feb'''....''fruit'' |- | '''-ul'''....''stuff'' || '''mul'''....''substance'' || '''vix<u>ul</u>'''....''cosmetic''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vix-'''....''to beautify''<br>'''bek<u>ul</u>'''....''medecine''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment'' |- | '''-yel'''....''oil, gel, wax, pulp'' || '''yel'''....''oil'' || '''olf<u>yel</u>'''....''olive oil''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''olfeb'''....''olive''<br>'''appelat<u>yel</u>'''....''wax''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''appelat'''....''bee''<br>'''mag<u>yel</u>'''....''grease''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mag'''....''fire''<br>'''bek<u>yel</u>'''....''salve''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment''<br>'''meg<u>yel</u>'''....''cement''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''meg'''....''stone''<br>'''yan<u>yel</u>'''....''paste''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yan'''....''together'' |- | '''-am'''....''house'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''apat<u>am</u>'''....''chicken coop''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apat'''....''chicken''<br>'''apellat<u>am</u>'''....''beehive''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apellat'''....''bee''<br>'''melyex<u>am</u>'''....''farmhouse''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''melyex'''....''agriculture''<br>'''datib<u>am</u>'''....''hostel''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''datib'''....''guest-reception'' |- | '''-(e)m'''....''place'' || '''nem'''....''place'' || '''vobyex<u>em</u>'''....''plantation, farm''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vob'''....''plant'' + '''yex'''....''work''<br>'''vab<u>em</u>'''....''field''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ab'''....''above, upper''<br>'''ze<u>m</u>'''....''middle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ze(a)'''....''middle'' <br> '''tim'''....''room'' |- | '''-im'''....''room'' || '''tim'''....''room'' || '''tul<u>im</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tul'''....''cuisine''<br>'''tuj<u>im</u>'''....''bedroom''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tuj'''....''sleep'' |- | '''-um'''....''cell, booth'' || '''tum'''....''compartment''|| '''pex<u>um</u>'''....''cage''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pexer'''....''catch''<br>'''ilzyapux<u>um</u>'''....''shower stall''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ilzyapux'''....''shower'' |- | '''-yem'''....''space'' || '''nyem'''....''enclosure'' || '''yom<u>yem</u>'''....''icebox''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yom'''....''ice'' |- | '''-yeb'''....''container'' || '''nyeb'''....''container'' || '''z<u>yeb</u>'''....''bottle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zye(f)'''....''glass''<br>'''vos<u>yeb</u>'''....''vase''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vos'''....''flower'' |- | '''-of'''....''material'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''t<u>of</u>'''....''clothes''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''t-'''....''human''<br>'''mis<u>of</u>'''....''curtain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mis'''....''window''<br>'''fa<u>of</u>'''....''wood''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''fa(b)-'''....''tree''<br>'''tay<u>of</u>'''....''leather''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayo(b)'''....''skin'' |- | '''-ov'''....''linen'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tey<u>ov</u>'''....''collar''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck'' |- | '''-ar'''....''instrument'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' ||'''p<u>ar</u>'''....''cart''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''p-'''....''motion''<br>'''zyup<u>ar</u>'''....''rotor''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyup'''....''turn''<br>'''gobr<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gobrar'''....''cut''<br>'''jwob<u>ar</u>'''....''watch''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-ir'''....''machine'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''dr<u>ir</u>'''....''typewriter''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dr-'''....''write''<br>'''gwob<u>ir</u>'''....''clock'' |- | '''-ur'''....''large machine'' || '''sur'''....''engine'' || '''p<u>ur</u>r'''....''car''<br>'''jwob<u>ur</u>r'''....''grandfather clock''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-(u)n'''....''thing'' || '''sun'''....''thing'' || '''d<u>un</u>'''....''word''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''d-'''....''utter, say''<br>'''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''piece, scrap''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gofrer'''....''rip, shread, tear''<br>'''zyi<u>un</u>'''....''plaque, plate''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyia'''....''flat''<br>'''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vyua'''....''dirty'' |- | '''-on'''....''abstract thing'' || '''son'''....''issue'' || '''yov<u>on</u>'''....''tort, wrong''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yov'''....''guilt'' |- | '''yen'''....''manner, kind'' || '''byen'''....''manner'' || '''tex<u>yen</u>'''....''opinion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tex'''....''thought''<br>'''hi<u>yen</u>'''....''this way, thus''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''hi-'''....''this''<br>'''es<u>yen</u>'''....''status''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''es-'''....''exist'' |- | '''-in'''....''-ism'' || '''tin'''....''doctrine'' || '''tot<u>in</u>'''....''theism, religion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tot-'''....''god''<br>'''Krist<u>in</u>'''....''Christianity''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Krist'''....''Christ''<br>'''vyisat<u>in</u>'''....''puritanism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vysiat'''....''puritan, clean person''<br>'''oytof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''oytofa'''....''nude'' |- | '''-ufyeg'''....''cylinder'' || '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' || '''man<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''candle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''man'''....''light''<br>'''tiib<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''artery''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tiib'''....''heart''<br>'''mil<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''toilet''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mil'''....''water''<br>'''mov<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''cheminee''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mov'''....''smoke'' |- | '''-ab'''....''government'' || '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dit<u>ab</u>'''....''democracy''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dit'''....''citizen'' |- | '''-eb'''....''leader'' || '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''x<u>eb</u>'''....''boss''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''x-'''....''do''<br>'''tam<u>eb</u>'''....''master of the house''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tam'''....''house'' |- | '''-ub'''....''branch'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''pat<u>ub</u>'''....''wing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | '''-ad'''....''language'' || '''-a''' + '''d(alzeyn)'''....''language'' || '''Frans<u>ad</u>'''....''French (language)'' |- | '''-uz'''....''jewelry'' || '''nuz'''....''jewel'' || '''teyob<u>uz</u>'''....''necklace''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck''<br>'''teeb<u>uz</u>'''....''earring''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teeb'''....''ear'' |- | '''-u(er)'''....''give'' || '''buer'''....''give'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>er'''....''exhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-i(er)'''....''take'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''tiebal<u>i</u>er'''....''inhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-ui(er)'''....''exchange'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>ier'''....''breathe''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |} ==== Derviational Suffixes ==== ::: Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivational Suffixes |- ! Derivational<br>Suffix !! Function || Base Word <br><br>--> Suffixed<br>Derivation |- | '''-er''' || Noun <br>--> Verbal Infinitive || '''sag'''....''count'' <big><br>--></big> '''sag<u>er</u>'''....''to count'' |- | '''-n''' || Present Tense Verb <br>--> Verbal Noun (Gerund)<br>Adjective <br>--> Abstract Noun || '''yexe'''....''(he/she/...) works'' <big><br>--></big> '''yexe<u>n</u>'''....''working''<br>'''via'''....''beautiful'' <big><br>--></big> '''via<u>n</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yuba'''....''near'' <big><br>--></big> '''yuba<u>n</u>'''....''proximity, nearness'' |- | '''-a''' || Noun <br>--> Adjective<br>Active Verb<br>--> Verbal Adjective (Present Participle)<br>Past Passive Verb <br>--> Perfect Passive Participle (Adjective)||'''mor'''....''universe'' <big><br>--></big> '''mor<u>a</u>'''....''universal''<br>'''ake'''....''wins'' <big><br>--></big> '''ake<u>a</u>'''....''winning''<br>'''teatwa'''....''was seen'' <big><br>--></big>'''teatwa<u>a</u>''' (or, shortened to: '''teatw<u>a</u>'''....''seen'') |- | '''-ya''' || INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM <br>--> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE || '''ip-'''....''go away'' <big><br>--></big> '''ip<u>ya</u>'''....''gone away'' |- | '''-yea''' || VERB STEM <br>--> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE) || '''zaypas-'''....''progress'' <big><br>--></big> '''zaypas<u>yea</u>'''....''progressive'' |- | '''-y''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ADVERB || '''iga'''....''quick'' <big><br>--></big> '''iga<u>y</u>'''....''quickly''<br>'''tea-'''....''knowing''<big><br>--></big>'''tea<u>y</u>'''....''knowingly'' |- | '''-ut''' || VERB STEM <br>--> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''one who Xes, -er'' || '''ak-'''....''win'' <big><br>--></big> '''ak<u>ut</u>''' ....''winner'' |- | '''-us''' || VERB STEM <br>--> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''thing that Xes, -er'' || '''gol-'''....''divide'' <big><br>--></big> '''gol<u>us</u>''' ....''divisor'' |- |- '''-t''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ANIMATE NOUN (human, one who is...) || '''yibtrawa'''....''well-known'' <big>-<br>--></big>'''yibtrawa<u>t</u>'''....''celebrity'' |- |- '''-s''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> INANIMATE NOUN (thing, something X) || '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big><br>--></big>'''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery'' |} ::: <small>*Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker '''-i''' fall under the latter category.</small> ==== Normal Semantic Suffixes==== :* Augmentative Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Augmentative Suffixes |- ! Augmentative Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-ag''' (augmentative) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamag'''....''mansion'' |- | '''-ayg''' (affectionate augmentative) || '''sem'''....''chair'' || '''semayg'''....''big old chair'' |- | '''-yag''' (pejorative augmentative) || '''apet'''....''horse'' || '''apetyag'''....''nag'' |} :* Diminutive Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Diminutive Suffixes |- ! Diminutive Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-og''' (diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamog'''....''hut'' |- | '''-oyg''' (affectionate diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamoyg'''....''cottage'' |- | '''-yog''' (pejorative diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamyog'''....''shack'' |- | '''-et''' (a smaller person) || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' |- | '''-es''' (thing of lesser importance) || '''nas'''....''money'' || '''nases'''....''change, coin'' |- | '''-ud''' (child of, offspring) || '''tob'''....''man'' || '''tobud'''....''infant'' |} :* Semantic Adjectival Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Adjectival Suffixes |- ! Adjectival Suffix !! Meaning !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-a''' || '''mor'''....''universe'' || ''related to, -al, -ic'' || '''mora'''....''universal'' |- | '''-aya''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekaya'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-oya''' || '''vyun'''....''spot'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''vyunoya'''....''spotless'' |- | '''-ika''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekika'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-uka''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''miekuka'''....''dust-free'' |- | '''-yea''' || '''vyod'''....''lie'' || ''given to doing X, -ive'' || '''vyodyea'''....''mendacious, given to lying'' |- | '''-yena''' || '''tat'''....''angel'' || ''like, -ly, -ic'' || '''tatyena'''....''angelic'' |} :* Other Semantic Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Other Semantic Suffixes |- ! Suffix !! Base Word || Derivation |- | '''-tun'''....''science, ...ology'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>tun</u>'''....''biology'' |- | '''-tut'''....''-ologist, expert, -ist'' || '''dar'''....''language'' || '''dar<u>tut</u>'''....''linquist'' |- | '''-tuin'''....''theory'' || '''tob'''....''mar'' || '''mar<u>tuin</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | '''-yan'''....''collection, aggregate'' || '''fab'''....''tree''|| '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest'' |- |'''-tyen'''....''trade, -ics'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''sir<u>tyen</u>'''....''mechanics'' |- | '''-if'''....''pet name'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''twed<u>if</u>'''....''papa'' |- | '''ifa'''....''-philic, -loving'' || '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''dyes<u>ifa</u>'''....''bibliophilic'' |- | '''ifwa'''....''liked by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ifwa</u>'''....''popular'' |- | '''ufa'''....''-phobic, -hating'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>ufa</u>'''....''misogynous'' |- | '''ufwa'''....''hated by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ufwa</u>'''....''unpopular'' |- | '''yafa'''....''able to'' || '''tyoyap-'''....''walk'' || '''tyoyap<u>yafa</u>'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''yafwa'''....''possible to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yafwa</u>'''....''visible'' |- | '''yofa'''....''unable to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yofa</u>'''....''blind'' |- | '''yofwa'''....''impossible to'' || '''dye-'''....''read'' || '''dye<u>yofwa</u>'''....''illegible'' |- | '''yika'''....''hard of...ing'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yika</u>'''....''hard of hearing'' |- | '''yikwa'''....''hard to'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yikwa</u>'''....''hard to hear'' |- | '''yuka'''....''easy at...ing'' || '''vatex-'''....''believe'' || '''vatex<u>yuka</u>'''....''gullible'' |- | '''yukwa'''....''easily...ed'' || '''test-'''....''understand'' || '''test<u>yukwa</u>'''....''easily understood'' |- | '''yufa'''....''fearful of, -phobic'' || '''tot'''....''god'' || '''tot<u>yufa</u>'''....''god-fearing'' |- | '''yufwa'''....''feared'' || '''hyat'''....''everybody'' || '''hyat<u>yufwa</u>'''....''feared by all'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''efa'''....''needful of'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''tel<u>efa</u>'''....''hungry'' |- | '''efwa'''....''necessary to'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>efa</u>'''....''vital'' |- | '''yefa'''....''duty-bound to, -worthy of'' || '''dud'''....''answer'' || '''dud<u>yefa</u>'''....''responsible'' |- | '''yefwa'''....''due, -worthy of'' || '''fid-'''....''laud'' || '''fid<u>yefwa</u>'''....''praiseworthy'' |- | '''afa'''....''authorized to'' || '''dokebi-'''....''vote'' || '''dokebi<u>afa</u>'''....''franchised'' |- | '''ofwa'''....''prohibited to'' || '''movi-'''....''smoke'' || '''movi<u>ofwa</u>gonem'''....''no-smoking zone'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''yivwa'''....''free to be ...ed'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yivwa</u>'''....''optional'' |- | '''yuva'''....''bound'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tam<u>yuva</u>'''....''house-bound'' |- | '''ova'''....''resistant, anti-'' || '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution'' || '''aagdovyab<u>ova</u>'''....''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''ava'''....''in favor of, pro-'' || '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' || '''tyodab<u>ava</u>'''....''pro-democracy'' |- | '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''toos'''....''gender'' || '''toos<u>eva</u>'''....''gender-neutral'' |} ==== Inflectional Suffixes ==== : Mirad has only one noun inflectional suffix, namely, '''-''', which makes a singular noun plural: ::* '''tam'''....''house'' --> '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' : The only other inflectional affixes are the following verb infixes and suffixes: ::* '''-er'''....infinitive ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' : Example: :* '''Wit tuj<u>eya</u> hoj van at pua.'''....''He <u>was sleeping</u> when I arrived.'' ::* '''-e-''' = progressive aspect infix ::* '''-y-''' = active voice infix ::* '''-a''' = past tense suffix === Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling === : Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called '''''first-level ordinal scaling'''''. ==== First-level Ordinal Scaling ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ First-level Ordinal Scaling |- valign=top ! ORDINAL VOWEL !! t...b !! m...r !! j...b !! m...s !! t...m !! d...b || f...b || s...m || d...t || t...d |- !row=1| '''o''' = 0 |'''tob'''<br>''man'' || '''mor'''<br>''universe'' || '''job'''<br>''time'' || '''mos'''<br>''floor''|| '''tom'''<br>''building'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' || '''fob'''<br>''plant'' || '''som'''<br>''furniture''||'''dot'''<br>''society''||'''tod'''<br>''family'' |- !row=1| '''a''' = 1 |'''tab'''<br>''body'' || '''mar'''<br>''sun'' || '''jab'''<br>''year'' || '''mas'''<br>''wall'' || '''tam'''<br>''house'' || '''dab'''<br>''government'' || '''fab'''<br>''tree'' || '''sam'''<br>''armoire''||'''dat'''<br>''friend'' || '''tad'''<br>''spouse'' |- !row=1| '''e''' = 2 |'''teb'''<br>''head'' || '''mer'''<br>''planet'' || '''jeb'''<br>''season''|| '''mes'''<br>''door'' || '''tem'''<br>''hall'' || '''deb'''<br>''leader'' || '''feb'''<br>''fruit'' || '''sem'''<br>''table''||'''det'''<br>''associate'' || '''ted'''<br>''parent'' |- !row=1| '''i''' = 3 |'''tib'''<br>''trunk'' || '''mir'''<br>''earth'' || '''jib'''<br>''month'' || '''mis'''<br>''window'' || '''tim'''<br>''room'' || '''dib'''<br>''office'' || '''fib'''<br>''tree trunk'' || '''sim'''<br>''chair''||'''dit'''<br>''citizen'' || '''tid'''<br>''sibling'' |- !row=1| '''u''' = 4 |'''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''mur'''<br>''moon'' || '''jub'''<br>''day'' || '''mus'''<br>''stairs'' || '''tum'''<br>''cell'' || '''dub'''<br>''minister'' || '''fub'''<br>''branch'' || '''sum'''<br>''bed''||'''dut'''<br>''gentleperson'' || '''tud'''<br>''child'' |- !row=1| '''yo''' = 5 |'''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || || '''jyob*'''<br>''hour'' || || || || '''fyob'''<br>''root'' || || || '''tyod'''<br>''people'' |} ::: <small>* The palatal glide '''y''' in these words, which follows a palatal '''j''' is hard to pronounce, so the '''y''' is replaced with a '''w''', giving '''jwob''', '''jwab''', and '''jweb'''.</small> ==== Second-level Ordinal Scaling ==== :: A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding an ordinal vowel immediately after a word's stem vowel. ::: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Second-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''mi...p''' !! '''me...p''' !! '''tu...b''' !! '''tyo...b'''!! '''ma...f''' !! '''me...g''' !! '''do...b''' |- | '''mip'''<br>''river'' || '''mep'''<br>''way'' || '''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' || '''meg'''<br>''stone'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' |- | '''mi<u>a</u>p'''<br>''stream'' || '''meap'''<br>''road'' || '''tuab'''<br>''shoulder'' || '''tyoab'''<br>''hip''|| '''maaf'''<br>''stratus'' || '''meag'''<br>''marble'' || '''doab'''...''fatherland'' |- | '''mi<u>e</u>p'''<br>''brook'' || '''meep'''<br>''path'' || '''tueb'''<br>''upper arm'' || '''tyoeb'''<br>''thigh''|| '''maef'''<br>''cumulus'' || '''meeg'''<br>''slate'' || '''doeb'''<br>''province, state'' |- | '''mi<u>i</u>p'''<br>''rivulet'' || '''meip'''<br>''trail'' || '''tuib'''<br>''elbow'' || '''tyoib'''<br>''knee''|| '''maif'''<br>''stratocumulus'' || '''meig'''<br>''granite'' || '''doib'''<br>''county, shire'' |- | '''mi<u>u</u>p'''<br>''torrent'' || '''meup'''<br>''track'' || '''tuub'''<br>''forearm'' || '''tyoub'''<br>''shin''|| '''mauf'''<br>''cumulonimbus'' || '''meug'''<br>''clay, dough'' || '''doub'''<br>''district'' |- | '''mi<u>yo</u>p'''<br>''trickle'' || || '''tuyob'''<br>''wrist'' || '''tyoyob'''<br>''ankle''||'''mayof'''<br>''nimbostatus'' || '''meyog'''<br>''china'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ya</u>b'''<br>''hand'' || '''tyoyab'''<br>''foot''||'''mayaf'''<br>''altostratus'' || '''meyag'''<br>''chalk'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ye</u>b'''<br>''fist'' || '''tyoyeb'''<br>''heel''|| '''mayef'''<br>''altocumulus'' || '''meyeg'''<br>''limestone'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yi</u>b'''<br>''palm'' || '''tyoyib'''<br>''sole''|| '''mayif'''<br>''cirrus'' || '''meyig'''<br>''alabaster'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yu</u>b'''<br>''finger'' || '''tyoyub'''<br>''toe''|| '''mayuf'''<br>''cirrostratus'' || '''meyug'''<br>''gypsum''|| |- | || || '''tu<u>lo</u>b'''<br>''fingernail'' || '''tyolob'''<br>''toenail''||'''malof'''<br>''cirrocumulus'' || |} ==== Third-level Ordinal Scaling ==== ::: A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing an ordinal number vowel to the word. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Third-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | '''<u>a</u>tuyub'''....''thumb'' |- | '''<u>e</u>tuyub'''....''index'' |- | '''<u>i</u>tuyub'''....''middle finger'' |- | '''<u>u</u>tuyub'''....''ring finger'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>tuyub'''....''pinky'' |} ::: So, to sum up, we have: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:6.4em; font-size:smaller" |+ Summary of Scaling |- ! '''t...b''' !! '''tob''' = ''human being'' |- | FIRST-LEVEL || '''tub'''....''arm'' |- | SECOND-LEVEL || '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | THIRD-LEVEL || '''atuyub'''....''thumb'' |} ==== Scaling with Prefixed Numbering ==== ::: We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words by prefixing an ordinal vowel even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first level usually begins with '''a'''. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefix Numbering |- ! align=left | NUMBER || '''dob'''....''state'' !! '''deb'''....''leader'' !! '''mez'''....''gem'' !! '''mer'''....''planet'' || '''maf'''....''cloud'' || '''sagtun'''....''mathematics'' |- ! 1 | '''<u>a</u>dob'''....''empire'' || '''adeb'''....''emperor'' || '''amez'''....''diamond'' || '''Amer'''....''Mercury'' || '''amaf'''....''nimbus'' || '''asagtun'''....''arithmetic'' |- ! 2 | '''<u>e</u>dob'''....''kingdom'' || '''edeb'''....''king'' || '''emez'''....''topaz'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' || '''emaf'''....''stratus'' || '''esagtun'''....''geometry'' |- ! 3 | '''<u>i</u>dob'''....''principality'' || '''ideb'''....''prince'' || '''imez'''....''ruby'' || '''Imer'''....''Earth'' || '''imaf'''....''nimbostatus'' || '''isagtun'''....''algebra'' |- ! 4 | '''<u>u</u>dob'''....''duchy'' || '''udeb'''....''duke'' || '''umez'''....''emerald'' ||'''Umer'''....''Mars'' || '''umaf'''....''cumulus'' || '''usagtun'''....''trigonometry'' |- ! 5 | '''<u>yo</u>dob'''....''marquisate'' || '''yodeb'''....''marquis'' || '''yomez'''....''saphire'' || '''Yomer'''....''Jupiter'' || '''yomaf'''....''cumulostatus'' || '''yosagtun'''....''calculus'' |- ! 6 | '''<u>ya</u>dob'''....''county'' || '''yadeb'''....''count'' || '''yamez'''....''lapis lazuli'' || '''Yamer'''....''Saturn'' || '''yamaf'''....''stratocumulus'' || |- ! 7 | '''<u>ye</u>dob'''....''dominion'' || '''yedeb'''....''lord'' || '''yemez'''....''amthyst'' || '''Yemer'''....''Uranus'' || '''yemaf'''....''altocumulus'' || |- ! 8 | '''<u>yi</u>dob'''....''viscounty'' || '''yideb'''....''viscount'' || '''yimez'''....''amber'' ||'''Yimer'''....''Pluto'' || '''yimaf'''....''altostratus'' || |- ! 9 | '''<u>yu</u>dob'''....''barony'' || '''yudeb'''....''baron'' || '''yumez'''....''topaz'' || || '''yumaf'''....''cirrocumulus'' || |- ! 10 | '''<u>alo</u>dob'''....''tribe'' || '''alodeb'''....''tribal chief'' || '''alomez'''....''opal'' || || '''alomaf'''....''cirrus'' || |} === Rule #4: Overlapping === : When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in '''''overlapping''''' or a '''''portmanteau'''''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Overlapping in Compounds |- ! First Word !! Second Word !! Portmanteau |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''mep'''....''road'' || '''domep'''....''boulevard'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''teub'''....''mouth'' || '''pateub'''....''beak'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''patub'''....''wing'' |- | '''teupib'''....''tooth'' || '''byok'''....''pain'' || '''teypibyok'''....''toothache'' |} : In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided. === Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels === : When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an '''o''', replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word. : Examples: ::* '''edob'''....''kingdom'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''edeb'''....''monarch'' ('''edweb'''....''king'', '''edeyb'''....''queen'') ::* '''udob'''....''principality'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''udeb'''....''prince'' ('''udweb'''....''prince'', '''udeyb'''....''princess'') : By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant: : Examples: : '''mil'''....''water'' + '''mal'''....''air'' -> '''mial'''....''vapor, steam'' === Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants === : When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant. : Example: <b>to<u>b</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D8;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-b</b> = <i>organism</i>) (<b>t-</b> = <i>human</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>tof</b>....<i>clothing, apparel</i> (<b>n-</b> = <i>commercial</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>nof</b>....<i>cloth, fabric</i> <b>no<u>f</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D7;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-f</b> = <i>cloth</i>) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Swapping Generic Consonants |- ! Base Word 1 !! Base Word 2 !! Derived Word |- | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tov'''....''lingerie'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''taf'''....''suit'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tef'''....''hat'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tif'''....''vest'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tyoyaf'''....''shoe'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tuyaf'''....''glove'' |- | '''doob'''^*....''nation'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''doof'''....''flag'' |- | '''taob'''^*....''flesh'' || '''tol'''....''food'' || '''taol'''....''meat'' |} :<small>* This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.</small> === Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender === : Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix '''w''' and the feminine infix '''y'''. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''w'''. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''y'''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Marking Animate Nouns for Gender |- ! Gender-Neutral !! Male !! Female |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''young person'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''it'''....''he/she/it'' || '''wit'''....''he'' || '''iyt'''....''she'' |- | '''apat'''....''cock'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''toob'''....''gender'' || '''twoob'''....''male'' || '''tooyb'''....''female'' |} ::* Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for women, rather than men, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Making Inanimate Objects Female-related |- ! Male-oriented or Neutral !! Female-oriented |- | '''taf'''....''suit'' || '''tayf'''....''dress'' |- | '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' || '''tyoyayv'''....''stockings'' |- | '''tiav'''....''shirt'' || '''tiayv'''....''blouse'' |} ::* Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Body Parts Genderized |- ! Neutral !! Male-oriented !! Female-oriented |- | '''tilab'''....''breast'' || '''twilab'''....''male breast'' || '''tilayb'''....''female breast'' |- | || '''twiyib'''....''testicals'' || '''tiyiyb'''....''ovary'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''sexual organ'' || '''twiyub'''....''penis'' || '''tiyuyb'''....''vagina'' |} ::* In nouns that end in '''-ut''', the agentive suffix meaning ''-er, one who...'', the nouns can be feminized by changing '''-ut''' to '''-uyt''', eg. '''dezut'''....''actor'' -> '''dezuyt'''....''actress''. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing '''-ut''' with '''w''' to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the '''w''' can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like '''dezut''' can mean ''actor'' of neutral or male gender. ::* Animate nouns having the ending '''-et''' (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding '''w''' or '''y''' to the semantic base of the word, eg. '''tobet'''....''child, youth'' -> '''toybet'''....''girl'' or '''twobet'''....''boy''. === Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels === : A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings. : Geo-specific Vowels: <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* '''o'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''outer space, abstract object, initial stuff''' ::* '''a'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sky, air, gas''' ::* '''e'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''land, soil, solid''' ::* '''i'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sea, water, liquid''' ::* '''u'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''underground, mineral, concrete object, other''' </div> :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels |- ! !!'''m...p''' !! '''m...m''' !! '''d...p''' !! '''p...t''' !! '''m...l''' |- ! Space | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''space'' || '''dop'''....''military'' || '''pot'''....||'''mol'''....''nature'' |- ! Sky | '''map'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''dap'''....''air force'' || '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''mal'''....''air'' |- ! Land | '''mep'''....''road''|| '''mem'''....''land''|| '''dep'''....''army'' || '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''mel'''....''soil'' |- ! Water | '''mip'''....''river''|| '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''dip'''....''marine force'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''mil'''....''water'' |- ! Underground (or other) | '''mup'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || || || '''mul'''....''stuff'' |} : This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Hybrids|Hybrids]] for more on this subject. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Hybrid nouns |- ! First-level Derivation !! + Geospecific Vowel !! Second-level Derivation |- | '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''i'''....''water, sea''|| '''pe<u>i</u>t'''....''aquatic mammal'' |- | '''pelt'''....''insect'' || '''a'''....''air, sky''|| '''pel<u>a</u>t'''....''flying insect'' |- | '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''i'''....''water, sea'' || '''me<u>i</u>l'''....''mud'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''a'''....''air, gas'' || '''mi<u>a</u>l'''....''vapor'' |} === Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels === : The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Vectorial Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact. :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" border="0" |+ Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''amer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''baer'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''aber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''byaer'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''yaber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''omer'''....''south'' |- | '''o''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''boer'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''oper'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''pyoser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''yoper'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''uber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''pyuer'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''yuber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''byuser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''pier'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''yiper'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''pyiser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''emer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''eb'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''bexer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''up against, strike''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike'' |} ==== Special value of certain vowels ==== : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular'': ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual'' ::* '''anota'''....''alone, solitary'' ::* '''anay'''....''only'' ::* '''aun'''....''unit'' : The prefixes '''ya-''' or '''yan-''' meaning ''collection, plural'': ::* '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''yanot'''....''constituent'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' ::* '''yanotyan'''....''community'' ::* '''yan'''....''together'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yon'''....''apart'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' vs. '''yonota'''....''private'' ::* '''yanxer'''....''to combine'' vs. '''yonxer'''....''to separate'' === Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns === : Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning. : For example, the mnemonic '''eu''' pattern from the word for mouth, '''teud''' can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Mnemonic Pattern Derivation |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teub'''....''mouth'' !! Classifier !! Generic |- | '''teud'''....''shout'' || '''t''' = human || '''d''' = communication |- | '''teuz'''....''voice'' || '''t''' = human || '''z''' = art |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''d''' = communication || '''z''' = art |- | '''seuz'''....''tone'' || '''s''' = thing || '''z''' = art |- | '''seux'''....''sound'' || '''s''' = thing || '''x''' = action |- | '''xeus'''....''noise'' || '''x''' = action || '''s''' = thing |- | '''teuf'''....''muzzle'' || '''t''' = human || '''f''' = apparel |- | '''teuv'''....''mask'' || '''t''' = human || '''v''' = linen |- | '''teus'''....''taste''|| '''t''' = human || '''s''' = thing |- | '''deup'''....''rhythm''|| '''d''' = communication || '''p''' = ''motion'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teab'''....''eye'' !! '''(t)ea-''' = ''see'' !! Generic |- | '''teaper'''....''visit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teader'''....''witness'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teaxer'''....''look'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teaser'''....''seem'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teater'''....''see'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keaxer'''....''scan'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleaxer'''....''check'' || '''vyal-''' = ''certain''|| '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''yoneater'''....''distinguish'' || '''yon-''' = ''apart''|| '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''beaxer'''....''guard'' || '''be-''' = ''hold'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teatier'''....''perceive'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teatuer'''....''show'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teeb'''....''ear'' !! '''(t)ee-''' = ''hear'' !! Generic |- | '''teeper'''....''attend'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teeder'''....''testify'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teexer'''....''listen'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teeser'''....''sound (like)'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teeter'''....''hear'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keexer'''....''scan (acoustically)'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''koteexer'''....''snoop on'' || '''ko-''' = ''hide'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleexer'''....''sound out'' || '''vyal-''' = certain || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teetier'''....''get wind of'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teetuer'''....''make heard'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- | '''zyateetuer'''....''rumor'' || '''zya-''' = ''all around'' || '''-u-''' = objected-directed |} : A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Shortening Long Compounds |- ! Word 1 !! Word 2 !! Long Compound !! Shortened Compound |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''ekpeteuder''' || '''ekpeder'''....''neigh'' |- | '''serpyet'''....''snake'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''serpyeteuder''' || '''sepyeder'''....''hiss'' |- | '''vifeb'''....''grape'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''vifebil'''....''grape juice'' || '''vifil'''....''wine'' |- | '''povob'''....''grain'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''povobil''' || '''povil'''....''beer'' |} : Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ From Full Words to Stubs |- ! Compound !! New Stub !! Derivation |- | '''tilabil'''....''breast milk'' || '''bil'''....''milk''|| '''bilyug'''....''butter'' |- | '''fauf'''....''log'' || '''-uf'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''cylinder''|| '''muf'''....''rod, stick'' |- | '''zyeg'''....''hole'' || '''-yeg'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''hole'', ''hollow thing''|| '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' |} : The clipped word '''bil''' now gives rise to other compounds: ::* '''bilyig'''....''cheese'' ::* '''bilyigem'''....''cheese factory'' ::* '''bilyug'''....''butter'' ::* '''bilyugyena'''....''butter-like'' : The word '''mufyeg''' (Lit: hollow stick) means '''pipe, reed, cylinder''' === Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === : Words which follow Rule #11 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation. : These nuances are obtained by: :* Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel. :: These vowels are: ::: '''a''' for '''a''' and '''ya''' ::: '''e''' for '''e''' and '''ye''' ::: '''i''' for '''i''' and '''yi''' ::: '''o''' for '''o''' and '''yo''' ::: '''u''' for '''u''' and '''yu''' :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nad'''....''line'' || '''naad'''....''rail'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''doob'''....''nation'' |- | '''vyab'''....''rule'' || '''vyayab'''....''system'' |- | '''boka'''....''sick'' || '''booka'''....''tired'' |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || '''noog'''....''phase'' |- | '''bil'''....''milk'' || '''biil'''....''juice'' |} :* Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''less''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deintensification with Post-y-gliding |- ! Word !! Mitigated Derivation |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''iyfer'''....''like'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''iyva'''....''glad'' |- | '''zyutom'''....''tower'' || '''zyutoym'''....''turret'' |- | '''ama'''....''hot'' || '''ayma'''....''warm'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''oyma'''....''cool'' |} :* Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''greater''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding |- ! Word !! Enhanced Derivation |- | '''pot'''....''wild animal'' || '''pyot'''....''predator animal'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pyat'''....''bird of prey'' |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''yoma'''....''frozen'' |- | '''nuxer'''....''pay'' || '''nyuxer'''....''deliver'' |- | '''nexer'''....''save'' || '''nyexer'''....''store'' |} :* Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid '''l''' or the further intensifying liquid '''r''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with L and R |- ! Word !! L-Intensitifed || R-Intensified |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''ifler'''....''be fond of'' || '''ifrer'''....''adore'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''ivla'''....''content'' || '''ivra'''....''delighted'' |- | '''vaa'''....''affirmative'' || '''vlaa'''....''sure'' || '''vraa'''....''indubitable'' |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agla'''....''huge'' || '''agra'''....''immense'' |- | '''ga'''....''more'' || '''gala'''....''multiple'' || '''gara'''....''exponential'' |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press'' || '''barer'''....''crush'' |- | '''yexer'''....''work'' || '''yexler'''....''labor'' || '''yexrer'''....''toil, slave'' |- | '''yixer'''....''use'' || '''yixler'''....''hire'' || '''yixrer'''....''exploit'' |} :* Adding consonants other than '''l''' or '''r''' as the generic consonant: : Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like '''t''', '''f''', '''s''', '''k''', and '''z''' are used, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with Other Consonants |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fika'''....''perfect''<br>'''fira'''....''excellent'' |- | '''fua'''....''bad'' || '''futa'''....''wicked''<br>'''fura'''....''rotten'' |- | '''gea'''....''equal'' || '''geta'''....''identical''<br>'''gela'''....''alike'' |- | '''vyaa'''....''true'' || '''vyaka'''....''correct''<br>'''vyama'''....''real'' |- | '''vyoa'''....''false'' || '''vyoka'''....''incorrect''<br>'''vyoma'''....''fake'' |- | '''yiga'''....''hard'' || '''yigza'''....''sour''<br>'''yigla'''....''brusk''<br>'''yigra'''....''brutal'' |- | '''yuga'''....''soft'' || '''yugfa'''....''smooth''<br>'''yugla'''....''tender''<br>'''yugra'''....''mild'' |} :* Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nab'''....''row'' || '''nap'''....''order'' |- | '''vyava'''....''just'' || '''vyafa'''....''precise'' |- | '''jwab'''....''minute'' || '''jwap'''....''moment'' |- | '''jweb'''....''second'' || '''jwep'''....''instant'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''tap'''....''physique'' |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''top'''....''soul, animus'' |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' |- | '''naz'''....''value'' || '''nas'''....''money'' |- | '''nag'''....''dimension'' || '''nak'''...''unit of measurement'' |} == Technical Nomenclature == : The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features. === Zoological Nomenclature === {{status|100%}} [[File:Animal diversity.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of animals are formed in a systematic way. ==== Base Names ==== : First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with '''p''' (mobile) and end with '''t''' (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures. : The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air ('''a'''), water ('''i'''), land ('''e'''), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild ('''o'''), tame, or predatory ('''y'''); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms |- ! Type !! Air = a !! Water = i !! Land = e !! Anywhere = o |- valign=top !row=1| Ordinary |'''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' || '''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Predatory |'''pyat'''....''raptor'' || '''pyit'''....''predatory fish'' || '''pyet'''....''reptile'' ||'''pyot'''....''predatory animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Hybrid |'''piat'''....''waterfowl''<br>'''pelat'''....''flying insect''<br>'''paet'''....''flightless bird'' ||'''piit'''....''crustacean''<br>'''pilt'''....''marine invertebrate''<br>'''peit'''....''mammalian fish''<br>'''pyeit'''....''mollusk''|| '''payet'''....''flying reptile''<br>'''piyet'''....''batracian''<br>'''peyet'''....''worm''<br>'''pelt'''....''insect'' ||'''piot'''....''aquatic mammal'' |} ==== Derived Names ==== : The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the [https://www.itis.gov/| Linnaean taxonomy]. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name '''Canidae''' (''canids''). The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin. ''Ca'' in Latin is pronounced '''ka'''. See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad. In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory. So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix '''ka''' to the base name for domestic land animal '''pet''', yielding '''kapet''' (''dog''). All other members of the dog family end in '''pot''' (feral animal) or '''pyot''' (predatory animal). The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel. If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, ''prairie dog'' (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by '''ci³xi²ro¹pot''' from '''<u>Ro</u>¹dentia <u>Sci</u>²uridae <u>Cy</u>³nomys''', where '''pot''' is the basic animal type ''wild animal''. All rodents have the taxonomic syllable '''ro''' from the Latin "order" taxon ''Rodentia'', while all squirrel names will have the syllable '''xi''' from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon ''<u>Sci</u>uridae'' ('''<u>xi</u>uriday'''). The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family: :: <u>Ca</u>nidae (''dog family'') > ::: '''<u>ka</u>pet'''...''the common domestic dog'' (only one species, ''Canis familiaris'') ::: '''<u>ka</u>pot'''...''wild dog'' ::: '''<u>ka</u>pyot'''...''predatory dog'' : Species under '''kapyot''' are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names: :: ''Canis <u>lu</u>pus'' > '''<u>lu</u>kapyot'''...''gray wolf (or just wolf)'' :: ''Canis <u>la</u>trans'' > '''<u>la</u>kapyot'''...''coyote, prairie wolf'' ::: ''Canis latrans <u>les</u>tes'' > '''<u>les</u>lakapyot'''...''mountain coyote'' :: ''Canis <u>au</u>rus'' > '''<u>aw</u>kapyot''' > ''jackal, golden jackal'' ::: ''Canis aurus <u>cur</u>ensis'' > '''<u>kur</u>awkapyot'''....''Indochinese jackal'' :: ''Canis <u>vul</u>pus'' > '''<u>vul</u>kapyot'''...''fox, red fox'' : If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is '''awkapyot''' and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from ''curensis'' would normally be '''ku''', but it has to be extended to '''kur''' because the base begins in a vowel. : The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Latin/Greek - Mirad correspondences |- ! Latin/Greek Spelling !! Latin Sound !! Mirad Spelling !! Example |- | ''au'' || ''aw'' || '''aw''' || ''<u>au</u>rus''....'''aw-''' |- | ''eu'' || ''ew'' || '''ew''' || ''<u>eu</u>ropa''....'''ew-''' |- | ''ai''<br>''ae'' || ''ay'' || '''ay''' || ''<u>ae</u>gyptus''....'''ay-''' |- | ''ei'' <br> ''ey'' || ''ey'' || '''ey''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''oe'' || ''oy'' || '''oy''' || ''F<u>oe</u>niculum''....'''oy''' |- | ''ua'' || ''wa'' || '''wa''' || ''s<u>ua</u>vis''....'''s<u>wa</u>''' |- | ''ca/co/cu'' || ''ka/ko/ku'' || '''ka/ko/ku''' || ''<u>ca</u>nis''....'''<u>ka</u>''' |- | ''ce/ci/cy''' || ''che/chi/chi'' || '''ce/ci/cy''' || ''<u>cy</u>pris''....'''<u>ci</u>''' |- | ''y'' || ''i'' || '''i''' || ''c<u>y</u>pris''....'''<u>i</u>''' |- | ''g''' || ''g'' || '''g''' || ''<u>Ge</u>ococcyx''/''<u>Ga</u>stropoda''....'''<u>g</u>''' |- | ''ch'' || ''k'' || '''k''' || ''<u>Chi</u>roptera''....'''<u>ki</u>''' |- | ''ph'' || ''f'' || '''f''' ||''S<u>ph</u>yrapicus''....'''<u>f</u>''' |- | ''rh'' || ''r'' || '''r''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''x'' || ''ks'' || '''ks''' || ''Lo<u>x</u>odonta''....'''<u>ks</u>''' |- | ''qu'' || ''kw'' || '''kw''' || ''<u>Qu</u>ercus''....'''<u>kw</u>''' |- | ''j'' || ''y'' || '''j''' || ''<u>ju</u>lianus''....'''<u>ju</u>''' |- | ''sci'' || ''shi'' || '''xi''' || ''<u>Sci</u>uridae''....'''<u>xi</u>''' |- | ''th'' || ''t'' || '''t''' || ''<u>Th</u>unnus''....'''<u>t</u>''' |- | ''cci'' || ''ksi'' || '''ksi''' || ''Va<u>cc</u>inus''....'''<u>ksi</u>''' |} : Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for ''Cinnamomum'' would be '''cin'''. : The Latin letter ''j'' is represented in Mirad with '''j''' even though it is pronounced like a ''y''. This is for better recognizability. ==== Genderized and Other Forms ==== : Form the female of an animal by inserting a '''y''' before the '''t''' of the base adult name: ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kape<u>y</u>t'''....''bitch'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkapyo<u>y</u>t'''....''vixen'' : Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a '''w''' right after the '''p''' of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with '''py''' in which case the '''w''' is inserted just before the '''t''' of the base name: ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekp<u>w</u>et'''....''stallion'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbop<u>w</u>et'''....''ram'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkpyo<u>w</u>t'''....''dog fox'' : Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an '''o''' after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name: ::* '''bopet'''....''bovine'' ====> '''bopwe<u>o</u>t'''....''ox'' ::* '''gafapat'''....''cock'' ====> '''gafapwe<u>o</u>t'''....''capon'' : The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-ud''', the stub for '''tud'''....''child'': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>ud</u>'''....''colt'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>ud</u>'''....''pup'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopet<u>ud</u>'''....''lamb'' : The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing '''-if''': ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>if</u>'''....''puppy'' ::* '''fepet'''....''cat'' ====> '''fepet<u>if</u>'''....''kitty'' : The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-og''': ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supet<u>og</u>'''....''piggy'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>og</u>'''....''pony'' : Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal '''ekpet'''....''horse'' can serve as an example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivations of Horse |- ! Variation !! Mirad Name !! English Name |- !row=1| Adult |'''ekpet'''||''horse'' |- !row=1| Male | '''ekpwet'''||''stallion'' |- !row=1| Female | '''ekpeyt'''||''mare'' |- !row=1| Offspring | '''ekpetud'''||''colt'' |- !row=1| Female Offspring | '''ekpetuyd'''||''filly'' |- !row=1| Small adult |'''ekpetog'''||''pony'' |- !row=1| Gelded | '''ekpweot'''||''gelding'' |} ==== Animal Sounds ==== : The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the '''t''' of the base name with '''d''', the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in '''-der''': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeder'''....''to neigh'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapeder'''....''to bark'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''pader'''....''to tweet, chirp'' ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpyeder'''....''to hiss'' : A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing '''-yan''' or '''-nyan''': ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotyan'''....''a pride of lions'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopetyan'''....''a herd of sheep'' ::* '''pit'''....''fish'' ====> '''pityan'''....''a school of fish'' : Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final '''t''' of the base name with '''-per'''....''to go'': ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpeper'''....''to slither'' ::* '''lapet'''....''rabbit'' ====> '''lapeper'''....''to hop'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeper'''....''to gallop'' : The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in '''l''' (a stub for '''tel''', meaning ''food''): ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supel'''....''pork'' ::* '''supetyob'''....''hog leg'' ====> '''supetyol'''....''ham'' ::* '''bopet'''....''steer'' ====> '''bopel'''....''beef'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopel'''....''mutton'' ::* '''bopetud'''....''calf'' ====> '''bopetul'''....''veal'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatel'''....''honey'' : The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing '''-am'''....''house'', '''-um'''....''cage'', etc. to the base name: ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supetam'''....''pigsty'' ::* '''gafapayt'''....''chicken'' ====> '''gafapaytam'''....''chicken coop'' ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotam'''....''lion's den'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapetam'''....''doghouse'' ::* '''forpelt'''....''ant'' ====> '''forpeltam'''....''anthill'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatam'''....''bee hive'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''patum'''....''birdcage'', '''patsum'''....''nest'', '''patyanam'''...''aviary'' ::* '''pot'''....''wild animal'' ====> '''potam'''....''lair'' ==== Dog Breeds ==== [[File:The dog book - a popular history of the dog, with practical information as to care and management of house, kennel, and exhibition dogs, and descriptions of all the important breeds (1909) (20785715825).jpg|thumb|]] : Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to '''kapet'''....''dog'' that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site [[https://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/]]. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership. : The base of the dog breed name is '''kapet'''....''dog''. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants ('''b''', '''c''', '''d''', etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned to the ordinal vowel '''o''', so '''bokepet''' is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the '''o'''....''zero'' to '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed. : As an example: : To get the name for ''basset hound'': ::* Start with the word for dog: '''kapet'''. : This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is '''h'''. This is prefixed to '''kapet''', with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with '''a''' for ''one''. The ''basset hound'' is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes '''ha-'''. ::* '''hakapet''' is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with '''ha kapet'''....''the dog''.). A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel '''i'''.... ''three'' is prefixed: ::* '''ihakapet''' is a "small-sized scent hound" : A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word '''a'''.... ''one'' is prefixed (with a '''w''' buffer glide when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, '''Gebaroma''' is placed in front, separated by a space: ::* '''Gebaroma awahikapet''' is a ''basset hound'', a dog breed name owned by Great Britain. The name can usually be abbreviated by dropping the country owner name, thus: '''awahikapet''' <gallery> </gallery> : Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site. Group 1 = '''<u>b</u>okapet'''....sheepdogs/cattledogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''b<u>a</u>kapet'''....sheepdogs ::::* Belgian only entry = '''Belima bakapet'''....''Belgian shepherd dog'' ::::* German only entry = '''Deuma bakapet'''....''German shepherd'' ::* Section 2 = '''bekapet'''....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>bekapet'''....''Welsh corgi (Cardigan)'' Group 2 = '''<u>c</u>okapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''c<u>a</u>kapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer type ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''c<u>e</u>kapet'''....Molossian type ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''c<u>i</u>kapet'''....''Swiss mountain/cattledogs'' Group 3 = '''<u>d</u>okapet'''....''terriers'' ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....large and medium-sized terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>9</u>th entry = '''Gebaroma <u>yu</u>dakapet'''....''Welsh terrier'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....small-sized terriers ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''d<u>e</u>kapet'''....bull type terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>3</u>rd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>i</u>dekapet'''....''Staffordshire bull terrier'' ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....toy terriers Group 4 = '''<u>f</u>okapet'''....<u>dachshunds</u> ::::* Germany only entry = '''fakapet'''....''dachshund'' Group 5 = '''<u>g</u>okapet'''....spitz and primitive types ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''g<u>a</u>kapet'''....nordic sledge dogs :::: USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''<u>a</u>gakapet'''....''Siberian husky'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''g<u>e</u>kapet'''....nordic hunting dogs ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''g<u>i</u>kapet'''....nordic watchdogs/herders ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''g<u>u</u>kapet'''....European spits ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''g<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Asian spitz and related breeds ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''g<u>ya</u>kapet'''....primitive types ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''g<u>ye</u>kapet'''....hunting dogs Group 6 = '''<u>h</u>okapet'''....scent hounds and related breeds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''h<u>a</u>kapet'''....''scent hounds'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>1</u> = '''<u>a</u>hakapet'''....large-sized hounds ::::* USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''Usoma <u>aw</u>ahakapet'''....''American foxhound'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>2</u> = '''<u>e</u>hakapet'''....medium-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain only entry = '''Gebaroma ehakapet'''....''harrier'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>3</u> = '''<u>i</u>hakapet'''....small-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>aw</u>ihakapet'''....''basset hound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>ew</u>ihakapet'''....''beagle'' Group 7 = '''<u>j</u>okapet'''....pointing dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''j<u>a</u>kapet'''....''continental pointing dogs'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''j<u>e</u>kapet'''....''British and Irish pointers and setters'' Group 8 = '''<u>k</u>akapet'''....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''k<u>a</u>kapet'''....''retrievers'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''k<u>e</u>kapet'''....''flushing dogs'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''k<u>i</u>kapet'''....''water dogs'' Group 9 = '''<u>l</u>okapet'''....companion and toy dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''l<u>a</u>kapet'''....bichons ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''l<u>e</u>kapet'''....poodles ::::* France only entry = '''Ferama lekapet'''....''poodle'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''l<u>i</u>kapet'''....small Belgian dogs ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''l<u>u</u>kapet'''....hairless dogs ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''l<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Tibetan breeds ::::* Tibet <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Tibama <u>e</u>lekapet'''....''shih tzu'' ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''l<u>ya</u>kapet'''....Chihuahueno ::::* Mexico only entry = '''Mexuma lyakapet'''....''chihuahua'' ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''l<u>ye</u>kapet'''....English toy spaniels ::* Section <u>8</u> = '''l<u>yi</u>kapet'''....Japan Chin and Pekingese ::* Section <u>9</u> = '''l<u>yu</u>kapet'''....continental toy spaniel and others ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>alo</u>kapet'''....Kromforhl&auml;nder ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>ale</u>kapet'''....small Molossian type dogs Group 10 = '''<u>m</u>okapet'''....sight hounds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''m<u>a</u>kapet'''....long-haired sighthounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>a</u>makapet'''....''greyhound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>makapet'''....''whippet'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''m<u>e</u>kapet'''....rough-haired sighthounds ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''m<u>i</u>kapet'''....short-haired sighthounds ==== Cat Breeds ==== : The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See [https://cfa.org/breeds/]. You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat '''fepet'''. : This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Cat Breed Names |- ! CFA Name !! First Letters<br>Lowercase !! Number<br>If Any + fepet!! Mirad Name |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Shorthair'' || '''am''' || '''a + fepet'''|| '''amafepet''' |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Wirehair'' || '''am''' || '''e + fepet'''|| '''amefepet''' |- | ''<u>Bal</u>inese'' || '''bal''' || '''bal + fepet''' || '''balfepet''' |- | ''<u>Ben</u>gal'' || '''ben''' || '''ben + fepet''' || '''benfepet''' |} === Color Nomenclature === : The word for ''color'' in Mirad is '''volz''', which is mnemonically related to the word for ''flower'' ('''vos'''). The diminutive of ''color'' is '''voylz''', meaning ''tint, shade, hue''. : The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub '''-lza'''. The zeroth-color is no color, simple ''blank'', ''clear'', or ''transparent''. :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Basic Color Words |- ! 0 - clear !! 1 - red !!2 - orange !!3 - yellow !!4 - green !! 5 - blue !! 6 - purple !! 7 - indigo |- |<br><br><br> ||bgcolor="#d30000"| ||bgcolor="#fc6600"| ||bgcolor="#fff200"| ||bgcolor="#3bb143"| ||bgcolor="#0018f9"| || bgcolor="#b200ed"| || bgcolor="#4b0082"| |- | '''olza''' || '''alza''' || '''elza''' || '''ilza''' || '''ulza''' || '''yolza''' || '''yalza''' || '''yelza''' |} : There are some other common colors: :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Basic Color Words |- |bgcolor="white"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || '''malza'''....''white'' ||(Associated with '''man''' (''light'') |- |bgcolor="#7c4700"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|| '''melza'''....''brown'' ||(Associated with '''mel''' (''soil'') |- |bgcolor="#222021"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''molza'''....''black'' ||(Associated with '''mon''' (''dark'') |- |bgcolor="#828282"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''maolza'''....''gray'' ||(A blend of '''malza''' and '''molza''') |- |bgcolor="#fc0fc0"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''aolza'''....''pink'' ||(A blend of '''olza'''....''clear'' and '''malza'''....''red'') |} : All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example: ::* '''mecirufeb-ulza'''....''lime green'' from '''mecirufeb'''....''lime fruit'' + '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''aquamarine'' from '''mim'''....''sea'' + '''yalza'''....''blue'' ::* '''licirufeb-ilza'''....''lemon yellow'' from '''licirufeb'''....''lemon'' + '''ilza'''....''yellow'' ::* '''salpyit-alza'''....''salmon red'' ::* '''magmef-alza'''....''firebrick red'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''sea blue, aquamarine'' : Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner: ::# A "light" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''ylza''': '''uylza'''....''light green'' ::# A "-ish" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzyena''': '''ulzyena'''....''greenish'' ::# A "bright" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzayna''': '''ulzayna'''....''bright green'' ::# A "dark" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzoyna''': '''ulzoyna'''....''dark green'' : Shaded variants can also be created by prefixing adjectival components such as these: :* '''oz-'''....''-ish, light-'' :* '''az-'''....''bright-, dark-'' :* '''kyu-'''....''light-'' :* '''maz-'''....''bright-'' :* '''eyn-'''....''semi-'' etc. : Some hybrid colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel: ::* '''maolza'''....''gray'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''molza'''....''black'' ::* '''yaulza'''....''blue-green, cyan'' from '''yalza'''....''blue'' and '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''maelza'''....''beige'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''melza'''....''brown'' : Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix '''-a''': ::* '''<u>Ulz</u> se via volz.'''....''<u>Green</u> is a beautiful color.'' ::* '''At gafe <u>yalzayn</u>.'''....''I prefer <u>dark blue</u>.'' : Colors can also be used to form verbs: ::* '''Iyta teobi <u>alzasa</u>.'''....''Her cheeks <u>turned red (= blushed)</u>.'' ::* '''His se fia <u>teubip malzaxus</u>.'''....''This is a good <u>teeth whitener</u>.'' ::* '''Eta teupibi <u>ilzaseye</u>.'''....''Your teeth are <u>yellowing</u>.'' ==== Rarely Used Colors ==== : The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the [[w:List_of_RAL_colors|Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors]] expressed in Mirad + '''-lz'''. For example, the color ''golden yellow'' has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 ('''ase''', in Mirad), thus, the color is named '''aselz'''. The adjectival form of this color is '''aselza'''. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names. ===== Skin colors ===== [[File:Coloured-family.jpg|thumb|]] : When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix '''tayo(b)-''' is used. The final '''-b''' of '''tayob''' is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for ''skin-color'' itself is '''tayovolz'''. Thus: ::* '''(tayo-)molzat'''....''black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)malzat'''....''white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)melzat'''....''brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omalzat'''....''non-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omolzat'''....''non-black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omelzat'''....''non-brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymolzat'''....''half-black(skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymalzat'''....''half-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)maolzat'''....''mulatto, mixed-skinned person'' ::* '''(tayob)olzat'''....''albino'' ::* '''hyetayovolza'''....''of any skin-tone'' ::* '''hyatayovolzati'''....''people of all colors'' ::* '''Iyt se duhotayovolza?'''....''What skin color is she?'' ==== Hair Colors ==== : Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, '''tayeb'''. The final '''-b''' of '''tayeb''' is dropped before a consonant or '''y'''. The word for ''hair color'' is '''tayevolz'''. ::* '''tayebalza'''....''red-headed, auburn'' ::** '''tayebalzayt'''....''an auburn female'' ::* '''tayemolza'''....''brunette'' ::* '''tayemelza'''....''brown-haired'' ::* '''tayebiylza'''....''blond'' ::* '''tayemaolza'''....''gray, gray-haired'' :::* '''It gwa tayemaolzaso.'''....''He will go gray early.'' ::* '''Duhotayevolza iyt se?'''....''What color hair is she?'' ==== Eye Colors ==== : Eye colors are expressed by the prefix '''tea(b)''' followed by the color. The word for ''eye color'' is '''teavolz'''. In the following examples, '''teab''' (''eye'') becomes '''tea''' before any consonants or glides: ::* '''teayolza'''....''blue-eyed'' ::* '''teabulza'''....''green-eyed'' ::* '''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' :::* '''teamelzat'''....''brown-eyed person'' ::* '''teamolz'''....''a black eye'' ::* '''teamalz'''....''the white of the eye'' ::* '''Duhoteavolza et se?'''....''What color eyes do you have?'' === Chemical Nomenclature === [[File:14LaAc periodic table IIb.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding '''lk''', a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for ''hydrogen'' is ''H''. So we replace that with the word for lowercase '''h''' in Mirad: '''he'''. By adding the stub suffix '''lk''', we get '''helk'''. : Use the names of the '''''small''''' letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name '''ca''' is pronounced '''cha''' as in English ''cha-cha''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" valign=top; align=center |+ Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names |- ! Lowercase !! a !! b !! c !! d !! !! e !! f !! g !! h !! !! i !! j !! k !! l !! m !! n !! !! o !! p !! q !! r !! s !! t !! !! u !! v !! w !! x !! y !! z |- align=center | !row=1| Mirad Name | '''a''' || '''ba''' || '''ca''' || '''da''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''e''' || '''fe''' || '''ge''' || '''he''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''i''' || '''ji''' || '''ki''' || '''li''' || '''mi''' || '''ni''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''o''' || '''po''' || '''ko''' || '''ro''' || '''so''' || '''to''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''u''' || '''vu''' || '''wu''' || '''xu''' || '''yu''' || '''zu''' |} ==== Coding Chemical Elements ==== : The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Coding Chemical Elements |- ! English Element Name !! Abbreviation !! Mirad Name |- | ''silver'' || ''Ar'' || '''arolk''' |- | ''iron'' || ''Fe'' || '''feelk''' |- | ''hydrogen'' || ''H'' || '''helk''' |- | ''nitrogen'' || ''N'' || '''nilk''' |- | ''mercury'' || ''Hg'' || '''hegelk''' |- | ''darmstadtium'' || ''Ds'' || '''dasolk''' |} : In chemical compounds, the '''lk''' is used only on the last element of the compound. : Chemical compounds such as ''H₂O (hydrogen dioxide)'' are coded in the following manner. ::# The ''H'' for ''hydrogen'' is rendered as '''he''' (without the '''-lk'''). ::# The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for ''two, bi-'', '''en-''' is prefixed to the '''h''', giving '''enhe'''. ::# The word for ''oxygen'', '''ol''' is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the '''lk''' is suffixed. ::# The English word ends in ''-ide'', which is rendered in Mirad as '''-iyd''', giving '''enheolkiyd''' : Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below: : Given the chemical element ''sulfur'', which has the abbreviation ''S'', the Mirad equivalent for this solid is '''solk'''. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are: ==== Chemical Compound Suffixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Chemical Suffix Equivalents |- ! English Suffix !! Mirad Equivalent !! English Example !! Mirad Equivalent |- | ''-ide'' || '''-iyd''' || ''sulfide'' || '''solkiyd''' |- | ''-ite'' || '''-iyt''' || ''sulfite'' || '''solkiyt''' |- | ''-ate'' || '''-ayt''' || ''sulfate'' || '''solkayt''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''-iyn''' || ''iodine'' || '''ilkiyn''' |- | ''-ane'' || '''-ayn''' || ''methane'' || '''ahelkayn''' |- | ''-ene'' || '''-eyn''' || ''benzene'' || '''ehelkeyn''' |- | ''-one'' || '''-oyn''' || ''ketone'' || '''ketoyn''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''--iyn''' || ''alanine'' || '''alaniyn''' |- | ''-ic'' || '''-a''' || ''ferric'' || '''feelka''' |- | ''-ous'' || '''aya''' || ''ferrous'' || '''feelkaya''' |} : Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in '''-n'''. : The numeral prefixes ''5'' and ''6'' end in '''-on''' instead of '''-n''' so as to distinguish them from the words '''yan'''....''together'' and '''yon'''....''apart''. : The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Numeric Prefixes |- ! Number !! Prefix !! Example |- | '''a'''....''mono-'' || '''an''' || '''anolkiyd'''....''<u>mono</u>xide (O)'' |- | '''e'''....''bi-/di-'' || '''en''' || '''encalkayt'''....''<u>bi</u>carbonate (C₂)'' |- | '''i'''....''tri-'' || '''in''' || '''inolkiyd-'''....''trioxide (O₃)'' |- | '''u'''....''tetr(a)-'' || '''un''' || '''unolkiyd-'''....''tetroxide (O₄)'' |- | '''yo'''....''pent(a)-'' || '''yoon''' || '''yoonolkiyd-'''....''pentoxide (O₅)'' |- | '''ya'''....''hex(a)-'' || '''yaon''' || '''yaonolkiyd'''....''hexoxide (O₆)'' |- | '''ye'''....''hept(a)-'' || '''yen''' || '''yenolkiyd'''....''heptoxide (O₇)'' |- | '''yi'''....''oct(o)-'' || '''yin''' || '''yinolkiyd-'''....''octoxide (O₈)'' |- | '''yu'''....''non(a)-'' || '''yun''' || '''yunolkiyd-'''....''nonoxide (O₉)'' |- | '''alo'''....''dec(a)-'' || '''alon''' || '''alonolkayt-'''....''decoxidate (O₁₀)'' |} : Examples: ::* ''carbon <u>di</u>oxide (C₂O)''....'''calk <u>en</u>olkiyd''' ::* ''sodium <u>bi</u>carbonate (Na2C)''....'''nialk <u>en</u>calkayt''' ::* ''calcium <u>di</u>hydrogen phosphate''....'''caalk <u>en</u>helk polkayt''' ::* ''glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)''....'''<u>yaon</u>ca<u>alan</u>he<u>yaon</u>olk''' (or: '''sakolos''') ::* ''methanol (C₃HOH)''....'''ca<u>in</u>heohelk''' : Note: the '''-lk''' is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings '''-iyd''', '''-iyt''', and '''-ayt''', etc. ==== Names of Atomic Parts ==== : The word for ''atom'' in Mirad is '''gwomulk''', which literally is ''least particle''. : The main particles in an atom are: ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' (positive) ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' (neutral) ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' (negative) : Every atom contains '''mulki''' (''subatomic particles''). [[File:Standard Model of Elementary Particles.svg|thumb|392x392px|The [[Standard Model]] classification of particles]] : The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart to the right, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See [[wikipedia:Subatomic_particle]] ). ::* '''hamulk'''....''hadron'' :::* '''mi-hamulk'''....''meson'' ::::* '''pimi-hamulk'''....''pion'' ::::* '''kami-hamulk'''....''kaon'' :::* '''ba-hamulk'''....''baryon'' ::::* '''lambda-ba-hamulk'''....''lambda baryon'' ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' ::* '''zemulk'''....''nucleon'' ::* '''alfamulk'''....''alpha particle'' ::* '''fermimulk'''....''fermion'' ::* '''goryumulk'''....''nanoparticle'' ::* '''kyiazon mulk'''....''graviton'' ::* '''bamulk'''....''boson particle'' :::* '''agha-bamulk'''....''higgs particle'' :::* '''agwu-bamulk'''....''W boson'' :::* '''agzu-bamulk'''....''Z boson'' :::* '''gamma-bamulk'''....''photon'' :::* '''ge-bamulk'''....''gluon'' ::* '''qomulk'''....''quark'' :::* '''ba-qomulk'''....''bottom quark'' :::* '''ca-qomulk'''....''charm quark'' :::* '''da-qomulk'''....''down quark'' :::* '''ov-qomulk'''....''antiparticle, antiquark'' :::* '''penta-qomulk'''....''penta quark'' :::* '''tetra-qomulk'''....''tetra quark'' :::* '''to-qomulk'''....''top quark'' :::* '''u-qomulk'''....''up quark'' :::* '''so-qomulk'''....''strange quark'' ::* '''limulk'''....''lepton'' :::* '''gamma-limulk'''....''photon'' (also: '''manmulk''') :::* '''mu-limulk'''....''muon'' :::* '''pi-limulk'''....''pion'' :::* '''tau-limulk'''....''tau'' :::* '''vu-e-limulk'''....''electron neutrino'' :::* '''vu-mu-limulk'''....''muon neutrino'' :::* '''vu-tau-limulk'''....''tau neutrino'' :::* '''e-limulk'''....''electron'' (also: '''vomulk''') : The nucleus of an atom is called '''zemulk'''. Therefore, '''zemulka''' means ''nuclear''. === Musical Nomenclature === ==== Musical Instruments ==== : The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument ('''duzar''' < '''duz''' (''music'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument''). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played. [[File:Madras musical instruments and snake charmer's music.jpg|thumb|<small>Madras_musical_instruments_and_snake_charmer's_music</small>]] {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Instruments |- ! Mirad !! English |- ! colspan=2 | Bowed-String |- | '''aduzar''' || ''violin'' |- | '''eduzar''' || ''violin alto'' |- | '''iduzar''' || ''cello'', ''violoncello'' |- | '''uduzar'''<br>'''eona uduzar''' || ''bass''<br>''double bass'' |- | '''yoduzar''' || ''viola'' |- | '''yaduzar''' || ''fiddle'' |- | '''yeduzar''' || ''viol'' |- |- '''yiduzar''' || ''erhu'' |- | '''yuduzar''' || ''hardanger fiddle'' |- | '''aloduzar''' || ''kemenche'' |- | '''aladuzar''' || ''nyckelharpa'' |- | '''aleduzar''' || ''rebab'' |- ! colspan=2 | Woodwind |- | '''faduzar''' || ''flute'' |- | '''feduzar''' || ''oboe'' |- | '''fiduzar''' || ''clarinet'' |- | '''fuduzar''' || ''bassoon'' |- | '''fyoduzar''' || ''French harp, harmonica'' |- | '''fyaduzar''' || ''recorder'' |- | '''fyeduzar''' || ''bagpipe'' |- | '''fyiduzar''' || ''didgeridoo'' |- | '''fyuduzar''' || ''piccolo'' |- | '''faloduzar''' || ''fife, hornpipe'' |- | '''faladuzar''' || ''ocarina, ocarine'' |- | '''faleduzar''' || ''sheng'' |- | '''faliduzar''' || ''duduk'' |- | '''faluduzar''' || ''bansuri'' |- | '''falyoduzar''' || ''suling'' |- ! colspan=2 | Brass &#x1f3b7; |- | '''voduzar''' || ''horn'' |- | '''vaduzar''' || ''trumpet'' |- | '''veduzar''' || ''trombone'' |- | '''vuduzar'''<br>-- '''avuduzar'''<br>-- '''evuduzar'''<br>--'''ivuduzar'''|| ''saxophone''<br>-- ''tenor saxophone''<br>-- ''alto saxophone''<br>-- ''bass saxophone'' |- | '''vyoduzar''' || ''tuba'' |- | '''vyaduzar''' || ''bugle'' |- | '''vyeduzar''' || ''French horn'' |- | '''vyiduzar''' || ''cornet'' |- | '''vyuduzar''' || ''baritone horn'' |- | '''valoduzar''' || ''alto horn'' |- | '''valaduzar''' || ''euphonium'' |- | '''valeduzar''' || ''flugelhorn'' |- | '''validuzar''' || ''sousaphone'' |- | '''valuduzar''' || ''clarion'' |- | '''valyoduzar''' || ''mellophone'' |- | '''valyaduzar''' || ''climbasso'' |- | '''valyeduzar''' || ''ophicleide'' |- ! colspan=2 | Percussion |- | '''kaduzar'''<br>-- '''akaduzar'''<br>-- '''ekaduzar'''<br>-- '''ikaduzar'''<br>-- '''ukaduzar'''<br>-- '''yokaduzar'''<br>-- '''yakaduzar'''<br>-- '''yekaduzar'''<br>-- '''yikaduzar'''<br>-- '''yukaduzar'''<br>-- '''alokaduzar'''<br>-- '''alakaduzar'''<br>-- '''alekaduzar'''<br>-- '''alikaduzar'''<br>-- '''alukaduzar''' || ''drum''<br>-- ''snare drum''<br>-- ''bass drum''<br>-- ''tenor drum''<br>-- ''steel drum''<br>-- ''bongo drum''<br>-- ''timbrel''<br>-- ''kettledrum''<br>-- ''hang drum''<br>-- ''tupan''<br>-- ''taiko''<br>-- ''spring drum''<br>-- ''octoban''<br>-- ''candombe drum''<br>-- ''steel tongue drum'' |- | '''keduzar''' || ''glockenspiel'' |- | '''kiduzar''' || ''vibraphone'' |- | '''kuduzar''' || ''marimba'' |- | '''kyoduzar''' || ''tubular bell'' |- | '''gaduzar''' || ''triangle'' |- | '''geduzar''' || ''gong'' |- | '''giduzar''' || ''castanet'' |- | '''guduzar''' || ''rattle'' |- | '''gyoduzar''' || ''xylophone'' |- | '''gyaduzar''' || ''maraca'' |- | '''gyeduzar''' || ''caj&oacute;n'' |- | '''gyiduzar''' || ''cymbal'' |- | '''gyuduzar''' || ''tambourine'' |- | '''galoduzar''' || ''steelpan'' |- | '''galaduzar''' || ''wind chime'' |- | '''galeduzar''' || ''chime bar'' |- | '''galiduzar''' || ''celeste'' |- | '''galuduzar''' || ''clapper'' |- | '''galyoduzar''' || ''Jew's harp'' |- | '''galyaduzar''' || ''bazooka'' |- | '''galyeduzar''' || ''waterphone'' |- | '''galyiduzar''' || ''balafon'' |- | '''galyuduzar''' || ''boomwhackers'' |- | '''geloduzar''' || ''udu'' |- | '''geladuzar''' || ''thunder sheet'' |- ! colspan=2 | Keyboard &#x1f3b9; |- | '''raduzar'''<br>-- '''utekea raduzar'''<br>-- '''agala raduzar'''<br>-- '''sem raduzar''' || ''piano''<br>-- ''player piano''<br>-- ''grand piano''<br>-- ''keyboard'' |- | '''reduzar''' || ''clavichord'' |- | '''riduzar''' || ''harpsichord'' |- | '''ruduzar'''<br>-- '''mufyeg ruduzar'''<br>-- '''maka ruduzar''' || ''organ''<br>-- ''pipe organ''<br>-- ''electric organ'' |- | '''ryoduzar''' || ''accordion'' |- | '''ryaduzar''' || ''dulcimer'' |- | '''ryeduzar''' || ''calliope'' |- | '''ryiduzar''' || ''melodica'' |- | '''ryuduzar''' || ''concertina'' |- ! colspan=2 | Guitar &#x1f3b8; |- | '''baduzar'''<br>-- '''seuxa baduzar'''<br>-- '''maka baduzar'''<br>-- '''yoba baduzar''' || ''guitar''<br>-- ''accoustic guitar''<br>-- ''electric guitar''<br>-- ''bass guitar'' |- | '''beduzar''' || ''banjo'' |- | '''biduzar''' || ''lute'' |- | '''buduzar''' || ''harp'' |- | '''byoduzar''' || ''mandolin'' |- | '''byaduzar''' || ''ukelele'' |- | '''byeduzar''' || ''zither'' |- | '''byiduzar''' || ''lyre'' |- | '''byuduzar''' || ''cithara, kithara'' |- | '''baloduzar''' || ''sitar'' |- | '''baladuzar''' || ''veena'' |- | '''baleduzar''' || ''koto'' |- | '''baliduzar''' || ''balalaika'' |- | '''baluduzar''' || ''charango'' |- | '''balyoduzar''' || ''hurdy-gurdy'' |} ==== Voice Ranges ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Voice Ranges (Deuz nabyani) |- ! Mirad !! English !! Meaning |- ! colspan=3 | Women |- | '''yabdeuztoyb''' || ''soprano'' || "high-voice-female" |- | '''zeyabdeuztoyb''' || ''mezzo-soprano'' || "high-ish-voice-female" |- | '''yobdeuztoyb''' || ''alto, contralto'' || "low-voice-female" |- ! colspan=3 | Men |- | '''yabdeuztwob''' || ''tenor'' || "high-voice-male" |- | '''ze-yabdeuztwob''' || ''baritone'' || "middle-high-voice-male" |- | '''yobdeuztwob''' || ''bass''||"low-voice-male" |- | '''vyo-yabdeuztwob''' || ''falsetto'' || "false-high-voice-male" |- ! colspan=3 | Boys |- | '''yabdeuztwobet''' || ''treble'' || "high-voice-boy" |} : Suffix these nouns with '''-a''' to make them adjectives, eg.: ::* '''His se <u>yabdeuztwoba</u> duznod.'''....''This is a <u>tenor</u> note.'' ==== Solmization Syllables ==== : The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Solmization Syllables |- | '''do''' || '''re''' || '''mi''' || '''fa''' || '''sol''' || '''la''' || '''ti''' || '''do''' |} ==== Musical Score Elements ==== [[File:Gigault-dernier-kyrie-mm9-12.png|thumb]] : The semitone or accidental symbols are: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Accidentals |- ! ENGLISH NAME !! SYMBOL !! MIRAD NAME !! ENGLISH EXAMPLE !! MIRAD EXAMPLE || MIRAD PRONUNCIATION |- | ''flat'' || <big>&#x1D12C;</big>|| '''yobwa''' (=''lowered'')|| ''B flat'' || '''B yobwa''' || '''ba YOBwa''' |- | ''sharp'' || <big>&#x1D130;</big> || '''yabwa''' (=''raised'')|| ''C sharp'' || '''C yabwa''' || '''ca YABwa''' |- | ''natural'' || <big>&#x1D12E;</big> || '''egxwa''' (=''normalized'')|| ''F natural'' || '''F egxwa''' || '''fe EGxwa''' |} : Some staff notation: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Staff Notation |- ! English Name !! Symbol !! Mirad Name |- | ''staff'' || <big>&#x1D119;</big> || '''nuidyan''' |- | ''treble clef, G clef'' || <big>&#x1D11E;</big> || '''G yijar''' |- | ''C clef'' || <big>&#x1D121;</big> || '''C yijar''' |- | ''base clef, F clef'' || <big>&#x1D122;</big> || '''F yijar''' |- | ''note'' || || '''nod''' |- | ''half note'' || <big>&#x1D15E;</big> || '''eyna nod''' |- | ''quarter note'' || <big>&#x1D15F;</big> || '''uyna nod''' |- | ''whole note'' || <big>&#x1D15D;</big> || '''ayna nod''' |- | ''quarter rest'' || <big>&#x1D13D; </big> || '''uyna poys''' |- | ''eighth note'' || <big>&#x1D160; </big> || '''yiyna nod''' |- | ''bar, measure'' || <big>&#x1D100;</big> || '''nodzyan''' |- | ''ligature'' || || '''yanxus''' |} ==== Characteristic Features of Music ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Characteristic Features of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''deup'''||'' beat'' |- |'''seupan'''||'' cadence'' |- |'''jes'''||'' duration'' |- |'''zoyteuz'''||'' echo'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||'' harmony'' |- |'''duzneg'''||''pitch'' |- |'''ijduzneg'''||'' key'' |- |'''druz'''||'' lyric'' |- |'''agala duzmus'''||'' major scale'' |- |'''duznag'''||'' measure'' |- |'''duznad'''||'' melody'' |- |'''duzjob''' ||''tempo'' |- |'''nak'''||'' meter'' |- |'''ogala duzmus'''||'' minor scale'' |- |'''duz'''||'' music'' |- |'''yinig'''||'' octave'' |- |'''byes'''||'' pulse'' |- |'''zoyseuzen'''||'' resonance'' |- |'''deupyan'''||'' rhythm'' |- |'''duzmus'''||'' scale'' |- |'''duzdreyn'''||'' score'' |- |'''seux'''||'' sound'' |- |'''duzigan'''||'' tempo'' |- |'''seuzvolz'''||'' timbre'' |- |'''seuz'''||'' tone'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||''chord, harmonic'' |- |'''aybseuz'''||''overtone'' |- |'''deuzunog'''||'' tune'' |- |'''deuz'''||'' voice'' |- |'''seuxnid'''||'' volume'' |} ==== Dynamics ==== : Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left ''as is'' in Mirad. : These include: <div style="background:lightyellow; font-style:italics"> : <i>a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo</i>, and others. </div> ==== Types of Arrangements ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Arrangements ! English !! Mirad |- |''a capella song''||'''a kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzari''' |- |''anthem''||'''fizdeuzun, tezdeuzun''' |- |''antiphon''||'''duiddeuzun''' |- |''aria''||'''arya, awat deuzun''' |- |''arrangement''||'''napbeyn''' |- |''art song''||'''tuz deuz''' |- |''ballad''||'''daz deuz, ifonkex deuzun''' |- |''battle hymn''||'''dropek deuzun''' |- |''bird song''||'''pat deuzun''' |- |''broadway song''||'''Broadway deuzun''' |- |''campfire song''||'''tamoftem deuzun''' |- |''cantata''||'''kantata''' |- |''canticle''||'''efyadeuzun''' |- |''carol''||'''ivdeuzun''' |- |''chant''||'''yagdeuzun''' |- |''choral arrangement''||'''deuzutyan napxeyn''' |- |''Christmas carol''||'''Kristtaj ivdeuzun''' |- |''classical song''||'''visauna deuzun''' |- |''composition''||'''duzdrun''' |- |''concerto''||'''koncerto''' |- |''country song''||'''odom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzun''' |- |''dance song''||'''daz deuzun''' |- |''dirge''||'''uvdeuzun''' |- |''ditty''||'''deuzog''' |- |''doggerel verse''||'''dizdeuzun''' |- |''drinking song''||'''tilien deuzun''' |- |''duet''||'''ewat (deuzun)''' |- |''folksong''||'''tyoyd deuzun''' |- |''glee''||'''Gebama deuzun''' |- |''gospel song''||'''fyadin deuzun''' |- |''hip hop song''||'''hip hop deuzun''' |- |''hit song''||'''agakus deuzun''' |- |''hymn''||'''fyadeuzun ''' |- |''instrumental''||'''duzarun''' |- |''jingle''||'''nundeuzunog''' |- |''karaoke song''||'''karaoke deuzun''' |- |''love song''||'''ifon deuzun''' |- |''lullaby''||'''tudet deuzun''' |- |''lute song''||'''riduzar deuzun''' |- |''madrigal''||'''duzuka deuzun''' |- |''marching song''||'''doptyopen deuzun''' |- |''medley''||'''ebmulxwa deuzyan''' |- |''metal song''||'''mug deuzun''' |- |''musical number''||'''duzun''' |- |''old standard''||'''ajdeuzun''' |- |''opera''||'''dyuz, dyuzun''' |- |''oratorio''||'''oratoryo''' |- |''paean''||'''akrun deuzun''' |- |''partsong''||'''gon deuzun''' |- |''patter song''||'''deuzig''' |- |''pop song''||'''tyoda deuzun''' |- |''psalm''||'''afyadeuzun''' |- |''rock song''||'''rok deuzun''' |- |''round''||'''zoydea deuzun''' |- |''sea shanty''||'''mim deuz''' |- |''show tune''||'''duez deuzun''' |- |''signature song''||'''ujak deuzun''' |- |''slow jam''||'''bluz deuzun''' |- |''soliloquy''||'''awat, awat deuzun''' |- |''solo''||'''awat (duzun), awat (deuzun)''' |- |''song''||'''deuzun''' |- |''spiritual, negro spiritual''||'''topa deuzun''' |- |''sporting song''||'''tapifek deuzun''' |- |''symphony''||'''viduzunyag''' |- |''theme song''||'''texzena deuz''' |- |''torch song''||'''ifonok uvdeuzun''' |- |''vaudeville song''||'''Vaudeville deuzun''' |- |''Wienerlied''||'''Viena deuzun''' |} ==== Musicians ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musicians ! English !! Mirad |- |''musician''||'''duzut, duztoyb, duzuyt, duztwob''' |- |''instrumentalist''||'''duzarut''' |- |''violinist''||'''aduzarut''' |- |''conductor''||'''duzdeb''', '''duzutyaneb''' |- |''soloist''||'''anduzut''' |- |''singer, vocalist''||'''deuzut''' |- |''danseur''||'''dyaztwob''' |- |''ballerina''||'''dyazuyt, dyaztoyb''' |- |''dancer''||'''dazut, dazuyt''' |- |''opera singer''||'''dyuzut, dyuzuyt''' |- |''operatist, librettist''||'''dyuzdrut''' |- |''composer''||'''duzdrut''' |- |''lyricist, songwriter''||'''deuzdrut''' |- |''dance conductor''||'''dazeb''' |- |''(symphony) orchestra''||'''duzarutyan''' |- |''philharmonic orchestra''||'''duzarutyanag''' |- |''chorus, chorale'' ||'''deuzutyan''' |- |''dance troupe''||'''dazutyan''' |} ==== Song Parts ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Song Parts ! Mirad !! English |- |'''ujgon'''||''coda'' |- |'''ijgon'''||''intro'' |- |'''ebek'''||''interlude'' |- |'''ijek'''||''finale'' |- |'''gawijun'''||''reprise'' |- |'''gawdeuzun'''||''refrain'' |- |'''agalduznad'''||''theme'' |- |'''nadyan'''||''verse'' |- |'''zeymep'''||''bridge'' |- |'''gawdwas'''||''chorus'' |- |'''ujnadyan'''||''outro'' |} ==== Music Genres ==== : Some genres and styles of music: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Genres of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''a kapella, boy duzari'''||''a capella'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''ambiant'' |- |'''Usoma tyoyduz'''||''American folk'' |- |'''Usoma egona duz'''||''American standard'' |- |'''yizejna'''||''avant garde'' |- |'''Baroka'''||''Baroque'' |- |'''yolza vab'''||''bluegrass'' |- |'''bluz'''||''blues'' |- |'''Bolliwud'''||''Bollywood'' |- |'''bossa nova'''||''bossa nova'' |- |'''kalipso'''||''calypso'' |- |'''Kelta yagdeuz'''||''Celtic chant'' |- |'''Canima tyoyduz'''||''Chinese folk'' |- |'''Canima ajutbyena dyuz'''||''Chinese traditional opera'' |- |'''jejoba deupyan ay bluz'''||''contemporary R&B'' |- |'''maima bluz'''||''country blues'' |- |'''maima duz'''||''country music'' |- |'''maima pop'''||''country pop'' |- |'''maima rap'''||''country rap'' |- |'''maima rok'''||''country rock'' |- |'''dazam pop'''||''dancehall pop'' |- |'''disko'''||''disco'' |- |'''du-wop'''||''doo-wop'' |- |'''maka dauz'''||''electronic dance music (EDM)'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''elevator music'' |- |'''Euma disko'''||''Euro-disco'' |- |'''jwayeka'''||''experimental'' |- |'''flamenko'''||''flamenco'' |- |'''funk'''||''funk'' |- |'''Gregoria yagdeuz'''||''Gregorian chant'' |- |'''hip-hop'''||''hip-hop'' |- |'''honki-tonk'''||''honky-tonk'' |- |'''hyusuna rok'''||''Indie rock'' |- |'''jaz'''||''jazz'' |- |'''makjaz'''||''jazztronica'' |- |'''juju'''||''juju'' |- |'''fyaxela duz'''||''liturgical music'' |- |'''majika'''||''majika'' |- |'''mamo'''||''mambo'' |- |'''merengwe'''||''merengue'' |- |'''mesitzo'''||''mesitzo'' |- |'''mug'''||''metal'' |- |'''Mixuma duz'''||''Mexican'' |- |'''seuz bi Naxvil'''||''Nashville sound'' |- |'''Ejna Orleans bluz'''||''New Orleans blues'' |- |'''dyuz'''||''opera'' |- |'''rancera'''||''ranchera'' |- |'''rap'''||''rap'' |- |'''rege'''||''reggae'' |- |'''deupyan ay blus, ro-ay-ba'''||''rhythm & blues'' |- |'''rok-ay-rol'''||''rock & roll'' |- |'''salsa'''||''salsa'' |- |'''samba'''||''samba'' |- |'''ska'''||''ska'' |- |'''galoduzaruta duz'''||''steel band music'' |- |'''swing'''||''swing'' |- |'''Tehano'''||''Tejano'' |- |'''eyntuj duz'''||''trance music'' |- |'''Zumera visauna'''||''Western classical'' |- |'''Zumeryena'''||''Western'' |- |'''zideko'''||''zydeco'' |} === Geographic Placenames === : As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants. ==== Countries of the World ==== [[File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Johnson's new chart of national emblems, 1868.jpg|thumb|]] Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter '''m''' is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.: : Example 1: : ''Burundi'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI. ::* ''BDI'' is lowercased to ''bdi'' ::* '''b''' is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell '''ba'''. ::* Since ''d'' is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: '''d'''. ::* The vowel ''i'' is left as is: '''i''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''badim''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Badim''' ::* BDI (Burundi) = '''Badim'''. : Example 2: : ''Uzbekistan'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB. ::* ''UZB'' is lowercased to ''uzb'' ::* '''u''' is left as is: '''u'''. ::* '''z''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''zu''' ::* '''b''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''ba''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''uzubam''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Uzubam''' ::* UZB (Uzbekistan) = '''Uzubam'''. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Country Names (click on arrows to sort a column) ! ISO !! English !! Mirad |- | ABW || ''Aruba''||'''Abawum''' |- | AFG || ''Afghanistan''||'''Afegem''' |- | AGO || ''Angola''||'''Agom''' |- | AIA || ''Anguilla''||'''Aiam''' |- | ALA || ''[[w:Åland|Åland Islands]]''||'''Alam''' |- | ALB || ''Albania''||'''Alibam''' |- | AND || ''Andorra''||'''Anidam''' |- | ANT || ''Netherlands Antilles''||'''Anitom''' |- | ARE || ''United Arab Emirates''||'''Arem''' |- | ARG || ''Argentina''||'''Arogem''' |- | ARM || ''Armenia''||'''Aromim''' |- | ASM || ''American Samoa''||'''Asomim''' |- | ATA || ''Antarctica''||'''Atam''' |- | ATF || ''French Southern Territories''||'''Atofem''' |- | ATG || ''Antigua and Barbuda''||'''Atogem''' |- | AUS || ''Australia''||'''Ausom''' |- | AUT || ''Austria''||'''Autom''' |- | AZE || ''Azerbaijan''||'''Azem''' |- | BDI || ''Burundi''||'''Badim''' |- | BEL || ''Belgium''||'''Belim''' |- | BEN || ''Benin''||'''Benim''' |- | BFA || ''Burkina Faso''||'''Bafam''' |- | BGD || ''Bangladesh''||'''Bagedam''' |- | BGR || ''Bulgaria''||'''Bagerom''' |- | BHR || ''Bahrain''||'''Baherom''' |- | BHS || ''[[w|The Bahamas|Bahamas]]''||'''Bahesom''' |- | BIH || ''Bosnia and Herzegovina''||'''Bihem''' |- | BLM || ''Saint Barthélemy''||'''Balimim''' |- | BLR || ''Belarus''||'''Balirom''' |- | BLZ || ''Belize''||'''Balizum''' |- | BMU || ''Bermuda''||'''Bamum''' |- | BOL || ''Bolivia''||'''Bolim''' |- | BRA || ''Brazil''||'''Baram''' |- | BRB || ''Barbados''||'''Barobam''' |- | BRN || ''[[w:Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]]''||'''Baronim''' |- | BTN || ''Bhutan''||'''Batonim''' |- | BVT || ''Bouvet Island''||'''Bavutom''' |- | BWA || ''Botswana''||'''Bawam''' |- | CAF || ''Central African Republic''||'''Cafem''' |- | CAN || ''Canada''||'''Canim''' |- | CCK || ''Cocos Islands''||'''Cacakim''' |- | CHE || ''Switzerland''||'''Cahem''' |- | CHL || ''Chile''||'''Cahelim''' |- | CHN || ''[[w:People's Republic of China|China]]''||'''Cahenim''' |- | CIV || ''Côte d'Ivoire''||'''Civum''' |- | CMR || ''Cameroon''||'''Camirom''' |- | COD || ''Democratic Republic of the Congo''||'''Codam''' |- | COG || ''Republic of the Congo''||'''Cogem''' |- | COK || ''Cook Islands''||'''Cokim''' |- | COL || ''Colombia''||'''Colim''' |- | COM || ''Comoros''||'''Comim''' |- | CPV || ''Cape Verde''||'''Capovum''' |- | CRI || ''Costa Rica''||'''Carim''' |- | CUB || ''Cuba''||'''Cubam''' |- | CXR || ''Christmas Island''||'''Caxurom''' |- | CYM || ''Cayman Islands''||'''Cayumim''' |- | CYP || ''Cyprus''||'''Cayupom''' |- | CZE || ''Czechia''||'''Cazem''' |- | DEU || ''Germany''||'''Deum''' |- | DJI || ''Djibouti''||'''Dajim''' |- | DMA || ''Dominica''||'''Damam''' |- | DNK || ''Denmark''||'''Danikim''' |- | DOM || ''Dominican Republic''||'''Domim''' |- | DZA || ''Algeria''||'''Dazam''' |- | ECU || ''Ecuador''||'''Ecum''' |- | EGY || ''Egypt''||'''Egeyum''' |- | ERI || ''Eritrea''||'''Erim''' |- | ESH || ''Western Sahara''||'''Esohem''' |- | ESP || ''Spain''||'''Esopom''' |- | EST || ''Estonia''||'''Esotom''' |- | ETH || ''Ethiopia''||'''Etohem''' |- | FIN || ''Finland''||'''Finim''' |- | FJI || ''Fiji''||'''Fejim''' |- | FLK || ''Falkland Islands (Malvinas)''||'''Felikim''' |- | FRA || ''France''||'''Feram''' |- | FRO || ''Faroe Islands''||'''Ferom''' |- | FSM || ''Federated States of Micronesia''||'''Fesomim''' |- | GAB || ''Gabon''||'''Gabam''' |- | GBR || ''United Kingdom''||'''Gebarom''' |- | GEO || ''Georgia''||'''Geom''' |- | GGY || ''Guernsey''||'''Gegeyum''' |- | GHA || ''Ghana''||'''Geham''' |- | GIB || ''Gibraltar''||'''Gibam''' |- | GLP || ''Guadeloupe''||'''Gelipom''' |- | GMB || ''Gambia''||'''Gemibam''' |- | GNB || ''Guinea-Bissau''||'''Genibam''' |- | GNQ || ''Equatorial Guinea''||'''Geniqom''' |- | GRC || ''Greece''||'''Gerocam''' |- | GRD || ''Grenada''||'''Gerodam''' |- | GRL || ''Greenland''||'''Gedolim''' |- | GTM || ''Guatemala''||'''Getomim''' |- | GUF || ''French Guiana''||'''Gufem''' |- | GUM || ''Guam''||'''Gumim''' |- | GUY || ''Guyana''||'''Guyum''' |- | HKG || ''Hong Kong''||'''Hekigem''' |- | HMD || ''Heard Island and McDonald Islands''||'''Hemidam''' |- | HND || ''Honduras''||'''Henidam''' |- | HRV || ''Croatia''||'''Herovum''' |- | HTI || ''Haiti''||'''Hetim''' |- | HUN || ''Hungary''||'''Hunim''' |- | IDN || ''Indonesia''||'''Idanim''' |- | IMN || ''Isle of Man''||'''Iminim''' |- | IND || ''India''||'''Inidam''' |- | IOT || ''British Indian Ocean Territory''||'''Iotom''' |- | IRL || ''Republic of Ireland''||'''Irolim''' |- | IRN || ''Iran''||'''Ironim''' |- | IRQ || ''Iraq''||'''Iroqom''' |- | ISL || ''Iceland''||'''Isolim''' |- | ISR || ''Israel''||'''Isorom''' |- | ITA || ''Italy''||'''Itam''' |- | JAM || ''Jamaica''||'''Jamim''' |- | JEY || ''Jersey''||'''Jeyum''' |- | JOR || ''Jordan''||'''Jorom''' |- | JPN || ''Japan''||'''Jiponim''' |- | KAZ || ''Kazakhstan''||'''Kazum''' |- | KEN || ''Kenya''||'''Kenim''' |- | KGZ || ''Kyrgyzstan''||'''Kigezum''' |- | KHM || ''Cambodia''||'''Kihemim''' |- | KIR || ''Kiribati''||'''Kirom''' |- | KNA || ''Saint Kitts and Nevis''||'''Kinam''' |- | KOR || ''[[w:South Korea|Korea, Republic of]]''||'''Korom''' |- | KWT || ''Kuwait''||'''Kiwutom''' |- | LAO || ''Laos''||'''Laom''' |- | LBN || ''Lebanon''||'''Libanim''' |- | LBR || ''Liberia''||'''Libarom''' |- | LBY || ''Libya''||'''Libayum''' |- | LCA || ''Saint Lucia''||'''Licam''' |- | LIE || ''Liechtenstein''||'''Liem''' |- | LKA || ''Sri Lanka''||'''Likam''' |- | LSO || ''Lesotho''||'''Lisom''' |- | LTU || ''Lithuania''||'''Litum''' |- | LUX || ''Luxembourg''||'''Luxum''' |- | LVA || ''Latvia''||'''Livam''' |- | MAC || ''[[W:Macau|Macao]]''||'''Macam''' |- | MAF || ''Saint Martin''||'''Mafem''' |- | MAR || ''Morocco''||'''Marom''' |- | MCO || ''Monaco''||'''Micom''' |- | MDA || ''Moldova''||'''Midam''' |- | MDG || ''Madagascar''||'''Midagem''' |- | MDV || ''Maldives''||'''Midavum''' |- | MEX || ''Mexico''||'''Mexum''' |- | MHL || ''Marshall Islands''||'''Mihelim''' |- | MKD || ''Republic of Macedonia''||'''Mikidam''' |- | MLI || ''Mali''||'''Milim''' |- | MLT || ''Malta''||'''Militom''' |- | MMR || ''Myanmar''||'''Mimirom''' |- | MNE || ''Montenegro''||'''Minem''' |- | MNG || ''Mongolia''||'''Minigem''' |- | MNP || ''Northern Mariana Islands''||'''Minipom''' |- | MOZ || ''Mozambique''||'''Mozum''' |- | MRT || ''Mauritania''||'''Mirotom''' |- | MSR || ''Montserrat''||'''Misorom''' |- | MTQ || ''Martinique''||'''Mitoqom''' |- | MUS || ''Mauritius''||'''Musom''' |- | MWI || ''Malawi''||'''Miwim''' |- | MYS || ''Malaysia''||'''Miyusom''' |- | MYT || ''Mayotte''||'''Miyutom''' |- | NAM || ''Namibia''||'''Namim''' |- | NCL || ''New Caledonia''||'''Nicalim''' |- | NER || ''Niger''||'''Nerom''' |- | NFK || ''Norfolk Island''||'''Nifekim''' |- | NGA || ''Nigeria''||'''Nigam''' |- | NIC || ''Nicaragua''||'''Nicam''' |- | NOR || ''Norway''||'''Norom''' |- | NIU || ''Niue''||'''Nium''' |- | NLD || ''Netherlands''||'''Nilidam''' |- | NPL || ''Nepal''||'''Nipolim''' |- | NRU || ''Nauru''||'''Nirum''' |- | NZL || ''New Zealand''||'''Nizulim''' |- | OMN || ''Oman''||'''Ominim''' |- | PAK || ''Pakistan''||'''Pakim''' |- | PAN || ''Panama''||'''Panim''' |- | PCN || ''Pitcairn Islands''||'''Pocanim''' |- | PER || ''Peru''||'''Perom''' |- | PHL || ''Philippines''||'''Pohelim''' |- | PLW || ''Palau''||'''Poliwum''' |- | PNG || ''Papua New Guinea''||'''Ponigem''' |- | POL || ''Poland''||'''Polim''' |- | PRI || ''Puerto Rico''||'''Porim''' |- | PRK || ''North Korea''||'''Porikim''' |- | PRT || ''Portugal''||'''Porotom''' |- | PRY || ''Paraguay''||'''Poroyum''' |- | PSE || ''Palestinian territories''||'''Posem''' |- | PYF || ''French Polynesia''||'''Poyufem''' |- | QAT || ''Qatar''||'''Qatom''' |- | REU || ''Réunion''||'''Reum''' |- | ROU || ''Romania''||'''Roum''' |- | RUS || ''Russia''||'''Rusom''' |- | RWA || ''Rwanda''||'''Rowam''' |- | SAU || ''Saudi Arabia''||'''Saum''' |- | SDN || ''Sudan''||'''Sodanim''' |- | SEN || ''Senegal''||'''Senim''' |- | SGP || ''Singapore''||'''Sogepom''' |- | SGS || ''South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands''||'''Sogesom''' |- | SHN || ''Saint Helena''||'''Sohenim''' |- | SJM || ''Svalbard and Jan Mayen''||'''Sojimim''' |- | SLB || ''Solomon Islands''||'''Solibam''' |- | SLE || ''Sierra Leone''||'''Solem''' |- | SLV || ''El Salvador''||'''Solivum''' |- | SMR || ''San Marino''||'''Somirom''' |- | SOM || ''Somalia''||'''Somim''' |- | SPM || ''Saint Pierre and Miquelon''||'''Sopomim''' |- | SRB || ''Serbia''||'''Sorobam''' |- | STP || ''São Tomé and Príncipe''||'''Sotopom''' |- | SUR || ''Suriname''||'''Surom''' |- | SVK || ''Slovakia''||'''Sovukim''' |- | SVN || ''Slovenia''||'''Sovunim''' |- | SWE || ''Sweden''||'''Sowem''' |- | SWZ || ''Swaziland''||'''Sowuzum''' |- | SYC || ''Seychelles''||'''Soyucam''' |- | SYR || ''Syria''||'''Soyurom''' |- | TCA || ''Turks and Caicos Islands''||'''Tocam''' |- | TCD || ''Chad''||'''Tocadam''' |- | TGO || ''Togo''||'''Togom''' |- | THA || ''Thailand''||'''Toham''' |- | TJK || ''Tajikistan''||'''Tojikim''' |- | TKL || ''Tokelau''||'''Tokilim''' |- | TKM || ''Turkmenistan''||'''Tokimim''' |- | TLS || ''East Timor''||'''Tolisom''' |- | TON || ''Tonga''||'''Tonim''' |- | TTO || ''Trinidad and Tobago''||'''Totom''' |- | TUN || ''Tunisia''||'''Tunim''' |- | TUR || ''Turkey''||'''Turim''' |- | TUV || ''Tuvalu''||'''Tuvum''' |- | TWN || ''Taiwan''||'''Towunim''' |- | TZA || ''Tanzania''||'''Tozam''' |- | UGA || ''Uganda''||'''Ugam''' |- | UKR || ''Ukraine''||'''Ukirom''' |- | UMI || ''United States Minor Outlying Islands''||'''Umim''' |- | URY || ''Uruguay''||'''Uroyum''' |- | USA || ''United States''||'''Usam''' |- | UZB || ''Uzbekistan''||'''Uzubam''' |- | VAT || ''Vatican City''||'''Vatom''' |- | VCT || ''Saint Vincent and the Grenadines''||'''Vucatom''' |- | VEN || ''Venezuela''||'''Venim''' |- | VGB || ''British Virgin Islands''||'''Vugebam''' |- | VIR || ''United States Virgin Islands''||'''Virom''' |- | VNM || ''Vietnam''||'''Vunimim''' |- | VUT || ''Vanuatu''||'''Vutom''' |- | WLF || ''Wallis and Futuna''||'''Wulifem''' |- | WSM || ''Samoa''||'''Wusomim''' |- | YEM || ''Yemen''||'''Yemim''' |- | ZAF || ''South Africa''||'''Zafem''' |- | ZMB || ''Zambia''||'''Zumibam''' |- | ZWE || ''Zimbabwe''||'''Zuwem''' |} : The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker '''a''', eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''France'' ==> '''Ferama'''....''French'' ::* '''Usam'''....''United States'' ==> '''Usama'''....''American'' ::* '''Deum'''....''Germany'' ==> '''Deuma'''....''German'' : The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final '''m''' of the placename to '''t''' (meaning person), eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferat'''....''a French person, a Frenchman'' : The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg: ::* '''Ferat'''....''a French person'' ==> '''ha Ferati'''....''the French'' ::* '''Etohet'''....''an Ethiopian'' ==> '''Etohwat'''....''an Ethiopian male'' ::* '''Finit'''....''a Finn'' ==> '''Finiyt'''....''a Finnish woman'' : Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: '''Ferama''' refers to the country of ''France'', not the language ''French''. ''French'' the language is '''Ferad.''' ==== Continents ==== [[File:Continental models.gif|thumb]] : The word for ''continent'' in Mirad is '''yanmel''' (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word '''yanmel''' with vectorial prefixes. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Continent Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Ayanmal''' || ''North America'' |- | '''Oyanmel''' || ''South America'' |- | '''Iyanmel''' || ''Asia'' |- | '''Uyanmel''' || ''Europe'' |- | '''Eyanmel''' || ''Africa'' |- | '''Yoyanmel''' || ''Oceania'' |} : The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing '''-a''': :* '''Iyanmela'''....''Asian'' :* '''Uyanmela'''....''European'' : By appending '''-t(i)''' to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants: :* '''Eyanmelat'''....''an African'' :* '''Ayanmelati'''....''North Americans'' : Note: <div style="background: lightyellow"> :* The ''Americas'' is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word '''Aoyanmel''' (a combination of North and South America). :* ''Central America'' is expressed in Mirad by '''Zea Aoyanmel''' (''Central America'') :* The word '''Usam''' means ''United States of America'' or ''USA''. The word ''America'' by itself is not used in Mirad; only ''North America'' or ''South America''. :* The word '''Usamati''' is used for ''Americans'' when referring to inhabitants of the U.S. :* The word '''Ayanmelati''' is used to refer to North Americans (U.S. and Canada). :* The word '''Eyanmel-Usamat''', or more briefly, '''Eusamat''' is used for ''African American''. :* ''Latin America'' is expressed as '''Liada Oyanmel'''. :* ''A Latino, Latina, or Latinx'' in the U.S. is called '''Liadwut, Liaduyt, or Liadut'''. :* In some geographic systems, '''Ausom'''....''Australia'' is considered a continent. </div> : The word for ''island'' is '''yonmel''' (= ''separate land''). An islander is '''yonmelat'''. ==== Oceans ==== : The Mirad word for ocean is '''mimag'''. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word '''mimag''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Ocean Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Amimag''' || ''Arctic Ocean'' |- | '''Omimag''' || ''Southern Ocean'' |- | '''Imimag''' || ''Pacific Ocean'' |- | '''Umimag''' || ''Atlantic Ocean'' |- | '''Emimag''' || ''Indian Ocean'' |} ==== Compass Directions and Poles ==== : The compass directions ('''merizoni''') and poles ('''mernodi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamer'''....''north'' / '''zamera'''....''northern'' / '''zamernod'''....''north pole'' ::* '''zomer'''....''south'' / '''zomera'''....''southern'' / '''zomernod'''....''south pole'' ::* '''zimer'''....''east'' / '''zimera'''....''eastern'' ::* '''zumer'''....''west'' / '''zumera'''....''western'' : The words '''Yibzamer'''....''Arctic'' and '''Yibzomer'''...''Antarctic(a)'' both use the prefix '''yib'''....''far''. : Prefixing the directions with '''iz-'''....''due-'' yields: ::* '''iz zamer'''....''due north'' ::* '''iz zomer'''....''due south'', etc. : Directional words can be hybridized, eg: ::* '''zaomera'''....''north-south'' ::* '''zuimera'''....''east-west'' ::* '''zaumera'''....''north-west'' ::* '''zaimera'''....''north-east'' ==== Earth Grid Lines ==== : The earth grid lines ('''mernadi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamernad'''....''Arctic Circle'' ::* '''zomernad'''....''Antarctic Circle'' ::* '''zaomernad'''....''longitude'' ::* '''zuimernad'''....''latitude'' ::* '''zemernad'''....''equator'' :::* '''abzemernad'''....''Tropic of Capricorn'' :::* '''obzemernad'''....''tropic, Tropic of Cancer'' ::::* '''yizobzemernad'''....''subtropic'' ::* '''eymernad'''....''meridian'' ::* '''mamnad'''....''horizon'' ::* '''aonada'''....''vertical'' ::* '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' ::* '''zyenada'''....''perpendicular'' ==== Languages of the World ==== [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|thumb|]] : Mirad names of languages are based on either: ::* the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or: ::* the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php|Library of Congress ISO639-2 Codes]]. : If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final '''m''' or the country name with '''d'''. For example, '''Enigem''' (''England''), becomes '''Eniged''' (''English''). See [[Mirad_Grammar#Countries of the World|Countries of the World]]. : If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and '''d''' is suffixed to the word. A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel. For example, '''ba''' + '''e''' becomes '''be'''. :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Mirad Language Names |- ! ISO Language Name !! Country or ISO Code !! Mirad Language Name |- | Abkhazian || abk || '''Abakid''' |- | Afar || aar || '''Aarod''' |- | Afrikaans || '''Zafem'''....''South Africa'' || '''Zafed''' |- | Akan || aka || '''Akad''' (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka) |- | Albanian || '''Alibam'''....''Albania'' || '''Alibad''' |- | Amharic || amh || '''Amihed''' |- | Arabic || ara || '''Arad''' |- | Aragonese || arg || '''Aroged''' |- | Armenian || '''Aromim''' || '''Heyud''' |- | Assamese || asm || '''Asomid''' |- | Avaric || ava || '''Avad''' |- | Avestan || ave || '''Aved''' |- | Aymara || aym || '''Ayumid''' |- | Azerbaijani || '''Azem'''....''Azerbaijan'' || '''Azed''' |- | Bambara || bam || '''Bamid''' |- | Bashkir || bak || '''Bakirod''' |- | Basque || baq || '''Baqod''' |- | Belarusian || '''Balirom'''....''Belarusia'' || '''Balirod''' |- | Bengali || '''Bagedim'''....''Bangladesh'' || '''Bagedid''' |- | Bislama || bis || '''Bisod''' |- | Bosnian || '''Bihem'''....''Bosnia'' || '''Bihed''' |- | Breton || bre || '''Bared''' |- | Bulgarian || '''Bagerom'''....''Bulgaria'' || '''Bagerod''' |- | Burmese || '''Mimirom'''....''Miyanmar'' || '''Mimirod''' |} ...and so on... : The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing '''-a''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''(the) English (language)'' ==> '''Enigeda'''....''(in the) English (language)'' ::* '''Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.'''....''This English language document is incomprehensible.'' : The language names can be verbalized with the addition of '''-der'''....''to say'', '''-daler'''....''to speak'', and '''-xer'''....''to translate into'', eg: ::* '''Ferad'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferader'''....''to say in French'' ::* '''Esopod'''....''Spanish'' ==> '''Esopodaler'''....''to speak Spanish'' ::* '''Arad'''....''Arabic'' ==> '''Aradxer'''....''to Arabicize/translate into Arabic'' ::* '''Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.'''....''French has many Anglicizations.'' : The speaker of a language is created by adding '''-ut''' or '''-alut''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''English'' ==> '''Enigedut (or) Enigedalut'''....''English speaker'' ::* '''Duven et Enigedale?'''....''Do you speak English?'' ::* '''Aradu hia dun.'''....''Say this word in Arabic.'' ::* '''At se Itadut/Itadalut.'''....''I am a speaker of Italian.'' : Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Language Variants |- ! Variation Category !! Example |- | '''Ajna'''....''Old/Ancient'' || '''Ajna Eniged'''....''Old English, Anglo-Saxon'' |- | '''Ejoba'''....''Modern'' || '''Ejoba Perod'''....''Modern Persian, Farsi'' |- | '''Visauna'''....''Classical'' || '''Visauna Gerocad'''....''Classical Greek'' |- | '''Vyirina'''....''Puristic'' || '''Vyirina Gerocad'''....''Katharevousa (Puristic Greek)'' |- | '''Tyoda'''....''Vulgar/Popular/Demotic'' || '''Tyoda Latod'''....''Vulgar Latin''<br>'''Tyoda Gerocad'''....''Demotic Greek'' |- | '''Fyaxela'''....''Liturgical'' || '''Fyaxela Hebad'''....''Liturgical Hebrew'' |- | '''Fyadyesa'''....''Biblical'' || '''Fyadyesa Hebad'''....''Biblical Hebrew'' |- | '''Egona'''....''Standard'' || '''Ejoba Egona Arad'''....''Modern Standard Arabic'' |- | '''Egema'''....''Egyptian'' || '''Egema Arad'''....''Egyptian Arabic'' |- | '''Usoma'''....''American'' || '''Usoma Eniged'''....''American English'' |} : There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself. ::* '''Mirad'''....''Mirad'' ('''Mir'''....''world'') ::* '''Meurad'''....''Martian'' ('''Meur'''...''Mars'') ::* ''Celtic'', which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called '''Celid''' in Mirad. ::* ''Indo-European'', with the code "ine", translates to '''Inied''' in Mirad. ==== Cities and Their Residents ==== : Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in '''-a''' or '''-yena'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Cities and Their Residents |- ! City !! Adjective !! Inhabitant |- | '''Paris'''....''Paris'' || '''Paris<u>yena</u>'''....''Parisian'' || '''Paris<u>at</u>'''....''Parisian'' |- | '''Ejna York'''....''New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>a</u>'''....''of New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>at</u>'''....''New Yorker'' |- | '''Rom'''....''Rome'' || '''Rom<u>a</u>'''....''Roman'' || '''Rom<u>at</u>'''....''Roman'' |- | '''Beijing'''....''Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>a</u>'''....''of Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>at</u>'''....''resident of Beijing'' |- | '''Berlin'''....''Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>a</u>'''....''from Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>at</u>'''....''Berliner'' |} : Examples: :* '''Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.'''....''Berlin citizens are called Berliners.'' :* '''Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.'''....''Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.'' === Playing Cards Notation === : The playing card suits and prime denominations are: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Playing Card Suits |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''tiib''' || ''heart''|| <big>{{cards|h}}</big> |- | '''melukar''' || ''spade''|| <big>{{cards|s}}</big> |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond''|| <big>{{cards|d}}</big> |- | '''infayeb''' || ''club''|| <big>{{cards|c}}</big> |} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ High Cards plus the Joker |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''Az bi tiibi''' || ''ace of hearts''||[[File:Simple_h_a.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edweb bi melukari'''||''king of spades''||[[File:Simple_s_k.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edeyb bi amezi'''||''queen of diamonds''||[[File:Simple_d_q.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Yuxtwobet bi infayebi''' || ''jack of clubs''||[[File:Simple_c_j.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''hihiduut''' || ''joker''|| [[File:Simple_jk_b.svg|40px|thumb]] |} : Some useful terms: ::* '''eker drafi'''....''to play cards'' ::* '''zyabuer ha drafi'''....''to deal the card'' ::* '''ebnapxer ha drafi'''....''to shuffle the cards'' ::* '''goler ha nyan'''....''to cut the deck'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to fold'' ::* '''durer'''....''to bid'' ::* '''lokoxer draf'''....''to turn over a card'' ::* '''lokoxer ota tuyab'''....''to show one's hand'' ::* '''abnabxer'''....''to trump'' ::* '''ekdrafnyan'''....''deck of cards'' ::* '''nab'''....''suit'' ::* '''joper nab'''...''to follow suit'' ::* '''kyesdraf'''....''wild card'' ::* '''abnaba draf'''....''trump card'' ::* '''ha yannas'''....''the pot'' ::* '''ha nax'''....''the ante'' ::* '''yaber ha nax'''....''to up/raise the ante'' === Chess Piece Nomenclature === {{chess diagram | tright | |= 8 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= 7 |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= 6 | | | | | | | | |= 5 | | | | |pd| | | |= 4 | | | | |pl|pl| | |= 3 | | | | | | | | |= 2 |pl|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|= 1 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= a b c d e f g h | The King's Gambit }} : The game of chess is called '''xahifek''' in Mirad. : The chess pieces ('''xahifek goyni''') are as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Chess Piece Names |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''edweb''' || ''king'' || [[File:Chess_klt45.svg|thumb|30px]] |- | '''edeyb''' || ''queen'' || [[File:Chess_qlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''efyaxeb''' || ''bishop'' || [[File:Chess_blt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''ekpetob''' || ''knight'' || [[File:Chess_nlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''tamaz''' || ''rook'' || [[File:Chess_rlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''melyexut''' || ''pawn'' || [[File:Chess_plt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |} : Some chess terms: ::* ''to checkmate''....'''xahpexer''' ::* ''Check!''....''Xah!'' ::* ''Checkmate!''....'''xahpexwa!''' ::* ''chess board''....'''xahifek seym, xahifek drof''' ::* ''to move a piece''....'''paxer goun''' ::* ''to capture a piece''....'''pixler goun''' ::* ''chess clock''....'''xahifek jwobar''' ::* ''chess set''....''xahifek gounyan'' ::* ''chess tournament''....'''xahifekanyan''' ::* ''chess player''....'''xehifekut''' ::* ''my turn''....'''ata zyuj''' ::* ''score''....'''aoksag''' ::* ''world champion''....'''miraklut''' === Botanical Nomenclature === : The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the [https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy|international Linnaean taxonomy]. ==== Base Names ==== : So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words: ::* '''fab'''....trees :::* '''feb'''....''fruits and nuts'' ::* '''fayb'''....''vines and shrubs'' :::* '''feyb'''....''berries'' ::* '''vob'''....''crops'' ::* '''vol'''....''vegetables'' ::* '''veel'''....''legumes and beans'' ::* '''vos'''....''flowers'' ==== Specific Names ==== : To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, ''pine'' tree is rendered as '''pifab'''. The '''pi''' prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees ''<u>Pi</u>naceae''. The '''fab''' ending applies to all trees. To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. ''cedar tree'' is '''<u>ce</u>pifab''' from ''Pianaceae <u>Ce</u>drus''. A ''cedar of Lebanon'' is '''<u>li</u>cepifab''' from the more specific ''Pinaceae Cedrus <u>li</u>bani''. : By constructing botanical terms this way, all pine trees can be listed by searching for all names ending in '''pifab'''. [[File:171 Magnolien.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ '''Basic Botanical Terms''' |- |valign=top|'''fob'''....''plant''||valign=top|'''vob'''....''crop''||valign=top|'''vol'''....''vegetable''||valign=top|'''vos'''....''flower'' |- |valign=top|'''fab'''....''tree''<br>'''fayeb'''....''leaf''<br>'''faob'''....''wood''<br>'''fayob'''....''bark''||valign=top|'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''vayob'''....''peel''|| ||'''vosayeb'''....''petal''<br>'''vosayob'''....''sepal'' |- |valign=top|'''feb'''....''fruit/nut''||valign=top|'''veb'''....''ear/tuft''<br>'''veeb'''....''seed''<br>'''veeyb'''....''grain''||valign=top|'''veel'''....''legume''||'''voseb'''....''capitulum'' |- |valign=top|'''fib'''....''trunk''||valign=top|'''vib'''....''stem'' || || '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' |- |valign=top|'''fub'''....''branch''||valign=top|'''vub'''....''blade''<br>'''vulob'''....''thorn'' || || |- |valign=top|'''fyob'''....''root''||valign=top|'''vyob'''....''tuber'' || || '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' |} ===== Product Names ===== : Products derived from plants are formed with the following words: ::* '''-fel'''....''juice (from a pome)'' ::* '''-feel'''....''-ade'' ::* '''-feyl'''....''juice (from a berry)'' ::* '''-fil'''....''alcoholic drink/cider'' ::* '''-fyel'''....''oil/jam/syrup'' ::* '''-fyeyl'''....''jelly'' ::* '''-fol'''....''grounds/powder'' ::* '''-fayel'''....''leaf juice'' : Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Zoological_Nomenclature|Zoological Nomenclature]]. For example, an ''apple'' is from the <u>Ro</u>saceae family of trees, the genus being ''<u>Ma</u>lus''. So the word for ''apple'' becomes '''marofeb'''. ''Apple tree'' is '''marofab''' and ''apple juice'' is '''marofel'''. Thus, ''apple cider'' is '''marofil'''. ===== Crops ===== : Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base '''vob''' with taxonomic syllables. [[File:Usdaemmer1.jpg|thumb|]] : The base words of this group are: ::* '''-vob'''....''crop'' ::* '''-vab'''....''grass'' ::* '''-vayeb'''....''leaf'' ::* '''-veb'''....''ear, cob, head, spike, tuft'' ::* '''-veeb'''....''seed, germ'' ::* '''-veel'''....''bean, legume'' ::* '''-veeyb'''....''grain, kernel, pip'' ::* '''-vib'''....''stem'' ::* '''-vub'''....''blade, sprig, twig'' ::* '''-vyob'''....''tuber'' ::* '''-vel'''....''edible product'' ::* '''-vil'''....''drinkable product, beer'' ::* '''-vyel'''....''syrup'' ::* '''-vol'''....''vegetable'' : From the above base words are derived these products, among others: ::* '''sakol'''....''sugar'' < '''sakvob'''....''sugarcane'' ::* '''povel'''....''bread'' < '''povob'''....''cereal'' ::* '''zepovyel'''....''corn syrup, corn oil'' < '''zepovob'''....''corn'' ::* '''zepovil'''....''whiskey, bourbon'' ::* '''sepovil'''....''rye whiskey'' < '''zepovob'''....''rye'' ::* '''povil'''....''beer'' ::* '''epovil'''....''ale'' ::* '''avpovob mekil'''....''oatmeal'' < '''avpovob'''....''oat'' ::* '''orpovob zyiglal'''....''rice cake'' < '''orpovob'''....''rice'' ::* '''mekuvol'''....''melon'' ===== Vegetables and Legumes ===== : Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base '''vol''' (''vegetable'') or '''veel''' (''legume, bean'') with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy. Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks. [[File:Hrushikesh kulkarni vegetables.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Vegetables |- ! Edible Crop !! Taxonomy |- ! colspan=2| LEGUMES: EDIBLE SEEDS |- |'''faveel'''....''bean'' || ''Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris'' |- |'''lensfaveel'''....''lentil'' || ''Fabaceae Lens culinaris'' |- |'''glifaveel'''....''soybeen'' || ''Fabaceae Glycine max'' |- |'''vigfaveel'''....''black-eyed pea'' || ''Fabaceae Faseolus vigna unguiculata'' |- ! colspan=2 | Vegetables: Berries/Fruits |- |'''lisovol'''....''tomato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum'' |- |'''mesovol'''....''eggplant'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum melongena'' |- |'''perlawvol'''....''avocado'' || ''Lauraceae Persea americana'' |- |'''sakuvol'''....''cucumber'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''akapsovol'''....''chili pepper'' || ''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra'' || ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- ! colspan=2 |bulbs |- |'''amalvol'''....''leek'' || ''Allium ampeloprasum'' |- |'''cepalvol'''....''onion'' || ''Allium cepa'' |- |'''alkalvol'''....''shallot'' || ''Alium ascalonicum'' |- |'''satalvol'''....''garlic'' || ''Allium sativum'' |- |'''zinvol'''....''ginger'' || ''Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale'' |- |'''skoynalvol'''....''chive'' || ''Allium Schoenoprasum'' |- |'''foynapvol'''....''fennel'' || ''Apiaceae Phoenix dactylifera'' |- ! colspan=2 | melons/gourds |- |'''kuvol'''....''squash, gourd''|| ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita'' |- |'''makuvol'''....''pumpkin'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima'' |- |'''mekuvol'''....''melon, honeydew, cantaloupe'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melon'' |- |'''cikuvol'''....''watermelon'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus'' |- |'''pekuvol'''....''zucchini'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo'' |- ! colspan=2 | Tubers/Root Vegetables |- |'''tusovol'''....''potato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum'' |- |'''betamvol'''....''beet, beetroot'' || ''Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris'' |- |'''rafbravol'''....''radish''|| ''Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus'' |- |'''kadawapvol'''....''carrot''||''Apiaceae Daucus carota'' |- |'''nabravol'''....''turnip''|| ''Brassica napus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''pasavol'''....''parsnip'' ||''Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa'' |- |'''eskolaravol'''....''taro'' ||''Araceae Colocasia esculenta'' |- |'''divol'''....''yam'' ||''Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea'' |- ! colspan=2| Leafy/Flowering Vegetables |- |'''bravol'''....''cabbage'' || ''Brassicaceae'' |- |'''botrolbravol'''....''cauliflower''||''Brassica oleracea botrytis'' |- |'''gemolbravol'''....''Brussels sprouts''|| ''Brassica oleracea gemmifera'' |- |'''valkavol'''....''corn salad, lamb's lettuce''|| ''Caprifocilaceae Valerianella locusta'' |- |'''lakasvol'''....''lettuce''|| ''Asteraceae Lactuta sative'' |- |'''spinamvol'''....''spinach'' || ''Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea'' |- |'''rupolivol'''....''sorrel''|| ''Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa'' |- |'''tarasvol'''....''mustard greens''|| ''Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale'' |- |'''itolbravol'''....''broccoli''|| ''Brassica Oleracea italica'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra''|| ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- |'''petapvol'''....''parsley''|| ''Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum'' |- |'''basoclamvol'''....''basil''|| ''Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum'' |- |'''orlamvol'''....''thyme''|| ''Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare'' |- |'''encivol'''....''chicory, endive''|| ''Cichorium endivia'' |- |'''nasbravol'''....''watercress''|| ''Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale'' |- |'''korapvol'''....''coriander''|| ''Apiaceae Coridandrum sativum'' |- ! colspan=2 | Stalks |- |'''aspavol'''....''asparagus''|| ''Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis'' |- |'''gravapvol'''....''celery''|| ''Apiaceae Apium graveolens'' |- |'''rewmpolivol'''....''rhubarb''|| ''Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum'' |- |'''kurzinvol'''....''turmeric''|| ''Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa'' |- |'''kokarvol'''....''heart of palm, swamp cabbage''|| ''Arecaceae Cocos'' |- |'''cimpovol'''....''lemongrass''|| ''Poaceae Cymbopogon'' |} ==== Common Flower Names ==== [[File:Madeira-flowers hg.jpg|thumb|]] ===== Flower Parts ===== : Flower names are built on the base name '''vos''', meaning ''flower''. First, here is a list of flower parts: ::* '''vosayob'''....''sepal'' ::* '''vosayeb'''....''petal'' ::* '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' ::* '''veeybpexus''' or '''vosmekibar'''....''stigma'' ::*'''vosij'''....''bud, flower bud'' ::* '''tooybgon'''....''pistil'' ::* '''veeybyan'''....''pollen'' ::* '''twoobgon'''....''stamen'' ::* '''twoobgonyif'''....''filament'' ::* '''veeybyem''' or '''vosmekuar'''....''anther'' ::* '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' ===== Flower Names ===== [[File:Tulipa suaveolens floriade to Canberra.jpg|thumb|]] : Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base '''vos''' that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples: : '''<u>som</u>pavos'''....''opium poppy'' (''<u>Pa</u>paver <u>som</u>niferum'') : '''<u>mag</u>vos'''....''magnolia'' (''<u>Mag</u>noliaceae Magnolia'') : '''<u>or</u>vos'''....''orchid'' (''<u>Or</u>chidaceae Orchis'') : '''<u>krokir</u>vos'''....''crocus'' (''<u>Ir</u>idaceae <u>Cro</u>cus'') === Computer Terminology === [[File:Generic-office-desktop2.svg|thumb]] : This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Computerese |- ! Mirad !! English |- |'''agna saibyan syaagir'''||''mainframe computer'' |- |'''absem syaagir'''||''desktop computer'' |- |'''agbanak'''||''byte'' |- |'''ajnexer'''||''to archive'' |- |'''amloagbanak'''||''megabyte'' |- |'''anay dyewa tax'''||''read-only memory, ROM'' |- |'''aota syaagir'''||''personal computer'' |- |'''aottuunyan'''||''profile'' |- |'''aoyebmeyp'''||''port'' |- |'''apaxler'''||''to swipe'' |- |'''aroagbanak'''||''kilobyte'' |- |'''baler buxnuf'''||''to press/hit a key'' |- |'''banak'''||''bit'' |- |'''agdresin kyoxea buxnuf'''||''caps lock key'' |- |'''buxnuf'''||''key'' |- |'''buxnufsemes'''||''keyboard'' |- |'''buxnufseym'''||''keypad'' |- |'''izeaxus'''||''cursor'' |- |'''byuxseym'''||''touchpad'' |- |'''datier'''||''to friend'' |- |'''dodrer ebdras'''||''to post a message'' |- |'''dota zeyn'''||''social medium'' |- |'''ebdrer'''||''to text'' |- |'''dreun'''||''document'' |- |'''dreuzyufer'''||''to scroll, pan'' |- |'''droer naab'''||''to delete a file'' |- |'''drou buxnuf'''||''delete key'' |- |'''drur'''||''printer'' |- |'''drurer naab'''||''to print out a file'' |- |'''drurer'''||''to print out'' |- |'''druru buxnuf'''||''print screen key'' |- |'''drurun'''||''a printout'' |- |'''dunexlar'''||''word processor'' |- |'''dyezier'''||''to take a movie'' |- |'''ebdayler'''||''to chat'' |- |'''ebdaylim'''||''chatroom'' |- |'''emojin'''||''emoji'' |- |'''ex buxnuf'''||''function key'' |- |'''exen vyaab'''||''operating system'' |- |'''extuundras'''||''program, application'' |- |'''extuundrasog'''||''app'' |- |'''extuundrasyan'''||''software'' |- |'''extuundrer'''||''to program'' |- |'''fuk'''||''bug'' |- |'''fukaya'''||''buggy'' |- |'''fukoyxer'''||''to debug'' |- |'''garalyoagbanak'''||''petabyte'' |- |'''gelxer naab'''||''to copy a file'' |- |'''googler'''||''to google'' |- |'''gyia kyos yebiar'''||''solid state drive, SSD'' |- |'''gyia zyiun yebiar'''||''cd drive'' |- |'''haydren dyun'''||''login name'' |- |'''haydrer bay tuyubbal'''||''to log in with one's fingerprint'' |- |'''haydrer'''||''to log in'' |- |'''hoydrer'''||''to log out'' |- |'''huisteaxar'''||''browser'' |- |'''kyeteaxer'''||''to browse'' |- |'''hyux buxnuf'''||''alt key'' |- |'''iber naab'''||''to receive a file'' |- |'''ila mez sinuar, IMS'''||''liquid crystal display, LDC'' |- |'''izbex buxnuf'''||''control key'' |- |'''izbexdrof'''||''motherboard'' |- |'''kliker ab'''||''click on'' |- |'''kodun'''||''password'' |- |'''gawdyunxer naab'''||''to rename a file'' |- |'''kyax buxnuf'''||''shift key'' |- |'''kyea yempuen tax'''||''random access memory, RAM'' |- |'''kyisier naab'''||''to download a file'' |- |'''kyisuer naab'''||''to upload a file'' |- |'''kyiunxar'''||''charger'' |- |'''kyiunxer'''||''to charge'' |- |'''lodatier'''||''to unfriend'' |- |'''makebdren'''||''email'' |- |'''makedrer'''||''to email'' |- |'''man-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOES'''||''LED'' |- |'''mansin dyes'''||''photo album'' |- |'''mis'''||''window'' |- |'''naab'''||''file'' |- |'''naedzyun'''||''trackball'' |- |'''nagonxar'''||''modem'' |- |'''neaf mansiniar'''||''web camera'' |- |'''nexer naab'''||''to save a file'' |- |'''num yibdalir'''||''cellphone'' |- |'''belyafwa syaagir'''||''laptop computer'' |- |'''oglagos'''||''microchip'' |- |'''gwoteexar'''||''microphone'' |- |'''omijber'''||''to boot up'' |- |'''omola tyep'''||''artificial intelligence, AI'' |- |'''gawomijber'''||''to reboot'' |- |'''paxer naab'''||''to move a file'' |- |'''paxyafwa yibdalir'''||''mobile phone'' |- |'''poxu zyumuf buxnuf'''||''scroll lock key'' |- |'''sagbexu buxnuf'''||''numlock key'' |- |'''sagseym'''||''number pad'' |- |'''sam'''||''console'' |- |'''saunapxer naab'''||''to sort a file'' |- |'''semes syaagir'''||''tablet computer'' |- |'''sindren semes'''||''graphics tablet'' |- |'''sindrenyan exlen aun'''||''graphics processing unit, GPU'' |- |'''sines'''||''icon'' |- |'''sinuar'''||''screen, display, monitor'' |- |'''syaager'''||''to compute'' |- |'''syaagir'''||''computer'' |- |'''syaagirdal'''||''computerese'' |- |'''syaagirtun'''||''computer science'' |- |'''syaagnyed'''||''spreadsheet'' |- |'''taam mays'''||''home screen'' |- |'''tampu buxnuf'''||''home key'' |- |'''sirmul'''||''hardware, physical matter'' |- |'''taxdrer'''||''to record'' |- |'''taxmuf'''||''memory stick'' |- |'''teataxdrer'''||''to video'' |- |'''teataxdrun'''||''video'' |- |'''tuunnabyan'''||''database'' |- |'''tuyab izdar'''||''mouse'' |- |'''uber naab'''||''to send a file'' |- |'''uinig buxnuf'''||''tab key'' |- |'''utmansin'''||''selfie'' |- |'''yaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD)'''||''HTML'' |- |'''yeber'''||''to enter, insert'' |- |'''yebu buxnuf'''||''enter key, return key, insert key'' |- |'''yiga zyiun yebiar'''||''hard disk drive, HDD'' |- |'''yijber naab'''||''to open a file'' |- |'''yujber naab'''||''to close a file'' |- |'''makmepdrof'''||''circuitboard'' |- |'''zea exlen aun'''||''central processing unit, CPU'' |- |'''zoynigxu buxnuf'''||''backspace key'' |- |'''zyiun yebiar'''||''disk drive'' |} === Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology === : This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages. ==== Medical Diseases ==== : Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg. ::* '''tiebalyoganbok'''....''asthma'' (lit: shortness of breath illness) ::* '''tiebbok'''....''pneumonia'' (lit: lung illness) ::* '''teibbok'''....''rhinitis'' (lit: nose illness) ::* '''tayibblok'''....''neuropathy'' (lit: nerve suffering) ::* '''tebbyoyk'''....''headache'' (lit: head ache) ::* '''teibzyegikanbok'''....''osteoporosis'' (lit: bone porosity illness) ==== Pharmaceuticals ==== : Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized. ::* '''aspirin'''....''aspirin'' ::* '''Ibupropen'''....''Ibupropen'' : Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose: ::* '''bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol'''....''analgesic, painkiller'' (Lit: pain reliever) ::* '''tikebilokxol'''....''emetic'' (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance) : Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see [https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn|International Nonproprietary Names]). For example, ''phenobarbital''. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ INN names pronunciation |- ! Greco-Roman<br>Spelling !! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | ch || '''k''' |- | ph || '''f''' |- | x || '''ks''' |- | y || '''i''' |- | qu || '''kw''' |- | rh || '''r''' |- | th || '''t''' |- | ae || '''ay''' |- | oe || '''oy''' |- | c before i, e, or y || '''c''' |- | c otherwise || '''k''' |- | final e || silent |- | double consonant || single consonant |} : Examples: ::* '''acetaminophen'''....''a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN'' ::* '''amphetamine'''....''am-fe-ta-MIN'' ::* '''trimethroprim'''....''tri-me-tro-PRIM'' ::* '''sulfamethoxazole'''....''sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL'' ::* '''oxacillin'''....''o-ksa-ci-LIN'' === Mineral and Crystal Nomenclature === : Minerals end in '''-muk''' with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see [[Wikipedia:List_of_mineral_symbols|The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols]]). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. For example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Some Mineral Names |- ! English!! IMA Symbol !! Mirad Spellings !! Mirad Name |- | ''argyrodyte'' || Agy || '''a-ge-yu''' || '''ageyumuk''' |- |''brochantyte'' || Bct || '''ba-ca-to''' || '''bacatomuk''' |- |''chromite'' || Chr || '''ca-he-ro''' || '''caheromuk''' |} : There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.: ::* ''Lemmleinite-K'' (Lem-k) is '''liemikomuk''' in Mirad. : Crystals end in '''-mez'''. The first part of the word is an enumeration. : The common crystals are listed here: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Names of Common Crystals |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''mez''' || ''crystal'' |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond'' |- | '''emez''' || ''topaz'' |- | '''imez''' || ''ruby'' |- | '''umez''' || ''emerald'' |- | '''yomez''' || ''sapphire'' |- | '''yamez''' || ''lapis lazuli'' |- | '''yemez''' || ''amethyst'' |- | '''yimez''' || ''amber'' |- | '''yumez''' || ''quartz'' |- | '''alomez''' || ''opal'' |- | '''alamez''' || ''tourmaline'' |- | '''alemez''' || ''garnet'' |- | '''alimez''' || ''zirconia'' |- | '''alumez''' || ''jasper'' |- | '''alyomez''' || ''jade'' |- | '''alyamez''' || ''marganite'' |} : Other, less common crystals end in '''-mez''' and are formed from the Wikipedia list of mineral symbols. : General words for earthen matter: :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' :* '''muz'''....''ore'' :* '''mug'''....''metal'' :* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :* '''meg'''....''rock, stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' :* '''mel'''....''soil'' :* '''meil'''....''mud'' :* '''mek'''....''dust'' :* '''miek'''....''sand'' :* '''mev'''....''porcelain'' :* '''mef'''....''brick'' ==== Rock Classification ==== : The naming of individual rock types is based on the [[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/download/bgs-rock-classification-scheme-igneous/| BGS Rock Classification Scheme ]]. : All rocks (other than the general word for ''rock'', '''meg''') end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type: ::* '''ameg'''....''sedimentary rock'' ::* '''emeg'''....''igneous rock'' ::* '''imag'''....''metamorphic rock'' : The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final ''e'' is dropped from names that end in ''yte'' or ''ite''. For example, ''trachydacite'' in the scheme becomes '''trachydacit''' in Mirad. This word is then followed by one of the rock types above ('''emeg''' ''igneous rock''). So ''trachydacite'' becomes '''trachydacitemeg''' in Mirad. For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary. :The word '''meg''' ''rock'' has some common derivatives: ::* '''megag'''....''boulder'' ::* '''meg'''....''stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' ::* '''megyel'''....''cement, asphalt, bitumen'' :::* '''megyelyig'''....''concrete'' ::* '''megil'''....''lava'' ::* '''meggos'''....''crag'' ::* '''megyig'''....''flintstone, basalt'' ::* '''meag'''....''marble'' ::* '''meeg'''....''slate'' ::* '''meig'''....''granite'' ::* '''meug'''....''clay, dough'' ::* '''meyog'''....''china'' ::* '''meyag'''....''chalk'' :::* '''meyaz'''....''pastel'' :::* '''meyayg'''....''calcite'' ::* '''meyeg'''....''limestone, sediment'' ::* '''meyig'''....''alabaster'' ::* '''meyug'''....''gypsum'' ::* '''mealog'''....''sandstone, stoneware'' ::* '''mameg'''....''coal'' :::* '''eymameg'''....''coke'' :::* '''maameg'''....''anthracite'' :::* '''maemeg'''....''peat'' :::* '''maimeg'''....''lignite'' : Related are: ::* '''mek'''....''dust'' :::* '''mekes'''....''grit'' :::* '''mekil'''....''grout'' :::* '''meyk'''....''grit'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder'' ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' ::* '''mieg'''....''coral'' ::* '''mel'''....''dirt'' ::* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''meil'''....''mud'' ::* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :::* '''meyz'''....''spar'' :::* '''meyzag'''....''feldspar'' ::* '''muz'''....''ore'' ::* '''memol'''....''alkali'' ::* '''mimol'''....''salt'' ::* '''mef'''....''brick'' === Metric Nomenclature === [[File:Conversion Factors.png|thumb|]] : Mirad uses the [[Wikt:International System of Units (SI)|International System of Units (SI)]]) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names ('''alpha''', '''gamma''', etc.) preceded with the word '''ag-''' if majuscule ('''aggamma''' for ''&Gamma;'') The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ''ohm'' (Ω) is '''agomega'''. All metric units end in the word '''nak'''. ==== SI Base Units ==== :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbeviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} ==== SI Derived Units ==== : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | B | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''agbanak''' |- | '''bit''' | align="center" | b | one bit of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ==== Convenient Non-SI Units ==== ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglinak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heabak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |} ==== Metrical Formulae ==== : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical <br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |} ==== Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes ==== : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for ''b'' (byte) is pronounced '''ba''' in Mirad. A terabyte ( ''Tb'') is therefore pronounced '''ag-to-ba''', which This amounts ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix<br><br>Mirad Pron. !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix !! SI Symbol<br><br>Mirad Pron. |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' ... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''<br>''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''<br>''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''<br>''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''<br>''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''<br>''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yoon-''' <br>''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''<br>''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yaon-'''<br>''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''<br>''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''<br>''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''<br>''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''<br>''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''<br>''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''<br>''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''<br>''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alo-'''<br>''deca-'' || ''da''<br>'''da-a-''' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci-''|| ''d''<br>'''da-''' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''<br>''hexa-'' || ''h''<br>'''hi-''' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi-''|| ''c''<br>'''ca-''' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''<br>''kilo-'' ||''k''<br>'''ki-''' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''<br>''milli-''|| ''m''<br>'''mi-''' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || ''M''<br>'''agmi-''' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-''|| ''r''<br>'''ro-''' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''<br>''giga-'' || ''G''<br>'''agge-''' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-''|| ''n''<br>'''ni-''' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || ''T''<br>'''agto-''' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-''|| ''p''<br>'''po-''' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ''P''<br>'''agpo-'''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-''||''f''<br>'''fe-''' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''<br>''exa-'' || ''E''<br>'''age-'''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''<br>''atto-''||''a''<br>'''a-''' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ''Z''<br>'''agzu-'''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''<br>''zepto-''||''z''<br>'''zu-''' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || '' Y''<br>'''agyu''' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''<br>''yocto-''||''y''<br>'''yu-''' |} : *Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. ==== Abbreviated Symbols ==== : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | Macro !! colspan=2 | Micro |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daage''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dage''' |- | ''hg'' (hexagram)|| '''hege''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cage''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''koge''' || ''mg'' (milligram) ||'''mige''' |- | ''Mg'' (megagram)|| '''agmige''' ||''rg'' or '''μg''' (microgram)|| '''roge''' or '''muge''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggege''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nige''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtoge''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''poge''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpoge''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fege''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agege''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''age''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzege''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zege''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyuge''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yuge''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* '''10 kg2'''....(pronounced as:) ''alo koge gar ewa'' ::* '''12 mm3'''....(pronounced as:) ''ale mimi gar iwa'' === Trigonometric Nomenclature === : This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by '''-naz''' (''value''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Trigonometry Functions |- ! Function (Symbol) !! Mirad Technical Name !! Mirad Ordinary Name |- | ''sine (sin)'' || '''soini-naz''' || '''uznaz''' |- | ''cosine (cos)'' || '''caoso-naz''' || '''yanuznaz''' |- | ''arccosine (arccos, cos^-1)''<br>''anticosine''<br>''inverse cosine''|| '''arocacaoso-naz''' || '''ovuznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic sine (sinh)'' || '''soinihe-naz'''|| '''enuza uznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic cosine (cosh)'' || '''caosohe-naz''' || '''enuza yanuznaz''' |- | ''secant (sec)'' || '''soeca-naz''' || '''golus naz''' |- | ''cosecant (csc)'' || '''casoca-naz''' || '''yangolus naz''' |- | ''arccosecant (arccsc)'' || '''arocacasoca-naz''' || '''enuza yangolus naz''' |} === Poetry Nomenclature === : Mirad uses the nonsense syllables '''di''' and '''da''' to form various poetic meter words that usually are formed with Greek words in English. The syllable '''di''' represents an ''unstressed'' syllable in verse, while the syllable '''da''' denotes a ''stressed'' syllable. These are hyphenated and followed with a space and the word '''deup''' as a noun, which means ''meter'' or ''rhythm''. The adjectival form of the word ends in '''deupa'''. Here are the most common poetic meters: ::* '''di-da deupa'''.... iambic :::* '''di-da yoondeup'''.... ''iambic pentameter'' ::* '''di-di-da deupa'''.... ''anapestic'' ::* '''di-da-da deupa'''.... ''bacchius'' ::* '''da-da deupa'''.... ''spondaic'' ::* '''da-da-da deupa'''.... ''molossus'' ::* '''da-da-di deupa'''.... ''antibacchius'' ::* '''da-di deupa'''.... ''tochaic'' :::* '''da-di deup'''.... ''trochee, choree'' ::* '''da-di-da deupa'''.... ''cretic, amphimacer'' ::* '''da-di-di deupa'''.... ''dactylic'' ::* '''da-di-di yaondeup'''.... ''dactylic hexameter'' ::* '''da-di-di-da deupa'''.... ''amphibrachic'' : Other words representing elements of poetry are: ::* '''drez'''....''poetry, verse'' :::* '''dreza'''....''poetic'' :::* '''drezyen'''....''poesy'' :::* '''drezyan'''....''anthology'' (of poetry) :::* '''drezut'''....''poet'' ::::* '''drezuyt'''....''poetess'' ::::* '''popdrezut'''....''minstrel'' ::::* '''Vikinga drezut'''....''skald'' ::::* '''dreuzut'''....''bard'' :::* '''odrez'''....''prose'' :::* '''vyasma drez'''....''concrete verse'' :::* '''tyoda drez'''....''folk poetry'' :::* '''indeupa drez'''....''trimeter'' :::* '''undeupa drez'''....''tetrameter'' :::* '''yoondeupa drez'''....''pentameter'' :::* '''yaondeupa drez'''....''hexameter'' :::* '''yendeupa drez'''....''heptameter'' :::* '''yindeupa drez'''....''octameter'' :::* '''ogelseuxwa drez'''....''blank verse'' :::* '''yiva drez'''....''free verse'' :::* '''drezun'''....''poem'' ::::* '''deuzwa drezun'''....''sung poem, lay'' ::::* '''dindrezun'''....''ballad'' ::::* '''dizdrezun'''....''limerick'' ::::* '''fiddrezun'''....''ode'' ::::* '''fizdrezun'''....''epic poem'' ::::* '''haikudrezun'''....''haiku'' ::::* '''viysindrezun'''....''idyll'' ::::* '''ifondrezun'''....''love poem, romantic poem'' ::::* '''indrezun'''....''terzain'' ::::* '''jodrezun'''....''epode'' ::::* '''yindrezun'''....''sistina'' ::::* '''klerihyudrezun'''....''clerihew'' ::::* '''meimdrezun'''....''pastoral'' ::::* '''melyexdrezun'''....''georgic'' ::::* '''petnyanuta drezun'''....''pastoral, eclogue'' ::::* '''popduzuta drezun'''....''troubadour poem'' ::::* '''rondodrezun'''....''rondeau, rondel, roundel'' ::::* '''seuz drezun'''....''sound poem'' ::::* '''tadyandrezun'''....''prothalamion, epithalamion'' ::::* '''tankadrezun'''....''tanka'' ::::* '''taxdrezun'''....''epitaph'' ::::* '''tuddrezun'''....''nursery rhyme'' ::::* '''ulondrezun'''....''sonnet'' ::::* '''ujdreznadeon'''....''envoi'' ::::* '''undrezun'''....''quatrain'' ::::* '''unnad drezun'''....''tetrastich'' ::::* '''uvdrezun'''....''elegy'' ::::* '''alyundrezun'''....''villanelle'' ::::* '''virelaydrezun'''....''virelai, virelay'' ::::* '''yizivtos drezun'''....''rhapsody'' ::::* '''yoondrezun'''....''quintain'' ::* '''dreznad'''....''line, -stich, verse'' :::* '''eyndreznad'''...''hemistich'' :::* '''endreznad'''....''couplet'' ::* '''dreznadyan'''....''stanza'' ::* '''gelseux'''....''rhyme'' :::* '''gelseuxyen'''....''rhyme scheme'' :::* '''dunija gelseuxen'''....''alliteration'' ::* '''seuxzoyxen'''....''assonance'' ::* '''geyldyan'''....''simile'' ::* '''yiztyun'''....''metaphor'' ::* '''yanseuzan'''....''consonance'' ::* '''deup'''....''rhythm, beat, metrical foot, meter'' ::* '''kyib'''....''stress'' ::* '''seuz'''....''tone'' === Dimensional Nomenclature === : This chart shows adjectives that describe dimensional relationships: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ Dimensional Words |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- | '''yaba'''....''high(er)'' || '''yeba'''....''inner'' || '''yoba'''....''low(er)'' |- | '''yaiba'''....''tall'' || '''yeiba'''....''deep inside'' || '''yoiba'''....''deep (down)'' |- | '''yauba'''....''short'' || '''yeuba'''....''a short way in'' || '''youba'''....''shallow'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || || '''yoga'''....''short'' |- | '''yiba'''....''far'' || || '''yuba'''....''near'' |- | '''aonada'''....''vertical'' || || '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- | '''kia'''....''diagonal'' || || '''kua'''....''lateral'' |- | '''zyia'''....''flat'' || || '''zyua'''....''round'' |- | '''yaza'''....''concave'' || '''yeza'''....''flush'' || '''yoza'''....''convex'' |} === Geologic Period Nomenclature === : The principal geochronologic units of the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest, are: :** '''joob'''....''eon'' :*** '''ajoob'''....''Hadean Eon'' :*** '''ejoob'''....''Archean Eon'' :*** '''ijoob'''....''Proterozoic Eon'' :*** '''ujoob'''....''Phanerozoic Eon'' :** '''joab'''....''era'' :*** '''ajoab'''....''Eoarchean Era'' :*** '''ejoab'''....''Paleoarchean Era'' :*** '''ijoab'''....''Mesoarchean Era'' :*** '''ujoab'''....''Neoarchean Era'' :*** '''yojoab'''....''Paleoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yajoab'''....''Mesoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yejoab'''....''Neoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yijoab'''....''Paleozoic Era'' :*** '''yujoab'''....''Mesozoic Era'' :*** '''alojoab'''....''Cenozoic Era'' :** '''joeb'''....''period'' :*** '''ajoeb'''....''Siderian Period'' :*** '''ejoeb'''....''Rhyacian Period'' :*** '''ijoeb'''....''Orosirian Period'' :*** '''ujoeb'''....''Statherian Period'' :*** '''yojoeb'''....''Calymmian Period'' :*** '''yajoeb'''....''Ectasian Period'' :*** '''yejoeb'''....''Stenian Period'' :*** '''yijoeb'''....''Tonian Period'' :*** '''yujoeb'''....''Cryogenian Period'' :*** '''alojoeb'''....''Ediacaran Period'' :*** '''alajoeb'''....''Cambrian Period'' :*** '''alejoeb'''....''Ordovician Period'' :*** '''alijoeb'''....''Silurian Period'' :*** '''alujoeb'''....''Devonian Period'' :*** '''alyojoeb'''....''Carboniferous Period'' :*** '''alyajoeb'''....''Permian Period'' :*** '''alyejoeb'''....''Triassic Period'' :*** '''alyijoeb'''....''Jurassic Period'' :*** '''alyujoeb'''....''Cretaceous Period'' :*** '''elojoeb'''....''Paleogene Period'' :*** '''elajoeb'''....''Neogene Period'' :*** '''elejoeb'''....''Quarternary Period'' :** '''joib'''....''epoch'' :*** '''ajoib'''....''Terreneuvian Epoch'' :*** '''ejoib'''....''Series 2 Epoch'' :*** '''ijoib'''....''Miaolingian Epoch'' :*** '''ujoib'''....''Furongian Epoch'' :*** '''yojoib'''....''Lower Epoch'' :*** '''yajoib'''....''Middle Epoch'' :*** '''yejoib'''....''Upper Epoch'' :*** '''yijoib'''....''Llandovery Epoch'' :*** '''yujoib'''....''Wenlock Epoch'' :*** '''alojoib'''....''Ludlow Epoch'' :*** '''alajoib'''....''Pridoli Epoch'' :** '''joub'''....''age'' :*** '''ajoub'''....''Fortunian Age'' :*** '''ejoub'''....''Stage 2 Age'' :*** '''ijoub'''....''Stage 3 Age'' :*** '''ujoub'''....''Stage 4 Age'' :*** '''yojoub'''....''Wulian Age'' :*** '''yajoub'''....''Drumian Age'' :*** '''yejoub'''....''Guzhangian Age'' :*** '''yijoub'''....''Paibian Age'' :*** '''yujoub'''....''Jianshanian Age'' :*** '''alojoub'''....''Stage 10 Age'' :*** '''alajoub'''....''Temadocian Age'' :*** '''alejoub'''....''Floian Age'' :*** '''alijoub'''....''Dapingian Age'' :*** '''alujoub'''....''Darriwilian Age'' :*** '''alyojoub'''....''Sandbian Age'' :*** '''alyajoub'''....''Katian Age'' :*** '''alyejoub'''....''Hirnantian Age'' :*** '''alyijoub'''....''Rhuddanian Age'' :*** '''alyujoub'''....''Aeronian Age'' :*** '''elojoub'''....''Telychian Age'' :*** '''elajoub'''....''Cheinwoodian Age'' :*** '''elejoub'''....''Homerian Age'' :*** '''elijoub'''....''Gorstian Age'' :*** '''elujoub'''....''Ludfordian Age'' :*** '''elyojoub'''....''Pridoli Age'' :*** '''elyajoub'''....''Lochkovian Age'' :*** '''elyejoub'''....''Pragian Age'' :*** '''elyijoub'''....''Emsian Age'' :*** '''elyujoub'''....''Eifelian Age'' :*** '''ilojoub'''....''Givetian Age'' :*** '''ilajoub'''....''Frasnian Age'' :*** '''ilejoub'''....''Famennian Age'' :*** '''ilijoub'''....''Tournaisian Age'' :*** '''ilujoub'''....''Visean Age'' :*** '''ilyojoub'''....''Serpukhovian Age'' :*** '''ilyajoub'''....''Bashkirian Age'' :*** '''ilyejoub'''....''Moscovian Age'' :*** '''ilyijoub'''....''Kasimovian Age'' :*** '''ilyujoub'''....''Gzhelian Age'' :*** '''ulojoub'''....''Asselian Age'' :*** '''ulajoub'''....''Sakmarian Age'' :*** '''ulejoub'''....''Artinskian Age'' :*** '''ulijoub'''....''Kungurian Age'' :*** '''ulujoub'''....''Roadian Age'' :*** '''ulyojoub'''....''Wordian Age'' :*** '''ulyajoub'''....''Capitanian Age'' :*** '''ulyejoub'''....''Wuchiapingian Age'' :*** '''ulyijoub'''....''Changhsingian Age'' :*** '''ulyujoub'''....''Induan Age'' :*** '''yolojoub'''....''Olenekian Age'' :*** '''yolajoub'''....''Anisian Age'' :*** '''yolejoub'''....''Ladnian Age'' :*** '''yolijoub'''....''Carnian Age'' :*** '''yolujoub'''....''Norian Age'' :*** '''yolyojoub'''....''Rhaetian Age'' :*** '''yolyajoub'''....''Hettangian Age'' :*** '''yolyejoub'''....''Sinemurian Age'' :*** '''yolyijoub'''....''Pliensbachian Age'' :*** '''yolyujoub'''....''Toarcian Age'' :*** '''yalojoub'''....''Aalenian Age'' :*** '''yalajoub'''....''Bajocian Age'' :*** '''yalejoub'''....''Bathonian Age'' :*** '''yalijoub'''....''Callovian Age'' :*** '''yalujoub'''....''Oxfordian Age'' :*** '''yalyojoub'''....''Kimmeridgian Age'' :*** '''yalyajoub'''....''Tithonian Age'' :*** '''yalyejoub'''....''Berriasian Age'' :*** '''yalyijoub'''....''Valanginian Age'' :*** '''yalyujoub'''....''Hauterivian Age'' :*** '''yelojoub'''....''Barremian Age '' :*** '''yelajoub'''....''Aptian Age '' :*** '''yelejoub'''....''Albian Age '' :*** '''yelijoub'''....''Cenomanian '' :*** '''yelujoub'''....''Turonian '' :*** '''yelyojoub'''....''Coniacian '' :*** '''yelyajoub'''....''Santonian '' :*** '''yelyejoub'''....''Campanian '' :*** '''yelyijoub'''....''Maastrichtian '' :*** '''yelyujoub'''....''Danian '' :*** '''yilojoub'''....''Selandian '' :*** '''yilajoub'''....''Thanetian '' :*** '''yilejoub'''....''Ypresian '' :*** '''yilijoub'''....''Lutetian '' :*** '''yilujoub'''....''Bartonian '' :*** '''yilyojoub'''....''Priaboanian '' :*** '''yilyajoub'''....''Rupelian '' :*** '''yilyejoub'''....''Chattian '' :*** '''yilyijoub'''....''Aquitanian '' :*** '''yilyujoub'''....''Burdigalian '' :*** '''yulojoub'''....''Langhian '' :*** '''yulajoub'''....''Serravallian '' :*** '''yulejoub'''....''Tortonian '' :*** '''yulijoub'''....''Messinian '' :*** '''yulujoub'''....''Zanclean '' :*** '''yulyojoub'''....''Piacenzian '' :*** '''yulyajoub'''....''Gelasian '' :*** '''yulyejoub'''....''Calabrian '' :*** '''yulyijoub'''....''Chibanian '' :*** '''yulyujoub'''....''Tarantian '' :*** '''asojoub'''....''Greenlandian '' :*** '''asajoub'''....''Northgrippian '' :*** '''asejoub'''....''Meghalayan '' === Names of Diacritics === : The Mirad words for diacritics (= accents) are based on the worldwide Unicode 4.0 standard. There are three kinds of diacritics based on where they are positioned relative to the base: ::* <b>aybsiyn</b>....<i>above mark</i> ::* <b>oybsiyn</b>....<i>below mark</i> ::* <b>absiyn</b>....<i>overlay mark</i> : The names are based on some common shapes: ::* <b>nod</b>....<i>dot</i> ::* <b>grun</b>....<i>hook</i> ::* <b>nad</b>....<i>line</i> ::* <b>kin</b>....<i>slash</i> ::* <b>vu</b>....<i>wedge</i> ::* <b>pyaon</b>....<i>wave</i> ::* <b>zyus</b>....<i>ring</i> ::* <b>uz</b>....<i>arch</i> ::* <b>zeymep</b>....<i>bridge</i> ::* <b>izmufseb</b>....<i>arrowhead</i> ::* <b>mar</b>....<i>star</i> : The above shapes can be modified by adjectives: ::* <b>kia</b>....<i>slanted</i> ::* <b>ao</b>....<i>vertical</i> ::* <b>yoga/yaga</b>....<i>short/long</i> ::* <b>en</b>....<i>double</i> ::* <b>yaba/yoba</b>....<i>up/down</i> ::* <b>zua/zia</b>....<i>left/right</i> ::* <b>oyvuzbwa</b>....<i>inverted</i> : Here is a chart listing the most common diacritics in the world's languages. (Note: Mirad does not use diacritics for its native words.) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;" |+ Mirad Names of Diacritics |- ! Diacritic !! Unicode<br>Value !! Mirad !! Unicode Name |- |<big><b>&#x0301;</b></big>|| 0301||<b> zukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zukin oybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030B;</b></big>|| 030B||<b> enzukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0317;</b></big>|| 0317||<b> zikin oybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030F;</b></big>|| 030F||<b> enzikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> zigrun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0327;</b></big>|| 0327||<b> zugrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>cedilla</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0328;</b></big>|| 0328||<b> zigrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>ogonek, nasal hook</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0302;</b></big>|| 0302||<b> yobvu aybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent, hat</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032D;</b></big>|| 032D||<b> yobvu oybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030C;</b></big>|| 030C||<b> vu aybsiyn</b>||<i>hachek, v above, caron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032C;</b></big>|| 032C||<b> vu oybsiyn</b>||<i>caron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0306;</b></big>|| 0306||<b> yabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0311;</b></big>|| 0311||<b> yobuz aybsin</b>||<i>inverted breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032F;</b></big>|| 032F||<b> yobuz oybsin </b>||<i>inverted breve below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0308;</b></big>|| 0308||<b> ennod aybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis above, double dot above, umlaut, trema</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0324;</b></big>|| 0324||<b> ennod oybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis below, double dot below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0307;</b></big>|| 0307||<b> nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above, overdot, tecka, tittle</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0323;</b></big>|| 0323||<b> nod oybsiyn</b>||<i>dot below, underdot, nang</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0351;</b></big>|| 0351||<b> zua eynzyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031C;</b></big>|| 031C||<b> zua eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia eynzyus aybsign</b>||<i>right half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0339;</b></big>|| 0339||<b> zia eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>right half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0305;</b></big>|| 0305||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>overline, overscore, vinculum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033F;</b></big>|| 033F||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double overline</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0332;</b></big>|| 0332||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>single lowline below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0333;</b></big>|| 0333||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double lowline, double underline, double underscore</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0304;</b></big>|| 0304||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>macron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0331;</b></big>|| 0331||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035E;</b></big>|| 935E||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron, longum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035F;</b></big>|| 035F||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030A;</b></big>|| 030A||<b> zyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>ring above, kroujek, overring</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0325;</b></big>|| 0325||<b> zyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032A;</b></big>|| 032A||<b> zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033A;</b></big>|| 033A||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0303;</b></big>|| 0303||<b> pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0342;</b></big>|| 0342||<b> yagpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek perispomeni</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0360;</b></big>|| 0360||<b> enpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>double tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0330;</b></big>|| 0330||<b> pyaon oybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032B;</b></big>|| 032B||<b> oyvuzbwa enuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted double arch below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033E;</b></big>|| 033E||<b> aonada pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical tilde, yerik</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031A;</b></big>|| 031A||<b> zua gun aybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> aonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> aonad oybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030E;</b></big>|| 030E||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033D;</b></big>|| 033D||<b> xu aybsiyn</b>||<i>x above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0353;</b></big>|| 0353||<b> xu oybsiyn</b>||<i>x below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033C;</b></big>|| 033C||<b> lapiat oybsiyn</b>||<i>seagull below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0310;</b></big>|| 0310||<b> nod ayb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>candrabindu</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0352;</b></big>|| 0352||<b> nod oyb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>fermata</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0314;</b></big>|| 0314||<b> zia grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma above, dasia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0326;</b></big>|| 0326||<b> zia grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0313;</b></big>|| 0313||<b> zua grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>reversed comma above, psili</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0320;</b></big>|| 0320||<b> gobsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>minus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031F;</b></big>|| 031F||<b> gabsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>plus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubay ge aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equals above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0349;</b></big>|| 0349||<b> zua gun oybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033B;</b></big>|| 033B||<b> ungun oybsiyn</b>||<i>square below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0334;</b></big>|| 0334||<b> Gereda nod-kin-nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek dialytika tonos</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia izmufseb aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x08F7;</b></big>|| 0356||<b> zia izmufseb ay yabizmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead and up arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0355;</b></big>|| 0355||<b> zia izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0354;</b></big>|| 0354||<b> zua izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>left arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0318;</b></big>|| 0318||<b> zua zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>left tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0319;</b></big>|| 0319||<b> zia zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>right tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031D;</b></big>|| 031D||<b> yob zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>up tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031E;</b></big>|| 031E||<b> yab zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>down tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0337;</b></big>|| 0337||<b> yoga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>short slash overlay, short solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0338;</b></big>|| 0338||<b> yaga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>long slash overlay, long solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0322;</b></big>|| 0322||<b> zoykixwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>retroflex hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0359;</b></big>|| 0359||<b> mar oybsiyn</b>||<i>asterisk below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035A;</b></big>|| 035A||<b> enzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>double ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0358;</b></big>|| 0358||<b> zinod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above right</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035C;</b></big>|| 035C||<b> enyabuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve below, ligature tie below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035D;</b></big>|| 035D||<b> enyabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0361;</b></big>|| 0361||<b> enyobuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double inverted breve, top ligature, tie bar</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035B;</b></big>|| 035B||<b> uiznad aybsiyn</b>||<i>zigzag above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0347;</b></big>|| 0347||<b> gese oybsiyn</b>||<i>equals sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubgese aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equal to above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0362;</b></big>|| 0362||<b> enziizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>double rightwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034E;</b></big>|| 034E||<b> yabizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>upwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> ziizmuf aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034A;</b></big>|| 034A||<b> opyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>not tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x037A;</b></big>|| 037A||<b> iota oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek ypogegrammeni, iota subscript</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0374;</b></big>|| 0374||<b> Gereda sag aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek numeral sign, dexia keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0375;</b></big>|| 0375||<b> Gereda sag oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek lower numeral sign, aristeri keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0651;</b></big>|| 0651||<b> xadda aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic shadda</i> |- |<big><b>&#x065E;</b></big>|| 065E||<b> fatha aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic fatha with two dots</i> |- |<big><b>&#x061A;</b></big>|| 061A||<b> kasra oybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic small kasra</i> |- |<big><b>&#x064C;</b></big>|| 064C||<b> damma aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic dammatan</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0652;</b></big>|| 0652||<b> sukun aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic sukun</i> |} === Grammar Terms === :*'''drevyab'''....''grammar'' :*'''dun'''....''word'' :*'''dyen'''....''phrase'' :*'''dyan'''....''sentence'' :** '''delyea'''....''declarative'' :** '''didyea'''....''interrogative'' :** '''azteudyea'''....''exclamatory'' :*'''dyangon'''....''clause'' :** '''agala dyangon'''....''main clause'' :** '''abyosyea dyangon'''....''dependent clause'' :** '''obdabyea dyangon'''....''subordinate clause'' :*'''anyendyen'''....''idiom'' :*'''dalzeyn'''....''language'' :*'''dalzeynes'''....''dialect'' :*'''dalyen'''....''locution'' :*'''dungon'''....''syllable'' :*'''dunog'''....''particle'' :*'''abun'''....''affix'' :** '''zabun'''....''prefix'' :** '''zobun'''....''suffix'' :** '''yebun'''....''infix'' :*'''kyid'''....''stress'' :*'''dredyen'''....''spelling, orthography'' :*'''seuxden'''....''pronunciation'' :*'''dalgon'''....''part of speech'' :**'''sundun'''....''noun'' :**'''avdun'''....''pronoun'' :**'''erdun'''....''verb'' :**'''adun'''....''adjective'' :**'''aydun'''....''adverb'' :**'''ebdun'''....''preposition'' :**'''yanxdun'''....''conjunction'' :**'''oybdun'''....''particle'' :**'''asaundun'''....''article, determiner'' :*'''jobyen'''....''tense'' :** '''eja'''....''present tense'' :** '''aja'''....''past tense'' :** '''oja'''....''future tense'' :** '''vensona'''....''conditional'' :* '''teagun'''....''aspect'' :** '''ikna'''....''perfect'' :** '''oikna'''....''imperfect'' :** '''zaypasyea'''....''progressive'' :*'''tipyen'''....''mood'' :** '''izeadyea'''....''indicative mood'' :** '''ovyamxwa'''....''subjunctive mood'' :*'''teuz'''....''voice'' :** '''axlyea'''....''active'' :** '''xolyea'''....''passive'' :** '''syundabea'''....''transitive'' :** '''osyundabea'''....''intransitive'' :** '''zyinzoyubea'''....''reflexive'' :*'''sankyas'''....''case'' :** '''syina'''....''nominative, subject'' :** '''bina'''....''genitive, possessive'' :** '''buna'''....''dative'' :** '''izsyuna'''....''accusative, direct object'' :** '''oizsyuna'''....''indirect object'' :** '''byina'''....''ablative'' :** '''dyuena'''....''vocative'' :*'''toob'''....''gender'' :** '''twooba'''....''masculine'' :** '''tooyba'''....''feminine'' :** '''evtwooba'''....''neuter'' :*'''sag'''....''number'' :** '''ansaga'''....''singular'' :** '''glasaga'''....''plural'' :*'''sagdun'''....''numeral'' == Forming Adjectives == : You can form an adjective by adding the suffix '''a''' to a substantive, any adverb not ending in '''-ay''', or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adjectives |- ! Noun !! Adjective |- | '''taam'''....''home'' || '''taama'''....''domestic'' |- | '''doob'''....''nation'' || '''dooba'''....''national'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''teja'''....''vital'' |- | '''tyoyapyaf'''....''ability to walk'' || '''tyoyapyafa'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''martun'''....''astronomy'' || '''martuna'''....''astronomical'' |- ! Pronoun !! Adjective |- | '''at'''....''I, me'' || '''ata'''....''my'' |- | '''eut'''....''yourself'' || '''euta'''....''your own'' |- | '''hiyen'''....''this kind'' || '''hiyena'''....''this kind of'' |- | '''duhot?'''....''who?'' || '''duhota?'''....''whose?'' |- ! Gerund !! Adjective |- | '''ifeken'''....''recreation'' || '''ifekena'''....''recreational'' |- ! Adverb !! Adjective |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiba'''....''distant'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaba'''....''high, upper'' |- ! Verb Form !! Adjective (= Participle) |- | '''teje'''....''(he) lives'' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- | '''tojo'''....''will die'' || '''tojoa'''....''moribund, about to die'' |- | '''tojbu'''....''would kill'' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- | '''twa'''....''was known'' || '''twaa'''....''known'' (usu. shortened to '''twa''') |} === Adjectival Suffixes === : Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just '''a'''. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Other Adjectives |- ! Suffix !! Meaning !! Noun !! Adjective |- ! rowspan=3|-ava !!rowspan=3| ''pro-, for'' !! !! |- | '''Usom'''<br>''U.S.'' || '''Usomava'''<br>''pro-U.S.'' |- | '''yuvrin'''<br>''slavery'' || '''yuvrinava'''<br>''pro-slavery'' |- ! rowspan=3|-ova !!rowspan=3| ''anti-, against'' !! !! |- | '''dobvyabyan'''<br>''constitution'' || '''dovyabyanova'''<br>''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''dot'''<br>''society'' || '''dotova'''<br>''anti-social'' |- ! rowspan=5|-aya !!rowspan=5| ''full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzaya'''<br>''colorful'' |- | '''futax'''<br>''resentment'' || '''futaxaya'''<br>''resentful'' |- | '''tiibil'''<br>''blood'' || '''tiibilaya'''<br>''bloody'' |- | '''yiflan'''<br>''courage'' || '''yiflanaya'''<br>''courageous'' |- ! rowspan=3|-oya !!rowspan=3| ''bereft of, -less, un-'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzoya'''<br>''colorless, pale'' |- | '''tajyaf'''<br>''talent'' || '''tajyafoya'''<br>''untalented'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ika !!rowspan=2| ''full of, -ous, -ful, -y'' !! !! |- | '''map'''<br>''wind'' || '''mapika'''<br>''windy'' |- ! rowspan=2|-uka !!rowspan=2| ''bereft of, without, -less'' !! !! |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasuka'''<br>''broke, penniless'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yena !! rowspan=4|''-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al'' !! !! |- | '''tudet'''<br>''child'' || '''tudetyena'''<br>''childish, infantile'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' || '''totyena'''<br>''divine, godly'' |- | '''pit'''<br>''fish'' || '''pityena'''<br>''fish-like, fishy'' |- ! rowspan=5|-wa or -awa !! rowspan=5|''-ed, past passive participle''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Past Passive Participle |- | '''t-'''<br>''know'' || '''twa'''<br>''known'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalwa'''<br>''spoken, oral'' |- | '''nixbu-'''<br>''sell'' || '''nixbuwa'''<br>''sold'' |- | '''dr-'''<br>''write'' || '''drawa'''<br>''written'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ea !!rowspan=4| ''-ing''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''ot-'''<br>''not know'' || '''otea'''<br>''ignorant'' |- | '''tej-'''<br>''live'' || '''tejea'''<br>''living, alive'' |- | '''tuj-'''<br>''die'' || '''tujea'''<br>''dying'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yea !!rowspan=5| ''-ive, prone to Xing, given to X''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''tujb-'''<br>''kill'' || '''tujbyea'''<br>''murderous'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texyea'''<br>''pensive, thoughtful'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyea'''<br>''forgetful'' |- | '''axl-'''<br>''act'' || '''axlyea'''<br>''active'' |- ! rowspan=5|-uwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, apt to be Xed''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Passive Participle |- | '''ex-'''<br>''operate'' || '''exuwa'''<br>''operable'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''feel'' || '''tosuwa'''<br>''palpable'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texuwa'''<br>''conceivable'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''teluwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yafa !!rowspan=3| ''-able, capable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafa'''<br>''sightful, able to see'' |- | '''dyed-'''<br>''read'' || '''dyedyafa'''<br>''literate'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yafwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, possible to be Xed''<br> (added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyafwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''telyafwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofa !!rowspan=5| ''incapable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' |- | '''tyoyap-'''<br>''walk'' || '''tyoyapyofa'''<br>''lame'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''dumb, incapable of speaking'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofwa !!rowspan=5| ''un-X-able'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''inaudible'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyofa'''<br>''unforgetable'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''unspeakable'' |- ! rowspan=6|-ifa !!rowspan=6| ''fond of, -phile'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''pot'''<br>''animal'' || '''potifa'''<br>''pet-friendly'' |- | '''hyitoob-'''<br>''same-gender'' || '''hyitoobifa'''<br>''homophile'' |- | '''tobot'''<br>''child'' || '''tobotifa'''<br>''pedophile'' |- | '''fitel'''<br>''food'' || '''fitelifa'''<br>''gourmand'' |- | '''doob'''<br>''nation'' || '''doobifa'''<br>''patriotic'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ifwa !!rowspan=2| ''loved by'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tyod'''<br>''people'' || '''tyodifwa'''<br>''popular'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ufa !!rowspan=4| ''adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tob'''<br>''human'' || '''tobufa'''<br>''misanthropic'' |- | '''hyut-'''<br>''other person'' || '''hyutufa'''<br>''xenophobic'' |- | '''toyb-'''<br>''woman'' || '''toybufa'''<br>''misogynist'' |- ! rowspan=5|-ef(w)a !!rowspan=5|''needful of,<br>(necessary to be X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''til'''<br>''drink'' || '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' |- | '''tel'''<br>''food'' || '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' |- | '''yelb-'''<br>''to oil'' || '''yelbefwa'''<br>''squeaky, in need of oil'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yef(w)a !!rowspan=4| ''worthy of,<br> due to be (deserving of being X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''fid'''<br>''praise'' || '''fidyefa'''<br>''praiseworthy'' |- | '''dud'''<br>''answer'' || '''dudyefa'''<br>''responsible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyefwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yuk(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''easy to, (easily X-ed)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyuka'''<br>''gullible'' |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyukwa'''<br>''incredible, hard to believe'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yik(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''hard to,<br>(hard of X-ing)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyikwa'''<br>''opaque'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyika'''<br>''hard of hearing'' |} === Adjectival Prefixes === ==== Negating the Meaning of Adjectives ==== ::: The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix '''o-'''. ::: Examples: ::::* '''vlea'''....''probable'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>vlea'''....''improbable'' ::::* '''fika'''....''perfect'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fika'''....''imperfect'' ::::* '''twa'''....''known'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>twa'''....''unknown'' ::::* '''bosa'''....''quiet'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>bosa'''....''upset, unquiet'' ::: Note: Occasionally, the prefix '''lo-''' is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case: ::::* '''fwa'''....''wanted'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fwa'''....''prohibited'' <big><</big> '''ofer'''....''to prohibit'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>yo</u>fwa'''....''impossible'' <big><</big> '''yofer'''....''to be unable'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>lo</u>fwa'''....''unwanted'' <big><</big> '''fer'''....''to want'' (disambiguated) ::: The prefixes '''lyo-''' and '''ov''' are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective: ::::* '''data'''....''friendly'' ::::* '''odata'''....''unfriendly'' ::::* '''ovdata'''....''hostile'' ::::* '''lyodata'''....''inimical'' ::::* '''dota'''....''social'' ::::* '''odota'''....''unsocial'' ::::* '''ovdota'''....''antisocial'' ::::* '''lyodota'''....''savage'' ==== Table of Adjective Prefixes ==== ::: As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones: :::{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes<br>Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column |- ! Mirad Prefix !! English Prefix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | '''o-''' || ''un-, a(n)-, in-, non-'' ||'''<u>o</u>baka'''....''unhealthy''<br>'''<u>o</u>yezyebeya'''....''incontinent'', '''<u>o</u>yelpea'''....''non-invasive''<br>'''<u>o</u>totina'''....''atheist'' |- |'''ov-''' || ''anti-, counter-'' || '''<u>ov</u>zuina'''....''anti-leftist''<br>'''<u>ov</u>iztida'''....''counter-intuitive'' |- |'''av-''' || ''pro-'' || '''<u>av</u>hyitoosifa'''....''pro-gay'' |- | '''kovyo-''' ||''pseudo-'' || '''<u>kovyo</u>tepina'''....''pseudo-intellectual'' |- | '''hya(s)-''' || ''all-, pan-, omni-'' || '''<u>hyas</u>tea'''....''all-knowing, omniscient'' |- | '''voy-, gal-''' || ''re-'' || '''<u>voy</u>upya'''....''returned''<br>'''<u>gal</u>abwa'''....''<u>re</u>applied'' |- | '''vyo-''' || ''mis-'' || '''<u>vyo</u>seudxwa'''....''mispronounced'' |- | '''eyn-''' || ''semi-, half-'' ||'''<u>eyn</u>levelaya'''....''semi-sweet''<br>'''<u>eyn</u>tija'''....''half-awake'' |- |'''yiz-''' || ''ultra-, super-'' || '''<u>yiz</u>doobina'''....''ultra-nationalist''<br>'''<u>yiz</u>mola'''....''supernatural'' |- | '''gro-''' || ''under-, hypo-'' || '''<u>gro</u>jaga'''....''under-aged'' |- | '''gra-''' || ''over-, hyper-, uber-'' || '''<u>gra</u>agxwa'''....''overgrown''<br>'''<u>gra</u>toseya'''....''hypersensitive'' |- | '''gla-''' ||''multi-, many-, poly-'' || '''<u>gla</u>kuma'''....''multilateral''<br>'''<u>gla</u>tadaya'''....''polygamous'' |- |'''fu-''' || ''mal-, ill-'' || '''<u>fu</u>teyenxwa'''....''ill-conceived''<br>'''<u>fu</u>sanxwa'''....''malformed'' |- | '''fi-''' || ''well-'' || '''<u>fi</u>tofabwa'''....''well-dressed'' |- | '''yuyb-''' ||''quasi-, almost'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>daba'''....''quasi-governmental'' |- | '''ja-''' || ''pre-, (a)fore-, pro-'' ||'''<u>ja</u>teyenxwa'''....''pre-conceived''<br>'''<u>ja</u>igdawa'''....''aformentioned'' |- | '''jo-''' || ''post-'' || '''<u>jo</u>dropeka'''....''post-war'' |- | '''oyeb-'''|| ''extra-, exo-, '' || '''<u>oyeb</u>tada'''....''extra-marital'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-'' || '''<u>yeb</u>tayoba'''....''endo-dermal'' |- | '''agl(a)-''' || ''macro-'' || '''<u>agla</u>mora'''....''macrocosmic'' |- | '''ogl(a)-''' || ''micro-'' || '''<u>ogla</u>mora'''....''microcosmic'' |- | '''ut-''' || ''auto-, self-, sui-'' || '''<u>ut</u>pana'''....''automatic''<br>'''<u>ut</u>tojbua'''....''suicidal'' |- | '''hyaewa-''' || ''ambi-'' || '''<u>hyaewa</u>tesea'''....''ambivalent'' |- | '''en-''' || ''bi-'' || '''<u>en</u>toobifa'''....''bisexual'' |- | '''yuz-''' || ''circum-'' || '''<u>yuz</u>teaxea'''....''circumspect'' |- | '''gel-''' || ''homo-'' || '''<u>gel</u>sauna'''....''homogeneous'' |- | '''ogel-''' || ''hetero-'' || '''<u>ogel</u>sauna'''....''heterogeneous'' |- | '''oyb-''' || ''infra-, sub-'' || '''<u>oyb</u>ivoza'''....''infrared'' |- | '''ge-''' || ''iso-, equi-'' || '''<u>ge</u>voza'''....''isochromatic'' |- | '''agr(a)-''' || ''mega-'' || '''<u>agra</u>tipa'''....''megamaniacal'' |- | '''ku-''' || ''para-'' || '''<u>ku</u>ega'''....''paranormal'' |- | '''yuyb-''' || ''quasi-, almost, pen-'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>dobyena'''....''quasi-official'' |- | '''yib-''' || ''tele-, far-'' || '''<u>yib</u>pyuxea'''....''far-reaching'' |- | '''zey-''' || ''trans-, cross-'' || '''<u>zey</u>mimaga'''....''transoceanic'' |- | '''aaj-''' || ''paleo-'' || '''<u>aaj</u>toba'''....''paleoloanthropic'' |- | '''eej-''' || ''neo-'' || '''<u>eej</u>visauna'''....''neoclassical'' |- | '''yibaj-''' || ''arch(a)eo-, ancient'' || '''yibajtuna'''....''archaeological'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-, inner, intro-'' || '''yebzena'''....''endocentric''<br>'''yebuzbwa'''....''introverted'' |- | '''oyeb-''' || ''exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)-'' || '''oyebzena'''....''exocentric''<br>'''oyebuzbwa'''....''extroverted'' |- | '''yab(an)-''' || ''high-, up'' || '''yabnoga'''....''upscale''<br>'''yabnayxa'''....''high-priced'' |- | '''yaban-''' || ''acro-'' || '''yabanyufa'''....''acrophobic'' |- | '''yob-''' || ''low-, down-'' || '''yobnoga'''....''low-grade, down-scale'' |} === English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison === : Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared |- ! English Suffix !! Meaning !! Mirad Suffix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | ''-ful'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''voz<u>aya</u>'''....''colorful''<br> '''tuz<u>ika</u>'''....''skillful'' |- | ''-ous'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''naz<u>ika</u>'''....''precious''<br> '''mil<u>aya</u>'''....''aqueous'' |- | ''-filled'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoke-filled'' |- | ''-y'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoky''<br> |- | ''-ous'' || of<br> like || '''-a''' || '''totin<u>a</u>'''....''religious''<br> '''vyos<u>a</u>'''....''erroneous'' |- | ''-ly'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tot<u>yena</u>'''....''godly''<br> '''toyb<u>yena</u>'''....''womanly'' |- | ''-like'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pat<u>yena</u>'''....''bird-like'' |- | ''-ish'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tobot<u>yena</u>'''....''childish'' |- | ''-y'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''fyab<u>yena</u>'''....''fruity'' |- | ''-ic'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tuz<u>yena</u>'''....''artistic''<br> '''sil<u>yena</u>'''....''acidic'' |- | ''-ic'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''tun<u>a</u>'''....''scientific''<br> '''bek<u>a</u>'''....''therapeutic'' |- | ''-ical'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''zyunid<u>a</u>'''....''spherical''<br> '''iztex<u>a</u>'''....''logical'' |- | ''-ological'' || pertaining to the study of || '''-tuna''' || '''tej<u>tuna</u>'''....''biological'' |- | ''-ist(ic)'' || pertaining to the doctrine of || '''-ina''' || '''dopar<u>ina</u>'''....''militarist(ic)''<br> '''nasyan<u>ina</u>'''....''capitalist(ic)'' |- | ''-ophobic'' (and ''miso-'' prefix) || hating<br> fearful of || '''-ufa''' || '''yudat<u>ufa</u>'''....''xenophonic''<br> '''tobyan<u>ufa</u>'''....''misanthropic'' |- | ''-ophilic'' (and ''philo-'' prefix) || loving || '''-ifa''' || '''tobot<u>ifa</u>'''....''pedophilic''<br> '''tob<u>ifa</u>'''....''philanthropic'' |- | ''-al'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pyot<u>yena</u>'''....''bestial'' |- | ''-al'' || of<br> pertaining to || '''-a''' || '''tej<u>a</u>'''....''vital''<br> '''aman<u>a</u>'''....''thermal'' |- | ''-less'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''tej<u>uka</u>'''....''lifeless''<br> '''tobot<u>oya</u>'''....''childless'' |- | ''-free'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''yom<u>uka</u>'''....''ice-free''<br> '''vyos<u>oya</u>'''....''error-free'' |- | ''-safe<br> -proof'' || free<br> not subject to || '''-vaka''' || '''mil<u>vaka</u>'''....''water<u>proof</u>'' |} == Forming Adverbs == : Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix '''a''', in other words, by adding a '''y''' to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''fi<u>a</u>'''....''good'' || '''fi<u>ay</u>'''....''well'' |- | '''vya<u>a</u>'''....''true'' || '''vya<u>ay</u>'''....''truly'' |- | '''gyu<u>a</u>'''....''easy'' || '''gyu<u>ay</u>'''....''easily'' |- | '''ig<u>a</u>'''....''quick'' || '''ig<u>ay</u>'''....''quickly'' |- | '''aut<u>a</u>'''....''personal'' || '''aut<u>ay</u>'''....''personally'' |} : For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example: ::* '''It tyoyape <u>ig</u>.'''....''He walks <u>fast</u>.'' ::* '''Yit xa has <u>fi</u>.'''....''They did it <u>well</u>.'' === Special Adverbs === : Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in '''-ay'''. : Here are the principal such adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Special Adverbs |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''vay'''||''indeed, really, certainly, do'' (cf. '''va'''....''yes'') |- | '''vey'''||''possibly, may, might'' (cf. '''ve'''....''maybe'') |- | '''voy'''||''not'' (cf. '''vo'''....''no'') |- | '''ga'''||''more'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gay'''||''also, moreover, further, still'' |- | '''ge'''||''as, equally'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gey'''||''even'' |- | '''go'''||''less'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''goy'''||''no longer, no more'' |- | '''gla'''||''very'' |- | '''glay'''||''quite, rather, so'' |- | '''gle'''||''so'' |- | '''glo'''||''not very, not so'' |- | '''gra'''||''too'' |- | '''gre'''||''enough, sufficiently, over-'' |- | '''gro'''||''not...enough, inadequately, under-'' |- | '''gwa'''||''most, super-'' |- | '''gwe'''||''average'' |- | '''gwo'''||''least, sub-'' |- | '''zay'''||''ahead, forward'' |- | '''zey'''||''across'' |- | '''zoy'''||''back'' |- | '''zye'''||''through'' |- | '''zya'''||''throughout'' |} : The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow: ::* AFFIRMATIVE: '''Va, at <u>vay</u> se taduwa.'''....''Yes, I am <u>indeed</u> married.'' ::* DUBITIVE: '''Iyta dud se <u>vey</u> vyosa.'''....''Her response is <u>possibly</u> wrong.'' ::* NEGATIVE: '''At <u>voy</u> se eta yuxrut.'''....''I am <u>not</u> your slave.'' : The adverbs above beginning with '''g''' are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb: ::* '''Et se <u>gla</u> via.'''....''You are <u>very</u> beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].'' ::* '''Et peya <u>gra</u> ig.'''....''You were going <u>too</u> fast [=ADVERB].'' ::* '''It <u>gra</u> dale.'''....''He talks [=VERB] <u>too</u> much.'' : Adverbs can be combined with prepositions to form compound prepositions. If the adverbs ends in '''b''' and the preposition following it begins in '''b''', they are joined together with a single '''b'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Compound Prepositions |- ! Special Adverb !! Example |- | '''yab'''....''up'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yabu''' || '''Ha pat papa <u>yabu</u> ha mam.'''....''The bird flew <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yobu'''|| '''Teaxu <u>yobu</u> ha mel.'''....''Look <u>down to</u> the ground.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yobi''' || '''Upu <u>yobi</u> ha abmas!'''....''Come <u>down from</u> the roof!'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yubi''' || '''Besu <u>yubi</u> ha mas.'''....''Stay <u>near (from)</u> the wall.'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yibi''' || '''Ha tobi igpia <u>yibi</u> ha yovbyokam.'''....''The people ran <u>far from</u> the prison.'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in, inward, inside'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yebu''' || '''Kyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa <u>yebu</u>ha tam!'''....''Guess who just walked <u>into</u> the house!'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out, outside'' + '''zye'''....''through'' || '''It tyoyapa <u>oyeb zye</u> ha zames.'''....''He walked <u>out</u> through the front door.'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>iz bu</u> hat.'''....''Go <u>right up to</u> him.'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''ub'''....''toward''|| '''Uzpu <u>zi ub</u> yat!'''....''Turn <u>right toward</u> us!'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Hat uzpa <u>zu ib</u> at.'''....''He turned <u>left away from</u> me.'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>zay bu</u> ha uj.'''....''Go <u>on to</u> the end.'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Upu <u>zoy bi</u> hua nem.'''....''Come <u>back from</u> that place.'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' + '''bay'''....''with'' || '''Van yat tyopu <u>yan bay</u> ha hyuti.'''....''Let's walk <u>together with</u> the others.'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Ha meri kyapeye <u>yon bi </u> hyuisi.'''....''The planets are drifting <u>apart from</u> one another.'' |} === Pro-adverbs === : There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as '''''pro-adverbs'''''. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like '''duhom?''' (''where?''), '''duhoyen?''' (''how?''), '''duhoj?''' (''when?''), '''duhogla''' (''to what extent?''), and their answers, such as '''hum''' (''there''), '''heyen''' (''somehow''), and '''hyoj''' (''never''), '''hugla''' (''so, to that extent''). These words are discussed under the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners|Deictic Determiners]]. == Forming Verbs == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech: ::* Noun stems ::* Adjective stems ::* Verb stems === Forming Verbs from Nouns === : Verbs can sometimes be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix '''er''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Denominal Verb Derivation |- ! Noun !! Verb |- | '''ak'''....''a gain'' || '''aker'''....''to win'' |- | '''af'''....''permission'' || '''afer'''....''may, be allowed'' |- | '''teud'''....''cry, shout'' || '''teuder'''....''to cry, shout, exclaim'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''tajer'''....''to be born'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tejer'''....''to live'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''tojer'''....''to die'' |- | '''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejer'''....''to continue'' |- | '''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijer'''....''to begin'' |- | '''uj'''....''end'' || '''ijer'''....''to end'' |- | '''yuj'''....''sleep'' || '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' |} === Verb Formants === : More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such '''''verb formants''''' are in this chart: :* '''-ser'''....''to be/become'' usually intransitive and stative (''unite'' = ''become one'') ::* '''-sler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-srer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-xer'''....''to do/make'' usually transitive and dynamic (''unite'' = ''make one'') ::* '''-xler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-xrer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-per'''....''to go'' usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (''mount'' = ''get onto'') ::* '''-pler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-prer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ber'''....''to put'' usually transitive and a verb of gesture (''apply'' = ''put onto'') ::* '''-bler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-brer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ier''' a stub from the verb '''bier'''....''to take'', usually an action verb benefiting the agent (''eat'' = ''take food'') :* '''-uer''' a stub from the verb '''buer'''....''to give'', usually an action verb benefiting the patient (''feed'' = ''give food'') :* '''-der'''....''to say'', a verb of communication (''affirm'' = ''say yes'') :* '''-drer'''....''to write'' :* '''-ter'''....''to know'', verbs of the perception and knowledge ('''teater''' = ''see'') :: Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids '''l''' or '''r''', eg.'''sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Verb Formants |- ! Noun !! Auxiliary Verb Or Verb Stub Formant !! Verb |- | '''yav'''....''innocence'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''yavder'''....''to acquit'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''yovaber'''....''to shame, accuse'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''yovober'''....''to excuse, exculpate'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''tofaber'''....''to dress, don'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''tofober'''....''to undress, strip'' |- | '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''detser'''....''to associate'' |- | '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''datxer'''....''to befriend'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''sanser'''....''to form (intransitive)'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''sanxer'''....''to form (transitive)'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''telier'''....''to eat, consume'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed, nourish'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tajber'''....''to give birth'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tejper'''....''to come alive'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tejber'''....''to bring to life'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tojber'''....''to kill'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tijper'''....''to wake up'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tijber'''....''to awaken'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''taxier'''....''to recall'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''yev'''....''justice'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''vyan'''....''truth'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyander'''....''to tell the truth'' |- | '''vyon'''....''falsehood'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyonder'''....''to tell a lie'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aker'''....''to gain'' || '''ilaker'''....''to take on liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' || '''iloker'''....''to leak, lose liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ilier'''....''to soak up'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour, water'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikser'''....''to get full'' || '''ilikser'''....''to be soaked'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikxer'''....''to fill up'' || '''ilikxer'''....''to flood, soak'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukser'''....''to become empty'' || '''ilukser'''....''to drain'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukxer'''....''to empty'' || '''ilukxer'''....''to flush'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''ilser'''....''to liquify, melt'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''ilxer'''....''to liquify, melt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''ilaber'''....''to wash'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aper'''....''to get on'' || '''ilaper'''....''to float'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''ilper'''....''to flow'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' || '''ilzyaber'''....''to spray, shower'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyober'''....''to squeeze'' || '''ilzyober'''....''to squirt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''pyexer'''....''to strike'' || '''ilpyexer'''....''to splash (with liquid)'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''yujer'''....''to close'' || '''ilyujer'''....''to plug'' |} : Note that verbs ending in '''-ser''' and '''-ier''' are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in '''-xer''' and '''-uer''' are transitive. Also, '''-ier''' verbs are subject-directed, while '''-uer''' verbs are object-directive or causative (making someone do something). === Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser === : The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with '''-xer'''....''to do, make, cause'', and the intransitive group with '''-ser'''....''to be, become''. : The following chart shows how these verbs are formed: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aza'''....''strong'' || '''azaxer'''....''fortify, strengthen, make strong'' || '''azaser'''....''get strong'' |- | '''oza'''....''week'' || '''ozaxer'''....''weaken'' || '''ozaser'''....''grow weaker'' |- | '''kyia'''....''heavy'' || '''kyiaxer'''....''weigh down'' || '''kyiaser'''....''grow heavy'' |- | '''kyua'''....''light'' || '''kyuaxer'''....''lighten, make lighter'' || '''kyuaser'''....''get lighter'' |- | '''yana'''....''together'' || '''yanaxer'''....''bring together'' || '''yanaser'''....''get together'' |} : The final adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the '''a''' makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agaxer'''....''magnify'' || '''agaser'''....''get big'' |- | || '''agxer'''....''grow'' || '''agxer'''....''grow up, mature'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iga'''....''fast'' || '''igaxer'''....''accelerate'' || '''igaser'''....''speed up'' |- | || '''igxer'''....''rush'' || '''igser'''....''hurry up'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''baka'''....''healthy'' || '''bakaxer'''....''make healthy'' || '''bakaser'''....''get healthy'' |- | || '''bakxer'''....''heal'' || '''bakser'''....''heal'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''sana'''....''formal'' || '''sanaxer'''....''formalize'' || '''sanaser'''....''become formal'' |- | || '''sanxer'''....''form, shape'' || '''sanser'''....''form, take shape'' |} === Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per === : Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb '''ber'''....''to put'', while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb '''per'''....''to go''. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in '''b''', the '''b''' is dropped. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Ber and Per |- ! Preposition<br>Base !! Transitive Gesture Verb !! Intransitive Motion Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply, put on'' || '''aper'''....''mount, get on'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove, take off'' || '''oper'''....''dismount, get off'' |- | '''ib'''....''away'' || '''iber'''....''receive'' || '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''send'' || '''uper'''....''come'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yeber'''....''insert''<br>'''oyeber'''....''take out'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''<br>'''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''lower'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''move away'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- ! !! !! |- |- | '''za'''....''front'' || '''zaber'''....''put up front'' || '''zaper'''....''take the lead'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''zayber'''....''advance'' || '''zayper'''....''advance, go forward'' |- | '''ze'''....''middle'' || '''zeber'''....''balance'' || '''zeper'''....''balance'' |- | '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zeyber'''....''take across, transfer'' || '''zeyper'''....''cross, go over, transit'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zober'''....''hinder'' || '''zoper'''....''trail, lag'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoyber'''....''set back, return'' || '''zoyper'''....''retreat, go back, return'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izber'''....''guide'' || '''izper'''....''aim for'' |- | '''uz'''....''crooked'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''turn, diverge'' |- |- '''zi'''....''right'' || '''ziber'''....''set to the right'' || '''ziper'''....''go right'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuber'''....''set to the left'' || '''zuper'''.... ''go left'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''take beyond'' || '''yizper'''....''pass by'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''take around'' || '''yuzper'''....''go around'' |} ==== Deriving Further Verbs of Gesture and Motion ==== : More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of '''ser''' and '''xer''', plus the intensifiers '''y''', '''l''' and '''r'''. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial '''p''' is a more semantically intense version of '''b'''. Also the verb endings '''-sler''' and '''-srer''' and more intense versions of the intransitive ending '''-ser''', while '''-xler''' and '''-xrer''' and more intense version of the transitve ending '''-xer'''. Verbs ending in '''-ler''' and '''-rer''' are transitive voice by nature, '''-rer''' being more semantically intense. Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating More Elaborate Verbs |- ! colspan="2"| Gesture Verb !! colspan="2"| Motion Verb |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | -- ||'''ber'''....''put'' <br>'''beer'''....''have'' <br>'''beler'''....''carry'' <br>'''bexer'''....''hold'' <br>'''bexler'''....''keep'' | '''per'''....''go''||-- |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press''<br>'''yanbaler'''....''compress''<br>'''yobaler'''....''depress, suppress''<br>'''yuzbaler'''....''hug''<br>'''zoybaler'''....''repress''<br>'''barer'''....''crush'' ||'''paer'''....''hover'' || |- |'''baser'''....''gesticulate'' || '''baxer'''....''make a gesture''<br>'''abaxer'''....''caress, pat'' || '''paser'''....''move''||'''paxer'''....''move'' |- |'''byaser'''....''stand up'' || '''byaxer'''....''set up, erect'' || '''pyaser'''....''jump up'' || '''pyaxer'''....''shoot, launch'' |- |'''basler'''....''budge'' || '''baxler'''....''rouse''<br>'''abaxler'''....''stroke'' || '''paaser'''....''get excited'' || '''paaxer'''....''excite''<br>'''apaxler'''....''sweep'' |- |'''basrer'''....''shake'' || '''baxrer'''....''shake''<br>'''abaxrer'''....''rub'' || || '''apaxrer'''....''scrub'' |- ! !! !! !! |- |'''beser'''....''stay'' || '''bexer'''....''hold''<br>'''zoybexer'''....''restrain''<br>'''yobexer'''....''detain, hold down'' || '''peser'''....''wait'' || '''pexer'''....''trap''<br>'''pexler'''....''capture''<br>'''pexrer'''....''abduct'' |- |'''byeser'''....''behave''|| '''byexer'''....''hit'' || '''pyeser'''....''run into, bump into''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike, knock''<br>'''yonpyexer'''....''break''<br>'''yopyexer'''....''knock down''<br>'''epyexer'''....''fight''<br>'''apyexer'''....''attack''<br>'''ovpyexer'''....''offend''<br>'''kunpyexer'''....''sideswipe''<br>'''tuyapyexer'''....''slap'' |- |'''besler'''....''adhere'' || '''bexler'''....''retain''|| || '''pyexler'''....''pound, beat''<br>'''apyexler'''....''assault''<br>'''yonpexler'''....''shatter, burst'' |- | || || '''yanpyesrer'''....''implode''<br>'''yonpyesler'''....''explode'' || '''pyexler'''....''blast, bomb'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''boser'''....''calm down''<br>'''boyser'''....''rest'' || '''boxer'''....''quieten, quell'' || '''poser'''....''stop''<br>'''poyser'''....''pause'' || '''poxer'''....''stop'' |- | '''byoser'''....''hang'' || '''byoxer'''....''hang'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall''<br>'''yonpyoser'''....''decay'' || '''pyoxer'''....''drop, throw down''<br>'''yopyoxer'''....''topple''<br> |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''biser'''....''originate'' || '''bixer'''....''pull''<br>'''yanbixer'''....''contract''<br>'''yonbixer'''....''distract''<br>'''yubixer'''....''attract''<br>'''yibixer'''....''distract''<br>'''oyebixer'''....''extract''<br>'''yebixer'''....''push in'' || || '''pixer'''....''catch'' |- |'''bisler'''....''spring'' || '''bixler'''....''yank''<br>'''bixrer'''....''ravage'' || || '''pixler'''....''snatch''<br>'''pixrer'''....''rape'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''buser'''....''be destined'' || '''buxer'''....''push, drive''<br>'''zyobuxer'''....''squeeze''<br>'''yebuxer'''....''expel''<br>'''abuxer'''....''impose'' || '''apuser'''....''assault'' || '''puxer'''....''throw, thrust'' |- |'''byuser'''....''bump into'' || '''byuxer'''....''touch''<br>'''yanbyuxer'''....''contact'' ||'''pyuser'''....''run into'' || '''pyuxer'''....''crash'' |- |'''busler'''....''swoop'' || '''buxler'''....''shove'' || '''pusler'''....''lunge, pounce'' || '''puxler'''....''thrust''<br>'''zyapuxler'''....''splatter'' |} === Deriving New Verbs with Prefixes === : Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb '''baxer''' (and its intransitive partner '''baser''') as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Baxer Verbs |- ! Prefix !! Verb |- ! colspan=2 | '''baxer'''....''gesture, make a bodily motion'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abaxer'''....''caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izbaxer'''....''point'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tebaxer'''....''nod'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' || '''vatebaxer'''....''nod yes'' |- | '''vo'''....''no'' || '''votebaxer'''....''nod no'' |- | '''ve'''....''maybe'' || '''vetebaxer'''....''shrug'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''tuyabaxer'''....''wave'' |- | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''tubaxer'''....''flail, swing'' |- | '''teubab'''....''tongue'' || '''teubabaxer'''....''lick'' |- | '''teab'''....''eye'' || '''teubaxer'''....''wink'' |- | '''patub'''....''wing'' || '''patubaxer'''....''flap'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''tail'' || '''tiyubaxer'''....''wag'' |- ! colspan=2 | '''baser'''....''gesticulate'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igbaser'''....''jerk'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''igzaybaser'''....''lurch'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoybaser'''....''recoil'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobaser'''....''bow, bend down'' |- | '''ku-'''....''side'' || '''kubaser'''....''slide'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igkubaser'''....''slip'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' + '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uizbaser'''....''sway, swagger, swish'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle, wobble, totter'' |} === Forming Frequentative Verbs === : A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by prefixing the syllable '''je-''' to the verb. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ The -eg- Frequentative Infix |- ! Regular Verb !! Frequantative Verb |- | '''paser'''....''move'' || '''jepaser'''....''shake, shudder'' |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump'' || '''jepyaser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''paper'''....''fly'' || '''jepaper'''....''flutter, flit'' |- | '''braser'''....''shake'' || '''jebraser'''....''shudder, quiver, vibrate'' |- | '''teupixer'''....''bite'' || '''jeteupiger'''....''nibble'' |- | '''ilzyaber'''....''spray'' || '''jeilzyaber'''....''sprinkle'' |- | '''pyexer'''....''beat'' || '''jepyexer'''....''batter, whip'' |} === Forming Hybrid Words === : Expressions with alternating components like ''back-and-forth'', ''up-and-down'', etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Words |- ! Alternative Components !! Hybrid Expression !! Examples |- | '''yab'''....''up'' +<br>'''yob'''....''down'' || '''yao(b)-'''....''up-and-down'' || '''yaoper'''....''fluctuate'', '''yaopuser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''a-'''....''up, north, skyward'' +<br>'''o-'''....''down, south'' || '''ao-'''....''vertical'' || '''aonada'''....''vertical'', '''aonab'''....''column'' |- | '''za(y)'''....''forth, north'' +<br>'''zo(y)'''....''back, south'' || '''zao(b)-'''....''front-back/north-to-south'' || '''zaobaser'''....''rock'', '''zaomera'''....''north/south'' |- |- '''zu'''....''left/west'' +<br>'''zi'''....''right/east'' || '''zui(b)-'''....''right-to-left/east-to-west'' || '''zuinada'''....''horizontal'', '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle'', '''zuimera'''....''east/west'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' +<br>'''bi'''....''from'' || '''bui-'''....''to-and-from'' || '''buipar'''....''shuttle'', '''buipop'''....''round-trip'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' +<br>'''ob'''....''off'' || '''ao(b)-'''....''on-and-off'' || '''aoper'''....''get on and off'' |- | '''yuj-'''....''closed'' +<br>'''yij-'''....''open'' || '''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut'' || '''yuijbar'''....''switch'', '''igyuijer'''....''blink'' |- | '''uj-'''....''stop'' +<br>'''ij-'''....''start'' || '''uij-'''....''stop-and-start'' || '''uijparpan'''....''stop-and-go traffic'' |- | '''(a)yeb'''....''in'' +<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''aoye(b)-'''....''in-and-out'' || '''igaoyeper'''....''run in-and-out'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' +<br>'''yib'''....''far'' || '''yui(b)-'''....''near-and-far'' || '''yuipoper'''....''travel near-and-far'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' +<br>'''ib'''....''away'' || '''ui(b)-'''....''toward-and-away'' || '''uipen'''....''coming and going'' |- | '''hum'''....''there'' +<br>'''him'''....''here'' || '''huim'''....''here-and-there'' || '''huimkexer'''....''search high-and-low (here-and-there)'' |- | '''hus'''....''that'' +<br>'''his'''....''this'' || '''huis'''....''this-and-that'' || '''huisyexer'''....''do odd jobs, work at this-or-that'' |- | '''hyut'''....''other person'' +<br>'''hyit'''....''same person'' || '''hyuit'''....''one another'' || '''hyuitifer'''....''love one another'', '''hyuita'''....''mutual, reciprocal'' |} : Here are some more examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ More Hybrids ! Hybrid Word !! English Gloss !! Alternating Components |- |'''aogsen'''||'' fluctuation (in size) ''|| '''ag-''' (''big'') + '''og-''' (''little'') + '''s-''' (''become'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''aonada'''||''vertical ''|| '''a-''' (''up/north'') + '''o-''' (''down/south'') + '''nad''' (''line'') + '''-a''' (''adj.'') |- |'''aopuys'''||'' hop-on-hop-off ''|| '''a(p)-''' (''on'') + '''o(p)-''' (''off'') + '''puys-''' (''hop'') |- |'''buien'''||'' trading, swapping ''|| '''bu-''' (''give'') + '''bi-''' (''trake'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''buip'''||'' traffic ''|| '''bu-''' (''to'') + '''bi-''' (''from'') + '''p-''' (''go'') |- |'''buixar'''||''spring''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix''' (''pull'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''buixek'''||'' tug-o-war ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- |'''buixnyem'''||'' drawer ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''nyem''' (''box'') |- |'''byaosen'''||'' teetering, stumbling ''|| '''byas-''' (''stand'') + '''byos-''' (''fall'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''diep'''||'' marine force ''|| '''dip''' (''sea force'') + '''dep''' (''land force'') |- |'''duid'''||'' q&a, interview ''|| '''dud''' (''answer'') + '''did''' (''question'') |- |'''eigpyexer''' || ''batter, whip'' || '''eg-''' (''again'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') + '''pyexer''' (''to hit'') |- |'''gao'''||'' more-or-less ''|| '''ga''' (''more'') + '''go''' (''less'') |- |'''glaojo'''||'' sooner or later ''|| '''gla''' (''very'') + '''glo''' (''slightly'') + '''jo''' (''after'') |- | '''huimkexer''' || ''search here and there'' || '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-m''' (''place'') + '''kex''' (''search'') + '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''huis'''||'' this-and-that ''|| '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-s''' (''thing'') |- |'''hyuit'''||'' one another ''|| '''hyu-''' (''other'') + '''hyi-''' (''same'') + '''-t''' (''person'') |- |'''kyaopen'''||'' fluctuation ''|| '''kya-''' (''mobile'') + '''kyo''' (''static'') + '''-pen''' (''going'') |- |'''maluier'''||'' breathe ''|| '''mal-''' (''air'') + '''u-''' (''let out'') + '''i-''' (''take in'') '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''maojyex'''||'' double-shift work ''|| '''maj''' (''day'') + '''moj''' (''night'') + '''yex''' (''work'') |- |'''maonig'''||'' flicker ''|| '''man''' (''light'') + '''mon''' (''dark'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') |- |'''maolza'''||'' black&white/gray ''|| '''malza''' (''white'') + '''molza''' (''black'') |- |'''meil'''||'' mud ''|| '''mel''' (''soil'') + '''mil''' (''water'') |- |'''memuiben'''||'' import-exports ''|| '''mem''' (''country'') + '''ub-''' (''send'') + '''ib-''' (''receive'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''mial'''||'' vapor ''|| '''mil''' (''water'') + '''mal''' (''air'') |- |'''mieg'''||'' reef ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-g''' (''stone'') |- |'''miek'''||'' sand ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-k''' (''rocky substance'') |- |'''miem'''||'' swamp ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''mem''' (''land'') |- |'''mimpuin'''||'' dock ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''mimpyaos'''||'' surf ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''sink'') |- |'''mimuip'''||'' tide ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip-''' (''go'') |- |'''peit'''||'' amphibian ''|| '''pet''' (''land animal'') + '''pit''' (''sea creature'') |- |'''puim'''||'' kiss-and-ride zone''|| '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''puixek'''||'' baseball ''|| '''pux-''' (''pitch'') + '''pix-''' (''catch'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- | '''pyaos''' || ''wave'' || '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''crest'') |- |'''teabyuij'''||'' blink ''|| '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') |- |'''tuijea'''||'' nodding off ''|| '''tuj-''' (''sleep'') + '''tij''' (''wake'') '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''uijdal'''||'' stutter ''|| '''uj-''' (''finish'') + '''ij-''' (''start'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''uipeni'''||'' comings & goings ''|| '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip''' (''go'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') + '''-i''' (''pl.'') |- |'''uiza'''||'' serpentine, snaky ''|| '''uza''' (''crooked'') + '''iza''' (''straight'') |- |'''vao?'''||'' yes or no? ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') |- |'''vaod'''||'' decision ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') + '''d-''' (''say'') |- |'''yaobar'''||'' elevator ''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaobyuijar'''||''piston''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open '') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaoplas'''||''oscillation''|| '''yap-''' (''up'') + '''yop-''' (''down'') + '''plas''' (''shake'') |- |'''yaopsim'''||''seesaw''|| '''yap-''' (''ascend'') + '''yop-''' (''descend'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''yaopus'''||''bounce''|| ya(''b'')'''-''' (''up'') + yo(''b'')'''-''' (''down'') + '''pus''' (''jump'') |- |'''yaovdut'''||''juror''|| '''yav-''' (''innocent'') + '''yov-''' (''guilty'') + '''d-''' (''say'') + '''-ut''' (''agent'') |- |'''yaoza'''||''uneven, bumpy, serrated''|| '''yaza''' (''convex'') + '''yoza''' (''concave'') |- |'''yaozgoblar'''||''saw''|| '''yaz''' (''protrusion '') + '''yoz''' (''indentation'') + '''gobl-''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaozil'''||''wave''|| '''yaz''' (''swell'') + '''yoz''' (''trough'') + '''-il''' (''liquid'') |- |'''yuibteabar'''||''bifocals''|| '''yub''' (''near'') + '''yib''' (''far'') + '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yuijar'''||'' valve, switch''|| '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaobelur'''||''ferry''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''bel-''' (''carry'') + '''-ur''' (''vehicle'') |- |'''zaobyexar'''||''swatter, bat''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''byex-''' (''strike'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaodal'''||''dialog''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''zaogoblar'''||''saw''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''gobl''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaokyax'''||''alternation''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''kyax''' (''change'') |- |'''zaopasen'''||''swinging''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo-''' (''back'') + '''pasen''' (''moving'') |- |'''zaopsim'''||''swing or rocker''|| '''zap-''' (''go forth'') + '''zap''' (''go back'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''zuibasen'''||''wiggling''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bas-''' (''move bodily'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuibayx'''||''wag''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bayx-''' (''slight body move'') |- |'''zuibyoxea'''||''dangling''|| '''zu''' (''left'') + '''zi''' (''right'') + '''byox-''' (''hang down'') + '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuiyafa'''||''ambidextrous''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''yafa''' (''capable'') |- |'''zyaobas'''||''throb''|| '''zya-''' (''wide'') + '''zyo-''' (''narrow'') + '''bas''' (''bodily movement'') |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Acronyms and Abbreviations|Word Families}}</noinclude> nh3f30v56ud3fx2s4stu8tl62jbapvz 4635638 4635637 2026-05-13T19:39:27Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Computer Terminology */ 4635638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right|limit=3}} == Introduction == : In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels. : The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of '''''base words''''' and '''''derived words'''''. : The vocabulary is built on '''''base words''''', that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by: ::* The meaning of each letter of the word. ::* The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: ''fixed'' vs. ''variable''. ::* How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language. ::* The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about). ::* The logic of its composition. ::* The mnemonic associations this word suggests. : The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called '''''vocabulary-building rules''''', which are spelled out below. == Base Words == : '''''Base words''''' are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups: ::* Group 1:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''nouns''''' ::* Group 2:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs'''''. == Base words of Group 1 == : Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters: :::* The first, a consonant called the '''''classifier''''' :::* The second, a vowel called the '''''ordinal''''' :::* The third, a consonant called the '''''generic''''' These words can be thought of as noun templates. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Base Word Composition |- ! Classifier !! Ordinal !! Generic !! Meaning |- | '''t''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''man'' |- | '''d''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''society'' |- | '''p''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''animal'' |- | '''f''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''plant'' |} == Base words of Group 2 == : Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as '''-er''' (verb infinitive marker) or '''-a''' (adjective marker): ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words | '''b-'''....''put'' || '''p-'''....''go'' |- | '''s-'''....''be'' || '''x-'''....''do'' |- | '''d-'''....''say'' || '''t-'''....''know'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ob'''....''off'' |- |'''bu'''....''to'' || '''bi'''....''from'' |- |'''if-'''....''love'' || '''uf-'''....''hate'' |- |'''fi-'''....''good'' || '''fu-'''....''bad'' |- |'''va'''....''yes'' || '''vo'''....''no'' |- |'''vya-'''^*....''true'' || '''vyo-'''....''false'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''o'''....''zero'' |} : *<small> As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include glided vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides '''y''' or '''w'''. So, for purposes here, '''ya''', '''ye''', '''yi''', '''yo''', '''yu''', '''wa''', and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "glided vowels".</small> == Consonants and Their Meanings == : The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Consonants and Their Meanings |- ! Consonant !! Group 1 Classifier !! Group 1 Generic !! Group 2 Classifier !! In Numbers |- | '''b''' || organ, health || organism || gesture, position || |- | '''d''' || society || family || communicating || |- | '''f''' || vegetation || textile, clothing || volition, attributes || |- | '''g''' || -- || measurement || quantity, attributes || |- | '''j''' || time || time || time || |- | '''k''' || -- || health || change, risk, attributes || |- | '''l''' || -- || element, food, liquid, nature || -- || '''l''' = ten |- | '''m''' || nature || place, building, furniture || temperature, light || '''ml''' = million<br>'''mr''' = billion |- | '''n''' || commerce || -- || -- || |- | '''p''' || animal, vehicle || motion || movement || |- | '''r''' || -- || tool, machine, cosmos || -- || '''r''' = thousand |- | '''s''' || form, image, furniture || thing || being, form, thing || '''s''' = hundred |- | '''t''' || human, body || person, animal || intelligence, knowing || |- | '''v''' || plant, color || linen || truth, attributes || |- | '''x''' || action || -- || action, doing, making || |- | '''z''' || -- || precious, art || spatial, attributes || |} : The following consonants functions rather than, or in addition to, semantic values: ::* '''l''' and '''r''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: '''baer'''....''to lean'', '''baler'''....''to press'', '''barer'''....''to crush''; ::* '''y''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''voa'''....''negative'' -> '''vyoa'''....''false'', or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''ama'''....''hot'' -> '''ayma'''....''warm''. ::* '''h''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Used functionally only in certain interjections like '''hoy'''....''goodbye'' and determiners like '''his'''....''this'', and has no semantic value. ::* '''w''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. '''tob'''....''person'' -> '''twob'''....''man'', or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. '''uber'''....''to send'' -> '''ubwer'''....''to be sent'', or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. '''awa'''....''one'', or 4) sometimes to substitute for '''y''' when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. '''jwo'''....''late'', instead of '''jyo'''. ::* '''n''':&nbsp;&nbsp; In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in '''ana'''....''only'', or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as '''fian'''....''goodness'' from '''fia'''....''good'', or from a verb, such '''axnen'''....''behaving'' from '''axner'''....''to behave''. == Vowels and Their Meanings == : Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types: ::* meronymic ::* hierarchical ::* geo-specific ::* oppositional/polar ::* vectorial ::* directional and positional ::* special === Ordinal Vowel Values === :: The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with '''y''' are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Vowels|Vowels]]. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Numeric Values of Vowels |- ! Ordinal Vowel !! '''o''' !! '''a''' !! '''e''' !! '''i''' !! '''u''' !! '''yo''' !! '''ya''' !! '''ye''' !! '''yi''' !! '''yu''' |- !row=1| Cardinal Number | 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 |} === Meronymic Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|meronymic}}''''' series. (This gradation can also be called '''''taxonomic'''''. The top element, or hypernym, has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are hyponyms or meronyms (= parts of the whole), and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. '''T<u>a</u>b''' (''body'') is the first meronym of '''t<u>o</u>b''' (''human being''), the hypernym or zeroth element. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Meronymic Series |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=7| Meronymic or Taxonomic |- ! 0 | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''fob'''....''plant'' || '''vob'''....''crop''|| '''mos'''....''floor''||'''som'''....''furniture''||'''tom'''....''building''||'''job'''....''time'' |- ! 1 | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''fab'''....''tree'' || '''vab'''....''grass''|| '''mas'''....''wall''||'''sam'''....''chest of drawers''||'''tam'''....''house''||'''jab'''....''year'' |- ! 2 | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''feb'''....''fruit'' || '''veb'''....''tuft''|| '''mes'''....''door''||'''sem'''....''table''||'''tem'''....''hall''||'''jeb'''....''season'' |- ! 3 | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''fib'''....''trunk'' || '''vib'''....''stalk''|| '''mis'''....''window''||'''sim'''....''chair''||'''tim'''....''room''||'''jib'''....''month'' |- ! 4 | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''fub'''....''branch'' || '''vub'''....''shoot''||'''mus'''....''stairs''||'''sum'''....''bed''||'''tum'''....''closet''||'''jub'''....''day'' |- ! 5 | '''tyob'''....''leg'' || '''fyob'''....''root'' || '''vyob'''....''tuber''|| || || ||'''jwob'''^*....''hour'' |- ! 6 | || || || || || ||'''jwab'''^*....''minute'' |- ! 7 | || || || || || ||'''jweb'''^*....''second'' |} * The letter '''w''' replaces the letter '''y''' following a '''j''', for ease of pronunciation. : The words that descend from the base word are called '''''meronyms'''''. A hypernym is a word that is higher in scale. === Hierarchical Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|hierarchical}}''''' series where the top element has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hierarchical Vowel Gradation |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=4| Hierarchy |- ! 0 | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''dot'''....''society'' || '''tod'''....''family''||'''xob'''....''organization'' |- ! 1 | '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''tad'''....''spouse''||'''xab'''....''staff'' |- ! 2 | '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ted'''....''parent''||'''xeb'''....''boss'' |- ! 3 | '''dib'''....''ministry'' || '''dit'''....''citizen'' ||'''tid'''....''sibling''||'''xib'''....''department'' |- ! 4 | '''dub'''....''minister'' || '''dut'''....''gentleman'' || '''tud'''....''child''||'''xub'''....''branch'' |} === Geo-specific Vowel Gradation === : Ordinals can have '''''{{color|blue|geo-specific}}''''' values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Geo-specific Vowel Values |- ! Ordinal ! Geo-sphere ! colspan=7| Examples |- | align=center | '''o''' || ''outer space, top level'' || '''m<u>o</u>p'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''outer space''|| '''mol'''....''nature''||'''dop'''....''military''||'''pop'''....''voyage''||'''mol'''....''nature''||'''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- | align=center | '''a''' || ''air, gas, sky'' || '''m<u>a</u>p'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' ||'''mal'''....''air''||'''dap'''....''air force''||'''pap'''....''flight''||'''mal'''....''wind''||'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | align=center | '''e''' || ''ground, soil, solid'' || '''m<u>e</u>p'''....''road'' || '''mem'''....''land''|| '''mel'''....''soil''||'''dep'''....''army''||'''pep'''....''ride''||'''mel'''....''soil''||'''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' |- | align=center | '''i''' || ''liquid'', ''water'', ''sea'' || '''m<u>i</u>p'''....''river'' || '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''mil'''....''water''||'''dip'''....''marines''|| '''pip'''....''navigation/sail''||'''mil'''....''water''||'''pit'''....''fish'' |- | align=center | '''u''' || ''underground'', ''mineral'', ''substance'' || '''m<u>u</u>p'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || '''mul'''....''mineral''|| ||'''pup'''....''tunneling''||'''mul'''....''matter''|| |} === Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation === : The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation |- ! Order || Mirad !! English |- | 0 || '''olza'''¹ || ''blank, of no color'' |- | 1 || '''alza''' || ''red'' |- | 2 || '''elza''' || ''orange'' |- | 3 || '''ilza''' || ''yellow'' |- | 4 || '''ulza''' || ''green'' |- | 5 || '''yolza''' || ''blue'' |- | 6 || '''yalza''' || ''purple'' |- | 7 || '''yelza''' || ''indigo'' |} {{small/top}} : 1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order. {{small/end}} : The colors black and white are: :* '''malza'''....''white'' :* '''molza'''....''black'' : Some colors are hybrids of two colors: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hybrid Colors |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''aolza''' || ''pink'' (a blend of ''blank'' and ''red'') |- | '''youlza''' || ''blue-green'' |- | '''maolza''' || ''gray'' (a blend of ''black'' and ''white'') |} : The word for ''brown'' is based on the word for ''soil'': :* '''melza'''....''brown'' (< '''mel'''....''soil'') : Two other colors are based on metals: :* '''agelkza'''....''silver'' (based on '''agelk'''....''silver metal'' :* '''aulkza'''....''gold'' (based on '''aulk'''....''gold metal'' === Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values === : In Group 2 stems: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Oppositional Vowel Values |- | '''a'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ya''' || intermediate || '''i'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yi''' |- | <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative || '''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ye''' || <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative |- | '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yo''' || value || '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yu''' |} ::* positive '''a''' contrasts with negative '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''av'''....''for'' vs. '''ov'''....''against'') ::* positive '''ya''' contrasts with negative '''yo'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yava'''....''innocent'' vs. '''yova'''....''guilty'') ::* positive '''i''' contrasts with negative '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''fia'''....''good'' vs. '''fua'''....''bad'') ::* positive '''yi''' contrasts with negative '''yu'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yiva'''....''free'' vs. '''yuva'''....''bound'') ::* '''e''' and '''ye''' are in-between values&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''eva'''....''neutral'', '''yeva'''....''fair'') ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation |- ! positive !! intermediate !! negative |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''ega'''....''normal'' || '''oga'''....''small'' |- | '''yava'''....''innocent'' || '''yeva'''....''just''|| '''yova'''....''guilty'' |- | '''ava'''....''for'' || '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''ova'''....''against'' |- | '''aker'''....''to win'' || '''eker'''....''to risk'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' |- | '''yak'''....''expectation'' || '''yek'''....''attempt'' || '''yok'''....''surprise'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || || '''fua'''....''bad'' |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || || '''ufer'''....''hate'' |- | '''yifa'''....''brave'' || || '''yufa'''....''afraid'' |} : Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit '''''oppositional''''' values: : The Group 1 base word '''bok''' (''illness'') is a good example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Group 1 base word with oppositional values |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- valign=top |'''bak'''....''health''||'''bek'''....''treatment''||'''bok'''....''illness'' |- |'''byak'''....''hygiene''||'''byek'''....''cure''||'''byok'''....''pain''<br>'''byoyk'''....''ache''<br>'''blok'''....''suffering''<br>'''brok'''....''agony'' |- |'''baak'''....''sanitation''|| ||'''book'''....''fatigue'' |- |'''bik'''....''care''|| ||'''buk'''....''wound''<br>'''buyk'''....''sore'' |} === Vectorial Vowel Values === : These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc. {{big/top}}&nbsp;&nbsp; ::::::'''a''' ::::::↑ ::::'''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;←&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;→&nbsp;&nbsp;'''i''' ::::::↓ ::::::'''o''' {{big/end}} :::'''a'''....''on, above, north'' ('''ab'''....''on'', '''zamer'''....''north'') :::'''e'''....''center, middle, equator'' ('''eb'''....''between'', '''ze'''....''center'') :::'''o'''....''off, below, south'' ('''ob'''....''off'', '''zomer'''....''south'') :::'''i'''....''right, east'' ('''zi'''....''right'', '''zimer'''....''east'') :::'''u'''....''left, west'' ('''zu'''....''left'', '''zumer'''....''west'') === Directional and Positional Vowel Values === {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Directional and Positional Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''z<u>a</u>mer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''b<u>a</u>er'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''<u>a</u>ber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''b<u>ya</u>er'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''<u>ya</u>ber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''z<u>o</u>mer'''....''south'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''b<u>yo</u>er'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''<u>o</u>per'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''p<u>yo</u>ser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''<u>yo</u>per'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''z<u>u</u>mer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''<u>u</u>ber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''p<u>yu</u>er'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''<u>yu</u>ber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''b<u>yu</u>ser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''z''i''mer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''p<u>i</u>er'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''<u>i</u>per'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''<u>yi</u>per'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''p<u>yi</u>ser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''z<u>e</u>mer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''<u>e</u>b'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''b<u>e</u>xer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''<u>ye</u>per'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''contain''|| '''b<u>ye</u>er'''....''contain'' |} === Special value of certain letters === : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular''. ::* '''aot'''....''person'' ::* '''anot'''....''individual'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yanber'''....''to compose'' ::* '''yonber'''....''to separate'' : The letter '''y''' is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural: ::* '''at'''....''I, me'' as opposed to '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''et'''....''you'' as opposed to '''yet'''....''you (pl.), you all'' ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''yit'''....''they, them'' ::* '''is'''....''it'' as opposed to '''yis'''....''they, them'' : The letter '''y''' is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''iyt'''....''she, her'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''toyb'''....''woman'' : The letter '''w''' is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''wit'''....''he, him'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''twob'''....''man'' === The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words === :: The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants. :: The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values. :: The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants |- ! Base Word !! Classifier Consonant !! Generic Consonant !! Scalarity Type |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''t''' = ''human'' || '''b''' = ''organism'' || meronymic |- | '''tof'''....''clothing'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''fabric'' || meronymic |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''society'' || meronymic |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place'' || meronymic |- | '''tov'''....''lingerie'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen'' || meronymic |- | '''tol'''....''nourishment'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''food'' || oppositional |- | '''top'''....''soul, spirit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''motion'' || meronymic |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''d''' = ''society'' || '''b''' = ''organism''||hierarchical |- | '''dop'''....''military'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement'' || geo-specific |- | '''dot'''....''society'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''human''|| hierarchical |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''j''' = ''time'' || '''b'''....''organism''|| hierarchical |- | '''fob'''....''vegetation'' || '''f''' = ''vegetable'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vob'''....''crop'' || '''v''' = ''plant'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vos'''....''flower'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''volz'''....''color'' || " " " || '''lz''' = ''color, art''|| spectral |- | '''som'''....''furniture'' || '''s''' = ''thing'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| meronymic |- | '''mos'''....''floor'' || '''m''' = ''place, nature'' || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''mor'''....''universe'' || " " " || '''r''' = ''machine, system''|| geo-specific |- | '''mom'''....''outer space'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''mol'''....''nature'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''substance''|| geo-specific |- | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement''|| geo-specific |- | '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''p''' = ''movement'' || '''t''' = ''human, animal''|| geo-specific |- | '''bok'''....''illness'' || '''b''' = ''organ'' || '''k''' = ''condition''|| oppositional |- | '''nom'''....''place'' || '''n''' = ''commercial'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| special |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || " " " || '''g''' = ''measurement''|| special |- | '''nof'''....''cloth'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''cloth''|| special |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen''|| special |- | '''nod'''....''point'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''communication''|| special |- | '''xob'''....''organization'' || '''x''' = ''action'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| hierarchical |} ==== Special Arrangement ==== : Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart. {| border=0 {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Other Group 1 Base Words |- valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! d- <br>communication |- | '''daz'''<br>''dance'' |- | '''dyaz'''<br>''ballet'' |- | '''dyez'''<br>''cinema'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''dez'''<br>''theater'' |- | '''diz'''<br>''comedy'' |- | '''din'''<br>''story'' |- | '''dun'''<br>''word'' |- | '''duz'''<br>''music'' |- | '''dyun'''<br>''name'' |- | '''dyan'''<br>''sentence'' |- | '''dyes'''<br>''book'' |- | '''deup'''<br>''rhythm'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! dr- <br>write |- | '''drof'''<br>''board'' |- | '''draf'''<br>''card'' |- | '''dref'''<br>''paper'' |- | '''drov'''<br>''cardboard'' |- | '''drav'''<br>''notebook'' |- | '''drev'''<br>''page'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''drar'''<br>''pencil'' |- | '''drir'''<br>''typewriter'' |- | '''drur'''<br>''printer'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! m- <br>nature |- | '''mag'''<br>''fire'' |- | '''mak'''<br>''electricity'' |- | '''mog'''<br>''ash'' |- | '''meg'''<br>''stone'' |- | '''mef'''<br>''brick'' |- | '''mug'''<br>''metal'' |- | '''muk'''<br>''mineral'' |- | '''mez'''<br>''crystal'' |- | '''mek'''<br>''dust'' |- | '''myek'''<br>''powder'' |- | '''mav'''<br>''flame'' |- | '''mov'''<br>''smoke'' |- | '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' |- | '''maj'''<br>''daytime'' |- | '''moj'''<br>''night'' |- | '''man'''<br>''light'' |- | '''maz'''<br>''shine'' |- | '''mon'''<br>''shade'' |- | '''moz'''<br>''dark'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! n- <br>commerce |- | '''naz'''<br>''value'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' |- | '''nax'''<br>''price'' |- | '''nyaz'''<br>''wealth'' |- | '''nyan'''<br>''stack'' |- | '''nox'''<br>''expense'' |- | '''nyox'''<br>''waste'' |- | '''nex'''<br>''saving'' |- | '''nyex'''<br>''storing'' |- | '''nix'''<br>''earning'' |- | '''nyix'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nux'''<br>''pay'' |- | '''nyux'''<br>''supply'' |- | '''nun'''<br>''merchandise'' |- | '''nyun'''<br>''product'' |- | '''nuz'''<br>''jewel'' |- | '''nem'''<br>''location'' |- | '''nyem'''<br>''place'' |- | '''nyeb'''<br>''box'' |- | '''nab'''<br>''row'' |- | '''nap'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nad'''<br>''line'' |- | '''nod'''<br>''point'' |- | '''ned'''<br>''plane'' |- | '''nyed'''<br>''grid'' |- | '''nyad'''<br>''chain'' |- | '''nid'''<br>''volume'' |- | '''nag'''<br>''measure'' |- | '''nak'''<br>''metric value'' |- | '''nog'''<br>''degree'' |- | '''nig'''<br>''space'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! j- <br>time |- | '''jag'''<br>''age'' |- | '''jud'''<br>''date'' |- | '''jod'''<br>''instance'' |- | '''jop'''<br>''sequence'' |- | '''jep'''<br>''process'' |- | '''jwap'''<br>''moment'' |- | '''jwep'''<br>''instant'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! s- <br>thing |- | '''sag'''<br>''number'' |- | '''saz'''<br>''sculpture'' |- | '''san'''<br>''form'' |- | '''saun'''<br>''kind'' |- | '''son'''<br>''matter (abstract)'' |- | '''sin'''<br>''image'' |- | '''siz'''<br>''painting'' |- | '''sun'''<br>''thing (concrete)'' |- | '''syan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''syen'''<br>''style'' |- | '''syin'''<br>''subject'' |- | '''syun'''<br>''object'' |- | '''sar'''<br>''instrument'' |- | '''sir'''<br>''machine'' |- | '''sor'''<br>''engine'' |- | '''sur'''<br>''motor'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! t- <br>human / knowledge |- | '''taz'''<br>''statue'' |- | '''tap'''<br>''physique'' |- | '''tep'''<br>''mind'' |- | '''top'''<br>''spirit'' |- | '''tuz'''<br>''art'' |- | '''toz'''<br>''skin color'' |- | '''tez'''<br>''culture'' |- | '''tyez'''<br>''magic'' |- | '''tin'''<br>''doctrine'' |- | '''tun'''<br>''science'' |- | '''tyan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''tyen'''<br>''skill'' |- | '''tyun'''<br>''idea'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''sensation'' |- | '''tes'''<br>''meaning'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' |- | '''tat'''<br>''angel'' |} |} === The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words === :: The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival ('''-a'''), adverbial ('''-ay'''), and verbal inflections ('''-er''', '''-ser''', '''-xer''', etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem. :: The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Stems of Group 2 Base Words |- ! Classifier Consonant !! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative |- ! rowspan=4|'''j''' <br>(''time'') | '''ja'''<br>''before'' || '''je'''<br>''during'' || '''jo'''<br>''after''||'''ji'''<br>''since'' || '''ju'''<br>''until'' |- | '''aj'''<br>''past'' || '''ej'''<br>''present'' || '''oj'''<br>''future'' || '''ij^er'''<br>''beginning/begin'' || '''uj/^er'''<br>''end/end'' |- | '''taj^er'''<br>''birth/to be born'' || '''tej^er'''<br>''life/to live'' || '''toj^er'''<br>''death/to die'' || '''tij^er'''<br>''awake state/to be awake'' || '''tuj^er'''<br>''sleep/to sleep'' |- | '''jwa'''<br>''early'' || '''jwe'''<br>''on time'' || '''jwo'''<br>''late'' || '''yij^a'''<br>''opening/open'' || '''yuj^a'''<br>''closing/closed'' |- !rowspan=4| '''g'''<br>(''measurement'') | '''ga'''<br>''more'' || '''ge'''<br>''equal'' || '''go'''<br>''less''|| '''gi'''ⁿ<br>''point'' || '''gu'''ⁿ<br>''angle'' |- | '''ag'''^a<br>''big'' || '''eg^a'''<br>''normal'' || '''og'''^a<br>''small'' || '''ig'''^a<br>''fast'' || '''ug'''^a<br>''slow'' |- | '''yag'''^a<br>''long'' || '''yeg'''^a<br>''normal'' || '''yog'''^a<br>''short'' || '''yig'''^a<br>''hard'' || '''yug'''^a<br>''soft'' |- | '''gya'''^a<br>''thick'' || '''gye'''^a<br>''enough'' || '''gyo-'''<br>''thin'' || '''gyi'''^a<br>''solid'' || '''gyu'''^a<br>''fragile'' |- !rowspan=4| '''k'''<br>(''randomness'') | '''ka'''^xer<br>''find'' || '''ke'''^xer<br>''seek'' || '''ko'''^xer<br>''hide'' || '''ki'''^a<br>''oblique''|| '''ku'''^a<br>''lateral'' |- | '''ak'''^er<br>''win'' || '''ek'''^er<br>''play'' || '''ok'''^er<br>''lose'' || '''ik'''^a<br>''full'' || '''uk'''^a<br>''empty'' |- | '''yak'''^er<br>''expect'' || '''yek'''^er<br>''try'' || '''yok'''^er<br>''suprise'' || '''yik'''^a<br>''difficult'' || '''yuk'''^a<br>''easy'' |- | '''kya'''^a<br>''mobile'' || '''kye'''^a<br>''haphazard'' || '''kyo'''^a<br>''fixed'' ||'''kyi'''^a<br>''heavy'' || '''kyu'''^a<br>''light'' |- ! '''m'''<br>(''nature'') | '''am'''^a<br>''hot'' || -- || '''om'''^a<br>''cold'' || '''im'''^a<br>''wet'' || '''um'''^a<br>''dry'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''f'''^er<br>(''want'', qualities) | || || || '''fi'''^a<br>''good'' || '''fu'''^a<br>''bad'' |- | '''fya'''^a<br>''holy'' || '''fye'''^a<br>''mythical'' || '''fyo'''^a<br>''profane''|| '''fyi'''^a<br>''useful'' || '''fyu'''^a<br>''harmful'' |- | '''yaf'''^er<br>''be able'' || '''yef'''^er<br>''must''|| '''yof'''^er<br>''cannot'' || '''yif'''^er<br>''dare'' || '''yuf'''^er<br>''fear'' |- | '''af'''^er<br>''may'' || '''ef'''^er<br>''need'' || '''of'''^er<br>''be prohibited'' || '''if'''^er<br>''love'' || '''uf'''^er<br>''hate'' |- !rowspan=6| '''v'''<br>(''truth, qualities'' ) | '''va'''<br>''yes'' || '''ve'''<br>''maybe'' || '''vo'''<br>''no''|| '''vi'''^a<br>''beautiful'' || '''vu'''^a<br>''ugly'' |- | '''vay'''<br>''really''||'''vey'''<br>''may''||'''voy'''<br>''not'' || || |- | '''av'''<br>''for'' || '''ev'''^a<br>''neutral'' || '''ov'''<br>''against''|| '''iv'''^a<br>''happy'' || '''uv'''^a<br>''sad'' |- | '''vya'''^a<br>''true'' || '''vye'''^a<br>''relative'' || '''vyo'''^a<br>''false''|| '''vyi'''^a<br>''clean'' || '''vyu'''^a<br>''dirty'' |- | '''yav'''^a<br>''innocent'' || '''yev'''^a<br>''fair'' || '''yov'''^a<br>''guilty''|| '''yiv'''^a<br>''free'' || '''yuv'''^a<br>''captive'' |- | '''van'''<br>''that'' || '''ven'''<br>''if'' || '''von'''<br>''lest''|| || |- ! rowspan=5|'''z'''<br>(spatial) | '''za'''<br>''in front of'' || '''ze'''<br>''in the middle of'' || '''zo'''<br>''in back of''|| '''zi'''^a<br>''right'' || '''zu'''^a<br>''left'' |- | '''zay'''<br>''ahead'' || '''zey'''<br>''across'' || '''zoy'''<br>''back, re-''|| || |- | '''zya'''^a<br>''wide'' || '''zye'''<br>''through'' || '''zyo'''^a<br>''narrow''||'''zyi'''^a<br>''flat'' || '''zyu'''^a<br>''round'' |- | '''az'''^a<br>''strong'' || '''ez'''^a<br>''moderate'' || '''oz'''^a<br>''weak''|| '''iz'''^a<br>''straight'' || '''uz'''^a<br>''curved'' |- | '''yaz'''^a<br>''convex'' || '''yez'''<br>''along'' || '''yoz'''^a<br>''concave'' || '''yiz'''<br>''beyond'' || '''yuz'''<br>''around'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''b-'''^er<br>(''put'') | '''ba'''^y/(^xer)<br>''with, (agitate)'' || '''be'''^y/(^(xer))<br>''at/by, (hold)'' || '''bo'''^y(^xer)<br>''without/(calm)''|| '''bi^(er/xer)'''<br>''from, (take/pull)'' || '''bu'''^(er/xer)<br>''to, (give/push)'' |- | '''ab'''^(er)<br>''on,(put on)'' || '''eb'''^(er)<br>''between,(block)'' || '''ob'''(^er)<br>''off,(take off)'' || '''ib'''^(er)<br>''away,(receive)'' || '''ub'''^(er)<br>''toward,(send)'' |- | '''bya'''^ser/xer<br>''stand/erect'' || '''bye'''^xer<br>''tap'' || '''byo'''^ser/xer<br>''hang/hang''|| '''byi'''^(ser)<br>''since,(originate)'' || '''byu'''^(ser/xer)<br>''up to,(contact/touch)'' |- | '''yab'''^(er)<br>''up,(raise)'' || '''yeb'''^(er)<br>''in,(put in)''<br>'''oyeb'''^(er)<br>''out,(take out)'' || '''yob'''^(er)<br>''down,(lower)''|| '''yib'''^(er)<br>''far,(remove)'' || '''yub'''^(er)<br>''near,(bring)'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''p'''^er<br>(''go'') | '''pa'''^ser/xer<br>''move/move'' || '''pe'''^ser/xer<br>''wait/trap'' || '''po'''^ser/xer<br>''stop/stop''|| '''pi'''^er/ser/xer<br>''leave/withdraw/catch'' || '''pu'''^er/ser/xer<br>''arrive/jump/throw'' |- | '''pya'''^er/ser/xer<br>''hover/jump up/launch'' || '''pye'''^ser/xer<br>''encounter/strike'' || '''pyo'''^ser/xer<br>''fall/drop''|| '''pyi'''^ser/xer<br>''emanate/derive'' || '''pyu'''^ser/xer<br>''reach/impact'' |- | '''yap'''^er<br>''rise'' || '''yep'''^er<br>''enter'' || '''yop'''^er<br>''descend''|| '''yip'''^er<br>''go far'' || '''yup'''^er<br>''approach'' |- | '''ap'''^er<br>''get on'' || '''ep'''^er<br>''intervene'' || '''op'''^er<br>''get off'' || '''ip'''^er<br>''go away'' ||'''up'''^er<br>''come'' |- !rowspan=2| '''s'''^er<br>(''be'') | '''sa'''^n/s/xer<br>''shape/evolve/make'' ||'''se'''^xer<br>''build'' || '''so'''^n/xer<br>''matter/destroy''|| '''si'''^n/yn<br>''image/sign'' || '''su'''^n/er/xer<br>''thing/provide/realize'' |- | '''as'''^er<br>''become'' || '''es'''^er<br>''exist'' || '''os'''^er<br>''cease to be'' || || |- ! rowspan=3|'''x'''^er<br>(''do'' ) | '''xa'''^ler<br>''execute'' || '''xe'''^ler<br>''practice'' || '''xo'''^ler<br>''fail'' || '''xi'''^ler<br>''undertake'' || '''xu'''^ler<br>''provoke'' |- |'''ax'''^ler<br>''act'' || '''ex'''^er<br>''function'' || '''ox'''^ler<br>''abstain'' || '''ix'''^er<br>''effect'' || '''ux'''^er<br>''cause'' |- | '''yax'''^er<br>''be busy'' || '''yex'''^er<br>''work'' || '''yox'''^er<br>''be idle'' || '''yix'''^er<br>''use'' || '''yux'''^er<br>''help'' |- ! '''t'''^er/rer/yer<br>(''know/recognize/know how'') | '''ta'''^xer<br>''remember'' || '''te'''^xer<br>''think'' || '''to'''^xer<br>''forget'' || '''ti'''^er/xer<br>''learn/study''<br>'''tri'''^er<br>''get to know''<br>'''tyi'''^er<br>''learn how'' || '''tu'''^er/xer/uxer<br>''inform/teach/raise''<br>'''tru'''^er<br>''familiarize''<br>'''tyu'''^er<br>''train'' |- ! '''d'''^er/rer<br>(''say/write'') | '''da'''^ler<br>''talk'' || '''de'''^ler<br>''state''<br>'''dye'''^er<br>''read'' || '''do'''^ler<br>''be silent''<br>'''dro'''^er<br>''erase'' || '''di'''^er/ler/rer<br>''ask/beg/require'' || '''du'''^er/ler/rer<br>''suggest/insist/demand''<br>'''dyu'''^er<br>''call'' |- ! rowspan=2|'''h-'''<br>(determiners) | '''ha'''^(a)<br>''the'' || '''he'''^a<br>''some'' || '''ho'''^a<br>''which'' || '''hi'''^a<br>''this'' || '''hu'''^a<br>''that'' |- | '''hya'''^(a)<br>''all'' || '''hye'''^a<br>''any'' || '''hyo'''^a<br>''no'' || '''hyi'''^a<br>''same'' || '''hyu'''^a<br>''other'' |- ! rowspan=2| (conjunctions) |'''ay'''<br>''and'' || '''ey'''<br>''or'' || '''oy'''<br>''but'' || || |- |'''ya'''ⁿ<br>''together'' || ||'''yo'''ⁿ<br>''apart''|| || |- ! rowspan=2| (numbers) | '''a'''<br>''one''|| '''e'''<br>''two''|| '''o'''<br>''zero''|| '''i'''<br>''three''|| '''u'''<br>''four'' |- | '''ya'''<br>''six''|| '''ye'''<br>''seven''|| '''yo'''<br>''five''|| '''yi'''<br>''eight''|| '''yu'''<br>''nine'' |- ! rowspan=1| (privatives) | || || '''lo-''' (''dis-/un-'')<br>'''lyo-''' (''dis-'')<br>'''oy-''' (''-less'')|| || |} :: <small>* Mixed root. '''taj/tej/toj''' instead of '''yaj/yej/yoj''', because the human letter root '''t''' is more intuitive.</small> :: Note: The opposition '''(y)a'''-'''(y)e'''-'''(y)o''' is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but '''(y)i-(y)u''' is two-way, without any intermediary sense. == Derived Word Formation Rules == : Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building: : These consist of the following rules: ::# Compounding ::# Affixation ::# Ordinal Vowel Scaling ::# Overlapping ::# Adding Ordinal Vowels ::# Swapping Generic Consonants ::# Marking Words for Gender ::# Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels ::# Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels ::# Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern ::# Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === Rule #1: Compounding === [[File:Compound 6 (maraviroc development).svg|thumb|]] : Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Compounding |- ! Component 1 !! Component 2 !! Compound |- | '''mor'''....''cosmos'' || '''tun'''....''science, -ology'' || '''mortun'''....''cosmology'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''memyaz'''....''mountain'' || '''magmemyaz'''....''volcano'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''mem'''....''land'' || '''dobmem'''....''territory'' |- | '''tul'''....''dish'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''tuldras'''....''menu'' |- | '''sin'''....''picture'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''sindras'''....''description'' |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''kyoxer'''....''to fix (in place)'' || '''tamkyoxer'''....''to settle'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''kyo-'''....''fixed'' || '''tep-'''....''mind'' || '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn'' |} : Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for ''rain'', for example, is '''ma(m)''' (''sky'') + '''mil''' (''water''), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, '''mamil'''. : When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg: :* '''uzra'''....''twisted'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ---> '''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' :* '''kyoa'''....''fixed'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn, obsessed'' :* '''aza'''....''strong'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''tepaza'''....''intelligent'' :* '''fua'''....''bad'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''futipa'''....''cross, ill-tempered'' :* '''aga'''....''big'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''tipaga'''....''magnanimous, generous'' === Rule #2: Affixation === [[File:Word Cloud of Various Prefixes.png|thumb|]] : Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes: ==== Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Base !! Compound |- | '''ja'''....''before'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''japer'''....''to precede'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''joper'''....''to follow'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' ||'''der'''....''to say'' || '''vader'''....''to affirm'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''dras'''....''something written'' || '''jodras'''....''postscript'' |- | '''za'''....''ahead'' ||'''jub'''....''day'' || '''zajub'''....''tomorrow'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' ||'''mel'''....''land'' || '''yonmel'''....''island'' |} : Prepositional prefixes ending in '''b''' with verbs '''per''' and '''ber''' (and their derivations) lose the '''b''' before verbal elements based on '''per''' (''go'') and '''ber''' (''put''), as shown in the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Assimilation of b and p |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! New Verb |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' (NOT: '''yabber''') |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' (NOT: '''yabper''') |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''aber'''....''put on, apply'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''aper'''....''get on, mount'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''ober'''....''take off, remove'' |- | '''ob'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''bux'''....''a push'' || '''yebux'''....''impulse'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall'' || '''yepyoser'''....''collapse'' |} : The loss of the '''b''' in the above words in one of the only cases of '''''fusion''''' in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form. Another case of fusion is when so-called '''''stubs''''' are combined. For example, '''doyijem''' (''public square''), which is composed of '''do(m)'''....''city'' + '''yij(a)'''....''open'' + '''(n)em'''....''place''. The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix '''a-''' can have many different meanings. : The adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped¹, as is the '''er''' or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that '''tyoyab''' becomes '''tyoya-'''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! Compound Verb |- | '''oza'''....''weak'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ozder'''....''whisper'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yagder'''....''ramble'' |- | '''aja'''....''past'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ajder'''....''evoke'' |- | '''yoga'''....''short'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yogder'''....''summarize'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''tyoyaper'''....''walk'' |- | '''dreer'''....''write'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' || '''dresar'''....''pencil'' |- | '''tuyob'''....''hand'' || '''dren'''....''writing'' || '''tuyodren'''....''manuscript'' |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mamil'''....''rain'' |} : <small>¹: Sometimes, the adjective ending '''a''' is retained when an adjective is compounded with '''xer''' or '''ser'''. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, '''aga''' + '''xer''' can produce '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' or '''agxer'''....''to grow''. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.</small> ==== Most Common Mirad Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Common Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Examples |- |'''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-''||'''anzyukpar'''....''unicycle''<br> '''antotin'''....''monotheism''<br>'''adeb'''....''emperor'' |- |'''aa-'''....''arch-, first-, prime''||'''aadub'''....''prime minister''<br>'''aatat'''....''archangel''<br>'''aavyan'''....''principle''<br>'''aasaun'''....''prototype'' |- |'''aag-'''....''arch-, main, macro-''||'''aagmep'''....''highway''<br> '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution''<br> '''aagovekut'''....''archrival'' |- |'''aaj-'''....''paleo-, proto-''||'''aajtobtun'''....''paleoanthropology''<br> '''aajsiyn'''....''fossil'' |- |'''ab-'''....''ad-, top, on, epi-''||'''abtob'''....''superman''<br> '''abtim'''....''attic''<br> '''abzen'''....''epicenter'' |- |'''aj-'''....''former, ex-'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife''<br>'''ajdeb'''....''former leader'' |- |'''ayb-'''....''over-, super-, hyper-, sur-''||'''aybmep'''....''overpass''<br>'''aybdresin'''....''superscript''<br>'''aybdyun'''....''hypernym'' |- |'''ag-'''....''mega(lo)-'' || '''agvyotos'''....''megalomania''<br>'''agtoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''alo(n)-'''....''deca-, ten-''||'''alojaga'''....''ten years old''<br> '''alojab'''....''decade''<br> '''alonsuna'''....''decimal'' |- |'''aloy(n)-'''....''deci-, tenth-''||'''aloynux'''....''tithe''<br> '''aloyngoler'''....''decimate'' |- |'''am-'''....''thermo-''||'''amzemula'''....''thermonuclear''<br> '''amvyabxar'''....''thermostat'' |- |'''amlo(n)-'''....''mega-''||'''amloagvunak'''....''megavolt''<br> '''amlotoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''amloyn-'''....''micro-''||'''amloynjweb'''....''microsecond'' |- |'''anyen-'''....''idio-''||'''anyenboka'''....''idiopathic''<br> '''anyendyan'''....''idiom''<br> '''anyentepa'''....''idiotic'' |- |'''ao(b/p)-'''....''north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axis''||'''aonab'''....''column'', ''x-y-axis''<br> '''aopuys yuzpar'''....''hop-on-hop-off bus''<br> '''aonada'''....''vertical'' |- |'''aoye(b/p)-'''....''in-and-out''||'''aoyebar'''....''piston''<br> '''aoyebelen'''....''import-exports''<br> '''aoyepaper'''....''fly in and out'' |- |'''aro(n)-'''....''kilo-''||'''aronminak'''....''kilometer''<br> '''arobanak'''....''kilobit'' |- |'''aroyn-'''....''milli-''||'''aroynvunak'''....''millivolt''<br> '''aoynwunak'''....''milliwatt'' |- |'''(a)so(n)'''....''cent-''||'''asojagat'''....''centenarian''<br> '''asolinak'''....''hectoliter''<br> '''sojab'''....''century'' |- |'''asoy(n)-'''....''cent-, centi-''||'''asoygenak'''....''centigram''<br> '''asoylinak'''....''centiliter'' |- |'''av-'''....''pro-''||'''avYanotina'''....''pro-Communist'' |- |'''ayn-'''....''full-, holo-, whole-''||'''aynnuut'''....''wholesaler''<br> '''aynsin'''....''hologram''<br> '''aynteptija'''....''fully-conscious'' |- |'''e(b/p)-'''....''inter-''||'''ebmos'''....''mezzanine''<br> '''ebyanmulxer'''....''intermingle''<br> '''eper'''....''intercede'' |- |'''ejna-'''....''neo-''||'''ejnadun'''....''neologism''<br> '''ejnaobdabin'''....''neocolonialism'' |- |'''e(n)-'''....''ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two-''||'''entyoba'''....''bipedal''<br> '''enzyuspar'''....''bicycle''<br> '''envolza'''....''dichromatic'' |- |'''eon-'''....''duo-, double-, twin-''||'''eonin'''....''dualism''<br> '''eondal'''....''double-speak''<br> '''eonsum'''....''twin bed'' |- |'''ev-'''....''a-, neutral'' ||'''evdofina'''....''amoral''<br>'''evdabtuna'''....''apolitical'' |- |'''ey(b/p)-'''....''intra-, among''||'''eybmasa'''....''intramural''<br> '''eybmimkuma'''....''intracoastal'' |- |'''eyn-'''....''demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi-''||'''eynzyus'''....''semi-circle''<br> '''eynzyup'''....''half-turn''<br> '''eyntilsyeb'''....''demitassee''<br> '''eynyonmel'''....''peninsula'' |- |'''fi-'''....''bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well-''||'''fixut'''....''benefactor''<br> '''fidrawa'''....''well-written''<br> '''fitos'''...''euphoria'' |- |'''fu-'''....''dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly-''||'''futos'''....''dysphoria''<br> '''futuwa'''....''ill-informed''<br> '''fuxeyn'''....''malfeasance'' |- |'''fya-'''....''hiero-, holy-, sancti-''||'''fyasdresiyn'''....''hieroglyphic''<br> '''fyader'''....''sanctify''<br> '''fyatwed'''....''holy father'' |- |'''fye-'''....''mythical, fantasy''||'''fyetop'''....''phantom''<br> '''fyetobet'''....''elfin''<br> '''fyetexer'''...''fantacize''<br> '''fyedin'''....''fantasy'' |- |'''fyo-'''....''evil, profane'' ||'''fyotez'''....''occult''<br>'''fyotat'''....''devil''<br>'''fyotyez'''....''witchcraft'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-, again'' || '''gawteaper'''....''revisit''<br> '''gawaker'''....''regain'' |- |'''garale-'''....''tera-''||'''garaleagbanak'''....''terabyte'' |- |'''garalyi-'''....''exa-''||'''garalyibanak'''....''exabit'' |- |'''garalyo-'''....''peta-''||'''galayoagbanak'''....''petabyte'' |- |'''garela-'''....''zetta-''||'''garelaagbanak'''....''zettabyte'' |- |'''garelu-'''....''yotta-''||'''gareluagbanak'''....''yottabyte'' |- |'''ge-'''....''equal to, equi-, even-''||'''geyafwa'''....''equipollent''<br> '''genaza'''....''equivalent'' |- |'''gel-'''....''homo-, like-, simul-''||'''gelzena'''....''homocentric''<br> '''gelvolza'''....''homochromatic'' |- |'''geyl-'''....''simul-''||'''geyldyan'''....''simile''<br> '''geylxer'''....''assimilate'' |- |'''gla-'''....''many-, multi-, poly-''||'''glatyenika'''....''multi-skilled''<br> '''glatwada'''....''polyandrous''<br> '''glavolza'''....''many-hued'' |- |'''glo-'''....''mini-, little-, few-''||'''gloduna'''....''succint, of few words''<br> '''glonixea'''....''low-earning'' |- |'''gorale-'''....''pico-''||'''goraleagfenak'''....''picofarad'' |- |'''goralyi-'''....''atto-''||'''goralyigenak'''....''attogram'' |- |'''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||'''goralyoon'''....''quadrillionth'' |- |'''goralyu-'''....''nano-''||'''goralyusonak'''....''nanosecond'' |- |'''gorela-'''....''zepto-''||'''gorelagenak'''....''zeptogram'' |- |'''gorelu-'''....''yocto-''||'''gorelugenak'''....''yoctogram'' |- |'''gra-'''....''extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra-''||'''gratosea'''....''hypersensitive''<br> '''grazoyaxler'''....''overreact''<br> '''granoxea'''....''extravagant'' |- |'''gro-'''....''hypo-, under-''||'''groyixlawa'''....''underemployed''<br> '''groaman'''....''hypothermia'' |- |'''gwa-'''....''hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure, macro-''||'''gwayelza'''....''pure pink''<br> '''gwayafa'''....''supreme''<br> '''gwauja'''....''ultimate''<br> '''gwazoa'''....''hindmost'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''least-, mini-, micro-''||'''gwosag'''....''minimum''<br> '''gwoyuzpur'''....''minibus''<br>'''gwoexlus'''....''microprocessor'' |- |'''hi-'''....''hither, these, this''||'''his'''....''this''<br> '''hisi'''....''these''<br> '''him'''....''here'' |- |'''hya(s)-'''....''pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every-''||'''hyas'''....''everything''<br> '''hyati'''....''all of them''<br> '''hyastea'''....''omniscient''<br> '''hyataadifa'''....''pansexual'' |- |'''hu-'''....''that''||'''hus'''....''that''<br> '''huj'''....''then''<br> '''huyen'''...''that way'' |- |'''huim-'''....''here-and-there, here-and-yon''||'''huimkexer'''....''search high and low''<br> '''huimpaper'''....''fly here and there''<br> '''hyuimpoper'''....''travel here-and-there'' |- |'''huu-'''....''so, such''||'''huugla'''....''so, so very''<br> '''hus'''....''such''<br> '''huyen'''....''in such a way, so, thus'' |- |'''hyaewa-'''....''ambi-''||'''hyaewati'''....''both of them''<br> '''hyaewaziza'''....''ambidextrous''<br> '''hyaewatoobifa'''....''ambi-sexual'' |- |'''hye-'''....''-ever, any, whatever, whichever''||'''hyem'''....''anywhere, wherever''<br> '''hyempea'''....''erratic''<br> '''hjej'''....''ever, anytime'' |- |'''hyi-'''....''homo-, like-, same, syn-''||'''hyitoobifa'''....''homosexual''<br> '''hyis'''....''same thing''<br> '''hyijoba'''....''synchronous'' |- |'''hyo(s)-'''....''nothing, a-'' || '''hyostosea'''....''apathetic'' |- |'''hyu(t/s)-'''....''alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, else''||'''hyutoobifa'''....''heterosexual''<br> '''hyua'''....''another, alternate''<br> '''hyutufa'''....''xenophobic''<br> '''hyus'''....''something else'' |- |'''hyui(t/s)-'''....''cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal''||'''hyuitvikaxen'''....''mutual admiration''<br> '''hyuixer'''....''reciprocate''<br> '''hyuisa'''....''mutual, reciprocal''<br> '''hyuitif'''....''mutual love'' |- |'''i-'''....''toward the speaker''||'''iber'''....''receive''<br>'''ixer'''....''result'' |- |'''ik-'''....''fully, thoroughly''||'''iktoxer'''....''forget completely''<br> '''iktos'''....''satisfaction''<br> '''ikyebixer'''....''engulf, swallow up completely'' |- |'''in-'''....''three-, tri-, tripl-, tern-''||'''inzyuspar'''....''tricycle''<br> '''inaga'''....''three-dimensional''<br> '''injiba'''....''trimensual''<br> '''insuna'''....''ternary''<br> '''intotan'''....''trinity'' |- |'''iyn-'''....''terci-, third''||'''iyna'''....''terciary''<br> '''iynxer'''....''cut into thirds'' |- |'''iz-'''....''ortho-, recti-, right-, straight-''||'''iznada'''....''rectilinear''<br> '''izguna'''....''orthogonal''<br> '''iztin'''....''orthdoxy''<br> '''izdea'''....''forthright'' |- |'''ja-'''....''ante-, fore-, pre-''||'''jaupya'''....''foregone''<br> '''jauper'''....''precede''<br> '''jadropeka'''....''antebellum'' |- |'''je-'''....''per-, continuously, ever-''||'''jetejer'''....''persevere''<br>'''jeteaxer'''....''watch''<br>'''jexrer'''....''perpetuate'' |- |'''jo-'''....''after-, meta-, post-''||'''joexlen'''....''postprocessing''<br> '''jomir'''....''metasphere''<br> '''jotej'''....''afterlife'' |- |'''jwa-'''....''early-, eo-, preter-, proto-''||'''jwaber'''....''prepare''<br> '''jwatuun'''....''premonition''<br> '''jwadodin'''....''early history, protohistory''<br> '''jwamola'''....''preternatural''<br> '''jwajoeb'''....''eocene'' |- |'''jwo-'''....''ceno-, late-, latter-, tard-''||'''jwonux'''....''late payment''<br> '''jwoa'''....''tardy''<br> '''jwoteja'''....''cenozoic'' |- |'''ko-'''....''cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth-''||'''koa'''....''covert''<br> '''koexut'''....''spy''<br> '''koyeper'''....''sneak in'' |- |'''(ko)vyo-'''....''pseudo-, mis-, wrong-''||'''kovyotun'''....''pseudoscience''<br>'''vyobekuer'''....''to mistreat'' |- |'''ku-'''....''para-''||'''kuifut'''....''paramour''<br> '''kuteliut'''....''parasite''<br> '''kuteptun'''....''parapsychology'' |- |'''kya-'''....''alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross-''||'''kyaember'''....''relocate''<br> '''kyajoba'''....''diachronic''<br> '''kyatajnad'''....''crossbreed''<br> '''kyatooba'''....''transgendered''<br> '''kyavolza'''....''variegated, motley'' |- |'''kyao-'''....''falteringly, unsteadily''||'''kyaoper'''....''stagger''<br> '''kyaotexer'''....''vacillate'' |- |'''kye-'''....''chance-, hap-, random-''||'''kyea'''....''haphazard''<br> '''kyebyus'''....''chance encounter''<br> '''kyeteater'''....''happen to see''<br> '''kyesauna'''....''of a random type'' |- |'''kyo-'''....''fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat-''||'''kyosaun'''....''stereotype''<br> '''kyopa'''....''stable, static, stationary''<br> '''kyoson'''....''status'' |- |'''lo-'''....''dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un-''||'''lozeb'''....''disequilibrium''<br> '''loyuvlaxer'''....''disengage''<br> '''loyuzyuber'''....''uncoil''<br> '''lomulvyusber'''....''decontaminate'' |- |'''logel-'''....''hetero-, different-''||'''logelsauna'''....''heterogenous''<br>'''logelaxer'''....''differentiate'' |- |'''maz-'''....''bright-''||'''mazteaba'''....''bright-eyed'' |- |'''mial-'''....''hygro-, atmo-, vapori-''||'''mialama'''....''hygrothermal''<br>'''mialnagar'''....''atomometer, vaporimeter'' |- |'''mil-'''....''aqua-, hydro-, water-''||'''milyexun'''....''aquaculture''<br> '''milmaka'''....''hydroelectric''<br> '''miltilsyeb'''....''water glass'' |- |'''mul-'''....''hylo-, substance''||'''mulsana'''....''hylomorphic'' |- |'''o(l)-'''....''a-, dis-, non-, un-, in-''||'''ovyilxwa'''....''unwashed''<br> '''omalza'''....''non-white''<br> '''ototina'''....''atheist''<br> '''otepzexea'''....''inattentive'' |- |'''o(b/p)-'''....''de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice-''||'''oper'''....''get off''<br> '''obneg'''....''sublevel''<br> '''obxeb'''....''sous-chef, sub-officer''<br>'''obtyodeb'''....''vice-president'' |- |'''oog-'''....''micro-'' || '''oogpob'''....''microorganism'' <nowiki>-</nowiki> |- | '''oj-'''....''future'' || '''ojtayd'''....''bride, future wife'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-'' ||'''gawder'''....''to repeat''<br>'''gawdyeer'''....''to re-read'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''micro-, mini-'' || '''ogalmor'''....''microcosm''<br>'''ogalteaxer'''....''microscope''<br>'''gowaxer'''....''minimize'' |- |'''of-'''....''prohibited'' ||'''ofbier'''....''steal''<br>'''ofbekul'''....''prohibited drug''<br>'''ofemkyoxer'''....''to squat'' |- |'''ov-'''....''contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un-''||'''ovalxer'''....''countervail''<br> '''ovper'''....''contravene''<br> '''ovkyin'''....''counterweight''<br> '''ovdat'''....''enemy''<br> '''olovmasbwa'''....''undefended'' |- |'''oy-'''....''-less, a(n)-, without''||'''oytofa'''...''naked''<br> '''oyxer'''....''deprive''<br> '''oytosen'''....''apathy''<br> '''oyteupiba'''....''toothless'' |- |'''oyb-'''....''hypo-, infra-, sub-, under-''||'''oybnadrer'''....''underline''<br> '''oybtomsan'''....''infrastructure''<br> '''oybseuxa'''....''subsonic''<br> '''oybtayoba'''....''hypodermic'' |- |'''oyeb-'''....''ex-, extra-, out-''||'''oyebnad'''....''outline''<br> '''oyebyujber'''....''exclude''<br> '''oyebdoabuer'''....''extradite'' |- |'''oyv-'''....''contra-, opposite, reverse''||'''oyvkuma'''...''opposite''<br> '''oyvder'''....''contradict''<br>'''oyvduer'''....''contraindicate''<br>'''oyvaxer'''....''reverse'' |- |'''tayi(b)-'''....''neuro-, nerve''||'''tayibteptun'''....''neuropsychology''<br> '''tayibyok'''....''neuralgia'' |- |'''teeb-'''....''auri-, oto-, ear-''||'''teebbekut'''....''aurist''<br> '''teeteiteyobtut'''....''otorhinolaryngologist''<br> '''teebyel'''....''earwax'' |- |'''tee(s/x/t)-'''....''audio-, son-, phono-''||'''teesnagen'''....''audiography''<br> '''teestaxdras'''....''phonogram''<br> '''teestun'''....''audiology''<br> '''teexdras'''....''audiogram''<br> '''teetyofwa'''....''inaudible'' |- |'''tei(b)-'''....''nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo-''||'''teibbok'''....''rhinitis''<br> '''teibyeg'''....''nostril''<br> '''teiz'''....''perfume''<br> '''teizuka'''....''aroma-free''<br> '''teityaf'''....''olfactory sense'' |- |'''tiibil-'''....''blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin-''||'''tiibililp'''....''hemorrhage''<br> '''tiibiliut'''....''bloodsucker''<br> '''tiibloker'''....''exsanguinate''<br> '''tiibiltun'''....''hematology'' |- |'''tuj-'''....''hypno-, somni-, sopor-''||'''tujbek'''....''hyptotherapy''<br> '''tujbyea'''....''somniferous, soporific'' |- |'''u(b/p)-'''....''toward''||'''uber'''....''send''<br>'''ubaer'''....''lean toward'' |- |'''ui-'''....''horizontal, left-right, x-axis''||'''uinab'''....''row'', ''x-axis''<br> '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- |'''uib-'''....''back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receive''||'''uibar'''....''transceiver'' |- |'''uig-'''....''fast-and-slow''||'''uigpar'''....''scooter'' |- |'''uij-'''....''begin-and-end, start-and-stop''||'''uijdaler'''....''stutter'' |- |'''uip-'''....''come-and-go''||'''uipen'''....''traffic, coming and going'' |- |'''uiz-'''....''straight-then-crooked''||'''uizbaser'''....''swagger''<br> '''uizdrer'''....''scribble''<br> '''uizpaser'''....''swerve'' |- |'''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater-''||'''ungona'''....''quadripartite''<br> '''unnednid'''....''tetrahedron''<br> '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' |- |'''uyn-'''....''fourth-, quarti-''||'''uynxer'''....''quarter''<br> '''uynjab'''....''quarter (of a year)'' |- |'''ut-'''....''auto-, self-, sui-, ego-''||'''utifon'''....''egoism''<br> '''utgober'''....''autodecrement''<br> '''utfuyix'''....''self-abuse''<br> '''uttujben'''....''suicide'' |- |'''uz-'''....''crooked, di-''||'''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- |'''va-'''....''yes''||'''vayovder'''....''convict''<br> '''vabier'''....''accept''<br> '''vatexer'''....''believe'' |- |'''vao-'''....''yes-no''||'''vaoder'''....''decide''<br> '''vaodaler'''....''waffle''<br> '''vaonaza'''....''boolean'' |- |'''vi-'''....''bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri-''||'''vituzyan'''....''fine arts, beaux arts''<br> '''vidun'''....''euphemism''<br> '''vidrenyan'''....''literature, belles lettres''<br> '''visuana'''....''classic'' |- |'''vo-'''....''non-, neg-''||'''voyafxer'''....''veto''<br> '''voxer'''....''negate''<br> '''voyovder'''....''acquit, declare not guilty'' |- |'''vya-'''....''justi-, recti-, true-, reg-''||'''vyadin'''....''true story''<br> '''vyader'''....''avow''<br> '''vyamol'''....''essence'' |- | '''vyao-'''....''right or wrong'' ||'''vyaoyek'''....''test'' |- |'''vyak-'''....''ortho-, correct-''||'''vyakdred'''....''orthography''<br> '''vyakxer'''....''correct'' |- |'''vyo-'''....''mis-, para-, wrong-''||'''vyoyufa'''....''paranoid''<br> '''vyoyux'''....''perfidy''<br> '''vyoyixer'''....''misuse'' |- |'''ya-'''....''more than one, multi-''||'''yaota'''....''communal'' |- |'''yab-'''....''hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper-''||'''yabdom'''....''uptown''<br> '''yabdoneg'''....''upper class''<br> '''yabduzneg'''....''high pitch''<br> '''yabexer'''....''support''<br> '''yabzyobix'''....''hypertension'' |- |'''yabnan-'''....''height-, hypso-, alti-''||'''yabnanagar'''....''hypsometer, altimeter'' |- |'''yag-'''....''long-''||'''yagyiban'''....''long distance''<br> '''yagyeker'''....''strive''<br> '''yagblokea'''....''long-suffering'' |- |'''yan-'''....''co(n)-, fellow-, -mate''||'''yanzena'''....''concentric''<br> '''yanyeker'''....''compete''<br> '''yandit'''....''fellow-citizen'' |- |'''yao(b/p)-'''....''up-and-down''||'''yaopuyser'''....''skip''<br> '''yaopsim'''....''seesaw''<br> '''yaoblir'''....''elevator''<br> '''yaobaser'''....''bounce'' |- |'''ya(on)-'''....''six-, hexa-, sex-''||'''yaonat'''....''sextet''<br> '''yaongun'''....''hexagon''<br> '''yaona'''....''six-fold, sextuple''<br>'''yagol'''....''sextile'' |- |'''yaov-'''....''guilty-or-innocent''||'''yaovder'''....''adjudicate''<br> '''yaovdutyan'''....''jury''<br> '''yaovkader'''....''plead''<br> '''yaovyek'''....''trial'' |- |'''yaoz-'''....''serrated, bumpy, jagged''||'''yaozaxer'''....''serrate''<br> '''yaozgoblar'''....''saw''<br> '''yaozper'''....''bump along'' |- |'''yayb-'''....''supra-''||'''yaybdooba'''....''supranational'' |- |'''yayn-'''....''sex-, sixth''||'''yayna'''...''sixth'' |- |'''ye(on)-'''....''hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven-''||'''yejub'''....''week''<br> '''yeongun'''....''heptagon''<br> '''yeonat'''....''septuplet'' |- |'''ye(b/p)-'''....''en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro-''||'''yebuzaser'''....''.inflect''<br> '''yebzoytiibufa'''....''intravenous''<br> '''yebyujer'''....''enclode''<br> '''yebtayoba'''....''endodermal''<br> '''yeper'''....''enter''<br> '''yeber'''....''introduce'' |- |'''yeov-'''....''fair or not ''|| '''yeovdut'''....''umpire'' |- |'''yeyb-'''....''intra-''||'''yeybmepyan'''....''intranet''<br> '''yeybdoeba'''....''intrastate'' |- |'''ye-'''....''hepto-, seven-, septi-''||'''yejub'''....''week'' |- |'''yeyn-'''....''seventh''|| '''yeynxer'''....''split into sevenths'' |- |'''yez'''....''para-, alongside''|| '''yezteptun'''....''parapsychology''<br>'''yezuper'''....''come alongside'' |- |'''yi(on)-'''....''oct-, eight-''||'''yiona'''...''eight-fold''<br>''octuple'' |- |'''yib-'''....''far-, tele-, remote''||'''yibsin'''....''televison''<br> '''yibteata'''....''far-sighted''<br> '''yibtrawa'''....''famous'' |- |'''yibaj-'''....''archai-, archeo-, ancient''||'''yibajtun'''....''archaeology'','''yibajtun'''....''archeology'' |- |'''yiyn-'''....''eighth''||'''yiynxer'''....''divide into eighths'' |- |'''yiz-'''....''beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-''||'''yiztyun'''...''metaphor''<br> '''yizeza'''....''paranormal''<br> '''yizmeirat'''....''extraterrestrial''<br> '''yizseux'''....''utrasound'' |- |'''yoon-'''....''five-, penta-, quint-''||'''yoongun'''....''pentagon''<br> '''yoongol'''...''quintile''<br> '''yoon'''....''group of five''<br> ''quintet'' |- |'''yo(b/p)-'''....''down-, hypo-, sub-''||'''yobdom'''...''downtown''<br> '''yoper'''....''go down''<br> '''yobgoler'''....''subdivide'' |- |'''yon-'''....''apart, dis-, se-''||'''yonzyaber'''....''disperse''<br> '''yonxer'''....''separate''<br> '''yonsauna'''....''distinct'' |- |'''yoyn-'''....''fifth-, quinti-''||'''yoynnaga'''....''quintic''<br> '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' |- |'''yu(n)-'''....''nine-, nona-''||'''yunapa'''....''ninth (in order)''<br> '''yungunid'''....''nonagon''<br> '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' |- |'''yub-'''....''near-, proxi-, para-''||'''yuboj'''....''near future''<br> '''yubna'''....''next''<br> '''yubteas'''....''closeup (view)''<br> '''yubge'''....''almost''<br> '''yubfia'''....''intimate''<br> '''yubgeser'''....''approximate''<br>'''yubdopa'''....''paramilitary'' |- |'''yui(b/p)-'''....''near-and-far''||'''yuibjo'''....''sooner or later''<br> '''yuibteabar'''....''bifocals''<br> '''yuipoper'''....''travel near and far'' |- |'''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut''||'''yuijar'''....''valve''<br> '''yuijer'''....''blink'', ''wink''<br> '''manyuijer'''....''blink''<br> '''makyuijar'''....''switch'' |- |'''yuyb-'''....''quasi-, pen-, almost''||'''yuybyonmel'''....''peninsula''<br> '''yuybega'''....''quasi-normal'' |- |'''yuon-'''....''ninth-, novi-''||'''yuonat'''....''nonuplet'' |- |'''yuz-'''....''circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round-''||'''yuzper'''....''circulate''<br> '''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br> '''yuzof'''....''wrap-around''<br> '''yuznadrer'''....''circumscribe'' |- |'''za-'''....''ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro-, north''||'''zatim'''....''antechamber''<br> '''zamimuf'''....''foremast''<br> '''zagab'''....''prefix''<br> '''zajuber'''....''procrastinate''<br>'''zamer'''....''north'' |- |'''zao-'''....''back-and-forth, front-and-back''||'''zaopaser'''....''wobble''<br> '''zaokuper'''....''slalom''<br> '''zaopyoser'''....''pendulate'' |- |'''zay-'''....''forth-, pro-, forward, ahead''||'''zaypuyser'''....''skip ahead''<br> '''zaypuxer'''....''propel''<br> '''zayper'''....''go forward, procede''<br> '''zayupea'''....''forthcoming'' |- |'''ze-'''....''mid-, central, medio-''||'''zetej'''....''midlife''<br> '''zepoxer'''....''interrupt, stop midway''<br> '''zetem'''....''central hall'' |- |'''zey-'''....''cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, across''||'''zeyper'''....''transit, get across''<br> '''zeynod'''....''crosspoint''<br> '''zeytyun'''....''metaphor'' |- |'''zi-'''....''right, east, dextro-''||'''zim'''....''right side''<br>'''zimera'''....''eastern'' |- |'''zo-'''....''back-, hind-, retro-, south''||'''zotib'''....''back''<br> '''zotiub'''....''hindquarters''<br> '''zonapa'''....''retrograde''<br>'''zomer'''....''south'' |- |'''zoy-'''....''back-, retro-, re-''||'''zoyper'''....''recede, go back''<br> '''zoybeler'''....''carry back''<br> '''zoyzyublen'''....''backspin'' |- |'''zu-'''....''left-, west-''||'''zutinut'''....''leftist''<br> '''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zumera'''....''western'' |- |'''zui-'''....''left-and-right, zig-zag, east-west''||'''zuibyoser'''....''dangle, hang left-and-right''<br> '''zuiper'''....''zigzag''<br> '''zuituyaba'''....''ambidextrous''<br>'''zuimera'''....''east-west'' |- |'''zya-'''....''-wide, wide-, broad-, all about''||'''zyauber'''....''broadcast''<br> '''zyateaba'''....''wide-eyed''<br> '''zyasauna'''....''general''<br> '''zyapoper'''....''cruise, wander''<br> '''zyamira'''....''global, worldwide'' |- |'''zye-'''....''per-, thorough-, thru-, trans-''||'''zyetejer'''....''live through, experience''<br> '''zyeteaxer'''....''peruse''<br> '''zyeteatyafwa'''....''transparent''<br> '''zyemep'''....''thoroughfare''<br> '''zyeper'''....''permeate, transit'' |- |'''zyo-'''....''narrow, steno-'' || '''zyotepa'''....''narrow-minded''<br>'''zyoteat'''....''tunnel vision''<br>'''zyoyija'''....''stenopeic'' |- |'''zyu-'''....''cyclo-, rot-, round-, gyro''||'''zyutim'''....''rotunda''<br> '''zyusem'''....''roundtable''<br> '''zyuper'''....''cycle, gyrate, rotate'' |} ==== Suffixes ==== : Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes. : '''Semantic Stub Suffixes''' :: Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Stub Suffixes |- valign=top ! Suffix Stub !! Suffix Full Form !! Suffixed Example < Base Word |- | '''-il'''....''liquid, drink'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''teab<u>il</u>'''....''tear''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teub<u>il</u>'''....''saliva''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''tayeb<u>il</u>'''....''sweat''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayeb'''....''skin''<br>'''mam<u>il</u>'''....''rain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mam'''....''sky'' |- | '''-al'''....''gas'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''tieb<u>al</u>'''....''breath''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' |- | '''-(e)l'''....''food'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''sup<u>el</u>'''....''pork''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''<u>sup</u>et'''....''swine''<br>'''ta<u>ol</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''taob'''....''flesh''<br>'''fe<u>l</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''feb'''....''fruit'' |- | '''-ul'''....''stuff'' || '''mul'''....''substance'' || '''vix<u>ul</u>'''....''cosmetic''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vix-'''....''to beautify''<br>'''bek<u>ul</u>'''....''medecine''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment'' |- | '''-yel'''....''oil, gel, wax, pulp'' || '''yel'''....''oil'' || '''olf<u>yel</u>'''....''olive oil''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''olfeb'''....''olive''<br>'''appelat<u>yel</u>'''....''wax''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''appelat'''....''bee''<br>'''mag<u>yel</u>'''....''grease''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mag'''....''fire''<br>'''bek<u>yel</u>'''....''salve''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment''<br>'''meg<u>yel</u>'''....''cement''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''meg'''....''stone''<br>'''yan<u>yel</u>'''....''paste''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yan'''....''together'' |- | '''-am'''....''house'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''apat<u>am</u>'''....''chicken coop''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apat'''....''chicken''<br>'''apellat<u>am</u>'''....''beehive''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apellat'''....''bee''<br>'''melyex<u>am</u>'''....''farmhouse''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''melyex'''....''agriculture''<br>'''datib<u>am</u>'''....''hostel''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''datib'''....''guest-reception'' |- | '''-(e)m'''....''place'' || '''nem'''....''place'' || '''vobyex<u>em</u>'''....''plantation, farm''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vob'''....''plant'' + '''yex'''....''work''<br>'''vab<u>em</u>'''....''field''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ab'''....''above, upper''<br>'''ze<u>m</u>'''....''middle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ze(a)'''....''middle'' <br> '''tim'''....''room'' |- | '''-im'''....''room'' || '''tim'''....''room'' || '''tul<u>im</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tul'''....''cuisine''<br>'''tuj<u>im</u>'''....''bedroom''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tuj'''....''sleep'' |- | '''-um'''....''cell, booth'' || '''tum'''....''compartment''|| '''pex<u>um</u>'''....''cage''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pexer'''....''catch''<br>'''ilzyapux<u>um</u>'''....''shower stall''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ilzyapux'''....''shower'' |- | '''-yem'''....''space'' || '''nyem'''....''enclosure'' || '''yom<u>yem</u>'''....''icebox''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yom'''....''ice'' |- | '''-yeb'''....''container'' || '''nyeb'''....''container'' || '''z<u>yeb</u>'''....''bottle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zye(f)'''....''glass''<br>'''vos<u>yeb</u>'''....''vase''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vos'''....''flower'' |- | '''-of'''....''material'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''t<u>of</u>'''....''clothes''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''t-'''....''human''<br>'''mis<u>of</u>'''....''curtain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mis'''....''window''<br>'''fa<u>of</u>'''....''wood''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''fa(b)-'''....''tree''<br>'''tay<u>of</u>'''....''leather''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayo(b)'''....''skin'' |- | '''-ov'''....''linen'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tey<u>ov</u>'''....''collar''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck'' |- | '''-ar'''....''instrument'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' ||'''p<u>ar</u>'''....''cart''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''p-'''....''motion''<br>'''zyup<u>ar</u>'''....''rotor''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyup'''....''turn''<br>'''gobr<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gobrar'''....''cut''<br>'''jwob<u>ar</u>'''....''watch''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-ir'''....''machine'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''dr<u>ir</u>'''....''typewriter''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dr-'''....''write''<br>'''gwob<u>ir</u>'''....''clock'' |- | '''-ur'''....''large machine'' || '''sur'''....''engine'' || '''p<u>ur</u>r'''....''car''<br>'''jwob<u>ur</u>r'''....''grandfather clock''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-(u)n'''....''thing'' || '''sun'''....''thing'' || '''d<u>un</u>'''....''word''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''d-'''....''utter, say''<br>'''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''piece, scrap''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gofrer'''....''rip, shread, tear''<br>'''zyi<u>un</u>'''....''plaque, plate''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyia'''....''flat''<br>'''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vyua'''....''dirty'' |- | '''-on'''....''abstract thing'' || '''son'''....''issue'' || '''yov<u>on</u>'''....''tort, wrong''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yov'''....''guilt'' |- | '''yen'''....''manner, kind'' || '''byen'''....''manner'' || '''tex<u>yen</u>'''....''opinion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tex'''....''thought''<br>'''hi<u>yen</u>'''....''this way, thus''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''hi-'''....''this''<br>'''es<u>yen</u>'''....''status''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''es-'''....''exist'' |- | '''-in'''....''-ism'' || '''tin'''....''doctrine'' || '''tot<u>in</u>'''....''theism, religion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tot-'''....''god''<br>'''Krist<u>in</u>'''....''Christianity''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Krist'''....''Christ''<br>'''vyisat<u>in</u>'''....''puritanism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vysiat'''....''puritan, clean person''<br>'''oytof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''oytofa'''....''nude'' |- | '''-ufyeg'''....''cylinder'' || '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' || '''man<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''candle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''man'''....''light''<br>'''tiib<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''artery''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tiib'''....''heart''<br>'''mil<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''toilet''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mil'''....''water''<br>'''mov<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''cheminee''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mov'''....''smoke'' |- | '''-ab'''....''government'' || '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dit<u>ab</u>'''....''democracy''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dit'''....''citizen'' |- | '''-eb'''....''leader'' || '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''x<u>eb</u>'''....''boss''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''x-'''....''do''<br>'''tam<u>eb</u>'''....''master of the house''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tam'''....''house'' |- | '''-ub'''....''branch'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''pat<u>ub</u>'''....''wing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | '''-ad'''....''language'' || '''-a''' + '''d(alzeyn)'''....''language'' || '''Frans<u>ad</u>'''....''French (language)'' |- | '''-uz'''....''jewelry'' || '''nuz'''....''jewel'' || '''teyob<u>uz</u>'''....''necklace''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck''<br>'''teeb<u>uz</u>'''....''earring''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teeb'''....''ear'' |- | '''-u(er)'''....''give'' || '''buer'''....''give'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>er'''....''exhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-i(er)'''....''take'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''tiebal<u>i</u>er'''....''inhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-ui(er)'''....''exchange'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>ier'''....''breathe''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |} ==== Derviational Suffixes ==== ::: Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivational Suffixes |- ! Derivational<br>Suffix !! Function || Base Word <br><br>--> Suffixed<br>Derivation |- | '''-er''' || Noun <br>--> Verbal Infinitive || '''sag'''....''count'' <big><br>--></big> '''sag<u>er</u>'''....''to count'' |- | '''-n''' || Present Tense Verb <br>--> Verbal Noun (Gerund)<br>Adjective <br>--> Abstract Noun || '''yexe'''....''(he/she/...) works'' <big><br>--></big> '''yexe<u>n</u>'''....''working''<br>'''via'''....''beautiful'' <big><br>--></big> '''via<u>n</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yuba'''....''near'' <big><br>--></big> '''yuba<u>n</u>'''....''proximity, nearness'' |- | '''-a''' || Noun <br>--> Adjective<br>Active Verb<br>--> Verbal Adjective (Present Participle)<br>Past Passive Verb <br>--> Perfect Passive Participle (Adjective)||'''mor'''....''universe'' <big><br>--></big> '''mor<u>a</u>'''....''universal''<br>'''ake'''....''wins'' <big><br>--></big> '''ake<u>a</u>'''....''winning''<br>'''teatwa'''....''was seen'' <big><br>--></big>'''teatwa<u>a</u>''' (or, shortened to: '''teatw<u>a</u>'''....''seen'') |- | '''-ya''' || INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM <br>--> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE || '''ip-'''....''go away'' <big><br>--></big> '''ip<u>ya</u>'''....''gone away'' |- | '''-yea''' || VERB STEM <br>--> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE) || '''zaypas-'''....''progress'' <big><br>--></big> '''zaypas<u>yea</u>'''....''progressive'' |- | '''-y''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ADVERB || '''iga'''....''quick'' <big><br>--></big> '''iga<u>y</u>'''....''quickly''<br>'''tea-'''....''knowing''<big><br>--></big>'''tea<u>y</u>'''....''knowingly'' |- | '''-ut''' || VERB STEM <br>--> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''one who Xes, -er'' || '''ak-'''....''win'' <big><br>--></big> '''ak<u>ut</u>''' ....''winner'' |- | '''-us''' || VERB STEM <br>--> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''thing that Xes, -er'' || '''gol-'''....''divide'' <big><br>--></big> '''gol<u>us</u>''' ....''divisor'' |- |- '''-t''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ANIMATE NOUN (human, one who is...) || '''yibtrawa'''....''well-known'' <big>-<br>--></big>'''yibtrawa<u>t</u>'''....''celebrity'' |- |- '''-s''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> INANIMATE NOUN (thing, something X) || '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big><br>--></big>'''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery'' |} ::: <small>*Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker '''-i''' fall under the latter category.</small> ==== Normal Semantic Suffixes==== :* Augmentative Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Augmentative Suffixes |- ! Augmentative Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-ag''' (augmentative) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamag'''....''mansion'' |- | '''-ayg''' (affectionate augmentative) || '''sem'''....''chair'' || '''semayg'''....''big old chair'' |- | '''-yag''' (pejorative augmentative) || '''apet'''....''horse'' || '''apetyag'''....''nag'' |} :* Diminutive Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Diminutive Suffixes |- ! Diminutive Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-og''' (diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamog'''....''hut'' |- | '''-oyg''' (affectionate diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamoyg'''....''cottage'' |- | '''-yog''' (pejorative diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamyog'''....''shack'' |- | '''-et''' (a smaller person) || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' |- | '''-es''' (thing of lesser importance) || '''nas'''....''money'' || '''nases'''....''change, coin'' |- | '''-ud''' (child of, offspring) || '''tob'''....''man'' || '''tobud'''....''infant'' |} :* Semantic Adjectival Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Adjectival Suffixes |- ! Adjectival Suffix !! Meaning !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-a''' || '''mor'''....''universe'' || ''related to, -al, -ic'' || '''mora'''....''universal'' |- | '''-aya''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekaya'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-oya''' || '''vyun'''....''spot'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''vyunoya'''....''spotless'' |- | '''-ika''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekika'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-uka''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''miekuka'''....''dust-free'' |- | '''-yea''' || '''vyod'''....''lie'' || ''given to doing X, -ive'' || '''vyodyea'''....''mendacious, given to lying'' |- | '''-yena''' || '''tat'''....''angel'' || ''like, -ly, -ic'' || '''tatyena'''....''angelic'' |} :* Other Semantic Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Other Semantic Suffixes |- ! Suffix !! Base Word || Derivation |- | '''-tun'''....''science, ...ology'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>tun</u>'''....''biology'' |- | '''-tut'''....''-ologist, expert, -ist'' || '''dar'''....''language'' || '''dar<u>tut</u>'''....''linquist'' |- | '''-tuin'''....''theory'' || '''tob'''....''mar'' || '''mar<u>tuin</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | '''-yan'''....''collection, aggregate'' || '''fab'''....''tree''|| '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest'' |- |'''-tyen'''....''trade, -ics'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''sir<u>tyen</u>'''....''mechanics'' |- | '''-if'''....''pet name'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''twed<u>if</u>'''....''papa'' |- | '''ifa'''....''-philic, -loving'' || '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''dyes<u>ifa</u>'''....''bibliophilic'' |- | '''ifwa'''....''liked by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ifwa</u>'''....''popular'' |- | '''ufa'''....''-phobic, -hating'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>ufa</u>'''....''misogynous'' |- | '''ufwa'''....''hated by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ufwa</u>'''....''unpopular'' |- | '''yafa'''....''able to'' || '''tyoyap-'''....''walk'' || '''tyoyap<u>yafa</u>'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''yafwa'''....''possible to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yafwa</u>'''....''visible'' |- | '''yofa'''....''unable to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yofa</u>'''....''blind'' |- | '''yofwa'''....''impossible to'' || '''dye-'''....''read'' || '''dye<u>yofwa</u>'''....''illegible'' |- | '''yika'''....''hard of...ing'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yika</u>'''....''hard of hearing'' |- | '''yikwa'''....''hard to'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yikwa</u>'''....''hard to hear'' |- | '''yuka'''....''easy at...ing'' || '''vatex-'''....''believe'' || '''vatex<u>yuka</u>'''....''gullible'' |- | '''yukwa'''....''easily...ed'' || '''test-'''....''understand'' || '''test<u>yukwa</u>'''....''easily understood'' |- | '''yufa'''....''fearful of, -phobic'' || '''tot'''....''god'' || '''tot<u>yufa</u>'''....''god-fearing'' |- | '''yufwa'''....''feared'' || '''hyat'''....''everybody'' || '''hyat<u>yufwa</u>'''....''feared by all'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''efa'''....''needful of'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''tel<u>efa</u>'''....''hungry'' |- | '''efwa'''....''necessary to'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>efa</u>'''....''vital'' |- | '''yefa'''....''duty-bound to, -worthy of'' || '''dud'''....''answer'' || '''dud<u>yefa</u>'''....''responsible'' |- | '''yefwa'''....''due, -worthy of'' || '''fid-'''....''laud'' || '''fid<u>yefwa</u>'''....''praiseworthy'' |- | '''afa'''....''authorized to'' || '''dokebi-'''....''vote'' || '''dokebi<u>afa</u>'''....''franchised'' |- | '''ofwa'''....''prohibited to'' || '''movi-'''....''smoke'' || '''movi<u>ofwa</u>gonem'''....''no-smoking zone'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''yivwa'''....''free to be ...ed'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yivwa</u>'''....''optional'' |- | '''yuva'''....''bound'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tam<u>yuva</u>'''....''house-bound'' |- | '''ova'''....''resistant, anti-'' || '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution'' || '''aagdovyab<u>ova</u>'''....''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''ava'''....''in favor of, pro-'' || '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' || '''tyodab<u>ava</u>'''....''pro-democracy'' |- | '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''toos'''....''gender'' || '''toos<u>eva</u>'''....''gender-neutral'' |} ==== Inflectional Suffixes ==== : Mirad has only one noun inflectional suffix, namely, '''-''', which makes a singular noun plural: ::* '''tam'''....''house'' --> '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' : The only other inflectional affixes are the following verb infixes and suffixes: ::* '''-er'''....infinitive ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' : Example: :* '''Wit tuj<u>eya</u> hoj van at pua.'''....''He <u>was sleeping</u> when I arrived.'' ::* '''-e-''' = progressive aspect infix ::* '''-y-''' = active voice infix ::* '''-a''' = past tense suffix === Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling === : Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called '''''first-level ordinal scaling'''''. ==== First-level Ordinal Scaling ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ First-level Ordinal Scaling |- valign=top ! ORDINAL VOWEL !! t...b !! m...r !! j...b !! m...s !! t...m !! d...b || f...b || s...m || d...t || t...d |- !row=1| '''o''' = 0 |'''tob'''<br>''man'' || '''mor'''<br>''universe'' || '''job'''<br>''time'' || '''mos'''<br>''floor''|| '''tom'''<br>''building'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' || '''fob'''<br>''plant'' || '''som'''<br>''furniture''||'''dot'''<br>''society''||'''tod'''<br>''family'' |- !row=1| '''a''' = 1 |'''tab'''<br>''body'' || '''mar'''<br>''sun'' || '''jab'''<br>''year'' || '''mas'''<br>''wall'' || '''tam'''<br>''house'' || '''dab'''<br>''government'' || '''fab'''<br>''tree'' || '''sam'''<br>''armoire''||'''dat'''<br>''friend'' || '''tad'''<br>''spouse'' |- !row=1| '''e''' = 2 |'''teb'''<br>''head'' || '''mer'''<br>''planet'' || '''jeb'''<br>''season''|| '''mes'''<br>''door'' || '''tem'''<br>''hall'' || '''deb'''<br>''leader'' || '''feb'''<br>''fruit'' || '''sem'''<br>''table''||'''det'''<br>''associate'' || '''ted'''<br>''parent'' |- !row=1| '''i''' = 3 |'''tib'''<br>''trunk'' || '''mir'''<br>''earth'' || '''jib'''<br>''month'' || '''mis'''<br>''window'' || '''tim'''<br>''room'' || '''dib'''<br>''office'' || '''fib'''<br>''tree trunk'' || '''sim'''<br>''chair''||'''dit'''<br>''citizen'' || '''tid'''<br>''sibling'' |- !row=1| '''u''' = 4 |'''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''mur'''<br>''moon'' || '''jub'''<br>''day'' || '''mus'''<br>''stairs'' || '''tum'''<br>''cell'' || '''dub'''<br>''minister'' || '''fub'''<br>''branch'' || '''sum'''<br>''bed''||'''dut'''<br>''gentleperson'' || '''tud'''<br>''child'' |- !row=1| '''yo''' = 5 |'''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || || '''jyob*'''<br>''hour'' || || || || '''fyob'''<br>''root'' || || || '''tyod'''<br>''people'' |} ::: <small>* The palatal glide '''y''' in these words, which follows a palatal '''j''' is hard to pronounce, so the '''y''' is replaced with a '''w''', giving '''jwob''', '''jwab''', and '''jweb'''.</small> ==== Second-level Ordinal Scaling ==== :: A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding an ordinal vowel immediately after a word's stem vowel. ::: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Second-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''mi...p''' !! '''me...p''' !! '''tu...b''' !! '''tyo...b'''!! '''ma...f''' !! '''me...g''' !! '''do...b''' |- | '''mip'''<br>''river'' || '''mep'''<br>''way'' || '''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' || '''meg'''<br>''stone'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' |- | '''mi<u>a</u>p'''<br>''stream'' || '''meap'''<br>''road'' || '''tuab'''<br>''shoulder'' || '''tyoab'''<br>''hip''|| '''maaf'''<br>''stratus'' || '''meag'''<br>''marble'' || '''doab'''...''fatherland'' |- | '''mi<u>e</u>p'''<br>''brook'' || '''meep'''<br>''path'' || '''tueb'''<br>''upper arm'' || '''tyoeb'''<br>''thigh''|| '''maef'''<br>''cumulus'' || '''meeg'''<br>''slate'' || '''doeb'''<br>''province, state'' |- | '''mi<u>i</u>p'''<br>''rivulet'' || '''meip'''<br>''trail'' || '''tuib'''<br>''elbow'' || '''tyoib'''<br>''knee''|| '''maif'''<br>''stratocumulus'' || '''meig'''<br>''granite'' || '''doib'''<br>''county, shire'' |- | '''mi<u>u</u>p'''<br>''torrent'' || '''meup'''<br>''track'' || '''tuub'''<br>''forearm'' || '''tyoub'''<br>''shin''|| '''mauf'''<br>''cumulonimbus'' || '''meug'''<br>''clay, dough'' || '''doub'''<br>''district'' |- | '''mi<u>yo</u>p'''<br>''trickle'' || || '''tuyob'''<br>''wrist'' || '''tyoyob'''<br>''ankle''||'''mayof'''<br>''nimbostatus'' || '''meyog'''<br>''china'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ya</u>b'''<br>''hand'' || '''tyoyab'''<br>''foot''||'''mayaf'''<br>''altostratus'' || '''meyag'''<br>''chalk'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ye</u>b'''<br>''fist'' || '''tyoyeb'''<br>''heel''|| '''mayef'''<br>''altocumulus'' || '''meyeg'''<br>''limestone'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yi</u>b'''<br>''palm'' || '''tyoyib'''<br>''sole''|| '''mayif'''<br>''cirrus'' || '''meyig'''<br>''alabaster'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yu</u>b'''<br>''finger'' || '''tyoyub'''<br>''toe''|| '''mayuf'''<br>''cirrostratus'' || '''meyug'''<br>''gypsum''|| |- | || || '''tu<u>lo</u>b'''<br>''fingernail'' || '''tyolob'''<br>''toenail''||'''malof'''<br>''cirrocumulus'' || |} ==== Third-level Ordinal Scaling ==== ::: A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing an ordinal number vowel to the word. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Third-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | '''<u>a</u>tuyub'''....''thumb'' |- | '''<u>e</u>tuyub'''....''index'' |- | '''<u>i</u>tuyub'''....''middle finger'' |- | '''<u>u</u>tuyub'''....''ring finger'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>tuyub'''....''pinky'' |} ::: So, to sum up, we have: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:6.4em; font-size:smaller" |+ Summary of Scaling |- ! '''t...b''' !! '''tob''' = ''human being'' |- | FIRST-LEVEL || '''tub'''....''arm'' |- | SECOND-LEVEL || '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | THIRD-LEVEL || '''atuyub'''....''thumb'' |} ==== Scaling with Prefixed Numbering ==== ::: We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words by prefixing an ordinal vowel even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first level usually begins with '''a'''. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefix Numbering |- ! align=left | NUMBER || '''dob'''....''state'' !! '''deb'''....''leader'' !! '''mez'''....''gem'' !! '''mer'''....''planet'' || '''maf'''....''cloud'' || '''sagtun'''....''mathematics'' |- ! 1 | '''<u>a</u>dob'''....''empire'' || '''adeb'''....''emperor'' || '''amez'''....''diamond'' || '''Amer'''....''Mercury'' || '''amaf'''....''nimbus'' || '''asagtun'''....''arithmetic'' |- ! 2 | '''<u>e</u>dob'''....''kingdom'' || '''edeb'''....''king'' || '''emez'''....''topaz'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' || '''emaf'''....''stratus'' || '''esagtun'''....''geometry'' |- ! 3 | '''<u>i</u>dob'''....''principality'' || '''ideb'''....''prince'' || '''imez'''....''ruby'' || '''Imer'''....''Earth'' || '''imaf'''....''nimbostatus'' || '''isagtun'''....''algebra'' |- ! 4 | '''<u>u</u>dob'''....''duchy'' || '''udeb'''....''duke'' || '''umez'''....''emerald'' ||'''Umer'''....''Mars'' || '''umaf'''....''cumulus'' || '''usagtun'''....''trigonometry'' |- ! 5 | '''<u>yo</u>dob'''....''marquisate'' || '''yodeb'''....''marquis'' || '''yomez'''....''saphire'' || '''Yomer'''....''Jupiter'' || '''yomaf'''....''cumulostatus'' || '''yosagtun'''....''calculus'' |- ! 6 | '''<u>ya</u>dob'''....''county'' || '''yadeb'''....''count'' || '''yamez'''....''lapis lazuli'' || '''Yamer'''....''Saturn'' || '''yamaf'''....''stratocumulus'' || |- ! 7 | '''<u>ye</u>dob'''....''dominion'' || '''yedeb'''....''lord'' || '''yemez'''....''amthyst'' || '''Yemer'''....''Uranus'' || '''yemaf'''....''altocumulus'' || |- ! 8 | '''<u>yi</u>dob'''....''viscounty'' || '''yideb'''....''viscount'' || '''yimez'''....''amber'' ||'''Yimer'''....''Pluto'' || '''yimaf'''....''altostratus'' || |- ! 9 | '''<u>yu</u>dob'''....''barony'' || '''yudeb'''....''baron'' || '''yumez'''....''topaz'' || || '''yumaf'''....''cirrocumulus'' || |- ! 10 | '''<u>alo</u>dob'''....''tribe'' || '''alodeb'''....''tribal chief'' || '''alomez'''....''opal'' || || '''alomaf'''....''cirrus'' || |} === Rule #4: Overlapping === : When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in '''''overlapping''''' or a '''''portmanteau'''''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Overlapping in Compounds |- ! First Word !! Second Word !! Portmanteau |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''mep'''....''road'' || '''domep'''....''boulevard'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''teub'''....''mouth'' || '''pateub'''....''beak'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''patub'''....''wing'' |- | '''teupib'''....''tooth'' || '''byok'''....''pain'' || '''teypibyok'''....''toothache'' |} : In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided. === Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels === : When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an '''o''', replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word. : Examples: ::* '''edob'''....''kingdom'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''edeb'''....''monarch'' ('''edweb'''....''king'', '''edeyb'''....''queen'') ::* '''udob'''....''principality'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''udeb'''....''prince'' ('''udweb'''....''prince'', '''udeyb'''....''princess'') : By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant: : Examples: : '''mil'''....''water'' + '''mal'''....''air'' -> '''mial'''....''vapor, steam'' === Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants === : When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant. : Example: <b>to<u>b</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D8;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-b</b> = <i>organism</i>) (<b>t-</b> = <i>human</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>tof</b>....<i>clothing, apparel</i> (<b>n-</b> = <i>commercial</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>nof</b>....<i>cloth, fabric</i> <b>no<u>f</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D7;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-f</b> = <i>cloth</i>) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Swapping Generic Consonants |- ! Base Word 1 !! Base Word 2 !! Derived Word |- | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tov'''....''lingerie'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''taf'''....''suit'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tef'''....''hat'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tif'''....''vest'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tyoyaf'''....''shoe'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tuyaf'''....''glove'' |- | '''doob'''^*....''nation'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''doof'''....''flag'' |- | '''taob'''^*....''flesh'' || '''tol'''....''food'' || '''taol'''....''meat'' |} :<small>* This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.</small> === Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender === : Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix '''w''' and the feminine infix '''y'''. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''w'''. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''y'''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Marking Animate Nouns for Gender |- ! Gender-Neutral !! Male !! Female |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''young person'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''it'''....''he/she/it'' || '''wit'''....''he'' || '''iyt'''....''she'' |- | '''apat'''....''cock'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''toob'''....''gender'' || '''twoob'''....''male'' || '''tooyb'''....''female'' |} ::* Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for women, rather than men, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Making Inanimate Objects Female-related |- ! Male-oriented or Neutral !! Female-oriented |- | '''taf'''....''suit'' || '''tayf'''....''dress'' |- | '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' || '''tyoyayv'''....''stockings'' |- | '''tiav'''....''shirt'' || '''tiayv'''....''blouse'' |} ::* Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Body Parts Genderized |- ! Neutral !! Male-oriented !! Female-oriented |- | '''tilab'''....''breast'' || '''twilab'''....''male breast'' || '''tilayb'''....''female breast'' |- | || '''twiyib'''....''testicals'' || '''tiyiyb'''....''ovary'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''sexual organ'' || '''twiyub'''....''penis'' || '''tiyuyb'''....''vagina'' |} ::* In nouns that end in '''-ut''', the agentive suffix meaning ''-er, one who...'', the nouns can be feminized by changing '''-ut''' to '''-uyt''', eg. '''dezut'''....''actor'' -> '''dezuyt'''....''actress''. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing '''-ut''' with '''w''' to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the '''w''' can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like '''dezut''' can mean ''actor'' of neutral or male gender. ::* Animate nouns having the ending '''-et''' (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding '''w''' or '''y''' to the semantic base of the word, eg. '''tobet'''....''child, youth'' -> '''toybet'''....''girl'' or '''twobet'''....''boy''. === Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels === : A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings. : Geo-specific Vowels: <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* '''o'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''outer space, abstract object, initial stuff''' ::* '''a'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sky, air, gas''' ::* '''e'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''land, soil, solid''' ::* '''i'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sea, water, liquid''' ::* '''u'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''underground, mineral, concrete object, other''' </div> :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels |- ! !!'''m...p''' !! '''m...m''' !! '''d...p''' !! '''p...t''' !! '''m...l''' |- ! Space | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''space'' || '''dop'''....''military'' || '''pot'''....||'''mol'''....''nature'' |- ! Sky | '''map'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''dap'''....''air force'' || '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''mal'''....''air'' |- ! Land | '''mep'''....''road''|| '''mem'''....''land''|| '''dep'''....''army'' || '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''mel'''....''soil'' |- ! Water | '''mip'''....''river''|| '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''dip'''....''marine force'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''mil'''....''water'' |- ! Underground (or other) | '''mup'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || || || '''mul'''....''stuff'' |} : This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Hybrids|Hybrids]] for more on this subject. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Hybrid nouns |- ! First-level Derivation !! + Geospecific Vowel !! Second-level Derivation |- | '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''i'''....''water, sea''|| '''pe<u>i</u>t'''....''aquatic mammal'' |- | '''pelt'''....''insect'' || '''a'''....''air, sky''|| '''pel<u>a</u>t'''....''flying insect'' |- | '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''i'''....''water, sea'' || '''me<u>i</u>l'''....''mud'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''a'''....''air, gas'' || '''mi<u>a</u>l'''....''vapor'' |} === Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels === : The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Vectorial Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact. :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" border="0" |+ Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''amer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''baer'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''aber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''byaer'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''yaber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''omer'''....''south'' |- | '''o''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''boer'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''oper'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''pyoser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''yoper'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''uber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''pyuer'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''yuber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''byuser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''pier'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''yiper'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''pyiser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''emer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''eb'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''bexer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''up against, strike''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike'' |} ==== Special value of certain vowels ==== : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular'': ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual'' ::* '''anota'''....''alone, solitary'' ::* '''anay'''....''only'' ::* '''aun'''....''unit'' : The prefixes '''ya-''' or '''yan-''' meaning ''collection, plural'': ::* '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''yanot'''....''constituent'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' ::* '''yanotyan'''....''community'' ::* '''yan'''....''together'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yon'''....''apart'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' vs. '''yonota'''....''private'' ::* '''yanxer'''....''to combine'' vs. '''yonxer'''....''to separate'' === Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns === : Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning. : For example, the mnemonic '''eu''' pattern from the word for mouth, '''teud''' can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Mnemonic Pattern Derivation |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teub'''....''mouth'' !! Classifier !! Generic |- | '''teud'''....''shout'' || '''t''' = human || '''d''' = communication |- | '''teuz'''....''voice'' || '''t''' = human || '''z''' = art |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''d''' = communication || '''z''' = art |- | '''seuz'''....''tone'' || '''s''' = thing || '''z''' = art |- | '''seux'''....''sound'' || '''s''' = thing || '''x''' = action |- | '''xeus'''....''noise'' || '''x''' = action || '''s''' = thing |- | '''teuf'''....''muzzle'' || '''t''' = human || '''f''' = apparel |- | '''teuv'''....''mask'' || '''t''' = human || '''v''' = linen |- | '''teus'''....''taste''|| '''t''' = human || '''s''' = thing |- | '''deup'''....''rhythm''|| '''d''' = communication || '''p''' = ''motion'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teab'''....''eye'' !! '''(t)ea-''' = ''see'' !! Generic |- | '''teaper'''....''visit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teader'''....''witness'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teaxer'''....''look'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teaser'''....''seem'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teater'''....''see'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keaxer'''....''scan'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleaxer'''....''check'' || '''vyal-''' = ''certain''|| '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''yoneater'''....''distinguish'' || '''yon-''' = ''apart''|| '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''beaxer'''....''guard'' || '''be-''' = ''hold'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teatier'''....''perceive'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teatuer'''....''show'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teeb'''....''ear'' !! '''(t)ee-''' = ''hear'' !! Generic |- | '''teeper'''....''attend'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teeder'''....''testify'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teexer'''....''listen'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teeser'''....''sound (like)'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teeter'''....''hear'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keexer'''....''scan (acoustically)'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''koteexer'''....''snoop on'' || '''ko-''' = ''hide'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleexer'''....''sound out'' || '''vyal-''' = certain || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teetier'''....''get wind of'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teetuer'''....''make heard'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- | '''zyateetuer'''....''rumor'' || '''zya-''' = ''all around'' || '''-u-''' = objected-directed |} : A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Shortening Long Compounds |- ! Word 1 !! Word 2 !! Long Compound !! Shortened Compound |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''ekpeteuder''' || '''ekpeder'''....''neigh'' |- | '''serpyet'''....''snake'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''serpyeteuder''' || '''sepyeder'''....''hiss'' |- | '''vifeb'''....''grape'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''vifebil'''....''grape juice'' || '''vifil'''....''wine'' |- | '''povob'''....''grain'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''povobil''' || '''povil'''....''beer'' |} : Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ From Full Words to Stubs |- ! Compound !! New Stub !! Derivation |- | '''tilabil'''....''breast milk'' || '''bil'''....''milk''|| '''bilyug'''....''butter'' |- | '''fauf'''....''log'' || '''-uf'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''cylinder''|| '''muf'''....''rod, stick'' |- | '''zyeg'''....''hole'' || '''-yeg'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''hole'', ''hollow thing''|| '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' |} : The clipped word '''bil''' now gives rise to other compounds: ::* '''bilyig'''....''cheese'' ::* '''bilyigem'''....''cheese factory'' ::* '''bilyug'''....''butter'' ::* '''bilyugyena'''....''butter-like'' : The word '''mufyeg''' (Lit: hollow stick) means '''pipe, reed, cylinder''' === Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === : Words which follow Rule #11 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation. : These nuances are obtained by: :* Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel. :: These vowels are: ::: '''a''' for '''a''' and '''ya''' ::: '''e''' for '''e''' and '''ye''' ::: '''i''' for '''i''' and '''yi''' ::: '''o''' for '''o''' and '''yo''' ::: '''u''' for '''u''' and '''yu''' :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nad'''....''line'' || '''naad'''....''rail'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''doob'''....''nation'' |- | '''vyab'''....''rule'' || '''vyayab'''....''system'' |- | '''boka'''....''sick'' || '''booka'''....''tired'' |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || '''noog'''....''phase'' |- | '''bil'''....''milk'' || '''biil'''....''juice'' |} :* Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''less''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deintensification with Post-y-gliding |- ! Word !! Mitigated Derivation |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''iyfer'''....''like'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''iyva'''....''glad'' |- | '''zyutom'''....''tower'' || '''zyutoym'''....''turret'' |- | '''ama'''....''hot'' || '''ayma'''....''warm'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''oyma'''....''cool'' |} :* Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''greater''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding |- ! Word !! Enhanced Derivation |- | '''pot'''....''wild animal'' || '''pyot'''....''predator animal'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pyat'''....''bird of prey'' |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''yoma'''....''frozen'' |- | '''nuxer'''....''pay'' || '''nyuxer'''....''deliver'' |- | '''nexer'''....''save'' || '''nyexer'''....''store'' |} :* Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid '''l''' or the further intensifying liquid '''r''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with L and R |- ! Word !! L-Intensitifed || R-Intensified |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''ifler'''....''be fond of'' || '''ifrer'''....''adore'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''ivla'''....''content'' || '''ivra'''....''delighted'' |- | '''vaa'''....''affirmative'' || '''vlaa'''....''sure'' || '''vraa'''....''indubitable'' |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agla'''....''huge'' || '''agra'''....''immense'' |- | '''ga'''....''more'' || '''gala'''....''multiple'' || '''gara'''....''exponential'' |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press'' || '''barer'''....''crush'' |- | '''yexer'''....''work'' || '''yexler'''....''labor'' || '''yexrer'''....''toil, slave'' |- | '''yixer'''....''use'' || '''yixler'''....''hire'' || '''yixrer'''....''exploit'' |} :* Adding consonants other than '''l''' or '''r''' as the generic consonant: : Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like '''t''', '''f''', '''s''', '''k''', and '''z''' are used, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with Other Consonants |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fika'''....''perfect''<br>'''fira'''....''excellent'' |- | '''fua'''....''bad'' || '''futa'''....''wicked''<br>'''fura'''....''rotten'' |- | '''gea'''....''equal'' || '''geta'''....''identical''<br>'''gela'''....''alike'' |- | '''vyaa'''....''true'' || '''vyaka'''....''correct''<br>'''vyama'''....''real'' |- | '''vyoa'''....''false'' || '''vyoka'''....''incorrect''<br>'''vyoma'''....''fake'' |- | '''yiga'''....''hard'' || '''yigza'''....''sour''<br>'''yigla'''....''brusk''<br>'''yigra'''....''brutal'' |- | '''yuga'''....''soft'' || '''yugfa'''....''smooth''<br>'''yugla'''....''tender''<br>'''yugra'''....''mild'' |} :* Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nab'''....''row'' || '''nap'''....''order'' |- | '''vyava'''....''just'' || '''vyafa'''....''precise'' |- | '''jwab'''....''minute'' || '''jwap'''....''moment'' |- | '''jweb'''....''second'' || '''jwep'''....''instant'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''tap'''....''physique'' |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''top'''....''soul, animus'' |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' |- | '''naz'''....''value'' || '''nas'''....''money'' |- | '''nag'''....''dimension'' || '''nak'''...''unit of measurement'' |} == Technical Nomenclature == : The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features. === Zoological Nomenclature === {{status|100%}} [[File:Animal diversity.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of animals are formed in a systematic way. ==== Base Names ==== : First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with '''p''' (mobile) and end with '''t''' (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures. : The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air ('''a'''), water ('''i'''), land ('''e'''), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild ('''o'''), tame, or predatory ('''y'''); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms |- ! Type !! Air = a !! Water = i !! Land = e !! Anywhere = o |- valign=top !row=1| Ordinary |'''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' || '''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Predatory |'''pyat'''....''raptor'' || '''pyit'''....''predatory fish'' || '''pyet'''....''reptile'' ||'''pyot'''....''predatory animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Hybrid |'''piat'''....''waterfowl''<br>'''pelat'''....''flying insect''<br>'''paet'''....''flightless bird'' ||'''piit'''....''crustacean''<br>'''pilt'''....''marine invertebrate''<br>'''peit'''....''mammalian fish''<br>'''pyeit'''....''mollusk''|| '''payet'''....''flying reptile''<br>'''piyet'''....''batracian''<br>'''peyet'''....''worm''<br>'''pelt'''....''insect'' ||'''piot'''....''aquatic mammal'' |} ==== Derived Names ==== : The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the [https://www.itis.gov/| Linnaean taxonomy]. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name '''Canidae''' (''canids''). The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin. ''Ca'' in Latin is pronounced '''ka'''. See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad. In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory. So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix '''ka''' to the base name for domestic land animal '''pet''', yielding '''kapet''' (''dog''). All other members of the dog family end in '''pot''' (feral animal) or '''pyot''' (predatory animal). The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel. If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, ''prairie dog'' (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by '''ci³xi²ro¹pot''' from '''<u>Ro</u>¹dentia <u>Sci</u>²uridae <u>Cy</u>³nomys''', where '''pot''' is the basic animal type ''wild animal''. All rodents have the taxonomic syllable '''ro''' from the Latin "order" taxon ''Rodentia'', while all squirrel names will have the syllable '''xi''' from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon ''<u>Sci</u>uridae'' ('''<u>xi</u>uriday'''). The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family: :: <u>Ca</u>nidae (''dog family'') > ::: '''<u>ka</u>pet'''...''the common domestic dog'' (only one species, ''Canis familiaris'') ::: '''<u>ka</u>pot'''...''wild dog'' ::: '''<u>ka</u>pyot'''...''predatory dog'' : Species under '''kapyot''' are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names: :: ''Canis <u>lu</u>pus'' > '''<u>lu</u>kapyot'''...''gray wolf (or just wolf)'' :: ''Canis <u>la</u>trans'' > '''<u>la</u>kapyot'''...''coyote, prairie wolf'' ::: ''Canis latrans <u>les</u>tes'' > '''<u>les</u>lakapyot'''...''mountain coyote'' :: ''Canis <u>au</u>rus'' > '''<u>aw</u>kapyot''' > ''jackal, golden jackal'' ::: ''Canis aurus <u>cur</u>ensis'' > '''<u>kur</u>awkapyot'''....''Indochinese jackal'' :: ''Canis <u>vul</u>pus'' > '''<u>vul</u>kapyot'''...''fox, red fox'' : If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is '''awkapyot''' and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from ''curensis'' would normally be '''ku''', but it has to be extended to '''kur''' because the base begins in a vowel. : The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Latin/Greek - Mirad correspondences |- ! Latin/Greek Spelling !! Latin Sound !! Mirad Spelling !! Example |- | ''au'' || ''aw'' || '''aw''' || ''<u>au</u>rus''....'''aw-''' |- | ''eu'' || ''ew'' || '''ew''' || ''<u>eu</u>ropa''....'''ew-''' |- | ''ai''<br>''ae'' || ''ay'' || '''ay''' || ''<u>ae</u>gyptus''....'''ay-''' |- | ''ei'' <br> ''ey'' || ''ey'' || '''ey''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''oe'' || ''oy'' || '''oy''' || ''F<u>oe</u>niculum''....'''oy''' |- | ''ua'' || ''wa'' || '''wa''' || ''s<u>ua</u>vis''....'''s<u>wa</u>''' |- | ''ca/co/cu'' || ''ka/ko/ku'' || '''ka/ko/ku''' || ''<u>ca</u>nis''....'''<u>ka</u>''' |- | ''ce/ci/cy''' || ''che/chi/chi'' || '''ce/ci/cy''' || ''<u>cy</u>pris''....'''<u>ci</u>''' |- | ''y'' || ''i'' || '''i''' || ''c<u>y</u>pris''....'''<u>i</u>''' |- | ''g''' || ''g'' || '''g''' || ''<u>Ge</u>ococcyx''/''<u>Ga</u>stropoda''....'''<u>g</u>''' |- | ''ch'' || ''k'' || '''k''' || ''<u>Chi</u>roptera''....'''<u>ki</u>''' |- | ''ph'' || ''f'' || '''f''' ||''S<u>ph</u>yrapicus''....'''<u>f</u>''' |- | ''rh'' || ''r'' || '''r''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''x'' || ''ks'' || '''ks''' || ''Lo<u>x</u>odonta''....'''<u>ks</u>''' |- | ''qu'' || ''kw'' || '''kw''' || ''<u>Qu</u>ercus''....'''<u>kw</u>''' |- | ''j'' || ''y'' || '''j''' || ''<u>ju</u>lianus''....'''<u>ju</u>''' |- | ''sci'' || ''shi'' || '''xi''' || ''<u>Sci</u>uridae''....'''<u>xi</u>''' |- | ''th'' || ''t'' || '''t''' || ''<u>Th</u>unnus''....'''<u>t</u>''' |- | ''cci'' || ''ksi'' || '''ksi''' || ''Va<u>cc</u>inus''....'''<u>ksi</u>''' |} : Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for ''Cinnamomum'' would be '''cin'''. : The Latin letter ''j'' is represented in Mirad with '''j''' even though it is pronounced like a ''y''. This is for better recognizability. ==== Genderized and Other Forms ==== : Form the female of an animal by inserting a '''y''' before the '''t''' of the base adult name: ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kape<u>y</u>t'''....''bitch'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkapyo<u>y</u>t'''....''vixen'' : Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a '''w''' right after the '''p''' of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with '''py''' in which case the '''w''' is inserted just before the '''t''' of the base name: ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekp<u>w</u>et'''....''stallion'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbop<u>w</u>et'''....''ram'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkpyo<u>w</u>t'''....''dog fox'' : Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an '''o''' after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name: ::* '''bopet'''....''bovine'' ====> '''bopwe<u>o</u>t'''....''ox'' ::* '''gafapat'''....''cock'' ====> '''gafapwe<u>o</u>t'''....''capon'' : The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-ud''', the stub for '''tud'''....''child'': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>ud</u>'''....''colt'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>ud</u>'''....''pup'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopet<u>ud</u>'''....''lamb'' : The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing '''-if''': ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>if</u>'''....''puppy'' ::* '''fepet'''....''cat'' ====> '''fepet<u>if</u>'''....''kitty'' : The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-og''': ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supet<u>og</u>'''....''piggy'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>og</u>'''....''pony'' : Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal '''ekpet'''....''horse'' can serve as an example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivations of Horse |- ! Variation !! Mirad Name !! English Name |- !row=1| Adult |'''ekpet'''||''horse'' |- !row=1| Male | '''ekpwet'''||''stallion'' |- !row=1| Female | '''ekpeyt'''||''mare'' |- !row=1| Offspring | '''ekpetud'''||''colt'' |- !row=1| Female Offspring | '''ekpetuyd'''||''filly'' |- !row=1| Small adult |'''ekpetog'''||''pony'' |- !row=1| Gelded | '''ekpweot'''||''gelding'' |} ==== Animal Sounds ==== : The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the '''t''' of the base name with '''d''', the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in '''-der''': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeder'''....''to neigh'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapeder'''....''to bark'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''pader'''....''to tweet, chirp'' ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpyeder'''....''to hiss'' : A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing '''-yan''' or '''-nyan''': ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotyan'''....''a pride of lions'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopetyan'''....''a herd of sheep'' ::* '''pit'''....''fish'' ====> '''pityan'''....''a school of fish'' : Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final '''t''' of the base name with '''-per'''....''to go'': ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpeper'''....''to slither'' ::* '''lapet'''....''rabbit'' ====> '''lapeper'''....''to hop'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeper'''....''to gallop'' : The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in '''l''' (a stub for '''tel''', meaning ''food''): ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supel'''....''pork'' ::* '''supetyob'''....''hog leg'' ====> '''supetyol'''....''ham'' ::* '''bopet'''....''steer'' ====> '''bopel'''....''beef'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopel'''....''mutton'' ::* '''bopetud'''....''calf'' ====> '''bopetul'''....''veal'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatel'''....''honey'' : The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing '''-am'''....''house'', '''-um'''....''cage'', etc. to the base name: ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supetam'''....''pigsty'' ::* '''gafapayt'''....''chicken'' ====> '''gafapaytam'''....''chicken coop'' ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotam'''....''lion's den'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapetam'''....''doghouse'' ::* '''forpelt'''....''ant'' ====> '''forpeltam'''....''anthill'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatam'''....''bee hive'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''patum'''....''birdcage'', '''patsum'''....''nest'', '''patyanam'''...''aviary'' ::* '''pot'''....''wild animal'' ====> '''potam'''....''lair'' ==== Dog Breeds ==== [[File:The dog book - a popular history of the dog, with practical information as to care and management of house, kennel, and exhibition dogs, and descriptions of all the important breeds (1909) (20785715825).jpg|thumb|]] : Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to '''kapet'''....''dog'' that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site [[https://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/]]. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership. : The base of the dog breed name is '''kapet'''....''dog''. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants ('''b''', '''c''', '''d''', etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned to the ordinal vowel '''o''', so '''bokepet''' is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the '''o'''....''zero'' to '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed. : As an example: : To get the name for ''basset hound'': ::* Start with the word for dog: '''kapet'''. : This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is '''h'''. This is prefixed to '''kapet''', with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with '''a''' for ''one''. The ''basset hound'' is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes '''ha-'''. ::* '''hakapet''' is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with '''ha kapet'''....''the dog''.). A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel '''i'''.... ''three'' is prefixed: ::* '''ihakapet''' is a "small-sized scent hound" : A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word '''a'''.... ''one'' is prefixed (with a '''w''' buffer glide when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, '''Gebaroma''' is placed in front, separated by a space: ::* '''Gebaroma awahikapet''' is a ''basset hound'', a dog breed name owned by Great Britain. The name can usually be abbreviated by dropping the country owner name, thus: '''awahikapet''' <gallery> </gallery> : Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site. Group 1 = '''<u>b</u>okapet'''....sheepdogs/cattledogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''b<u>a</u>kapet'''....sheepdogs ::::* Belgian only entry = '''Belima bakapet'''....''Belgian shepherd dog'' ::::* German only entry = '''Deuma bakapet'''....''German shepherd'' ::* Section 2 = '''bekapet'''....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>bekapet'''....''Welsh corgi (Cardigan)'' Group 2 = '''<u>c</u>okapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''c<u>a</u>kapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer type ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''c<u>e</u>kapet'''....Molossian type ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''c<u>i</u>kapet'''....''Swiss mountain/cattledogs'' Group 3 = '''<u>d</u>okapet'''....''terriers'' ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....large and medium-sized terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>9</u>th entry = '''Gebaroma <u>yu</u>dakapet'''....''Welsh terrier'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....small-sized terriers ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''d<u>e</u>kapet'''....bull type terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>3</u>rd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>i</u>dekapet'''....''Staffordshire bull terrier'' ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....toy terriers Group 4 = '''<u>f</u>okapet'''....<u>dachshunds</u> ::::* Germany only entry = '''fakapet'''....''dachshund'' Group 5 = '''<u>g</u>okapet'''....spitz and primitive types ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''g<u>a</u>kapet'''....nordic sledge dogs :::: USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''<u>a</u>gakapet'''....''Siberian husky'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''g<u>e</u>kapet'''....nordic hunting dogs ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''g<u>i</u>kapet'''....nordic watchdogs/herders ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''g<u>u</u>kapet'''....European spits ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''g<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Asian spitz and related breeds ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''g<u>ya</u>kapet'''....primitive types ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''g<u>ye</u>kapet'''....hunting dogs Group 6 = '''<u>h</u>okapet'''....scent hounds and related breeds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''h<u>a</u>kapet'''....''scent hounds'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>1</u> = '''<u>a</u>hakapet'''....large-sized hounds ::::* USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''Usoma <u>aw</u>ahakapet'''....''American foxhound'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>2</u> = '''<u>e</u>hakapet'''....medium-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain only entry = '''Gebaroma ehakapet'''....''harrier'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>3</u> = '''<u>i</u>hakapet'''....small-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>aw</u>ihakapet'''....''basset hound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>ew</u>ihakapet'''....''beagle'' Group 7 = '''<u>j</u>okapet'''....pointing dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''j<u>a</u>kapet'''....''continental pointing dogs'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''j<u>e</u>kapet'''....''British and Irish pointers and setters'' Group 8 = '''<u>k</u>akapet'''....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''k<u>a</u>kapet'''....''retrievers'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''k<u>e</u>kapet'''....''flushing dogs'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''k<u>i</u>kapet'''....''water dogs'' Group 9 = '''<u>l</u>okapet'''....companion and toy dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''l<u>a</u>kapet'''....bichons ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''l<u>e</u>kapet'''....poodles ::::* France only entry = '''Ferama lekapet'''....''poodle'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''l<u>i</u>kapet'''....small Belgian dogs ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''l<u>u</u>kapet'''....hairless dogs ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''l<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Tibetan breeds ::::* Tibet <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Tibama <u>e</u>lekapet'''....''shih tzu'' ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''l<u>ya</u>kapet'''....Chihuahueno ::::* Mexico only entry = '''Mexuma lyakapet'''....''chihuahua'' ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''l<u>ye</u>kapet'''....English toy spaniels ::* Section <u>8</u> = '''l<u>yi</u>kapet'''....Japan Chin and Pekingese ::* Section <u>9</u> = '''l<u>yu</u>kapet'''....continental toy spaniel and others ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>alo</u>kapet'''....Kromforhl&auml;nder ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>ale</u>kapet'''....small Molossian type dogs Group 10 = '''<u>m</u>okapet'''....sight hounds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''m<u>a</u>kapet'''....long-haired sighthounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>a</u>makapet'''....''greyhound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>makapet'''....''whippet'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''m<u>e</u>kapet'''....rough-haired sighthounds ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''m<u>i</u>kapet'''....short-haired sighthounds ==== Cat Breeds ==== : The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See [https://cfa.org/breeds/]. You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat '''fepet'''. : This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Cat Breed Names |- ! CFA Name !! First Letters<br>Lowercase !! Number<br>If Any + fepet!! Mirad Name |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Shorthair'' || '''am''' || '''a + fepet'''|| '''amafepet''' |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Wirehair'' || '''am''' || '''e + fepet'''|| '''amefepet''' |- | ''<u>Bal</u>inese'' || '''bal''' || '''bal + fepet''' || '''balfepet''' |- | ''<u>Ben</u>gal'' || '''ben''' || '''ben + fepet''' || '''benfepet''' |} === Color Nomenclature === : The word for ''color'' in Mirad is '''volz''', which is mnemonically related to the word for ''flower'' ('''vos'''). The diminutive of ''color'' is '''voylz''', meaning ''tint, shade, hue''. : The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub '''-lza'''. The zeroth-color is no color, simple ''blank'', ''clear'', or ''transparent''. :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Basic Color Words |- ! 0 - clear !! 1 - red !!2 - orange !!3 - yellow !!4 - green !! 5 - blue !! 6 - purple !! 7 - indigo |- |<br><br><br> ||bgcolor="#d30000"| ||bgcolor="#fc6600"| ||bgcolor="#fff200"| ||bgcolor="#3bb143"| ||bgcolor="#0018f9"| || bgcolor="#b200ed"| || bgcolor="#4b0082"| |- | '''olza''' || '''alza''' || '''elza''' || '''ilza''' || '''ulza''' || '''yolza''' || '''yalza''' || '''yelza''' |} : There are some other common colors: :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Basic Color Words |- |bgcolor="white"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || '''malza'''....''white'' ||(Associated with '''man''' (''light'') |- |bgcolor="#7c4700"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|| '''melza'''....''brown'' ||(Associated with '''mel''' (''soil'') |- |bgcolor="#222021"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''molza'''....''black'' ||(Associated with '''mon''' (''dark'') |- |bgcolor="#828282"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''maolza'''....''gray'' ||(A blend of '''malza''' and '''molza''') |- |bgcolor="#fc0fc0"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''aolza'''....''pink'' ||(A blend of '''olza'''....''clear'' and '''malza'''....''red'') |} : All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example: ::* '''mecirufeb-ulza'''....''lime green'' from '''mecirufeb'''....''lime fruit'' + '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''aquamarine'' from '''mim'''....''sea'' + '''yalza'''....''blue'' ::* '''licirufeb-ilza'''....''lemon yellow'' from '''licirufeb'''....''lemon'' + '''ilza'''....''yellow'' ::* '''salpyit-alza'''....''salmon red'' ::* '''magmef-alza'''....''firebrick red'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''sea blue, aquamarine'' : Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner: ::# A "light" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''ylza''': '''uylza'''....''light green'' ::# A "-ish" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzyena''': '''ulzyena'''....''greenish'' ::# A "bright" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzayna''': '''ulzayna'''....''bright green'' ::# A "dark" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzoyna''': '''ulzoyna'''....''dark green'' : Shaded variants can also be created by prefixing adjectival components such as these: :* '''oz-'''....''-ish, light-'' :* '''az-'''....''bright-, dark-'' :* '''kyu-'''....''light-'' :* '''maz-'''....''bright-'' :* '''eyn-'''....''semi-'' etc. : Some hybrid colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel: ::* '''maolza'''....''gray'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''molza'''....''black'' ::* '''yaulza'''....''blue-green, cyan'' from '''yalza'''....''blue'' and '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''maelza'''....''beige'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''melza'''....''brown'' : Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix '''-a''': ::* '''<u>Ulz</u> se via volz.'''....''<u>Green</u> is a beautiful color.'' ::* '''At gafe <u>yalzayn</u>.'''....''I prefer <u>dark blue</u>.'' : Colors can also be used to form verbs: ::* '''Iyta teobi <u>alzasa</u>.'''....''Her cheeks <u>turned red (= blushed)</u>.'' ::* '''His se fia <u>teubip malzaxus</u>.'''....''This is a good <u>teeth whitener</u>.'' ::* '''Eta teupibi <u>ilzaseye</u>.'''....''Your teeth are <u>yellowing</u>.'' ==== Rarely Used Colors ==== : The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the [[w:List_of_RAL_colors|Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors]] expressed in Mirad + '''-lz'''. For example, the color ''golden yellow'' has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 ('''ase''', in Mirad), thus, the color is named '''aselz'''. The adjectival form of this color is '''aselza'''. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names. ===== Skin colors ===== [[File:Coloured-family.jpg|thumb|]] : When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix '''tayo(b)-''' is used. The final '''-b''' of '''tayob''' is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for ''skin-color'' itself is '''tayovolz'''. Thus: ::* '''(tayo-)molzat'''....''black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)malzat'''....''white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)melzat'''....''brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omalzat'''....''non-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omolzat'''....''non-black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omelzat'''....''non-brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymolzat'''....''half-black(skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymalzat'''....''half-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)maolzat'''....''mulatto, mixed-skinned person'' ::* '''(tayob)olzat'''....''albino'' ::* '''hyetayovolza'''....''of any skin-tone'' ::* '''hyatayovolzati'''....''people of all colors'' ::* '''Iyt se duhotayovolza?'''....''What skin color is she?'' ==== Hair Colors ==== : Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, '''tayeb'''. The final '''-b''' of '''tayeb''' is dropped before a consonant or '''y'''. The word for ''hair color'' is '''tayevolz'''. ::* '''tayebalza'''....''red-headed, auburn'' ::** '''tayebalzayt'''....''an auburn female'' ::* '''tayemolza'''....''brunette'' ::* '''tayemelza'''....''brown-haired'' ::* '''tayebiylza'''....''blond'' ::* '''tayemaolza'''....''gray, gray-haired'' :::* '''It gwa tayemaolzaso.'''....''He will go gray early.'' ::* '''Duhotayevolza iyt se?'''....''What color hair is she?'' ==== Eye Colors ==== : Eye colors are expressed by the prefix '''tea(b)''' followed by the color. The word for ''eye color'' is '''teavolz'''. In the following examples, '''teab''' (''eye'') becomes '''tea''' before any consonants or glides: ::* '''teayolza'''....''blue-eyed'' ::* '''teabulza'''....''green-eyed'' ::* '''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' :::* '''teamelzat'''....''brown-eyed person'' ::* '''teamolz'''....''a black eye'' ::* '''teamalz'''....''the white of the eye'' ::* '''Duhoteavolza et se?'''....''What color eyes do you have?'' === Chemical Nomenclature === [[File:14LaAc periodic table IIb.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding '''lk''', a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for ''hydrogen'' is ''H''. So we replace that with the word for lowercase '''h''' in Mirad: '''he'''. By adding the stub suffix '''lk''', we get '''helk'''. : Use the names of the '''''small''''' letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name '''ca''' is pronounced '''cha''' as in English ''cha-cha''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" valign=top; align=center |+ Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names |- ! Lowercase !! a !! b !! c !! d !! !! e !! f !! g !! h !! !! i !! j !! k !! l !! m !! n !! !! o !! p !! q !! r !! s !! t !! !! u !! v !! w !! x !! y !! z |- align=center | !row=1| Mirad Name | '''a''' || '''ba''' || '''ca''' || '''da''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''e''' || '''fe''' || '''ge''' || '''he''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''i''' || '''ji''' || '''ki''' || '''li''' || '''mi''' || '''ni''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''o''' || '''po''' || '''ko''' || '''ro''' || '''so''' || '''to''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''u''' || '''vu''' || '''wu''' || '''xu''' || '''yu''' || '''zu''' |} ==== Coding Chemical Elements ==== : The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Coding Chemical Elements |- ! English Element Name !! Abbreviation !! Mirad Name |- | ''silver'' || ''Ar'' || '''arolk''' |- | ''iron'' || ''Fe'' || '''feelk''' |- | ''hydrogen'' || ''H'' || '''helk''' |- | ''nitrogen'' || ''N'' || '''nilk''' |- | ''mercury'' || ''Hg'' || '''hegelk''' |- | ''darmstadtium'' || ''Ds'' || '''dasolk''' |} : In chemical compounds, the '''lk''' is used only on the last element of the compound. : Chemical compounds such as ''H₂O (hydrogen dioxide)'' are coded in the following manner. ::# The ''H'' for ''hydrogen'' is rendered as '''he''' (without the '''-lk'''). ::# The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for ''two, bi-'', '''en-''' is prefixed to the '''h''', giving '''enhe'''. ::# The word for ''oxygen'', '''ol''' is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the '''lk''' is suffixed. ::# The English word ends in ''-ide'', which is rendered in Mirad as '''-iyd''', giving '''enheolkiyd''' : Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below: : Given the chemical element ''sulfur'', which has the abbreviation ''S'', the Mirad equivalent for this solid is '''solk'''. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are: ==== Chemical Compound Suffixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Chemical Suffix Equivalents |- ! English Suffix !! Mirad Equivalent !! English Example !! Mirad Equivalent |- | ''-ide'' || '''-iyd''' || ''sulfide'' || '''solkiyd''' |- | ''-ite'' || '''-iyt''' || ''sulfite'' || '''solkiyt''' |- | ''-ate'' || '''-ayt''' || ''sulfate'' || '''solkayt''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''-iyn''' || ''iodine'' || '''ilkiyn''' |- | ''-ane'' || '''-ayn''' || ''methane'' || '''ahelkayn''' |- | ''-ene'' || '''-eyn''' || ''benzene'' || '''ehelkeyn''' |- | ''-one'' || '''-oyn''' || ''ketone'' || '''ketoyn''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''--iyn''' || ''alanine'' || '''alaniyn''' |- | ''-ic'' || '''-a''' || ''ferric'' || '''feelka''' |- | ''-ous'' || '''aya''' || ''ferrous'' || '''feelkaya''' |} : Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in '''-n'''. : The numeral prefixes ''5'' and ''6'' end in '''-on''' instead of '''-n''' so as to distinguish them from the words '''yan'''....''together'' and '''yon'''....''apart''. : The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Numeric Prefixes |- ! Number !! Prefix !! Example |- | '''a'''....''mono-'' || '''an''' || '''anolkiyd'''....''<u>mono</u>xide (O)'' |- | '''e'''....''bi-/di-'' || '''en''' || '''encalkayt'''....''<u>bi</u>carbonate (C₂)'' |- | '''i'''....''tri-'' || '''in''' || '''inolkiyd-'''....''trioxide (O₃)'' |- | '''u'''....''tetr(a)-'' || '''un''' || '''unolkiyd-'''....''tetroxide (O₄)'' |- | '''yo'''....''pent(a)-'' || '''yoon''' || '''yoonolkiyd-'''....''pentoxide (O₅)'' |- | '''ya'''....''hex(a)-'' || '''yaon''' || '''yaonolkiyd'''....''hexoxide (O₆)'' |- | '''ye'''....''hept(a)-'' || '''yen''' || '''yenolkiyd'''....''heptoxide (O₇)'' |- | '''yi'''....''oct(o)-'' || '''yin''' || '''yinolkiyd-'''....''octoxide (O₈)'' |- | '''yu'''....''non(a)-'' || '''yun''' || '''yunolkiyd-'''....''nonoxide (O₉)'' |- | '''alo'''....''dec(a)-'' || '''alon''' || '''alonolkayt-'''....''decoxidate (O₁₀)'' |} : Examples: ::* ''carbon <u>di</u>oxide (C₂O)''....'''calk <u>en</u>olkiyd''' ::* ''sodium <u>bi</u>carbonate (Na2C)''....'''nialk <u>en</u>calkayt''' ::* ''calcium <u>di</u>hydrogen phosphate''....'''caalk <u>en</u>helk polkayt''' ::* ''glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)''....'''<u>yaon</u>ca<u>alan</u>he<u>yaon</u>olk''' (or: '''sakolos''') ::* ''methanol (C₃HOH)''....'''ca<u>in</u>heohelk''' : Note: the '''-lk''' is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings '''-iyd''', '''-iyt''', and '''-ayt''', etc. ==== Names of Atomic Parts ==== : The word for ''atom'' in Mirad is '''gwomulk''', which literally is ''least particle''. : The main particles in an atom are: ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' (positive) ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' (neutral) ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' (negative) : Every atom contains '''mulki''' (''subatomic particles''). [[File:Standard Model of Elementary Particles.svg|thumb|392x392px|The [[Standard Model]] classification of particles]] : The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart to the right, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See [[wikipedia:Subatomic_particle]] ). ::* '''hamulk'''....''hadron'' :::* '''mi-hamulk'''....''meson'' ::::* '''pimi-hamulk'''....''pion'' ::::* '''kami-hamulk'''....''kaon'' :::* '''ba-hamulk'''....''baryon'' ::::* '''lambda-ba-hamulk'''....''lambda baryon'' ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' ::* '''zemulk'''....''nucleon'' ::* '''alfamulk'''....''alpha particle'' ::* '''fermimulk'''....''fermion'' ::* '''goryumulk'''....''nanoparticle'' ::* '''kyiazon mulk'''....''graviton'' ::* '''bamulk'''....''boson particle'' :::* '''agha-bamulk'''....''higgs particle'' :::* '''agwu-bamulk'''....''W boson'' :::* '''agzu-bamulk'''....''Z boson'' :::* '''gamma-bamulk'''....''photon'' :::* '''ge-bamulk'''....''gluon'' ::* '''qomulk'''....''quark'' :::* '''ba-qomulk'''....''bottom quark'' :::* '''ca-qomulk'''....''charm quark'' :::* '''da-qomulk'''....''down quark'' :::* '''ov-qomulk'''....''antiparticle, antiquark'' :::* '''penta-qomulk'''....''penta quark'' :::* '''tetra-qomulk'''....''tetra quark'' :::* '''to-qomulk'''....''top quark'' :::* '''u-qomulk'''....''up quark'' :::* '''so-qomulk'''....''strange quark'' ::* '''limulk'''....''lepton'' :::* '''gamma-limulk'''....''photon'' (also: '''manmulk''') :::* '''mu-limulk'''....''muon'' :::* '''pi-limulk'''....''pion'' :::* '''tau-limulk'''....''tau'' :::* '''vu-e-limulk'''....''electron neutrino'' :::* '''vu-mu-limulk'''....''muon neutrino'' :::* '''vu-tau-limulk'''....''tau neutrino'' :::* '''e-limulk'''....''electron'' (also: '''vomulk''') : The nucleus of an atom is called '''zemulk'''. Therefore, '''zemulka''' means ''nuclear''. === Musical Nomenclature === ==== Musical Instruments ==== : The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument ('''duzar''' < '''duz''' (''music'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument''). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played. [[File:Madras musical instruments and snake charmer's music.jpg|thumb|<small>Madras_musical_instruments_and_snake_charmer's_music</small>]] {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Instruments |- ! Mirad !! English |- ! colspan=2 | Bowed-String |- | '''aduzar''' || ''violin'' |- | '''eduzar''' || ''violin alto'' |- | '''iduzar''' || ''cello'', ''violoncello'' |- | '''uduzar'''<br>'''eona uduzar''' || ''bass''<br>''double bass'' |- | '''yoduzar''' || ''viola'' |- | '''yaduzar''' || ''fiddle'' |- | '''yeduzar''' || ''viol'' |- |- '''yiduzar''' || ''erhu'' |- | '''yuduzar''' || ''hardanger fiddle'' |- | '''aloduzar''' || ''kemenche'' |- | '''aladuzar''' || ''nyckelharpa'' |- | '''aleduzar''' || ''rebab'' |- ! colspan=2 | Woodwind |- | '''faduzar''' || ''flute'' |- | '''feduzar''' || ''oboe'' |- | '''fiduzar''' || ''clarinet'' |- | '''fuduzar''' || ''bassoon'' |- | '''fyoduzar''' || ''French harp, harmonica'' |- | '''fyaduzar''' || ''recorder'' |- | '''fyeduzar''' || ''bagpipe'' |- | '''fyiduzar''' || ''didgeridoo'' |- | '''fyuduzar''' || ''piccolo'' |- | '''faloduzar''' || ''fife, hornpipe'' |- | '''faladuzar''' || ''ocarina, ocarine'' |- | '''faleduzar''' || ''sheng'' |- | '''faliduzar''' || ''duduk'' |- | '''faluduzar''' || ''bansuri'' |- | '''falyoduzar''' || ''suling'' |- ! colspan=2 | Brass &#x1f3b7; |- | '''voduzar''' || ''horn'' |- | '''vaduzar''' || ''trumpet'' |- | '''veduzar''' || ''trombone'' |- | '''vuduzar'''<br>-- '''avuduzar'''<br>-- '''evuduzar'''<br>--'''ivuduzar'''|| ''saxophone''<br>-- ''tenor saxophone''<br>-- ''alto saxophone''<br>-- ''bass saxophone'' |- | '''vyoduzar''' || ''tuba'' |- | '''vyaduzar''' || ''bugle'' |- | '''vyeduzar''' || ''French horn'' |- | '''vyiduzar''' || ''cornet'' |- | '''vyuduzar''' || ''baritone horn'' |- | '''valoduzar''' || ''alto horn'' |- | '''valaduzar''' || ''euphonium'' |- | '''valeduzar''' || ''flugelhorn'' |- | '''validuzar''' || ''sousaphone'' |- | '''valuduzar''' || ''clarion'' |- | '''valyoduzar''' || ''mellophone'' |- | '''valyaduzar''' || ''climbasso'' |- | '''valyeduzar''' || ''ophicleide'' |- ! colspan=2 | Percussion |- | '''kaduzar'''<br>-- '''akaduzar'''<br>-- '''ekaduzar'''<br>-- '''ikaduzar'''<br>-- '''ukaduzar'''<br>-- '''yokaduzar'''<br>-- '''yakaduzar'''<br>-- '''yekaduzar'''<br>-- '''yikaduzar'''<br>-- '''yukaduzar'''<br>-- '''alokaduzar'''<br>-- '''alakaduzar'''<br>-- '''alekaduzar'''<br>-- '''alikaduzar'''<br>-- '''alukaduzar''' || ''drum''<br>-- ''snare drum''<br>-- ''bass drum''<br>-- ''tenor drum''<br>-- ''steel drum''<br>-- ''bongo drum''<br>-- ''timbrel''<br>-- ''kettledrum''<br>-- ''hang drum''<br>-- ''tupan''<br>-- ''taiko''<br>-- ''spring drum''<br>-- ''octoban''<br>-- ''candombe drum''<br>-- ''steel tongue drum'' |- | '''keduzar''' || ''glockenspiel'' |- | '''kiduzar''' || ''vibraphone'' |- | '''kuduzar''' || ''marimba'' |- | '''kyoduzar''' || ''tubular bell'' |- | '''gaduzar''' || ''triangle'' |- | '''geduzar''' || ''gong'' |- | '''giduzar''' || ''castanet'' |- | '''guduzar''' || ''rattle'' |- | '''gyoduzar''' || ''xylophone'' |- | '''gyaduzar''' || ''maraca'' |- | '''gyeduzar''' || ''caj&oacute;n'' |- | '''gyiduzar''' || ''cymbal'' |- | '''gyuduzar''' || ''tambourine'' |- | '''galoduzar''' || ''steelpan'' |- | '''galaduzar''' || ''wind chime'' |- | '''galeduzar''' || ''chime bar'' |- | '''galiduzar''' || ''celeste'' |- | '''galuduzar''' || ''clapper'' |- | '''galyoduzar''' || ''Jew's harp'' |- | '''galyaduzar''' || ''bazooka'' |- | '''galyeduzar''' || ''waterphone'' |- | '''galyiduzar''' || ''balafon'' |- | '''galyuduzar''' || ''boomwhackers'' |- | '''geloduzar''' || ''udu'' |- | '''geladuzar''' || ''thunder sheet'' |- ! colspan=2 | Keyboard &#x1f3b9; |- | '''raduzar'''<br>-- '''utekea raduzar'''<br>-- '''agala raduzar'''<br>-- '''sem raduzar''' || ''piano''<br>-- ''player piano''<br>-- ''grand piano''<br>-- ''keyboard'' |- | '''reduzar''' || ''clavichord'' |- | '''riduzar''' || ''harpsichord'' |- | '''ruduzar'''<br>-- '''mufyeg ruduzar'''<br>-- '''maka ruduzar''' || ''organ''<br>-- ''pipe organ''<br>-- ''electric organ'' |- | '''ryoduzar''' || ''accordion'' |- | '''ryaduzar''' || ''dulcimer'' |- | '''ryeduzar''' || ''calliope'' |- | '''ryiduzar''' || ''melodica'' |- | '''ryuduzar''' || ''concertina'' |- ! colspan=2 | Guitar &#x1f3b8; |- | '''baduzar'''<br>-- '''seuxa baduzar'''<br>-- '''maka baduzar'''<br>-- '''yoba baduzar''' || ''guitar''<br>-- ''accoustic guitar''<br>-- ''electric guitar''<br>-- ''bass guitar'' |- | '''beduzar''' || ''banjo'' |- | '''biduzar''' || ''lute'' |- | '''buduzar''' || ''harp'' |- | '''byoduzar''' || ''mandolin'' |- | '''byaduzar''' || ''ukelele'' |- | '''byeduzar''' || ''zither'' |- | '''byiduzar''' || ''lyre'' |- | '''byuduzar''' || ''cithara, kithara'' |- | '''baloduzar''' || ''sitar'' |- | '''baladuzar''' || ''veena'' |- | '''baleduzar''' || ''koto'' |- | '''baliduzar''' || ''balalaika'' |- | '''baluduzar''' || ''charango'' |- | '''balyoduzar''' || ''hurdy-gurdy'' |} ==== Voice Ranges ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Voice Ranges (Deuz nabyani) |- ! Mirad !! English !! Meaning |- ! colspan=3 | Women |- | '''yabdeuztoyb''' || ''soprano'' || "high-voice-female" |- | '''zeyabdeuztoyb''' || ''mezzo-soprano'' || "high-ish-voice-female" |- | '''yobdeuztoyb''' || ''alto, contralto'' || "low-voice-female" |- ! colspan=3 | Men |- | '''yabdeuztwob''' || ''tenor'' || "high-voice-male" |- | '''ze-yabdeuztwob''' || ''baritone'' || "middle-high-voice-male" |- | '''yobdeuztwob''' || ''bass''||"low-voice-male" |- | '''vyo-yabdeuztwob''' || ''falsetto'' || "false-high-voice-male" |- ! colspan=3 | Boys |- | '''yabdeuztwobet''' || ''treble'' || "high-voice-boy" |} : Suffix these nouns with '''-a''' to make them adjectives, eg.: ::* '''His se <u>yabdeuztwoba</u> duznod.'''....''This is a <u>tenor</u> note.'' ==== Solmization Syllables ==== : The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Solmization Syllables |- | '''do''' || '''re''' || '''mi''' || '''fa''' || '''sol''' || '''la''' || '''ti''' || '''do''' |} ==== Musical Score Elements ==== [[File:Gigault-dernier-kyrie-mm9-12.png|thumb]] : The semitone or accidental symbols are: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Accidentals |- ! ENGLISH NAME !! SYMBOL !! MIRAD NAME !! ENGLISH EXAMPLE !! MIRAD EXAMPLE || MIRAD PRONUNCIATION |- | ''flat'' || <big>&#x1D12C;</big>|| '''yobwa''' (=''lowered'')|| ''B flat'' || '''B yobwa''' || '''ba YOBwa''' |- | ''sharp'' || <big>&#x1D130;</big> || '''yabwa''' (=''raised'')|| ''C sharp'' || '''C yabwa''' || '''ca YABwa''' |- | ''natural'' || <big>&#x1D12E;</big> || '''egxwa''' (=''normalized'')|| ''F natural'' || '''F egxwa''' || '''fe EGxwa''' |} : Some staff notation: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Staff Notation |- ! English Name !! Symbol !! Mirad Name |- | ''staff'' || <big>&#x1D119;</big> || '''nuidyan''' |- | ''treble clef, G clef'' || <big>&#x1D11E;</big> || '''G yijar''' |- | ''C clef'' || <big>&#x1D121;</big> || '''C yijar''' |- | ''base clef, F clef'' || <big>&#x1D122;</big> || '''F yijar''' |- | ''note'' || || '''nod''' |- | ''half note'' || <big>&#x1D15E;</big> || '''eyna nod''' |- | ''quarter note'' || <big>&#x1D15F;</big> || '''uyna nod''' |- | ''whole note'' || <big>&#x1D15D;</big> || '''ayna nod''' |- | ''quarter rest'' || <big>&#x1D13D; </big> || '''uyna poys''' |- | ''eighth note'' || <big>&#x1D160; </big> || '''yiyna nod''' |- | ''bar, measure'' || <big>&#x1D100;</big> || '''nodzyan''' |- | ''ligature'' || || '''yanxus''' |} ==== Characteristic Features of Music ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Characteristic Features of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''deup'''||'' beat'' |- |'''seupan'''||'' cadence'' |- |'''jes'''||'' duration'' |- |'''zoyteuz'''||'' echo'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||'' harmony'' |- |'''duzneg'''||''pitch'' |- |'''ijduzneg'''||'' key'' |- |'''druz'''||'' lyric'' |- |'''agala duzmus'''||'' major scale'' |- |'''duznag'''||'' measure'' |- |'''duznad'''||'' melody'' |- |'''duzjob''' ||''tempo'' |- |'''nak'''||'' meter'' |- |'''ogala duzmus'''||'' minor scale'' |- |'''duz'''||'' music'' |- |'''yinig'''||'' octave'' |- |'''byes'''||'' pulse'' |- |'''zoyseuzen'''||'' resonance'' |- |'''deupyan'''||'' rhythm'' |- |'''duzmus'''||'' scale'' |- |'''duzdreyn'''||'' score'' |- |'''seux'''||'' sound'' |- |'''duzigan'''||'' tempo'' |- |'''seuzvolz'''||'' timbre'' |- |'''seuz'''||'' tone'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||''chord, harmonic'' |- |'''aybseuz'''||''overtone'' |- |'''deuzunog'''||'' tune'' |- |'''deuz'''||'' voice'' |- |'''seuxnid'''||'' volume'' |} ==== Dynamics ==== : Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left ''as is'' in Mirad. : These include: <div style="background:lightyellow; font-style:italics"> : <i>a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo</i>, and others. </div> ==== Types of Arrangements ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Arrangements ! English !! Mirad |- |''a capella song''||'''a kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzari''' |- |''anthem''||'''fizdeuzun, tezdeuzun''' |- |''antiphon''||'''duiddeuzun''' |- |''aria''||'''arya, awat deuzun''' |- |''arrangement''||'''napbeyn''' |- |''art song''||'''tuz deuz''' |- |''ballad''||'''daz deuz, ifonkex deuzun''' |- |''battle hymn''||'''dropek deuzun''' |- |''bird song''||'''pat deuzun''' |- |''broadway song''||'''Broadway deuzun''' |- |''campfire song''||'''tamoftem deuzun''' |- |''cantata''||'''kantata''' |- |''canticle''||'''efyadeuzun''' |- |''carol''||'''ivdeuzun''' |- |''chant''||'''yagdeuzun''' |- |''choral arrangement''||'''deuzutyan napxeyn''' |- |''Christmas carol''||'''Kristtaj ivdeuzun''' |- |''classical song''||'''visauna deuzun''' |- |''composition''||'''duzdrun''' |- |''concerto''||'''koncerto''' |- |''country song''||'''odom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzun''' |- |''dance song''||'''daz deuzun''' |- |''dirge''||'''uvdeuzun''' |- |''ditty''||'''deuzog''' |- |''doggerel verse''||'''dizdeuzun''' |- |''drinking song''||'''tilien deuzun''' |- |''duet''||'''ewat (deuzun)''' |- |''folksong''||'''tyoyd deuzun''' |- |''glee''||'''Gebama deuzun''' |- |''gospel song''||'''fyadin deuzun''' |- |''hip hop song''||'''hip hop deuzun''' |- |''hit song''||'''agakus deuzun''' |- |''hymn''||'''fyadeuzun ''' |- |''instrumental''||'''duzarun''' |- |''jingle''||'''nundeuzunog''' |- |''karaoke song''||'''karaoke deuzun''' |- |''love song''||'''ifon deuzun''' |- |''lullaby''||'''tudet deuzun''' |- |''lute song''||'''riduzar deuzun''' |- |''madrigal''||'''duzuka deuzun''' |- |''marching song''||'''doptyopen deuzun''' |- |''medley''||'''ebmulxwa deuzyan''' |- |''metal song''||'''mug deuzun''' |- |''musical number''||'''duzun''' |- |''old standard''||'''ajdeuzun''' |- |''opera''||'''dyuz, dyuzun''' |- |''oratorio''||'''oratoryo''' |- |''paean''||'''akrun deuzun''' |- |''partsong''||'''gon deuzun''' |- |''patter song''||'''deuzig''' |- |''pop song''||'''tyoda deuzun''' |- |''psalm''||'''afyadeuzun''' |- |''rock song''||'''rok deuzun''' |- |''round''||'''zoydea deuzun''' |- |''sea shanty''||'''mim deuz''' |- |''show tune''||'''duez deuzun''' |- |''signature song''||'''ujak deuzun''' |- |''slow jam''||'''bluz deuzun''' |- |''soliloquy''||'''awat, awat deuzun''' |- |''solo''||'''awat (duzun), awat (deuzun)''' |- |''song''||'''deuzun''' |- |''spiritual, negro spiritual''||'''topa deuzun''' |- |''sporting song''||'''tapifek deuzun''' |- |''symphony''||'''viduzunyag''' |- |''theme song''||'''texzena deuz''' |- |''torch song''||'''ifonok uvdeuzun''' |- |''vaudeville song''||'''Vaudeville deuzun''' |- |''Wienerlied''||'''Viena deuzun''' |} ==== Musicians ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musicians ! English !! Mirad |- |''musician''||'''duzut, duztoyb, duzuyt, duztwob''' |- |''instrumentalist''||'''duzarut''' |- |''violinist''||'''aduzarut''' |- |''conductor''||'''duzdeb''', '''duzutyaneb''' |- |''soloist''||'''anduzut''' |- |''singer, vocalist''||'''deuzut''' |- |''danseur''||'''dyaztwob''' |- |''ballerina''||'''dyazuyt, dyaztoyb''' |- |''dancer''||'''dazut, dazuyt''' |- |''opera singer''||'''dyuzut, dyuzuyt''' |- |''operatist, librettist''||'''dyuzdrut''' |- |''composer''||'''duzdrut''' |- |''lyricist, songwriter''||'''deuzdrut''' |- |''dance conductor''||'''dazeb''' |- |''(symphony) orchestra''||'''duzarutyan''' |- |''philharmonic orchestra''||'''duzarutyanag''' |- |''chorus, chorale'' ||'''deuzutyan''' |- |''dance troupe''||'''dazutyan''' |} ==== Song Parts ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Song Parts ! Mirad !! English |- |'''ujgon'''||''coda'' |- |'''ijgon'''||''intro'' |- |'''ebek'''||''interlude'' |- |'''ijek'''||''finale'' |- |'''gawijun'''||''reprise'' |- |'''gawdeuzun'''||''refrain'' |- |'''agalduznad'''||''theme'' |- |'''nadyan'''||''verse'' |- |'''zeymep'''||''bridge'' |- |'''gawdwas'''||''chorus'' |- |'''ujnadyan'''||''outro'' |} ==== Music Genres ==== : Some genres and styles of music: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Genres of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''a kapella, boy duzari'''||''a capella'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''ambiant'' |- |'''Usoma tyoyduz'''||''American folk'' |- |'''Usoma egona duz'''||''American standard'' |- |'''yizejna'''||''avant garde'' |- |'''Baroka'''||''Baroque'' |- |'''yolza vab'''||''bluegrass'' |- |'''bluz'''||''blues'' |- |'''Bolliwud'''||''Bollywood'' |- |'''bossa nova'''||''bossa nova'' |- |'''kalipso'''||''calypso'' |- |'''Kelta yagdeuz'''||''Celtic chant'' |- |'''Canima tyoyduz'''||''Chinese folk'' |- |'''Canima ajutbyena dyuz'''||''Chinese traditional opera'' |- |'''jejoba deupyan ay bluz'''||''contemporary R&B'' |- |'''maima bluz'''||''country blues'' |- |'''maima duz'''||''country music'' |- |'''maima pop'''||''country pop'' |- |'''maima rap'''||''country rap'' |- |'''maima rok'''||''country rock'' |- |'''dazam pop'''||''dancehall pop'' |- |'''disko'''||''disco'' |- |'''du-wop'''||''doo-wop'' |- |'''maka dauz'''||''electronic dance music (EDM)'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''elevator music'' |- |'''Euma disko'''||''Euro-disco'' |- |'''jwayeka'''||''experimental'' |- |'''flamenko'''||''flamenco'' |- |'''funk'''||''funk'' |- |'''Gregoria yagdeuz'''||''Gregorian chant'' |- |'''hip-hop'''||''hip-hop'' |- |'''honki-tonk'''||''honky-tonk'' |- |'''hyusuna rok'''||''Indie rock'' |- |'''jaz'''||''jazz'' |- |'''makjaz'''||''jazztronica'' |- |'''juju'''||''juju'' |- |'''fyaxela duz'''||''liturgical music'' |- |'''majika'''||''majika'' |- |'''mamo'''||''mambo'' |- |'''merengwe'''||''merengue'' |- |'''mesitzo'''||''mesitzo'' |- |'''mug'''||''metal'' |- |'''Mixuma duz'''||''Mexican'' |- |'''seuz bi Naxvil'''||''Nashville sound'' |- |'''Ejna Orleans bluz'''||''New Orleans blues'' |- |'''dyuz'''||''opera'' |- |'''rancera'''||''ranchera'' |- |'''rap'''||''rap'' |- |'''rege'''||''reggae'' |- |'''deupyan ay blus, ro-ay-ba'''||''rhythm & blues'' |- |'''rok-ay-rol'''||''rock & roll'' |- |'''salsa'''||''salsa'' |- |'''samba'''||''samba'' |- |'''ska'''||''ska'' |- |'''galoduzaruta duz'''||''steel band music'' |- |'''swing'''||''swing'' |- |'''Tehano'''||''Tejano'' |- |'''eyntuj duz'''||''trance music'' |- |'''Zumera visauna'''||''Western classical'' |- |'''Zumeryena'''||''Western'' |- |'''zideko'''||''zydeco'' |} === Geographic Placenames === : As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants. ==== Countries of the World ==== [[File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Johnson's new chart of national emblems, 1868.jpg|thumb|]] Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter '''m''' is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.: : Example 1: : ''Burundi'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI. ::* ''BDI'' is lowercased to ''bdi'' ::* '''b''' is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell '''ba'''. ::* Since ''d'' is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: '''d'''. ::* The vowel ''i'' is left as is: '''i''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''badim''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Badim''' ::* BDI (Burundi) = '''Badim'''. : Example 2: : ''Uzbekistan'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB. ::* ''UZB'' is lowercased to ''uzb'' ::* '''u''' is left as is: '''u'''. ::* '''z''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''zu''' ::* '''b''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''ba''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''uzubam''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Uzubam''' ::* UZB (Uzbekistan) = '''Uzubam'''. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Country Names (click on arrows to sort a column) ! ISO !! English !! Mirad |- | ABW || ''Aruba''||'''Abawum''' |- | AFG || ''Afghanistan''||'''Afegem''' |- | AGO || ''Angola''||'''Agom''' |- | AIA || ''Anguilla''||'''Aiam''' |- | ALA || ''[[w:Åland|Åland Islands]]''||'''Alam''' |- | ALB || ''Albania''||'''Alibam''' |- | AND || ''Andorra''||'''Anidam''' |- | ANT || ''Netherlands Antilles''||'''Anitom''' |- | ARE || ''United Arab Emirates''||'''Arem''' |- | ARG || ''Argentina''||'''Arogem''' |- | ARM || ''Armenia''||'''Aromim''' |- | ASM || ''American Samoa''||'''Asomim''' |- | ATA || ''Antarctica''||'''Atam''' |- | ATF || ''French Southern Territories''||'''Atofem''' |- | ATG || ''Antigua and Barbuda''||'''Atogem''' |- | AUS || ''Australia''||'''Ausom''' |- | AUT || ''Austria''||'''Autom''' |- | AZE || ''Azerbaijan''||'''Azem''' |- | BDI || ''Burundi''||'''Badim''' |- | BEL || ''Belgium''||'''Belim''' |- | BEN || ''Benin''||'''Benim''' |- | BFA || ''Burkina Faso''||'''Bafam''' |- | BGD || ''Bangladesh''||'''Bagedam''' |- | BGR || ''Bulgaria''||'''Bagerom''' |- | BHR || ''Bahrain''||'''Baherom''' |- | BHS || ''[[w|The Bahamas|Bahamas]]''||'''Bahesom''' |- | BIH || ''Bosnia and Herzegovina''||'''Bihem''' |- | BLM || ''Saint Barthélemy''||'''Balimim''' |- | BLR || ''Belarus''||'''Balirom''' |- | BLZ || ''Belize''||'''Balizum''' |- | BMU || ''Bermuda''||'''Bamum''' |- | BOL || ''Bolivia''||'''Bolim''' |- | BRA || ''Brazil''||'''Baram''' |- | BRB || ''Barbados''||'''Barobam''' |- | BRN || ''[[w:Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]]''||'''Baronim''' |- | BTN || ''Bhutan''||'''Batonim''' |- | BVT || ''Bouvet Island''||'''Bavutom''' |- | BWA || ''Botswana''||'''Bawam''' |- | CAF || ''Central African Republic''||'''Cafem''' |- | CAN || ''Canada''||'''Canim''' |- | CCK || ''Cocos Islands''||'''Cacakim''' |- | CHE || ''Switzerland''||'''Cahem''' |- | CHL || ''Chile''||'''Cahelim''' |- | CHN || ''[[w:People's Republic of China|China]]''||'''Cahenim''' |- | CIV || ''Côte d'Ivoire''||'''Civum''' |- | CMR || ''Cameroon''||'''Camirom''' |- | COD || ''Democratic Republic of the Congo''||'''Codam''' |- | COG || ''Republic of the Congo''||'''Cogem''' |- | COK || ''Cook Islands''||'''Cokim''' |- | COL || ''Colombia''||'''Colim''' |- | COM || ''Comoros''||'''Comim''' |- | CPV || ''Cape Verde''||'''Capovum''' |- | CRI || ''Costa Rica''||'''Carim''' |- | CUB || ''Cuba''||'''Cubam''' |- | CXR || ''Christmas Island''||'''Caxurom''' |- | CYM || ''Cayman Islands''||'''Cayumim''' |- | CYP || ''Cyprus''||'''Cayupom''' |- | CZE || ''Czechia''||'''Cazem''' |- | DEU || ''Germany''||'''Deum''' |- | DJI || ''Djibouti''||'''Dajim''' |- | DMA || ''Dominica''||'''Damam''' |- | DNK || ''Denmark''||'''Danikim''' |- | DOM || ''Dominican Republic''||'''Domim''' |- | DZA || ''Algeria''||'''Dazam''' |- | ECU || ''Ecuador''||'''Ecum''' |- | EGY || ''Egypt''||'''Egeyum''' |- | ERI || ''Eritrea''||'''Erim''' |- | ESH || ''Western Sahara''||'''Esohem''' |- | ESP || ''Spain''||'''Esopom''' |- | EST || ''Estonia''||'''Esotom''' |- | ETH || ''Ethiopia''||'''Etohem''' |- | FIN || ''Finland''||'''Finim''' |- | FJI || ''Fiji''||'''Fejim''' |- | FLK || ''Falkland Islands (Malvinas)''||'''Felikim''' |- | FRA || ''France''||'''Feram''' |- | FRO || ''Faroe Islands''||'''Ferom''' |- | FSM || ''Federated States of Micronesia''||'''Fesomim''' |- | GAB || ''Gabon''||'''Gabam''' |- | GBR || ''United Kingdom''||'''Gebarom''' |- | GEO || ''Georgia''||'''Geom''' |- | GGY || ''Guernsey''||'''Gegeyum''' |- | GHA || ''Ghana''||'''Geham''' |- | GIB || ''Gibraltar''||'''Gibam''' |- | GLP || ''Guadeloupe''||'''Gelipom''' |- | GMB || ''Gambia''||'''Gemibam''' |- | GNB || ''Guinea-Bissau''||'''Genibam''' |- | GNQ || ''Equatorial Guinea''||'''Geniqom''' |- | GRC || ''Greece''||'''Gerocam''' |- | GRD || ''Grenada''||'''Gerodam''' |- | GRL || ''Greenland''||'''Gedolim''' |- | GTM || ''Guatemala''||'''Getomim''' |- | GUF || ''French Guiana''||'''Gufem''' |- | GUM || ''Guam''||'''Gumim''' |- | GUY || ''Guyana''||'''Guyum''' |- | HKG || ''Hong Kong''||'''Hekigem''' |- | HMD || ''Heard Island and McDonald Islands''||'''Hemidam''' |- | HND || ''Honduras''||'''Henidam''' |- | HRV || ''Croatia''||'''Herovum''' |- | HTI || ''Haiti''||'''Hetim''' |- | HUN || ''Hungary''||'''Hunim''' |- | IDN || ''Indonesia''||'''Idanim''' |- | IMN || ''Isle of Man''||'''Iminim''' |- | IND || ''India''||'''Inidam''' |- | IOT || ''British Indian Ocean Territory''||'''Iotom''' |- | IRL || ''Republic of Ireland''||'''Irolim''' |- | IRN || ''Iran''||'''Ironim''' |- | IRQ || ''Iraq''||'''Iroqom''' |- | ISL || ''Iceland''||'''Isolim''' |- | ISR || ''Israel''||'''Isorom''' |- | ITA || ''Italy''||'''Itam''' |- | JAM || ''Jamaica''||'''Jamim''' |- | JEY || ''Jersey''||'''Jeyum''' |- | JOR || ''Jordan''||'''Jorom''' |- | JPN || ''Japan''||'''Jiponim''' |- | KAZ || ''Kazakhstan''||'''Kazum''' |- | KEN || ''Kenya''||'''Kenim''' |- | KGZ || ''Kyrgyzstan''||'''Kigezum''' |- | KHM || ''Cambodia''||'''Kihemim''' |- | KIR || ''Kiribati''||'''Kirom''' |- | KNA || ''Saint Kitts and Nevis''||'''Kinam''' |- | KOR || ''[[w:South Korea|Korea, Republic of]]''||'''Korom''' |- | KWT || ''Kuwait''||'''Kiwutom''' |- | LAO || ''Laos''||'''Laom''' |- | LBN || ''Lebanon''||'''Libanim''' |- | LBR || ''Liberia''||'''Libarom''' |- | LBY || ''Libya''||'''Libayum''' |- | LCA || ''Saint Lucia''||'''Licam''' |- | LIE || ''Liechtenstein''||'''Liem''' |- | LKA || ''Sri Lanka''||'''Likam''' |- | LSO || ''Lesotho''||'''Lisom''' |- | LTU || ''Lithuania''||'''Litum''' |- | LUX || ''Luxembourg''||'''Luxum''' |- | LVA || ''Latvia''||'''Livam''' |- | MAC || ''[[W:Macau|Macao]]''||'''Macam''' |- | MAF || ''Saint Martin''||'''Mafem''' |- | MAR || ''Morocco''||'''Marom''' |- | MCO || ''Monaco''||'''Micom''' |- | MDA || ''Moldova''||'''Midam''' |- | MDG || ''Madagascar''||'''Midagem''' |- | MDV || ''Maldives''||'''Midavum''' |- | MEX || ''Mexico''||'''Mexum''' |- | MHL || ''Marshall Islands''||'''Mihelim''' |- | MKD || ''Republic of Macedonia''||'''Mikidam''' |- | MLI || ''Mali''||'''Milim''' |- | MLT || ''Malta''||'''Militom''' |- | MMR || ''Myanmar''||'''Mimirom''' |- | MNE || ''Montenegro''||'''Minem''' |- | MNG || ''Mongolia''||'''Minigem''' |- | MNP || ''Northern Mariana Islands''||'''Minipom''' |- | MOZ || ''Mozambique''||'''Mozum''' |- | MRT || ''Mauritania''||'''Mirotom''' |- | MSR || ''Montserrat''||'''Misorom''' |- | MTQ || ''Martinique''||'''Mitoqom''' |- | MUS || ''Mauritius''||'''Musom''' |- | MWI || ''Malawi''||'''Miwim''' |- | MYS || ''Malaysia''||'''Miyusom''' |- | MYT || ''Mayotte''||'''Miyutom''' |- | NAM || ''Namibia''||'''Namim''' |- | NCL || ''New Caledonia''||'''Nicalim''' |- | NER || ''Niger''||'''Nerom''' |- | NFK || ''Norfolk Island''||'''Nifekim''' |- | NGA || ''Nigeria''||'''Nigam''' |- | NIC || ''Nicaragua''||'''Nicam''' |- | NOR || ''Norway''||'''Norom''' |- | NIU || ''Niue''||'''Nium''' |- | NLD || ''Netherlands''||'''Nilidam''' |- | NPL || ''Nepal''||'''Nipolim''' |- | NRU || ''Nauru''||'''Nirum''' |- | NZL || ''New Zealand''||'''Nizulim''' |- | OMN || ''Oman''||'''Ominim''' |- | PAK || ''Pakistan''||'''Pakim''' |- | PAN || ''Panama''||'''Panim''' |- | PCN || ''Pitcairn Islands''||'''Pocanim''' |- | PER || ''Peru''||'''Perom''' |- | PHL || ''Philippines''||'''Pohelim''' |- | PLW || ''Palau''||'''Poliwum''' |- | PNG || ''Papua New Guinea''||'''Ponigem''' |- | POL || ''Poland''||'''Polim''' |- | PRI || ''Puerto Rico''||'''Porim''' |- | PRK || ''North Korea''||'''Porikim''' |- | PRT || ''Portugal''||'''Porotom''' |- | PRY || ''Paraguay''||'''Poroyum''' |- | PSE || ''Palestinian territories''||'''Posem''' |- | PYF || ''French Polynesia''||'''Poyufem''' |- | QAT || ''Qatar''||'''Qatom''' |- | REU || ''Réunion''||'''Reum''' |- | ROU || ''Romania''||'''Roum''' |- | RUS || ''Russia''||'''Rusom''' |- | RWA || ''Rwanda''||'''Rowam''' |- | SAU || ''Saudi Arabia''||'''Saum''' |- | SDN || ''Sudan''||'''Sodanim''' |- | SEN || ''Senegal''||'''Senim''' |- | SGP || ''Singapore''||'''Sogepom''' |- | SGS || ''South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands''||'''Sogesom''' |- | SHN || ''Saint Helena''||'''Sohenim''' |- | SJM || ''Svalbard and Jan Mayen''||'''Sojimim''' |- | SLB || ''Solomon Islands''||'''Solibam''' |- | SLE || ''Sierra Leone''||'''Solem''' |- | SLV || ''El Salvador''||'''Solivum''' |- | SMR || ''San Marino''||'''Somirom''' |- | SOM || ''Somalia''||'''Somim''' |- | SPM || ''Saint Pierre and Miquelon''||'''Sopomim''' |- | SRB || ''Serbia''||'''Sorobam''' |- | STP || ''São Tomé and Príncipe''||'''Sotopom''' |- | SUR || ''Suriname''||'''Surom''' |- | SVK || ''Slovakia''||'''Sovukim''' |- | SVN || ''Slovenia''||'''Sovunim''' |- | SWE || ''Sweden''||'''Sowem''' |- | SWZ || ''Swaziland''||'''Sowuzum''' |- | SYC || ''Seychelles''||'''Soyucam''' |- | SYR || ''Syria''||'''Soyurom''' |- | TCA || ''Turks and Caicos Islands''||'''Tocam''' |- | TCD || ''Chad''||'''Tocadam''' |- | TGO || ''Togo''||'''Togom''' |- | THA || ''Thailand''||'''Toham''' |- | TJK || ''Tajikistan''||'''Tojikim''' |- | TKL || ''Tokelau''||'''Tokilim''' |- | TKM || ''Turkmenistan''||'''Tokimim''' |- | TLS || ''East Timor''||'''Tolisom''' |- | TON || ''Tonga''||'''Tonim''' |- | TTO || ''Trinidad and Tobago''||'''Totom''' |- | TUN || ''Tunisia''||'''Tunim''' |- | TUR || ''Turkey''||'''Turim''' |- | TUV || ''Tuvalu''||'''Tuvum''' |- | TWN || ''Taiwan''||'''Towunim''' |- | TZA || ''Tanzania''||'''Tozam''' |- | UGA || ''Uganda''||'''Ugam''' |- | UKR || ''Ukraine''||'''Ukirom''' |- | UMI || ''United States Minor Outlying Islands''||'''Umim''' |- | URY || ''Uruguay''||'''Uroyum''' |- | USA || ''United States''||'''Usam''' |- | UZB || ''Uzbekistan''||'''Uzubam''' |- | VAT || ''Vatican City''||'''Vatom''' |- | VCT || ''Saint Vincent and the Grenadines''||'''Vucatom''' |- | VEN || ''Venezuela''||'''Venim''' |- | VGB || ''British Virgin Islands''||'''Vugebam''' |- | VIR || ''United States Virgin Islands''||'''Virom''' |- | VNM || ''Vietnam''||'''Vunimim''' |- | VUT || ''Vanuatu''||'''Vutom''' |- | WLF || ''Wallis and Futuna''||'''Wulifem''' |- | WSM || ''Samoa''||'''Wusomim''' |- | YEM || ''Yemen''||'''Yemim''' |- | ZAF || ''South Africa''||'''Zafem''' |- | ZMB || ''Zambia''||'''Zumibam''' |- | ZWE || ''Zimbabwe''||'''Zuwem''' |} : The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker '''a''', eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''France'' ==> '''Ferama'''....''French'' ::* '''Usam'''....''United States'' ==> '''Usama'''....''American'' ::* '''Deum'''....''Germany'' ==> '''Deuma'''....''German'' : The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final '''m''' of the placename to '''t''' (meaning person), eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferat'''....''a French person, a Frenchman'' : The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg: ::* '''Ferat'''....''a French person'' ==> '''ha Ferati'''....''the French'' ::* '''Etohet'''....''an Ethiopian'' ==> '''Etohwat'''....''an Ethiopian male'' ::* '''Finit'''....''a Finn'' ==> '''Finiyt'''....''a Finnish woman'' : Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: '''Ferama''' refers to the country of ''France'', not the language ''French''. ''French'' the language is '''Ferad.''' ==== Continents ==== [[File:Continental models.gif|thumb]] : The word for ''continent'' in Mirad is '''yanmel''' (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word '''yanmel''' with vectorial prefixes. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Continent Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Ayanmal''' || ''North America'' |- | '''Oyanmel''' || ''South America'' |- | '''Iyanmel''' || ''Asia'' |- | '''Uyanmel''' || ''Europe'' |- | '''Eyanmel''' || ''Africa'' |- | '''Yoyanmel''' || ''Oceania'' |} : The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing '''-a''': :* '''Iyanmela'''....''Asian'' :* '''Uyanmela'''....''European'' : By appending '''-t(i)''' to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants: :* '''Eyanmelat'''....''an African'' :* '''Ayanmelati'''....''North Americans'' : Note: <div style="background: lightyellow"> :* The ''Americas'' is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word '''Aoyanmel''' (a combination of North and South America). :* ''Central America'' is expressed in Mirad by '''Zea Aoyanmel''' (''Central America'') :* The word '''Usam''' means ''United States of America'' or ''USA''. The word ''America'' by itself is not used in Mirad; only ''North America'' or ''South America''. :* The word '''Usamati''' is used for ''Americans'' when referring to inhabitants of the U.S. :* The word '''Ayanmelati''' is used to refer to North Americans (U.S. and Canada). :* The word '''Eyanmel-Usamat''', or more briefly, '''Eusamat''' is used for ''African American''. :* ''Latin America'' is expressed as '''Liada Oyanmel'''. :* ''A Latino, Latina, or Latinx'' in the U.S. is called '''Liadwut, Liaduyt, or Liadut'''. :* In some geographic systems, '''Ausom'''....''Australia'' is considered a continent. </div> : The word for ''island'' is '''yonmel''' (= ''separate land''). An islander is '''yonmelat'''. ==== Oceans ==== : The Mirad word for ocean is '''mimag'''. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word '''mimag''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Ocean Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Amimag''' || ''Arctic Ocean'' |- | '''Omimag''' || ''Southern Ocean'' |- | '''Imimag''' || ''Pacific Ocean'' |- | '''Umimag''' || ''Atlantic Ocean'' |- | '''Emimag''' || ''Indian Ocean'' |} ==== Compass Directions and Poles ==== : The compass directions ('''merizoni''') and poles ('''mernodi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamer'''....''north'' / '''zamera'''....''northern'' / '''zamernod'''....''north pole'' ::* '''zomer'''....''south'' / '''zomera'''....''southern'' / '''zomernod'''....''south pole'' ::* '''zimer'''....''east'' / '''zimera'''....''eastern'' ::* '''zumer'''....''west'' / '''zumera'''....''western'' : The words '''Yibzamer'''....''Arctic'' and '''Yibzomer'''...''Antarctic(a)'' both use the prefix '''yib'''....''far''. : Prefixing the directions with '''iz-'''....''due-'' yields: ::* '''iz zamer'''....''due north'' ::* '''iz zomer'''....''due south'', etc. : Directional words can be hybridized, eg: ::* '''zaomera'''....''north-south'' ::* '''zuimera'''....''east-west'' ::* '''zaumera'''....''north-west'' ::* '''zaimera'''....''north-east'' ==== Earth Grid Lines ==== : The earth grid lines ('''mernadi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamernad'''....''Arctic Circle'' ::* '''zomernad'''....''Antarctic Circle'' ::* '''zaomernad'''....''longitude'' ::* '''zuimernad'''....''latitude'' ::* '''zemernad'''....''equator'' :::* '''abzemernad'''....''Tropic of Capricorn'' :::* '''obzemernad'''....''tropic, Tropic of Cancer'' ::::* '''yizobzemernad'''....''subtropic'' ::* '''eymernad'''....''meridian'' ::* '''mamnad'''....''horizon'' ::* '''aonada'''....''vertical'' ::* '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' ::* '''zyenada'''....''perpendicular'' ==== Languages of the World ==== [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|thumb|]] : Mirad names of languages are based on either: ::* the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or: ::* the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php|Library of Congress ISO639-2 Codes]]. : If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final '''m''' or the country name with '''d'''. For example, '''Enigem''' (''England''), becomes '''Eniged''' (''English''). See [[Mirad_Grammar#Countries of the World|Countries of the World]]. : If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and '''d''' is suffixed to the word. A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel. For example, '''ba''' + '''e''' becomes '''be'''. :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Mirad Language Names |- ! ISO Language Name !! Country or ISO Code !! Mirad Language Name |- | Abkhazian || abk || '''Abakid''' |- | Afar || aar || '''Aarod''' |- | Afrikaans || '''Zafem'''....''South Africa'' || '''Zafed''' |- | Akan || aka || '''Akad''' (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka) |- | Albanian || '''Alibam'''....''Albania'' || '''Alibad''' |- | Amharic || amh || '''Amihed''' |- | Arabic || ara || '''Arad''' |- | Aragonese || arg || '''Aroged''' |- | Armenian || '''Aromim''' || '''Heyud''' |- | Assamese || asm || '''Asomid''' |- | Avaric || ava || '''Avad''' |- | Avestan || ave || '''Aved''' |- | Aymara || aym || '''Ayumid''' |- | Azerbaijani || '''Azem'''....''Azerbaijan'' || '''Azed''' |- | Bambara || bam || '''Bamid''' |- | Bashkir || bak || '''Bakirod''' |- | Basque || baq || '''Baqod''' |- | Belarusian || '''Balirom'''....''Belarusia'' || '''Balirod''' |- | Bengali || '''Bagedim'''....''Bangladesh'' || '''Bagedid''' |- | Bislama || bis || '''Bisod''' |- | Bosnian || '''Bihem'''....''Bosnia'' || '''Bihed''' |- | Breton || bre || '''Bared''' |- | Bulgarian || '''Bagerom'''....''Bulgaria'' || '''Bagerod''' |- | Burmese || '''Mimirom'''....''Miyanmar'' || '''Mimirod''' |} ...and so on... : The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing '''-a''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''(the) English (language)'' ==> '''Enigeda'''....''(in the) English (language)'' ::* '''Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.'''....''This English language document is incomprehensible.'' : The language names can be verbalized with the addition of '''-der'''....''to say'', '''-daler'''....''to speak'', and '''-xer'''....''to translate into'', eg: ::* '''Ferad'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferader'''....''to say in French'' ::* '''Esopod'''....''Spanish'' ==> '''Esopodaler'''....''to speak Spanish'' ::* '''Arad'''....''Arabic'' ==> '''Aradxer'''....''to Arabicize/translate into Arabic'' ::* '''Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.'''....''French has many Anglicizations.'' : The speaker of a language is created by adding '''-ut''' or '''-alut''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''English'' ==> '''Enigedut (or) Enigedalut'''....''English speaker'' ::* '''Duven et Enigedale?'''....''Do you speak English?'' ::* '''Aradu hia dun.'''....''Say this word in Arabic.'' ::* '''At se Itadut/Itadalut.'''....''I am a speaker of Italian.'' : Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Language Variants |- ! Variation Category !! Example |- | '''Ajna'''....''Old/Ancient'' || '''Ajna Eniged'''....''Old English, Anglo-Saxon'' |- | '''Ejoba'''....''Modern'' || '''Ejoba Perod'''....''Modern Persian, Farsi'' |- | '''Visauna'''....''Classical'' || '''Visauna Gerocad'''....''Classical Greek'' |- | '''Vyirina'''....''Puristic'' || '''Vyirina Gerocad'''....''Katharevousa (Puristic Greek)'' |- | '''Tyoda'''....''Vulgar/Popular/Demotic'' || '''Tyoda Latod'''....''Vulgar Latin''<br>'''Tyoda Gerocad'''....''Demotic Greek'' |- | '''Fyaxela'''....''Liturgical'' || '''Fyaxela Hebad'''....''Liturgical Hebrew'' |- | '''Fyadyesa'''....''Biblical'' || '''Fyadyesa Hebad'''....''Biblical Hebrew'' |- | '''Egona'''....''Standard'' || '''Ejoba Egona Arad'''....''Modern Standard Arabic'' |- | '''Egema'''....''Egyptian'' || '''Egema Arad'''....''Egyptian Arabic'' |- | '''Usoma'''....''American'' || '''Usoma Eniged'''....''American English'' |} : There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself. ::* '''Mirad'''....''Mirad'' ('''Mir'''....''world'') ::* '''Meurad'''....''Martian'' ('''Meur'''...''Mars'') ::* ''Celtic'', which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called '''Celid''' in Mirad. ::* ''Indo-European'', with the code "ine", translates to '''Inied''' in Mirad. ==== Cities and Their Residents ==== : Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in '''-a''' or '''-yena'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Cities and Their Residents |- ! City !! Adjective !! Inhabitant |- | '''Paris'''....''Paris'' || '''Paris<u>yena</u>'''....''Parisian'' || '''Paris<u>at</u>'''....''Parisian'' |- | '''Ejna York'''....''New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>a</u>'''....''of New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>at</u>'''....''New Yorker'' |- | '''Rom'''....''Rome'' || '''Rom<u>a</u>'''....''Roman'' || '''Rom<u>at</u>'''....''Roman'' |- | '''Beijing'''....''Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>a</u>'''....''of Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>at</u>'''....''resident of Beijing'' |- | '''Berlin'''....''Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>a</u>'''....''from Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>at</u>'''....''Berliner'' |} : Examples: :* '''Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.'''....''Berlin citizens are called Berliners.'' :* '''Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.'''....''Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.'' === Playing Cards Notation === : The playing card suits and prime denominations are: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Playing Card Suits |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''tiib''' || ''heart''|| <big>{{cards|h}}</big> |- | '''melukar''' || ''spade''|| <big>{{cards|s}}</big> |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond''|| <big>{{cards|d}}</big> |- | '''infayeb''' || ''club''|| <big>{{cards|c}}</big> |} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ High Cards plus the Joker |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''Az bi tiibi''' || ''ace of hearts''||[[File:Simple_h_a.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edweb bi melukari'''||''king of spades''||[[File:Simple_s_k.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edeyb bi amezi'''||''queen of diamonds''||[[File:Simple_d_q.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Yuxtwobet bi infayebi''' || ''jack of clubs''||[[File:Simple_c_j.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''hihiduut''' || ''joker''|| [[File:Simple_jk_b.svg|40px|thumb]] |} : Some useful terms: ::* '''eker drafi'''....''to play cards'' ::* '''zyabuer ha drafi'''....''to deal the card'' ::* '''ebnapxer ha drafi'''....''to shuffle the cards'' ::* '''goler ha nyan'''....''to cut the deck'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to fold'' ::* '''durer'''....''to bid'' ::* '''lokoxer draf'''....''to turn over a card'' ::* '''lokoxer ota tuyab'''....''to show one's hand'' ::* '''abnabxer'''....''to trump'' ::* '''ekdrafnyan'''....''deck of cards'' ::* '''nab'''....''suit'' ::* '''joper nab'''...''to follow suit'' ::* '''kyesdraf'''....''wild card'' ::* '''abnaba draf'''....''trump card'' ::* '''ha yannas'''....''the pot'' ::* '''ha nax'''....''the ante'' ::* '''yaber ha nax'''....''to up/raise the ante'' === Chess Piece Nomenclature === {{chess diagram | tright | |= 8 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= 7 |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= 6 | | | | | | | | |= 5 | | | | |pd| | | |= 4 | | | | |pl|pl| | |= 3 | | | | | | | | |= 2 |pl|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|= 1 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= a b c d e f g h | The King's Gambit }} : The game of chess is called '''xahifek''' in Mirad. : The chess pieces ('''xahifek goyni''') are as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Chess Piece Names |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''edweb''' || ''king'' || [[File:Chess_klt45.svg|thumb|30px]] |- | '''edeyb''' || ''queen'' || [[File:Chess_qlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''efyaxeb''' || ''bishop'' || [[File:Chess_blt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''ekpetob''' || ''knight'' || [[File:Chess_nlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''tamaz''' || ''rook'' || [[File:Chess_rlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''melyexut''' || ''pawn'' || [[File:Chess_plt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |} : Some chess terms: ::* ''to checkmate''....'''xahpexer''' ::* ''Check!''....''Xah!'' ::* ''Checkmate!''....'''xahpexwa!''' ::* ''chess board''....'''xahifek seym, xahifek drof''' ::* ''to move a piece''....'''paxer goun''' ::* ''to capture a piece''....'''pixler goun''' ::* ''chess clock''....'''xahifek jwobar''' ::* ''chess set''....''xahifek gounyan'' ::* ''chess tournament''....'''xahifekanyan''' ::* ''chess player''....'''xehifekut''' ::* ''my turn''....'''ata zyuj''' ::* ''score''....'''aoksag''' ::* ''world champion''....'''miraklut''' === Botanical Nomenclature === : The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the [https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy|international Linnaean taxonomy]. ==== Base Names ==== : So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words: ::* '''fab'''....trees :::* '''feb'''....''fruits and nuts'' ::* '''fayb'''....''vines and shrubs'' :::* '''feyb'''....''berries'' ::* '''vob'''....''crops'' ::* '''vol'''....''vegetables'' ::* '''veel'''....''legumes and beans'' ::* '''vos'''....''flowers'' ==== Specific Names ==== : To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, ''pine'' tree is rendered as '''pifab'''. The '''pi''' prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees ''<u>Pi</u>naceae''. The '''fab''' ending applies to all trees. To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. ''cedar tree'' is '''<u>ce</u>pifab''' from ''Pianaceae <u>Ce</u>drus''. A ''cedar of Lebanon'' is '''<u>li</u>cepifab''' from the more specific ''Pinaceae Cedrus <u>li</u>bani''. : By constructing botanical terms this way, all pine trees can be listed by searching for all names ending in '''pifab'''. [[File:171 Magnolien.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ '''Basic Botanical Terms''' |- |valign=top|'''fob'''....''plant''||valign=top|'''vob'''....''crop''||valign=top|'''vol'''....''vegetable''||valign=top|'''vos'''....''flower'' |- |valign=top|'''fab'''....''tree''<br>'''fayeb'''....''leaf''<br>'''faob'''....''wood''<br>'''fayob'''....''bark''||valign=top|'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''vayob'''....''peel''|| ||'''vosayeb'''....''petal''<br>'''vosayob'''....''sepal'' |- |valign=top|'''feb'''....''fruit/nut''||valign=top|'''veb'''....''ear/tuft''<br>'''veeb'''....''seed''<br>'''veeyb'''....''grain''||valign=top|'''veel'''....''legume''||'''voseb'''....''capitulum'' |- |valign=top|'''fib'''....''trunk''||valign=top|'''vib'''....''stem'' || || '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' |- |valign=top|'''fub'''....''branch''||valign=top|'''vub'''....''blade''<br>'''vulob'''....''thorn'' || || |- |valign=top|'''fyob'''....''root''||valign=top|'''vyob'''....''tuber'' || || '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' |} ===== Product Names ===== : Products derived from plants are formed with the following words: ::* '''-fel'''....''juice (from a pome)'' ::* '''-feel'''....''-ade'' ::* '''-feyl'''....''juice (from a berry)'' ::* '''-fil'''....''alcoholic drink/cider'' ::* '''-fyel'''....''oil/jam/syrup'' ::* '''-fyeyl'''....''jelly'' ::* '''-fol'''....''grounds/powder'' ::* '''-fayel'''....''leaf juice'' : Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Zoological_Nomenclature|Zoological Nomenclature]]. For example, an ''apple'' is from the <u>Ro</u>saceae family of trees, the genus being ''<u>Ma</u>lus''. So the word for ''apple'' becomes '''marofeb'''. ''Apple tree'' is '''marofab''' and ''apple juice'' is '''marofel'''. Thus, ''apple cider'' is '''marofil'''. ===== Crops ===== : Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base '''vob''' with taxonomic syllables. [[File:Usdaemmer1.jpg|thumb|]] : The base words of this group are: ::* '''-vob'''....''crop'' ::* '''-vab'''....''grass'' ::* '''-vayeb'''....''leaf'' ::* '''-veb'''....''ear, cob, head, spike, tuft'' ::* '''-veeb'''....''seed, germ'' ::* '''-veel'''....''bean, legume'' ::* '''-veeyb'''....''grain, kernel, pip'' ::* '''-vib'''....''stem'' ::* '''-vub'''....''blade, sprig, twig'' ::* '''-vyob'''....''tuber'' ::* '''-vel'''....''edible product'' ::* '''-vil'''....''drinkable product, beer'' ::* '''-vyel'''....''syrup'' ::* '''-vol'''....''vegetable'' : From the above base words are derived these products, among others: ::* '''sakol'''....''sugar'' < '''sakvob'''....''sugarcane'' ::* '''povel'''....''bread'' < '''povob'''....''cereal'' ::* '''zepovyel'''....''corn syrup, corn oil'' < '''zepovob'''....''corn'' ::* '''zepovil'''....''whiskey, bourbon'' ::* '''sepovil'''....''rye whiskey'' < '''zepovob'''....''rye'' ::* '''povil'''....''beer'' ::* '''epovil'''....''ale'' ::* '''avpovob mekil'''....''oatmeal'' < '''avpovob'''....''oat'' ::* '''orpovob zyiglal'''....''rice cake'' < '''orpovob'''....''rice'' ::* '''mekuvol'''....''melon'' ===== Vegetables and Legumes ===== : Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base '''vol''' (''vegetable'') or '''veel''' (''legume, bean'') with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy. Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks. [[File:Hrushikesh kulkarni vegetables.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Vegetables |- ! Edible Crop !! Taxonomy |- ! colspan=2| LEGUMES: EDIBLE SEEDS |- |'''faveel'''....''bean'' || ''Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris'' |- |'''lensfaveel'''....''lentil'' || ''Fabaceae Lens culinaris'' |- |'''glifaveel'''....''soybeen'' || ''Fabaceae Glycine max'' |- |'''vigfaveel'''....''black-eyed pea'' || ''Fabaceae Faseolus vigna unguiculata'' |- ! colspan=2 | Vegetables: Berries/Fruits |- |'''lisovol'''....''tomato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum'' |- |'''mesovol'''....''eggplant'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum melongena'' |- |'''perlawvol'''....''avocado'' || ''Lauraceae Persea americana'' |- |'''sakuvol'''....''cucumber'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''akapsovol'''....''chili pepper'' || ''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra'' || ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- ! colspan=2 |bulbs |- |'''amalvol'''....''leek'' || ''Allium ampeloprasum'' |- |'''cepalvol'''....''onion'' || ''Allium cepa'' |- |'''alkalvol'''....''shallot'' || ''Alium ascalonicum'' |- |'''satalvol'''....''garlic'' || ''Allium sativum'' |- |'''zinvol'''....''ginger'' || ''Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale'' |- |'''skoynalvol'''....''chive'' || ''Allium Schoenoprasum'' |- |'''foynapvol'''....''fennel'' || ''Apiaceae Phoenix dactylifera'' |- ! colspan=2 | melons/gourds |- |'''kuvol'''....''squash, gourd''|| ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita'' |- |'''makuvol'''....''pumpkin'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima'' |- |'''mekuvol'''....''melon, honeydew, cantaloupe'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melon'' |- |'''cikuvol'''....''watermelon'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus'' |- |'''pekuvol'''....''zucchini'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo'' |- ! colspan=2 | Tubers/Root Vegetables |- |'''tusovol'''....''potato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum'' |- |'''betamvol'''....''beet, beetroot'' || ''Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris'' |- |'''rafbravol'''....''radish''|| ''Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus'' |- |'''kadawapvol'''....''carrot''||''Apiaceae Daucus carota'' |- |'''nabravol'''....''turnip''|| ''Brassica napus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''pasavol'''....''parsnip'' ||''Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa'' |- |'''eskolaravol'''....''taro'' ||''Araceae Colocasia esculenta'' |- |'''divol'''....''yam'' ||''Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea'' |- ! colspan=2| Leafy/Flowering Vegetables |- |'''bravol'''....''cabbage'' || ''Brassicaceae'' |- |'''botrolbravol'''....''cauliflower''||''Brassica oleracea botrytis'' |- |'''gemolbravol'''....''Brussels sprouts''|| ''Brassica oleracea gemmifera'' |- |'''valkavol'''....''corn salad, lamb's lettuce''|| ''Caprifocilaceae Valerianella locusta'' |- |'''lakasvol'''....''lettuce''|| ''Asteraceae Lactuta sative'' |- |'''spinamvol'''....''spinach'' || ''Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea'' |- |'''rupolivol'''....''sorrel''|| ''Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa'' |- |'''tarasvol'''....''mustard greens''|| ''Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale'' |- |'''itolbravol'''....''broccoli''|| ''Brassica Oleracea italica'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra''|| ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- |'''petapvol'''....''parsley''|| ''Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum'' |- |'''basoclamvol'''....''basil''|| ''Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum'' |- |'''orlamvol'''....''thyme''|| ''Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare'' |- |'''encivol'''....''chicory, endive''|| ''Cichorium endivia'' |- |'''nasbravol'''....''watercress''|| ''Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale'' |- |'''korapvol'''....''coriander''|| ''Apiaceae Coridandrum sativum'' |- ! colspan=2 | Stalks |- |'''aspavol'''....''asparagus''|| ''Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis'' |- |'''gravapvol'''....''celery''|| ''Apiaceae Apium graveolens'' |- |'''rewmpolivol'''....''rhubarb''|| ''Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum'' |- |'''kurzinvol'''....''turmeric''|| ''Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa'' |- |'''kokarvol'''....''heart of palm, swamp cabbage''|| ''Arecaceae Cocos'' |- |'''cimpovol'''....''lemongrass''|| ''Poaceae Cymbopogon'' |} ==== Common Flower Names ==== [[File:Madeira-flowers hg.jpg|thumb|]] ===== Flower Parts ===== : Flower names are built on the base name '''vos''', meaning ''flower''. First, here is a list of flower parts: ::* '''vosayob'''....''sepal'' ::* '''vosayeb'''....''petal'' ::* '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' ::* '''veeybpexus''' or '''vosmekibar'''....''stigma'' ::*'''vosij'''....''bud, flower bud'' ::* '''tooybgon'''....''pistil'' ::* '''veeybyan'''....''pollen'' ::* '''twoobgon'''....''stamen'' ::* '''twoobgonyif'''....''filament'' ::* '''veeybyem''' or '''vosmekuar'''....''anther'' ::* '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' ===== Flower Names ===== [[File:Tulipa suaveolens floriade to Canberra.jpg|thumb|]] : Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base '''vos''' that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples: : '''<u>som</u>pavos'''....''opium poppy'' (''<u>Pa</u>paver <u>som</u>niferum'') : '''<u>mag</u>vos'''....''magnolia'' (''<u>Mag</u>noliaceae Magnolia'') : '''<u>or</u>vos'''....''orchid'' (''<u>Or</u>chidaceae Orchis'') : '''<u>krokir</u>vos'''....''crocus'' (''<u>Ir</u>idaceae <u>Cro</u>cus'') === Computer Terminology === [[File:Generic-office-desktop2.svg|thumb]] : This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Computerese |- ! Mirad !! English |- |'''agna saibyan syaagir'''||''mainframe computer'' |- |'''absem syaagir'''||''desktop computer'' |- |'''agbanak'''||''byte'' |- |'''ajnexer'''||''to archive'' |- |'''amloagbanak'''||''megabyte'' |- |'''anay dyewa tax'''||''read-only memory, ROM'' |- |'''aota syaagir'''||''personal computer'' |- |'''aottuunyan'''||''profile'' |- |'''aoyebmeyp'''||''port'' |- |'''apaxler'''||''to swipe'' |- |'''aroagbanak'''||''kilobyte'' |- |'''baler buxnuf'''||''to press/hit a key'' |- |'''banak'''||''bit'' |- |'''agdresin kyoxea buxnuf'''||''caps lock key'' |- |'''buxnuf'''||''key'' |- |'''buxnufsemes'''||''keyboard'' |- |'''buxnufseym'''||''keypad'' |- |'''izeaxus'''||''cursor'' |- |'''byuxseym'''||''touchpad'' |- |'''datier'''||''to friend'' |- |'''dodrer ebdras'''||''to post a message'' |- |'''dota zeyn'''||''social medium'' |- |'''ebdrer'''||''to text'' |- |'''dreun'''||''document'' |- |'''dreuzyufer'''||''to scroll, pan'' |- |'''droer naab'''||''to delete a file'' |- |'''drou buxnuf'''||''delete key'' |- |'''drur'''||''printer'' |- |'''drurer naab'''||''to print out a file'' |- |'''drurer'''||''to print out'' |- |'''druru buxnuf'''||''print screen key'' |- |'''drurun'''||''a printout'' |- |'''dunexlar'''||''word processor'' |- |'''dyezier'''||''to take a movie'' |- |'''ebdayler'''||''to chat'' |- |'''ebdaylim'''||''chatroom'' |- |'''emojin'''||''emoji'' |- |'''ex buxnuf'''||''function key'' |- |'''exen vyaab'''||''operating system'' |- |'''extuundras'''||''program, application'' |- |'''extuundrasog'''||''app'' |- |'''extuundrasyan'''||''software'' |- |'''extuundrer'''||''to program'' |- |'''fuk'''||''bug'' |- |'''fukaya'''||''buggy'' |- |'''fukoyxer'''||''to debug'' |- |'''garalyoagbanak'''||''petabyte'' |- |'''gelxer naab'''||''to copy a file'' |- |'''googler'''||''to google'' |- |'''gyia kyos yebiar'''||''solid state drive, SSD'' |- |'''gyia zyiun yebiar'''||''cd drive'' |- |'''haydren dyun'''||''login name'' |- |'''haydrer bay tuyubbal'''||''to log in with one's fingerprint'' |- |'''haydrer'''||''to log in'' |- |'''hoydrer'''||''to log out'' |- |'''huisteaxar'''||''browser'' |- |'''kyeteaxer'''||''to browse'' |- |'''hyux buxnuf'''||''alt key'' |- |'''iber naab'''||''to receive a file'' |- |'''ila mez sinuar, IMS'''||''liquid crystal display, LDC'' |- |'''izbex buxnuf'''||''control key'' |- |'''izbexdrof'''||''motherboard'' |- |'''kliker ab'''||''click on'' |- |'''kodun'''||''password'' |- |'''gawdyunxer naab'''||''to rename a file'' |- |'''kyax buxnuf'''||''shift key'' |- |'''kyea yempuen tax'''||''random access memory, RAM'' |- |'''kyisier naab'''||''to download a file'' |- |'''kyisuer naab'''||''to upload a file'' |- |'''kyiunxar'''||''charger'' |- |'''kyiunxer'''||''to charge'' |- |'''lodatier'''||''to unfriend'' |- |'''makebdren'''||''email'' |- |'''makedrer'''||''to email'' |- |'''man-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOES'''||''LED'' |- |'''mansin dyes'''||''photo album'' |- |'''mis'''||''window'' |- |'''naab'''||''file'' |- |'''naedzyun'''||''trackball'' |- |'''nagonxar'''||''modem'' |- |'''neaf mansiniar'''||''web camera'' |- |'''nexer naab'''||''to save a file'' |- |'''num yibdalir'''||''cellphone'' |- |'''belyafwa syaagir'''||''laptop computer'' |- |'''ooggos'''||''microchip'' |- |'''oogteexar'''||''microphone'' |- |'''omijber'''||''to boot up'' |- |'''omola tyep, OT'''||''artificial intelligence, AI'' |- |'''gawomijber'''||''to reboot'' |- |'''paxer naab'''||''to move a file'' |- |'''paxyafwa yibdalir'''||''mobile phone'' |- |'''poxu zyumuf buxnuf'''||''scroll lock key'' |- |'''sagbexu buxnuf'''||''numlock key'' |- |'''sagseym'''||''number pad'' |- |'''sam'''||''console'' |- |'''saunesber naab'''||''to sort a file'' |- |'''semes syaagir'''||''tablet computer'' |- |'''sindren semes'''||''graphics tablet'' |- |'''sindrenyan exlen aun'''||''graphics processing unit, GPU'' |- |'''sines'''||''icon'' |- |'''sinuar'''||''screen, display, monitor'' |- |'''syaager'''||''to compute'' |- |'''syaagir'''||''computer'' |- |'''syaagirdal'''||''computerese'' |- |'''syaagirtun'''||''computer science'' |- |'''syaagnyed'''||''spreadsheet'' |- |'''taam mays'''||''home screen'' |- |'''taampu buxnuf'''||''home key'' |- |'''sirmul'''||''hardware, physical matter'' |- |'''taxdrer'''||''to record'' |- |'''taxmuf'''||''memory stick'' |- |'''teataxdrer'''||''to video'' |- |'''teataxdrun'''||''video'' |- |'''tuunnabyan'''||''database'' |- |'''tuyab izdar'''||''mouse'' |- |'''uber naab'''||''to send a file'' |- |'''uinig buxnuf'''||''tab key'' |- |'''utmansin'''||''selfie'' |- |'''yaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD)'''||''HTML'' |- |'''yeber'''||''to enter, insert'' |- |'''yebu buxnuf'''||''enter key, return key, insert key'' |- |'''yiga zyiun yebiar'''||''hard disk drive, HDD'' |- |'''yijber naab'''||''to open a file'' |- |'''yujber naab'''||''to close a file'' |- |'''yuzpemdrof'''||''circuitboard'' |- |'''zea exlen aun'''||''central processing unit, CPU'' |- |'''zoynigxu buxnuf'''||''backspace key'' |- |'''zyiun yebiar'''||''disk drive'' |} === Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology === : This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages. ==== Medical Diseases ==== : Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg. ::* '''tiebalyoganbok'''....''asthma'' (lit: shortness of breath illness) ::* '''tiebbok'''....''pneumonia'' (lit: lung illness) ::* '''teibbok'''....''rhinitis'' (lit: nose illness) ::* '''tayibblok'''....''neuropathy'' (lit: nerve suffering) ::* '''tebbyoyk'''....''headache'' (lit: head ache) ::* '''teibzyegikanbok'''....''osteoporosis'' (lit: bone porosity illness) ==== Pharmaceuticals ==== : Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized. ::* '''aspirin'''....''aspirin'' ::* '''Ibupropen'''....''Ibupropen'' : Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose: ::* '''bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol'''....''analgesic, painkiller'' (Lit: pain reliever) ::* '''tikebilokxol'''....''emetic'' (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance) : Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see [https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn|International Nonproprietary Names]). For example, ''phenobarbital''. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ INN names pronunciation |- ! Greco-Roman<br>Spelling !! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | ch || '''k''' |- | ph || '''f''' |- | x || '''ks''' |- | y || '''i''' |- | qu || '''kw''' |- | rh || '''r''' |- | th || '''t''' |- | ae || '''ay''' |- | oe || '''oy''' |- | c before i, e, or y || '''c''' |- | c otherwise || '''k''' |- | final e || silent |- | double consonant || single consonant |} : Examples: ::* '''acetaminophen'''....''a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN'' ::* '''amphetamine'''....''am-fe-ta-MIN'' ::* '''trimethroprim'''....''tri-me-tro-PRIM'' ::* '''sulfamethoxazole'''....''sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL'' ::* '''oxacillin'''....''o-ksa-ci-LIN'' === Mineral and Crystal Nomenclature === : Minerals end in '''-muk''' with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see [[Wikipedia:List_of_mineral_symbols|The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols]]). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. For example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Some Mineral Names |- ! English!! IMA Symbol !! Mirad Spellings !! Mirad Name |- | ''argyrodyte'' || Agy || '''a-ge-yu''' || '''ageyumuk''' |- |''brochantyte'' || Bct || '''ba-ca-to''' || '''bacatomuk''' |- |''chromite'' || Chr || '''ca-he-ro''' || '''caheromuk''' |} : There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.: ::* ''Lemmleinite-K'' (Lem-k) is '''liemikomuk''' in Mirad. : Crystals end in '''-mez'''. The first part of the word is an enumeration. : The common crystals are listed here: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Names of Common Crystals |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''mez''' || ''crystal'' |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond'' |- | '''emez''' || ''topaz'' |- | '''imez''' || ''ruby'' |- | '''umez''' || ''emerald'' |- | '''yomez''' || ''sapphire'' |- | '''yamez''' || ''lapis lazuli'' |- | '''yemez''' || ''amethyst'' |- | '''yimez''' || ''amber'' |- | '''yumez''' || ''quartz'' |- | '''alomez''' || ''opal'' |- | '''alamez''' || ''tourmaline'' |- | '''alemez''' || ''garnet'' |- | '''alimez''' || ''zirconia'' |- | '''alumez''' || ''jasper'' |- | '''alyomez''' || ''jade'' |- | '''alyamez''' || ''marganite'' |} : Other, less common crystals end in '''-mez''' and are formed from the Wikipedia list of mineral symbols. : General words for earthen matter: :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' :* '''muz'''....''ore'' :* '''mug'''....''metal'' :* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :* '''meg'''....''rock, stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' :* '''mel'''....''soil'' :* '''meil'''....''mud'' :* '''mek'''....''dust'' :* '''miek'''....''sand'' :* '''mev'''....''porcelain'' :* '''mef'''....''brick'' ==== Rock Classification ==== : The naming of individual rock types is based on the [[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/download/bgs-rock-classification-scheme-igneous/| BGS Rock Classification Scheme ]]. : All rocks (other than the general word for ''rock'', '''meg''') end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type: ::* '''ameg'''....''sedimentary rock'' ::* '''emeg'''....''igneous rock'' ::* '''imag'''....''metamorphic rock'' : The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final ''e'' is dropped from names that end in ''yte'' or ''ite''. For example, ''trachydacite'' in the scheme becomes '''trachydacit''' in Mirad. This word is then followed by one of the rock types above ('''emeg''' ''igneous rock''). So ''trachydacite'' becomes '''trachydacitemeg''' in Mirad. For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary. :The word '''meg''' ''rock'' has some common derivatives: ::* '''megag'''....''boulder'' ::* '''meg'''....''stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' ::* '''megyel'''....''cement, asphalt, bitumen'' :::* '''megyelyig'''....''concrete'' ::* '''megil'''....''lava'' ::* '''meggos'''....''crag'' ::* '''megyig'''....''flintstone, basalt'' ::* '''meag'''....''marble'' ::* '''meeg'''....''slate'' ::* '''meig'''....''granite'' ::* '''meug'''....''clay, dough'' ::* '''meyog'''....''china'' ::* '''meyag'''....''chalk'' :::* '''meyaz'''....''pastel'' :::* '''meyayg'''....''calcite'' ::* '''meyeg'''....''limestone, sediment'' ::* '''meyig'''....''alabaster'' ::* '''meyug'''....''gypsum'' ::* '''mealog'''....''sandstone, stoneware'' ::* '''mameg'''....''coal'' :::* '''eymameg'''....''coke'' :::* '''maameg'''....''anthracite'' :::* '''maemeg'''....''peat'' :::* '''maimeg'''....''lignite'' : Related are: ::* '''mek'''....''dust'' :::* '''mekes'''....''grit'' :::* '''mekil'''....''grout'' :::* '''meyk'''....''grit'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder'' ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' ::* '''mieg'''....''coral'' ::* '''mel'''....''dirt'' ::* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''meil'''....''mud'' ::* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :::* '''meyz'''....''spar'' :::* '''meyzag'''....''feldspar'' ::* '''muz'''....''ore'' ::* '''memol'''....''alkali'' ::* '''mimol'''....''salt'' ::* '''mef'''....''brick'' === Metric Nomenclature === [[File:Conversion Factors.png|thumb|]] : Mirad uses the [[Wikt:International System of Units (SI)|International System of Units (SI)]]) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names ('''alpha''', '''gamma''', etc.) preceded with the word '''ag-''' if majuscule ('''aggamma''' for ''&Gamma;'') The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ''ohm'' (Ω) is '''agomega'''. All metric units end in the word '''nak'''. ==== SI Base Units ==== :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbeviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} ==== SI Derived Units ==== : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | B | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''agbanak''' |- | '''bit''' | align="center" | b | one bit of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ==== Convenient Non-SI Units ==== ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglinak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heabak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |} ==== Metrical Formulae ==== : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical <br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |} ==== Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes ==== : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for ''b'' (byte) is pronounced '''ba''' in Mirad. A terabyte ( ''Tb'') is therefore pronounced '''ag-to-ba''', which This amounts ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix<br><br>Mirad Pron. !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix !! SI Symbol<br><br>Mirad Pron. |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' ... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''<br>''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''<br>''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''<br>''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''<br>''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''<br>''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yoon-''' <br>''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''<br>''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yaon-'''<br>''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''<br>''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''<br>''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''<br>''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''<br>''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''<br>''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''<br>''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''<br>''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alo-'''<br>''deca-'' || ''da''<br>'''da-a-''' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci-''|| ''d''<br>'''da-''' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''<br>''hexa-'' || ''h''<br>'''hi-''' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi-''|| ''c''<br>'''ca-''' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''<br>''kilo-'' ||''k''<br>'''ki-''' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''<br>''milli-''|| ''m''<br>'''mi-''' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || ''M''<br>'''agmi-''' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-''|| ''r''<br>'''ro-''' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''<br>''giga-'' || ''G''<br>'''agge-''' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-''|| ''n''<br>'''ni-''' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || ''T''<br>'''agto-''' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-''|| ''p''<br>'''po-''' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ''P''<br>'''agpo-'''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-''||''f''<br>'''fe-''' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''<br>''exa-'' || ''E''<br>'''age-'''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''<br>''atto-''||''a''<br>'''a-''' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ''Z''<br>'''agzu-'''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''<br>''zepto-''||''z''<br>'''zu-''' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || '' Y''<br>'''agyu''' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''<br>''yocto-''||''y''<br>'''yu-''' |} : *Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. ==== Abbreviated Symbols ==== : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | Macro !! colspan=2 | Micro |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daage''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dage''' |- | ''hg'' (hexagram)|| '''hege''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cage''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''koge''' || ''mg'' (milligram) ||'''mige''' |- | ''Mg'' (megagram)|| '''agmige''' ||''rg'' or '''μg''' (microgram)|| '''roge''' or '''muge''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggege''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nige''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtoge''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''poge''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpoge''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fege''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agege''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''age''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzege''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zege''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyuge''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yuge''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* '''10 kg2'''....(pronounced as:) ''alo koge gar ewa'' ::* '''12 mm3'''....(pronounced as:) ''ale mimi gar iwa'' === Trigonometric Nomenclature === : This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by '''-naz''' (''value''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Trigonometry Functions |- ! Function (Symbol) !! Mirad Technical Name !! Mirad Ordinary Name |- | ''sine (sin)'' || '''soini-naz''' || '''uznaz''' |- | ''cosine (cos)'' || '''caoso-naz''' || '''yanuznaz''' |- | ''arccosine (arccos, cos^-1)''<br>''anticosine''<br>''inverse cosine''|| '''arocacaoso-naz''' || '''ovuznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic sine (sinh)'' || '''soinihe-naz'''|| '''enuza uznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic cosine (cosh)'' || '''caosohe-naz''' || '''enuza yanuznaz''' |- | ''secant (sec)'' || '''soeca-naz''' || '''golus naz''' |- | ''cosecant (csc)'' || '''casoca-naz''' || '''yangolus naz''' |- | ''arccosecant (arccsc)'' || '''arocacasoca-naz''' || '''enuza yangolus naz''' |} === Poetry Nomenclature === : Mirad uses the nonsense syllables '''di''' and '''da''' to form various poetic meter words that usually are formed with Greek words in English. The syllable '''di''' represents an ''unstressed'' syllable in verse, while the syllable '''da''' denotes a ''stressed'' syllable. These are hyphenated and followed with a space and the word '''deup''' as a noun, which means ''meter'' or ''rhythm''. The adjectival form of the word ends in '''deupa'''. Here are the most common poetic meters: ::* '''di-da deupa'''.... iambic :::* '''di-da yoondeup'''.... ''iambic pentameter'' ::* '''di-di-da deupa'''.... ''anapestic'' ::* '''di-da-da deupa'''.... ''bacchius'' ::* '''da-da deupa'''.... ''spondaic'' ::* '''da-da-da deupa'''.... ''molossus'' ::* '''da-da-di deupa'''.... ''antibacchius'' ::* '''da-di deupa'''.... ''tochaic'' :::* '''da-di deup'''.... ''trochee, choree'' ::* '''da-di-da deupa'''.... ''cretic, amphimacer'' ::* '''da-di-di deupa'''.... ''dactylic'' ::* '''da-di-di yaondeup'''.... ''dactylic hexameter'' ::* '''da-di-di-da deupa'''.... ''amphibrachic'' : Other words representing elements of poetry are: ::* '''drez'''....''poetry, verse'' :::* '''dreza'''....''poetic'' :::* '''drezyen'''....''poesy'' :::* '''drezyan'''....''anthology'' (of poetry) :::* '''drezut'''....''poet'' ::::* '''drezuyt'''....''poetess'' ::::* '''popdrezut'''....''minstrel'' ::::* '''Vikinga drezut'''....''skald'' ::::* '''dreuzut'''....''bard'' :::* '''odrez'''....''prose'' :::* '''vyasma drez'''....''concrete verse'' :::* '''tyoda drez'''....''folk poetry'' :::* '''indeupa drez'''....''trimeter'' :::* '''undeupa drez'''....''tetrameter'' :::* '''yoondeupa drez'''....''pentameter'' :::* '''yaondeupa drez'''....''hexameter'' :::* '''yendeupa drez'''....''heptameter'' :::* '''yindeupa drez'''....''octameter'' :::* '''ogelseuxwa drez'''....''blank verse'' :::* '''yiva drez'''....''free verse'' :::* '''drezun'''....''poem'' ::::* '''deuzwa drezun'''....''sung poem, lay'' ::::* '''dindrezun'''....''ballad'' ::::* '''dizdrezun'''....''limerick'' ::::* '''fiddrezun'''....''ode'' ::::* '''fizdrezun'''....''epic poem'' ::::* '''haikudrezun'''....''haiku'' ::::* '''viysindrezun'''....''idyll'' ::::* '''ifondrezun'''....''love poem, romantic poem'' ::::* '''indrezun'''....''terzain'' ::::* '''jodrezun'''....''epode'' ::::* '''yindrezun'''....''sistina'' ::::* '''klerihyudrezun'''....''clerihew'' ::::* '''meimdrezun'''....''pastoral'' ::::* '''melyexdrezun'''....''georgic'' ::::* '''petnyanuta drezun'''....''pastoral, eclogue'' ::::* '''popduzuta drezun'''....''troubadour poem'' ::::* '''rondodrezun'''....''rondeau, rondel, roundel'' ::::* '''seuz drezun'''....''sound poem'' ::::* '''tadyandrezun'''....''prothalamion, epithalamion'' ::::* '''tankadrezun'''....''tanka'' ::::* '''taxdrezun'''....''epitaph'' ::::* '''tuddrezun'''....''nursery rhyme'' ::::* '''ulondrezun'''....''sonnet'' ::::* '''ujdreznadeon'''....''envoi'' ::::* '''undrezun'''....''quatrain'' ::::* '''unnad drezun'''....''tetrastich'' ::::* '''uvdrezun'''....''elegy'' ::::* '''alyundrezun'''....''villanelle'' ::::* '''virelaydrezun'''....''virelai, virelay'' ::::* '''yizivtos drezun'''....''rhapsody'' ::::* '''yoondrezun'''....''quintain'' ::* '''dreznad'''....''line, -stich, verse'' :::* '''eyndreznad'''...''hemistich'' :::* '''endreznad'''....''couplet'' ::* '''dreznadyan'''....''stanza'' ::* '''gelseux'''....''rhyme'' :::* '''gelseuxyen'''....''rhyme scheme'' :::* '''dunija gelseuxen'''....''alliteration'' ::* '''seuxzoyxen'''....''assonance'' ::* '''geyldyan'''....''simile'' ::* '''yiztyun'''....''metaphor'' ::* '''yanseuzan'''....''consonance'' ::* '''deup'''....''rhythm, beat, metrical foot, meter'' ::* '''kyib'''....''stress'' ::* '''seuz'''....''tone'' === Dimensional Nomenclature === : This chart shows adjectives that describe dimensional relationships: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ Dimensional Words |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- | '''yaba'''....''high(er)'' || '''yeba'''....''inner'' || '''yoba'''....''low(er)'' |- | '''yaiba'''....''tall'' || '''yeiba'''....''deep inside'' || '''yoiba'''....''deep (down)'' |- | '''yauba'''....''short'' || '''yeuba'''....''a short way in'' || '''youba'''....''shallow'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || || '''yoga'''....''short'' |- | '''yiba'''....''far'' || || '''yuba'''....''near'' |- | '''aonada'''....''vertical'' || || '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- | '''kia'''....''diagonal'' || || '''kua'''....''lateral'' |- | '''zyia'''....''flat'' || || '''zyua'''....''round'' |- | '''yaza'''....''concave'' || '''yeza'''....''flush'' || '''yoza'''....''convex'' |} === Geologic Period Nomenclature === : The principal geochronologic units of the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest, are: :** '''joob'''....''eon'' :*** '''ajoob'''....''Hadean Eon'' :*** '''ejoob'''....''Archean Eon'' :*** '''ijoob'''....''Proterozoic Eon'' :*** '''ujoob'''....''Phanerozoic Eon'' :** '''joab'''....''era'' :*** '''ajoab'''....''Eoarchean Era'' :*** '''ejoab'''....''Paleoarchean Era'' :*** '''ijoab'''....''Mesoarchean Era'' :*** '''ujoab'''....''Neoarchean Era'' :*** '''yojoab'''....''Paleoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yajoab'''....''Mesoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yejoab'''....''Neoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yijoab'''....''Paleozoic Era'' :*** '''yujoab'''....''Mesozoic Era'' :*** '''alojoab'''....''Cenozoic Era'' :** '''joeb'''....''period'' :*** '''ajoeb'''....''Siderian Period'' :*** '''ejoeb'''....''Rhyacian Period'' :*** '''ijoeb'''....''Orosirian Period'' :*** '''ujoeb'''....''Statherian Period'' :*** '''yojoeb'''....''Calymmian Period'' :*** '''yajoeb'''....''Ectasian Period'' :*** '''yejoeb'''....''Stenian Period'' :*** '''yijoeb'''....''Tonian Period'' :*** '''yujoeb'''....''Cryogenian Period'' :*** '''alojoeb'''....''Ediacaran Period'' :*** '''alajoeb'''....''Cambrian Period'' :*** '''alejoeb'''....''Ordovician Period'' :*** '''alijoeb'''....''Silurian Period'' :*** '''alujoeb'''....''Devonian Period'' :*** '''alyojoeb'''....''Carboniferous Period'' :*** '''alyajoeb'''....''Permian Period'' :*** '''alyejoeb'''....''Triassic Period'' :*** '''alyijoeb'''....''Jurassic Period'' :*** '''alyujoeb'''....''Cretaceous Period'' :*** '''elojoeb'''....''Paleogene Period'' :*** '''elajoeb'''....''Neogene Period'' :*** '''elejoeb'''....''Quarternary Period'' :** '''joib'''....''epoch'' :*** '''ajoib'''....''Terreneuvian Epoch'' :*** '''ejoib'''....''Series 2 Epoch'' :*** '''ijoib'''....''Miaolingian Epoch'' :*** '''ujoib'''....''Furongian Epoch'' :*** '''yojoib'''....''Lower Epoch'' :*** '''yajoib'''....''Middle Epoch'' :*** '''yejoib'''....''Upper Epoch'' :*** '''yijoib'''....''Llandovery Epoch'' :*** '''yujoib'''....''Wenlock Epoch'' :*** '''alojoib'''....''Ludlow Epoch'' :*** '''alajoib'''....''Pridoli Epoch'' :** '''joub'''....''age'' :*** '''ajoub'''....''Fortunian Age'' :*** '''ejoub'''....''Stage 2 Age'' :*** '''ijoub'''....''Stage 3 Age'' :*** '''ujoub'''....''Stage 4 Age'' :*** '''yojoub'''....''Wulian Age'' :*** '''yajoub'''....''Drumian Age'' :*** '''yejoub'''....''Guzhangian Age'' :*** '''yijoub'''....''Paibian Age'' :*** '''yujoub'''....''Jianshanian Age'' :*** '''alojoub'''....''Stage 10 Age'' :*** '''alajoub'''....''Temadocian Age'' :*** '''alejoub'''....''Floian Age'' :*** '''alijoub'''....''Dapingian Age'' :*** '''alujoub'''....''Darriwilian Age'' :*** '''alyojoub'''....''Sandbian Age'' :*** '''alyajoub'''....''Katian Age'' :*** '''alyejoub'''....''Hirnantian Age'' :*** '''alyijoub'''....''Rhuddanian Age'' :*** '''alyujoub'''....''Aeronian Age'' :*** '''elojoub'''....''Telychian Age'' :*** '''elajoub'''....''Cheinwoodian Age'' :*** '''elejoub'''....''Homerian Age'' :*** '''elijoub'''....''Gorstian Age'' :*** '''elujoub'''....''Ludfordian Age'' :*** '''elyojoub'''....''Pridoli Age'' :*** '''elyajoub'''....''Lochkovian Age'' :*** '''elyejoub'''....''Pragian Age'' :*** '''elyijoub'''....''Emsian Age'' :*** '''elyujoub'''....''Eifelian Age'' :*** '''ilojoub'''....''Givetian Age'' :*** '''ilajoub'''....''Frasnian Age'' :*** '''ilejoub'''....''Famennian Age'' :*** '''ilijoub'''....''Tournaisian Age'' :*** '''ilujoub'''....''Visean Age'' :*** '''ilyojoub'''....''Serpukhovian Age'' :*** '''ilyajoub'''....''Bashkirian Age'' :*** '''ilyejoub'''....''Moscovian Age'' :*** '''ilyijoub'''....''Kasimovian Age'' :*** '''ilyujoub'''....''Gzhelian Age'' :*** '''ulojoub'''....''Asselian Age'' :*** '''ulajoub'''....''Sakmarian Age'' :*** '''ulejoub'''....''Artinskian Age'' :*** '''ulijoub'''....''Kungurian Age'' :*** '''ulujoub'''....''Roadian Age'' :*** '''ulyojoub'''....''Wordian Age'' :*** '''ulyajoub'''....''Capitanian Age'' :*** '''ulyejoub'''....''Wuchiapingian Age'' :*** '''ulyijoub'''....''Changhsingian Age'' :*** '''ulyujoub'''....''Induan Age'' :*** '''yolojoub'''....''Olenekian Age'' :*** '''yolajoub'''....''Anisian Age'' :*** '''yolejoub'''....''Ladnian Age'' :*** '''yolijoub'''....''Carnian Age'' :*** '''yolujoub'''....''Norian Age'' :*** '''yolyojoub'''....''Rhaetian Age'' :*** '''yolyajoub'''....''Hettangian Age'' :*** '''yolyejoub'''....''Sinemurian Age'' :*** '''yolyijoub'''....''Pliensbachian Age'' :*** '''yolyujoub'''....''Toarcian Age'' :*** '''yalojoub'''....''Aalenian Age'' :*** '''yalajoub'''....''Bajocian Age'' :*** '''yalejoub'''....''Bathonian Age'' :*** '''yalijoub'''....''Callovian Age'' :*** '''yalujoub'''....''Oxfordian Age'' :*** '''yalyojoub'''....''Kimmeridgian Age'' :*** '''yalyajoub'''....''Tithonian Age'' :*** '''yalyejoub'''....''Berriasian Age'' :*** '''yalyijoub'''....''Valanginian Age'' :*** '''yalyujoub'''....''Hauterivian Age'' :*** '''yelojoub'''....''Barremian Age '' :*** '''yelajoub'''....''Aptian Age '' :*** '''yelejoub'''....''Albian Age '' :*** '''yelijoub'''....''Cenomanian '' :*** '''yelujoub'''....''Turonian '' :*** '''yelyojoub'''....''Coniacian '' :*** '''yelyajoub'''....''Santonian '' :*** '''yelyejoub'''....''Campanian '' :*** '''yelyijoub'''....''Maastrichtian '' :*** '''yelyujoub'''....''Danian '' :*** '''yilojoub'''....''Selandian '' :*** '''yilajoub'''....''Thanetian '' :*** '''yilejoub'''....''Ypresian '' :*** '''yilijoub'''....''Lutetian '' :*** '''yilujoub'''....''Bartonian '' :*** '''yilyojoub'''....''Priaboanian '' :*** '''yilyajoub'''....''Rupelian '' :*** '''yilyejoub'''....''Chattian '' :*** '''yilyijoub'''....''Aquitanian '' :*** '''yilyujoub'''....''Burdigalian '' :*** '''yulojoub'''....''Langhian '' :*** '''yulajoub'''....''Serravallian '' :*** '''yulejoub'''....''Tortonian '' :*** '''yulijoub'''....''Messinian '' :*** '''yulujoub'''....''Zanclean '' :*** '''yulyojoub'''....''Piacenzian '' :*** '''yulyajoub'''....''Gelasian '' :*** '''yulyejoub'''....''Calabrian '' :*** '''yulyijoub'''....''Chibanian '' :*** '''yulyujoub'''....''Tarantian '' :*** '''asojoub'''....''Greenlandian '' :*** '''asajoub'''....''Northgrippian '' :*** '''asejoub'''....''Meghalayan '' === Names of Diacritics === : The Mirad words for diacritics (= accents) are based on the worldwide Unicode 4.0 standard. There are three kinds of diacritics based on where they are positioned relative to the base: ::* <b>aybsiyn</b>....<i>above mark</i> ::* <b>oybsiyn</b>....<i>below mark</i> ::* <b>absiyn</b>....<i>overlay mark</i> : The names are based on some common shapes: ::* <b>nod</b>....<i>dot</i> ::* <b>grun</b>....<i>hook</i> ::* <b>nad</b>....<i>line</i> ::* <b>kin</b>....<i>slash</i> ::* <b>vu</b>....<i>wedge</i> ::* <b>pyaon</b>....<i>wave</i> ::* <b>zyus</b>....<i>ring</i> ::* <b>uz</b>....<i>arch</i> ::* <b>zeymep</b>....<i>bridge</i> ::* <b>izmufseb</b>....<i>arrowhead</i> ::* <b>mar</b>....<i>star</i> : The above shapes can be modified by adjectives: ::* <b>kia</b>....<i>slanted</i> ::* <b>ao</b>....<i>vertical</i> ::* <b>yoga/yaga</b>....<i>short/long</i> ::* <b>en</b>....<i>double</i> ::* <b>yaba/yoba</b>....<i>up/down</i> ::* <b>zua/zia</b>....<i>left/right</i> ::* <b>oyvuzbwa</b>....<i>inverted</i> : Here is a chart listing the most common diacritics in the world's languages. (Note: Mirad does not use diacritics for its native words.) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;" |+ Mirad Names of Diacritics |- ! Diacritic !! Unicode<br>Value !! Mirad !! Unicode Name |- |<big><b>&#x0301;</b></big>|| 0301||<b> zukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zukin oybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030B;</b></big>|| 030B||<b> enzukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0317;</b></big>|| 0317||<b> zikin oybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030F;</b></big>|| 030F||<b> enzikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> zigrun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0327;</b></big>|| 0327||<b> zugrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>cedilla</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0328;</b></big>|| 0328||<b> zigrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>ogonek, nasal hook</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0302;</b></big>|| 0302||<b> yobvu aybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent, hat</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032D;</b></big>|| 032D||<b> yobvu oybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030C;</b></big>|| 030C||<b> vu aybsiyn</b>||<i>hachek, v above, caron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032C;</b></big>|| 032C||<b> vu oybsiyn</b>||<i>caron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0306;</b></big>|| 0306||<b> yabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0311;</b></big>|| 0311||<b> yobuz aybsin</b>||<i>inverted breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032F;</b></big>|| 032F||<b> yobuz oybsin </b>||<i>inverted breve below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0308;</b></big>|| 0308||<b> ennod aybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis above, double dot above, umlaut, trema</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0324;</b></big>|| 0324||<b> ennod oybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis below, double dot below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0307;</b></big>|| 0307||<b> nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above, overdot, tecka, tittle</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0323;</b></big>|| 0323||<b> nod oybsiyn</b>||<i>dot below, underdot, nang</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0351;</b></big>|| 0351||<b> zua eynzyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031C;</b></big>|| 031C||<b> zua eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia eynzyus aybsign</b>||<i>right half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0339;</b></big>|| 0339||<b> zia eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>right half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0305;</b></big>|| 0305||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>overline, overscore, vinculum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033F;</b></big>|| 033F||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double overline</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0332;</b></big>|| 0332||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>single lowline below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0333;</b></big>|| 0333||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double lowline, double underline, double underscore</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0304;</b></big>|| 0304||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>macron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0331;</b></big>|| 0331||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035E;</b></big>|| 935E||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron, longum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035F;</b></big>|| 035F||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030A;</b></big>|| 030A||<b> zyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>ring above, kroujek, overring</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0325;</b></big>|| 0325||<b> zyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032A;</b></big>|| 032A||<b> zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033A;</b></big>|| 033A||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0303;</b></big>|| 0303||<b> pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0342;</b></big>|| 0342||<b> yagpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek perispomeni</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0360;</b></big>|| 0360||<b> enpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>double tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0330;</b></big>|| 0330||<b> pyaon oybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032B;</b></big>|| 032B||<b> oyvuzbwa enuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted double arch below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033E;</b></big>|| 033E||<b> aonada pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical tilde, yerik</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031A;</b></big>|| 031A||<b> zua gun aybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> aonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> aonad oybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030E;</b></big>|| 030E||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033D;</b></big>|| 033D||<b> xu aybsiyn</b>||<i>x above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0353;</b></big>|| 0353||<b> xu oybsiyn</b>||<i>x below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033C;</b></big>|| 033C||<b> lapiat oybsiyn</b>||<i>seagull below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0310;</b></big>|| 0310||<b> nod ayb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>candrabindu</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0352;</b></big>|| 0352||<b> nod oyb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>fermata</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0314;</b></big>|| 0314||<b> zia grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma above, dasia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0326;</b></big>|| 0326||<b> zia grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0313;</b></big>|| 0313||<b> zua grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>reversed comma above, psili</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0320;</b></big>|| 0320||<b> gobsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>minus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031F;</b></big>|| 031F||<b> gabsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>plus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubay ge aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equals above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0349;</b></big>|| 0349||<b> zua gun oybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033B;</b></big>|| 033B||<b> ungun oybsiyn</b>||<i>square below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0334;</b></big>|| 0334||<b> Gereda nod-kin-nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek dialytika tonos</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia izmufseb aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x08F7;</b></big>|| 0356||<b> zia izmufseb ay yabizmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead and up arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0355;</b></big>|| 0355||<b> zia izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0354;</b></big>|| 0354||<b> zua izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>left arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0318;</b></big>|| 0318||<b> zua zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>left tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0319;</b></big>|| 0319||<b> zia zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>right tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031D;</b></big>|| 031D||<b> yob zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>up tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031E;</b></big>|| 031E||<b> yab zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>down tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0337;</b></big>|| 0337||<b> yoga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>short slash overlay, short solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0338;</b></big>|| 0338||<b> yaga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>long slash overlay, long solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0322;</b></big>|| 0322||<b> zoykixwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>retroflex hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0359;</b></big>|| 0359||<b> mar oybsiyn</b>||<i>asterisk below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035A;</b></big>|| 035A||<b> enzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>double ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0358;</b></big>|| 0358||<b> zinod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above right</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035C;</b></big>|| 035C||<b> enyabuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve below, ligature tie below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035D;</b></big>|| 035D||<b> enyabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0361;</b></big>|| 0361||<b> enyobuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double inverted breve, top ligature, tie bar</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035B;</b></big>|| 035B||<b> uiznad aybsiyn</b>||<i>zigzag above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0347;</b></big>|| 0347||<b> gese oybsiyn</b>||<i>equals sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubgese aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equal to above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0362;</b></big>|| 0362||<b> enziizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>double rightwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034E;</b></big>|| 034E||<b> yabizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>upwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> ziizmuf aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034A;</b></big>|| 034A||<b> opyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>not tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x037A;</b></big>|| 037A||<b> iota oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek ypogegrammeni, iota subscript</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0374;</b></big>|| 0374||<b> Gereda sag aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek numeral sign, dexia keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0375;</b></big>|| 0375||<b> Gereda sag oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek lower numeral sign, aristeri keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0651;</b></big>|| 0651||<b> xadda aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic shadda</i> |- |<big><b>&#x065E;</b></big>|| 065E||<b> fatha aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic fatha with two dots</i> |- |<big><b>&#x061A;</b></big>|| 061A||<b> kasra oybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic small kasra</i> |- |<big><b>&#x064C;</b></big>|| 064C||<b> damma aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic dammatan</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0652;</b></big>|| 0652||<b> sukun aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic sukun</i> |} === Grammar Terms === :*'''drevyab'''....''grammar'' :*'''dun'''....''word'' :*'''dyen'''....''phrase'' :*'''dyan'''....''sentence'' :** '''delyea'''....''declarative'' :** '''didyea'''....''interrogative'' :** '''azteudyea'''....''exclamatory'' :*'''dyangon'''....''clause'' :** '''agala dyangon'''....''main clause'' :** '''abyosyea dyangon'''....''dependent clause'' :** '''obdabyea dyangon'''....''subordinate clause'' :*'''anyendyen'''....''idiom'' :*'''dalzeyn'''....''language'' :*'''dalzeynes'''....''dialect'' :*'''dalyen'''....''locution'' :*'''dungon'''....''syllable'' :*'''dunog'''....''particle'' :*'''abun'''....''affix'' :** '''zabun'''....''prefix'' :** '''zobun'''....''suffix'' :** '''yebun'''....''infix'' :*'''kyid'''....''stress'' :*'''dredyen'''....''spelling, orthography'' :*'''seuxden'''....''pronunciation'' :*'''dalgon'''....''part of speech'' :**'''sundun'''....''noun'' :**'''avdun'''....''pronoun'' :**'''erdun'''....''verb'' :**'''adun'''....''adjective'' :**'''aydun'''....''adverb'' :**'''ebdun'''....''preposition'' :**'''yanxdun'''....''conjunction'' :**'''oybdun'''....''particle'' :**'''asaundun'''....''article, determiner'' :*'''jobyen'''....''tense'' :** '''eja'''....''present tense'' :** '''aja'''....''past tense'' :** '''oja'''....''future tense'' :** '''vensona'''....''conditional'' :* '''teagun'''....''aspect'' :** '''ikna'''....''perfect'' :** '''oikna'''....''imperfect'' :** '''zaypasyea'''....''progressive'' :*'''tipyen'''....''mood'' :** '''izeadyea'''....''indicative mood'' :** '''ovyamxwa'''....''subjunctive mood'' :*'''teuz'''....''voice'' :** '''axlyea'''....''active'' :** '''xolyea'''....''passive'' :** '''syundabea'''....''transitive'' :** '''osyundabea'''....''intransitive'' :** '''zyinzoyubea'''....''reflexive'' :*'''sankyas'''....''case'' :** '''syina'''....''nominative, subject'' :** '''bina'''....''genitive, possessive'' :** '''buna'''....''dative'' :** '''izsyuna'''....''accusative, direct object'' :** '''oizsyuna'''....''indirect object'' :** '''byina'''....''ablative'' :** '''dyuena'''....''vocative'' :*'''toob'''....''gender'' :** '''twooba'''....''masculine'' :** '''tooyba'''....''feminine'' :** '''evtwooba'''....''neuter'' :*'''sag'''....''number'' :** '''ansaga'''....''singular'' :** '''glasaga'''....''plural'' :*'''sagdun'''....''numeral'' == Forming Adjectives == : You can form an adjective by adding the suffix '''a''' to a substantive, any adverb not ending in '''-ay''', or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adjectives |- ! Noun !! Adjective |- | '''taam'''....''home'' || '''taama'''....''domestic'' |- | '''doob'''....''nation'' || '''dooba'''....''national'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''teja'''....''vital'' |- | '''tyoyapyaf'''....''ability to walk'' || '''tyoyapyafa'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''martun'''....''astronomy'' || '''martuna'''....''astronomical'' |- ! Pronoun !! Adjective |- | '''at'''....''I, me'' || '''ata'''....''my'' |- | '''eut'''....''yourself'' || '''euta'''....''your own'' |- | '''hiyen'''....''this kind'' || '''hiyena'''....''this kind of'' |- | '''duhot?'''....''who?'' || '''duhota?'''....''whose?'' |- ! Gerund !! Adjective |- | '''ifeken'''....''recreation'' || '''ifekena'''....''recreational'' |- ! Adverb !! Adjective |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiba'''....''distant'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaba'''....''high, upper'' |- ! Verb Form !! Adjective (= Participle) |- | '''teje'''....''(he) lives'' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- | '''tojo'''....''will die'' || '''tojoa'''....''moribund, about to die'' |- | '''tojbu'''....''would kill'' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- | '''twa'''....''was known'' || '''twaa'''....''known'' (usu. shortened to '''twa''') |} === Adjectival Suffixes === : Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just '''a'''. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Other Adjectives |- ! Suffix !! Meaning !! Noun !! Adjective |- ! rowspan=3|-ava !!rowspan=3| ''pro-, for'' !! !! |- | '''Usom'''<br>''U.S.'' || '''Usomava'''<br>''pro-U.S.'' |- | '''yuvrin'''<br>''slavery'' || '''yuvrinava'''<br>''pro-slavery'' |- ! rowspan=3|-ova !!rowspan=3| ''anti-, against'' !! !! |- | '''dobvyabyan'''<br>''constitution'' || '''dovyabyanova'''<br>''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''dot'''<br>''society'' || '''dotova'''<br>''anti-social'' |- ! rowspan=5|-aya !!rowspan=5| ''full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzaya'''<br>''colorful'' |- | '''futax'''<br>''resentment'' || '''futaxaya'''<br>''resentful'' |- | '''tiibil'''<br>''blood'' || '''tiibilaya'''<br>''bloody'' |- | '''yiflan'''<br>''courage'' || '''yiflanaya'''<br>''courageous'' |- ! rowspan=3|-oya !!rowspan=3| ''bereft of, -less, un-'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzoya'''<br>''colorless, pale'' |- | '''tajyaf'''<br>''talent'' || '''tajyafoya'''<br>''untalented'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ika !!rowspan=2| ''full of, -ous, -ful, -y'' !! !! |- | '''map'''<br>''wind'' || '''mapika'''<br>''windy'' |- ! rowspan=2|-uka !!rowspan=2| ''bereft of, without, -less'' !! !! |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasuka'''<br>''broke, penniless'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yena !! rowspan=4|''-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al'' !! !! |- | '''tudet'''<br>''child'' || '''tudetyena'''<br>''childish, infantile'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' || '''totyena'''<br>''divine, godly'' |- | '''pit'''<br>''fish'' || '''pityena'''<br>''fish-like, fishy'' |- ! rowspan=5|-wa or -awa !! rowspan=5|''-ed, past passive participle''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Past Passive Participle |- | '''t-'''<br>''know'' || '''twa'''<br>''known'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalwa'''<br>''spoken, oral'' |- | '''nixbu-'''<br>''sell'' || '''nixbuwa'''<br>''sold'' |- | '''dr-'''<br>''write'' || '''drawa'''<br>''written'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ea !!rowspan=4| ''-ing''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''ot-'''<br>''not know'' || '''otea'''<br>''ignorant'' |- | '''tej-'''<br>''live'' || '''tejea'''<br>''living, alive'' |- | '''tuj-'''<br>''die'' || '''tujea'''<br>''dying'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yea !!rowspan=5| ''-ive, prone to Xing, given to X''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''tujb-'''<br>''kill'' || '''tujbyea'''<br>''murderous'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texyea'''<br>''pensive, thoughtful'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyea'''<br>''forgetful'' |- | '''axl-'''<br>''act'' || '''axlyea'''<br>''active'' |- ! rowspan=5|-uwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, apt to be Xed''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Passive Participle |- | '''ex-'''<br>''operate'' || '''exuwa'''<br>''operable'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''feel'' || '''tosuwa'''<br>''palpable'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texuwa'''<br>''conceivable'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''teluwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yafa !!rowspan=3| ''-able, capable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafa'''<br>''sightful, able to see'' |- | '''dyed-'''<br>''read'' || '''dyedyafa'''<br>''literate'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yafwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, possible to be Xed''<br> (added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyafwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''telyafwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofa !!rowspan=5| ''incapable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' |- | '''tyoyap-'''<br>''walk'' || '''tyoyapyofa'''<br>''lame'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''dumb, incapable of speaking'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofwa !!rowspan=5| ''un-X-able'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''inaudible'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyofa'''<br>''unforgetable'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''unspeakable'' |- ! rowspan=6|-ifa !!rowspan=6| ''fond of, -phile'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''pot'''<br>''animal'' || '''potifa'''<br>''pet-friendly'' |- | '''hyitoob-'''<br>''same-gender'' || '''hyitoobifa'''<br>''homophile'' |- | '''tobot'''<br>''child'' || '''tobotifa'''<br>''pedophile'' |- | '''fitel'''<br>''food'' || '''fitelifa'''<br>''gourmand'' |- | '''doob'''<br>''nation'' || '''doobifa'''<br>''patriotic'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ifwa !!rowspan=2| ''loved by'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tyod'''<br>''people'' || '''tyodifwa'''<br>''popular'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ufa !!rowspan=4| ''adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tob'''<br>''human'' || '''tobufa'''<br>''misanthropic'' |- | '''hyut-'''<br>''other person'' || '''hyutufa'''<br>''xenophobic'' |- | '''toyb-'''<br>''woman'' || '''toybufa'''<br>''misogynist'' |- ! rowspan=5|-ef(w)a !!rowspan=5|''needful of,<br>(necessary to be X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''til'''<br>''drink'' || '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' |- | '''tel'''<br>''food'' || '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' |- | '''yelb-'''<br>''to oil'' || '''yelbefwa'''<br>''squeaky, in need of oil'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yef(w)a !!rowspan=4| ''worthy of,<br> due to be (deserving of being X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''fid'''<br>''praise'' || '''fidyefa'''<br>''praiseworthy'' |- | '''dud'''<br>''answer'' || '''dudyefa'''<br>''responsible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyefwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yuk(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''easy to, (easily X-ed)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyuka'''<br>''gullible'' |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyukwa'''<br>''incredible, hard to believe'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yik(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''hard to,<br>(hard of X-ing)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyikwa'''<br>''opaque'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyika'''<br>''hard of hearing'' |} === Adjectival Prefixes === ==== Negating the Meaning of Adjectives ==== ::: The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix '''o-'''. ::: Examples: ::::* '''vlea'''....''probable'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>vlea'''....''improbable'' ::::* '''fika'''....''perfect'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fika'''....''imperfect'' ::::* '''twa'''....''known'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>twa'''....''unknown'' ::::* '''bosa'''....''quiet'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>bosa'''....''upset, unquiet'' ::: Note: Occasionally, the prefix '''lo-''' is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case: ::::* '''fwa'''....''wanted'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fwa'''....''prohibited'' <big><</big> '''ofer'''....''to prohibit'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>yo</u>fwa'''....''impossible'' <big><</big> '''yofer'''....''to be unable'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>lo</u>fwa'''....''unwanted'' <big><</big> '''fer'''....''to want'' (disambiguated) ::: The prefixes '''lyo-''' and '''ov''' are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective: ::::* '''data'''....''friendly'' ::::* '''odata'''....''unfriendly'' ::::* '''ovdata'''....''hostile'' ::::* '''lyodata'''....''inimical'' ::::* '''dota'''....''social'' ::::* '''odota'''....''unsocial'' ::::* '''ovdota'''....''antisocial'' ::::* '''lyodota'''....''savage'' ==== Table of Adjective Prefixes ==== ::: As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones: :::{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes<br>Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column |- ! Mirad Prefix !! English Prefix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | '''o-''' || ''un-, a(n)-, in-, non-'' ||'''<u>o</u>baka'''....''unhealthy''<br>'''<u>o</u>yezyebeya'''....''incontinent'', '''<u>o</u>yelpea'''....''non-invasive''<br>'''<u>o</u>totina'''....''atheist'' |- |'''ov-''' || ''anti-, counter-'' || '''<u>ov</u>zuina'''....''anti-leftist''<br>'''<u>ov</u>iztida'''....''counter-intuitive'' |- |'''av-''' || ''pro-'' || '''<u>av</u>hyitoosifa'''....''pro-gay'' |- | '''kovyo-''' ||''pseudo-'' || '''<u>kovyo</u>tepina'''....''pseudo-intellectual'' |- | '''hya(s)-''' || ''all-, pan-, omni-'' || '''<u>hyas</u>tea'''....''all-knowing, omniscient'' |- | '''voy-, gal-''' || ''re-'' || '''<u>voy</u>upya'''....''returned''<br>'''<u>gal</u>abwa'''....''<u>re</u>applied'' |- | '''vyo-''' || ''mis-'' || '''<u>vyo</u>seudxwa'''....''mispronounced'' |- | '''eyn-''' || ''semi-, half-'' ||'''<u>eyn</u>levelaya'''....''semi-sweet''<br>'''<u>eyn</u>tija'''....''half-awake'' |- |'''yiz-''' || ''ultra-, super-'' || '''<u>yiz</u>doobina'''....''ultra-nationalist''<br>'''<u>yiz</u>mola'''....''supernatural'' |- | '''gro-''' || ''under-, hypo-'' || '''<u>gro</u>jaga'''....''under-aged'' |- | '''gra-''' || ''over-, hyper-, uber-'' || '''<u>gra</u>agxwa'''....''overgrown''<br>'''<u>gra</u>toseya'''....''hypersensitive'' |- | '''gla-''' ||''multi-, many-, poly-'' || '''<u>gla</u>kuma'''....''multilateral''<br>'''<u>gla</u>tadaya'''....''polygamous'' |- |'''fu-''' || ''mal-, ill-'' || '''<u>fu</u>teyenxwa'''....''ill-conceived''<br>'''<u>fu</u>sanxwa'''....''malformed'' |- | '''fi-''' || ''well-'' || '''<u>fi</u>tofabwa'''....''well-dressed'' |- | '''yuyb-''' ||''quasi-, almost'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>daba'''....''quasi-governmental'' |- | '''ja-''' || ''pre-, (a)fore-, pro-'' ||'''<u>ja</u>teyenxwa'''....''pre-conceived''<br>'''<u>ja</u>igdawa'''....''aformentioned'' |- | '''jo-''' || ''post-'' || '''<u>jo</u>dropeka'''....''post-war'' |- | '''oyeb-'''|| ''extra-, exo-, '' || '''<u>oyeb</u>tada'''....''extra-marital'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-'' || '''<u>yeb</u>tayoba'''....''endo-dermal'' |- | '''agl(a)-''' || ''macro-'' || '''<u>agla</u>mora'''....''macrocosmic'' |- | '''ogl(a)-''' || ''micro-'' || '''<u>ogla</u>mora'''....''microcosmic'' |- | '''ut-''' || ''auto-, self-, sui-'' || '''<u>ut</u>pana'''....''automatic''<br>'''<u>ut</u>tojbua'''....''suicidal'' |- | '''hyaewa-''' || ''ambi-'' || '''<u>hyaewa</u>tesea'''....''ambivalent'' |- | '''en-''' || ''bi-'' || '''<u>en</u>toobifa'''....''bisexual'' |- | '''yuz-''' || ''circum-'' || '''<u>yuz</u>teaxea'''....''circumspect'' |- | '''gel-''' || ''homo-'' || '''<u>gel</u>sauna'''....''homogeneous'' |- | '''ogel-''' || ''hetero-'' || '''<u>ogel</u>sauna'''....''heterogeneous'' |- | '''oyb-''' || ''infra-, sub-'' || '''<u>oyb</u>ivoza'''....''infrared'' |- | '''ge-''' || ''iso-, equi-'' || '''<u>ge</u>voza'''....''isochromatic'' |- | '''agr(a)-''' || ''mega-'' || '''<u>agra</u>tipa'''....''megamaniacal'' |- | '''ku-''' || ''para-'' || '''<u>ku</u>ega'''....''paranormal'' |- | '''yuyb-''' || ''quasi-, almost, pen-'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>dobyena'''....''quasi-official'' |- | '''yib-''' || ''tele-, far-'' || '''<u>yib</u>pyuxea'''....''far-reaching'' |- | '''zey-''' || ''trans-, cross-'' || '''<u>zey</u>mimaga'''....''transoceanic'' |- | '''aaj-''' || ''paleo-'' || '''<u>aaj</u>toba'''....''paleoloanthropic'' |- | '''eej-''' || ''neo-'' || '''<u>eej</u>visauna'''....''neoclassical'' |- | '''yibaj-''' || ''arch(a)eo-, ancient'' || '''yibajtuna'''....''archaeological'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-, inner, intro-'' || '''yebzena'''....''endocentric''<br>'''yebuzbwa'''....''introverted'' |- | '''oyeb-''' || ''exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)-'' || '''oyebzena'''....''exocentric''<br>'''oyebuzbwa'''....''extroverted'' |- | '''yab(an)-''' || ''high-, up'' || '''yabnoga'''....''upscale''<br>'''yabnayxa'''....''high-priced'' |- | '''yaban-''' || ''acro-'' || '''yabanyufa'''....''acrophobic'' |- | '''yob-''' || ''low-, down-'' || '''yobnoga'''....''low-grade, down-scale'' |} === English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison === : Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared |- ! English Suffix !! Meaning !! Mirad Suffix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | ''-ful'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''voz<u>aya</u>'''....''colorful''<br> '''tuz<u>ika</u>'''....''skillful'' |- | ''-ous'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''naz<u>ika</u>'''....''precious''<br> '''mil<u>aya</u>'''....''aqueous'' |- | ''-filled'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoke-filled'' |- | ''-y'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoky''<br> |- | ''-ous'' || of<br> like || '''-a''' || '''totin<u>a</u>'''....''religious''<br> '''vyos<u>a</u>'''....''erroneous'' |- | ''-ly'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tot<u>yena</u>'''....''godly''<br> '''toyb<u>yena</u>'''....''womanly'' |- | ''-like'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pat<u>yena</u>'''....''bird-like'' |- | ''-ish'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tobot<u>yena</u>'''....''childish'' |- | ''-y'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''fyab<u>yena</u>'''....''fruity'' |- | ''-ic'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tuz<u>yena</u>'''....''artistic''<br> '''sil<u>yena</u>'''....''acidic'' |- | ''-ic'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''tun<u>a</u>'''....''scientific''<br> '''bek<u>a</u>'''....''therapeutic'' |- | ''-ical'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''zyunid<u>a</u>'''....''spherical''<br> '''iztex<u>a</u>'''....''logical'' |- | ''-ological'' || pertaining to the study of || '''-tuna''' || '''tej<u>tuna</u>'''....''biological'' |- | ''-ist(ic)'' || pertaining to the doctrine of || '''-ina''' || '''dopar<u>ina</u>'''....''militarist(ic)''<br> '''nasyan<u>ina</u>'''....''capitalist(ic)'' |- | ''-ophobic'' (and ''miso-'' prefix) || hating<br> fearful of || '''-ufa''' || '''yudat<u>ufa</u>'''....''xenophonic''<br> '''tobyan<u>ufa</u>'''....''misanthropic'' |- | ''-ophilic'' (and ''philo-'' prefix) || loving || '''-ifa''' || '''tobot<u>ifa</u>'''....''pedophilic''<br> '''tob<u>ifa</u>'''....''philanthropic'' |- | ''-al'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pyot<u>yena</u>'''....''bestial'' |- | ''-al'' || of<br> pertaining to || '''-a''' || '''tej<u>a</u>'''....''vital''<br> '''aman<u>a</u>'''....''thermal'' |- | ''-less'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''tej<u>uka</u>'''....''lifeless''<br> '''tobot<u>oya</u>'''....''childless'' |- | ''-free'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''yom<u>uka</u>'''....''ice-free''<br> '''vyos<u>oya</u>'''....''error-free'' |- | ''-safe<br> -proof'' || free<br> not subject to || '''-vaka''' || '''mil<u>vaka</u>'''....''water<u>proof</u>'' |} == Forming Adverbs == : Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix '''a''', in other words, by adding a '''y''' to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''fi<u>a</u>'''....''good'' || '''fi<u>ay</u>'''....''well'' |- | '''vya<u>a</u>'''....''true'' || '''vya<u>ay</u>'''....''truly'' |- | '''gyu<u>a</u>'''....''easy'' || '''gyu<u>ay</u>'''....''easily'' |- | '''ig<u>a</u>'''....''quick'' || '''ig<u>ay</u>'''....''quickly'' |- | '''aut<u>a</u>'''....''personal'' || '''aut<u>ay</u>'''....''personally'' |} : For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example: ::* '''It tyoyape <u>ig</u>.'''....''He walks <u>fast</u>.'' ::* '''Yit xa has <u>fi</u>.'''....''They did it <u>well</u>.'' === Special Adverbs === : Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in '''-ay'''. : Here are the principal such adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Special Adverbs |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''vay'''||''indeed, really, certainly, do'' (cf. '''va'''....''yes'') |- | '''vey'''||''possibly, may, might'' (cf. '''ve'''....''maybe'') |- | '''voy'''||''not'' (cf. '''vo'''....''no'') |- | '''ga'''||''more'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gay'''||''also, moreover, further, still'' |- | '''ge'''||''as, equally'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gey'''||''even'' |- | '''go'''||''less'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''goy'''||''no longer, no more'' |- | '''gla'''||''very'' |- | '''glay'''||''quite, rather, so'' |- | '''gle'''||''so'' |- | '''glo'''||''not very, not so'' |- | '''gra'''||''too'' |- | '''gre'''||''enough, sufficiently, over-'' |- | '''gro'''||''not...enough, inadequately, under-'' |- | '''gwa'''||''most, super-'' |- | '''gwe'''||''average'' |- | '''gwo'''||''least, sub-'' |- | '''zay'''||''ahead, forward'' |- | '''zey'''||''across'' |- | '''zoy'''||''back'' |- | '''zye'''||''through'' |- | '''zya'''||''throughout'' |} : The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow: ::* AFFIRMATIVE: '''Va, at <u>vay</u> se taduwa.'''....''Yes, I am <u>indeed</u> married.'' ::* DUBITIVE: '''Iyta dud se <u>vey</u> vyosa.'''....''Her response is <u>possibly</u> wrong.'' ::* NEGATIVE: '''At <u>voy</u> se eta yuxrut.'''....''I am <u>not</u> your slave.'' : The adverbs above beginning with '''g''' are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb: ::* '''Et se <u>gla</u> via.'''....''You are <u>very</u> beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].'' ::* '''Et peya <u>gra</u> ig.'''....''You were going <u>too</u> fast [=ADVERB].'' ::* '''It <u>gra</u> dale.'''....''He talks [=VERB] <u>too</u> much.'' : Adverbs can be combined with prepositions to form compound prepositions. If the adverbs ends in '''b''' and the preposition following it begins in '''b''', they are joined together with a single '''b'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Compound Prepositions |- ! Special Adverb !! Example |- | '''yab'''....''up'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yabu''' || '''Ha pat papa <u>yabu</u> ha mam.'''....''The bird flew <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yobu'''|| '''Teaxu <u>yobu</u> ha mel.'''....''Look <u>down to</u> the ground.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yobi''' || '''Upu <u>yobi</u> ha abmas!'''....''Come <u>down from</u> the roof!'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yubi''' || '''Besu <u>yubi</u> ha mas.'''....''Stay <u>near (from)</u> the wall.'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yibi''' || '''Ha tobi igpia <u>yibi</u> ha yovbyokam.'''....''The people ran <u>far from</u> the prison.'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in, inward, inside'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yebu''' || '''Kyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa <u>yebu</u>ha tam!'''....''Guess who just walked <u>into</u> the house!'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out, outside'' + '''zye'''....''through'' || '''It tyoyapa <u>oyeb zye</u> ha zames.'''....''He walked <u>out</u> through the front door.'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>iz bu</u> hat.'''....''Go <u>right up to</u> him.'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''ub'''....''toward''|| '''Uzpu <u>zi ub</u> yat!'''....''Turn <u>right toward</u> us!'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Hat uzpa <u>zu ib</u> at.'''....''He turned <u>left away from</u> me.'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>zay bu</u> ha uj.'''....''Go <u>on to</u> the end.'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Upu <u>zoy bi</u> hua nem.'''....''Come <u>back from</u> that place.'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' + '''bay'''....''with'' || '''Van yat tyopu <u>yan bay</u> ha hyuti.'''....''Let's walk <u>together with</u> the others.'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Ha meri kyapeye <u>yon bi </u> hyuisi.'''....''The planets are drifting <u>apart from</u> one another.'' |} === Pro-adverbs === : There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as '''''pro-adverbs'''''. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like '''duhom?''' (''where?''), '''duhoyen?''' (''how?''), '''duhoj?''' (''when?''), '''duhogla''' (''to what extent?''), and their answers, such as '''hum''' (''there''), '''heyen''' (''somehow''), and '''hyoj''' (''never''), '''hugla''' (''so, to that extent''). These words are discussed under the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners|Deictic Determiners]]. == Forming Verbs == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech: ::* Noun stems ::* Adjective stems ::* Verb stems === Forming Verbs from Nouns === : Verbs can sometimes be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix '''er''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Denominal Verb Derivation |- ! Noun !! Verb |- | '''ak'''....''a gain'' || '''aker'''....''to win'' |- | '''af'''....''permission'' || '''afer'''....''may, be allowed'' |- | '''teud'''....''cry, shout'' || '''teuder'''....''to cry, shout, exclaim'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''tajer'''....''to be born'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tejer'''....''to live'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''tojer'''....''to die'' |- | '''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejer'''....''to continue'' |- | '''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijer'''....''to begin'' |- | '''uj'''....''end'' || '''ijer'''....''to end'' |- | '''yuj'''....''sleep'' || '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' |} === Verb Formants === : More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such '''''verb formants''''' are in this chart: :* '''-ser'''....''to be/become'' usually intransitive and stative (''unite'' = ''become one'') ::* '''-sler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-srer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-xer'''....''to do/make'' usually transitive and dynamic (''unite'' = ''make one'') ::* '''-xler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-xrer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-per'''....''to go'' usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (''mount'' = ''get onto'') ::* '''-pler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-prer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ber'''....''to put'' usually transitive and a verb of gesture (''apply'' = ''put onto'') ::* '''-bler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-brer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ier''' a stub from the verb '''bier'''....''to take'', usually an action verb benefiting the agent (''eat'' = ''take food'') :* '''-uer''' a stub from the verb '''buer'''....''to give'', usually an action verb benefiting the patient (''feed'' = ''give food'') :* '''-der'''....''to say'', a verb of communication (''affirm'' = ''say yes'') :* '''-drer'''....''to write'' :* '''-ter'''....''to know'', verbs of the perception and knowledge ('''teater''' = ''see'') :: Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids '''l''' or '''r''', eg.'''sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Verb Formants |- ! Noun !! Auxiliary Verb Or Verb Stub Formant !! Verb |- | '''yav'''....''innocence'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''yavder'''....''to acquit'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''yovaber'''....''to shame, accuse'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''yovober'''....''to excuse, exculpate'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''tofaber'''....''to dress, don'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''tofober'''....''to undress, strip'' |- | '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''detser'''....''to associate'' |- | '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''datxer'''....''to befriend'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''sanser'''....''to form (intransitive)'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''sanxer'''....''to form (transitive)'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''telier'''....''to eat, consume'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed, nourish'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tajber'''....''to give birth'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tejper'''....''to come alive'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tejber'''....''to bring to life'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tojber'''....''to kill'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tijper'''....''to wake up'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tijber'''....''to awaken'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''taxier'''....''to recall'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''yev'''....''justice'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''vyan'''....''truth'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyander'''....''to tell the truth'' |- | '''vyon'''....''falsehood'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyonder'''....''to tell a lie'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aker'''....''to gain'' || '''ilaker'''....''to take on liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' || '''iloker'''....''to leak, lose liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ilier'''....''to soak up'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour, water'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikser'''....''to get full'' || '''ilikser'''....''to be soaked'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikxer'''....''to fill up'' || '''ilikxer'''....''to flood, soak'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukser'''....''to become empty'' || '''ilukser'''....''to drain'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukxer'''....''to empty'' || '''ilukxer'''....''to flush'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''ilser'''....''to liquify, melt'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''ilxer'''....''to liquify, melt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''ilaber'''....''to wash'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aper'''....''to get on'' || '''ilaper'''....''to float'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''ilper'''....''to flow'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' || '''ilzyaber'''....''to spray, shower'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyober'''....''to squeeze'' || '''ilzyober'''....''to squirt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''pyexer'''....''to strike'' || '''ilpyexer'''....''to splash (with liquid)'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''yujer'''....''to close'' || '''ilyujer'''....''to plug'' |} : Note that verbs ending in '''-ser''' and '''-ier''' are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in '''-xer''' and '''-uer''' are transitive. Also, '''-ier''' verbs are subject-directed, while '''-uer''' verbs are object-directive or causative (making someone do something). === Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser === : The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with '''-xer'''....''to do, make, cause'', and the intransitive group with '''-ser'''....''to be, become''. : The following chart shows how these verbs are formed: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aza'''....''strong'' || '''azaxer'''....''fortify, strengthen, make strong'' || '''azaser'''....''get strong'' |- | '''oza'''....''week'' || '''ozaxer'''....''weaken'' || '''ozaser'''....''grow weaker'' |- | '''kyia'''....''heavy'' || '''kyiaxer'''....''weigh down'' || '''kyiaser'''....''grow heavy'' |- | '''kyua'''....''light'' || '''kyuaxer'''....''lighten, make lighter'' || '''kyuaser'''....''get lighter'' |- | '''yana'''....''together'' || '''yanaxer'''....''bring together'' || '''yanaser'''....''get together'' |} : The final adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the '''a''' makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agaxer'''....''magnify'' || '''agaser'''....''get big'' |- | || '''agxer'''....''grow'' || '''agxer'''....''grow up, mature'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iga'''....''fast'' || '''igaxer'''....''accelerate'' || '''igaser'''....''speed up'' |- | || '''igxer'''....''rush'' || '''igser'''....''hurry up'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''baka'''....''healthy'' || '''bakaxer'''....''make healthy'' || '''bakaser'''....''get healthy'' |- | || '''bakxer'''....''heal'' || '''bakser'''....''heal'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''sana'''....''formal'' || '''sanaxer'''....''formalize'' || '''sanaser'''....''become formal'' |- | || '''sanxer'''....''form, shape'' || '''sanser'''....''form, take shape'' |} === Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per === : Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb '''ber'''....''to put'', while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb '''per'''....''to go''. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in '''b''', the '''b''' is dropped. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Ber and Per |- ! Preposition<br>Base !! Transitive Gesture Verb !! Intransitive Motion Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply, put on'' || '''aper'''....''mount, get on'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove, take off'' || '''oper'''....''dismount, get off'' |- | '''ib'''....''away'' || '''iber'''....''receive'' || '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''send'' || '''uper'''....''come'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yeber'''....''insert''<br>'''oyeber'''....''take out'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''<br>'''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''lower'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''move away'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- ! !! !! |- |- | '''za'''....''front'' || '''zaber'''....''put up front'' || '''zaper'''....''take the lead'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''zayber'''....''advance'' || '''zayper'''....''advance, go forward'' |- | '''ze'''....''middle'' || '''zeber'''....''balance'' || '''zeper'''....''balance'' |- | '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zeyber'''....''take across, transfer'' || '''zeyper'''....''cross, go over, transit'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zober'''....''hinder'' || '''zoper'''....''trail, lag'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoyber'''....''set back, return'' || '''zoyper'''....''retreat, go back, return'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izber'''....''guide'' || '''izper'''....''aim for'' |- | '''uz'''....''crooked'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''turn, diverge'' |- |- '''zi'''....''right'' || '''ziber'''....''set to the right'' || '''ziper'''....''go right'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuber'''....''set to the left'' || '''zuper'''.... ''go left'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''take beyond'' || '''yizper'''....''pass by'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''take around'' || '''yuzper'''....''go around'' |} ==== Deriving Further Verbs of Gesture and Motion ==== : More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of '''ser''' and '''xer''', plus the intensifiers '''y''', '''l''' and '''r'''. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial '''p''' is a more semantically intense version of '''b'''. Also the verb endings '''-sler''' and '''-srer''' and more intense versions of the intransitive ending '''-ser''', while '''-xler''' and '''-xrer''' and more intense version of the transitve ending '''-xer'''. Verbs ending in '''-ler''' and '''-rer''' are transitive voice by nature, '''-rer''' being more semantically intense. Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating More Elaborate Verbs |- ! colspan="2"| Gesture Verb !! colspan="2"| Motion Verb |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | -- ||'''ber'''....''put'' <br>'''beer'''....''have'' <br>'''beler'''....''carry'' <br>'''bexer'''....''hold'' <br>'''bexler'''....''keep'' | '''per'''....''go''||-- |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press''<br>'''yanbaler'''....''compress''<br>'''yobaler'''....''depress, suppress''<br>'''yuzbaler'''....''hug''<br>'''zoybaler'''....''repress''<br>'''barer'''....''crush'' ||'''paer'''....''hover'' || |- |'''baser'''....''gesticulate'' || '''baxer'''....''make a gesture''<br>'''abaxer'''....''caress, pat'' || '''paser'''....''move''||'''paxer'''....''move'' |- |'''byaser'''....''stand up'' || '''byaxer'''....''set up, erect'' || '''pyaser'''....''jump up'' || '''pyaxer'''....''shoot, launch'' |- |'''basler'''....''budge'' || '''baxler'''....''rouse''<br>'''abaxler'''....''stroke'' || '''paaser'''....''get excited'' || '''paaxer'''....''excite''<br>'''apaxler'''....''sweep'' |- |'''basrer'''....''shake'' || '''baxrer'''....''shake''<br>'''abaxrer'''....''rub'' || || '''apaxrer'''....''scrub'' |- ! !! !! !! |- |'''beser'''....''stay'' || '''bexer'''....''hold''<br>'''zoybexer'''....''restrain''<br>'''yobexer'''....''detain, hold down'' || '''peser'''....''wait'' || '''pexer'''....''trap''<br>'''pexler'''....''capture''<br>'''pexrer'''....''abduct'' |- |'''byeser'''....''behave''|| '''byexer'''....''hit'' || '''pyeser'''....''run into, bump into''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike, knock''<br>'''yonpyexer'''....''break''<br>'''yopyexer'''....''knock down''<br>'''epyexer'''....''fight''<br>'''apyexer'''....''attack''<br>'''ovpyexer'''....''offend''<br>'''kunpyexer'''....''sideswipe''<br>'''tuyapyexer'''....''slap'' |- |'''besler'''....''adhere'' || '''bexler'''....''retain''|| || '''pyexler'''....''pound, beat''<br>'''apyexler'''....''assault''<br>'''yonpexler'''....''shatter, burst'' |- | || || '''yanpyesrer'''....''implode''<br>'''yonpyesler'''....''explode'' || '''pyexler'''....''blast, bomb'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''boser'''....''calm down''<br>'''boyser'''....''rest'' || '''boxer'''....''quieten, quell'' || '''poser'''....''stop''<br>'''poyser'''....''pause'' || '''poxer'''....''stop'' |- | '''byoser'''....''hang'' || '''byoxer'''....''hang'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall''<br>'''yonpyoser'''....''decay'' || '''pyoxer'''....''drop, throw down''<br>'''yopyoxer'''....''topple''<br> |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''biser'''....''originate'' || '''bixer'''....''pull''<br>'''yanbixer'''....''contract''<br>'''yonbixer'''....''distract''<br>'''yubixer'''....''attract''<br>'''yibixer'''....''distract''<br>'''oyebixer'''....''extract''<br>'''yebixer'''....''push in'' || || '''pixer'''....''catch'' |- |'''bisler'''....''spring'' || '''bixler'''....''yank''<br>'''bixrer'''....''ravage'' || || '''pixler'''....''snatch''<br>'''pixrer'''....''rape'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''buser'''....''be destined'' || '''buxer'''....''push, drive''<br>'''zyobuxer'''....''squeeze''<br>'''yebuxer'''....''expel''<br>'''abuxer'''....''impose'' || '''apuser'''....''assault'' || '''puxer'''....''throw, thrust'' |- |'''byuser'''....''bump into'' || '''byuxer'''....''touch''<br>'''yanbyuxer'''....''contact'' ||'''pyuser'''....''run into'' || '''pyuxer'''....''crash'' |- |'''busler'''....''swoop'' || '''buxler'''....''shove'' || '''pusler'''....''lunge, pounce'' || '''puxler'''....''thrust''<br>'''zyapuxler'''....''splatter'' |} === Deriving New Verbs with Prefixes === : Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb '''baxer''' (and its intransitive partner '''baser''') as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Baxer Verbs |- ! Prefix !! Verb |- ! colspan=2 | '''baxer'''....''gesture, make a bodily motion'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abaxer'''....''caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izbaxer'''....''point'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tebaxer'''....''nod'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' || '''vatebaxer'''....''nod yes'' |- | '''vo'''....''no'' || '''votebaxer'''....''nod no'' |- | '''ve'''....''maybe'' || '''vetebaxer'''....''shrug'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''tuyabaxer'''....''wave'' |- | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''tubaxer'''....''flail, swing'' |- | '''teubab'''....''tongue'' || '''teubabaxer'''....''lick'' |- | '''teab'''....''eye'' || '''teubaxer'''....''wink'' |- | '''patub'''....''wing'' || '''patubaxer'''....''flap'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''tail'' || '''tiyubaxer'''....''wag'' |- ! colspan=2 | '''baser'''....''gesticulate'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igbaser'''....''jerk'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''igzaybaser'''....''lurch'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoybaser'''....''recoil'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobaser'''....''bow, bend down'' |- | '''ku-'''....''side'' || '''kubaser'''....''slide'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igkubaser'''....''slip'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' + '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uizbaser'''....''sway, swagger, swish'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle, wobble, totter'' |} === Forming Frequentative Verbs === : A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by prefixing the syllable '''je-''' to the verb. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ The -eg- Frequentative Infix |- ! Regular Verb !! Frequantative Verb |- | '''paser'''....''move'' || '''jepaser'''....''shake, shudder'' |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump'' || '''jepyaser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''paper'''....''fly'' || '''jepaper'''....''flutter, flit'' |- | '''braser'''....''shake'' || '''jebraser'''....''shudder, quiver, vibrate'' |- | '''teupixer'''....''bite'' || '''jeteupiger'''....''nibble'' |- | '''ilzyaber'''....''spray'' || '''jeilzyaber'''....''sprinkle'' |- | '''pyexer'''....''beat'' || '''jepyexer'''....''batter, whip'' |} === Forming Hybrid Words === : Expressions with alternating components like ''back-and-forth'', ''up-and-down'', etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Words |- ! Alternative Components !! Hybrid Expression !! Examples |- | '''yab'''....''up'' +<br>'''yob'''....''down'' || '''yao(b)-'''....''up-and-down'' || '''yaoper'''....''fluctuate'', '''yaopuser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''a-'''....''up, north, skyward'' +<br>'''o-'''....''down, south'' || '''ao-'''....''vertical'' || '''aonada'''....''vertical'', '''aonab'''....''column'' |- | '''za(y)'''....''forth, north'' +<br>'''zo(y)'''....''back, south'' || '''zao(b)-'''....''front-back/north-to-south'' || '''zaobaser'''....''rock'', '''zaomera'''....''north/south'' |- |- '''zu'''....''left/west'' +<br>'''zi'''....''right/east'' || '''zui(b)-'''....''right-to-left/east-to-west'' || '''zuinada'''....''horizontal'', '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle'', '''zuimera'''....''east/west'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' +<br>'''bi'''....''from'' || '''bui-'''....''to-and-from'' || '''buipar'''....''shuttle'', '''buipop'''....''round-trip'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' +<br>'''ob'''....''off'' || '''ao(b)-'''....''on-and-off'' || '''aoper'''....''get on and off'' |- | '''yuj-'''....''closed'' +<br>'''yij-'''....''open'' || '''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut'' || '''yuijbar'''....''switch'', '''igyuijer'''....''blink'' |- | '''uj-'''....''stop'' +<br>'''ij-'''....''start'' || '''uij-'''....''stop-and-start'' || '''uijparpan'''....''stop-and-go traffic'' |- | '''(a)yeb'''....''in'' +<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''aoye(b)-'''....''in-and-out'' || '''igaoyeper'''....''run in-and-out'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' +<br>'''yib'''....''far'' || '''yui(b)-'''....''near-and-far'' || '''yuipoper'''....''travel near-and-far'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' +<br>'''ib'''....''away'' || '''ui(b)-'''....''toward-and-away'' || '''uipen'''....''coming and going'' |- | '''hum'''....''there'' +<br>'''him'''....''here'' || '''huim'''....''here-and-there'' || '''huimkexer'''....''search high-and-low (here-and-there)'' |- | '''hus'''....''that'' +<br>'''his'''....''this'' || '''huis'''....''this-and-that'' || '''huisyexer'''....''do odd jobs, work at this-or-that'' |- | '''hyut'''....''other person'' +<br>'''hyit'''....''same person'' || '''hyuit'''....''one another'' || '''hyuitifer'''....''love one another'', '''hyuita'''....''mutual, reciprocal'' |} : Here are some more examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ More Hybrids ! Hybrid Word !! English Gloss !! Alternating Components |- |'''aogsen'''||'' fluctuation (in size) ''|| '''ag-''' (''big'') + '''og-''' (''little'') + '''s-''' (''become'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''aonada'''||''vertical ''|| '''a-''' (''up/north'') + '''o-''' (''down/south'') + '''nad''' (''line'') + '''-a''' (''adj.'') |- |'''aopuys'''||'' hop-on-hop-off ''|| '''a(p)-''' (''on'') + '''o(p)-''' (''off'') + '''puys-''' (''hop'') |- |'''buien'''||'' trading, swapping ''|| '''bu-''' (''give'') + '''bi-''' (''trake'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''buip'''||'' traffic ''|| '''bu-''' (''to'') + '''bi-''' (''from'') + '''p-''' (''go'') |- |'''buixar'''||''spring''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix''' (''pull'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''buixek'''||'' tug-o-war ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- |'''buixnyem'''||'' drawer ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''nyem''' (''box'') |- |'''byaosen'''||'' teetering, stumbling ''|| '''byas-''' (''stand'') + '''byos-''' (''fall'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''diep'''||'' marine force ''|| '''dip''' (''sea force'') + '''dep''' (''land force'') |- |'''duid'''||'' q&a, interview ''|| '''dud''' (''answer'') + '''did''' (''question'') |- |'''eigpyexer''' || ''batter, whip'' || '''eg-''' (''again'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') + '''pyexer''' (''to hit'') |- |'''gao'''||'' more-or-less ''|| '''ga''' (''more'') + '''go''' (''less'') |- |'''glaojo'''||'' sooner or later ''|| '''gla''' (''very'') + '''glo''' (''slightly'') + '''jo''' (''after'') |- | '''huimkexer''' || ''search here and there'' || '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-m''' (''place'') + '''kex''' (''search'') + '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''huis'''||'' this-and-that ''|| '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-s''' (''thing'') |- |'''hyuit'''||'' one another ''|| '''hyu-''' (''other'') + '''hyi-''' (''same'') + '''-t''' (''person'') |- |'''kyaopen'''||'' fluctuation ''|| '''kya-''' (''mobile'') + '''kyo''' (''static'') + '''-pen''' (''going'') |- |'''maluier'''||'' breathe ''|| '''mal-''' (''air'') + '''u-''' (''let out'') + '''i-''' (''take in'') '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''maojyex'''||'' double-shift work ''|| '''maj''' (''day'') + '''moj''' (''night'') + '''yex''' (''work'') |- |'''maonig'''||'' flicker ''|| '''man''' (''light'') + '''mon''' (''dark'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') |- |'''maolza'''||'' black&white/gray ''|| '''malza''' (''white'') + '''molza''' (''black'') |- |'''meil'''||'' mud ''|| '''mel''' (''soil'') + '''mil''' (''water'') |- |'''memuiben'''||'' import-exports ''|| '''mem''' (''country'') + '''ub-''' (''send'') + '''ib-''' (''receive'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''mial'''||'' vapor ''|| '''mil''' (''water'') + '''mal''' (''air'') |- |'''mieg'''||'' reef ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-g''' (''stone'') |- |'''miek'''||'' sand ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-k''' (''rocky substance'') |- |'''miem'''||'' swamp ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''mem''' (''land'') |- |'''mimpuin'''||'' dock ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''mimpyaos'''||'' surf ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''sink'') |- |'''mimuip'''||'' tide ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip-''' (''go'') |- |'''peit'''||'' amphibian ''|| '''pet''' (''land animal'') + '''pit''' (''sea creature'') |- |'''puim'''||'' kiss-and-ride zone''|| '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''puixek'''||'' baseball ''|| '''pux-''' (''pitch'') + '''pix-''' (''catch'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- | '''pyaos''' || ''wave'' || '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''crest'') |- |'''teabyuij'''||'' blink ''|| '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') |- |'''tuijea'''||'' nodding off ''|| '''tuj-''' (''sleep'') + '''tij''' (''wake'') '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''uijdal'''||'' stutter ''|| '''uj-''' (''finish'') + '''ij-''' (''start'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''uipeni'''||'' comings & goings ''|| '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip''' (''go'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') + '''-i''' (''pl.'') |- |'''uiza'''||'' serpentine, snaky ''|| '''uza''' (''crooked'') + '''iza''' (''straight'') |- |'''vao?'''||'' yes or no? ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') |- |'''vaod'''||'' decision ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') + '''d-''' (''say'') |- |'''yaobar'''||'' elevator ''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaobyuijar'''||''piston''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open '') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaoplas'''||''oscillation''|| '''yap-''' (''up'') + '''yop-''' (''down'') + '''plas''' (''shake'') |- |'''yaopsim'''||''seesaw''|| '''yap-''' (''ascend'') + '''yop-''' (''descend'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''yaopus'''||''bounce''|| ya(''b'')'''-''' (''up'') + yo(''b'')'''-''' (''down'') + '''pus''' (''jump'') |- |'''yaovdut'''||''juror''|| '''yav-''' (''innocent'') + '''yov-''' (''guilty'') + '''d-''' (''say'') + '''-ut''' (''agent'') |- |'''yaoza'''||''uneven, bumpy, serrated''|| '''yaza''' (''convex'') + '''yoza''' (''concave'') |- |'''yaozgoblar'''||''saw''|| '''yaz''' (''protrusion '') + '''yoz''' (''indentation'') + '''gobl-''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaozil'''||''wave''|| '''yaz''' (''swell'') + '''yoz''' (''trough'') + '''-il''' (''liquid'') |- |'''yuibteabar'''||''bifocals''|| '''yub''' (''near'') + '''yib''' (''far'') + '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yuijar'''||'' valve, switch''|| '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaobelur'''||''ferry''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''bel-''' (''carry'') + '''-ur''' (''vehicle'') |- |'''zaobyexar'''||''swatter, bat''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''byex-''' (''strike'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaodal'''||''dialog''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''zaogoblar'''||''saw''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''gobl''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaokyax'''||''alternation''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''kyax''' (''change'') |- |'''zaopasen'''||''swinging''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo-''' (''back'') + '''pasen''' (''moving'') |- |'''zaopsim'''||''swing or rocker''|| '''zap-''' (''go forth'') + '''zap''' (''go back'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''zuibasen'''||''wiggling''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bas-''' (''move bodily'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuibayx'''||''wag''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bayx-''' (''slight body move'') |- |'''zuibyoxea'''||''dangling''|| '''zu''' (''left'') + '''zi''' (''right'') + '''byox-''' (''hang down'') + '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuiyafa'''||''ambidextrous''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''yafa''' (''capable'') |- |'''zyaobas'''||''throb''|| '''zya-''' (''wide'') + '''zyo-''' (''narrow'') + '''bas''' (''bodily movement'') |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Acronyms and Abbreviations|Word Families}}</noinclude> q8jc2qz2lq6z4zplts0au2d05xhe7ez 4635639 4635638 2026-05-13T20:13:18Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Computer Terminology */ 4635639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right|limit=3}} == Introduction == : In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels. : The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of '''''base words''''' and '''''derived words'''''. : The vocabulary is built on '''''base words''''', that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by: ::* The meaning of each letter of the word. ::* The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: ''fixed'' vs. ''variable''. ::* How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language. ::* The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about). ::* The logic of its composition. ::* The mnemonic associations this word suggests. : The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called '''''vocabulary-building rules''''', which are spelled out below. == Base Words == : '''''Base words''''' are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups: ::* Group 1:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''nouns''''' ::* Group 2:&nbsp;&nbsp;consisting of '''''prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs'''''. == Base words of Group 1 == : Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters: :::* The first, a consonant called the '''''classifier''''' :::* The second, a vowel called the '''''ordinal''''' :::* The third, a consonant called the '''''generic''''' These words can be thought of as noun templates. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Base Word Composition |- ! Classifier !! Ordinal !! Generic !! Meaning |- | '''t''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''man'' |- | '''d''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''society'' |- | '''p''' || '''o''' || '''t''' || ''animal'' |- | '''f''' || '''o''' || '''b''' || ''plant'' |} == Base words of Group 2 == : Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as '''-er''' (verb infinitive marker) or '''-a''' (adjective marker): ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words | '''b-'''....''put'' || '''p-'''....''go'' |- | '''s-'''....''be'' || '''x-'''....''do'' |- | '''d-'''....''say'' || '''t-'''....''know'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ob'''....''off'' |- |'''bu'''....''to'' || '''bi'''....''from'' |- |'''if-'''....''love'' || '''uf-'''....''hate'' |- |'''fi-'''....''good'' || '''fu-'''....''bad'' |- |'''va'''....''yes'' || '''vo'''....''no'' |- |'''vya-'''^*....''true'' || '''vyo-'''....''false'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''o'''....''zero'' |} : *<small> As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include glided vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides '''y''' or '''w'''. So, for purposes here, '''ya''', '''ye''', '''yi''', '''yo''', '''yu''', '''wa''', and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "glided vowels".</small> == Consonants and Their Meanings == : The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Consonants and Their Meanings |- ! Consonant !! Group 1 Classifier !! Group 1 Generic !! Group 2 Classifier !! In Numbers |- | '''b''' || organ, health || organism || gesture, position || |- | '''d''' || society || family || communicating || |- | '''f''' || vegetation || textile, clothing || volition, attributes || |- | '''g''' || -- || measurement || quantity, attributes || |- | '''j''' || time || time || time || |- | '''k''' || -- || health || change, risk, attributes || |- | '''l''' || -- || element, food, liquid, nature || -- || '''l''' = ten |- | '''m''' || nature || place, building, furniture || temperature, light || '''ml''' = million<br>'''mr''' = billion |- | '''n''' || commerce || -- || -- || |- | '''p''' || animal, vehicle || motion || movement || |- | '''r''' || -- || tool, machine, cosmos || -- || '''r''' = thousand |- | '''s''' || form, image, furniture || thing || being, form, thing || '''s''' = hundred |- | '''t''' || human, body || person, animal || intelligence, knowing || |- | '''v''' || plant, color || linen || truth, attributes || |- | '''x''' || action || -- || action, doing, making || |- | '''z''' || -- || precious, art || spatial, attributes || |} : The following consonants functions rather than, or in addition to, semantic values: ::* '''l''' and '''r''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: '''baer'''....''to lean'', '''baler'''....''to press'', '''barer'''....''to crush''; ::* '''y''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''voa'''....''negative'' -> '''vyoa'''....''false'', or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. '''ama'''....''hot'' -> '''ayma'''....''warm''. ::* '''h''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Used functionally only in certain interjections like '''hoy'''....''goodbye'' and determiners like '''his'''....''this'', and has no semantic value. ::* '''w''':&nbsp;&nbsp; Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. '''tob'''....''person'' -> '''twob'''....''man'', or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. '''uber'''....''to send'' -> '''ubwer'''....''to be sent'', or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. '''awa'''....''one'', or 4) sometimes to substitute for '''y''' when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. '''jwo'''....''late'', instead of '''jyo'''. ::* '''n''':&nbsp;&nbsp; In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in '''ana'''....''only'', or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as '''fian'''....''goodness'' from '''fia'''....''good'', or from a verb, such '''axnen'''....''behaving'' from '''axner'''....''to behave''. == Vowels and Their Meanings == : Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types: ::* meronymic ::* hierarchical ::* geo-specific ::* oppositional/polar ::* vectorial ::* directional and positional ::* special === Ordinal Vowel Values === :: The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with '''y''' are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Vowels|Vowels]]. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Numeric Values of Vowels |- ! Ordinal Vowel !! '''o''' !! '''a''' !! '''e''' !! '''i''' !! '''u''' !! '''yo''' !! '''ya''' !! '''ye''' !! '''yi''' !! '''yu''' |- !row=1| Cardinal Number | 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 |} === Meronymic Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|meronymic}}''''' series. (This gradation can also be called '''''taxonomic'''''. The top element, or hypernym, has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are hyponyms or meronyms (= parts of the whole), and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. '''T<u>a</u>b''' (''body'') is the first meronym of '''t<u>o</u>b''' (''human being''), the hypernym or zeroth element. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Meronymic Series |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=7| Meronymic or Taxonomic |- ! 0 | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''fob'''....''plant'' || '''vob'''....''crop''|| '''mos'''....''floor''||'''som'''....''furniture''||'''tom'''....''building''||'''job'''....''time'' |- ! 1 | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''fab'''....''tree'' || '''vab'''....''grass''|| '''mas'''....''wall''||'''sam'''....''chest of drawers''||'''tam'''....''house''||'''jab'''....''year'' |- ! 2 | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''feb'''....''fruit'' || '''veb'''....''tuft''|| '''mes'''....''door''||'''sem'''....''table''||'''tem'''....''hall''||'''jeb'''....''season'' |- ! 3 | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''fib'''....''trunk'' || '''vib'''....''stalk''|| '''mis'''....''window''||'''sim'''....''chair''||'''tim'''....''room''||'''jib'''....''month'' |- ! 4 | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''fub'''....''branch'' || '''vub'''....''shoot''||'''mus'''....''stairs''||'''sum'''....''bed''||'''tum'''....''closet''||'''jub'''....''day'' |- ! 5 | '''tyob'''....''leg'' || '''fyob'''....''root'' || '''vyob'''....''tuber''|| || || ||'''jwob'''^*....''hour'' |- ! 6 | || || || || || ||'''jwab'''^*....''minute'' |- ! 7 | || || || || || ||'''jweb'''^*....''second'' |} * The letter '''w''' replaces the letter '''y''' following a '''j''', for ease of pronunciation. : The words that descend from the base word are called '''''meronyms'''''. A hypernym is a word that is higher in scale. === Hierarchical Vowel Gradation === :: Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a '''''{{color|blue|hierarchical}}''''' series where the top element has zero ('''o''') as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hierarchical Vowel Gradation |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=4| Hierarchy |- ! 0 | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''dot'''....''society'' || '''tod'''....''family''||'''xob'''....''organization'' |- ! 1 | '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''tad'''....''spouse''||'''xab'''....''staff'' |- ! 2 | '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ted'''....''parent''||'''xeb'''....''boss'' |- ! 3 | '''dib'''....''ministry'' || '''dit'''....''citizen'' ||'''tid'''....''sibling''||'''xib'''....''department'' |- ! 4 | '''dub'''....''minister'' || '''dut'''....''gentleman'' || '''tud'''....''child''||'''xub'''....''branch'' |} === Geo-specific Vowel Gradation === : Ordinals can have '''''{{color|blue|geo-specific}}''''' values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Geo-specific Vowel Values |- ! Ordinal ! Geo-sphere ! colspan=7| Examples |- | align=center | '''o''' || ''outer space, top level'' || '''m<u>o</u>p'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''outer space''|| '''mol'''....''nature''||'''dop'''....''military''||'''pop'''....''voyage''||'''mol'''....''nature''||'''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- | align=center | '''a''' || ''air, gas, sky'' || '''m<u>a</u>p'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' ||'''mal'''....''air''||'''dap'''....''air force''||'''pap'''....''flight''||'''mal'''....''wind''||'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | align=center | '''e''' || ''ground, soil, solid'' || '''m<u>e</u>p'''....''road'' || '''mem'''....''land''|| '''mel'''....''soil''||'''dep'''....''army''||'''pep'''....''ride''||'''mel'''....''soil''||'''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' |- | align=center | '''i''' || ''liquid'', ''water'', ''sea'' || '''m<u>i</u>p'''....''river'' || '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''mil'''....''water''||'''dip'''....''marines''|| '''pip'''....''navigation/sail''||'''mil'''....''water''||'''pit'''....''fish'' |- | align=center | '''u''' || ''underground'', ''mineral'', ''substance'' || '''m<u>u</u>p'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || '''mul'''....''mineral''|| ||'''pup'''....''tunneling''||'''mul'''....''matter''|| |} === Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation === : The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation |- ! Order || Mirad !! English |- | 0 || '''olza'''¹ || ''blank, of no color'' |- | 1 || '''alza''' || ''red'' |- | 2 || '''elza''' || ''orange'' |- | 3 || '''ilza''' || ''yellow'' |- | 4 || '''ulza''' || ''green'' |- | 5 || '''yolza''' || ''blue'' |- | 6 || '''yalza''' || ''purple'' |- | 7 || '''yelza''' || ''indigo'' |} {{small/top}} : 1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order. {{small/end}} : The colors black and white are: :* '''malza'''....''white'' :* '''molza'''....''black'' : Some colors are hybrids of two colors: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Hybrid Colors |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''aolza''' || ''pink'' (a blend of ''blank'' and ''red'') |- | '''youlza''' || ''blue-green'' |- | '''maolza''' || ''gray'' (a blend of ''black'' and ''white'') |} : The word for ''brown'' is based on the word for ''soil'': :* '''melza'''....''brown'' (< '''mel'''....''soil'') : Two other colors are based on metals: :* '''agelkza'''....''silver'' (based on '''agelk'''....''silver metal'' :* '''aulkza'''....''gold'' (based on '''aulk'''....''gold metal'' === Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values === : In Group 2 stems: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Oppositional Vowel Values |- | '''a'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ya''' || intermediate || '''i'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yi''' |- | <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative || '''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ye''' || <big>⇑</big> positive<br><big>⇓</big>negative |- | '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yo''' || value || '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>⇔</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yu''' |} ::* positive '''a''' contrasts with negative '''o'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''av'''....''for'' vs. '''ov'''....''against'') ::* positive '''ya''' contrasts with negative '''yo'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yava'''....''innocent'' vs. '''yova'''....''guilty'') ::* positive '''i''' contrasts with negative '''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''fia'''....''good'' vs. '''fua'''....''bad'') ::* positive '''yi''' contrasts with negative '''yu'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''yiva'''....''free'' vs. '''yuva'''....''bound'') ::* '''e''' and '''ye''' are in-between values&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ('''eva'''....''neutral'', '''yeva'''....''fair'') ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation |- ! positive !! intermediate !! negative |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''ega'''....''normal'' || '''oga'''....''small'' |- | '''yava'''....''innocent'' || '''yeva'''....''just''|| '''yova'''....''guilty'' |- | '''ava'''....''for'' || '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''ova'''....''against'' |- | '''aker'''....''to win'' || '''eker'''....''to risk'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' |- | '''yak'''....''expectation'' || '''yek'''....''attempt'' || '''yok'''....''surprise'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || || '''fua'''....''bad'' |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || || '''ufer'''....''hate'' |- | '''yifa'''....''brave'' || || '''yufa'''....''afraid'' |} : Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit '''''oppositional''''' values: : The Group 1 base word '''bok''' (''illness'') is a good example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Group 1 base word with oppositional values |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- valign=top |'''bak'''....''health''||'''bek'''....''treatment''||'''bok'''....''illness'' |- |'''byak'''....''hygiene''||'''byek'''....''cure''||'''byok'''....''pain''<br>'''byoyk'''....''ache''<br>'''blok'''....''suffering''<br>'''brok'''....''agony'' |- |'''baak'''....''sanitation''|| ||'''book'''....''fatigue'' |- |'''bik'''....''care''|| ||'''buk'''....''wound''<br>'''buyk'''....''sore'' |} === Vectorial Vowel Values === : These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc. {{big/top}}&nbsp;&nbsp; ::::::'''a''' ::::::↑ ::::'''u'''&nbsp;&nbsp;←&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''e'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;→&nbsp;&nbsp;'''i''' ::::::↓ ::::::'''o''' {{big/end}} :::'''a'''....''on, above, north'' ('''ab'''....''on'', '''zamer'''....''north'') :::'''e'''....''center, middle, equator'' ('''eb'''....''between'', '''ze'''....''center'') :::'''o'''....''off, below, south'' ('''ob'''....''off'', '''zomer'''....''south'') :::'''i'''....''right, east'' ('''zi'''....''right'', '''zimer'''....''east'') :::'''u'''....''left, west'' ('''zu'''....''left'', '''zumer'''....''west'') === Directional and Positional Vowel Values === {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Directional and Positional Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''z<u>a</u>mer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''b<u>a</u>er'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''<u>a</u>ber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''b<u>ya</u>er'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''<u>ya</u>ber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''z<u>o</u>mer'''....''south'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''b<u>yo</u>er'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''<u>o</u>per'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''p<u>yo</u>ser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''<u>yo</u>per'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''z<u>u</u>mer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''<u>u</u>ber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''p<u>yu</u>er'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''<u>yu</u>ber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''b<u>yu</u>ser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''z''i''mer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''p<u>i</u>er'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''<u>i</u>per'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''<u>yi</u>per'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''p<u>yi</u>ser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''z<u>e</u>mer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''<u>e</u>b'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''b<u>e</u>xer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''<u>ye</u>per'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''contain''|| '''b<u>ye</u>er'''....''contain'' |} === Special value of certain letters === : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular''. ::* '''aot'''....''person'' ::* '''anot'''....''individual'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yanber'''....''to compose'' ::* '''yonber'''....''to separate'' : The letter '''y''' is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural: ::* '''at'''....''I, me'' as opposed to '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''et'''....''you'' as opposed to '''yet'''....''you (pl.), you all'' ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''yit'''....''they, them'' ::* '''is'''....''it'' as opposed to '''yis'''....''they, them'' : The letter '''y''' is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''iyt'''....''she, her'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''toyb'''....''woman'' : The letter '''w''' is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine: ::* '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' as opposed to '''wit'''....''he, him'' ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' as opposed to '''twob'''....''man'' === The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words === :: The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants. :: The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values. :: The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants |- ! Base Word !! Classifier Consonant !! Generic Consonant !! Scalarity Type |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''t''' = ''human'' || '''b''' = ''organism'' || meronymic |- | '''tof'''....''clothing'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''fabric'' || meronymic |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''society'' || meronymic |- | '''tom'''....''building'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place'' || meronymic |- | '''tov'''....''lingerie'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen'' || meronymic |- | '''tol'''....''nourishment'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''food'' || oppositional |- | '''top'''....''soul, spirit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''motion'' || meronymic |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''d''' = ''society'' || '''b''' = ''organism''||hierarchical |- | '''dop'''....''military'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement'' || geo-specific |- | '''dot'''....''society'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''human''|| hierarchical |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''j''' = ''time'' || '''b'''....''organism''|| hierarchical |- | '''fob'''....''vegetation'' || '''f''' = ''vegetable'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vob'''....''crop'' || '''v''' = ''plant'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| meronymic |- | '''vos'''....''flower'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''volz'''....''color'' || " " " || '''lz''' = ''color, art''|| spectral |- | '''som'''....''furniture'' || '''s''' = ''thing'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| meronymic |- | '''mos'''....''floor'' || '''m''' = ''place, nature'' || '''s''' = ''thing''|| meronymic |- | '''mor'''....''universe'' || " " " || '''r''' = ''machine, system''|| geo-specific |- | '''mom'''....''outer space'' || " " " || '''m''' = ''place''|| geo-specific |- | '''mol'''....''nature'' || " " " || '''l''' = ''substance''|| geo-specific |- | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''movement''|| geo-specific |- | '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''p''' = ''movement'' || '''t''' = ''human, animal''|| geo-specific |- | '''bok'''....''illness'' || '''b''' = ''organ'' || '''k''' = ''condition''|| oppositional |- | '''nom'''....''place'' || '''n''' = ''commercial'' || '''m''' = ''place''|| special |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || " " " || '''g''' = ''measurement''|| special |- | '''nof'''....''cloth'' || " " " || '''f''' = ''cloth''|| special |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || " " " || '''v''' = ''linen''|| special |- | '''nod'''....''point'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''communication''|| special |- | '''xob'''....''organization'' || '''x''' = ''action'' || '''b''' = ''organism''|| hierarchical |} ==== Special Arrangement ==== : Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart. {| border=0 {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Other Group 1 Base Words |- valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! d- <br>communication |- | '''daz'''<br>''dance'' |- | '''dyaz'''<br>''ballet'' |- | '''dyez'''<br>''cinema'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''dez'''<br>''theater'' |- | '''diz'''<br>''comedy'' |- | '''din'''<br>''story'' |- | '''dun'''<br>''word'' |- | '''duz'''<br>''music'' |- | '''dyun'''<br>''name'' |- | '''dyan'''<br>''sentence'' |- | '''dyes'''<br>''book'' |- | '''deup'''<br>''rhythm'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! dr- <br>write |- | '''drof'''<br>''board'' |- | '''draf'''<br>''card'' |- | '''dref'''<br>''paper'' |- | '''drov'''<br>''cardboard'' |- | '''drav'''<br>''notebook'' |- | '''drev'''<br>''page'' |- | '''drez'''<br>''poetry'' |- | '''drar'''<br>''pencil'' |- | '''drir'''<br>''typewriter'' |- | '''drur'''<br>''printer'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! m- <br>nature |- | '''mag'''<br>''fire'' |- | '''mak'''<br>''electricity'' |- | '''mog'''<br>''ash'' |- | '''meg'''<br>''stone'' |- | '''mef'''<br>''brick'' |- | '''mug'''<br>''metal'' |- | '''muk'''<br>''mineral'' |- | '''mez'''<br>''crystal'' |- | '''mek'''<br>''dust'' |- | '''myek'''<br>''powder'' |- | '''mav'''<br>''flame'' |- | '''mov'''<br>''smoke'' |- | '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' |- | '''maj'''<br>''daytime'' |- | '''moj'''<br>''night'' |- | '''man'''<br>''light'' |- | '''maz'''<br>''shine'' |- | '''mon'''<br>''shade'' |- | '''moz'''<br>''dark'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! n- <br>commerce |- | '''naz'''<br>''value'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' |- | '''nax'''<br>''price'' |- | '''nyaz'''<br>''wealth'' |- | '''nyan'''<br>''stack'' |- | '''nox'''<br>''expense'' |- | '''nyox'''<br>''waste'' |- | '''nex'''<br>''saving'' |- | '''nyex'''<br>''storing'' |- | '''nix'''<br>''earning'' |- | '''nyix'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nux'''<br>''pay'' |- | '''nyux'''<br>''supply'' |- | '''nun'''<br>''merchandise'' |- | '''nyun'''<br>''product'' |- | '''nuz'''<br>''jewel'' |- | '''nem'''<br>''location'' |- | '''nyem'''<br>''place'' |- | '''nyeb'''<br>''box'' |- | '''nab'''<br>''row'' |- | '''nap'''<br>''order'' |- | '''nad'''<br>''line'' |- | '''nod'''<br>''point'' |- | '''ned'''<br>''plane'' |- | '''nyed'''<br>''grid'' |- | '''nyad'''<br>''chain'' |- | '''nid'''<br>''volume'' |- | '''nag'''<br>''measure'' |- | '''nak'''<br>''metric value'' |- | '''nog'''<br>''degree'' |- | '''nig'''<br>''space'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! j- <br>time |- | '''jag'''<br>''age'' |- | '''jud'''<br>''date'' |- | '''jod'''<br>''instance'' |- | '''jop'''<br>''sequence'' |- | '''jep'''<br>''process'' |- | '''jwap'''<br>''moment'' |- | '''jwep'''<br>''instant'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! s- <br>thing |- | '''sag'''<br>''number'' |- | '''saz'''<br>''sculpture'' |- | '''san'''<br>''form'' |- | '''saun'''<br>''kind'' |- | '''son'''<br>''matter (abstract)'' |- | '''sin'''<br>''image'' |- | '''siz'''<br>''painting'' |- | '''sun'''<br>''thing (concrete)'' |- | '''syan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''syen'''<br>''style'' |- | '''syin'''<br>''subject'' |- | '''syun'''<br>''object'' |- | '''sar'''<br>''instrument'' |- | '''sir'''<br>''machine'' |- | '''sor'''<br>''engine'' |- | '''sur'''<br>''motor'' |} | {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |- ! t- <br>human / knowledge |- | '''taz'''<br>''statue'' |- | '''tap'''<br>''physique'' |- | '''tep'''<br>''mind'' |- | '''top'''<br>''spirit'' |- | '''tuz'''<br>''art'' |- | '''toz'''<br>''skin color'' |- | '''tez'''<br>''culture'' |- | '''tyez'''<br>''magic'' |- | '''tin'''<br>''doctrine'' |- | '''tun'''<br>''science'' |- | '''tyan'''<br>''class'' |- | '''tyen'''<br>''skill'' |- | '''tyun'''<br>''idea'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''sensation'' |- | '''tes'''<br>''meaning'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' |- | '''tat'''<br>''angel'' |} |} === The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words === :: The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival ('''-a'''), adverbial ('''-ay'''), and verbal inflections ('''-er''', '''-ser''', '''-xer''', etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem. :: The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Stems of Group 2 Base Words |- ! Classifier Consonant !! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative |- ! rowspan=4|'''j''' <br>(''time'') | '''ja'''<br>''before'' || '''je'''<br>''during'' || '''jo'''<br>''after''||'''ji'''<br>''since'' || '''ju'''<br>''until'' |- | '''aj'''<br>''past'' || '''ej'''<br>''present'' || '''oj'''<br>''future'' || '''ij^er'''<br>''beginning/begin'' || '''uj/^er'''<br>''end/end'' |- | '''taj^er'''<br>''birth/to be born'' || '''tej^er'''<br>''life/to live'' || '''toj^er'''<br>''death/to die'' || '''tij^er'''<br>''awake state/to be awake'' || '''tuj^er'''<br>''sleep/to sleep'' |- | '''jwa'''<br>''early'' || '''jwe'''<br>''on time'' || '''jwo'''<br>''late'' || '''yij^a'''<br>''opening/open'' || '''yuj^a'''<br>''closing/closed'' |- !rowspan=4| '''g'''<br>(''measurement'') | '''ga'''<br>''more'' || '''ge'''<br>''equal'' || '''go'''<br>''less''|| '''gi'''ⁿ<br>''point'' || '''gu'''ⁿ<br>''angle'' |- | '''ag'''^a<br>''big'' || '''eg^a'''<br>''normal'' || '''og'''^a<br>''small'' || '''ig'''^a<br>''fast'' || '''ug'''^a<br>''slow'' |- | '''yag'''^a<br>''long'' || '''yeg'''^a<br>''normal'' || '''yog'''^a<br>''short'' || '''yig'''^a<br>''hard'' || '''yug'''^a<br>''soft'' |- | '''gya'''^a<br>''thick'' || '''gye'''^a<br>''enough'' || '''gyo-'''<br>''thin'' || '''gyi'''^a<br>''solid'' || '''gyu'''^a<br>''fragile'' |- !rowspan=4| '''k'''<br>(''randomness'') | '''ka'''^xer<br>''find'' || '''ke'''^xer<br>''seek'' || '''ko'''^xer<br>''hide'' || '''ki'''^a<br>''oblique''|| '''ku'''^a<br>''lateral'' |- | '''ak'''^er<br>''win'' || '''ek'''^er<br>''play'' || '''ok'''^er<br>''lose'' || '''ik'''^a<br>''full'' || '''uk'''^a<br>''empty'' |- | '''yak'''^er<br>''expect'' || '''yek'''^er<br>''try'' || '''yok'''^er<br>''suprise'' || '''yik'''^a<br>''difficult'' || '''yuk'''^a<br>''easy'' |- | '''kya'''^a<br>''mobile'' || '''kye'''^a<br>''haphazard'' || '''kyo'''^a<br>''fixed'' ||'''kyi'''^a<br>''heavy'' || '''kyu'''^a<br>''light'' |- ! '''m'''<br>(''nature'') | '''am'''^a<br>''hot'' || -- || '''om'''^a<br>''cold'' || '''im'''^a<br>''wet'' || '''um'''^a<br>''dry'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''f'''^er<br>(''want'', qualities) | || || || '''fi'''^a<br>''good'' || '''fu'''^a<br>''bad'' |- | '''fya'''^a<br>''holy'' || '''fye'''^a<br>''mythical'' || '''fyo'''^a<br>''profane''|| '''fyi'''^a<br>''useful'' || '''fyu'''^a<br>''harmful'' |- | '''yaf'''^er<br>''be able'' || '''yef'''^er<br>''must''|| '''yof'''^er<br>''cannot'' || '''yif'''^er<br>''dare'' || '''yuf'''^er<br>''fear'' |- | '''af'''^er<br>''may'' || '''ef'''^er<br>''need'' || '''of'''^er<br>''be prohibited'' || '''if'''^er<br>''love'' || '''uf'''^er<br>''hate'' |- !rowspan=6| '''v'''<br>(''truth, qualities'' ) | '''va'''<br>''yes'' || '''ve'''<br>''maybe'' || '''vo'''<br>''no''|| '''vi'''^a<br>''beautiful'' || '''vu'''^a<br>''ugly'' |- | '''vay'''<br>''really''||'''vey'''<br>''may''||'''voy'''<br>''not'' || || |- | '''av'''<br>''for'' || '''ev'''^a<br>''neutral'' || '''ov'''<br>''against''|| '''iv'''^a<br>''happy'' || '''uv'''^a<br>''sad'' |- | '''vya'''^a<br>''true'' || '''vye'''^a<br>''relative'' || '''vyo'''^a<br>''false''|| '''vyi'''^a<br>''clean'' || '''vyu'''^a<br>''dirty'' |- | '''yav'''^a<br>''innocent'' || '''yev'''^a<br>''fair'' || '''yov'''^a<br>''guilty''|| '''yiv'''^a<br>''free'' || '''yuv'''^a<br>''captive'' |- | '''van'''<br>''that'' || '''ven'''<br>''if'' || '''von'''<br>''lest''|| || |- ! rowspan=5|'''z'''<br>(spatial) | '''za'''<br>''in front of'' || '''ze'''<br>''in the middle of'' || '''zo'''<br>''in back of''|| '''zi'''^a<br>''right'' || '''zu'''^a<br>''left'' |- | '''zay'''<br>''ahead'' || '''zey'''<br>''across'' || '''zoy'''<br>''back, re-''|| || |- | '''zya'''^a<br>''wide'' || '''zye'''<br>''through'' || '''zyo'''^a<br>''narrow''||'''zyi'''^a<br>''flat'' || '''zyu'''^a<br>''round'' |- | '''az'''^a<br>''strong'' || '''ez'''^a<br>''moderate'' || '''oz'''^a<br>''weak''|| '''iz'''^a<br>''straight'' || '''uz'''^a<br>''curved'' |- | '''yaz'''^a<br>''convex'' || '''yez'''<br>''along'' || '''yoz'''^a<br>''concave'' || '''yiz'''<br>''beyond'' || '''yuz'''<br>''around'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''b-'''^er<br>(''put'') | '''ba'''^y/(^xer)<br>''with, (agitate)'' || '''be'''^y/(^(xer))<br>''at/by, (hold)'' || '''bo'''^y(^xer)<br>''without/(calm)''|| '''bi^(er/xer)'''<br>''from, (take/pull)'' || '''bu'''^(er/xer)<br>''to, (give/push)'' |- | '''ab'''^(er)<br>''on,(put on)'' || '''eb'''^(er)<br>''between,(block)'' || '''ob'''(^er)<br>''off,(take off)'' || '''ib'''^(er)<br>''away,(receive)'' || '''ub'''^(er)<br>''toward,(send)'' |- | '''bya'''^ser/xer<br>''stand/erect'' || '''bye'''^xer<br>''tap'' || '''byo'''^ser/xer<br>''hang/hang''|| '''byi'''^(ser)<br>''since,(originate)'' || '''byu'''^(ser/xer)<br>''up to,(contact/touch)'' |- | '''yab'''^(er)<br>''up,(raise)'' || '''yeb'''^(er)<br>''in,(put in)''<br>'''oyeb'''^(er)<br>''out,(take out)'' || '''yob'''^(er)<br>''down,(lower)''|| '''yib'''^(er)<br>''far,(remove)'' || '''yub'''^(er)<br>''near,(bring)'' |- ! rowspan=4|'''p'''^er<br>(''go'') | '''pa'''^ser/xer<br>''move/move'' || '''pe'''^ser/xer<br>''wait/trap'' || '''po'''^ser/xer<br>''stop/stop''|| '''pi'''^er/ser/xer<br>''leave/withdraw/catch'' || '''pu'''^er/ser/xer<br>''arrive/jump/throw'' |- | '''pya'''^er/ser/xer<br>''hover/jump up/launch'' || '''pye'''^ser/xer<br>''encounter/strike'' || '''pyo'''^ser/xer<br>''fall/drop''|| '''pyi'''^ser/xer<br>''emanate/derive'' || '''pyu'''^ser/xer<br>''reach/impact'' |- | '''yap'''^er<br>''rise'' || '''yep'''^er<br>''enter'' || '''yop'''^er<br>''descend''|| '''yip'''^er<br>''go far'' || '''yup'''^er<br>''approach'' |- | '''ap'''^er<br>''get on'' || '''ep'''^er<br>''intervene'' || '''op'''^er<br>''get off'' || '''ip'''^er<br>''go away'' ||'''up'''^er<br>''come'' |- !rowspan=2| '''s'''^er<br>(''be'') | '''sa'''^n/s/xer<br>''shape/evolve/make'' ||'''se'''^xer<br>''build'' || '''so'''^n/xer<br>''matter/destroy''|| '''si'''^n/yn<br>''image/sign'' || '''su'''^n/er/xer<br>''thing/provide/realize'' |- | '''as'''^er<br>''become'' || '''es'''^er<br>''exist'' || '''os'''^er<br>''cease to be'' || || |- ! rowspan=3|'''x'''^er<br>(''do'' ) | '''xa'''^ler<br>''execute'' || '''xe'''^ler<br>''practice'' || '''xo'''^ler<br>''fail'' || '''xi'''^ler<br>''undertake'' || '''xu'''^ler<br>''provoke'' |- |'''ax'''^ler<br>''act'' || '''ex'''^er<br>''function'' || '''ox'''^ler<br>''abstain'' || '''ix'''^er<br>''effect'' || '''ux'''^er<br>''cause'' |- | '''yax'''^er<br>''be busy'' || '''yex'''^er<br>''work'' || '''yox'''^er<br>''be idle'' || '''yix'''^er<br>''use'' || '''yux'''^er<br>''help'' |- ! '''t'''^er/rer/yer<br>(''know/recognize/know how'') | '''ta'''^xer<br>''remember'' || '''te'''^xer<br>''think'' || '''to'''^xer<br>''forget'' || '''ti'''^er/xer<br>''learn/study''<br>'''tri'''^er<br>''get to know''<br>'''tyi'''^er<br>''learn how'' || '''tu'''^er/xer/uxer<br>''inform/teach/raise''<br>'''tru'''^er<br>''familiarize''<br>'''tyu'''^er<br>''train'' |- ! '''d'''^er/rer<br>(''say/write'') | '''da'''^ler<br>''talk'' || '''de'''^ler<br>''state''<br>'''dye'''^er<br>''read'' || '''do'''^ler<br>''be silent''<br>'''dro'''^er<br>''erase'' || '''di'''^er/ler/rer<br>''ask/beg/require'' || '''du'''^er/ler/rer<br>''suggest/insist/demand''<br>'''dyu'''^er<br>''call'' |- ! rowspan=2|'''h-'''<br>(determiners) | '''ha'''^(a)<br>''the'' || '''he'''^a<br>''some'' || '''ho'''^a<br>''which'' || '''hi'''^a<br>''this'' || '''hu'''^a<br>''that'' |- | '''hya'''^(a)<br>''all'' || '''hye'''^a<br>''any'' || '''hyo'''^a<br>''no'' || '''hyi'''^a<br>''same'' || '''hyu'''^a<br>''other'' |- ! rowspan=2| (conjunctions) |'''ay'''<br>''and'' || '''ey'''<br>''or'' || '''oy'''<br>''but'' || || |- |'''ya'''ⁿ<br>''together'' || ||'''yo'''ⁿ<br>''apart''|| || |- ! rowspan=2| (numbers) | '''a'''<br>''one''|| '''e'''<br>''two''|| '''o'''<br>''zero''|| '''i'''<br>''three''|| '''u'''<br>''four'' |- | '''ya'''<br>''six''|| '''ye'''<br>''seven''|| '''yo'''<br>''five''|| '''yi'''<br>''eight''|| '''yu'''<br>''nine'' |- ! rowspan=1| (privatives) | || || '''lo-''' (''dis-/un-'')<br>'''lyo-''' (''dis-'')<br>'''oy-''' (''-less'')|| || |} :: <small>* Mixed root. '''taj/tej/toj''' instead of '''yaj/yej/yoj''', because the human letter root '''t''' is more intuitive.</small> :: Note: The opposition '''(y)a'''-'''(y)e'''-'''(y)o''' is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but '''(y)i-(y)u''' is two-way, without any intermediary sense. == Derived Word Formation Rules == : Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building: : These consist of the following rules: ::# Compounding ::# Affixation ::# Ordinal Vowel Scaling ::# Overlapping ::# Adding Ordinal Vowels ::# Swapping Generic Consonants ::# Marking Words for Gender ::# Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels ::# Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels ::# Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern ::# Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === Rule #1: Compounding === [[File:Compound 6 (maraviroc development).svg|thumb|]] : Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Compounding |- ! Component 1 !! Component 2 !! Compound |- | '''mor'''....''cosmos'' || '''tun'''....''science, -ology'' || '''mortun'''....''cosmology'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''memyaz'''....''mountain'' || '''magmemyaz'''....''volcano'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''mem'''....''land'' || '''dobmem'''....''territory'' |- | '''tul'''....''dish'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''tuldras'''....''menu'' |- | '''sin'''....''picture'' || '''dras'''....''something written'' || '''sindras'''....''description'' |- | '''tam'''....''house'' || '''kyoxer'''....''to fix (in place)'' || '''tamkyoxer'''....''to settle'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''kyo-'''....''fixed'' || '''tep-'''....''mind'' || '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn'' |} : Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for ''rain'', for example, is '''ma(m)''' (''sky'') + '''mil''' (''water''), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, '''mamil'''. : When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg: :* '''uzra'''....''twisted'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ---> '''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' :* '''kyoa'''....''fixed'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''kyotepa'''....''stubborn, obsessed'' :* '''aza'''....''strong'' + '''tep'''....''mind'' ----> '''tepaza'''....''intelligent'' :* '''fua'''....''bad'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''futipa'''....''cross, ill-tempered'' :* '''aga'''....''big'' + '''tip'''....''mood'' ----> '''tipaga'''....''magnanimous, generous'' === Rule #2: Affixation === [[File:Word Cloud of Various Prefixes.png|thumb|]] : Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes: ==== Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Base !! Compound |- | '''ja'''....''before'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''japer'''....''to precede'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''per'''....''to go'' || '''joper'''....''to follow'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' ||'''der'''....''to say'' || '''vader'''....''to affirm'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' ||'''dras'''....''something written'' || '''jodras'''....''postscript'' |- | '''za'''....''ahead'' ||'''jub'''....''day'' || '''zajub'''....''tomorrow'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' ||'''mel'''....''land'' || '''yonmel'''....''island'' |} : Prepositional prefixes ending in '''b''' with verbs '''per''' and '''ber''' (and their derivations) lose the '''b''' before verbal elements based on '''per''' (''go'') and '''ber''' (''put''), as shown in the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Assimilation of b and p |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! New Verb |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' (NOT: '''yabber''') |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' (NOT: '''yabper''') |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''aber'''....''put on, apply'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''aper'''....''get on, mount'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ber'''....''put'' || '''ober'''....''take off, remove'' |- | '''ob'''....''on'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''bux'''....''a push'' || '''yebux'''....''impulse'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall'' || '''yepyoser'''....''collapse'' |} : The loss of the '''b''' in the above words in one of the only cases of '''''fusion''''' in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form. Another case of fusion is when so-called '''''stubs''''' are combined. For example, '''doyijem''' (''public square''), which is composed of '''do(m)'''....''city'' + '''yij(a)'''....''open'' + '''(n)em'''....''place''. The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix '''a-''' can have many different meanings. : The adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped¹, as is the '''er''' or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that '''tyoyab''' becomes '''tyoya-'''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs |- ! Prefix !! Base Verb !! Compound Verb |- | '''oza'''....''weak'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ozder'''....''whisper'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yagder'''....''ramble'' |- | '''aja'''....''past'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''ajder'''....''evoke'' |- | '''yoga'''....''short'' || '''der'''....''say'' || '''yogder'''....''summarize'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''per'''....''go'' || '''tyoyaper'''....''walk'' |- | '''dreer'''....''write'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' || '''dresar'''....''pencil'' |- | '''tuyob'''....''hand'' || '''dren'''....''writing'' || '''tuyodren'''....''manuscript'' |- | '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''mamil'''....''rain'' |} : <small>¹: Sometimes, the adjective ending '''a''' is retained when an adjective is compounded with '''xer''' or '''ser'''. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, '''aga''' + '''xer''' can produce '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' or '''agxer'''....''to grow''. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.</small> ==== Most Common Mirad Prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Common Prefixes |- ! Prefix !! Examples |- |'''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-''||'''anzyukpar'''....''unicycle''<br> '''antotin'''....''monotheism''<br>'''adeb'''....''emperor'' |- |'''aa-'''....''arch-, first-, prime''||'''aadub'''....''prime minister''<br>'''aatat'''....''archangel''<br>'''aavyan'''....''principle''<br>'''aasaun'''....''prototype'' |- |'''aag-'''....''arch-, main, macro-''||'''aagmep'''....''highway''<br> '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution''<br> '''aagovekut'''....''archrival'' |- |'''aaj-'''....''paleo-, proto-''||'''aajtobtun'''....''paleoanthropology''<br> '''aajsiyn'''....''fossil'' |- |'''ab-'''....''ad-, top, on, epi-''||'''abtob'''....''superman''<br> '''abtim'''....''attic''<br> '''abzen'''....''epicenter'' |- |'''aj-'''....''former, ex-'' || '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife''<br>'''ajdeb'''....''former leader'' |- |'''ayb-'''....''over-, super-, hyper-, sur-''||'''aybmep'''....''overpass''<br>'''aybdresin'''....''superscript''<br>'''aybdyun'''....''hypernym'' |- |'''ag-'''....''mega(lo)-'' || '''agvyotos'''....''megalomania''<br>'''agtoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''alo(n)-'''....''deca-, ten-''||'''alojaga'''....''ten years old''<br> '''alojab'''....''decade''<br> '''alonsuna'''....''decimal'' |- |'''aloy(n)-'''....''deci-, tenth-''||'''aloynux'''....''tithe''<br> '''aloyngoler'''....''decimate'' |- |'''am-'''....''thermo-''||'''amzemula'''....''thermonuclear''<br> '''amvyabxar'''....''thermostat'' |- |'''amlo(n)-'''....''mega-''||'''amloagvunak'''....''megavolt''<br> '''amlotoj'''....''megadeath'' |- |'''amloyn-'''....''micro-''||'''amloynjweb'''....''microsecond'' |- |'''anyen-'''....''idio-''||'''anyenboka'''....''idiopathic''<br> '''anyendyan'''....''idiom''<br> '''anyentepa'''....''idiotic'' |- |'''ao(b/p)-'''....''north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axis''||'''aonab'''....''column'', ''x-y-axis''<br> '''aopuys yuzpar'''....''hop-on-hop-off bus''<br> '''aonada'''....''vertical'' |- |'''aoye(b/p)-'''....''in-and-out''||'''aoyebar'''....''piston''<br> '''aoyebelen'''....''import-exports''<br> '''aoyepaper'''....''fly in and out'' |- |'''aro(n)-'''....''kilo-''||'''aronminak'''....''kilometer''<br> '''arobanak'''....''kilobit'' |- |'''aroyn-'''....''milli-''||'''aroynvunak'''....''millivolt''<br> '''aoynwunak'''....''milliwatt'' |- |'''(a)so(n)'''....''cent-''||'''asojagat'''....''centenarian''<br> '''asolinak'''....''hectoliter''<br> '''sojab'''....''century'' |- |'''asoy(n)-'''....''cent-, centi-''||'''asoygenak'''....''centigram''<br> '''asoylinak'''....''centiliter'' |- |'''av-'''....''pro-''||'''avYanotina'''....''pro-Communist'' |- |'''ayn-'''....''full-, holo-, whole-''||'''aynnuut'''....''wholesaler''<br> '''aynsin'''....''hologram''<br> '''aynteptija'''....''fully-conscious'' |- |'''e(b/p)-'''....''inter-''||'''ebmos'''....''mezzanine''<br> '''ebyanmulxer'''....''intermingle''<br> '''eper'''....''intercede'' |- |'''ejna-'''....''neo-''||'''ejnadun'''....''neologism''<br> '''ejnaobdabin'''....''neocolonialism'' |- |'''e(n)-'''....''ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two-''||'''entyoba'''....''bipedal''<br> '''enzyuspar'''....''bicycle''<br> '''envolza'''....''dichromatic'' |- |'''eon-'''....''duo-, double-, twin-''||'''eonin'''....''dualism''<br> '''eondal'''....''double-speak''<br> '''eonsum'''....''twin bed'' |- |'''ev-'''....''a-, neutral'' ||'''evdofina'''....''amoral''<br>'''evdabtuna'''....''apolitical'' |- |'''ey(b/p)-'''....''intra-, among''||'''eybmasa'''....''intramural''<br> '''eybmimkuma'''....''intracoastal'' |- |'''eyn-'''....''demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi-''||'''eynzyus'''....''semi-circle''<br> '''eynzyup'''....''half-turn''<br> '''eyntilsyeb'''....''demitassee''<br> '''eynyonmel'''....''peninsula'' |- |'''fi-'''....''bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well-''||'''fixut'''....''benefactor''<br> '''fidrawa'''....''well-written''<br> '''fitos'''...''euphoria'' |- |'''fu-'''....''dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly-''||'''futos'''....''dysphoria''<br> '''futuwa'''....''ill-informed''<br> '''fuxeyn'''....''malfeasance'' |- |'''fya-'''....''hiero-, holy-, sancti-''||'''fyasdresiyn'''....''hieroglyphic''<br> '''fyader'''....''sanctify''<br> '''fyatwed'''....''holy father'' |- |'''fye-'''....''mythical, fantasy''||'''fyetop'''....''phantom''<br> '''fyetobet'''....''elfin''<br> '''fyetexer'''...''fantacize''<br> '''fyedin'''....''fantasy'' |- |'''fyo-'''....''evil, profane'' ||'''fyotez'''....''occult''<br>'''fyotat'''....''devil''<br>'''fyotyez'''....''witchcraft'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-, again'' || '''gawteaper'''....''revisit''<br> '''gawaker'''....''regain'' |- |'''garale-'''....''tera-''||'''garaleagbanak'''....''terabyte'' |- |'''garalyi-'''....''exa-''||'''garalyibanak'''....''exabit'' |- |'''garalyo-'''....''peta-''||'''galayoagbanak'''....''petabyte'' |- |'''garela-'''....''zetta-''||'''garelaagbanak'''....''zettabyte'' |- |'''garelu-'''....''yotta-''||'''gareluagbanak'''....''yottabyte'' |- |'''ge-'''....''equal to, equi-, even-''||'''geyafwa'''....''equipollent''<br> '''genaza'''....''equivalent'' |- |'''gel-'''....''homo-, like-, simul-''||'''gelzena'''....''homocentric''<br> '''gelvolza'''....''homochromatic'' |- |'''geyl-'''....''simul-''||'''geyldyan'''....''simile''<br> '''geylxer'''....''assimilate'' |- |'''gla-'''....''many-, multi-, poly-''||'''glatyenika'''....''multi-skilled''<br> '''glatwada'''....''polyandrous''<br> '''glavolza'''....''many-hued'' |- |'''glo-'''....''mini-, little-, few-''||'''gloduna'''....''succint, of few words''<br> '''glonixea'''....''low-earning'' |- |'''gorale-'''....''pico-''||'''goraleagfenak'''....''picofarad'' |- |'''goralyi-'''....''atto-''||'''goralyigenak'''....''attogram'' |- |'''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||'''goralyoon'''....''quadrillionth'' |- |'''goralyu-'''....''nano-''||'''goralyusonak'''....''nanosecond'' |- |'''gorela-'''....''zepto-''||'''gorelagenak'''....''zeptogram'' |- |'''gorelu-'''....''yocto-''||'''gorelugenak'''....''yoctogram'' |- |'''gra-'''....''extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra-''||'''gratosea'''....''hypersensitive''<br> '''grazoyaxler'''....''overreact''<br> '''granoxea'''....''extravagant'' |- |'''gro-'''....''hypo-, under-''||'''groyixlawa'''....''underemployed''<br> '''groaman'''....''hypothermia'' |- |'''gwa-'''....''hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure, macro-''||'''gwayelza'''....''pure pink''<br> '''gwayafa'''....''supreme''<br> '''gwauja'''....''ultimate''<br> '''gwazoa'''....''hindmost'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''least-, mini-, micro-''||'''gwosag'''....''minimum''<br> '''gwoyuzpur'''....''minibus''<br>'''gwoexlus'''....''microprocessor'' |- |'''hi-'''....''hither, these, this''||'''his'''....''this''<br> '''hisi'''....''these''<br> '''him'''....''here'' |- |'''hya(s)-'''....''pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every-''||'''hyas'''....''everything''<br> '''hyati'''....''all of them''<br> '''hyastea'''....''omniscient''<br> '''hyataadifa'''....''pansexual'' |- |'''hu-'''....''that''||'''hus'''....''that''<br> '''huj'''....''then''<br> '''huyen'''...''that way'' |- |'''huim-'''....''here-and-there, here-and-yon''||'''huimkexer'''....''search high and low''<br> '''huimpaper'''....''fly here and there''<br> '''hyuimpoper'''....''travel here-and-there'' |- |'''huu-'''....''so, such''||'''huugla'''....''so, so very''<br> '''hus'''....''such''<br> '''huyen'''....''in such a way, so, thus'' |- |'''hyaewa-'''....''ambi-''||'''hyaewati'''....''both of them''<br> '''hyaewaziza'''....''ambidextrous''<br> '''hyaewatoobifa'''....''ambi-sexual'' |- |'''hye-'''....''-ever, any, whatever, whichever''||'''hyem'''....''anywhere, wherever''<br> '''hyempea'''....''erratic''<br> '''hjej'''....''ever, anytime'' |- |'''hyi-'''....''homo-, like-, same, syn-''||'''hyitoobifa'''....''homosexual''<br> '''hyis'''....''same thing''<br> '''hyijoba'''....''synchronous'' |- |'''hyo(s)-'''....''nothing, a-'' || '''hyostosea'''....''apathetic'' |- |'''hyu(t/s)-'''....''alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, else''||'''hyutoobifa'''....''heterosexual''<br> '''hyua'''....''another, alternate''<br> '''hyutufa'''....''xenophobic''<br> '''hyus'''....''something else'' |- |'''hyui(t/s)-'''....''cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal''||'''hyuitvikaxen'''....''mutual admiration''<br> '''hyuixer'''....''reciprocate''<br> '''hyuisa'''....''mutual, reciprocal''<br> '''hyuitif'''....''mutual love'' |- |'''i-'''....''toward the speaker''||'''iber'''....''receive''<br>'''ixer'''....''result'' |- |'''ik-'''....''fully, thoroughly''||'''iktoxer'''....''forget completely''<br> '''iktos'''....''satisfaction''<br> '''ikyebixer'''....''engulf, swallow up completely'' |- |'''in-'''....''three-, tri-, tripl-, tern-''||'''inzyuspar'''....''tricycle''<br> '''inaga'''....''three-dimensional''<br> '''injiba'''....''trimensual''<br> '''insuna'''....''ternary''<br> '''intotan'''....''trinity'' |- |'''iyn-'''....''terci-, third''||'''iyna'''....''terciary''<br> '''iynxer'''....''cut into thirds'' |- |'''iz-'''....''ortho-, recti-, right-, straight-''||'''iznada'''....''rectilinear''<br> '''izguna'''....''orthogonal''<br> '''iztin'''....''orthdoxy''<br> '''izdea'''....''forthright'' |- |'''ja-'''....''ante-, fore-, pre-''||'''jaupya'''....''foregone''<br> '''jauper'''....''precede''<br> '''jadropeka'''....''antebellum'' |- |'''je-'''....''per-, continuously, ever-''||'''jetejer'''....''persevere''<br>'''jeteaxer'''....''watch''<br>'''jexrer'''....''perpetuate'' |- |'''jo-'''....''after-, meta-, post-''||'''joexlen'''....''postprocessing''<br> '''jomir'''....''metasphere''<br> '''jotej'''....''afterlife'' |- |'''jwa-'''....''early-, eo-, preter-, proto-''||'''jwaber'''....''prepare''<br> '''jwatuun'''....''premonition''<br> '''jwadodin'''....''early history, protohistory''<br> '''jwamola'''....''preternatural''<br> '''jwajoeb'''....''eocene'' |- |'''jwo-'''....''ceno-, late-, latter-, tard-''||'''jwonux'''....''late payment''<br> '''jwoa'''....''tardy''<br> '''jwoteja'''....''cenozoic'' |- |'''ko-'''....''cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth-''||'''koa'''....''covert''<br> '''koexut'''....''spy''<br> '''koyeper'''....''sneak in'' |- |'''(ko)vyo-'''....''pseudo-, mis-, wrong-''||'''kovyotun'''....''pseudoscience''<br>'''vyobekuer'''....''to mistreat'' |- |'''ku-'''....''para-''||'''kuifut'''....''paramour''<br> '''kuteliut'''....''parasite''<br> '''kuteptun'''....''parapsychology'' |- |'''kya-'''....''alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross-''||'''kyaember'''....''relocate''<br> '''kyajoba'''....''diachronic''<br> '''kyatajnad'''....''crossbreed''<br> '''kyatooba'''....''transgendered''<br> '''kyavolza'''....''variegated, motley'' |- |'''kyao-'''....''falteringly, unsteadily''||'''kyaoper'''....''stagger''<br> '''kyaotexer'''....''vacillate'' |- |'''kye-'''....''chance-, hap-, random-''||'''kyea'''....''haphazard''<br> '''kyebyus'''....''chance encounter''<br> '''kyeteater'''....''happen to see''<br> '''kyesauna'''....''of a random type'' |- |'''kyo-'''....''fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat-''||'''kyosaun'''....''stereotype''<br> '''kyopa'''....''stable, static, stationary''<br> '''kyoson'''....''status'' |- |'''lo-'''....''dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un-''||'''lozeb'''....''disequilibrium''<br> '''loyuvlaxer'''....''disengage''<br> '''loyuzyuber'''....''uncoil''<br> '''lomulvyusber'''....''decontaminate'' |- |'''logel-'''....''hetero-, different-''||'''logelsauna'''....''heterogenous''<br>'''logelaxer'''....''differentiate'' |- |'''maz-'''....''bright-''||'''mazteaba'''....''bright-eyed'' |- |'''mial-'''....''hygro-, atmo-, vapori-''||'''mialama'''....''hygrothermal''<br>'''mialnagar'''....''atomometer, vaporimeter'' |- |'''mil-'''....''aqua-, hydro-, water-''||'''milyexun'''....''aquaculture''<br> '''milmaka'''....''hydroelectric''<br> '''miltilsyeb'''....''water glass'' |- |'''mul-'''....''hylo-, substance''||'''mulsana'''....''hylomorphic'' |- |'''o(l)-'''....''a-, dis-, non-, un-, in-''||'''ovyilxwa'''....''unwashed''<br> '''omalza'''....''non-white''<br> '''ototina'''....''atheist''<br> '''otepzexea'''....''inattentive'' |- |'''o(b/p)-'''....''de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice-''||'''oper'''....''get off''<br> '''obneg'''....''sublevel''<br> '''obxeb'''....''sous-chef, sub-officer''<br>'''obtyodeb'''....''vice-president'' |- |'''oog-'''....''micro-'' || '''oogpob'''....''microorganism'' <nowiki>-</nowiki> |- | '''oj-'''....''future'' || '''ojtayd'''....''bride, future wife'' |- |'''gaw-'''....''re-'' ||'''gawder'''....''to repeat''<br>'''gawdyeer'''....''to re-read'' |- |'''gwo-'''....''micro-, mini-'' || '''ogalmor'''....''microcosm''<br>'''ogalteaxer'''....''microscope''<br>'''gowaxer'''....''minimize'' |- |'''of-'''....''prohibited'' ||'''ofbier'''....''steal''<br>'''ofbekul'''....''prohibited drug''<br>'''ofemkyoxer'''....''to squat'' |- |'''ov-'''....''contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un-''||'''ovalxer'''....''countervail''<br> '''ovper'''....''contravene''<br> '''ovkyin'''....''counterweight''<br> '''ovdat'''....''enemy''<br> '''olovmasbwa'''....''undefended'' |- |'''oy-'''....''-less, a(n)-, without''||'''oytofa'''...''naked''<br> '''oyxer'''....''deprive''<br> '''oytosen'''....''apathy''<br> '''oyteupiba'''....''toothless'' |- |'''oyb-'''....''hypo-, infra-, sub-, under-''||'''oybnadrer'''....''underline''<br> '''oybtomsan'''....''infrastructure''<br> '''oybseuxa'''....''subsonic''<br> '''oybtayoba'''....''hypodermic'' |- |'''oyeb-'''....''ex-, extra-, out-''||'''oyebnad'''....''outline''<br> '''oyebyujber'''....''exclude''<br> '''oyebdoabuer'''....''extradite'' |- |'''oyv-'''....''contra-, opposite, reverse''||'''oyvkuma'''...''opposite''<br> '''oyvder'''....''contradict''<br>'''oyvduer'''....''contraindicate''<br>'''oyvaxer'''....''reverse'' |- |'''tayi(b)-'''....''neuro-, nerve''||'''tayibteptun'''....''neuropsychology''<br> '''tayibyok'''....''neuralgia'' |- |'''teeb-'''....''auri-, oto-, ear-''||'''teebbekut'''....''aurist''<br> '''teeteiteyobtut'''....''otorhinolaryngologist''<br> '''teebyel'''....''earwax'' |- |'''tee(s/x/t)-'''....''audio-, son-, phono-''||'''teesnagen'''....''audiography''<br> '''teestaxdras'''....''phonogram''<br> '''teestun'''....''audiology''<br> '''teexdras'''....''audiogram''<br> '''teetyofwa'''....''inaudible'' |- |'''tei(b)-'''....''nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo-''||'''teibbok'''....''rhinitis''<br> '''teibyeg'''....''nostril''<br> '''teiz'''....''perfume''<br> '''teizuka'''....''aroma-free''<br> '''teityaf'''....''olfactory sense'' |- |'''tiibil-'''....''blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin-''||'''tiibililp'''....''hemorrhage''<br> '''tiibiliut'''....''bloodsucker''<br> '''tiibloker'''....''exsanguinate''<br> '''tiibiltun'''....''hematology'' |- |'''tuj-'''....''hypno-, somni-, sopor-''||'''tujbek'''....''hyptotherapy''<br> '''tujbyea'''....''somniferous, soporific'' |- |'''u(b/p)-'''....''toward''||'''uber'''....''send''<br>'''ubaer'''....''lean toward'' |- |'''ui-'''....''horizontal, left-right, x-axis''||'''uinab'''....''row'', ''x-axis''<br> '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- |'''uib-'''....''back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receive''||'''uibar'''....''transceiver'' |- |'''uig-'''....''fast-and-slow''||'''uigpar'''....''scooter'' |- |'''uij-'''....''begin-and-end, start-and-stop''||'''uijdaler'''....''stutter'' |- |'''uip-'''....''come-and-go''||'''uipen'''....''traffic, coming and going'' |- |'''uiz-'''....''straight-then-crooked''||'''uizbaser'''....''swagger''<br> '''uizdrer'''....''scribble''<br> '''uizpaser'''....''swerve'' |- |'''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater-''||'''ungona'''....''quadripartite''<br> '''unnednid'''....''tetrahedron''<br> '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' |- |'''uyn-'''....''fourth-, quarti-''||'''uynxer'''....''quarter''<br> '''uynjab'''....''quarter (of a year)'' |- |'''ut-'''....''auto-, self-, sui-, ego-''||'''utifon'''....''egoism''<br> '''utgober'''....''autodecrement''<br> '''utfuyix'''....''self-abuse''<br> '''uttujben'''....''suicide'' |- |'''uz-'''....''crooked, di-''||'''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- |'''va-'''....''yes''||'''vayovder'''....''convict''<br> '''vabier'''....''accept''<br> '''vatexer'''....''believe'' |- |'''vao-'''....''yes-no''||'''vaoder'''....''decide''<br> '''vaodaler'''....''waffle''<br> '''vaonaza'''....''boolean'' |- |'''vi-'''....''bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri-''||'''vituzyan'''....''fine arts, beaux arts''<br> '''vidun'''....''euphemism''<br> '''vidrenyan'''....''literature, belles lettres''<br> '''visuana'''....''classic'' |- |'''vo-'''....''non-, neg-''||'''voyafxer'''....''veto''<br> '''voxer'''....''negate''<br> '''voyovder'''....''acquit, declare not guilty'' |- |'''vya-'''....''justi-, recti-, true-, reg-''||'''vyadin'''....''true story''<br> '''vyader'''....''avow''<br> '''vyamol'''....''essence'' |- | '''vyao-'''....''right or wrong'' ||'''vyaoyek'''....''test'' |- |'''vyak-'''....''ortho-, correct-''||'''vyakdred'''....''orthography''<br> '''vyakxer'''....''correct'' |- |'''vyo-'''....''mis-, para-, wrong-''||'''vyoyufa'''....''paranoid''<br> '''vyoyux'''....''perfidy''<br> '''vyoyixer'''....''misuse'' |- |'''ya-'''....''more than one, multi-''||'''yaota'''....''communal'' |- |'''yab-'''....''hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper-''||'''yabdom'''....''uptown''<br> '''yabdoneg'''....''upper class''<br> '''yabduzneg'''....''high pitch''<br> '''yabexer'''....''support''<br> '''yabzyobix'''....''hypertension'' |- |'''yabnan-'''....''height-, hypso-, alti-''||'''yabnanagar'''....''hypsometer, altimeter'' |- |'''yag-'''....''long-''||'''yagyiban'''....''long distance''<br> '''yagyeker'''....''strive''<br> '''yagblokea'''....''long-suffering'' |- |'''yan-'''....''co(n)-, fellow-, -mate''||'''yanzena'''....''concentric''<br> '''yanyeker'''....''compete''<br> '''yandit'''....''fellow-citizen'' |- |'''yao(b/p)-'''....''up-and-down''||'''yaopuyser'''....''skip''<br> '''yaopsim'''....''seesaw''<br> '''yaoblir'''....''elevator''<br> '''yaobaser'''....''bounce'' |- |'''ya(on)-'''....''six-, hexa-, sex-''||'''yaonat'''....''sextet''<br> '''yaongun'''....''hexagon''<br> '''yaona'''....''six-fold, sextuple''<br>'''yagol'''....''sextile'' |- |'''yaov-'''....''guilty-or-innocent''||'''yaovder'''....''adjudicate''<br> '''yaovdutyan'''....''jury''<br> '''yaovkader'''....''plead''<br> '''yaovyek'''....''trial'' |- |'''yaoz-'''....''serrated, bumpy, jagged''||'''yaozaxer'''....''serrate''<br> '''yaozgoblar'''....''saw''<br> '''yaozper'''....''bump along'' |- |'''yayb-'''....''supra-''||'''yaybdooba'''....''supranational'' |- |'''yayn-'''....''sex-, sixth''||'''yayna'''...''sixth'' |- |'''ye(on)-'''....''hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven-''||'''yejub'''....''week''<br> '''yeongun'''....''heptagon''<br> '''yeonat'''....''septuplet'' |- |'''ye(b/p)-'''....''en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro-''||'''yebuzaser'''....''.inflect''<br> '''yebzoytiibufa'''....''intravenous''<br> '''yebyujer'''....''enclode''<br> '''yebtayoba'''....''endodermal''<br> '''yeper'''....''enter''<br> '''yeber'''....''introduce'' |- |'''yeov-'''....''fair or not ''|| '''yeovdut'''....''umpire'' |- |'''yeyb-'''....''intra-''||'''yeybmepyan'''....''intranet''<br> '''yeybdoeba'''....''intrastate'' |- |'''ye-'''....''hepto-, seven-, septi-''||'''yejub'''....''week'' |- |'''yeyn-'''....''seventh''|| '''yeynxer'''....''split into sevenths'' |- |'''yez'''....''para-, alongside''|| '''yezteptun'''....''parapsychology''<br>'''yezuper'''....''come alongside'' |- |'''yi(on)-'''....''oct-, eight-''||'''yiona'''...''eight-fold''<br>''octuple'' |- |'''yib-'''....''far-, tele-, remote''||'''yibsin'''....''televison''<br> '''yibteata'''....''far-sighted''<br> '''yibtrawa'''....''famous'' |- |'''yibaj-'''....''archai-, archeo-, ancient''||'''yibajtun'''....''archaeology'','''yibajtun'''....''archeology'' |- |'''yiyn-'''....''eighth''||'''yiynxer'''....''divide into eighths'' |- |'''yiz-'''....''beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-''||'''yiztyun'''...''metaphor''<br> '''yizeza'''....''paranormal''<br> '''yizmeirat'''....''extraterrestrial''<br> '''yizseux'''....''utrasound'' |- |'''yoon-'''....''five-, penta-, quint-''||'''yoongun'''....''pentagon''<br> '''yoongol'''...''quintile''<br> '''yoon'''....''group of five''<br> ''quintet'' |- |'''yo(b/p)-'''....''down-, hypo-, sub-''||'''yobdom'''...''downtown''<br> '''yoper'''....''go down''<br> '''yobgoler'''....''subdivide'' |- |'''yon-'''....''apart, dis-, se-''||'''yonzyaber'''....''disperse''<br> '''yonxer'''....''separate''<br> '''yonsauna'''....''distinct'' |- |'''yoyn-'''....''fifth-, quinti-''||'''yoynnaga'''....''quintic''<br> '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' |- |'''yu(n)-'''....''nine-, nona-''||'''yunapa'''....''ninth (in order)''<br> '''yungunid'''....''nonagon''<br> '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' |- |'''yub-'''....''near-, proxi-, para-''||'''yuboj'''....''near future''<br> '''yubna'''....''next''<br> '''yubteas'''....''closeup (view)''<br> '''yubge'''....''almost''<br> '''yubfia'''....''intimate''<br> '''yubgeser'''....''approximate''<br>'''yubdopa'''....''paramilitary'' |- |'''yui(b/p)-'''....''near-and-far''||'''yuibjo'''....''sooner or later''<br> '''yuibteabar'''....''bifocals''<br> '''yuipoper'''....''travel near and far'' |- |'''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut''||'''yuijar'''....''valve''<br> '''yuijer'''....''blink'', ''wink''<br> '''manyuijer'''....''blink''<br> '''makyuijar'''....''switch'' |- |'''yuyb-'''....''quasi-, pen-, almost''||'''yuybyonmel'''....''peninsula''<br> '''yuybega'''....''quasi-normal'' |- |'''yuon-'''....''ninth-, novi-''||'''yuonat'''....''nonuplet'' |- |'''yuz-'''....''circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round-''||'''yuzper'''....''circulate''<br> '''yuznad'''....''perimeter''<br> '''yuzof'''....''wrap-around''<br> '''yuznadrer'''....''circumscribe'' |- |'''za-'''....''ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro-, north''||'''zatim'''....''antechamber''<br> '''zamimuf'''....''foremast''<br> '''zagab'''....''prefix''<br> '''zajuber'''....''procrastinate''<br>'''zamer'''....''north'' |- |'''zao-'''....''back-and-forth, front-and-back''||'''zaopaser'''....''wobble''<br> '''zaokuper'''....''slalom''<br> '''zaopyoser'''....''pendulate'' |- |'''zay-'''....''forth-, pro-, forward, ahead''||'''zaypuyser'''....''skip ahead''<br> '''zaypuxer'''....''propel''<br> '''zayper'''....''go forward, procede''<br> '''zayupea'''....''forthcoming'' |- |'''ze-'''....''mid-, central, medio-''||'''zetej'''....''midlife''<br> '''zepoxer'''....''interrupt, stop midway''<br> '''zetem'''....''central hall'' |- |'''zey-'''....''cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, across''||'''zeyper'''....''transit, get across''<br> '''zeynod'''....''crosspoint''<br> '''zeytyun'''....''metaphor'' |- |'''zi-'''....''right, east, dextro-''||'''zim'''....''right side''<br>'''zimera'''....''eastern'' |- |'''zo-'''....''back-, hind-, retro-, south''||'''zotib'''....''back''<br> '''zotiub'''....''hindquarters''<br> '''zonapa'''....''retrograde''<br>'''zomer'''....''south'' |- |'''zoy-'''....''back-, retro-, re-''||'''zoyper'''....''recede, go back''<br> '''zoybeler'''....''carry back''<br> '''zoyzyublen'''....''backspin'' |- |'''zu-'''....''left-, west-''||'''zutinut'''....''leftist''<br> '''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zumera'''....''western'' |- |'''zui-'''....''left-and-right, zig-zag, east-west''||'''zuibyoser'''....''dangle, hang left-and-right''<br> '''zuiper'''....''zigzag''<br> '''zuituyaba'''....''ambidextrous''<br>'''zuimera'''....''east-west'' |- |'''zya-'''....''-wide, wide-, broad-, all about''||'''zyauber'''....''broadcast''<br> '''zyateaba'''....''wide-eyed''<br> '''zyasauna'''....''general''<br> '''zyapoper'''....''cruise, wander''<br> '''zyamira'''....''global, worldwide'' |- |'''zye-'''....''per-, thorough-, thru-, trans-''||'''zyetejer'''....''live through, experience''<br> '''zyeteaxer'''....''peruse''<br> '''zyeteatyafwa'''....''transparent''<br> '''zyemep'''....''thoroughfare''<br> '''zyeper'''....''permeate, transit'' |- |'''zyo-'''....''narrow, steno-'' || '''zyotepa'''....''narrow-minded''<br>'''zyoteat'''....''tunnel vision''<br>'''zyoyija'''....''stenopeic'' |- |'''zyu-'''....''cyclo-, rot-, round-, gyro''||'''zyutim'''....''rotunda''<br> '''zyusem'''....''roundtable''<br> '''zyuper'''....''cycle, gyrate, rotate'' |} ==== Suffixes ==== : Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes. : '''Semantic Stub Suffixes''' :: Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Stub Suffixes |- valign=top ! Suffix Stub !! Suffix Full Form !! Suffixed Example < Base Word |- | '''-il'''....''liquid, drink'' || '''mil'''....''water'' || '''teab<u>il</u>'''....''tear''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teub<u>il</u>'''....''saliva''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''tayeb<u>il</u>'''....''sweat''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayeb'''....''skin''<br>'''mam<u>il</u>'''....''rain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mam'''....''sky'' |- | '''-al'''....''gas'' || '''mal'''....''air'' || '''tieb<u>al</u>'''....''breath''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' |- | '''-(e)l'''....''food'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''sup<u>el</u>'''....''pork''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''<u>sup</u>et'''....''swine''<br>'''ta<u>ol</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''taob'''....''flesh''<br>'''fe<u>l</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''feb'''....''fruit'' |- | '''-ul'''....''stuff'' || '''mul'''....''substance'' || '''vix<u>ul</u>'''....''cosmetic''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vix-'''....''to beautify''<br>'''bek<u>ul</u>'''....''medecine''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment'' |- | '''-yel'''....''oil, gel, wax, pulp'' || '''yel'''....''oil'' || '''olf<u>yel</u>'''....''olive oil''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''olfeb'''....''olive''<br>'''appelat<u>yel</u>'''....''wax''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''appelat'''....''bee''<br>'''mag<u>yel</u>'''....''grease''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mag'''....''fire''<br>'''bek<u>yel</u>'''....''salve''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''bek'''....''treatment''<br>'''meg<u>yel</u>'''....''cement''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''meg'''....''stone''<br>'''yan<u>yel</u>'''....''paste''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yan'''....''together'' |- | '''-am'''....''house'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''apat<u>am</u>'''....''chicken coop''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apat'''....''chicken''<br>'''apellat<u>am</u>'''....''beehive''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''apellat'''....''bee''<br>'''melyex<u>am</u>'''....''farmhouse''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''melyex'''....''agriculture''<br>'''datib<u>am</u>'''....''hostel''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''datib'''....''guest-reception'' |- | '''-(e)m'''....''place'' || '''nem'''....''place'' || '''vobyex<u>em</u>'''....''plantation, farm''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vob'''....''plant'' + '''yex'''....''work''<br>'''vab<u>em</u>'''....''field''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''ab<u>em</u>'''....''top, surface''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ab'''....''above, upper''<br>'''ze<u>m</u>'''....''middle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ze(a)'''....''middle'' <br> '''tim'''....''room'' |- | '''-im'''....''room'' || '''tim'''....''room'' || '''tul<u>im</u>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tul'''....''cuisine''<br>'''tuj<u>im</u>'''....''bedroom''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tuj'''....''sleep'' |- | '''-um'''....''cell, booth'' || '''tum'''....''compartment''|| '''pex<u>um</u>'''....''cage''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pexer'''....''catch''<br>'''ilzyapux<u>um</u>'''....''shower stall''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ilzyapux'''....''shower'' |- | '''-yem'''....''space'' || '''nyem'''....''enclosure'' || '''yom<u>yem</u>'''....''icebox''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yom'''....''ice'' |- | '''-yeb'''....''container'' || '''nyeb'''....''container'' || '''z<u>yeb</u>'''....''bottle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zye(f)'''....''glass''<br>'''vos<u>yeb</u>'''....''vase''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vos'''....''flower'' |- | '''-of'''....''material'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''t<u>of</u>'''....''clothes''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''t-'''....''human''<br>'''mis<u>of</u>'''....''curtain''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mis'''....''window''<br>'''fa<u>of</u>'''....''wood''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''fa(b)-'''....''tree''<br>'''tay<u>of</u>'''....''leather''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tayo(b)'''....''skin'' |- | '''-ov'''....''linen'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tey<u>ov</u>'''....''collar''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck'' |- | '''-ar'''....''instrument'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' ||'''p<u>ar</u>'''....''cart''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''p-'''....''motion''<br>'''zyup<u>ar</u>'''....''rotor''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyup'''....''turn''<br>'''gobr<u>ar</u>'''....''knife''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gobrar'''....''cut''<br>'''jwob<u>ar</u>'''....''watch''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-ir'''....''machine'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''dr<u>ir</u>'''....''typewriter''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dr-'''....''write''<br>'''gwob<u>ir</u>'''....''clock'' |- | '''-ur'''....''large machine'' || '''sur'''....''engine'' || '''p<u>ur</u>r'''....''car''<br>'''jwob<u>ur</u>r'''....''grandfather clock''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''jwob'''....''hour'' |- | '''-(u)n'''....''thing'' || '''sun'''....''thing'' || '''d<u>un</u>'''....''word''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''d-'''....''utter, say''<br>'''gofr<u>un</u>'''....''piece, scrap''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gofrer'''....''rip, shread, tear''<br>'''zyi<u>un</u>'''....''plaque, plate''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyia'''....''flat''<br>'''vyu<u>n</u>'''....''spot''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vyua'''....''dirty'' |- | '''-on'''....''abstract thing'' || '''son'''....''issue'' || '''yov<u>on</u>'''....''tort, wrong''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yov'''....''guilt'' |- | '''yen'''....''manner, kind'' || '''byen'''....''manner'' || '''tex<u>yen</u>'''....''opinion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tex'''....''thought''<br>'''hi<u>yen</u>'''....''this way, thus''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''hi-'''....''this''<br>'''es<u>yen</u>'''....''status''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''es-'''....''exist'' |- | '''-in'''....''-ism'' || '''tin'''....''doctrine'' || '''tot<u>in</u>'''....''theism, religion''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tot-'''....''god''<br>'''Krist<u>in</u>'''....''Christianity''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Krist'''....''Christ''<br>'''vyisat<u>in</u>'''....''puritanism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vysiat'''....''puritan, clean person''<br>'''oytof<u>in</u>'''....''nudism''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''oytofa'''....''nude'' |- | '''-ufyeg'''....''cylinder'' || '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' || '''man<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''candle''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''man'''....''light''<br>'''tiib<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''artery''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tiib'''....''heart''<br>'''mil<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''toilet''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mil'''....''water''<br>'''mov<u>ufyeg</u>'''....''cheminee''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mov'''....''smoke'' |- | '''-ab'''....''government'' || '''dab'''....''government'' || '''dit<u>ab</u>'''....''democracy''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dit'''....''citizen'' |- | '''-eb'''....''leader'' || '''deb'''....''leader'' || '''x<u>eb</u>'''....''boss''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''x-'''....''do''<br>'''tam<u>eb</u>'''....''master of the house''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tam'''....''house'' |- | '''-ub'''....''branch'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''pat<u>ub</u>'''....''wing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pat'''....''bird'' |- | '''-ad'''....''language'' || '''-a''' + '''d(alzeyn)'''....''language'' || '''Frans<u>ad</u>'''....''French (language)'' |- | '''-uz'''....''jewelry'' || '''nuz'''....''jewel'' || '''teyob<u>uz</u>'''....''necklace''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teyob'''....''neck''<br>'''teeb<u>uz</u>'''....''earring''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''teeb'''....''ear'' |- | '''-u(er)'''....''give'' || '''buer'''....''give'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>er'''....''exhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-i(er)'''....''take'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''tiebal<u>i</u>er'''....''inhale''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |- | '''-ui(er)'''....''exchange'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' || '''tiebal<u>u</u>ier'''....''breathe''&nbsp;&nbsp;<&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tieb'''....''lung'' + '''al'''....''air'' |} ==== Derviational Suffixes ==== ::: Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivational Suffixes |- ! Derivational<br>Suffix !! Function || Base Word <br><br>--> Suffixed<br>Derivation |- | '''-er''' || Noun <br>--> Verbal Infinitive || '''sag'''....''count'' <big><br>--></big> '''sag<u>er</u>'''....''to count'' |- | '''-n''' || Present Tense Verb <br>--> Verbal Noun (Gerund)<br>Adjective <br>--> Abstract Noun || '''yexe'''....''(he/she/...) works'' <big><br>--></big> '''yexe<u>n</u>'''....''working''<br>'''via'''....''beautiful'' <big><br>--></big> '''via<u>n</u>'''....''beauty''<br>'''yuba'''....''near'' <big><br>--></big> '''yuba<u>n</u>'''....''proximity, nearness'' |- | '''-a''' || Noun <br>--> Adjective<br>Active Verb<br>--> Verbal Adjective (Present Participle)<br>Past Passive Verb <br>--> Perfect Passive Participle (Adjective)||'''mor'''....''universe'' <big><br>--></big> '''mor<u>a</u>'''....''universal''<br>'''ake'''....''wins'' <big><br>--></big> '''ake<u>a</u>'''....''winning''<br>'''teatwa'''....''was seen'' <big><br>--></big>'''teatwa<u>a</u>''' (or, shortened to: '''teatw<u>a</u>'''....''seen'') |- | '''-ya''' || INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM <br>--> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE || '''ip-'''....''go away'' <big><br>--></big> '''ip<u>ya</u>'''....''gone away'' |- | '''-yea''' || VERB STEM <br>--> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE) || '''zaypas-'''....''progress'' <big><br>--></big> '''zaypas<u>yea</u>'''....''progressive'' |- | '''-y''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ADVERB || '''iga'''....''quick'' <big><br>--></big> '''iga<u>y</u>'''....''quickly''<br>'''tea-'''....''knowing''<big><br>--></big>'''tea<u>y</u>'''....''knowingly'' |- | '''-ut''' || VERB STEM <br>--> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''one who Xes, -er'' || '''ak-'''....''win'' <big><br>--></big> '''ak<u>ut</u>''' ....''winner'' |- | '''-us''' || VERB STEM <br>--> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN ''thing that Xes, -er'' || '''gol-'''....''divide'' <big><br>--></big> '''gol<u>us</u>''' ....''divisor'' |- |- '''-t''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> ANIMATE NOUN (human, one who is...) || '''yibtrawa'''....''well-known'' <big>-<br>--></big>'''yibtrawa<u>t</u>'''....''celebrity'' |- |- '''-s''' || ADJECTIVE <br>--> INANIMATE NOUN (thing, something X) || '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big><br>--></big>'''otwa<u>s</u>'''....''mystery'' |} ::: <small>*Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker '''-i''' fall under the latter category.</small> ==== Normal Semantic Suffixes==== :* Augmentative Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Augmentative Suffixes |- ! Augmentative Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-ag''' (augmentative) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamag'''....''mansion'' |- | '''-ayg''' (affectionate augmentative) || '''sem'''....''chair'' || '''semayg'''....''big old chair'' |- | '''-yag''' (pejorative augmentative) || '''apet'''....''horse'' || '''apetyag'''....''nag'' |} :* Diminutive Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Diminutive Suffixes |- ! Diminutive Suffix !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-og''' (diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamog'''....''hut'' |- | '''-oyg''' (affectionate diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamoyg'''....''cottage'' |- | '''-yog''' (pejorative diminutive) || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tamyog'''....''shack'' |- | '''-et''' (a smaller person) || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' |- | '''-es''' (thing of lesser importance) || '''nas'''....''money'' || '''nases'''....''change, coin'' |- | '''-ud''' (child of, offspring) || '''tob'''....''man'' || '''tobud'''....''infant'' |} :* Semantic Adjectival Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Semantic Adjectival Suffixes |- ! Adjectival Suffix !! Meaning !! Base Word !! Suffixed Derivation |- | '''-a''' || '''mor'''....''universe'' || ''related to, -al, -ic'' || '''mora'''....''universal'' |- | '''-aya''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekaya'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-oya''' || '''vyun'''....''spot'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''vyunoya'''....''spotless'' |- | '''-ika''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''full of, -ous, -y'' || '''miekika'''....''dusty'' |- | '''-uka''' || '''miek'''....''dust'' || ''empty of, -less, -free'' || '''miekuka'''....''dust-free'' |- | '''-yea''' || '''vyod'''....''lie'' || ''given to doing X, -ive'' || '''vyodyea'''....''mendacious, given to lying'' |- | '''-yena''' || '''tat'''....''angel'' || ''like, -ly, -ic'' || '''tatyena'''....''angelic'' |} :* Other Semantic Suffixes {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Other Semantic Suffixes |- ! Suffix !! Base Word || Derivation |- | '''-tun'''....''science, ...ology'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>tun</u>'''....''biology'' |- | '''-tut'''....''-ologist, expert, -ist'' || '''dar'''....''language'' || '''dar<u>tut</u>'''....''linquist'' |- | '''-tuin'''....''theory'' || '''tob'''....''mar'' || '''mar<u>tuin</u>'''....''astrology'' |- | '''-yan'''....''collection, aggregate'' || '''fab'''....''tree''|| '''fab<u>yan</u>'''....''forest'' |- |'''-tyen'''....''trade, -ics'' || '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''sir<u>tyen</u>'''....''mechanics'' |- | '''-if'''....''pet name'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''twed<u>if</u>'''....''papa'' |- | '''ifa'''....''-philic, -loving'' || '''dyes'''....''book'' || '''dyes<u>ifa</u>'''....''bibliophilic'' |- | '''ifwa'''....''liked by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ifwa</u>'''....''popular'' |- | '''ufa'''....''-phobic, -hating'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' || '''toyb<u>ufa</u>'''....''misogynous'' |- | '''ufwa'''....''hated by'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyod<u>ufwa</u>'''....''unpopular'' |- | '''yafa'''....''able to'' || '''tyoyap-'''....''walk'' || '''tyoyap<u>yafa</u>'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''yafwa'''....''possible to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yafwa</u>'''....''visible'' |- | '''yofa'''....''unable to'' || '''teat-'''....''see'' || '''teat<u>yofa</u>'''....''blind'' |- | '''yofwa'''....''impossible to'' || '''dye-'''....''read'' || '''dye<u>yofwa</u>'''....''illegible'' |- | '''yika'''....''hard of...ing'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yika</u>'''....''hard of hearing'' |- | '''yikwa'''....''hard to'' || '''teet-'''....''hear'' || '''teet<u>yikwa</u>'''....''hard to hear'' |- | '''yuka'''....''easy at...ing'' || '''vatex-'''....''believe'' || '''vatex<u>yuka</u>'''....''gullible'' |- | '''yukwa'''....''easily...ed'' || '''test-'''....''understand'' || '''test<u>yukwa</u>'''....''easily understood'' |- | '''yufa'''....''fearful of, -phobic'' || '''tot'''....''god'' || '''tot<u>yufa</u>'''....''god-fearing'' |- | '''yufwa'''....''feared'' || '''hyat'''....''everybody'' || '''hyat<u>yufwa</u>'''....''feared by all'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''efa'''....''needful of'' || '''tel'''....''food'' || '''tel<u>efa</u>'''....''hungry'' |- | '''efwa'''....''necessary to'' || '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tej<u>efa</u>'''....''vital'' |- | '''yefa'''....''duty-bound to, -worthy of'' || '''dud'''....''answer'' || '''dud<u>yefa</u>'''....''responsible'' |- | '''yefwa'''....''due, -worthy of'' || '''fid-'''....''laud'' || '''fid<u>yefwa</u>'''....''praiseworthy'' |- | '''afa'''....''authorized to'' || '''dokebi-'''....''vote'' || '''dokebi<u>afa</u>'''....''franchised'' |- | '''ofwa'''....''prohibited to'' || '''movi-'''....''smoke'' || '''movi<u>ofwa</u>gonem'''....''no-smoking zone'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free to'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yiva</u>'''....''free to choose'' |- | '''yivwa'''....''free to be ...ed'' || '''kebi-'''....''choose'' || '''kebi<u>yivwa</u>'''....''optional'' |- | '''yuva'''....''bound'' || '''tam'''....''house'' || '''tam<u>yuva</u>'''....''house-bound'' |- | '''ova'''....''resistant, anti-'' || '''aagdovyab'''....''constitution'' || '''aagdovyab<u>ova</u>'''....''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''ava'''....''in favor of, pro-'' || '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' || '''tyodab<u>ava</u>'''....''pro-democracy'' |- | '''eva'''....''neutral'' || '''toos'''....''gender'' || '''toos<u>eva</u>'''....''gender-neutral'' |} ==== Inflectional Suffixes ==== : Mirad has only one noun inflectional suffix, namely, '''-''', which makes a singular noun plural: ::* '''tam'''....''house'' --> '''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' : The only other inflectional affixes are the following verb infixes and suffixes: ::* '''-er'''....infinitive ::* '''-e'''....present tense ::* '''-a'''....past tense ::* '''-o'''....future tense ::* '''-u'''....hypothetical mood ::* '''-e-'''....''progressive aspect'' ::* '''-a-'''....''perfect aspect'' ::* '''-o-'''....''immediate aspect'' ::* '''-u-'''....''conditional aspect'' ::* '''-y-'''....''active voice'' ::* '''-w-'''....''passive voice'' : Example: :* '''Wit tuj<u>eya</u> hoj van at pua.'''....''He <u>was sleeping</u> when I arrived.'' ::* '''-e-''' = progressive aspect infix ::* '''-y-''' = active voice infix ::* '''-a''' = past tense suffix === Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling === : Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called '''''first-level ordinal scaling'''''. ==== First-level Ordinal Scaling ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ First-level Ordinal Scaling |- valign=top ! ORDINAL VOWEL !! t...b !! m...r !! j...b !! m...s !! t...m !! d...b || f...b || s...m || d...t || t...d |- !row=1| '''o''' = 0 |'''tob'''<br>''man'' || '''mor'''<br>''universe'' || '''job'''<br>''time'' || '''mos'''<br>''floor''|| '''tom'''<br>''building'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' || '''fob'''<br>''plant'' || '''som'''<br>''furniture''||'''dot'''<br>''society''||'''tod'''<br>''family'' |- !row=1| '''a''' = 1 |'''tab'''<br>''body'' || '''mar'''<br>''sun'' || '''jab'''<br>''year'' || '''mas'''<br>''wall'' || '''tam'''<br>''house'' || '''dab'''<br>''government'' || '''fab'''<br>''tree'' || '''sam'''<br>''armoire''||'''dat'''<br>''friend'' || '''tad'''<br>''spouse'' |- !row=1| '''e''' = 2 |'''teb'''<br>''head'' || '''mer'''<br>''planet'' || '''jeb'''<br>''season''|| '''mes'''<br>''door'' || '''tem'''<br>''hall'' || '''deb'''<br>''leader'' || '''feb'''<br>''fruit'' || '''sem'''<br>''table''||'''det'''<br>''associate'' || '''ted'''<br>''parent'' |- !row=1| '''i''' = 3 |'''tib'''<br>''trunk'' || '''mir'''<br>''earth'' || '''jib'''<br>''month'' || '''mis'''<br>''window'' || '''tim'''<br>''room'' || '''dib'''<br>''office'' || '''fib'''<br>''tree trunk'' || '''sim'''<br>''chair''||'''dit'''<br>''citizen'' || '''tid'''<br>''sibling'' |- !row=1| '''u''' = 4 |'''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''mur'''<br>''moon'' || '''jub'''<br>''day'' || '''mus'''<br>''stairs'' || '''tum'''<br>''cell'' || '''dub'''<br>''minister'' || '''fub'''<br>''branch'' || '''sum'''<br>''bed''||'''dut'''<br>''gentleperson'' || '''tud'''<br>''child'' |- !row=1| '''yo''' = 5 |'''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || || '''jyob*'''<br>''hour'' || || || || '''fyob'''<br>''root'' || || || '''tyod'''<br>''people'' |} ::: <small>* The palatal glide '''y''' in these words, which follows a palatal '''j''' is hard to pronounce, so the '''y''' is replaced with a '''w''', giving '''jwob''', '''jwab''', and '''jweb'''.</small> ==== Second-level Ordinal Scaling ==== :: A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding an ordinal vowel immediately after a word's stem vowel. ::: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Second-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''mi...p''' !! '''me...p''' !! '''tu...b''' !! '''tyo...b'''!! '''ma...f''' !! '''me...g''' !! '''do...b''' |- | '''mip'''<br>''river'' || '''mep'''<br>''way'' || '''tub'''<br>''arm'' || '''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || '''maf'''<br>''cloud'' || '''meg'''<br>''stone'' || '''dob'''<br>''state'' |- | '''mi<u>a</u>p'''<br>''stream'' || '''meap'''<br>''road'' || '''tuab'''<br>''shoulder'' || '''tyoab'''<br>''hip''|| '''maaf'''<br>''stratus'' || '''meag'''<br>''marble'' || '''doab'''...''fatherland'' |- | '''mi<u>e</u>p'''<br>''brook'' || '''meep'''<br>''path'' || '''tueb'''<br>''upper arm'' || '''tyoeb'''<br>''thigh''|| '''maef'''<br>''cumulus'' || '''meeg'''<br>''slate'' || '''doeb'''<br>''province, state'' |- | '''mi<u>i</u>p'''<br>''rivulet'' || '''meip'''<br>''trail'' || '''tuib'''<br>''elbow'' || '''tyoib'''<br>''knee''|| '''maif'''<br>''stratocumulus'' || '''meig'''<br>''granite'' || '''doib'''<br>''county, shire'' |- | '''mi<u>u</u>p'''<br>''torrent'' || '''meup'''<br>''track'' || '''tuub'''<br>''forearm'' || '''tyoub'''<br>''shin''|| '''mauf'''<br>''cumulonimbus'' || '''meug'''<br>''clay, dough'' || '''doub'''<br>''district'' |- | '''mi<u>yo</u>p'''<br>''trickle'' || || '''tuyob'''<br>''wrist'' || '''tyoyob'''<br>''ankle''||'''mayof'''<br>''nimbostatus'' || '''meyog'''<br>''china'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ya</u>b'''<br>''hand'' || '''tyoyab'''<br>''foot''||'''mayaf'''<br>''altostratus'' || '''meyag'''<br>''chalk'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>ye</u>b'''<br>''fist'' || '''tyoyeb'''<br>''heel''|| '''mayef'''<br>''altocumulus'' || '''meyeg'''<br>''limestone'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yi</u>b'''<br>''palm'' || '''tyoyib'''<br>''sole''|| '''mayif'''<br>''cirrus'' || '''meyig'''<br>''alabaster'' || |- | || || '''tu<u>yu</u>b'''<br>''finger'' || '''tyoyub'''<br>''toe''|| '''mayuf'''<br>''cirrostratus'' || '''meyug'''<br>''gypsum''|| |- | || || '''tu<u>lo</u>b'''<br>''fingernail'' || '''tyolob'''<br>''toenail''||'''malof'''<br>''cirrocumulus'' || |} ==== Third-level Ordinal Scaling ==== ::: A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing an ordinal number vowel to the word. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Third-level Ordinal Scaling |- ! '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | '''<u>a</u>tuyub'''....''thumb'' |- | '''<u>e</u>tuyub'''....''index'' |- | '''<u>i</u>tuyub'''....''middle finger'' |- | '''<u>u</u>tuyub'''....''ring finger'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>tuyub'''....''pinky'' |} ::: So, to sum up, we have: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:6.4em; font-size:smaller" |+ Summary of Scaling |- ! '''t...b''' !! '''tob''' = ''human being'' |- | FIRST-LEVEL || '''tub'''....''arm'' |- | SECOND-LEVEL || '''tuyub'''....''finger'' |- | THIRD-LEVEL || '''atuyub'''....''thumb'' |} ==== Scaling with Prefixed Numbering ==== ::: We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words by prefixing an ordinal vowel even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first level usually begins with '''a'''. ::: Example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Prefix Numbering |- ! align=left | NUMBER || '''dob'''....''state'' !! '''deb'''....''leader'' !! '''mez'''....''gem'' !! '''mer'''....''planet'' || '''maf'''....''cloud'' || '''sagtun'''....''mathematics'' |- ! 1 | '''<u>a</u>dob'''....''empire'' || '''adeb'''....''emperor'' || '''amez'''....''diamond'' || '''Amer'''....''Mercury'' || '''amaf'''....''nimbus'' || '''asagtun'''....''arithmetic'' |- ! 2 | '''<u>e</u>dob'''....''kingdom'' || '''edeb'''....''king'' || '''emez'''....''topaz'' || '''Emer'''....''Venus'' || '''emaf'''....''stratus'' || '''esagtun'''....''geometry'' |- ! 3 | '''<u>i</u>dob'''....''principality'' || '''ideb'''....''prince'' || '''imez'''....''ruby'' || '''Imer'''....''Earth'' || '''imaf'''....''nimbostatus'' || '''isagtun'''....''algebra'' |- ! 4 | '''<u>u</u>dob'''....''duchy'' || '''udeb'''....''duke'' || '''umez'''....''emerald'' ||'''Umer'''....''Mars'' || '''umaf'''....''cumulus'' || '''usagtun'''....''trigonometry'' |- ! 5 | '''<u>yo</u>dob'''....''marquisate'' || '''yodeb'''....''marquis'' || '''yomez'''....''saphire'' || '''Yomer'''....''Jupiter'' || '''yomaf'''....''cumulostatus'' || '''yosagtun'''....''calculus'' |- ! 6 | '''<u>ya</u>dob'''....''county'' || '''yadeb'''....''count'' || '''yamez'''....''lapis lazuli'' || '''Yamer'''....''Saturn'' || '''yamaf'''....''stratocumulus'' || |- ! 7 | '''<u>ye</u>dob'''....''dominion'' || '''yedeb'''....''lord'' || '''yemez'''....''amthyst'' || '''Yemer'''....''Uranus'' || '''yemaf'''....''altocumulus'' || |- ! 8 | '''<u>yi</u>dob'''....''viscounty'' || '''yideb'''....''viscount'' || '''yimez'''....''amber'' ||'''Yimer'''....''Pluto'' || '''yimaf'''....''altostratus'' || |- ! 9 | '''<u>yu</u>dob'''....''barony'' || '''yudeb'''....''baron'' || '''yumez'''....''topaz'' || || '''yumaf'''....''cirrocumulus'' || |- ! 10 | '''<u>alo</u>dob'''....''tribe'' || '''alodeb'''....''tribal chief'' || '''alomez'''....''opal'' || || '''alomaf'''....''cirrus'' || |} === Rule #4: Overlapping === : When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in '''''overlapping''''' or a '''''portmanteau'''''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Overlapping in Compounds |- ! First Word !! Second Word !! Portmanteau |- | '''dom'''....''city'' || '''mep'''....''road'' || '''domep'''....''boulevard'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''teub'''....''mouth'' || '''pateub'''....''beak'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''patub'''....''wing'' |- | '''teupib'''....''tooth'' || '''byok'''....''pain'' || '''teypibyok'''....''toothache'' |} : In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided. === Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels === : When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an '''o''', replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word. : Examples: ::* '''edob'''....''kingdom'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''edeb'''....''monarch'' ('''edweb'''....''king'', '''edeyb'''....''queen'') ::* '''udob'''....''principality'' -> '''deb'''....''chief'' -> '''udeb'''....''prince'' ('''udweb'''....''prince'', '''udeyb'''....''princess'') : By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant: : Examples: : '''mil'''....''water'' + '''mal'''....''air'' -> '''mial'''....''vapor, steam'' === Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants === : When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant. : Example: <b>to<u>b</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D8;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-b</b> = <i>organism</i>) (<b>t-</b> = <i>human</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>tof</b>....<i>clothing, apparel</i> (<b>n-</b> = <i>commercial</i>)&nbsp;&nbsp; &rArr;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>nof</b>....<i>cloth, fabric</i> <b>no<u>f</u></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x21D7;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<b>-f</b> = <i>cloth</i>) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Swapping Generic Consonants |- ! Base Word 1 !! Base Word 2 !! Derived Word |- | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tov'''....''lingerie'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''taf'''....''suit'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tef'''....''hat'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tif'''....''vest'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tyoyaf'''....''shoe'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''tuyaf'''....''glove'' |- | '''doob'''^*....''nation'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' || '''doof'''....''flag'' |- | '''taob'''^*....''flesh'' || '''tol'''....''food'' || '''taol'''....''meat'' |} :<small>* This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.</small> === Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender === : Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix '''w''' and the feminine infix '''y'''. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''w'''. ::* To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with '''y'''. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Marking Animate Nouns for Gender |- ! Gender-Neutral !! Male !! Female |- | '''tob'''....''human being'' || '''twob'''....''man'' || '''toyb'''....''woman'' |- | '''tobet'''....''young person'' || '''twobet'''....''boy'' || '''toybet'''....''girl'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''it'''....''he/she/it'' || '''wit'''....''he'' || '''iyt'''....''she'' |- | '''apat'''....''cock'' || '''apwat'''....''rooster'' || '''apayt'''....''hen'' |- | '''toob'''....''gender'' || '''twoob'''....''male'' || '''tooyb'''....''female'' |} ::* Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for women, rather than men, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Making Inanimate Objects Female-related |- ! Male-oriented or Neutral !! Female-oriented |- | '''taf'''....''suit'' || '''tayf'''....''dress'' |- | '''tyoyav'''....''sock'' || '''tyoyayv'''....''stockings'' |- | '''tiav'''....''shirt'' || '''tiayv'''....''blouse'' |} ::* Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Body Parts Genderized |- ! Neutral !! Male-oriented !! Female-oriented |- | '''tilab'''....''breast'' || '''twilab'''....''male breast'' || '''tilayb'''....''female breast'' |- | || '''twiyib'''....''testicals'' || '''tiyiyb'''....''ovary'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''sexual organ'' || '''twiyub'''....''penis'' || '''tiyuyb'''....''vagina'' |} ::* In nouns that end in '''-ut''', the agentive suffix meaning ''-er, one who...'', the nouns can be feminized by changing '''-ut''' to '''-uyt''', eg. '''dezut'''....''actor'' -> '''dezuyt'''....''actress''. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing '''-ut''' with '''w''' to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the '''w''' can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like '''dezut''' can mean ''actor'' of neutral or male gender. ::* Animate nouns having the ending '''-et''' (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding '''w''' or '''y''' to the semantic base of the word, eg. '''tobet'''....''child, youth'' -> '''toybet'''....''girl'' or '''twobet'''....''boy''. === Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels === : A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings. : Geo-specific Vowels: <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* '''o'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''outer space, abstract object, initial stuff''' ::* '''a'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sky, air, gas''' ::* '''e'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''land, soil, solid''' ::* '''i'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''sea, water, liquid''' ::* '''u'''<big>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;</big>'''underground, mineral, concrete object, other''' </div> :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels |- ! !!'''m...p''' !! '''m...m''' !! '''d...p''' !! '''p...t''' !! '''m...l''' |- ! Space | '''mop'''....''orbit'' || '''mom'''....''space'' || '''dop'''....''military'' || '''pot'''....||'''mol'''....''nature'' |- ! Sky | '''map'''....''wind'' || '''mam'''....''sky'' || '''dap'''....''air force'' || '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''mal'''....''air'' |- ! Land | '''mep'''....''road''|| '''mem'''....''land''|| '''dep'''....''army'' || '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''mel'''....''soil'' |- ! Water | '''mip'''....''river''|| '''mim'''....''sea''|| '''dip'''....''marine force'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''mil'''....''water'' |- ! Underground (or other) | '''mup'''....''tunnel''|| '''mum'''....''underground'' || || || '''mul'''....''stuff'' |} : This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Hybrids|Hybrids]] for more on this subject. :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Hybrid nouns |- ! First-level Derivation !! + Geospecific Vowel !! Second-level Derivation |- | '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''i'''....''water, sea''|| '''pe<u>i</u>t'''....''aquatic mammal'' |- | '''pelt'''....''insect'' || '''a'''....''air, sky''|| '''pel<u>a</u>t'''....''flying insect'' |- | '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''i'''....''water, sea'' || '''me<u>i</u>l'''....''mud'' |- | '''mil'''....''water'' || '''a'''....''air, gas'' || '''mi<u>a</u>l'''....''vapor'' |} === Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels === : The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" |+ Vectorial Vowel Values |- | colspan=8 align=center | '''A''' |- | rowspan=6 align=center | '''U''' || || '''a'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''<u>a</u>''' || <big>↑</big><br>'''<u>ya</u>''' ||'''ya'''<br>↑<big></big> || || rowspan=6 align=center | '''I''' |- | '''u''' → || || '''<u>e</u>'''||'''<u>ye</u>''' || || → '''i''' |- | → '''<u>u</u>''' || ||'''e''' ||'''ye''' || || '''<u>i</u>''' → |- | → '''<u>yu</u>''' || || colspan=2 align=center| '''E''' || || '''<u>yi</u>''' → |- | '''yu''' → || || || || || → '''yi''' |- | || <big>↑</big><br>'''o''' || '''<u>o</u>'''<br>↑<big></big> || '''<u>yo</u>'''<br><big>↓</big> || <big>↓</big><br>'''yo''' || |- | colspan=8 align=center| '''O''' |} :: Explanation of the above chart: :::* If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a '''''positional''''' value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. :::* The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate '''''directional''''' values. :::* If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed '''''before''''' the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact. :::* Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed '''''after''''' the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:4.8em; font-size:smaller" border="0" |+ Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart |- | '''A''' || position || || on, above, north || '''amer'''....''north'' |- | '''a''' || movement || (free) || ''on'' || '''baer'''....''lean'' |- | '''<u>a</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''onto''||'''aber'''....''put on'' |- | '''ya''' || movement || (free) || ''up, ascend''|| '''byaer'''....''lift'' |- | '''<u>ya</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''up, get up, set up''|| '''yaber'''....''raise'' |- | '''O''' || position || || under, lower, south|| '''omer'''....''south'' |- | '''o''' || movement || (free) || ''off''|| '''boer'''....''hang'' |- | '''<u>o</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''on the bottom of, underneath''|| '''oper'''....''get off'' |- | '''yo''' || movement || (free) || ''down''|| '''pyoser'''....''fall'' |- | '''<u>yo</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''fall''|| '''yoper'''....''rise'' |- | '''U''' || position || || left, west|| '''umer'''....''west'' |- | '''u''' || movement || (free) || ''move toward the center, come''|| '''uber'''....''send'' |- | '''<u>u</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''reach the center, arrive''|| '''pyuer'''....''reach'' |- | '''yu''' || movement || (free) || ''near, approach''|| '''yuber'''....''approach'' |- | '''<u>yu</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''near, reach''|| '''byuser'''....''touch'' |- | '''I''' || position || || right, east|| '''imer'''....''east'' |- | '''i''' || movement || (free) || ''from the center out, go away''|| '''pier'''....''go away'' |- | '''<u>i</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from the center out, leave''|| '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''yi''' || movement || (free) || ''away, go far''|| '''yiper'''....''go far'' |- | '''<u>yi</u>''' || movement || (contact) || ''from afar, originate''|| '''pyiser'''....''originate'' |- | '''E''' || position || || center, equator|| '''emer'''....''equator'' |- | '''e''' || rest || || ''between''|| '''eb'''....''between'' |- | '''<u>e</u>''' || rest || || ''at, stay, hold''|| '''bexer'''....''hold'' |- | '''ye''' || movement || || ''in, into, enter''|| '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''<u>ye</u>''' || ||(contact) || ''up against, strike''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike'' |} ==== Special value of certain vowels ==== : The prefixes '''a-''' or '''an-''' meaning ''one, sole, singular'': ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual'' ::* '''anota'''....''alone, solitary'' ::* '''anay'''....''only'' ::* '''aun'''....''unit'' : The prefixes '''ya-''' or '''yan-''' meaning ''collection, plural'': ::* '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''yanot'''....''constituent'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' ::* '''yanotyan'''....''community'' ::* '''yan'''....''together'' : Also, the prefix '''yan-''' meaning ''together'' contrasts with '''yon-'''....''apart''. ::* '''yon'''....''apart'' ::* '''yanota'''....''communal'' vs. '''yonota'''....''private'' ::* '''yanxer'''....''to combine'' vs. '''yonxer'''....''to separate'' === Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns === : Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning. : For example, the mnemonic '''eu''' pattern from the word for mouth, '''teud''' can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Mnemonic Pattern Derivation |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teub'''....''mouth'' !! Classifier !! Generic |- | '''teud'''....''shout'' || '''t''' = human || '''d''' = communication |- | '''teuz'''....''voice'' || '''t''' = human || '''z''' = art |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''d''' = communication || '''z''' = art |- | '''seuz'''....''tone'' || '''s''' = thing || '''z''' = art |- | '''seux'''....''sound'' || '''s''' = thing || '''x''' = action |- | '''xeus'''....''noise'' || '''x''' = action || '''s''' = thing |- | '''teuf'''....''muzzle'' || '''t''' = human || '''f''' = apparel |- | '''teuv'''....''mask'' || '''t''' = human || '''v''' = linen |- | '''teus'''....''taste''|| '''t''' = human || '''s''' = thing |- | '''deup'''....''rhythm''|| '''d''' = communication || '''p''' = ''motion'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teab'''....''eye'' !! '''(t)ea-''' = ''see'' !! Generic |- | '''teaper'''....''visit'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teader'''....''witness'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teaxer'''....''look'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teaser'''....''seem'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teater'''....''see'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keaxer'''....''scan'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleaxer'''....''check'' || '''vyal-''' = ''certain''|| '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''yoneater'''....''distinguish'' || '''yon-''' = ''apart''|| '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''beaxer'''....''guard'' || '''be-''' = ''hold'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teatier'''....''perceive'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teatuer'''....''show'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- ! Pattern Word<br>'''teeb'''....''ear'' !! '''(t)ee-''' = ''hear'' !! Generic |- | '''teeper'''....''attend'' || " " " || '''p''' = ''go'' |- | '''teeder'''....''testify'' || " " " || '''d''' = ''say'' |- | '''teexer'''....''listen'' || " " " || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teeser'''....''sound (like)'' || " " " || '''s''' = ''be'' |- | '''teeter'''....''hear'' || " " " || '''t''' = ''know'' |- | '''keexer'''....''scan (acoustically)'' || '''ke-''' = ''seek'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''koteexer'''....''snoop on'' || '''ko-''' = ''hide'' || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''vyaleexer'''....''sound out'' || '''vyal-''' = certain || '''x''' = ''do'' |- | '''teetier'''....''get wind of'' || || '''-i-''' = subject-directed |- | '''teetuer'''....''make heard'' || || '''-u-''' = object-directed |- | '''zyateetuer'''....''rumor'' || '''zya-''' = ''all around'' || '''-u-''' = objected-directed |} : A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Shortening Long Compounds |- ! Word 1 !! Word 2 !! Long Compound !! Shortened Compound |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''ekpeteuder''' || '''ekpeder'''....''neigh'' |- | '''serpyet'''....''snake'' || '''teuder'''....''make a noise'' || *'''serpyeteuder''' || '''sepyeder'''....''hiss'' |- | '''vifeb'''....''grape'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''vifebil'''....''grape juice'' || '''vifil'''....''wine'' |- | '''povob'''....''grain'' || '''il'''....''liquid'' || *'''povobil''' || '''povil'''....''beer'' |} : Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long. : Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ From Full Words to Stubs |- ! Compound !! New Stub !! Derivation |- | '''tilabil'''....''breast milk'' || '''bil'''....''milk''|| '''bilyug'''....''butter'' |- | '''fauf'''....''log'' || '''-uf'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''cylinder''|| '''muf'''....''rod, stick'' |- | '''zyeg'''....''hole'' || '''-yeg'''....(stub suffix for types of) ''hole'', ''hollow thing''|| '''mufyeg'''....''pipe'' |} : The clipped word '''bil''' now gives rise to other compounds: ::* '''bilyig'''....''cheese'' ::* '''bilyigem'''....''cheese factory'' ::* '''bilyug'''....''butter'' ::* '''bilyugyena'''....''butter-like'' : The word '''mufyeg''' (Lit: hollow stick) means '''pipe, reed, cylinder''' === Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically === : Words which follow Rule #11 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation. : These nuances are obtained by: :* Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel. :: These vowels are: ::: '''a''' for '''a''' and '''ya''' ::: '''e''' for '''e''' and '''ye''' ::: '''i''' for '''i''' and '''yi''' ::: '''o''' for '''o''' and '''yo''' ::: '''u''' for '''u''' and '''yu''' :: Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nad'''....''line'' || '''naad'''....''rail'' |- | '''dob'''....''state'' || '''doob'''....''nation'' |- | '''vyab'''....''rule'' || '''vyayab'''....''system'' |- | '''boka'''....''sick'' || '''booka'''....''tired'' |- | '''nog'''....''degree'' || '''noog'''....''phase'' |- | '''bil'''....''milk'' || '''biil'''....''juice'' |} :* Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''less''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Deintensification with Post-y-gliding |- ! Word !! Mitigated Derivation |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''iyfer'''....''like'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''iyva'''....''glad'' |- | '''zyutom'''....''tower'' || '''zyutoym'''....''turret'' |- | '''ama'''....''hot'' || '''ayma'''....''warm'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''oyma'''....''cool'' |} :* Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of '''''greater''''' intensity: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding |- ! Word !! Enhanced Derivation |- | '''pot'''....''wild animal'' || '''pyot'''....''predator animal'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pyat'''....''bird of prey'' |- | '''tod'''....''family'' || '''tyod'''....''people'' |- | '''oma'''....''cold'' || '''yoma'''....''frozen'' |- | '''nuxer'''....''pay'' || '''nyuxer'''....''deliver'' |- | '''nexer'''....''save'' || '''nyexer'''....''store'' |} :* Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid '''l''' or the further intensifying liquid '''r''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Intensification with L and R |- ! Word !! L-Intensitifed || R-Intensified |- | '''ifer'''....''love'' || '''ifler'''....''be fond of'' || '''ifrer'''....''adore'' |- | '''iva'''....''happy'' || '''ivla'''....''content'' || '''ivra'''....''delighted'' |- | '''vaa'''....''affirmative'' || '''vlaa'''....''sure'' || '''vraa'''....''indubitable'' |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agla'''....''huge'' || '''agra'''....''immense'' |- | '''ga'''....''more'' || '''gala'''....''multiple'' || '''gara'''....''exponential'' |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press'' || '''barer'''....''crush'' |- | '''yexer'''....''work'' || '''yexler'''....''labor'' || '''yexrer'''....''toil, slave'' |- | '''yixer'''....''use'' || '''yixler'''....''hire'' || '''yixrer'''....''exploit'' |} :* Adding consonants other than '''l''' or '''r''' as the generic consonant: : Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like '''t''', '''f''', '''s''', '''k''', and '''z''' are used, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Nuances with Other Consonants |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fika'''....''perfect''<br>'''fira'''....''excellent'' |- | '''fua'''....''bad'' || '''futa'''....''wicked''<br>'''fura'''....''rotten'' |- | '''gea'''....''equal'' || '''geta'''....''identical''<br>'''gela'''....''alike'' |- | '''vyaa'''....''true'' || '''vyaka'''....''correct''<br>'''vyama'''....''real'' |- | '''vyoa'''....''false'' || '''vyoka'''....''incorrect''<br>'''vyoma'''....''fake'' |- | '''yiga'''....''hard'' || '''yigza'''....''sour''<br>'''yigla'''....''brusk''<br>'''yigra'''....''brutal'' |- | '''yuga'''....''soft'' || '''yugfa'''....''smooth''<br>'''yugla'''....''tender''<br>'''yugra'''....''mild'' |} :* Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance |- ! Word !! Nuanced Derivation |- | '''nab'''....''row'' || '''nap'''....''order'' |- | '''vyava'''....''just'' || '''vyafa'''....''precise'' |- | '''jwab'''....''minute'' || '''jwap'''....''moment'' |- | '''jweb'''....''second'' || '''jwep'''....''instant'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''tap'''....''physique'' |- | '''tob'''....''person'' || '''top'''....''soul, animus'' |- | '''nov'''....''linen'' || '''nof'''....''cloth'' |- | '''naz'''....''value'' || '''nas'''....''money'' |- | '''nag'''....''dimension'' || '''nak'''...''unit of measurement'' |} == Technical Nomenclature == : The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features. === Zoological Nomenclature === {{status|100%}} [[File:Animal diversity.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of animals are formed in a systematic way. ==== Base Names ==== : First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with '''p''' (mobile) and end with '''t''' (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures. : The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air ('''a'''), water ('''i'''), land ('''e'''), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild ('''o'''), tame, or predatory ('''y'''); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms |- ! Type !! Air = a !! Water = i !! Land = e !! Anywhere = o |- valign=top !row=1| Ordinary |'''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pet'''....''domestic land animal'' || '''pot'''....''wild animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Predatory |'''pyat'''....''raptor'' || '''pyit'''....''predatory fish'' || '''pyet'''....''reptile'' ||'''pyot'''....''predatory animal'' |- valign=top !row=1| Hybrid |'''piat'''....''waterfowl''<br>'''pelat'''....''flying insect''<br>'''paet'''....''flightless bird'' ||'''piit'''....''crustacean''<br>'''pilt'''....''marine invertebrate''<br>'''peit'''....''mammalian fish''<br>'''pyeit'''....''mollusk''|| '''payet'''....''flying reptile''<br>'''piyet'''....''batracian''<br>'''peyet'''....''worm''<br>'''pelt'''....''insect'' ||'''piot'''....''aquatic mammal'' |} ==== Derived Names ==== : The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the [https://www.itis.gov/| Linnaean taxonomy]. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name '''Canidae''' (''canids''). The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin. ''Ca'' in Latin is pronounced '''ka'''. See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad. In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory. So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix '''ka''' to the base name for domestic land animal '''pet''', yielding '''kapet''' (''dog''). All other members of the dog family end in '''pot''' (feral animal) or '''pyot''' (predatory animal). The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel. If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, ''prairie dog'' (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by '''ci³xi²ro¹pot''' from '''<u>Ro</u>¹dentia <u>Sci</u>²uridae <u>Cy</u>³nomys''', where '''pot''' is the basic animal type ''wild animal''. All rodents have the taxonomic syllable '''ro''' from the Latin "order" taxon ''Rodentia'', while all squirrel names will have the syllable '''xi''' from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon ''<u>Sci</u>uridae'' ('''<u>xi</u>uriday'''). The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family: :: <u>Ca</u>nidae (''dog family'') > ::: '''<u>ka</u>pet'''...''the common domestic dog'' (only one species, ''Canis familiaris'') ::: '''<u>ka</u>pot'''...''wild dog'' ::: '''<u>ka</u>pyot'''...''predatory dog'' : Species under '''kapyot''' are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names: :: ''Canis <u>lu</u>pus'' > '''<u>lu</u>kapyot'''...''gray wolf (or just wolf)'' :: ''Canis <u>la</u>trans'' > '''<u>la</u>kapyot'''...''coyote, prairie wolf'' ::: ''Canis latrans <u>les</u>tes'' > '''<u>les</u>lakapyot'''...''mountain coyote'' :: ''Canis <u>au</u>rus'' > '''<u>aw</u>kapyot''' > ''jackal, golden jackal'' ::: ''Canis aurus <u>cur</u>ensis'' > '''<u>kur</u>awkapyot'''....''Indochinese jackal'' :: ''Canis <u>vul</u>pus'' > '''<u>vul</u>kapyot'''...''fox, red fox'' : If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is '''awkapyot''' and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from ''curensis'' would normally be '''ku''', but it has to be extended to '''kur''' because the base begins in a vowel. : The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Latin/Greek - Mirad correspondences |- ! Latin/Greek Spelling !! Latin Sound !! Mirad Spelling !! Example |- | ''au'' || ''aw'' || '''aw''' || ''<u>au</u>rus''....'''aw-''' |- | ''eu'' || ''ew'' || '''ew''' || ''<u>eu</u>ropa''....'''ew-''' |- | ''ai''<br>''ae'' || ''ay'' || '''ay''' || ''<u>ae</u>gyptus''....'''ay-''' |- | ''ei'' <br> ''ey'' || ''ey'' || '''ey''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''oe'' || ''oy'' || '''oy''' || ''F<u>oe</u>niculum''....'''oy''' |- | ''ua'' || ''wa'' || '''wa''' || ''s<u>ua</u>vis''....'''s<u>wa</u>''' |- | ''ca/co/cu'' || ''ka/ko/ku'' || '''ka/ko/ku''' || ''<u>ca</u>nis''....'''<u>ka</u>''' |- | ''ce/ci/cy''' || ''che/chi/chi'' || '''ce/ci/cy''' || ''<u>cy</u>pris''....'''<u>ci</u>''' |- | ''y'' || ''i'' || '''i''' || ''c<u>y</u>pris''....'''<u>i</u>''' |- | ''g''' || ''g'' || '''g''' || ''<u>Ge</u>ococcyx''/''<u>Ga</u>stropoda''....'''<u>g</u>''' |- | ''ch'' || ''k'' || '''k''' || ''<u>Chi</u>roptera''....'''<u>ki</u>''' |- | ''ph'' || ''f'' || '''f''' ||''S<u>ph</u>yrapicus''....'''<u>f</u>''' |- | ''rh'' || ''r'' || '''r''' || ''Rh<u>ei</u>dae''....'''<u>ey</u>''' |- | ''x'' || ''ks'' || '''ks''' || ''Lo<u>x</u>odonta''....'''<u>ks</u>''' |- | ''qu'' || ''kw'' || '''kw''' || ''<u>Qu</u>ercus''....'''<u>kw</u>''' |- | ''j'' || ''y'' || '''j''' || ''<u>ju</u>lianus''....'''<u>ju</u>''' |- | ''sci'' || ''shi'' || '''xi''' || ''<u>Sci</u>uridae''....'''<u>xi</u>''' |- | ''th'' || ''t'' || '''t''' || ''<u>Th</u>unnus''....'''<u>t</u>''' |- | ''cci'' || ''ksi'' || '''ksi''' || ''Va<u>cc</u>inus''....'''<u>ksi</u>''' |} : Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for ''Cinnamomum'' would be '''cin'''. : The Latin letter ''j'' is represented in Mirad with '''j''' even though it is pronounced like a ''y''. This is for better recognizability. ==== Genderized and Other Forms ==== : Form the female of an animal by inserting a '''y''' before the '''t''' of the base adult name: ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kape<u>y</u>t'''....''bitch'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkapyo<u>y</u>t'''....''vixen'' : Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a '''w''' right after the '''p''' of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with '''py''' in which case the '''w''' is inserted just before the '''t''' of the base name: ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekp<u>w</u>et'''....''stallion'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbop<u>w</u>et'''....''ram'' ::* '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ====> '''vulkpyo<u>w</u>t'''....''dog fox'' : Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an '''o''' after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name: ::* '''bopet'''....''bovine'' ====> '''bopwe<u>o</u>t'''....''ox'' ::* '''gafapat'''....''cock'' ====> '''gafapwe<u>o</u>t'''....''capon'' : The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-ud''', the stub for '''tud'''....''child'': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>ud</u>'''....''colt'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>ud</u>'''....''pup'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopet<u>ud</u>'''....''lamb'' : The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing '''-if''': ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapet<u>if</u>'''....''puppy'' ::* '''fepet'''....''cat'' ====> '''fepet<u>if</u>'''....''kitty'' : The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing '''-og''': ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supet<u>og</u>'''....''piggy'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpet<u>og</u>'''....''pony'' : Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal '''ekpet'''....''horse'' can serve as an example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Derivations of Horse |- ! Variation !! Mirad Name !! English Name |- !row=1| Adult |'''ekpet'''||''horse'' |- !row=1| Male | '''ekpwet'''||''stallion'' |- !row=1| Female | '''ekpeyt'''||''mare'' |- !row=1| Offspring | '''ekpetud'''||''colt'' |- !row=1| Female Offspring | '''ekpetuyd'''||''filly'' |- !row=1| Small adult |'''ekpetog'''||''pony'' |- !row=1| Gelded | '''ekpweot'''||''gelding'' |} ==== Animal Sounds ==== : The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the '''t''' of the base name with '''d''', the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in '''-der''': ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeder'''....''to neigh'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapeder'''....''to bark'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''pader'''....''to tweet, chirp'' ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpyeder'''....''to hiss'' : A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing '''-yan''' or '''-nyan''': ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotyan'''....''a pride of lions'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopetyan'''....''a herd of sheep'' ::* '''pit'''....''fish'' ====> '''pityan'''....''a school of fish'' : Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final '''t''' of the base name with '''-per'''....''to go'': ::* '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ====> '''serpeper'''....''to slither'' ::* '''lapet'''....''rabbit'' ====> '''lapeper'''....''to hop'' ::* '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ====> '''ekpeper'''....''to gallop'' : The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in '''l''' (a stub for '''tel''', meaning ''food''): ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supel'''....''pork'' ::* '''supetyob'''....''hog leg'' ====> '''supetyol'''....''ham'' ::* '''bopet'''....''steer'' ====> '''bopel'''....''beef'' ::* '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ====> '''ovbopel'''....''mutton'' ::* '''bopetud'''....''calf'' ====> '''bopetul'''....''veal'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatel'''....''honey'' : The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing '''-am'''....''house'', '''-um'''....''cage'', etc. to the base name: ::* '''supet'''....''pig'' ====> '''supetam'''....''pigsty'' ::* '''gafapayt'''....''chicken'' ====> '''gafapaytam'''....''chicken coop'' ::* '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' ====> '''lepanfepyotam'''....''lion's den'' ::* '''kapet'''....''dog'' ====> '''kapetam'''....''doghouse'' ::* '''forpelt'''....''ant'' ====> '''forpeltam'''....''anthill'' ::* '''appelat'''....''bee'' ====> '''appelatam'''....''bee hive'' ::* '''pat'''....''bird'' ====> '''patum'''....''birdcage'', '''patsum'''....''nest'', '''patyanam'''...''aviary'' ::* '''pot'''....''wild animal'' ====> '''potam'''....''lair'' ==== Dog Breeds ==== [[File:The dog book - a popular history of the dog, with practical information as to care and management of house, kennel, and exhibition dogs, and descriptions of all the important breeds (1909) (20785715825).jpg|thumb|]] : Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to '''kapet'''....''dog'' that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site [[https://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/]]. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership. : The base of the dog breed name is '''kapet'''....''dog''. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants ('''b''', '''c''', '''d''', etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned to the ordinal vowel '''o''', so '''bokepet''' is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the '''o'''....''zero'' to '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with '''a'''....''one'', '''e'''....''two'', etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed. : As an example: : To get the name for ''basset hound'': ::* Start with the word for dog: '''kapet'''. : This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is '''h'''. This is prefixed to '''kapet''', with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with '''a''' for ''one''. The ''basset hound'' is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes '''ha-'''. ::* '''hakapet''' is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with '''ha kapet'''....''the dog''.). A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel '''i'''.... ''three'' is prefixed: ::* '''ihakapet''' is a "small-sized scent hound" : A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word '''a'''.... ''one'' is prefixed (with a '''w''' buffer glide when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, '''Gebaroma''' is placed in front, separated by a space: ::* '''Gebaroma awahikapet''' is a ''basset hound'', a dog breed name owned by Great Britain. The name can usually be abbreviated by dropping the country owner name, thus: '''awahikapet''' <gallery> </gallery> : Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site. Group 1 = '''<u>b</u>okapet'''....sheepdogs/cattledogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''b<u>a</u>kapet'''....sheepdogs ::::* Belgian only entry = '''Belima bakapet'''....''Belgian shepherd dog'' ::::* German only entry = '''Deuma bakapet'''....''German shepherd'' ::* Section 2 = '''bekapet'''....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>bekapet'''....''Welsh corgi (Cardigan)'' Group 2 = '''<u>c</u>okapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''c<u>a</u>kapet'''....pinscher/schnauzer type ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''c<u>e</u>kapet'''....Molossian type ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''c<u>i</u>kapet'''....''Swiss mountain/cattledogs'' Group 3 = '''<u>d</u>okapet'''....''terriers'' ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....large and medium-sized terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>9</u>th entry = '''Gebaroma <u>yu</u>dakapet'''....''Welsh terrier'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....small-sized terriers ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''d<u>e</u>kapet'''....bull type terriers ::::* Great Britain <u>3</u>rd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>i</u>dekapet'''....''Staffordshire bull terrier'' ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''d<u>a</u>kapet'''....toy terriers Group 4 = '''<u>f</u>okapet'''....<u>dachshunds</u> ::::* Germany only entry = '''fakapet'''....''dachshund'' Group 5 = '''<u>g</u>okapet'''....spitz and primitive types ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''g<u>a</u>kapet'''....nordic sledge dogs :::: USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''<u>a</u>gakapet'''....''Siberian husky'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''g<u>e</u>kapet'''....nordic hunting dogs ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''g<u>i</u>kapet'''....nordic watchdogs/herders ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''g<u>u</u>kapet'''....European spits ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''g<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Asian spitz and related breeds ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''g<u>ya</u>kapet'''....primitive types ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''g<u>ye</u>kapet'''....hunting dogs Group 6 = '''<u>h</u>okapet'''....scent hounds and related breeds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''h<u>a</u>kapet'''....''scent hounds'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>1</u> = '''<u>a</u>hakapet'''....large-sized hounds ::::* USA <u>1</u>st entry = '''Usoma <u>aw</u>ahakapet'''....''American foxhound'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>2</u> = '''<u>e</u>hakapet'''....medium-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain only entry = '''Gebaroma ehakapet'''....''harrier'' :::* Subsection 1.<u>3</u> = '''<u>i</u>hakapet'''....small-sized hounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>aw</u>ihakapet'''....''basset hound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>ew</u>ihakapet'''....''beagle'' Group 7 = '''<u>j</u>okapet'''....pointing dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''j<u>a</u>kapet'''....''continental pointing dogs'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''j<u>e</u>kapet'''....''British and Irish pointers and setters'' Group 8 = '''<u>k</u>akapet'''....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''k<u>a</u>kapet'''....''retrievers'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''k<u>e</u>kapet'''....''flushing dogs'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''k<u>i</u>kapet'''....''water dogs'' Group 9 = '''<u>l</u>okapet'''....companion and toy dogs ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''l<u>a</u>kapet'''....bichons ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''l<u>e</u>kapet'''....poodles ::::* France only entry = '''Ferama lekapet'''....''poodle'' ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''l<u>i</u>kapet'''....small Belgian dogs ::* Section <u>4</u> = '''l<u>u</u>kapet'''....hairless dogs ::* Section <u>5</u> = '''l<u>yo</u>kapet'''....Tibetan breeds ::::* Tibet <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Tibama <u>e</u>lekapet'''....''shih tzu'' ::* Section <u>6</u> = '''l<u>ya</u>kapet'''....Chihuahueno ::::* Mexico only entry = '''Mexuma lyakapet'''....''chihuahua'' ::* Section <u>7</u> = '''l<u>ye</u>kapet'''....English toy spaniels ::* Section <u>8</u> = '''l<u>yi</u>kapet'''....Japan Chin and Pekingese ::* Section <u>9</u> = '''l<u>yu</u>kapet'''....continental toy spaniel and others ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>alo</u>kapet'''....Kromforhl&auml;nder ::* Section <u>10</u> = '''l<u>ale</u>kapet'''....small Molossian type dogs Group 10 = '''<u>m</u>okapet'''....sight hounds ::* Section <u>1</u> = '''m<u>a</u>kapet'''....long-haired sighthounds ::::* Great Britain <u>1</u>st entry = '''Gebaroma <u>a</u>makapet'''....''greyhound'' ::::* Great Britain <u>2</u>nd entry = '''Gebaroma <u>e</u>makapet'''....''whippet'' ::* Section <u>2</u> = '''m<u>e</u>kapet'''....rough-haired sighthounds ::* Section <u>3</u> = '''m<u>i</u>kapet'''....short-haired sighthounds ==== Cat Breeds ==== : The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See [https://cfa.org/breeds/]. You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat '''fepet'''. : This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Creating Cat Breed Names |- ! CFA Name !! First Letters<br>Lowercase !! Number<br>If Any + fepet!! Mirad Name |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Shorthair'' || '''am''' || '''a + fepet'''|| '''amafepet''' |- | ''<u>Am</u>erican Wirehair'' || '''am''' || '''e + fepet'''|| '''amefepet''' |- | ''<u>Bal</u>inese'' || '''bal''' || '''bal + fepet''' || '''balfepet''' |- | ''<u>Ben</u>gal'' || '''ben''' || '''ben + fepet''' || '''benfepet''' |} === Color Nomenclature === : The word for ''color'' in Mirad is '''volz''', which is mnemonically related to the word for ''flower'' ('''vos'''). The diminutive of ''color'' is '''voylz''', meaning ''tint, shade, hue''. : The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub '''-lza'''. The zeroth-color is no color, simple ''blank'', ''clear'', or ''transparent''. :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Basic Color Words |- ! 0 - clear !! 1 - red !!2 - orange !!3 - yellow !!4 - green !! 5 - blue !! 6 - purple !! 7 - indigo |- |<br><br><br> ||bgcolor="#d30000"| ||bgcolor="#fc6600"| ||bgcolor="#fff200"| ||bgcolor="#3bb143"| ||bgcolor="#0018f9"| || bgcolor="#b200ed"| || bgcolor="#4b0082"| |- | '''olza''' || '''alza''' || '''elza''' || '''ilza''' || '''ulza''' || '''yolza''' || '''yalza''' || '''yelza''' |} : There are some other common colors: :: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Basic Color Words |- |bgcolor="white"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || '''malza'''....''white'' ||(Associated with '''man''' (''light'') |- |bgcolor="#7c4700"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|| '''melza'''....''brown'' ||(Associated with '''mel''' (''soil'') |- |bgcolor="#222021"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''molza'''....''black'' ||(Associated with '''mon''' (''dark'') |- |bgcolor="#828282"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''maolza'''....''gray'' ||(A blend of '''malza''' and '''molza''') |- |bgcolor="#fc0fc0"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||'''aolza'''....''pink'' ||(A blend of '''olza'''....''clear'' and '''malza'''....''red'') |} : All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example: ::* '''mecirufeb-ulza'''....''lime green'' from '''mecirufeb'''....''lime fruit'' + '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''aquamarine'' from '''mim'''....''sea'' + '''yalza'''....''blue'' ::* '''licirufeb-ilza'''....''lemon yellow'' from '''licirufeb'''....''lemon'' + '''ilza'''....''yellow'' ::* '''salpyit-alza'''....''salmon red'' ::* '''magmef-alza'''....''firebrick red'' ::* '''mim-yalza'''....''sea blue, aquamarine'' : Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner: ::# A "light" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''ylza''': '''uylza'''....''light green'' ::# A "-ish" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzyena''': '''ulzyena'''....''greenish'' ::# A "bright" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzayna''': '''ulzayna'''....''bright green'' ::# A "dark" shade by changing '''lza''' to '''lzoyna''': '''ulzoyna'''....''dark green'' : Shaded variants can also be created by prefixing adjectival components such as these: :* '''oz-'''....''-ish, light-'' :* '''az-'''....''bright-, dark-'' :* '''kyu-'''....''light-'' :* '''maz-'''....''bright-'' :* '''eyn-'''....''semi-'' etc. : Some hybrid colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel: ::* '''maolza'''....''gray'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''molza'''....''black'' ::* '''yaulza'''....''blue-green, cyan'' from '''yalza'''....''blue'' and '''ulza'''....''green'' ::* '''maelza'''....''beige'' from '''malza'''....''white'' and '''melza'''....''brown'' : Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix '''-a''': ::* '''<u>Ulz</u> se via volz.'''....''<u>Green</u> is a beautiful color.'' ::* '''At gafe <u>yalzayn</u>.'''....''I prefer <u>dark blue</u>.'' : Colors can also be used to form verbs: ::* '''Iyta teobi <u>alzasa</u>.'''....''Her cheeks <u>turned red (= blushed)</u>.'' ::* '''His se fia <u>teubip malzaxus</u>.'''....''This is a good <u>teeth whitener</u>.'' ::* '''Eta teupibi <u>ilzaseye</u>.'''....''Your teeth are <u>yellowing</u>.'' ==== Rarely Used Colors ==== : The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the [[w:List_of_RAL_colors|Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors]] expressed in Mirad + '''-lz'''. For example, the color ''golden yellow'' has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 ('''ase''', in Mirad), thus, the color is named '''aselz'''. The adjectival form of this color is '''aselza'''. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names. ===== Skin colors ===== [[File:Coloured-family.jpg|thumb|]] : When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix '''tayo(b)-''' is used. The final '''-b''' of '''tayob''' is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for ''skin-color'' itself is '''tayovolz'''. Thus: ::* '''(tayo-)molzat'''....''black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)malzat'''....''white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)melzat'''....''brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omalzat'''....''non-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omolzat'''....''non-black(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)omelzat'''....''non-brown(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymolzat'''....''half-black(skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayob)eymalzat'''....''half-white(-skinned) person'' ::* '''(tayo-)maolzat'''....''mulatto, mixed-skinned person'' ::* '''(tayob)olzat'''....''albino'' ::* '''hyetayovolza'''....''of any skin-tone'' ::* '''hyatayovolzati'''....''people of all colors'' ::* '''Iyt se duhotayovolza?'''....''What skin color is she?'' ==== Hair Colors ==== : Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, '''tayeb'''. The final '''-b''' of '''tayeb''' is dropped before a consonant or '''y'''. The word for ''hair color'' is '''tayevolz'''. ::* '''tayebalza'''....''red-headed, auburn'' ::** '''tayebalzayt'''....''an auburn female'' ::* '''tayemolza'''....''brunette'' ::* '''tayemelza'''....''brown-haired'' ::* '''tayebiylza'''....''blond'' ::* '''tayemaolza'''....''gray, gray-haired'' :::* '''It gwa tayemaolzaso.'''....''He will go gray early.'' ::* '''Duhotayevolza iyt se?'''....''What color hair is she?'' ==== Eye Colors ==== : Eye colors are expressed by the prefix '''tea(b)''' followed by the color. The word for ''eye color'' is '''teavolz'''. In the following examples, '''teab''' (''eye'') becomes '''tea''' before any consonants or glides: ::* '''teayolza'''....''blue-eyed'' ::* '''teabulza'''....''green-eyed'' ::* '''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' :::* '''teamelzat'''....''brown-eyed person'' ::* '''teamolz'''....''a black eye'' ::* '''teamalz'''....''the white of the eye'' ::* '''Duhoteavolza et se?'''....''What color eyes do you have?'' === Chemical Nomenclature === [[File:14LaAc periodic table IIb.jpg|thumb|]] : The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding '''lk''', a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for ''hydrogen'' is ''H''. So we replace that with the word for lowercase '''h''' in Mirad: '''he'''. By adding the stub suffix '''lk''', we get '''helk'''. : Use the names of the '''''small''''' letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name '''ca''' is pronounced '''cha''' as in English ''cha-cha''. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" valign=top; align=center |+ Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names |- ! Lowercase !! a !! b !! c !! d !! !! e !! f !! g !! h !! !! i !! j !! k !! l !! m !! n !! !! o !! p !! q !! r !! s !! t !! !! u !! v !! w !! x !! y !! z |- align=center | !row=1| Mirad Name | '''a''' || '''ba''' || '''ca''' || '''da''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''e''' || '''fe''' || '''ge''' || '''he''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''i''' || '''ji''' || '''ki''' || '''li''' || '''mi''' || '''ni''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''o''' || '''po''' || '''ko''' || '''ro''' || '''so''' || '''to''' ||bgcolor=lightgray| || '''u''' || '''vu''' || '''wu''' || '''xu''' || '''yu''' || '''zu''' |} ==== Coding Chemical Elements ==== : The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Coding Chemical Elements |- ! English Element Name !! Abbreviation !! Mirad Name |- | ''silver'' || ''Ar'' || '''arolk''' |- | ''iron'' || ''Fe'' || '''feelk''' |- | ''hydrogen'' || ''H'' || '''helk''' |- | ''nitrogen'' || ''N'' || '''nilk''' |- | ''mercury'' || ''Hg'' || '''hegelk''' |- | ''darmstadtium'' || ''Ds'' || '''dasolk''' |} : In chemical compounds, the '''lk''' is used only on the last element of the compound. : Chemical compounds such as ''H₂O (hydrogen dioxide)'' are coded in the following manner. ::# The ''H'' for ''hydrogen'' is rendered as '''he''' (without the '''-lk'''). ::# The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for ''two, bi-'', '''en-''' is prefixed to the '''h''', giving '''enhe'''. ::# The word for ''oxygen'', '''ol''' is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the '''lk''' is suffixed. ::# The English word ends in ''-ide'', which is rendered in Mirad as '''-iyd''', giving '''enheolkiyd''' : Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below: : Given the chemical element ''sulfur'', which has the abbreviation ''S'', the Mirad equivalent for this solid is '''solk'''. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are: ==== Chemical Compound Suffixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Chemical Suffix Equivalents |- ! English Suffix !! Mirad Equivalent !! English Example !! Mirad Equivalent |- | ''-ide'' || '''-iyd''' || ''sulfide'' || '''solkiyd''' |- | ''-ite'' || '''-iyt''' || ''sulfite'' || '''solkiyt''' |- | ''-ate'' || '''-ayt''' || ''sulfate'' || '''solkayt''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''-iyn''' || ''iodine'' || '''ilkiyn''' |- | ''-ane'' || '''-ayn''' || ''methane'' || '''ahelkayn''' |- | ''-ene'' || '''-eyn''' || ''benzene'' || '''ehelkeyn''' |- | ''-one'' || '''-oyn''' || ''ketone'' || '''ketoyn''' |- | ''-ine'' || '''--iyn''' || ''alanine'' || '''alaniyn''' |- | ''-ic'' || '''-a''' || ''ferric'' || '''feelka''' |- | ''-ous'' || '''aya''' || ''ferrous'' || '''feelkaya''' |} : Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in '''-n'''. : The numeral prefixes ''5'' and ''6'' end in '''-on''' instead of '''-n''' so as to distinguish them from the words '''yan'''....''together'' and '''yon'''....''apart''. : The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller" |+ Numeric Prefixes |- ! Number !! Prefix !! Example |- | '''a'''....''mono-'' || '''an''' || '''anolkiyd'''....''<u>mono</u>xide (O)'' |- | '''e'''....''bi-/di-'' || '''en''' || '''encalkayt'''....''<u>bi</u>carbonate (C₂)'' |- | '''i'''....''tri-'' || '''in''' || '''inolkiyd-'''....''trioxide (O₃)'' |- | '''u'''....''tetr(a)-'' || '''un''' || '''unolkiyd-'''....''tetroxide (O₄)'' |- | '''yo'''....''pent(a)-'' || '''yoon''' || '''yoonolkiyd-'''....''pentoxide (O₅)'' |- | '''ya'''....''hex(a)-'' || '''yaon''' || '''yaonolkiyd'''....''hexoxide (O₆)'' |- | '''ye'''....''hept(a)-'' || '''yen''' || '''yenolkiyd'''....''heptoxide (O₇)'' |- | '''yi'''....''oct(o)-'' || '''yin''' || '''yinolkiyd-'''....''octoxide (O₈)'' |- | '''yu'''....''non(a)-'' || '''yun''' || '''yunolkiyd-'''....''nonoxide (O₉)'' |- | '''alo'''....''dec(a)-'' || '''alon''' || '''alonolkayt-'''....''decoxidate (O₁₀)'' |} : Examples: ::* ''carbon <u>di</u>oxide (C₂O)''....'''calk <u>en</u>olkiyd''' ::* ''sodium <u>bi</u>carbonate (Na2C)''....'''nialk <u>en</u>calkayt''' ::* ''calcium <u>di</u>hydrogen phosphate''....'''caalk <u>en</u>helk polkayt''' ::* ''glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)''....'''<u>yaon</u>ca<u>alan</u>he<u>yaon</u>olk''' (or: '''sakolos''') ::* ''methanol (C₃HOH)''....'''ca<u>in</u>heohelk''' : Note: the '''-lk''' is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings '''-iyd''', '''-iyt''', and '''-ayt''', etc. ==== Names of Atomic Parts ==== : The word for ''atom'' in Mirad is '''gwomulk''', which literally is ''least particle''. : The main particles in an atom are: ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' (positive) ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' (neutral) ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' (negative) : Every atom contains '''mulki''' (''subatomic particles''). [[File:Standard Model of Elementary Particles.svg|thumb|392x392px|The [[Standard Model]] classification of particles]] : The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart to the right, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See [[wikipedia:Subatomic_particle]] ). ::* '''hamulk'''....''hadron'' :::* '''mi-hamulk'''....''meson'' ::::* '''pimi-hamulk'''....''pion'' ::::* '''kami-hamulk'''....''kaon'' :::* '''ba-hamulk'''....''baryon'' ::::* '''lambda-ba-hamulk'''....''lambda baryon'' ::* '''vamulk'''....''proton'' ::* '''vemulk'''....''neutron'' ::* '''vomulk'''....''electron'' ::* '''zemulk'''....''nucleon'' ::* '''alfamulk'''....''alpha particle'' ::* '''fermimulk'''....''fermion'' ::* '''goryumulk'''....''nanoparticle'' ::* '''kyiazon mulk'''....''graviton'' ::* '''bamulk'''....''boson particle'' :::* '''agha-bamulk'''....''higgs particle'' :::* '''agwu-bamulk'''....''W boson'' :::* '''agzu-bamulk'''....''Z boson'' :::* '''gamma-bamulk'''....''photon'' :::* '''ge-bamulk'''....''gluon'' ::* '''qomulk'''....''quark'' :::* '''ba-qomulk'''....''bottom quark'' :::* '''ca-qomulk'''....''charm quark'' :::* '''da-qomulk'''....''down quark'' :::* '''ov-qomulk'''....''antiparticle, antiquark'' :::* '''penta-qomulk'''....''penta quark'' :::* '''tetra-qomulk'''....''tetra quark'' :::* '''to-qomulk'''....''top quark'' :::* '''u-qomulk'''....''up quark'' :::* '''so-qomulk'''....''strange quark'' ::* '''limulk'''....''lepton'' :::* '''gamma-limulk'''....''photon'' (also: '''manmulk''') :::* '''mu-limulk'''....''muon'' :::* '''pi-limulk'''....''pion'' :::* '''tau-limulk'''....''tau'' :::* '''vu-e-limulk'''....''electron neutrino'' :::* '''vu-mu-limulk'''....''muon neutrino'' :::* '''vu-tau-limulk'''....''tau neutrino'' :::* '''e-limulk'''....''electron'' (also: '''vomulk''') : The nucleus of an atom is called '''zemulk'''. Therefore, '''zemulka''' means ''nuclear''. === Musical Nomenclature === ==== Musical Instruments ==== : The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument ('''duzar''' < '''duz''' (''music'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument''). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played. [[File:Madras musical instruments and snake charmer's music.jpg|thumb|<small>Madras_musical_instruments_and_snake_charmer's_music</small>]] {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Instruments |- ! Mirad !! English |- ! colspan=2 | Bowed-String |- | '''aduzar''' || ''violin'' |- | '''eduzar''' || ''violin alto'' |- | '''iduzar''' || ''cello'', ''violoncello'' |- | '''uduzar'''<br>'''eona uduzar''' || ''bass''<br>''double bass'' |- | '''yoduzar''' || ''viola'' |- | '''yaduzar''' || ''fiddle'' |- | '''yeduzar''' || ''viol'' |- |- '''yiduzar''' || ''erhu'' |- | '''yuduzar''' || ''hardanger fiddle'' |- | '''aloduzar''' || ''kemenche'' |- | '''aladuzar''' || ''nyckelharpa'' |- | '''aleduzar''' || ''rebab'' |- ! colspan=2 | Woodwind |- | '''faduzar''' || ''flute'' |- | '''feduzar''' || ''oboe'' |- | '''fiduzar''' || ''clarinet'' |- | '''fuduzar''' || ''bassoon'' |- | '''fyoduzar''' || ''French harp, harmonica'' |- | '''fyaduzar''' || ''recorder'' |- | '''fyeduzar''' || ''bagpipe'' |- | '''fyiduzar''' || ''didgeridoo'' |- | '''fyuduzar''' || ''piccolo'' |- | '''faloduzar''' || ''fife, hornpipe'' |- | '''faladuzar''' || ''ocarina, ocarine'' |- | '''faleduzar''' || ''sheng'' |- | '''faliduzar''' || ''duduk'' |- | '''faluduzar''' || ''bansuri'' |- | '''falyoduzar''' || ''suling'' |- ! colspan=2 | Brass &#x1f3b7; |- | '''voduzar''' || ''horn'' |- | '''vaduzar''' || ''trumpet'' |- | '''veduzar''' || ''trombone'' |- | '''vuduzar'''<br>-- '''avuduzar'''<br>-- '''evuduzar'''<br>--'''ivuduzar'''|| ''saxophone''<br>-- ''tenor saxophone''<br>-- ''alto saxophone''<br>-- ''bass saxophone'' |- | '''vyoduzar''' || ''tuba'' |- | '''vyaduzar''' || ''bugle'' |- | '''vyeduzar''' || ''French horn'' |- | '''vyiduzar''' || ''cornet'' |- | '''vyuduzar''' || ''baritone horn'' |- | '''valoduzar''' || ''alto horn'' |- | '''valaduzar''' || ''euphonium'' |- | '''valeduzar''' || ''flugelhorn'' |- | '''validuzar''' || ''sousaphone'' |- | '''valuduzar''' || ''clarion'' |- | '''valyoduzar''' || ''mellophone'' |- | '''valyaduzar''' || ''climbasso'' |- | '''valyeduzar''' || ''ophicleide'' |- ! colspan=2 | Percussion |- | '''kaduzar'''<br>-- '''akaduzar'''<br>-- '''ekaduzar'''<br>-- '''ikaduzar'''<br>-- '''ukaduzar'''<br>-- '''yokaduzar'''<br>-- '''yakaduzar'''<br>-- '''yekaduzar'''<br>-- '''yikaduzar'''<br>-- '''yukaduzar'''<br>-- '''alokaduzar'''<br>-- '''alakaduzar'''<br>-- '''alekaduzar'''<br>-- '''alikaduzar'''<br>-- '''alukaduzar''' || ''drum''<br>-- ''snare drum''<br>-- ''bass drum''<br>-- ''tenor drum''<br>-- ''steel drum''<br>-- ''bongo drum''<br>-- ''timbrel''<br>-- ''kettledrum''<br>-- ''hang drum''<br>-- ''tupan''<br>-- ''taiko''<br>-- ''spring drum''<br>-- ''octoban''<br>-- ''candombe drum''<br>-- ''steel tongue drum'' |- | '''keduzar''' || ''glockenspiel'' |- | '''kiduzar''' || ''vibraphone'' |- | '''kuduzar''' || ''marimba'' |- | '''kyoduzar''' || ''tubular bell'' |- | '''gaduzar''' || ''triangle'' |- | '''geduzar''' || ''gong'' |- | '''giduzar''' || ''castanet'' |- | '''guduzar''' || ''rattle'' |- | '''gyoduzar''' || ''xylophone'' |- | '''gyaduzar''' || ''maraca'' |- | '''gyeduzar''' || ''caj&oacute;n'' |- | '''gyiduzar''' || ''cymbal'' |- | '''gyuduzar''' || ''tambourine'' |- | '''galoduzar''' || ''steelpan'' |- | '''galaduzar''' || ''wind chime'' |- | '''galeduzar''' || ''chime bar'' |- | '''galiduzar''' || ''celeste'' |- | '''galuduzar''' || ''clapper'' |- | '''galyoduzar''' || ''Jew's harp'' |- | '''galyaduzar''' || ''bazooka'' |- | '''galyeduzar''' || ''waterphone'' |- | '''galyiduzar''' || ''balafon'' |- | '''galyuduzar''' || ''boomwhackers'' |- | '''geloduzar''' || ''udu'' |- | '''geladuzar''' || ''thunder sheet'' |- ! colspan=2 | Keyboard &#x1f3b9; |- | '''raduzar'''<br>-- '''utekea raduzar'''<br>-- '''agala raduzar'''<br>-- '''sem raduzar''' || ''piano''<br>-- ''player piano''<br>-- ''grand piano''<br>-- ''keyboard'' |- | '''reduzar''' || ''clavichord'' |- | '''riduzar''' || ''harpsichord'' |- | '''ruduzar'''<br>-- '''mufyeg ruduzar'''<br>-- '''maka ruduzar''' || ''organ''<br>-- ''pipe organ''<br>-- ''electric organ'' |- | '''ryoduzar''' || ''accordion'' |- | '''ryaduzar''' || ''dulcimer'' |- | '''ryeduzar''' || ''calliope'' |- | '''ryiduzar''' || ''melodica'' |- | '''ryuduzar''' || ''concertina'' |- ! colspan=2 | Guitar &#x1f3b8; |- | '''baduzar'''<br>-- '''seuxa baduzar'''<br>-- '''maka baduzar'''<br>-- '''yoba baduzar''' || ''guitar''<br>-- ''accoustic guitar''<br>-- ''electric guitar''<br>-- ''bass guitar'' |- | '''beduzar''' || ''banjo'' |- | '''biduzar''' || ''lute'' |- | '''buduzar''' || ''harp'' |- | '''byoduzar''' || ''mandolin'' |- | '''byaduzar''' || ''ukelele'' |- | '''byeduzar''' || ''zither'' |- | '''byiduzar''' || ''lyre'' |- | '''byuduzar''' || ''cithara, kithara'' |- | '''baloduzar''' || ''sitar'' |- | '''baladuzar''' || ''veena'' |- | '''baleduzar''' || ''koto'' |- | '''baliduzar''' || ''balalaika'' |- | '''baluduzar''' || ''charango'' |- | '''balyoduzar''' || ''hurdy-gurdy'' |} ==== Voice Ranges ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Voice Ranges (Deuz nabyani) |- ! Mirad !! English !! Meaning |- ! colspan=3 | Women |- | '''yabdeuztoyb''' || ''soprano'' || "high-voice-female" |- | '''zeyabdeuztoyb''' || ''mezzo-soprano'' || "high-ish-voice-female" |- | '''yobdeuztoyb''' || ''alto, contralto'' || "low-voice-female" |- ! colspan=3 | Men |- | '''yabdeuztwob''' || ''tenor'' || "high-voice-male" |- | '''ze-yabdeuztwob''' || ''baritone'' || "middle-high-voice-male" |- | '''yobdeuztwob''' || ''bass''||"low-voice-male" |- | '''vyo-yabdeuztwob''' || ''falsetto'' || "false-high-voice-male" |- ! colspan=3 | Boys |- | '''yabdeuztwobet''' || ''treble'' || "high-voice-boy" |} : Suffix these nouns with '''-a''' to make them adjectives, eg.: ::* '''His se <u>yabdeuztwoba</u> duznod.'''....''This is a <u>tenor</u> note.'' ==== Solmization Syllables ==== : The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Solmization Syllables |- | '''do''' || '''re''' || '''mi''' || '''fa''' || '''sol''' || '''la''' || '''ti''' || '''do''' |} ==== Musical Score Elements ==== [[File:Gigault-dernier-kyrie-mm9-12.png|thumb]] : The semitone or accidental symbols are: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Accidentals |- ! ENGLISH NAME !! SYMBOL !! MIRAD NAME !! ENGLISH EXAMPLE !! MIRAD EXAMPLE || MIRAD PRONUNCIATION |- | ''flat'' || <big>&#x1D12C;</big>|| '''yobwa''' (=''lowered'')|| ''B flat'' || '''B yobwa''' || '''ba YOBwa''' |- | ''sharp'' || <big>&#x1D130;</big> || '''yabwa''' (=''raised'')|| ''C sharp'' || '''C yabwa''' || '''ca YABwa''' |- | ''natural'' || <big>&#x1D12E;</big> || '''egxwa''' (=''normalized'')|| ''F natural'' || '''F egxwa''' || '''fe EGxwa''' |} : Some staff notation: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller" |+ Staff Notation |- ! English Name !! Symbol !! Mirad Name |- | ''staff'' || <big>&#x1D119;</big> || '''nuidyan''' |- | ''treble clef, G clef'' || <big>&#x1D11E;</big> || '''G yijar''' |- | ''C clef'' || <big>&#x1D121;</big> || '''C yijar''' |- | ''base clef, F clef'' || <big>&#x1D122;</big> || '''F yijar''' |- | ''note'' || || '''nod''' |- | ''half note'' || <big>&#x1D15E;</big> || '''eyna nod''' |- | ''quarter note'' || <big>&#x1D15F;</big> || '''uyna nod''' |- | ''whole note'' || <big>&#x1D15D;</big> || '''ayna nod''' |- | ''quarter rest'' || <big>&#x1D13D; </big> || '''uyna poys''' |- | ''eighth note'' || <big>&#x1D160; </big> || '''yiyna nod''' |- | ''bar, measure'' || <big>&#x1D100;</big> || '''nodzyan''' |- | ''ligature'' || || '''yanxus''' |} ==== Characteristic Features of Music ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Characteristic Features of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''deup'''||'' beat'' |- |'''seupan'''||'' cadence'' |- |'''jes'''||'' duration'' |- |'''zoyteuz'''||'' echo'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||'' harmony'' |- |'''duzneg'''||''pitch'' |- |'''ijduzneg'''||'' key'' |- |'''druz'''||'' lyric'' |- |'''agala duzmus'''||'' major scale'' |- |'''duznag'''||'' measure'' |- |'''duznad'''||'' melody'' |- |'''duzjob''' ||''tempo'' |- |'''nak'''||'' meter'' |- |'''ogala duzmus'''||'' minor scale'' |- |'''duz'''||'' music'' |- |'''yinig'''||'' octave'' |- |'''byes'''||'' pulse'' |- |'''zoyseuzen'''||'' resonance'' |- |'''deupyan'''||'' rhythm'' |- |'''duzmus'''||'' scale'' |- |'''duzdreyn'''||'' score'' |- |'''seux'''||'' sound'' |- |'''duzigan'''||'' tempo'' |- |'''seuzvolz'''||'' timbre'' |- |'''seuz'''||'' tone'' |- |'''yanseuz'''||''chord, harmonic'' |- |'''aybseuz'''||''overtone'' |- |'''deuzunog'''||'' tune'' |- |'''deuz'''||'' voice'' |- |'''seuxnid'''||'' volume'' |} ==== Dynamics ==== : Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left ''as is'' in Mirad. : These include: <div style="background:lightyellow; font-style:italics"> : <i>a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo</i>, and others. </div> ==== Types of Arrangements ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musical Arrangements ! English !! Mirad |- |''a capella song''||'''a kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzari''' |- |''anthem''||'''fizdeuzun, tezdeuzun''' |- |''antiphon''||'''duiddeuzun''' |- |''aria''||'''arya, awat deuzun''' |- |''arrangement''||'''napbeyn''' |- |''art song''||'''tuz deuz''' |- |''ballad''||'''daz deuz, ifonkex deuzun''' |- |''battle hymn''||'''dropek deuzun''' |- |''bird song''||'''pat deuzun''' |- |''broadway song''||'''Broadway deuzun''' |- |''campfire song''||'''tamoftem deuzun''' |- |''cantata''||'''kantata''' |- |''canticle''||'''efyadeuzun''' |- |''carol''||'''ivdeuzun''' |- |''chant''||'''yagdeuzun''' |- |''choral arrangement''||'''deuzutyan napxeyn''' |- |''Christmas carol''||'''Kristtaj ivdeuzun''' |- |''classical song''||'''visauna deuzun''' |- |''composition''||'''duzdrun''' |- |''concerto''||'''koncerto''' |- |''country song''||'''odom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzun''' |- |''dance song''||'''daz deuzun''' |- |''dirge''||'''uvdeuzun''' |- |''ditty''||'''deuzog''' |- |''doggerel verse''||'''dizdeuzun''' |- |''drinking song''||'''tilien deuzun''' |- |''duet''||'''ewat (deuzun)''' |- |''folksong''||'''tyoyd deuzun''' |- |''glee''||'''Gebama deuzun''' |- |''gospel song''||'''fyadin deuzun''' |- |''hip hop song''||'''hip hop deuzun''' |- |''hit song''||'''agakus deuzun''' |- |''hymn''||'''fyadeuzun ''' |- |''instrumental''||'''duzarun''' |- |''jingle''||'''nundeuzunog''' |- |''karaoke song''||'''karaoke deuzun''' |- |''love song''||'''ifon deuzun''' |- |''lullaby''||'''tudet deuzun''' |- |''lute song''||'''riduzar deuzun''' |- |''madrigal''||'''duzuka deuzun''' |- |''marching song''||'''doptyopen deuzun''' |- |''medley''||'''ebmulxwa deuzyan''' |- |''metal song''||'''mug deuzun''' |- |''musical number''||'''duzun''' |- |''old standard''||'''ajdeuzun''' |- |''opera''||'''dyuz, dyuzun''' |- |''oratorio''||'''oratoryo''' |- |''paean''||'''akrun deuzun''' |- |''partsong''||'''gon deuzun''' |- |''patter song''||'''deuzig''' |- |''pop song''||'''tyoda deuzun''' |- |''psalm''||'''afyadeuzun''' |- |''rock song''||'''rok deuzun''' |- |''round''||'''zoydea deuzun''' |- |''sea shanty''||'''mim deuz''' |- |''show tune''||'''duez deuzun''' |- |''signature song''||'''ujak deuzun''' |- |''slow jam''||'''bluz deuzun''' |- |''soliloquy''||'''awat, awat deuzun''' |- |''solo''||'''awat (duzun), awat (deuzun)''' |- |''song''||'''deuzun''' |- |''spiritual, negro spiritual''||'''topa deuzun''' |- |''sporting song''||'''tapifek deuzun''' |- |''symphony''||'''viduzunyag''' |- |''theme song''||'''texzena deuz''' |- |''torch song''||'''ifonok uvdeuzun''' |- |''vaudeville song''||'''Vaudeville deuzun''' |- |''Wienerlied''||'''Viena deuzun''' |} ==== Musicians ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Musicians ! English !! Mirad |- |''musician''||'''duzut, duztoyb, duzuyt, duztwob''' |- |''instrumentalist''||'''duzarut''' |- |''violinist''||'''aduzarut''' |- |''conductor''||'''duzdeb''', '''duzutyaneb''' |- |''soloist''||'''anduzut''' |- |''singer, vocalist''||'''deuzut''' |- |''danseur''||'''dyaztwob''' |- |''ballerina''||'''dyazuyt, dyaztoyb''' |- |''dancer''||'''dazut, dazuyt''' |- |''opera singer''||'''dyuzut, dyuzuyt''' |- |''operatist, librettist''||'''dyuzdrut''' |- |''composer''||'''duzdrut''' |- |''lyricist, songwriter''||'''deuzdrut''' |- |''dance conductor''||'''dazeb''' |- |''(symphony) orchestra''||'''duzarutyan''' |- |''philharmonic orchestra''||'''duzarutyanag''' |- |''chorus, chorale'' ||'''deuzutyan''' |- |''dance troupe''||'''dazutyan''' |} ==== Song Parts ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Song Parts ! Mirad !! English |- |'''ujgon'''||''coda'' |- |'''ijgon'''||''intro'' |- |'''ebek'''||''interlude'' |- |'''ijek'''||''finale'' |- |'''gawijun'''||''reprise'' |- |'''gawdeuzun'''||''refrain'' |- |'''agalduznad'''||''theme'' |- |'''nadyan'''||''verse'' |- |'''zeymep'''||''bridge'' |- |'''gawdwas'''||''chorus'' |- |'''ujnadyan'''||''outro'' |} ==== Music Genres ==== : Some genres and styles of music: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Genres of Music ! Mirad !! English |- |'''a kapella, boy duzari'''||''a capella'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''ambiant'' |- |'''Usoma tyoyduz'''||''American folk'' |- |'''Usoma egona duz'''||''American standard'' |- |'''yizejna'''||''avant garde'' |- |'''Baroka'''||''Baroque'' |- |'''yolza vab'''||''bluegrass'' |- |'''bluz'''||''blues'' |- |'''Bolliwud'''||''Bollywood'' |- |'''bossa nova'''||''bossa nova'' |- |'''kalipso'''||''calypso'' |- |'''Kelta yagdeuz'''||''Celtic chant'' |- |'''Canima tyoyduz'''||''Chinese folk'' |- |'''Canima ajutbyena dyuz'''||''Chinese traditional opera'' |- |'''jejoba deupyan ay bluz'''||''contemporary R&B'' |- |'''maima bluz'''||''country blues'' |- |'''maima duz'''||''country music'' |- |'''maima pop'''||''country pop'' |- |'''maima rap'''||''country rap'' |- |'''maima rok'''||''country rock'' |- |'''dazam pop'''||''dancehall pop'' |- |'''disko'''||''disco'' |- |'''du-wop'''||''doo-wop'' |- |'''maka dauz'''||''electronic dance music (EDM)'' |- |'''yugtaxea duz'''||''elevator music'' |- |'''Euma disko'''||''Euro-disco'' |- |'''jwayeka'''||''experimental'' |- |'''flamenko'''||''flamenco'' |- |'''funk'''||''funk'' |- |'''Gregoria yagdeuz'''||''Gregorian chant'' |- |'''hip-hop'''||''hip-hop'' |- |'''honki-tonk'''||''honky-tonk'' |- |'''hyusuna rok'''||''Indie rock'' |- |'''jaz'''||''jazz'' |- |'''makjaz'''||''jazztronica'' |- |'''juju'''||''juju'' |- |'''fyaxela duz'''||''liturgical music'' |- |'''majika'''||''majika'' |- |'''mamo'''||''mambo'' |- |'''merengwe'''||''merengue'' |- |'''mesitzo'''||''mesitzo'' |- |'''mug'''||''metal'' |- |'''Mixuma duz'''||''Mexican'' |- |'''seuz bi Naxvil'''||''Nashville sound'' |- |'''Ejna Orleans bluz'''||''New Orleans blues'' |- |'''dyuz'''||''opera'' |- |'''rancera'''||''ranchera'' |- |'''rap'''||''rap'' |- |'''rege'''||''reggae'' |- |'''deupyan ay blus, ro-ay-ba'''||''rhythm & blues'' |- |'''rok-ay-rol'''||''rock & roll'' |- |'''salsa'''||''salsa'' |- |'''samba'''||''samba'' |- |'''ska'''||''ska'' |- |'''galoduzaruta duz'''||''steel band music'' |- |'''swing'''||''swing'' |- |'''Tehano'''||''Tejano'' |- |'''eyntuj duz'''||''trance music'' |- |'''Zumera visauna'''||''Western classical'' |- |'''Zumeryena'''||''Western'' |- |'''zideko'''||''zydeco'' |} === Geographic Placenames === : As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants. ==== Countries of the World ==== [[File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Johnson's new chart of national emblems, 1868.jpg|thumb|]] Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter '''m''' is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.: : Example 1: : ''Burundi'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI. ::* ''BDI'' is lowercased to ''bdi'' ::* '''b''' is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell '''ba'''. ::* Since ''d'' is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: '''d'''. ::* The vowel ''i'' is left as is: '''i''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''badim''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Badim''' ::* BDI (Burundi) = '''Badim'''. : Example 2: : ''Uzbekistan'' is translated as follows: ::* The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB. ::* ''UZB'' is lowercased to ''uzb'' ::* '''u''' is left as is: '''u'''. ::* '''z''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''zu''' ::* '''b''' is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: '''ba''' ::* '''m''' is appended for ''place'': '''uzubam''' ::* The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: '''Uzubam''' ::* UZB (Uzbekistan) = '''Uzubam'''. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Country Names (click on arrows to sort a column) ! ISO !! English !! Mirad |- | ABW || ''Aruba''||'''Abawum''' |- | AFG || ''Afghanistan''||'''Afegem''' |- | AGO || ''Angola''||'''Agom''' |- | AIA || ''Anguilla''||'''Aiam''' |- | ALA || ''[[w:Åland|Åland Islands]]''||'''Alam''' |- | ALB || ''Albania''||'''Alibam''' |- | AND || ''Andorra''||'''Anidam''' |- | ANT || ''Netherlands Antilles''||'''Anitom''' |- | ARE || ''United Arab Emirates''||'''Arem''' |- | ARG || ''Argentina''||'''Arogem''' |- | ARM || ''Armenia''||'''Aromim''' |- | ASM || ''American Samoa''||'''Asomim''' |- | ATA || ''Antarctica''||'''Atam''' |- | ATF || ''French Southern Territories''||'''Atofem''' |- | ATG || ''Antigua and Barbuda''||'''Atogem''' |- | AUS || ''Australia''||'''Ausom''' |- | AUT || ''Austria''||'''Autom''' |- | AZE || ''Azerbaijan''||'''Azem''' |- | BDI || ''Burundi''||'''Badim''' |- | BEL || ''Belgium''||'''Belim''' |- | BEN || ''Benin''||'''Benim''' |- | BFA || ''Burkina Faso''||'''Bafam''' |- | BGD || ''Bangladesh''||'''Bagedam''' |- | BGR || ''Bulgaria''||'''Bagerom''' |- | BHR || ''Bahrain''||'''Baherom''' |- | BHS || ''[[w|The Bahamas|Bahamas]]''||'''Bahesom''' |- | BIH || ''Bosnia and Herzegovina''||'''Bihem''' |- | BLM || ''Saint Barthélemy''||'''Balimim''' |- | BLR || ''Belarus''||'''Balirom''' |- | BLZ || ''Belize''||'''Balizum''' |- | BMU || ''Bermuda''||'''Bamum''' |- | BOL || ''Bolivia''||'''Bolim''' |- | BRA || ''Brazil''||'''Baram''' |- | BRB || ''Barbados''||'''Barobam''' |- | BRN || ''[[w:Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]]''||'''Baronim''' |- | BTN || ''Bhutan''||'''Batonim''' |- | BVT || ''Bouvet Island''||'''Bavutom''' |- | BWA || ''Botswana''||'''Bawam''' |- | CAF || ''Central African Republic''||'''Cafem''' |- | CAN || ''Canada''||'''Canim''' |- | CCK || ''Cocos Islands''||'''Cacakim''' |- | CHE || ''Switzerland''||'''Cahem''' |- | CHL || ''Chile''||'''Cahelim''' |- | CHN || ''[[w:People's Republic of China|China]]''||'''Cahenim''' |- | CIV || ''Côte d'Ivoire''||'''Civum''' |- | CMR || ''Cameroon''||'''Camirom''' |- | COD || ''Democratic Republic of the Congo''||'''Codam''' |- | COG || ''Republic of the Congo''||'''Cogem''' |- | COK || ''Cook Islands''||'''Cokim''' |- | COL || ''Colombia''||'''Colim''' |- | COM || ''Comoros''||'''Comim''' |- | CPV || ''Cape Verde''||'''Capovum''' |- | CRI || ''Costa Rica''||'''Carim''' |- | CUB || ''Cuba''||'''Cubam''' |- | CXR || ''Christmas Island''||'''Caxurom''' |- | CYM || ''Cayman Islands''||'''Cayumim''' |- | CYP || ''Cyprus''||'''Cayupom''' |- | CZE || ''Czechia''||'''Cazem''' |- | DEU || ''Germany''||'''Deum''' |- | DJI || ''Djibouti''||'''Dajim''' |- | DMA || ''Dominica''||'''Damam''' |- | DNK || ''Denmark''||'''Danikim''' |- | DOM || ''Dominican Republic''||'''Domim''' |- | DZA || ''Algeria''||'''Dazam''' |- | ECU || ''Ecuador''||'''Ecum''' |- | EGY || ''Egypt''||'''Egeyum''' |- | ERI || ''Eritrea''||'''Erim''' |- | ESH || ''Western Sahara''||'''Esohem''' |- | ESP || ''Spain''||'''Esopom''' |- | EST || ''Estonia''||'''Esotom''' |- | ETH || ''Ethiopia''||'''Etohem''' |- | FIN || ''Finland''||'''Finim''' |- | FJI || ''Fiji''||'''Fejim''' |- | FLK || ''Falkland Islands (Malvinas)''||'''Felikim''' |- | FRA || ''France''||'''Feram''' |- | FRO || ''Faroe Islands''||'''Ferom''' |- | FSM || ''Federated States of Micronesia''||'''Fesomim''' |- | GAB || ''Gabon''||'''Gabam''' |- | GBR || ''United Kingdom''||'''Gebarom''' |- | GEO || ''Georgia''||'''Geom''' |- | GGY || ''Guernsey''||'''Gegeyum''' |- | GHA || ''Ghana''||'''Geham''' |- | GIB || ''Gibraltar''||'''Gibam''' |- | GLP || ''Guadeloupe''||'''Gelipom''' |- | GMB || ''Gambia''||'''Gemibam''' |- | GNB || ''Guinea-Bissau''||'''Genibam''' |- | GNQ || ''Equatorial Guinea''||'''Geniqom''' |- | GRC || ''Greece''||'''Gerocam''' |- | GRD || ''Grenada''||'''Gerodam''' |- | GRL || ''Greenland''||'''Gedolim''' |- | GTM || ''Guatemala''||'''Getomim''' |- | GUF || ''French Guiana''||'''Gufem''' |- | GUM || ''Guam''||'''Gumim''' |- | GUY || ''Guyana''||'''Guyum''' |- | HKG || ''Hong Kong''||'''Hekigem''' |- | HMD || ''Heard Island and McDonald Islands''||'''Hemidam''' |- | HND || ''Honduras''||'''Henidam''' |- | HRV || ''Croatia''||'''Herovum''' |- | HTI || ''Haiti''||'''Hetim''' |- | HUN || ''Hungary''||'''Hunim''' |- | IDN || ''Indonesia''||'''Idanim''' |- | IMN || ''Isle of Man''||'''Iminim''' |- | IND || ''India''||'''Inidam''' |- | IOT || ''British Indian Ocean Territory''||'''Iotom''' |- | IRL || ''Republic of Ireland''||'''Irolim''' |- | IRN || ''Iran''||'''Ironim''' |- | IRQ || ''Iraq''||'''Iroqom''' |- | ISL || ''Iceland''||'''Isolim''' |- | ISR || ''Israel''||'''Isorom''' |- | ITA || ''Italy''||'''Itam''' |- | JAM || ''Jamaica''||'''Jamim''' |- | JEY || ''Jersey''||'''Jeyum''' |- | JOR || ''Jordan''||'''Jorom''' |- | JPN || ''Japan''||'''Jiponim''' |- | KAZ || ''Kazakhstan''||'''Kazum''' |- | KEN || ''Kenya''||'''Kenim''' |- | KGZ || ''Kyrgyzstan''||'''Kigezum''' |- | KHM || ''Cambodia''||'''Kihemim''' |- | KIR || ''Kiribati''||'''Kirom''' |- | KNA || ''Saint Kitts and Nevis''||'''Kinam''' |- | KOR || ''[[w:South Korea|Korea, Republic of]]''||'''Korom''' |- | KWT || ''Kuwait''||'''Kiwutom''' |- | LAO || ''Laos''||'''Laom''' |- | LBN || ''Lebanon''||'''Libanim''' |- | LBR || ''Liberia''||'''Libarom''' |- | LBY || ''Libya''||'''Libayum''' |- | LCA || ''Saint Lucia''||'''Licam''' |- | LIE || ''Liechtenstein''||'''Liem''' |- | LKA || ''Sri Lanka''||'''Likam''' |- | LSO || ''Lesotho''||'''Lisom''' |- | LTU || ''Lithuania''||'''Litum''' |- | LUX || ''Luxembourg''||'''Luxum''' |- | LVA || ''Latvia''||'''Livam''' |- | MAC || ''[[W:Macau|Macao]]''||'''Macam''' |- | MAF || ''Saint Martin''||'''Mafem''' |- | MAR || ''Morocco''||'''Marom''' |- | MCO || ''Monaco''||'''Micom''' |- | MDA || ''Moldova''||'''Midam''' |- | MDG || ''Madagascar''||'''Midagem''' |- | MDV || ''Maldives''||'''Midavum''' |- | MEX || ''Mexico''||'''Mexum''' |- | MHL || ''Marshall Islands''||'''Mihelim''' |- | MKD || ''Republic of Macedonia''||'''Mikidam''' |- | MLI || ''Mali''||'''Milim''' |- | MLT || ''Malta''||'''Militom''' |- | MMR || ''Myanmar''||'''Mimirom''' |- | MNE || ''Montenegro''||'''Minem''' |- | MNG || ''Mongolia''||'''Minigem''' |- | MNP || ''Northern Mariana Islands''||'''Minipom''' |- | MOZ || ''Mozambique''||'''Mozum''' |- | MRT || ''Mauritania''||'''Mirotom''' |- | MSR || ''Montserrat''||'''Misorom''' |- | MTQ || ''Martinique''||'''Mitoqom''' |- | MUS || ''Mauritius''||'''Musom''' |- | MWI || ''Malawi''||'''Miwim''' |- | MYS || ''Malaysia''||'''Miyusom''' |- | MYT || ''Mayotte''||'''Miyutom''' |- | NAM || ''Namibia''||'''Namim''' |- | NCL || ''New Caledonia''||'''Nicalim''' |- | NER || ''Niger''||'''Nerom''' |- | NFK || ''Norfolk Island''||'''Nifekim''' |- | NGA || ''Nigeria''||'''Nigam''' |- | NIC || ''Nicaragua''||'''Nicam''' |- | NOR || ''Norway''||'''Norom''' |- | NIU || ''Niue''||'''Nium''' |- | NLD || ''Netherlands''||'''Nilidam''' |- | NPL || ''Nepal''||'''Nipolim''' |- | NRU || ''Nauru''||'''Nirum''' |- | NZL || ''New Zealand''||'''Nizulim''' |- | OMN || ''Oman''||'''Ominim''' |- | PAK || ''Pakistan''||'''Pakim''' |- | PAN || ''Panama''||'''Panim''' |- | PCN || ''Pitcairn Islands''||'''Pocanim''' |- | PER || ''Peru''||'''Perom''' |- | PHL || ''Philippines''||'''Pohelim''' |- | PLW || ''Palau''||'''Poliwum''' |- | PNG || ''Papua New Guinea''||'''Ponigem''' |- | POL || ''Poland''||'''Polim''' |- | PRI || ''Puerto Rico''||'''Porim''' |- | PRK || ''North Korea''||'''Porikim''' |- | PRT || ''Portugal''||'''Porotom''' |- | PRY || ''Paraguay''||'''Poroyum''' |- | PSE || ''Palestinian territories''||'''Posem''' |- | PYF || ''French Polynesia''||'''Poyufem''' |- | QAT || ''Qatar''||'''Qatom''' |- | REU || ''Réunion''||'''Reum''' |- | ROU || ''Romania''||'''Roum''' |- | RUS || ''Russia''||'''Rusom''' |- | RWA || ''Rwanda''||'''Rowam''' |- | SAU || ''Saudi Arabia''||'''Saum''' |- | SDN || ''Sudan''||'''Sodanim''' |- | SEN || ''Senegal''||'''Senim''' |- | SGP || ''Singapore''||'''Sogepom''' |- | SGS || ''South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands''||'''Sogesom''' |- | SHN || ''Saint Helena''||'''Sohenim''' |- | SJM || ''Svalbard and Jan Mayen''||'''Sojimim''' |- | SLB || ''Solomon Islands''||'''Solibam''' |- | SLE || ''Sierra Leone''||'''Solem''' |- | SLV || ''El Salvador''||'''Solivum''' |- | SMR || ''San Marino''||'''Somirom''' |- | SOM || ''Somalia''||'''Somim''' |- | SPM || ''Saint Pierre and Miquelon''||'''Sopomim''' |- | SRB || ''Serbia''||'''Sorobam''' |- | STP || ''São Tomé and Príncipe''||'''Sotopom''' |- | SUR || ''Suriname''||'''Surom''' |- | SVK || ''Slovakia''||'''Sovukim''' |- | SVN || ''Slovenia''||'''Sovunim''' |- | SWE || ''Sweden''||'''Sowem''' |- | SWZ || ''Swaziland''||'''Sowuzum''' |- | SYC || ''Seychelles''||'''Soyucam''' |- | SYR || ''Syria''||'''Soyurom''' |- | TCA || ''Turks and Caicos Islands''||'''Tocam''' |- | TCD || ''Chad''||'''Tocadam''' |- | TGO || ''Togo''||'''Togom''' |- | THA || ''Thailand''||'''Toham''' |- | TJK || ''Tajikistan''||'''Tojikim''' |- | TKL || ''Tokelau''||'''Tokilim''' |- | TKM || ''Turkmenistan''||'''Tokimim''' |- | TLS || ''East Timor''||'''Tolisom''' |- | TON || ''Tonga''||'''Tonim''' |- | TTO || ''Trinidad and Tobago''||'''Totom''' |- | TUN || ''Tunisia''||'''Tunim''' |- | TUR || ''Turkey''||'''Turim''' |- | TUV || ''Tuvalu''||'''Tuvum''' |- | TWN || ''Taiwan''||'''Towunim''' |- | TZA || ''Tanzania''||'''Tozam''' |- | UGA || ''Uganda''||'''Ugam''' |- | UKR || ''Ukraine''||'''Ukirom''' |- | UMI || ''United States Minor Outlying Islands''||'''Umim''' |- | URY || ''Uruguay''||'''Uroyum''' |- | USA || ''United States''||'''Usam''' |- | UZB || ''Uzbekistan''||'''Uzubam''' |- | VAT || ''Vatican City''||'''Vatom''' |- | VCT || ''Saint Vincent and the Grenadines''||'''Vucatom''' |- | VEN || ''Venezuela''||'''Venim''' |- | VGB || ''British Virgin Islands''||'''Vugebam''' |- | VIR || ''United States Virgin Islands''||'''Virom''' |- | VNM || ''Vietnam''||'''Vunimim''' |- | VUT || ''Vanuatu''||'''Vutom''' |- | WLF || ''Wallis and Futuna''||'''Wulifem''' |- | WSM || ''Samoa''||'''Wusomim''' |- | YEM || ''Yemen''||'''Yemim''' |- | ZAF || ''South Africa''||'''Zafem''' |- | ZMB || ''Zambia''||'''Zumibam''' |- | ZWE || ''Zimbabwe''||'''Zuwem''' |} : The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker '''a''', eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''France'' ==> '''Ferama'''....''French'' ::* '''Usam'''....''United States'' ==> '''Usama'''....''American'' ::* '''Deum'''....''Germany'' ==> '''Deuma'''....''German'' : The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final '''m''' of the placename to '''t''' (meaning person), eg: ::* '''Feram'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferat'''....''a French person, a Frenchman'' : The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg: ::* '''Ferat'''....''a French person'' ==> '''ha Ferati'''....''the French'' ::* '''Etohet'''....''an Ethiopian'' ==> '''Etohwat'''....''an Ethiopian male'' ::* '''Finit'''....''a Finn'' ==> '''Finiyt'''....''a Finnish woman'' : Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: '''Ferama''' refers to the country of ''France'', not the language ''French''. ''French'' the language is '''Ferad.''' ==== Continents ==== [[File:Continental models.gif|thumb]] : The word for ''continent'' in Mirad is '''yanmel''' (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word '''yanmel''' with vectorial prefixes. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Continent Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Ayanmal''' || ''North America'' |- | '''Oyanmel''' || ''South America'' |- | '''Iyanmel''' || ''Asia'' |- | '''Uyanmel''' || ''Europe'' |- | '''Eyanmel''' || ''Africa'' |- | '''Yoyanmel''' || ''Oceania'' |} : The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing '''-a''': :* '''Iyanmela'''....''Asian'' :* '''Uyanmela'''....''European'' : By appending '''-t(i)''' to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants: :* '''Eyanmelat'''....''an African'' :* '''Ayanmelati'''....''North Americans'' : Note: <div style="background: lightyellow"> :* The ''Americas'' is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word '''Aoyanmel''' (a combination of North and South America). :* ''Central America'' is expressed in Mirad by '''Zea Aoyanmel''' (''Central America'') :* The word '''Usam''' means ''United States of America'' or ''USA''. The word ''America'' by itself is not used in Mirad; only ''North America'' or ''South America''. :* The word '''Usamati''' is used for ''Americans'' when referring to inhabitants of the U.S. :* The word '''Ayanmelati''' is used to refer to North Americans (U.S. and Canada). :* The word '''Eyanmel-Usamat''', or more briefly, '''Eusamat''' is used for ''African American''. :* ''Latin America'' is expressed as '''Liada Oyanmel'''. :* ''A Latino, Latina, or Latinx'' in the U.S. is called '''Liadwut, Liaduyt, or Liadut'''. :* In some geographic systems, '''Ausom'''....''Australia'' is considered a continent. </div> : The word for ''island'' is '''yonmel''' (= ''separate land''). An islander is '''yonmelat'''. ==== Oceans ==== : The Mirad word for ocean is '''mimag'''. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word '''mimag''': {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margn-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Ocean Names |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Amimag''' || ''Arctic Ocean'' |- | '''Omimag''' || ''Southern Ocean'' |- | '''Imimag''' || ''Pacific Ocean'' |- | '''Umimag''' || ''Atlantic Ocean'' |- | '''Emimag''' || ''Indian Ocean'' |} ==== Compass Directions and Poles ==== : The compass directions ('''merizoni''') and poles ('''mernodi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamer'''....''north'' / '''zamera'''....''northern'' / '''zamernod'''....''north pole'' ::* '''zomer'''....''south'' / '''zomera'''....''southern'' / '''zomernod'''....''south pole'' ::* '''zimer'''....''east'' / '''zimera'''....''eastern'' ::* '''zumer'''....''west'' / '''zumera'''....''western'' : The words '''Yibzamer'''....''Arctic'' and '''Yibzomer'''...''Antarctic(a)'' both use the prefix '''yib'''....''far''. : Prefixing the directions with '''iz-'''....''due-'' yields: ::* '''iz zamer'''....''due north'' ::* '''iz zomer'''....''due south'', etc. : Directional words can be hybridized, eg: ::* '''zaomera'''....''north-south'' ::* '''zuimera'''....''east-west'' ::* '''zaumera'''....''north-west'' ::* '''zaimera'''....''north-east'' ==== Earth Grid Lines ==== : The earth grid lines ('''mernadi''') are as follows: ::* '''zamernad'''....''Arctic Circle'' ::* '''zomernad'''....''Antarctic Circle'' ::* '''zaomernad'''....''longitude'' ::* '''zuimernad'''....''latitude'' ::* '''zemernad'''....''equator'' :::* '''abzemernad'''....''Tropic of Capricorn'' :::* '''obzemernad'''....''tropic, Tropic of Cancer'' ::::* '''yizobzemernad'''....''subtropic'' ::* '''eymernad'''....''meridian'' ::* '''mamnad'''....''horizon'' ::* '''aonada'''....''vertical'' ::* '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' ::* '''zyenada'''....''perpendicular'' ==== Languages of the World ==== [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|thumb|]] : Mirad names of languages are based on either: ::* the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or: ::* the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php|Library of Congress ISO639-2 Codes]]. : If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final '''m''' or the country name with '''d'''. For example, '''Enigem''' (''England''), becomes '''Eniged''' (''English''). See [[Mirad_Grammar#Countries of the World|Countries of the World]]. : If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and '''d''' is suffixed to the word. A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel. For example, '''ba''' + '''e''' becomes '''be'''. :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Mirad Language Names |- ! ISO Language Name !! Country or ISO Code !! Mirad Language Name |- | Abkhazian || abk || '''Abakid''' |- | Afar || aar || '''Aarod''' |- | Afrikaans || '''Zafem'''....''South Africa'' || '''Zafed''' |- | Akan || aka || '''Akad''' (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka) |- | Albanian || '''Alibam'''....''Albania'' || '''Alibad''' |- | Amharic || amh || '''Amihed''' |- | Arabic || ara || '''Arad''' |- | Aragonese || arg || '''Aroged''' |- | Armenian || '''Aromim''' || '''Heyud''' |- | Assamese || asm || '''Asomid''' |- | Avaric || ava || '''Avad''' |- | Avestan || ave || '''Aved''' |- | Aymara || aym || '''Ayumid''' |- | Azerbaijani || '''Azem'''....''Azerbaijan'' || '''Azed''' |- | Bambara || bam || '''Bamid''' |- | Bashkir || bak || '''Bakirod''' |- | Basque || baq || '''Baqod''' |- | Belarusian || '''Balirom'''....''Belarusia'' || '''Balirod''' |- | Bengali || '''Bagedim'''....''Bangladesh'' || '''Bagedid''' |- | Bislama || bis || '''Bisod''' |- | Bosnian || '''Bihem'''....''Bosnia'' || '''Bihed''' |- | Breton || bre || '''Bared''' |- | Bulgarian || '''Bagerom'''....''Bulgaria'' || '''Bagerod''' |- | Burmese || '''Mimirom'''....''Miyanmar'' || '''Mimirod''' |} ...and so on... : The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing '''-a''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''(the) English (language)'' ==> '''Enigeda'''....''(in the) English (language)'' ::* '''Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.'''....''This English language document is incomprehensible.'' : The language names can be verbalized with the addition of '''-der'''....''to say'', '''-daler'''....''to speak'', and '''-xer'''....''to translate into'', eg: ::* '''Ferad'''....''French'' ==> '''Ferader'''....''to say in French'' ::* '''Esopod'''....''Spanish'' ==> '''Esopodaler'''....''to speak Spanish'' ::* '''Arad'''....''Arabic'' ==> '''Aradxer'''....''to Arabicize/translate into Arabic'' ::* '''Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.'''....''French has many Anglicizations.'' : The speaker of a language is created by adding '''-ut''' or '''-alut''', eg: ::* '''Eniged'''....''English'' ==> '''Enigedut (or) Enigedalut'''....''English speaker'' ::* '''Duven et Enigedale?'''....''Do you speak English?'' ::* '''Aradu hia dun.'''....''Say this word in Arabic.'' ::* '''At se Itadut/Itadalut.'''....''I am a speaker of Italian.'' : Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Language Variants |- ! Variation Category !! Example |- | '''Ajna'''....''Old/Ancient'' || '''Ajna Eniged'''....''Old English, Anglo-Saxon'' |- | '''Ejoba'''....''Modern'' || '''Ejoba Perod'''....''Modern Persian, Farsi'' |- | '''Visauna'''....''Classical'' || '''Visauna Gerocad'''....''Classical Greek'' |- | '''Vyirina'''....''Puristic'' || '''Vyirina Gerocad'''....''Katharevousa (Puristic Greek)'' |- | '''Tyoda'''....''Vulgar/Popular/Demotic'' || '''Tyoda Latod'''....''Vulgar Latin''<br>'''Tyoda Gerocad'''....''Demotic Greek'' |- | '''Fyaxela'''....''Liturgical'' || '''Fyaxela Hebad'''....''Liturgical Hebrew'' |- | '''Fyadyesa'''....''Biblical'' || '''Fyadyesa Hebad'''....''Biblical Hebrew'' |- | '''Egona'''....''Standard'' || '''Ejoba Egona Arad'''....''Modern Standard Arabic'' |- | '''Egema'''....''Egyptian'' || '''Egema Arad'''....''Egyptian Arabic'' |- | '''Usoma'''....''American'' || '''Usoma Eniged'''....''American English'' |} : There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself. ::* '''Mirad'''....''Mirad'' ('''Mir'''....''world'') ::* '''Meurad'''....''Martian'' ('''Meur'''...''Mars'') ::* ''Celtic'', which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called '''Celid''' in Mirad. ::* ''Indo-European'', with the code "ine", translates to '''Inied''' in Mirad. ==== Cities and Their Residents ==== : Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in '''-a''' or '''-yena'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Cities and Their Residents |- ! City !! Adjective !! Inhabitant |- | '''Paris'''....''Paris'' || '''Paris<u>yena</u>'''....''Parisian'' || '''Paris<u>at</u>'''....''Parisian'' |- | '''Ejna York'''....''New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>a</u>'''....''of New York'' || '''Ejna York<u>at</u>'''....''New Yorker'' |- | '''Rom'''....''Rome'' || '''Rom<u>a</u>'''....''Roman'' || '''Rom<u>at</u>'''....''Roman'' |- | '''Beijing'''....''Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>a</u>'''....''of Beijing'' || '''Beijing<u>at</u>'''....''resident of Beijing'' |- | '''Berlin'''....''Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>a</u>'''....''from Berlin'' || '''Berlin<u>at</u>'''....''Berliner'' |} : Examples: :* '''Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.'''....''Berlin citizens are called Berliners.'' :* '''Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.'''....''Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.'' === Playing Cards Notation === : The playing card suits and prime denominations are: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Playing Card Suits |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''tiib''' || ''heart''|| <big>{{cards|h}}</big> |- | '''melukar''' || ''spade''|| <big>{{cards|s}}</big> |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond''|| <big>{{cards|d}}</big> |- | '''infayeb''' || ''club''|| <big>{{cards|c}}</big> |} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ High Cards plus the Joker |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''Az bi tiibi''' || ''ace of hearts''||[[File:Simple_h_a.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edweb bi melukari'''||''king of spades''||[[File:Simple_s_k.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Edeyb bi amezi'''||''queen of diamonds''||[[File:Simple_d_q.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''Yuxtwobet bi infayebi''' || ''jack of clubs''||[[File:Simple_c_j.svg|40px|thumb]] |- | '''hihiduut''' || ''joker''|| [[File:Simple_jk_b.svg|40px|thumb]] |} : Some useful terms: ::* '''eker drafi'''....''to play cards'' ::* '''zyabuer ha drafi'''....''to deal the card'' ::* '''ebnapxer ha drafi'''....''to shuffle the cards'' ::* '''goler ha nyan'''....''to cut the deck'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to fold'' ::* '''durer'''....''to bid'' ::* '''lokoxer draf'''....''to turn over a card'' ::* '''lokoxer ota tuyab'''....''to show one's hand'' ::* '''abnabxer'''....''to trump'' ::* '''ekdrafnyan'''....''deck of cards'' ::* '''nab'''....''suit'' ::* '''joper nab'''...''to follow suit'' ::* '''kyesdraf'''....''wild card'' ::* '''abnaba draf'''....''trump card'' ::* '''ha yannas'''....''the pot'' ::* '''ha nax'''....''the ante'' ::* '''yaber ha nax'''....''to up/raise the ante'' === Chess Piece Nomenclature === {{chess diagram | tright | |= 8 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= 7 |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= 6 | | | | | | | | |= 5 | | | | |pd| | | |= 4 | | | | |pl|pl| | |= 3 | | | | | | | | |= 2 |pl|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|= 1 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= a b c d e f g h | The King's Gambit }} : The game of chess is called '''xahifek''' in Mirad. : The chess pieces ('''xahifek goyni''') are as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Chess Piece Names |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | '''edweb''' || ''king'' || [[File:Chess_klt45.svg|thumb|30px]] |- | '''edeyb''' || ''queen'' || [[File:Chess_qlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''efyaxeb''' || ''bishop'' || [[File:Chess_blt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''ekpetob''' || ''knight'' || [[File:Chess_nlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''tamaz''' || ''rook'' || [[File:Chess_rlt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |- | '''melyexut''' || ''pawn'' || [[File:Chess_plt45.svg|30px|thumb]] |} : Some chess terms: ::* ''to checkmate''....'''xahpexer''' ::* ''Check!''....''Xah!'' ::* ''Checkmate!''....'''xahpexwa!''' ::* ''chess board''....'''xahifek seym, xahifek drof''' ::* ''to move a piece''....'''paxer goun''' ::* ''to capture a piece''....'''pixler goun''' ::* ''chess clock''....'''xahifek jwobar''' ::* ''chess set''....''xahifek gounyan'' ::* ''chess tournament''....'''xahifekanyan''' ::* ''chess player''....'''xehifekut''' ::* ''my turn''....'''ata zyuj''' ::* ''score''....'''aoksag''' ::* ''world champion''....'''miraklut''' === Botanical Nomenclature === : The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the [https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy|international Linnaean taxonomy]. ==== Base Names ==== : So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words: ::* '''fab'''....trees :::* '''feb'''....''fruits and nuts'' ::* '''fayb'''....''vines and shrubs'' :::* '''feyb'''....''berries'' ::* '''vob'''....''crops'' ::* '''vol'''....''vegetables'' ::* '''veel'''....''legumes and beans'' ::* '''vos'''....''flowers'' ==== Specific Names ==== : To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, ''pine'' tree is rendered as '''pifab'''. The '''pi''' prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees ''<u>Pi</u>naceae''. The '''fab''' ending applies to all trees. To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. ''cedar tree'' is '''<u>ce</u>pifab''' from ''Pianaceae <u>Ce</u>drus''. A ''cedar of Lebanon'' is '''<u>li</u>cepifab''' from the more specific ''Pinaceae Cedrus <u>li</u>bani''. : By constructing botanical terms this way, all pine trees can be listed by searching for all names ending in '''pifab'''. [[File:171 Magnolien.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ '''Basic Botanical Terms''' |- |valign=top|'''fob'''....''plant''||valign=top|'''vob'''....''crop''||valign=top|'''vol'''....''vegetable''||valign=top|'''vos'''....''flower'' |- |valign=top|'''fab'''....''tree''<br>'''fayeb'''....''leaf''<br>'''faob'''....''wood''<br>'''fayob'''....''bark''||valign=top|'''vab'''....''grass''<br>'''vayob'''....''peel''|| ||'''vosayeb'''....''petal''<br>'''vosayob'''....''sepal'' |- |valign=top|'''feb'''....''fruit/nut''||valign=top|'''veb'''....''ear/tuft''<br>'''veeb'''....''seed''<br>'''veeyb'''....''grain''||valign=top|'''veel'''....''legume''||'''voseb'''....''capitulum'' |- |valign=top|'''fib'''....''trunk''||valign=top|'''vib'''....''stem'' || || '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' |- |valign=top|'''fub'''....''branch''||valign=top|'''vub'''....''blade''<br>'''vulob'''....''thorn'' || || |- |valign=top|'''fyob'''....''root''||valign=top|'''vyob'''....''tuber'' || || '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' |} ===== Product Names ===== : Products derived from plants are formed with the following words: ::* '''-fel'''....''juice (from a pome)'' ::* '''-feel'''....''-ade'' ::* '''-feyl'''....''juice (from a berry)'' ::* '''-fil'''....''alcoholic drink/cider'' ::* '''-fyel'''....''oil/jam/syrup'' ::* '''-fyeyl'''....''jelly'' ::* '''-fol'''....''grounds/powder'' ::* '''-fayel'''....''leaf juice'' : Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section [[Mirad_Grammar#Zoological_Nomenclature|Zoological Nomenclature]]. For example, an ''apple'' is from the <u>Ro</u>saceae family of trees, the genus being ''<u>Ma</u>lus''. So the word for ''apple'' becomes '''marofeb'''. ''Apple tree'' is '''marofab''' and ''apple juice'' is '''marofel'''. Thus, ''apple cider'' is '''marofil'''. ===== Crops ===== : Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base '''vob''' with taxonomic syllables. [[File:Usdaemmer1.jpg|thumb|]] : The base words of this group are: ::* '''-vob'''....''crop'' ::* '''-vab'''....''grass'' ::* '''-vayeb'''....''leaf'' ::* '''-veb'''....''ear, cob, head, spike, tuft'' ::* '''-veeb'''....''seed, germ'' ::* '''-veel'''....''bean, legume'' ::* '''-veeyb'''....''grain, kernel, pip'' ::* '''-vib'''....''stem'' ::* '''-vub'''....''blade, sprig, twig'' ::* '''-vyob'''....''tuber'' ::* '''-vel'''....''edible product'' ::* '''-vil'''....''drinkable product, beer'' ::* '''-vyel'''....''syrup'' ::* '''-vol'''....''vegetable'' : From the above base words are derived these products, among others: ::* '''sakol'''....''sugar'' < '''sakvob'''....''sugarcane'' ::* '''povel'''....''bread'' < '''povob'''....''cereal'' ::* '''zepovyel'''....''corn syrup, corn oil'' < '''zepovob'''....''corn'' ::* '''zepovil'''....''whiskey, bourbon'' ::* '''sepovil'''....''rye whiskey'' < '''zepovob'''....''rye'' ::* '''povil'''....''beer'' ::* '''epovil'''....''ale'' ::* '''avpovob mekil'''....''oatmeal'' < '''avpovob'''....''oat'' ::* '''orpovob zyiglal'''....''rice cake'' < '''orpovob'''....''rice'' ::* '''mekuvol'''....''melon'' ===== Vegetables and Legumes ===== : Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base '''vol''' (''vegetable'') or '''veel''' (''legume, bean'') with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy. Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks. [[File:Hrushikesh kulkarni vegetables.JPG|thumb|]] {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Vegetables |- ! Edible Crop !! Taxonomy |- ! colspan=2| LEGUMES: EDIBLE SEEDS |- |'''faveel'''....''bean'' || ''Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris'' |- |'''lensfaveel'''....''lentil'' || ''Fabaceae Lens culinaris'' |- |'''glifaveel'''....''soybeen'' || ''Fabaceae Glycine max'' |- |'''vigfaveel'''....''black-eyed pea'' || ''Fabaceae Faseolus vigna unguiculata'' |- ! colspan=2 | Vegetables: Berries/Fruits |- |'''lisovol'''....''tomato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum'' |- |'''mesovol'''....''eggplant'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum melongena'' |- |'''perlawvol'''....''avocado'' || ''Lauraceae Persea americana'' |- |'''sakuvol'''....''cucumber'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''akapsovol'''....''chili pepper'' || ''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra'' || ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- ! colspan=2 |bulbs |- |'''amalvol'''....''leek'' || ''Allium ampeloprasum'' |- |'''cepalvol'''....''onion'' || ''Allium cepa'' |- |'''alkalvol'''....''shallot'' || ''Alium ascalonicum'' |- |'''satalvol'''....''garlic'' || ''Allium sativum'' |- |'''zinvol'''....''ginger'' || ''Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale'' |- |'''skoynalvol'''....''chive'' || ''Allium Schoenoprasum'' |- |'''foynapvol'''....''fennel'' || ''Apiaceae Phoenix dactylifera'' |- ! colspan=2 | melons/gourds |- |'''kuvol'''....''squash, gourd''|| ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita'' |- |'''makuvol'''....''pumpkin'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima'' |- |'''mekuvol'''....''melon, honeydew, cantaloupe'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melon'' |- |'''cikuvol'''....''watermelon'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus'' |- |'''pekuvol'''....''zucchini'' || ''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo'' |- ! colspan=2 | Tubers/Root Vegetables |- |'''tusovol'''....''potato'' || ''Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum'' |- |'''betamvol'''....''beet, beetroot'' || ''Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris'' |- |'''rafbravol'''....''radish''|| ''Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus'' |- |'''kadawapvol'''....''carrot''||''Apiaceae Daucus carota'' |- |'''nabravol'''....''turnip''|| ''Brassica napus'' |- |'''cinasvol'''....''artichoke'' || ''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' |- |'''pasavol'''....''parsnip'' ||''Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa'' |- |'''eskolaravol'''....''taro'' ||''Araceae Colocasia esculenta'' |- |'''divol'''....''yam'' ||''Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea'' |- ! colspan=2| Leafy/Flowering Vegetables |- |'''bravol'''....''cabbage'' || ''Brassicaceae'' |- |'''botrolbravol'''....''cauliflower''||''Brassica oleracea botrytis'' |- |'''gemolbravol'''....''Brussels sprouts''|| ''Brassica oleracea gemmifera'' |- |'''valkavol'''....''corn salad, lamb's lettuce''|| ''Caprifocilaceae Valerianella locusta'' |- |'''lakasvol'''....''lettuce''|| ''Asteraceae Lactuta sative'' |- |'''spinamvol'''....''spinach'' || ''Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea'' |- |'''rupolivol'''....''sorrel''|| ''Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa'' |- |'''tarasvol'''....''mustard greens''|| ''Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale'' |- |'''itolbravol'''....''broccoli''|| ''Brassica Oleracea italica'' |- |'''abmalvol'''....''okra''|| ''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' |- |'''petapvol'''....''parsley''|| ''Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum'' |- |'''basoclamvol'''....''basil''|| ''Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum'' |- |'''orlamvol'''....''thyme''|| ''Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare'' |- |'''encivol'''....''chicory, endive''|| ''Cichorium endivia'' |- |'''nasbravol'''....''watercress''|| ''Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale'' |- |'''korapvol'''....''coriander''|| ''Apiaceae Coridandrum sativum'' |- ! colspan=2 | Stalks |- |'''aspavol'''....''asparagus''|| ''Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis'' |- |'''gravapvol'''....''celery''|| ''Apiaceae Apium graveolens'' |- |'''rewmpolivol'''....''rhubarb''|| ''Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum'' |- |'''kurzinvol'''....''turmeric''|| ''Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa'' |- |'''kokarvol'''....''heart of palm, swamp cabbage''|| ''Arecaceae Cocos'' |- |'''cimpovol'''....''lemongrass''|| ''Poaceae Cymbopogon'' |} ==== Common Flower Names ==== [[File:Madeira-flowers hg.jpg|thumb|]] ===== Flower Parts ===== : Flower names are built on the base name '''vos''', meaning ''flower''. First, here is a list of flower parts: ::* '''vosayob'''....''sepal'' ::* '''vosayeb'''....''petal'' ::* '''vosib'''....''receptacle'' ::* '''veeybpexus''' or '''vosmekibar'''....''stigma'' ::*'''vosij'''....''bud, flower bud'' ::* '''tooybgon'''....''pistil'' ::* '''veeybyan'''....''pollen'' ::* '''twoobgon'''....''stamen'' ::* '''twoobgonyif'''....''filament'' ::* '''veeybyem''' or '''vosmekuar'''....''anther'' ::* '''vosyob'''....''peduncle'' ===== Flower Names ===== [[File:Tulipa suaveolens floriade to Canberra.jpg|thumb|]] : Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base '''vos''' that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples: : '''<u>som</u>pavos'''....''opium poppy'' (''<u>Pa</u>paver <u>som</u>niferum'') : '''<u>mag</u>vos'''....''magnolia'' (''<u>Mag</u>noliaceae Magnolia'') : '''<u>or</u>vos'''....''orchid'' (''<u>Or</u>chidaceae Orchis'') : '''<u>krokir</u>vos'''....''crocus'' (''<u>Ir</u>idaceae <u>Cro</u>cus'') === Computer Terminology === [[File:Generic-office-desktop2.svg|thumb]] : This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Computerese |- ! Mirad !! English |- |'''agna saibyan syaagir'''||''mainframe computer'' |- |'''absem syaagir'''||''desktop computer'' |- |'''agbanak'''||''byte'' |- |'''ajnexer'''||''to archive'' |- |'''amloagbanak'''||''megabyte'' |- |'''anay dyewa tax'''||''read-only memory, ROM'' |- |'''aota syaagir'''||''personal computer'' |- |'''aottuunyan'''||''profile'' |- |'''meys'''||''port'' |- |'''apaxler'''||''to swipe'' |- |'''aroagbanak'''||''kilobyte'' |- |'''baler buxnuf'''||''to press/hit a key'' |- |'''banak'''||''bit'' |- |'''agdresin kyoxea buxnuf'''||''caps lock key'' |- |'''buxnuf'''||''key'' |- |'''buxnufsemes'''||''keyboard'' |- |'''buxnufseym'''||''keypad'' |- |'''izeaxus'''||''cursor'' |- |'''byuxseym'''||''touchpad'' |- |'''datier'''||''to friend'' |- |'''dodrer ebdras'''||''to post a message'' |- |'''dota zeyni'''||''social media'' |- |'''ebdrer'''||''to text'' |- |'''dreun'''||''document'' |- |'''dreuzyufer'''||''to scroll, pan'' |- |'''droer naab'''||''to delete a file'' |- |'''drou buxnuf'''||''delete key'' |- |'''drur'''||''printer'' |- |'''drurer naab'''||''to print out a file'' |- |'''drurer'''||''to print out'' |- |'''druru mays buxnuf'''||''print screen key'' |- |'''drurun'''||''a printout'' |- |'''dunexlus'''||''word processor'' |- |'''dyessiyn'''||''bookmark'' |- |'''dyezier'''||''to take a movie'' |- |'''ebdayler'''||''to chat'' |- |'''ebdaylim'''||''chatroom'' |- |'''emojin'''||''emoji'' |- |'''ex buxnuf'''||''function key'' |- |'''exen vyaab'''||''operating system'' |- |'''extuundras'''||''program, application'' |- |'''extuundrasog'''||''app'' |- |'''extuunmul'''||''software'' |- |'''extuundrer'''||''to program'' |- |'''fuk'''||''bug'' |- |'''fukaya'''||''buggy'' |- |'''fukober'''||''to debug'' |- |'''garalyoagbanak'''||''petabyte'' |- |'''gelxer naab'''||''to copy a file'' |- |'''googler'''||''to google'' |- |'''gyia kyos yebiar'''||''solid state drive, SSD'' |- |'''gyia zyiun yebiar'''||''cd drive'' |- |'''haydren dyun'''||''login name'' |- |'''haydrer bay tuyubbal'''||''to log in with one's fingerprint'' |- |'''haydrer'''||''to log in'' |- |'''hoydrer'''||''to log out'' |- |'''huisteaxar'''||''browser'' |- |'''kyeteaxer'''||''to browse'' |- |'''hyux buxnuf'''||''alt key'' |- |'''iber naab'''||''to receive a file'' |- |'''ila mez sinuar, IMS'''||''liquid crystal display, LDC'' |- |'''izbex buxnuf'''||''control key'' |- |'''izbexdrof'''||''motherboard'' |- |'''kliker ab'''||''click on'' |- |'''kodun'''||''password'' |- |'''gawdyunxer naab'''||''to rename a file'' |- |'''kyabu buxnuf'''||''shift key'' |- |'''kyea yempuen tax'''||''random access memory, RAM'' |- |'''kyisier naab'''||''to download a file'' |- |'''kyisuer naab'''||''to upload a file'' |- |'''kyisuar'''||''charger'' |- |'''kyisuer'''||''to charge'' |- |'''lodatier'''||''to unfriend'' |- |'''makebdren'''||''email'' |- |'''makebdrer'''||''to email'' |- |'''man-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOES'''||''LED'' |- |'''mansin dyes'''||''photo album'' |- |'''mis'''||''window'' |- |'''naab'''||''file'' |- |'''naedzyun'''||''trackball'' |- |'''nagonxar'''||''modem'' |- |'''neaf mansiniar'''||''web camera'' |- |'''nexer naab'''||''to save a file'' |- |'''num yibdalir'''||''cellphone'' |- |'''belyafwa syaagir'''||''laptop computer'' |- |'''ooggos'''||''microchip'' |- |'''oogteexar'''||''microphone'' |- |'''omijber'''||''to boot up'' |- |'''omola tyep, OT'''||''artificial intelligence, AI'' |- |'''gawomijber'''||''to reboot'' |- |'''paxer naab'''||''to move a file'' |- |'''paxyafwa yibdalir'''||''mobile phone'' |- |'''poxu zyumuf buxnuf'''||''scroll lock key'' |- |'''sagbexu buxnuf'''||''numlock key'' |- |'''sagseym'''||''number pad'' |- |'''sam'''||''console'' |- |'''saunesber naab'''||''to sort a file'' |- |'''semes syaagir'''||''tablet computer'' |- |'''sindren semes'''||''graphics tablet'' |- |'''sindrenyan exlen aun'''||''graphics processing unit, GPU'' |- |'''sines'''||''icon'' |- |'''sinuar'''||''screen, display, monitor'' |- |'''syaager'''||''to compute'' |- |'''syaagir'''||''computer'' |- |'''syaagirdal'''||''computerese'' |- |'''syaagirtun'''||''computer science'' |- |'''syaagnyed'''||''spreadsheet'' |- |'''taam mays'''||''home screen'' |- |'''taampu buxnuf'''||''home key'' |- |'''sirmul'''||''hardware, physical matter'' |- |'''taxdrer'''||''to record'' |- |'''taxmuf'''||''memory stick'' |- |'''teataxdrer'''||''to video'' |- |'''teataxdrun'''||''video'' |- |'''tuunnabyan'''||''database'' |- |'''tuyab izdar'''||''mouse'' |- |'''uber naab'''||''to send a file'' |- |'''uinig buxnuf'''||''tab key'' |- |'''utmansin'''||''selfie'' |- |'''yaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD)'''||''HTML'' |- |'''yeber'''||''to enter, insert'' |- |'''yebu buxnuf'''||''enter key, return key, insert key'' |- |'''yiga zyiun yebiar'''||''hard disk drive, HDD'' |- |'''yijber naab'''||''to open a file'' |- |'''yujber naab'''||''to close a file'' |- |'''yuzpemdrof'''||''circuitboard'' |- |'''zea exlen aun'''||''central processing unit, CPU'' |- |'''zoynigxu buxnuf'''||''backspace key'' |- |'''zyiun yebiar'''||''disk drive'' |} === Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology === : This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages. ==== Medical Diseases ==== : Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg. ::* '''tiebalyoganbok'''....''asthma'' (lit: shortness of breath illness) ::* '''tiebbok'''....''pneumonia'' (lit: lung illness) ::* '''teibbok'''....''rhinitis'' (lit: nose illness) ::* '''tayibblok'''....''neuropathy'' (lit: nerve suffering) ::* '''tebbyoyk'''....''headache'' (lit: head ache) ::* '''teibzyegikanbok'''....''osteoporosis'' (lit: bone porosity illness) ==== Pharmaceuticals ==== : Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized. ::* '''aspirin'''....''aspirin'' ::* '''Ibupropen'''....''Ibupropen'' : Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose: ::* '''bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol'''....''analgesic, painkiller'' (Lit: pain reliever) ::* '''tikebilokxol'''....''emetic'' (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance) : Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see [https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn|International Nonproprietary Names]). For example, ''phenobarbital''. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ INN names pronunciation |- ! Greco-Roman<br>Spelling !! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | ch || '''k''' |- | ph || '''f''' |- | x || '''ks''' |- | y || '''i''' |- | qu || '''kw''' |- | rh || '''r''' |- | th || '''t''' |- | ae || '''ay''' |- | oe || '''oy''' |- | c before i, e, or y || '''c''' |- | c otherwise || '''k''' |- | final e || silent |- | double consonant || single consonant |} : Examples: ::* '''acetaminophen'''....''a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN'' ::* '''amphetamine'''....''am-fe-ta-MIN'' ::* '''trimethroprim'''....''tri-me-tro-PRIM'' ::* '''sulfamethoxazole'''....''sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL'' ::* '''oxacillin'''....''o-ksa-ci-LIN'' === Mineral and Crystal Nomenclature === : Minerals end in '''-muk''' with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see [[Wikipedia:List_of_mineral_symbols|The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols]]). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. For example: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Some Mineral Names |- ! English!! IMA Symbol !! Mirad Spellings !! Mirad Name |- | ''argyrodyte'' || Agy || '''a-ge-yu''' || '''ageyumuk''' |- |''brochantyte'' || Bct || '''ba-ca-to''' || '''bacatomuk''' |- |''chromite'' || Chr || '''ca-he-ro''' || '''caheromuk''' |} : There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.: ::* ''Lemmleinite-K'' (Lem-k) is '''liemikomuk''' in Mirad. : Crystals end in '''-mez'''. The first part of the word is an enumeration. : The common crystals are listed here: :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Names of Common Crystals |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''mez''' || ''crystal'' |- | '''amez''' || ''diamond'' |- | '''emez''' || ''topaz'' |- | '''imez''' || ''ruby'' |- | '''umez''' || ''emerald'' |- | '''yomez''' || ''sapphire'' |- | '''yamez''' || ''lapis lazuli'' |- | '''yemez''' || ''amethyst'' |- | '''yimez''' || ''amber'' |- | '''yumez''' || ''quartz'' |- | '''alomez''' || ''opal'' |- | '''alamez''' || ''tourmaline'' |- | '''alemez''' || ''garnet'' |- | '''alimez''' || ''zirconia'' |- | '''alumez''' || ''jasper'' |- | '''alyomez''' || ''jade'' |- | '''alyamez''' || ''marganite'' |} : Other, less common crystals end in '''-mez''' and are formed from the Wikipedia list of mineral symbols. : General words for earthen matter: :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' :* '''muz'''....''ore'' :* '''mug'''....''metal'' :* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :* '''meg'''....''rock, stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' :* '''mel'''....''soil'' :* '''meil'''....''mud'' :* '''mek'''....''dust'' :* '''miek'''....''sand'' :* '''mev'''....''porcelain'' :* '''mef'''....''brick'' ==== Rock Classification ==== : The naming of individual rock types is based on the [[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/download/bgs-rock-classification-scheme-igneous/| BGS Rock Classification Scheme ]]. : All rocks (other than the general word for ''rock'', '''meg''') end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type: ::* '''ameg'''....''sedimentary rock'' ::* '''emeg'''....''igneous rock'' ::* '''imag'''....''metamorphic rock'' : The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final ''e'' is dropped from names that end in ''yte'' or ''ite''. For example, ''trachydacite'' in the scheme becomes '''trachydacit''' in Mirad. This word is then followed by one of the rock types above ('''emeg''' ''igneous rock''). So ''trachydacite'' becomes '''trachydacitemeg''' in Mirad. For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary. :The word '''meg''' ''rock'' has some common derivatives: ::* '''megag'''....''boulder'' ::* '''meg'''....''stone'' ::* '''megog'''....''pebble'' ::* '''meges'''....''gravel'' ::* '''megyel'''....''cement, asphalt, bitumen'' :::* '''megyelyig'''....''concrete'' ::* '''megil'''....''lava'' ::* '''meggos'''....''crag'' ::* '''megyig'''....''flintstone, basalt'' ::* '''meag'''....''marble'' ::* '''meeg'''....''slate'' ::* '''meig'''....''granite'' ::* '''meug'''....''clay, dough'' ::* '''meyog'''....''china'' ::* '''meyag'''....''chalk'' :::* '''meyaz'''....''pastel'' :::* '''meyayg'''....''calcite'' ::* '''meyeg'''....''limestone, sediment'' ::* '''meyig'''....''alabaster'' ::* '''meyug'''....''gypsum'' ::* '''mealog'''....''sandstone, stoneware'' ::* '''mameg'''....''coal'' :::* '''eymameg'''....''coke'' :::* '''maameg'''....''anthracite'' :::* '''maemeg'''....''peat'' :::* '''maimeg'''....''lignite'' : Related are: ::* '''mek'''....''dust'' :::* '''mekes'''....''grit'' :::* '''mekil'''....''grout'' :::* '''meyk'''....''grit'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder'' ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' ::* '''mieg'''....''coral'' ::* '''mel'''....''dirt'' ::* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''meil'''....''mud'' ::* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :::* '''meyz'''....''spar'' :::* '''meyzag'''....''feldspar'' ::* '''muz'''....''ore'' ::* '''memol'''....''alkali'' ::* '''mimol'''....''salt'' ::* '''mef'''....''brick'' === Metric Nomenclature === [[File:Conversion Factors.png|thumb|]] : Mirad uses the [[Wikt:International System of Units (SI)|International System of Units (SI)]]) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names ('''alpha''', '''gamma''', etc.) preceded with the word '''ag-''' if majuscule ('''aggamma''' for ''&Gamma;'') The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ''ohm'' (Ω) is '''agomega'''. All metric units end in the word '''nak'''. ==== SI Base Units ==== :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbeviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} ==== SI Derived Units ==== : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | B | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''agbanak''' |- | '''bit''' | align="center" | b | one bit of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ==== Convenient Non-SI Units ==== ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglinak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heabak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |} ==== Metrical Formulae ==== : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical <br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gol-so-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aga-gol-mi''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa''' |} ==== Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes ==== : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for ''b'' (byte) is pronounced '''ba''' in Mirad. A terabyte ( ''Tb'') is therefore pronounced '''ag-to-ba''', which This amounts ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix<br><br>Mirad Pron. !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix<br>SI Prefix !! SI Symbol<br><br>Mirad Pron. |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' ... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''<br>''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''<br>''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''<br>''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''<br>''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''<br>''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yoon-''' <br>''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''<br>''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yaon-'''<br>''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''<br>''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''<br>''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''<br>''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''<br>''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''<br>''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''<br>''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''<br>''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alo-'''<br>''deca-'' || ''da''<br>'''da-a-''' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci-''|| ''d''<br>'''da-''' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''<br>''hexa-'' || ''h''<br>'''hi-''' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi-''|| ''c''<br>'''ca-''' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''<br>''kilo-'' ||''k''<br>'''ki-''' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''<br>''milli-''|| ''m''<br>'''mi-''' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || ''M''<br>'''agmi-''' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-''|| ''r''<br>'''ro-''' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''<br>''giga-'' || ''G''<br>'''agge-''' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-''|| ''n''<br>'''ni-''' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || ''T''<br>'''agto-''' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-''|| ''p''<br>'''po-''' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ''P''<br>'''agpo-'''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-''||''f''<br>'''fe-''' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''<br>''exa-'' || ''E''<br>'''age-'''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''<br>''atto-''||''a''<br>'''a-''' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ''Z''<br>'''agzu-'''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''<br>''zepto-''||''z''<br>'''zu-''' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || '' Y''<br>'''agyu''' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''<br>''yocto-''||''y''<br>'''yu-''' |} : *Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. ==== Abbreviated Symbols ==== : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | Macro !! colspan=2 | Micro |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daage''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dage''' |- | ''hg'' (hexagram)|| '''hege''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cage''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''koge''' || ''mg'' (milligram) ||'''mige''' |- | ''Mg'' (megagram)|| '''agmige''' ||''rg'' or '''μg''' (microgram)|| '''roge''' or '''muge''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggege''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nige''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtoge''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''poge''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpoge''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fege''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agege''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''age''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzege''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zege''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyuge''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yuge''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* '''10 kg2'''....(pronounced as:) ''alo koge gar ewa'' ::* '''12 mm3'''....(pronounced as:) ''ale mimi gar iwa'' === Trigonometric Nomenclature === : This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by '''-naz''' (''value''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Trigonometry Functions |- ! Function (Symbol) !! Mirad Technical Name !! Mirad Ordinary Name |- | ''sine (sin)'' || '''soini-naz''' || '''uznaz''' |- | ''cosine (cos)'' || '''caoso-naz''' || '''yanuznaz''' |- | ''arccosine (arccos, cos^-1)''<br>''anticosine''<br>''inverse cosine''|| '''arocacaoso-naz''' || '''ovuznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic sine (sinh)'' || '''soinihe-naz'''|| '''enuza uznaz''' |- | ''hyperbolic cosine (cosh)'' || '''caosohe-naz''' || '''enuza yanuznaz''' |- | ''secant (sec)'' || '''soeca-naz''' || '''golus naz''' |- | ''cosecant (csc)'' || '''casoca-naz''' || '''yangolus naz''' |- | ''arccosecant (arccsc)'' || '''arocacasoca-naz''' || '''enuza yangolus naz''' |} === Poetry Nomenclature === : Mirad uses the nonsense syllables '''di''' and '''da''' to form various poetic meter words that usually are formed with Greek words in English. The syllable '''di''' represents an ''unstressed'' syllable in verse, while the syllable '''da''' denotes a ''stressed'' syllable. These are hyphenated and followed with a space and the word '''deup''' as a noun, which means ''meter'' or ''rhythm''. The adjectival form of the word ends in '''deupa'''. Here are the most common poetic meters: ::* '''di-da deupa'''.... iambic :::* '''di-da yoondeup'''.... ''iambic pentameter'' ::* '''di-di-da deupa'''.... ''anapestic'' ::* '''di-da-da deupa'''.... ''bacchius'' ::* '''da-da deupa'''.... ''spondaic'' ::* '''da-da-da deupa'''.... ''molossus'' ::* '''da-da-di deupa'''.... ''antibacchius'' ::* '''da-di deupa'''.... ''tochaic'' :::* '''da-di deup'''.... ''trochee, choree'' ::* '''da-di-da deupa'''.... ''cretic, amphimacer'' ::* '''da-di-di deupa'''.... ''dactylic'' ::* '''da-di-di yaondeup'''.... ''dactylic hexameter'' ::* '''da-di-di-da deupa'''.... ''amphibrachic'' : Other words representing elements of poetry are: ::* '''drez'''....''poetry, verse'' :::* '''dreza'''....''poetic'' :::* '''drezyen'''....''poesy'' :::* '''drezyan'''....''anthology'' (of poetry) :::* '''drezut'''....''poet'' ::::* '''drezuyt'''....''poetess'' ::::* '''popdrezut'''....''minstrel'' ::::* '''Vikinga drezut'''....''skald'' ::::* '''dreuzut'''....''bard'' :::* '''odrez'''....''prose'' :::* '''vyasma drez'''....''concrete verse'' :::* '''tyoda drez'''....''folk poetry'' :::* '''indeupa drez'''....''trimeter'' :::* '''undeupa drez'''....''tetrameter'' :::* '''yoondeupa drez'''....''pentameter'' :::* '''yaondeupa drez'''....''hexameter'' :::* '''yendeupa drez'''....''heptameter'' :::* '''yindeupa drez'''....''octameter'' :::* '''ogelseuxwa drez'''....''blank verse'' :::* '''yiva drez'''....''free verse'' :::* '''drezun'''....''poem'' ::::* '''deuzwa drezun'''....''sung poem, lay'' ::::* '''dindrezun'''....''ballad'' ::::* '''dizdrezun'''....''limerick'' ::::* '''fiddrezun'''....''ode'' ::::* '''fizdrezun'''....''epic poem'' ::::* '''haikudrezun'''....''haiku'' ::::* '''viysindrezun'''....''idyll'' ::::* '''ifondrezun'''....''love poem, romantic poem'' ::::* '''indrezun'''....''terzain'' ::::* '''jodrezun'''....''epode'' ::::* '''yindrezun'''....''sistina'' ::::* '''klerihyudrezun'''....''clerihew'' ::::* '''meimdrezun'''....''pastoral'' ::::* '''melyexdrezun'''....''georgic'' ::::* '''petnyanuta drezun'''....''pastoral, eclogue'' ::::* '''popduzuta drezun'''....''troubadour poem'' ::::* '''rondodrezun'''....''rondeau, rondel, roundel'' ::::* '''seuz drezun'''....''sound poem'' ::::* '''tadyandrezun'''....''prothalamion, epithalamion'' ::::* '''tankadrezun'''....''tanka'' ::::* '''taxdrezun'''....''epitaph'' ::::* '''tuddrezun'''....''nursery rhyme'' ::::* '''ulondrezun'''....''sonnet'' ::::* '''ujdreznadeon'''....''envoi'' ::::* '''undrezun'''....''quatrain'' ::::* '''unnad drezun'''....''tetrastich'' ::::* '''uvdrezun'''....''elegy'' ::::* '''alyundrezun'''....''villanelle'' ::::* '''virelaydrezun'''....''virelai, virelay'' ::::* '''yizivtos drezun'''....''rhapsody'' ::::* '''yoondrezun'''....''quintain'' ::* '''dreznad'''....''line, -stich, verse'' :::* '''eyndreznad'''...''hemistich'' :::* '''endreznad'''....''couplet'' ::* '''dreznadyan'''....''stanza'' ::* '''gelseux'''....''rhyme'' :::* '''gelseuxyen'''....''rhyme scheme'' :::* '''dunija gelseuxen'''....''alliteration'' ::* '''seuxzoyxen'''....''assonance'' ::* '''geyldyan'''....''simile'' ::* '''yiztyun'''....''metaphor'' ::* '''yanseuzan'''....''consonance'' ::* '''deup'''....''rhythm, beat, metrical foot, meter'' ::* '''kyib'''....''stress'' ::* '''seuz'''....''tone'' === Dimensional Nomenclature === : This chart shows adjectives that describe dimensional relationships: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ Dimensional Words |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- | '''yaba'''....''high(er)'' || '''yeba'''....''inner'' || '''yoba'''....''low(er)'' |- | '''yaiba'''....''tall'' || '''yeiba'''....''deep inside'' || '''yoiba'''....''deep (down)'' |- | '''yauba'''....''short'' || '''yeuba'''....''a short way in'' || '''youba'''....''shallow'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || || '''yoga'''....''short'' |- | '''yiba'''....''far'' || || '''yuba'''....''near'' |- | '''aonada'''....''vertical'' || || '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' |- | '''kia'''....''diagonal'' || || '''kua'''....''lateral'' |- | '''zyia'''....''flat'' || || '''zyua'''....''round'' |- | '''yaza'''....''concave'' || '''yeza'''....''flush'' || '''yoza'''....''convex'' |} === Geologic Period Nomenclature === : The principal geochronologic units of the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest, are: :** '''joob'''....''eon'' :*** '''ajoob'''....''Hadean Eon'' :*** '''ejoob'''....''Archean Eon'' :*** '''ijoob'''....''Proterozoic Eon'' :*** '''ujoob'''....''Phanerozoic Eon'' :** '''joab'''....''era'' :*** '''ajoab'''....''Eoarchean Era'' :*** '''ejoab'''....''Paleoarchean Era'' :*** '''ijoab'''....''Mesoarchean Era'' :*** '''ujoab'''....''Neoarchean Era'' :*** '''yojoab'''....''Paleoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yajoab'''....''Mesoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yejoab'''....''Neoproterozoic Era'' :*** '''yijoab'''....''Paleozoic Era'' :*** '''yujoab'''....''Mesozoic Era'' :*** '''alojoab'''....''Cenozoic Era'' :** '''joeb'''....''period'' :*** '''ajoeb'''....''Siderian Period'' :*** '''ejoeb'''....''Rhyacian Period'' :*** '''ijoeb'''....''Orosirian Period'' :*** '''ujoeb'''....''Statherian Period'' :*** '''yojoeb'''....''Calymmian Period'' :*** '''yajoeb'''....''Ectasian Period'' :*** '''yejoeb'''....''Stenian Period'' :*** '''yijoeb'''....''Tonian Period'' :*** '''yujoeb'''....''Cryogenian Period'' :*** '''alojoeb'''....''Ediacaran Period'' :*** '''alajoeb'''....''Cambrian Period'' :*** '''alejoeb'''....''Ordovician Period'' :*** '''alijoeb'''....''Silurian Period'' :*** '''alujoeb'''....''Devonian Period'' :*** '''alyojoeb'''....''Carboniferous Period'' :*** '''alyajoeb'''....''Permian Period'' :*** '''alyejoeb'''....''Triassic Period'' :*** '''alyijoeb'''....''Jurassic Period'' :*** '''alyujoeb'''....''Cretaceous Period'' :*** '''elojoeb'''....''Paleogene Period'' :*** '''elajoeb'''....''Neogene Period'' :*** '''elejoeb'''....''Quarternary Period'' :** '''joib'''....''epoch'' :*** '''ajoib'''....''Terreneuvian Epoch'' :*** '''ejoib'''....''Series 2 Epoch'' :*** '''ijoib'''....''Miaolingian Epoch'' :*** '''ujoib'''....''Furongian Epoch'' :*** '''yojoib'''....''Lower Epoch'' :*** '''yajoib'''....''Middle Epoch'' :*** '''yejoib'''....''Upper Epoch'' :*** '''yijoib'''....''Llandovery Epoch'' :*** '''yujoib'''....''Wenlock Epoch'' :*** '''alojoib'''....''Ludlow Epoch'' :*** '''alajoib'''....''Pridoli Epoch'' :** '''joub'''....''age'' :*** '''ajoub'''....''Fortunian Age'' :*** '''ejoub'''....''Stage 2 Age'' :*** '''ijoub'''....''Stage 3 Age'' :*** '''ujoub'''....''Stage 4 Age'' :*** '''yojoub'''....''Wulian Age'' :*** '''yajoub'''....''Drumian Age'' :*** '''yejoub'''....''Guzhangian Age'' :*** '''yijoub'''....''Paibian Age'' :*** '''yujoub'''....''Jianshanian Age'' :*** '''alojoub'''....''Stage 10 Age'' :*** '''alajoub'''....''Temadocian Age'' :*** '''alejoub'''....''Floian Age'' :*** '''alijoub'''....''Dapingian Age'' :*** '''alujoub'''....''Darriwilian Age'' :*** '''alyojoub'''....''Sandbian Age'' :*** '''alyajoub'''....''Katian Age'' :*** '''alyejoub'''....''Hirnantian Age'' :*** '''alyijoub'''....''Rhuddanian Age'' :*** '''alyujoub'''....''Aeronian Age'' :*** '''elojoub'''....''Telychian Age'' :*** '''elajoub'''....''Cheinwoodian Age'' :*** '''elejoub'''....''Homerian Age'' :*** '''elijoub'''....''Gorstian Age'' :*** '''elujoub'''....''Ludfordian Age'' :*** '''elyojoub'''....''Pridoli Age'' :*** '''elyajoub'''....''Lochkovian Age'' :*** '''elyejoub'''....''Pragian Age'' :*** '''elyijoub'''....''Emsian Age'' :*** '''elyujoub'''....''Eifelian Age'' :*** '''ilojoub'''....''Givetian Age'' :*** '''ilajoub'''....''Frasnian Age'' :*** '''ilejoub'''....''Famennian Age'' :*** '''ilijoub'''....''Tournaisian Age'' :*** '''ilujoub'''....''Visean Age'' :*** '''ilyojoub'''....''Serpukhovian Age'' :*** '''ilyajoub'''....''Bashkirian Age'' :*** '''ilyejoub'''....''Moscovian Age'' :*** '''ilyijoub'''....''Kasimovian Age'' :*** '''ilyujoub'''....''Gzhelian Age'' :*** '''ulojoub'''....''Asselian Age'' :*** '''ulajoub'''....''Sakmarian Age'' :*** '''ulejoub'''....''Artinskian Age'' :*** '''ulijoub'''....''Kungurian Age'' :*** '''ulujoub'''....''Roadian Age'' :*** '''ulyojoub'''....''Wordian Age'' :*** '''ulyajoub'''....''Capitanian Age'' :*** '''ulyejoub'''....''Wuchiapingian Age'' :*** '''ulyijoub'''....''Changhsingian Age'' :*** '''ulyujoub'''....''Induan Age'' :*** '''yolojoub'''....''Olenekian Age'' :*** '''yolajoub'''....''Anisian Age'' :*** '''yolejoub'''....''Ladnian Age'' :*** '''yolijoub'''....''Carnian Age'' :*** '''yolujoub'''....''Norian Age'' :*** '''yolyojoub'''....''Rhaetian Age'' :*** '''yolyajoub'''....''Hettangian Age'' :*** '''yolyejoub'''....''Sinemurian Age'' :*** '''yolyijoub'''....''Pliensbachian Age'' :*** '''yolyujoub'''....''Toarcian Age'' :*** '''yalojoub'''....''Aalenian Age'' :*** '''yalajoub'''....''Bajocian Age'' :*** '''yalejoub'''....''Bathonian Age'' :*** '''yalijoub'''....''Callovian Age'' :*** '''yalujoub'''....''Oxfordian Age'' :*** '''yalyojoub'''....''Kimmeridgian Age'' :*** '''yalyajoub'''....''Tithonian Age'' :*** '''yalyejoub'''....''Berriasian Age'' :*** '''yalyijoub'''....''Valanginian Age'' :*** '''yalyujoub'''....''Hauterivian Age'' :*** '''yelojoub'''....''Barremian Age '' :*** '''yelajoub'''....''Aptian Age '' :*** '''yelejoub'''....''Albian Age '' :*** '''yelijoub'''....''Cenomanian '' :*** '''yelujoub'''....''Turonian '' :*** '''yelyojoub'''....''Coniacian '' :*** '''yelyajoub'''....''Santonian '' :*** '''yelyejoub'''....''Campanian '' :*** '''yelyijoub'''....''Maastrichtian '' :*** '''yelyujoub'''....''Danian '' :*** '''yilojoub'''....''Selandian '' :*** '''yilajoub'''....''Thanetian '' :*** '''yilejoub'''....''Ypresian '' :*** '''yilijoub'''....''Lutetian '' :*** '''yilujoub'''....''Bartonian '' :*** '''yilyojoub'''....''Priaboanian '' :*** '''yilyajoub'''....''Rupelian '' :*** '''yilyejoub'''....''Chattian '' :*** '''yilyijoub'''....''Aquitanian '' :*** '''yilyujoub'''....''Burdigalian '' :*** '''yulojoub'''....''Langhian '' :*** '''yulajoub'''....''Serravallian '' :*** '''yulejoub'''....''Tortonian '' :*** '''yulijoub'''....''Messinian '' :*** '''yulujoub'''....''Zanclean '' :*** '''yulyojoub'''....''Piacenzian '' :*** '''yulyajoub'''....''Gelasian '' :*** '''yulyejoub'''....''Calabrian '' :*** '''yulyijoub'''....''Chibanian '' :*** '''yulyujoub'''....''Tarantian '' :*** '''asojoub'''....''Greenlandian '' :*** '''asajoub'''....''Northgrippian '' :*** '''asejoub'''....''Meghalayan '' === Names of Diacritics === : The Mirad words for diacritics (= accents) are based on the worldwide Unicode 4.0 standard. There are three kinds of diacritics based on where they are positioned relative to the base: ::* <b>aybsiyn</b>....<i>above mark</i> ::* <b>oybsiyn</b>....<i>below mark</i> ::* <b>absiyn</b>....<i>overlay mark</i> : The names are based on some common shapes: ::* <b>nod</b>....<i>dot</i> ::* <b>grun</b>....<i>hook</i> ::* <b>nad</b>....<i>line</i> ::* <b>kin</b>....<i>slash</i> ::* <b>vu</b>....<i>wedge</i> ::* <b>pyaon</b>....<i>wave</i> ::* <b>zyus</b>....<i>ring</i> ::* <b>uz</b>....<i>arch</i> ::* <b>zeymep</b>....<i>bridge</i> ::* <b>izmufseb</b>....<i>arrowhead</i> ::* <b>mar</b>....<i>star</i> : The above shapes can be modified by adjectives: ::* <b>kia</b>....<i>slanted</i> ::* <b>ao</b>....<i>vertical</i> ::* <b>yoga/yaga</b>....<i>short/long</i> ::* <b>en</b>....<i>double</i> ::* <b>yaba/yoba</b>....<i>up/down</i> ::* <b>zua/zia</b>....<i>left/right</i> ::* <b>oyvuzbwa</b>....<i>inverted</i> : Here is a chart listing the most common diacritics in the world's languages. (Note: Mirad does not use diacritics for its native words.) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;" |+ Mirad Names of Diacritics |- ! Diacritic !! Unicode<br>Value !! Mirad !! Unicode Name |- |<big><b>&#x0301;</b></big>|| 0301||<b> zukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zukin oybsiyn</b>||<i>acute accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030B;</b></big>|| 030B||<b> enzukin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double acute accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0300;</b></big>|| 0300||<b> zikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0317;</b></big>|| 0317||<b> zikin oybsiyn</b>||<i>grave accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030F;</b></big>|| 030F||<b> enzikin aybsiyn</b>||<i>double grave accent</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> zigrun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0327;</b></big>|| 0327||<b> zugrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>cedilla</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0328;</b></big>|| 0328||<b> zigrun oybsiyn</b>||<i>ogonek, nasal hook</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0302;</b></big>|| 0302||<b> yobvu aybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent, hat</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032D;</b></big>|| 032D||<b> yobvu oybsiyn</b>||<i>circumflex accent below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030C;</b></big>|| 030C||<b> vu aybsiyn</b>||<i>hachek, v above, caron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032C;</b></big>|| 032C||<b> vu oybsiyn</b>||<i>caron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0306;</b></big>|| 0306||<b> yabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0311;</b></big>|| 0311||<b> yobuz aybsin</b>||<i>inverted breve above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032F;</b></big>|| 032F||<b> yobuz oybsin </b>||<i>inverted breve below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0308;</b></big>|| 0308||<b> ennod aybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis above, double dot above, umlaut, trema</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0324;</b></big>|| 0324||<b> ennod oybsiyn</b>||<i>diaeresis below, double dot below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0307;</b></big>|| 0307||<b> nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above, overdot, tecka, tittle</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0323;</b></big>|| 0323||<b> nod oybsiyn</b>||<i>dot below, underdot, nang</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0351;</b></big>|| 0351||<b> zua eynzyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031C;</b></big>|| 031C||<b> zua eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>left half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia eynzyus aybsign</b>||<i>right half ring above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0339;</b></big>|| 0339||<b> zia eynzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>right half ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0305;</b></big>|| 0305||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>overline, overscore, vinculum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033F;</b></big>|| 033F||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double overline</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0332;</b></big>|| 0332||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>single lowline below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0333;</b></big>|| 0333||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double lowline, double underline, double underscore</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0304;</b></big>|| 0304||<b> nad aybsiyn</b>||<i>macron</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0331;</b></big>|| 0331||<b> nad oybsiyn</b>||<i>macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035E;</b></big>|| 935E||<b> ennad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron, longum</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035F;</b></big>|| 035F||<b> ennad oybsiyn</b>||<i>double macron below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030A;</b></big>|| 030A||<b> zyus aybsiyn</b>||<i>ring above, kroujek, overring</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0325;</b></big>|| 0325||<b> zyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032A;</b></big>|| 032A||<b> zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0346;</b></big>|| 0346||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep aybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033A;</b></big>|| 033A||<b> oyvuzbwa zeymep oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted bridge below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0309;</b></big>|| 0309||<b> grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>hook above, hoi</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0303;</b></big>|| 0303||<b> pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0342;</b></big>|| 0342||<b> yagpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek perispomeni</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0360;</b></big>|| 0360||<b> enpyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>double tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0330;</b></big>|| 0330||<b> pyaon oybsiyn</b>||<i>tilde below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x032B;</b></big>|| 032B||<b> oyvuzbwa enuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>inverted double arch below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033E;</b></big>|| 033E||<b> aonada pyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical tilde, yerik</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031A;</b></big>|| 031A||<b> zua gun aybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> aonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030D;</b></big>|| 030D||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> aonad oybsiyn</b>||<i>vertical line below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x030E;</b></big>|| 030E||<b> enaonad aybsiyn</b>||<i>double vertical line above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033D;</b></big>|| 033D||<b> xu aybsiyn</b>||<i>x above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0353;</b></big>|| 0353||<b> xu oybsiyn</b>||<i>x below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033C;</b></big>|| 033C||<b> lapiat oybsiyn</b>||<i>seagull below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0310;</b></big>|| 0310||<b> nod ayb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>candrabindu</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0352;</b></big>|| 0352||<b> nod oyb uz aybsiyn</b>||<i>fermata</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0314;</b></big>|| 0314||<b> zia grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma above, dasia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0326;</b></big>|| 0326||<b> zia grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>right comma below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0313;</b></big>|| 0313||<b> zua grun aybsiyn</b>||<i>reversed comma above, psili</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0320;</b></big>|| 0320||<b> gobsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>minus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031F;</b></big>|| 031F||<b> gabsiyn oybsiyn</b>||<i>plus sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubay ge aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equals above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0349;</b></big>|| 0349||<b> zua gun oybsiyn</b>||<i>left angle below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x033B;</b></big>|| 033B||<b> ungun oybsiyn</b>||<i>square below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0334;</b></big>|| 0334||<b> Gereda nod-kin-nod aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek dialytika tonos</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0350;</b></big>|| 0350||<b> zia izmufseb aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x08F7;</b></big>|| 0356||<b> zia izmufseb ay yabizmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead and up arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0355;</b></big>|| 0355||<b> zia izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0354;</b></big>|| 0354||<b> zua izmufseb oybsiyn</b>||<i>left arrowhead below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0318;</b></big>|| 0318||<b> zua zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>left tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0319;</b></big>|| 0319||<b> zia zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>right tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031D;</b></big>|| 031D||<b> yob zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>up tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x031E;</b></big>|| 031E||<b> yab zyisebmuv oybsiyn</b>||<i>down tack below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0337;</b></big>|| 0337||<b> yoga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>short slash overlay, short solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0338;</b></big>|| 0338||<b> yaga kinad absiyn</b>||<i>long slash overlay, long solidus overlay</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0321;</b></big>|| 0321||<b> teumibxwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>palatalized hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0322;</b></big>|| 0322||<b> zoykixwa grun oybsiyn</b>||<i>retroflex hook below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0359;</b></big>|| 0359||<b> mar oybsiyn</b>||<i>asterisk below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035A;</b></big>|| 035A||<b> enzyus oybsiyn</b>||<i>double ring below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0358;</b></big>|| 0358||<b> zinod aybsiyn</b>||<i>dot above right</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035C;</b></big>|| 035C||<b> enyabuz oybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve below, ligature tie below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035D;</b></big>|| 035D||<b> enyabuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double breve</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0361;</b></big>|| 0361||<b> enyobuz aybsiyn</b>||<i>double inverted breve, top ligature, tie bar</i> |- |<big><b>&#x035B;</b></big>|| 035B||<b> uiznad aybsiyn</b>||<i>zigzag above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0347;</b></big>|| 0347||<b> gese oybsiyn</b>||<i>equals sign below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034C;</b></big>|| 034C||<b> yubgese aybsiyn</b>||<i>almost equal to above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0362;</b></big>|| 0362||<b> enziizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>double rightwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034E;</b></big>|| 034E||<b> yabizmuf oybsiyn</b>||<i>upwards arrow below</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0329;</b></big>|| 0329||<b> ziizmuf aybsiyn</b>||<i>right arrowhead above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x034A;</b></big>|| 034A||<b> opyaon aybsiyn</b>||<i>not tilde above</i> |- |<big><b>&#x037A;</b></big>|| 037A||<b> iota oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek ypogegrammeni, iota subscript</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0374;</b></big>|| 0374||<b> Gereda sag aybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek numeral sign, dexia keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0375;</b></big>|| 0375||<b> Gereda sag oybsiyn</b>||<i>Greek lower numeral sign, aristeri keraia</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0651;</b></big>|| 0651||<b> xadda aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic shadda</i> |- |<big><b>&#x065E;</b></big>|| 065E||<b> fatha aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic fatha with two dots</i> |- |<big><b>&#x061A;</b></big>|| 061A||<b> kasra oybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic small kasra</i> |- |<big><b>&#x064C;</b></big>|| 064C||<b> damma aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic dammatan</i> |- |<big><b>&#x0652;</b></big>|| 0652||<b> sukun aybsiyn</b>||<i>Arabic sukun</i> |} === Grammar Terms === :*'''drevyab'''....''grammar'' :*'''dun'''....''word'' :*'''dyen'''....''phrase'' :*'''dyan'''....''sentence'' :** '''delyea'''....''declarative'' :** '''didyea'''....''interrogative'' :** '''azteudyea'''....''exclamatory'' :*'''dyangon'''....''clause'' :** '''agala dyangon'''....''main clause'' :** '''abyosyea dyangon'''....''dependent clause'' :** '''obdabyea dyangon'''....''subordinate clause'' :*'''anyendyen'''....''idiom'' :*'''dalzeyn'''....''language'' :*'''dalzeynes'''....''dialect'' :*'''dalyen'''....''locution'' :*'''dungon'''....''syllable'' :*'''dunog'''....''particle'' :*'''abun'''....''affix'' :** '''zabun'''....''prefix'' :** '''zobun'''....''suffix'' :** '''yebun'''....''infix'' :*'''kyid'''....''stress'' :*'''dredyen'''....''spelling, orthography'' :*'''seuxden'''....''pronunciation'' :*'''dalgon'''....''part of speech'' :**'''sundun'''....''noun'' :**'''avdun'''....''pronoun'' :**'''erdun'''....''verb'' :**'''adun'''....''adjective'' :**'''aydun'''....''adverb'' :**'''ebdun'''....''preposition'' :**'''yanxdun'''....''conjunction'' :**'''oybdun'''....''particle'' :**'''asaundun'''....''article, determiner'' :*'''jobyen'''....''tense'' :** '''eja'''....''present tense'' :** '''aja'''....''past tense'' :** '''oja'''....''future tense'' :** '''vensona'''....''conditional'' :* '''teagun'''....''aspect'' :** '''ikna'''....''perfect'' :** '''oikna'''....''imperfect'' :** '''zaypasyea'''....''progressive'' :*'''tipyen'''....''mood'' :** '''izeadyea'''....''indicative mood'' :** '''ovyamxwa'''....''subjunctive mood'' :*'''teuz'''....''voice'' :** '''axlyea'''....''active'' :** '''xolyea'''....''passive'' :** '''syundabea'''....''transitive'' :** '''osyundabea'''....''intransitive'' :** '''zyinzoyubea'''....''reflexive'' :*'''sankyas'''....''case'' :** '''syina'''....''nominative, subject'' :** '''bina'''....''genitive, possessive'' :** '''buna'''....''dative'' :** '''izsyuna'''....''accusative, direct object'' :** '''oizsyuna'''....''indirect object'' :** '''byina'''....''ablative'' :** '''dyuena'''....''vocative'' :*'''toob'''....''gender'' :** '''twooba'''....''masculine'' :** '''tooyba'''....''feminine'' :** '''evtwooba'''....''neuter'' :*'''sag'''....''number'' :** '''ansaga'''....''singular'' :** '''glasaga'''....''plural'' :*'''sagdun'''....''numeral'' == Forming Adjectives == : You can form an adjective by adding the suffix '''a''' to a substantive, any adverb not ending in '''-ay''', or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adjectives |- ! Noun !! Adjective |- | '''taam'''....''home'' || '''taama'''....''domestic'' |- | '''doob'''....''nation'' || '''dooba'''....''national'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''teja'''....''vital'' |- | '''tyoyapyaf'''....''ability to walk'' || '''tyoyapyafa'''....''ambulatory'' |- | '''martun'''....''astronomy'' || '''martuna'''....''astronomical'' |- ! Pronoun !! Adjective |- | '''at'''....''I, me'' || '''ata'''....''my'' |- | '''eut'''....''yourself'' || '''euta'''....''your own'' |- | '''hiyen'''....''this kind'' || '''hiyena'''....''this kind of'' |- | '''duhot?'''....''who?'' || '''duhota?'''....''whose?'' |- ! Gerund !! Adjective |- | '''ifeken'''....''recreation'' || '''ifekena'''....''recreational'' |- ! Adverb !! Adjective |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiba'''....''distant'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaba'''....''high, upper'' |- ! Verb Form !! Adjective (= Participle) |- | '''teje'''....''(he) lives'' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- | '''tojo'''....''will die'' || '''tojoa'''....''moribund, about to die'' |- | '''tojbu'''....''would kill'' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- | '''twa'''....''was known'' || '''twaa'''....''known'' (usu. shortened to '''twa''') |} === Adjectival Suffixes === : Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just '''a'''. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Other Adjectives |- ! Suffix !! Meaning !! Noun !! Adjective |- ! rowspan=3|-ava !!rowspan=3| ''pro-, for'' !! !! |- | '''Usom'''<br>''U.S.'' || '''Usomava'''<br>''pro-U.S.'' |- | '''yuvrin'''<br>''slavery'' || '''yuvrinava'''<br>''pro-slavery'' |- ! rowspan=3|-ova !!rowspan=3| ''anti-, against'' !! !! |- | '''dobvyabyan'''<br>''constitution'' || '''dovyabyanova'''<br>''anti-constitutional'' |- | '''dot'''<br>''society'' || '''dotova'''<br>''anti-social'' |- ! rowspan=5|-aya !!rowspan=5| ''full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzaya'''<br>''colorful'' |- | '''futax'''<br>''resentment'' || '''futaxaya'''<br>''resentful'' |- | '''tiibil'''<br>''blood'' || '''tiibilaya'''<br>''bloody'' |- | '''yiflan'''<br>''courage'' || '''yiflanaya'''<br>''courageous'' |- ! rowspan=3|-oya !!rowspan=3| ''bereft of, -less, un-'' !! !! |- | '''volz'''<br>''color'' || '''volzoya'''<br>''colorless, pale'' |- | '''tajyaf'''<br>''talent'' || '''tajyafoya'''<br>''untalented'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ika !!rowspan=2| ''full of, -ous, -ful, -y'' !! !! |- | '''map'''<br>''wind'' || '''mapika'''<br>''windy'' |- ! rowspan=2|-uka !!rowspan=2| ''bereft of, without, -less'' !! !! |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasuka'''<br>''broke, penniless'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yena !! rowspan=4|''-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al'' !! !! |- | '''tudet'''<br>''child'' || '''tudetyena'''<br>''childish, infantile'' |- | '''tot'''<br>''god'' || '''totyena'''<br>''divine, godly'' |- | '''pit'''<br>''fish'' || '''pityena'''<br>''fish-like, fishy'' |- ! rowspan=5|-wa or -awa !! rowspan=5|''-ed, past passive participle''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Past Passive Participle |- | '''t-'''<br>''know'' || '''twa'''<br>''known'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalwa'''<br>''spoken, oral'' |- | '''nixbu-'''<br>''sell'' || '''nixbuwa'''<br>''sold'' |- | '''dr-'''<br>''write'' || '''drawa'''<br>''written'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ea !!rowspan=4| ''-ing''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''ot-'''<br>''not know'' || '''otea'''<br>''ignorant'' |- | '''tej-'''<br>''live'' || '''tejea'''<br>''living, alive'' |- | '''tuj-'''<br>''die'' || '''tujea'''<br>''dying'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yea !!rowspan=5| ''-ive, prone to Xing, given to X''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | '''tujb-'''<br>''kill'' || '''tujbyea'''<br>''murderous'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texyea'''<br>''pensive, thoughtful'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyea'''<br>''forgetful'' |- | '''axl-'''<br>''act'' || '''axlyea'''<br>''active'' |- ! rowspan=5|-uwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, apt to be Xed''<br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Passive Participle |- | '''ex-'''<br>''operate'' || '''exuwa'''<br>''operable'' |- | '''tos'''<br>''feel'' || '''tosuwa'''<br>''palpable'' |- | '''tex-'''<br>''think'' || '''texuwa'''<br>''conceivable'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''teluwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yafa !!rowspan=3| ''-able, capable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafa'''<br>''sightful, able to see'' |- | '''dyed-'''<br>''read'' || '''dyedyafa'''<br>''literate'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yafwa !!rowspan=5| ''-able, possible to be Xed''<br> (added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyafwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' |- | '''tel-'''<br>''eat'' || '''telyafwa'''<br>''edible'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofa !!rowspan=5| ''incapable of Xing'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Subject-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' |- | '''tyoyap-'''<br>''walk'' || '''tyoyapyofa'''<br>''lame'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''dumb, incapable of speaking'' |- ! rowspan=5|-yofwa !!rowspan=5| ''un-X-able'' <br>(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Object-oriented |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''inaudible'' |- | '''tox-'''<br>''forget'' || '''toxyofa'''<br>''unforgetable'' |- | '''dal-'''<br>''speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''unspeakable'' |- ! rowspan=6|-ifa !!rowspan=6| ''fond of, -phile'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''pot'''<br>''animal'' || '''potifa'''<br>''pet-friendly'' |- | '''hyitoob-'''<br>''same-gender'' || '''hyitoobifa'''<br>''homophile'' |- | '''tobot'''<br>''child'' || '''tobotifa'''<br>''pedophile'' |- | '''fitel'''<br>''food'' || '''fitelifa'''<br>''gourmand'' |- | '''doob'''<br>''nation'' || '''doobifa'''<br>''patriotic'' |- ! rowspan=2|-ifwa !!rowspan=2| ''loved by'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tyod'''<br>''people'' || '''tyodifwa'''<br>''popular'' |- ! rowspan=4|-ufa !!rowspan=4| ''adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic'' !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | '''tob'''<br>''human'' || '''tobufa'''<br>''misanthropic'' |- | '''hyut-'''<br>''other person'' || '''hyutufa'''<br>''xenophobic'' |- | '''toyb-'''<br>''woman'' || '''toybufa'''<br>''misogynist'' |- ! rowspan=5|-ef(w)a !!rowspan=5|''needful of,<br>(necessary to be X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''til'''<br>''drink'' || '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' |- | '''tel'''<br>''food'' || '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' |- | '''nas'''<br>''money'' || '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' |- | '''yelb-'''<br>''to oil'' || '''yelbefwa'''<br>''squeaky, in need of oil'' |- ! rowspan=4|-yef(w)a !!rowspan=4| ''worthy of,<br> due to be (deserving of being X-ed)'' !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''fid'''<br>''praise'' || '''fidyefa'''<br>''praiseworthy'' |- | '''dud'''<br>''answer'' || '''dudyefa'''<br>''responsible'' |- | '''tax-'''<br>''remember'' || '''taxyefwa'''<br>''memorable'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yuk(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''easy to, (easily X-ed)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyuka'''<br>''gullible'' |- | '''vatex-'''<br>''believe'' || '''vatexyukwa'''<br>''incredible, hard to believe'' |- ! rowspan=3|-yik(w)a !!rowspan=3| ''hard to,<br>(hard of X-ing)'' !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | '''teat-'''<br>''see'' || '''teatyikwa'''<br>''opaque'' |- | '''teet-'''<br>''hear'' || '''teetyika'''<br>''hard of hearing'' |} === Adjectival Prefixes === ==== Negating the Meaning of Adjectives ==== ::: The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix '''o-'''. ::: Examples: ::::* '''vlea'''....''probable'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>vlea'''....''improbable'' ::::* '''fika'''....''perfect'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fika'''....''imperfect'' ::::* '''twa'''....''known'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>twa'''....''unknown'' ::::* '''bosa'''....''quiet'' <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>bosa'''....''upset, unquiet'' ::: Note: Occasionally, the prefix '''lo-''' is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case: ::::* '''fwa'''....''wanted'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>o</u>fwa'''....''prohibited'' <big><</big> '''ofer'''....''to prohibit'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>yo</u>fwa'''....''impossible'' <big><</big> '''yofer'''....''to be unable'' ::::* <big>→</big> '''<u>lo</u>fwa'''....''unwanted'' <big><</big> '''fer'''....''to want'' (disambiguated) ::: The prefixes '''lyo-''' and '''ov''' are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective: ::::* '''data'''....''friendly'' ::::* '''odata'''....''unfriendly'' ::::* '''ovdata'''....''hostile'' ::::* '''lyodata'''....''inimical'' ::::* '''dota'''....''social'' ::::* '''odota'''....''unsocial'' ::::* '''ovdota'''....''antisocial'' ::::* '''lyodota'''....''savage'' ==== Table of Adjective Prefixes ==== ::: As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones: :::{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes<br>Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column |- ! Mirad Prefix !! English Prefix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | '''o-''' || ''un-, a(n)-, in-, non-'' ||'''<u>o</u>baka'''....''unhealthy''<br>'''<u>o</u>yezyebeya'''....''incontinent'', '''<u>o</u>yelpea'''....''non-invasive''<br>'''<u>o</u>totina'''....''atheist'' |- |'''ov-''' || ''anti-, counter-'' || '''<u>ov</u>zuina'''....''anti-leftist''<br>'''<u>ov</u>iztida'''....''counter-intuitive'' |- |'''av-''' || ''pro-'' || '''<u>av</u>hyitoosifa'''....''pro-gay'' |- | '''kovyo-''' ||''pseudo-'' || '''<u>kovyo</u>tepina'''....''pseudo-intellectual'' |- | '''hya(s)-''' || ''all-, pan-, omni-'' || '''<u>hyas</u>tea'''....''all-knowing, omniscient'' |- | '''voy-, gal-''' || ''re-'' || '''<u>voy</u>upya'''....''returned''<br>'''<u>gal</u>abwa'''....''<u>re</u>applied'' |- | '''vyo-''' || ''mis-'' || '''<u>vyo</u>seudxwa'''....''mispronounced'' |- | '''eyn-''' || ''semi-, half-'' ||'''<u>eyn</u>levelaya'''....''semi-sweet''<br>'''<u>eyn</u>tija'''....''half-awake'' |- |'''yiz-''' || ''ultra-, super-'' || '''<u>yiz</u>doobina'''....''ultra-nationalist''<br>'''<u>yiz</u>mola'''....''supernatural'' |- | '''gro-''' || ''under-, hypo-'' || '''<u>gro</u>jaga'''....''under-aged'' |- | '''gra-''' || ''over-, hyper-, uber-'' || '''<u>gra</u>agxwa'''....''overgrown''<br>'''<u>gra</u>toseya'''....''hypersensitive'' |- | '''gla-''' ||''multi-, many-, poly-'' || '''<u>gla</u>kuma'''....''multilateral''<br>'''<u>gla</u>tadaya'''....''polygamous'' |- |'''fu-''' || ''mal-, ill-'' || '''<u>fu</u>teyenxwa'''....''ill-conceived''<br>'''<u>fu</u>sanxwa'''....''malformed'' |- | '''fi-''' || ''well-'' || '''<u>fi</u>tofabwa'''....''well-dressed'' |- | '''yuyb-''' ||''quasi-, almost'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>daba'''....''quasi-governmental'' |- | '''ja-''' || ''pre-, (a)fore-, pro-'' ||'''<u>ja</u>teyenxwa'''....''pre-conceived''<br>'''<u>ja</u>igdawa'''....''aformentioned'' |- | '''jo-''' || ''post-'' || '''<u>jo</u>dropeka'''....''post-war'' |- | '''oyeb-'''|| ''extra-, exo-, '' || '''<u>oyeb</u>tada'''....''extra-marital'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-'' || '''<u>yeb</u>tayoba'''....''endo-dermal'' |- | '''agl(a)-''' || ''macro-'' || '''<u>agla</u>mora'''....''macrocosmic'' |- | '''ogl(a)-''' || ''micro-'' || '''<u>ogla</u>mora'''....''microcosmic'' |- | '''ut-''' || ''auto-, self-, sui-'' || '''<u>ut</u>pana'''....''automatic''<br>'''<u>ut</u>tojbua'''....''suicidal'' |- | '''hyaewa-''' || ''ambi-'' || '''<u>hyaewa</u>tesea'''....''ambivalent'' |- | '''en-''' || ''bi-'' || '''<u>en</u>toobifa'''....''bisexual'' |- | '''yuz-''' || ''circum-'' || '''<u>yuz</u>teaxea'''....''circumspect'' |- | '''gel-''' || ''homo-'' || '''<u>gel</u>sauna'''....''homogeneous'' |- | '''ogel-''' || ''hetero-'' || '''<u>ogel</u>sauna'''....''heterogeneous'' |- | '''oyb-''' || ''infra-, sub-'' || '''<u>oyb</u>ivoza'''....''infrared'' |- | '''ge-''' || ''iso-, equi-'' || '''<u>ge</u>voza'''....''isochromatic'' |- | '''agr(a)-''' || ''mega-'' || '''<u>agra</u>tipa'''....''megamaniacal'' |- | '''ku-''' || ''para-'' || '''<u>ku</u>ega'''....''paranormal'' |- | '''yuyb-''' || ''quasi-, almost, pen-'' || '''<u>yuyb</u>dobyena'''....''quasi-official'' |- | '''yib-''' || ''tele-, far-'' || '''<u>yib</u>pyuxea'''....''far-reaching'' |- | '''zey-''' || ''trans-, cross-'' || '''<u>zey</u>mimaga'''....''transoceanic'' |- | '''aaj-''' || ''paleo-'' || '''<u>aaj</u>toba'''....''paleoloanthropic'' |- | '''eej-''' || ''neo-'' || '''<u>eej</u>visauna'''....''neoclassical'' |- | '''yibaj-''' || ''arch(a)eo-, ancient'' || '''yibajtuna'''....''archaeological'' |- | '''yeb-''' || ''endo-, inner, intro-'' || '''yebzena'''....''endocentric''<br>'''yebuzbwa'''....''introverted'' |- | '''oyeb-''' || ''exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)-'' || '''oyebzena'''....''exocentric''<br>'''oyebuzbwa'''....''extroverted'' |- | '''yab(an)-''' || ''high-, up'' || '''yabnoga'''....''upscale''<br>'''yabnayxa'''....''high-priced'' |- | '''yaban-''' || ''acro-'' || '''yabanyufa'''....''acrophobic'' |- | '''yob-''' || ''low-, down-'' || '''yobnoga'''....''low-grade, down-scale'' |} === English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison === : Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared |- ! English Suffix !! Meaning !! Mirad Suffix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | ''-ful'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''voz<u>aya</u>'''....''colorful''<br> '''tuz<u>ika</u>'''....''skillful'' |- | ''-ous'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''naz<u>ika</u>'''....''precious''<br> '''mil<u>aya</u>'''....''aqueous'' |- | ''-filled'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoke-filled'' |- | ''-y'' || full of || '''-aya<br> -ika''' || '''mov<u>ika</u> / mov<u>aya</u>'''....''smoky''<br> |- | ''-ous'' || of<br> like || '''-a''' || '''totin<u>a</u>'''....''religious''<br> '''vyos<u>a</u>'''....''erroneous'' |- | ''-ly'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tot<u>yena</u>'''....''godly''<br> '''toyb<u>yena</u>'''....''womanly'' |- | ''-like'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pat<u>yena</u>'''....''bird-like'' |- | ''-ish'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tobot<u>yena</u>'''....''childish'' |- | ''-y'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''fyab<u>yena</u>'''....''fruity'' |- | ''-ic'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''tuz<u>yena</u>'''....''artistic''<br> '''sil<u>yena</u>'''....''acidic'' |- | ''-ic'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''tun<u>a</u>'''....''scientific''<br> '''bek<u>a</u>'''....''therapeutic'' |- | ''-ical'' || of<br> related to || '''-a''' || '''zyunid<u>a</u>'''....''spherical''<br> '''iztex<u>a</u>'''....''logical'' |- | ''-ological'' || pertaining to the study of || '''-tuna''' || '''tej<u>tuna</u>'''....''biological'' |- | ''-ist(ic)'' || pertaining to the doctrine of || '''-ina''' || '''dopar<u>ina</u>'''....''militarist(ic)''<br> '''nasyan<u>ina</u>'''....''capitalist(ic)'' |- | ''-ophobic'' (and ''miso-'' prefix) || hating<br> fearful of || '''-ufa''' || '''yudat<u>ufa</u>'''....''xenophonic''<br> '''tobyan<u>ufa</u>'''....''misanthropic'' |- | ''-ophilic'' (and ''philo-'' prefix) || loving || '''-ifa''' || '''tobot<u>ifa</u>'''....''pedophilic''<br> '''tob<u>ifa</u>'''....''philanthropic'' |- | ''-al'' || like || '''-yena''' || '''pyot<u>yena</u>'''....''bestial'' |- | ''-al'' || of<br> pertaining to || '''-a''' || '''tej<u>a</u>'''....''vital''<br> '''aman<u>a</u>'''....''thermal'' |- | ''-less'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''tej<u>uka</u>'''....''lifeless''<br> '''tobot<u>oya</u>'''....''childless'' |- | ''-free'' || without<br> empty of || '''-oya<br> -uka''' || '''yom<u>uka</u>'''....''ice-free''<br> '''vyos<u>oya</u>'''....''error-free'' |- | ''-safe<br> -proof'' || free<br> not subject to || '''-vaka''' || '''mil<u>vaka</u>'''....''water<u>proof</u>'' |} == Forming Adverbs == : Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix '''a''', in other words, by adding a '''y''' to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. : Examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''fi<u>a</u>'''....''good'' || '''fi<u>ay</u>'''....''well'' |- | '''vya<u>a</u>'''....''true'' || '''vya<u>ay</u>'''....''truly'' |- | '''gyu<u>a</u>'''....''easy'' || '''gyu<u>ay</u>'''....''easily'' |- | '''ig<u>a</u>'''....''quick'' || '''ig<u>ay</u>'''....''quickly'' |- | '''aut<u>a</u>'''....''personal'' || '''aut<u>ay</u>'''....''personally'' |} : For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example: ::* '''It tyoyape <u>ig</u>.'''....''He walks <u>fast</u>.'' ::* '''Yit xa has <u>fi</u>.'''....''They did it <u>well</u>.'' === Special Adverbs === : Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in '''-ay'''. : Here are the principal such adverbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Special Adverbs |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''vay'''||''indeed, really, certainly, do'' (cf. '''va'''....''yes'') |- | '''vey'''||''possibly, may, might'' (cf. '''ve'''....''maybe'') |- | '''voy'''||''not'' (cf. '''vo'''....''no'') |- | '''ga'''||''more'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gay'''||''also, moreover, further, still'' |- | '''ge'''||''as, equally'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''gey'''||''even'' |- | '''go'''||''less'' (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | '''goy'''||''no longer, no more'' |- | '''gla'''||''very'' |- | '''glay'''||''quite, rather, so'' |- | '''gle'''||''so'' |- | '''glo'''||''not very, not so'' |- | '''gra'''||''too'' |- | '''gre'''||''enough, sufficiently, over-'' |- | '''gro'''||''not...enough, inadequately, under-'' |- | '''gwa'''||''most, super-'' |- | '''gwe'''||''average'' |- | '''gwo'''||''least, sub-'' |- | '''zay'''||''ahead, forward'' |- | '''zey'''||''across'' |- | '''zoy'''||''back'' |- | '''zye'''||''through'' |- | '''zya'''||''throughout'' |} : The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow: ::* AFFIRMATIVE: '''Va, at <u>vay</u> se taduwa.'''....''Yes, I am <u>indeed</u> married.'' ::* DUBITIVE: '''Iyta dud se <u>vey</u> vyosa.'''....''Her response is <u>possibly</u> wrong.'' ::* NEGATIVE: '''At <u>voy</u> se eta yuxrut.'''....''I am <u>not</u> your slave.'' : The adverbs above beginning with '''g''' are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb: ::* '''Et se <u>gla</u> via.'''....''You are <u>very</u> beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].'' ::* '''Et peya <u>gra</u> ig.'''....''You were going <u>too</u> fast [=ADVERB].'' ::* '''It <u>gra</u> dale.'''....''He talks [=VERB] <u>too</u> much.'' : Adverbs can be combined with prepositions to form compound prepositions. If the adverbs ends in '''b''' and the preposition following it begins in '''b''', they are joined together with a single '''b'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Compound Prepositions |- ! Special Adverb !! Example |- | '''yab'''....''up'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yabu''' || '''Ha pat papa <u>yabu</u> ha mam.'''....''The bird flew <u>up to</u> the sky.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yobu'''|| '''Teaxu <u>yobu</u> ha mel.'''....''Look <u>down to</u> the ground.'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yobi''' || '''Upu <u>yobi</u> ha abmas!'''....''Come <u>down from</u> the roof!'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yubi''' || '''Besu <u>yubi</u> ha mas.'''....''Stay <u>near (from)</u> the wall.'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' + '''bi'''....''from'' = '''yibi''' || '''Ha tobi igpia <u>yibi</u> ha yovbyokam.'''....''The people ran <u>far from</u> the prison.'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in, inward, inside'' + '''bu'''....''to'' = '''yebu''' || '''Kyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa <u>yebu</u>ha tam!'''....''Guess who just walked <u>into</u> the house!'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out, outside'' + '''zye'''....''through'' || '''It tyoyapa <u>oyeb zye</u> ha zames.'''....''He walked <u>out</u> through the front door.'' |- | '''iz'''....''directly, straight'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>iz bu</u> hat.'''....''Go <u>right up to</u> him.'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''ub'''....''toward''|| '''Uzpu <u>zi ub</u> yat!'''....''Turn <u>right toward</u> us!'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Hat uzpa <u>zu ib</u> at.'''....''He turned <u>left away from</u> me.'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' + '''bu'''....''to'' || '''Pu <u>zay bu</u> ha uj.'''....''Go <u>on to</u> the end.'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Upu <u>zoy bi</u> hua nem.'''....''Come <u>back from</u> that place.'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' + '''bay'''....''with'' || '''Van yat tyopu <u>yan bay</u> ha hyuti.'''....''Let's walk <u>together with</u> the others.'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' + '''bi'''....''from''|| '''Ha meri kyapeye <u>yon bi </u> hyuisi.'''....''The planets are drifting <u>apart from</u> one another.'' |} === Pro-adverbs === : There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as '''''pro-adverbs'''''. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like '''duhom?''' (''where?''), '''duhoyen?''' (''how?''), '''duhoj?''' (''when?''), '''duhogla''' (''to what extent?''), and their answers, such as '''hum''' (''there''), '''heyen''' (''somehow''), and '''hyoj''' (''never''), '''hugla''' (''so, to that extent''). These words are discussed under the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners|Deictic Determiners]]. == Forming Verbs == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech: ::* Noun stems ::* Adjective stems ::* Verb stems === Forming Verbs from Nouns === : Verbs can sometimes be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix '''er''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Denominal Verb Derivation |- ! Noun !! Verb |- | '''ak'''....''a gain'' || '''aker'''....''to win'' |- | '''af'''....''permission'' || '''afer'''....''may, be allowed'' |- | '''teud'''....''cry, shout'' || '''teuder'''....''to cry, shout, exclaim'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''tajer'''....''to be born'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''tejer'''....''to live'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''tojer'''....''to die'' |- | '''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejer'''....''to continue'' |- | '''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijer'''....''to begin'' |- | '''uj'''....''end'' || '''ijer'''....''to end'' |- | '''yuj'''....''sleep'' || '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' |} === Verb Formants === : More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such '''''verb formants''''' are in this chart: :* '''-ser'''....''to be/become'' usually intransitive and stative (''unite'' = ''become one'') ::* '''-sler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-srer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-xer'''....''to do/make'' usually transitive and dynamic (''unite'' = ''make one'') ::* '''-xler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-xrer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-per'''....''to go'' usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (''mount'' = ''get onto'') ::* '''-pler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-prer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ber'''....''to put'' usually transitive and a verb of gesture (''apply'' = ''put onto'') ::* '''-bler'''....(more intensive) ::* '''-brer'''....(most intensive) :* '''-ier''' a stub from the verb '''bier'''....''to take'', usually an action verb benefiting the agent (''eat'' = ''take food'') :* '''-uer''' a stub from the verb '''buer'''....''to give'', usually an action verb benefiting the patient (''feed'' = ''give food'') :* '''-der'''....''to say'', a verb of communication (''affirm'' = ''say yes'') :* '''-drer'''....''to write'' :* '''-ter'''....''to know'', verbs of the perception and knowledge ('''teater''' = ''see'') :: Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids '''l''' or '''r''', eg.'''sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Verb Formants |- ! Noun !! Auxiliary Verb Or Verb Stub Formant !! Verb |- | '''yav'''....''innocence'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''yavder'''....''to acquit'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''yovaber'''....''to shame, accuse'' |- | '''yov'''....''shame, guilt'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''yovober'''....''to excuse, exculpate'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''tofaber'''....''to dress, don'' |- | '''tof'''....''clothes'' || '''ober'''....''to remove, take off'' || '''tofober'''....''to undress, strip'' |- | '''det'''....''associate'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''detser'''....''to associate'' |- | '''dat'''....''friend'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''datxer'''....''to befriend'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''sanser'''....''to form (intransitive)'' |- | '''san'''....''form'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''sanxer'''....''to form (transitive)'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''telier'''....''to eat, consume'' |- | '''tel'''....''food'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed, nourish'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''if'''....''pleasure'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''taj'''....''birth'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tajber'''....''to give birth'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tejper'''....''to come alive'' |- | '''tej'''....''life'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tejber'''....''to bring to life'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tojber'''....''to kill'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tijper'''....''to wake up'' |- | '''tij'''....''wakefulness'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tijber'''....''to awaken'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep'' |- | '''tuj'''....''sleep'' || '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''taxier'''....''to recall'' |- | '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''yev'''....''justice'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''vyan'''....''truth'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyander'''....''to tell the truth'' |- | '''vyon'''....''falsehood'' || '''der'''....''to say, tell'' || '''vyonder'''....''to tell a lie'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aker'''....''to gain'' || '''ilaker'''....''to take on liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''oker'''....''to lose'' || '''iloker'''....''to leak, lose liquid'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)ier'''....''to take'' || '''ilier'''....''to soak up'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''(b)uer'''....''to give'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour, water'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikser'''....''to get full'' || '''ilikser'''....''to be soaked'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ikxer'''....''to fill up'' || '''ilikxer'''....''to flood, soak'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukser'''....''to become empty'' || '''ilukser'''....''to drain'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ukxer'''....''to empty'' || '''ilukxer'''....''to flush'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ser'''....''to be, become'' || '''ilser'''....''to liquify, melt'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''xer'''....''to do, make'' || '''ilxer'''....''to liquify, melt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aber'''....''to apply, put on'' || '''ilaber'''....''to wash'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''aper'''....''to get on'' || '''ilaper'''....''to float'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''ilper'''....''to flow'' (intransitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' || '''ilzyaber'''....''to spray, shower'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''zyober'''....''to squeeze'' || '''ilzyober'''....''to squirt'' (transitive) |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''pyexer'''....''to strike'' || '''ilpyexer'''....''to splash (with liquid)'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''yujer'''....''to close'' || '''ilyujer'''....''to plug'' |} : Note that verbs ending in '''-ser''' and '''-ier''' are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in '''-xer''' and '''-uer''' are transitive. Also, '''-ier''' verbs are subject-directed, while '''-uer''' verbs are object-directive or causative (making someone do something). === Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser === : The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with '''-xer'''....''to do, make, cause'', and the intransitive group with '''-ser'''....''to be, become''. : The following chart shows how these verbs are formed: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aza'''....''strong'' || '''azaxer'''....''fortify, strengthen, make strong'' || '''azaser'''....''get strong'' |- | '''oza'''....''week'' || '''ozaxer'''....''weaken'' || '''ozaser'''....''grow weaker'' |- | '''kyia'''....''heavy'' || '''kyiaxer'''....''weigh down'' || '''kyiaser'''....''grow heavy'' |- | '''kyua'''....''light'' || '''kyuaxer'''....''lighten, make lighter'' || '''kyuaser'''....''get lighter'' |- | '''yana'''....''together'' || '''yanaxer'''....''bring together'' || '''yanaser'''....''get together'' |} : The final adjective ending '''a''' is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the '''a''' makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agaxer'''....''magnify'' || '''agaser'''....''get big'' |- | || '''agxer'''....''grow'' || '''agxer'''....''grow up, mature'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iga'''....''fast'' || '''igaxer'''....''accelerate'' || '''igaser'''....''speed up'' |- | || '''igxer'''....''rush'' || '''igser'''....''hurry up'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''baka'''....''healthy'' || '''bakaxer'''....''make healthy'' || '''bakaser'''....''get healthy'' |- | || '''bakxer'''....''heal'' || '''bakser'''....''heal'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''sana'''....''formal'' || '''sanaxer'''....''formalize'' || '''sanaser'''....''become formal'' |- | || '''sanxer'''....''form, shape'' || '''sanser'''....''form, take shape'' |} === Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per === : Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb '''ber'''....''to put'', while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb '''per'''....''to go''. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in '''b''', the '''b''' is dropped. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Ber and Per |- ! Preposition<br>Base !! Transitive Gesture Verb !! Intransitive Motion Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply, put on'' || '''aper'''....''mount, get on'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove, take off'' || '''oper'''....''dismount, get off'' |- | '''ib'''....''away'' || '''iber'''....''receive'' || '''iper'''....''leave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''send'' || '''uper'''....''come'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''yeber'''....''insert''<br>'''oyeber'''....''take out'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''<br>'''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''lower'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''move away'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- ! !! !! |- |- | '''za'''....''front'' || '''zaber'''....''put up front'' || '''zaper'''....''take the lead'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''zayber'''....''advance'' || '''zayper'''....''advance, go forward'' |- | '''ze'''....''middle'' || '''zeber'''....''balance'' || '''zeper'''....''balance'' |- | '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zeyber'''....''take across, transfer'' || '''zeyper'''....''cross, go over, transit'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zober'''....''hinder'' || '''zoper'''....''trail, lag'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoyber'''....''set back, return'' || '''zoyper'''....''retreat, go back, return'' |- ! !! !! |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izber'''....''guide'' || '''izper'''....''aim for'' |- | '''uz'''....''crooked'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''turn, diverge'' |- |- '''zi'''....''right'' || '''ziber'''....''set to the right'' || '''ziper'''....''go right'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuber'''....''set to the left'' || '''zuper'''.... ''go left'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''take beyond'' || '''yizper'''....''pass by'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''take around'' || '''yuzper'''....''go around'' |} ==== Deriving Further Verbs of Gesture and Motion ==== : More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of '''ser''' and '''xer''', plus the intensifiers '''y''', '''l''' and '''r'''. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial '''p''' is a more semantically intense version of '''b'''. Also the verb endings '''-sler''' and '''-srer''' and more intense versions of the intransitive ending '''-ser''', while '''-xler''' and '''-xrer''' and more intense version of the transitve ending '''-xer'''. Verbs ending in '''-ler''' and '''-rer''' are transitive voice by nature, '''-rer''' being more semantically intense. Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating More Elaborate Verbs |- ! colspan="2"| Gesture Verb !! colspan="2"| Motion Verb |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | -- ||'''ber'''....''put'' <br>'''beer'''....''have'' <br>'''beler'''....''carry'' <br>'''bexer'''....''hold'' <br>'''bexler'''....''keep'' | '''per'''....''go''||-- |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''baer'''....''lean on'' || '''baler'''....''press''<br>'''yanbaler'''....''compress''<br>'''yobaler'''....''depress, suppress''<br>'''yuzbaler'''....''hug''<br>'''zoybaler'''....''repress''<br>'''barer'''....''crush'' ||'''paer'''....''hover'' || |- |'''baser'''....''gesticulate'' || '''baxer'''....''make a gesture''<br>'''abaxer'''....''caress, pat'' || '''paser'''....''move''||'''paxer'''....''move'' |- |'''byaser'''....''stand up'' || '''byaxer'''....''set up, erect'' || '''pyaser'''....''jump up'' || '''pyaxer'''....''shoot, launch'' |- |'''basler'''....''budge'' || '''baxler'''....''rouse''<br>'''abaxler'''....''stroke'' || '''paaser'''....''get excited'' || '''paaxer'''....''excite''<br>'''apaxler'''....''sweep'' |- |'''basrer'''....''shake'' || '''baxrer'''....''shake''<br>'''abaxrer'''....''rub'' || || '''apaxrer'''....''scrub'' |- ! !! !! !! |- |'''beser'''....''stay'' || '''bexer'''....''hold''<br>'''zoybexer'''....''restrain''<br>'''yobexer'''....''detain, hold down'' || '''peser'''....''wait'' || '''pexer'''....''trap''<br>'''pexler'''....''capture''<br>'''pexrer'''....''abduct'' |- |'''byeser'''....''behave''|| '''byexer'''....''hit'' || '''pyeser'''....''run into, bump into''|| '''pyexer'''....''strike, knock''<br>'''yonpyexer'''....''break''<br>'''yopyexer'''....''knock down''<br>'''epyexer'''....''fight''<br>'''apyexer'''....''attack''<br>'''ovpyexer'''....''offend''<br>'''kunpyexer'''....''sideswipe''<br>'''tuyapyexer'''....''slap'' |- |'''besler'''....''adhere'' || '''bexler'''....''retain''|| || '''pyexler'''....''pound, beat''<br>'''apyexler'''....''assault''<br>'''yonpexler'''....''shatter, burst'' |- | || || '''yanpyesrer'''....''implode''<br>'''yonpyesler'''....''explode'' || '''pyexler'''....''blast, bomb'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''boser'''....''calm down''<br>'''boyser'''....''rest'' || '''boxer'''....''quieten, quell'' || '''poser'''....''stop''<br>'''poyser'''....''pause'' || '''poxer'''....''stop'' |- | '''byoser'''....''hang'' || '''byoxer'''....''hang'' || '''pyoser'''....''fall''<br>'''yonpyoser'''....''decay'' || '''pyoxer'''....''drop, throw down''<br>'''yopyoxer'''....''topple''<br> |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''biser'''....''originate'' || '''bixer'''....''pull''<br>'''yanbixer'''....''contract''<br>'''yonbixer'''....''distract''<br>'''yubixer'''....''attract''<br>'''yibixer'''....''distract''<br>'''oyebixer'''....''extract''<br>'''yebixer'''....''push in'' || || '''pixer'''....''catch'' |- |'''bisler'''....''spring'' || '''bixler'''....''yank''<br>'''bixrer'''....''ravage'' || || '''pixler'''....''snatch''<br>'''pixrer'''....''rape'' |- ! !! !! !! |- | '''buser'''....''be destined'' || '''buxer'''....''push, drive''<br>'''zyobuxer'''....''squeeze''<br>'''yebuxer'''....''expel''<br>'''abuxer'''....''impose'' || '''apuser'''....''assault'' || '''puxer'''....''throw, thrust'' |- |'''byuser'''....''bump into'' || '''byuxer'''....''touch''<br>'''yanbyuxer'''....''contact'' ||'''pyuser'''....''run into'' || '''pyuxer'''....''crash'' |- |'''busler'''....''swoop'' || '''buxler'''....''shove'' || '''pusler'''....''lunge, pounce'' || '''puxler'''....''thrust''<br>'''zyapuxler'''....''splatter'' |} === Deriving New Verbs with Prefixes === : Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb '''baxer''' (and its intransitive partner '''baser''') as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Baxer Verbs |- ! Prefix !! Verb |- ! colspan=2 | '''baxer'''....''gesture, make a bodily motion'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''abaxer'''....''caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izbaxer'''....''point'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tebaxer'''....''nod'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' || '''vatebaxer'''....''nod yes'' |- | '''vo'''....''no'' || '''votebaxer'''....''nod no'' |- | '''ve'''....''maybe'' || '''vetebaxer'''....''shrug'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''tuyabaxer'''....''wave'' |- | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''tubaxer'''....''flail, swing'' |- | '''teubab'''....''tongue'' || '''teubabaxer'''....''lick'' |- | '''teab'''....''eye'' || '''teubaxer'''....''wink'' |- | '''patub'''....''wing'' || '''patubaxer'''....''flap'' |- | '''tiyub'''....''tail'' || '''tiyubaxer'''....''wag'' |- ! colspan=2 | '''baser'''....''gesticulate'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igbaser'''....''jerk'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''igzaybaser'''....''lurch'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoybaser'''....''recoil'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yobaser'''....''bow, bend down'' |- | '''ku-'''....''side'' || '''kubaser'''....''slide'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''igkubaser'''....''slip'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' + '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uizbaser'''....''sway, swagger, swish'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' + '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle, wobble, totter'' |} === Forming Frequentative Verbs === : A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by prefixing the syllable '''je-''' to the verb. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ The -eg- Frequentative Infix |- ! Regular Verb !! Frequantative Verb |- | '''paser'''....''move'' || '''jepaser'''....''shake, shudder'' |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump'' || '''jepyaser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''paper'''....''fly'' || '''jepaper'''....''flutter, flit'' |- | '''braser'''....''shake'' || '''jebraser'''....''shudder, quiver, vibrate'' |- | '''teupixer'''....''bite'' || '''jeteupiger'''....''nibble'' |- | '''ilzyaber'''....''spray'' || '''jeilzyaber'''....''sprinkle'' |- | '''pyexer'''....''beat'' || '''jepyexer'''....''batter, whip'' |} === Forming Hybrid Words === : Expressions with alternating components like ''back-and-forth'', ''up-and-down'', etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Words |- ! Alternative Components !! Hybrid Expression !! Examples |- | '''yab'''....''up'' +<br>'''yob'''....''down'' || '''yao(b)-'''....''up-and-down'' || '''yaoper'''....''fluctuate'', '''yaopuser'''....''bounce'' |- | '''a-'''....''up, north, skyward'' +<br>'''o-'''....''down, south'' || '''ao-'''....''vertical'' || '''aonada'''....''vertical'', '''aonab'''....''column'' |- | '''za(y)'''....''forth, north'' +<br>'''zo(y)'''....''back, south'' || '''zao(b)-'''....''front-back/north-to-south'' || '''zaobaser'''....''rock'', '''zaomera'''....''north/south'' |- |- '''zu'''....''left/west'' +<br>'''zi'''....''right/east'' || '''zui(b)-'''....''right-to-left/east-to-west'' || '''zuinada'''....''horizontal'', '''zuibaser'''....''wiggle'', '''zuimera'''....''east/west'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' +<br>'''bi'''....''from'' || '''bui-'''....''to-and-from'' || '''buipar'''....''shuttle'', '''buipop'''....''round-trip'' |- | '''ab'''....''on'' +<br>'''ob'''....''off'' || '''ao(b)-'''....''on-and-off'' || '''aoper'''....''get on and off'' |- | '''yuj-'''....''closed'' +<br>'''yij-'''....''open'' || '''yuij-'''....''open-and-shut'' || '''yuijbar'''....''switch'', '''igyuijer'''....''blink'' |- | '''uj-'''....''stop'' +<br>'''ij-'''....''start'' || '''uij-'''....''stop-and-start'' || '''uijparpan'''....''stop-and-go traffic'' |- | '''(a)yeb'''....''in'' +<br>'''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''aoye(b)-'''....''in-and-out'' || '''igaoyeper'''....''run in-and-out'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' +<br>'''yib'''....''far'' || '''yui(b)-'''....''near-and-far'' || '''yuipoper'''....''travel near-and-far'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' +<br>'''ib'''....''away'' || '''ui(b)-'''....''toward-and-away'' || '''uipen'''....''coming and going'' |- | '''hum'''....''there'' +<br>'''him'''....''here'' || '''huim'''....''here-and-there'' || '''huimkexer'''....''search high-and-low (here-and-there)'' |- | '''hus'''....''that'' +<br>'''his'''....''this'' || '''huis'''....''this-and-that'' || '''huisyexer'''....''do odd jobs, work at this-or-that'' |- | '''hyut'''....''other person'' +<br>'''hyit'''....''same person'' || '''hyuit'''....''one another'' || '''hyuitifer'''....''love one another'', '''hyuita'''....''mutual, reciprocal'' |} : Here are some more examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ More Hybrids ! Hybrid Word !! English Gloss !! Alternating Components |- |'''aogsen'''||'' fluctuation (in size) ''|| '''ag-''' (''big'') + '''og-''' (''little'') + '''s-''' (''become'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''aonada'''||''vertical ''|| '''a-''' (''up/north'') + '''o-''' (''down/south'') + '''nad''' (''line'') + '''-a''' (''adj.'') |- |'''aopuys'''||'' hop-on-hop-off ''|| '''a(p)-''' (''on'') + '''o(p)-''' (''off'') + '''puys-''' (''hop'') |- |'''buien'''||'' trading, swapping ''|| '''bu-''' (''give'') + '''bi-''' (''trake'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''buip'''||'' traffic ''|| '''bu-''' (''to'') + '''bi-''' (''from'') + '''p-''' (''go'') |- |'''buixar'''||''spring''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix''' (''pull'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''buixek'''||'' tug-o-war ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- |'''buixnyem'''||'' drawer ''|| '''bux-''' (''push'') + '''bix-''' (''pull'') + '''nyem''' (''box'') |- |'''byaosen'''||'' teetering, stumbling ''|| '''byas-''' (''stand'') + '''byos-''' (''fall'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''diep'''||'' marine force ''|| '''dip''' (''sea force'') + '''dep''' (''land force'') |- |'''duid'''||'' q&a, interview ''|| '''dud''' (''answer'') + '''did''' (''question'') |- |'''eigpyexer''' || ''batter, whip'' || '''eg-''' (''again'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') + '''pyexer''' (''to hit'') |- |'''gao'''||'' more-or-less ''|| '''ga''' (''more'') + '''go''' (''less'') |- |'''glaojo'''||'' sooner or later ''|| '''gla''' (''very'') + '''glo''' (''slightly'') + '''jo''' (''after'') |- | '''huimkexer''' || ''search here and there'' || '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-m''' (''place'') + '''kex''' (''search'') + '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''huis'''||'' this-and-that ''|| '''hu-''' (''that'') + '''hi-''' (''this'') + '''-s''' (''thing'') |- |'''hyuit'''||'' one another ''|| '''hyu-''' (''other'') + '''hyi-''' (''same'') + '''-t''' (''person'') |- |'''kyaopen'''||'' fluctuation ''|| '''kya-''' (''mobile'') + '''kyo''' (''static'') + '''-pen''' (''going'') |- |'''maluier'''||'' breathe ''|| '''mal-''' (''air'') + '''u-''' (''let out'') + '''i-''' (''take in'') '''-er''' (''inf.'') |- |'''maojyex'''||'' double-shift work ''|| '''maj''' (''day'') + '''moj''' (''night'') + '''yex''' (''work'') |- |'''maonig'''||'' flicker ''|| '''man''' (''light'') + '''mon''' (''dark'') + '''ig-''' (''fast'') |- |'''maolza'''||'' black&white/gray ''|| '''malza''' (''white'') + '''molza''' (''black'') |- |'''meil'''||'' mud ''|| '''mel''' (''soil'') + '''mil''' (''water'') |- |'''memuiben'''||'' import-exports ''|| '''mem''' (''country'') + '''ub-''' (''send'') + '''ib-''' (''receive'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''mial'''||'' vapor ''|| '''mil''' (''water'') + '''mal''' (''air'') |- |'''mieg'''||'' reef ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-g''' (''stone'') |- |'''miek'''||'' sand ''|| '''mi-''' (''sea'') + '''me-''' (''land'') + '''-k''' (''rocky substance'') |- |'''miem'''||'' swamp ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''mem''' (''land'') |- |'''mimpuin'''||'' dock ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''mimpyaos'''||'' surf ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''sink'') |- |'''mimuip'''||'' tide ''|| '''mim''' (''sea'') + '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip-''' (''go'') |- |'''peit'''||'' amphibian ''|| '''pet''' (''land animal'') + '''pit''' (''sea creature'') |- |'''puim'''||'' kiss-and-ride zone''|| '''pu-''' (''arrive'') + '''pi-''' (''depart'') + '''-m''' (''place'') |- |'''puixek'''||'' baseball ''|| '''pux-''' (''pitch'') + '''pix-''' (''catch'') + '''ek''' (''play'') |- | '''pyaos''' || ''wave'' || '''pyas-''' (''surge'') + '''pyos-''' (''crest'') |- |'''teabyuij'''||'' blink ''|| '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') |- |'''tuijea'''||'' nodding off ''|| '''tuj-''' (''sleep'') + '''tij''' (''wake'') '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''uijdal'''||'' stutter ''|| '''uj-''' (''finish'') + '''ij-''' (''start'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''uipeni'''||'' comings & goings ''|| '''up-''' (''come'') + '''ip''' (''go'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') + '''-i''' (''pl.'') |- |'''uiza'''||'' serpentine, snaky ''|| '''uza''' (''crooked'') + '''iza''' (''straight'') |- |'''vao?'''||'' yes or no? ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') |- |'''vaod'''||'' decision ''|| '''va''' (''yes'') + '''vo''' (''no'') + '''d-''' (''say'') |- |'''yaobar'''||'' elevator ''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaobyuijar'''||''piston''|| '''yab-''' (''raise'') + '''yob-''' (''lower'') + '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open '') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaoplas'''||''oscillation''|| '''yap-''' (''up'') + '''yop-''' (''down'') + '''plas''' (''shake'') |- |'''yaopsim'''||''seesaw''|| '''yap-''' (''ascend'') + '''yop-''' (''descend'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''yaopus'''||''bounce''|| ya(''b'')'''-''' (''up'') + yo(''b'')'''-''' (''down'') + '''pus''' (''jump'') |- |'''yaovdut'''||''juror''|| '''yav-''' (''innocent'') + '''yov-''' (''guilty'') + '''d-''' (''say'') + '''-ut''' (''agent'') |- |'''yaoza'''||''uneven, bumpy, serrated''|| '''yaza''' (''convex'') + '''yoza''' (''concave'') |- |'''yaozgoblar'''||''saw''|| '''yaz''' (''protrusion '') + '''yoz''' (''indentation'') + '''gobl-''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yaozil'''||''wave''|| '''yaz''' (''swell'') + '''yoz''' (''trough'') + '''-il''' (''liquid'') |- |'''yuibteabar'''||''bifocals''|| '''yub''' (''near'') + '''yib''' (''far'') + '''teab''' (''eye'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''yuijar'''||'' valve, switch''|| '''yuj-''' (''close'') + '''yij-''' (''open'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaobelur'''||''ferry''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''bel-''' (''carry'') + '''-ur''' (''vehicle'') |- |'''zaobyexar'''||''swatter, bat''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''byex-''' (''strike'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaodal'''||''dialog''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''dal''' (''speech'') |- |'''zaogoblar'''||''saw''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''gobl''' (''cut'') + '''-ar''' (''instrument'') |- |'''zaokyax'''||''alternation''|| '''za''' (''forth'') + '''zo''' (''back'') + '''kyax''' (''change'') |- |'''zaopasen'''||''swinging''|| '''za-''' (''forth'') + '''zo-''' (''back'') + '''pasen''' (''moving'') |- |'''zaopsim'''||''swing or rocker''|| '''zap-''' (''go forth'') + '''zap''' (''go back'') + '''sim''' (''seat'') |- |'''zuibasen'''||''wiggling''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bas-''' (''move bodily'') + '''-en''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuibayx'''||''wag''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''bayx-''' (''slight body move'') |- |'''zuibyoxea'''||''dangling''|| '''zu''' (''left'') + '''zi''' (''right'') + '''byox-''' (''hang down'') + '''-ea''' (''-ing'') |- |'''zuiyafa'''||''ambidextrous''|| '''zu-''' (''left'') + '''zi-''' (''right'') + '''yafa''' (''capable'') |- |'''zyaobas'''||''throb''|| '''zya-''' (''wide'') + '''zyo-''' (''narrow'') + '''bas''' (''bodily movement'') |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Acronyms and Abbreviations|Word Families}}</noinclude> erantmbds3viy0xagkpbc8xaitk57oe 0 443423 4635674 4490180 2026-05-14T08:24:56Z Y7at7Y 3582263 Fixed names. 4635674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Anderssen attack| |moves=1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 b5 |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C23]] |parent=[[../|Bishop's opening]] }} == 2... b5?! == This ancient move from the romantic era was [[Wikipedia:Adolf Anderssen|Adolf Anderssen]]’s favourite. Black tries to emulate an [[Chess/Evans Gambit|Evan’s gambit in reverse]], but White can refute the risky gambit by acting early. White can snap up the pawn '''3. Bxb5''' and it's not transparent what Black is getting. Anderssen played both 3...f5 and 3...c6. After '''3...f5''', the '''Thorold Gambit''', either 4. exf5 or 4. d4 seem pleasant for White. With the Bishop on b5, Black can't play Nc6 so there is no tempo gain if Qxd4, hence: * 4. exf5 Nf6 5. d4 exd4 6. Qxd4 and Nc6 isn't possible * 4. d4 exd4 5. Qxd4 and Nc6 still isn't possible. If Black meets 4. d4 with 4...fxe4?, then 5. Qh5+ g6 6. Qxe5+ and "Black can put the pieces back in the box."<ref name="lane">{{Cite book |title=The Bishop's Opening Explained |last=Lane |first=Gary |publisher=Batsford |year=2004 |isbn=07134 8917 0 |location=London |chapter=11. Unusual replies}}</ref> '''3...c6''', the '''Anderssen Gambit''', can be met by 4. Ba4 or 4. Bc4 and the game resumes with Black being down a pawn, and it's up to them to prove an advantage. == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}. '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 b5?!''' {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" ! ! style="text-align: left" |3 ! style="text-align: left" |4 ! style="text-align: left" |5 ! style="text-align: left" |6 ! style="text-align: left" |7 ! style="text-align: left" |8 ! style="text-align: left" |9 ! style="text-align: left" | |- !Anderssen Gambit |Bxb5<br>c6 ||Ba4!<br>Nf6 ||Nc3<br>Bc5 ||Nf3<br>d6 ||O-O<br>O-O || || |± |- | |...<br>... ||...<br>... ||d3<br>d5 ||exd5<br>Bg4 ||Ne2<br>&nbsp; || || |± |- | |...<br>... ||Be2<br>Nf6 ||Nf3<br>d5 ||O-O<br>Nxe4 ||d3<br>Nf6 ||Nxe5<br>Bd6 ||d4<br>&nbsp; |± |- !Thorold Gambit |...<br>f5 || d4<br>exd4 || Qxd4<br>a6 || Ba4<br>Nc6 || || || |± |- | |...<br>... || ...<br>fxe4?? || Qh5+<br>g6 || Qxe5+<br>&nbsp; || || || |<nowiki>+-</nowiki> |- | |...<br>... || exf5<br>Nf6 || d4<br>exd4 || Qxd4<br>&nbsp;|| || || |± |} {{ChessMid}} == References == {{reflist}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|Bishop's Opening}} * [[wikipedia:Garry_Kasparov|Kasparov, Gary]] & [[wikipedia:Raymond_Keene|Keene, Raymond]] (1989, 1994). ''Batsford Chess Openings 2''. {{ISBN|0-8050-3409-9}}. * [[wikipedia:Gary_Lane_(chess_player)|Lane, Gary]] (1993). ''Winning With the Bishop's Opening''. {{ISBN|0-7134-7113-1}}. {{Chess_Opening_Theory/Footer}} cyp3aqjuuy0h6nae7p58lcdyq4v5niv 4635676 4635674 2026-05-14T09:42:45Z JCrue 2226064 4635676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Anderssen attack |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C23]] |parent=[[../|Bishop's opening]] }} == 2...b5?! == This ancient move from the romantic era was [[Wikipedia:Adolf Anderssen|Adolf Anderssen]]’s favourite. Black tries to emulate an [[Chess/Evans Gambit|Evan’s gambit in reverse]], but White can refute the risky gambit by acting early. White can snap up the pawn '''3. Bxb5''' and it's not transparent what Black is getting. Anderssen played both 3...f5 and 3...c6: After 3...f5, the '''Thorold gambit''', either 4. exf5 or 4. d4 seem pleasant for White. With the Bishop on b5, Black can't play Nc6 so there is no tempo gain if Qxd4, hence: * 4. exf5 Nf6 5. d4 exd4 6. Qxd4 and Nc6 isn't possible * 4. d4 exd4 5. Qxd4 and Nc6 still isn't possible. If Black meets 4. d4 with 4...fxe4?, then 5. Qh5+ g6 6. Qxe5+ and "Black can put the pieces back in the box."<ref name="lane">{{Cite book |title=The Bishop's Opening Explained |last=Lane |first=Gary |publisher=Batsford |year=2004 |isbn=07134 8917 0 |location=London |chapter=11. Unusual replies}}</ref> 3...c6, the '''Anderssen gambit''', can be met by 4. Ba4 or 4. Bc4 and the game resumes with Black being down a pawn, and it's up to them to prove an advantage. == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}. '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 b5?!''' {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" ! ! style="text-align: left" |3 ! style="text-align: left" |4 ! style="text-align: left" |5 ! style="text-align: left" |6 ! style="text-align: left" |7 ! style="text-align: left" |8 ! style="text-align: left" |9 ! style="text-align: left" | |- !Anderssen Gambit |Bxb5<br>c6 ||Ba4!<br>Nf6 ||Nc3<br>Bc5 ||Nf3<br>d6 ||O-O<br>O-O || || |± |- | |...<br>... ||...<br>... ||d3<br>d5 ||exd5<br>Bg4 ||Ne2<br>&nbsp; || || |± |- | |...<br>... ||Be2<br>Nf6 ||Nf3<br>d5 ||O-O<br>Nxe4 ||d3<br>Nf6 ||Nxe5<br>Bd6 ||d4<br>&nbsp; |± |- !Thorold Gambit |...<br>f5 || d4<br>exd4 || Qxd4<br>a6 || Ba4<br>Nc6 || || || |± |- | |...<br>... || ...<br>fxe4?? || Qh5+<br>g6 || Qxe5+<br>&nbsp; || || || |<nowiki>+-</nowiki> |- | |...<br>... || exf5<br>Nf6 || d4<br>exd4 || Qxd4<br>&nbsp;|| || || |± |} {{ChessMid}} == References == {{reflist}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|Bishop's Opening}} * [[wikipedia:Garry_Kasparov|Kasparov, Gary]] & [[wikipedia:Raymond_Keene|Keene, Raymond]] (1989, 1994). ''Batsford Chess Openings 2''. {{ISBN|0-8050-3409-9}}. * [[wikipedia:Gary_Lane_(chess_player)|Lane, Gary]] (1993). ''Winning With the Bishop's Opening''. {{ISBN|0-7134-7113-1}}. {{Chess_Opening_Theory/Footer}} 5gos7m3v1vtg3w1n1rcklqoakjlzf3d 0 462133 4635640 4632536 2026-05-13T20:48:51Z JCrue 2226064 /* 2. f3!? · Paleface attack */ 4635640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Paleface attack |parent=[[../|Indian defence]] |eco=[[Chess/ECOA|A45]] }} == 2. f3!? · Paleface attack == {{chess/sideline}} White's pawn on f3 prepares to play 3. e4. However, this breaks the principle of not pushing one's f-pawn early in the opening. It weakens White's kingside and takes away the natural development square of the king's knight. This is usually played with the idea of transposing into the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. e4|Blackmar-Diemer gambit]]. This move usually compels Black to play '''2...d5''' in order to increase Black's control of e4. If 3. e4 anyway, White doesn't have enough support to defend the pawn. 3...dxe4 4. fxe4 Nxe4 {{chess/not|--}}, Black is up a pawn. 4. Nc3 is the usual idea: White transposes into the Blackmar-Diemer gambit, a line otherwise seen after 1. d4 d5. Otherwise, say 3. c4 e6 and White has ended up playing a queen's gambit declined, and the incorporated of the unusual move f3 proves to be weakening and a waste of time. === History === "[[wiktionary:paleface|Paleface]]" is a supposed [[w:Native American|Native American]] term for white Europeans. The name "paleface attack" for this line against the Indian defence then seems to be intended to evoke a European offensive against the American Indians (the Indian defence is not named for Native Americans, but for Indian chess masters like [[w:Moheschunder Bannerjee|Moheschunder Bannerjee]] whose games against [[w:John Cochrane (chess player)|John Cochrane]] introduced the defence to the West). The name goes back to at least 1986, where it was used in [[w:Eric Schiller|Eric Schiller]]'s book on the Blackmar-Diemer gambit. He may have coined it.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Blackmar Diemer Gambit |last=Schiller |first=Eric |publisher=Chess Enterpriseds |year=1986 |isbn=0931462525 |location=Coraopolis, Pennsylvania |pages=80-81 |chapter=Part Four: The Paleface Attack (1 d4 Nf6 2 f3!?)}}</ref> One of the earliest appearances of 2. f3!? was in 1931 at the Buenos Aires Copa Geniol.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=2081846 Ipata v Nogues Acuna, Chessgames.com]</ref> == References == {{reflist}} === See also === {{chessFooter}} mg4crtydl385fs3ybtsdxbjpevbrv6m 4635643 4635640 2026-05-13T21:00:58Z JCrue 2226064 theory table 4635643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Paleface attack |parent=[[../|Indian defence]] |eco=[[Chess/ECOA|A45]] }} == 2. f3!? · Paleface attack == {{chess/sideline}} White's pawn on f3 prepares to play 3. e4. However, this breaks the principle of not pushing one's f-pawn early in the opening. It weakens White's kingside and takes away the natural development square of the king's knight. This is usually played with the idea of transposing into the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. e4|Blackmar-Diemer gambit]]. This move usually compels Black to play '''2...d5''' in order to increase Black's control of e4. If 3. e4 anyway, White doesn't have enough support to defend the pawn. 3...dxe4 4. fxe4 Nxe4 {{chess/not|--}}, Black is up a pawn. 4. Nc3 is the usual idea: White transposes into the Blackmar-Diemer gambit, a line otherwise seen after 1. d4 d5. Otherwise, say 3. c4 e6 and White has ended up playing a queen's gambit declined, and the incorporated of the unusual move f3 proves to be weakening and a waste of time. === History === "[[wiktionary:paleface|Paleface]]" is a supposed [[w:Native American|Native American]] term for white Europeans. The name "paleface attack" for this line against the Indian defence then seems to be intended to evoke a European offensive against the American Indians (the Indian defence is not named for Native Americans, but for Indian chess masters like [[w:Moheschunder Bannerjee|Moheschunder Bannerjee]] whose games against [[w:John Cochrane (chess player)|John Cochrane]] introduced the defence to the West). The name goes back to at least 1986, where it was used in [[w:Eric Schiller|Eric Schiller]]'s book on the Blackmar-Diemer gambit. He may have coined it.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Blackmar Diemer Gambit |last=Schiller |first=Eric |publisher=Chess Enterpriseds |year=1986 |isbn=0931462525 |location=Coraopolis, Pennsylvania |pages=80-81 |chapter=Part Four: The Paleface Attack (1 d4 Nf6 2 f3!?)}}</ref> One of the earliest appearances of 2. f3!? was in 1931 at the Buenos Aires Copa Geniol.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=2081846 Ipata v Nogues Acuna, Chessgames.com]</ref> == Theory table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |links=0 |name1=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. e4/2...dxe4/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. f3/4...exf3|Blackmar-Diemer gambit accepted]]<br><small>(by transposition)</small> |line1=2...d5 3. e4 dxe4 4. Nc3 exf3 |name2=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Nc3/2...d5/3. Bg5|Richter-Veresov attack]], [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Nc3/2...d5/3. Bg5/3...Bf5/4. f3|Richter variation]]<br><small>(by transposition)</small> |line2=2...d5 3. Nc3 Bf5 4. Bg5 }} {{ChessMid}} == References == {{reflist}} === See also === {{chessFooter}} fpcxvu1wrshkozmon09wiup7r9l4ojj 0 469854 4635541 4440059 2026-05-13T12:09:12Z JCrue 2226064 no basis for names that I can see 4635541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Two knights defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C57]] |parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6|Two knights defence]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5|4. Ng5]] → [[../|5. exd5]] }} == 5...Ne7? == {{Chess/sideline}} Black retreats their knight and brings another attacker to the d-pawn. White is very happy to play '''6. Nc3''' to defend the pawn. A sharper line is '''6. d4'''. Were White to play 6. d6? to open up the attack on f7 again, Black would be able to play 6...Ned5, and the knight, supported by the other one, obstructs the bishop's attack. Including 6. d4 first however means that if 6...exd4? 7. d6 Nebd5, White has 8. Qe2+, preventing Black's king from defending f7. If 6...Nxd6? 7. dxe5! with tempo. {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} pu9s0rlcpn7ko708bjadb745qudbvob 0 469956 4635559 4440884 2026-05-13T13:01:23Z JCrue 2226064 4635559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Irish gambit |parent=[[../|Irish gambit]]}} == 4. d4 == {{chess/sideline}} White takes over the centre with tempo on Black's knight. 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At what time exactly does something occur, and how long does it last? Maintaining a consistent tempo while executing drill is critical both to the visual performance (e.g. keeping all marchers synchronized in-step) and to the musical performance (e.g. ensuring all marchers are at the same part of the music). Being spread out on a field presents interesting timing challenges which are essentially unique to marching ensembles. == Challenges == When you go see your favorite rock band or pop group in concert, especially if it's got a large budget, the musicians will probably have in-ear monitors that feed tempos, cues, isolated audio, and other important information that may otherwise get lost in the noise from the crowd. For example, you can search on YouTube "In Ear Monitor Track" to find videos of what performers hear through their earpiece. It is a very common tool for musicians in concert, especially drummers. But Marching Bands virtually never have in-ear monitors. Drum Corps International rules are very strict about receiving external tempo help. Metronomes, cues, and anything else that's pre-recorded is forbidden. {{Body note|There is at least one example of in-ear monitors in Drum Corps: The Bluecoats in 2016 used earpieces for their front ensemble (the non-marching members with the xylophones and stuff). They were being fed live audio of their drumset player to assist with extraordinarily technical splits in a particularly challenging listening environment.}} === The Listening Environment === Arguably the most fascinating challenge of Marching Band is the physical size of the stage. If two individuals are playing in a small jazz band together, it's natural for them to listen to one another. "My friend is going to play these notes, and I need to start playing when they finish." But when you're on a football field, it is hypothetically possible that you're listening to somebody over 100 yards away from you! At these distances, the speed of sound is no longer negligible. Imagine two drummers are separated by 50 yards. The speed of sound is about 375 yards per second. If one drummer plays a note, the other drummer will not hear it for another 133 milliseconds. That is a short delay in absolute terms, but it's huge in terms of rhythmic precision! Consider that, if you're playing music at 180 beats per minute, 133 milliseconds is nearly an eighth note of delay! The same goes for wind players too, and it can be especially disastrous when listening to people who are in front of you. Brass instruments are designed to push most of their sound in the direction of their bell. So, imagine a mellophone section that must begin playing when the trumpets reach a certain point in their music, and imagine the trumpets are '''in front of''' the mellophones. # The Trumpets play their cue. Because their bells are pointed towards the audience, not much sound goes backwards towards the Mellophones # The Trumpet sound travels towards the audience. (133 milliseconds) # The sound bounces off the audience and echos back towards the field. (running total: 266 milliseconds) # The Mellophones hear the echo, and begin playing (''this should have happened at the same time as step 1!'') # The Mellophone sound passes the Trumpets, who already played that part about 300 milliseconds ago and aren't expecting the Mellophones to be here. # The Mellophone sound finally reaches the audience, nearly a half second after the audience already heard the Trumpet sound! Not only does this sound horrible for the audience because the Mellophones are so behind; the Trumpets might get thrown completely off, because what they're hearing is coming at an incorrect time. === Tearing === When tempo maintenance goes wrong, the worst-case scenario is that the marchers get lost on where the ensemble is supposed to be. This is called Tearing, and it can happen for a few reasons: * Listening forward as in the Mellophone/Trumpet example above. Mellophones are late relative to the ensemble and Trumpets are unsure where in the music they're supposed to be. * Soloists come in at the wrong time. For example, if the Baritone section has a solo feature, but one or more people enter a measure early. * Tempo rushing/dragging. If the Tubas begin slowing down, they will be off relative to everybody else. * A change to the show was made, but some people accidentally did the old version Tearing is extremely scary. Nobody has an in-ear monitor to cue where the ensemble should be. Everybody has a clearly defined routine they must perform with virtually no flexibility for improvisation. And because the visuals are such a key aspect of the performance, tears put the marchers in an impossible situation. * Can't align on music, because we disagree on where we are in the drill * Can't align on drill, because we disagree on where we are in the music * Can't communicate, because the disagreement is happening 50 yards away When the ensemble tears, there is little hope for recovery. Ideally it happens near a natural reset point, like just before the end of a song. It can get so bad that the Drum Major has to stop everybody and communicate where in the show to resume. All this to demonstrate that maintaining tempo is perhaps the single most important responsibility, and failure to do so can be catastrophic. == Solutions == With these challenges, how does a marching group maintain tempo? === The Source of Truth === One might assume that the Drum Major, the conductor standing up in front of everybody waving their arms, is the person who decides what the tempo is. That's a good assumption, but in general, it is technically incorrect. The individual who sets the tempo for the entire group is the lead snare drummer, also called the "center snare." When the center snare is marching, the Drum Major's job is to look at the center snare's feet and relay that tempo to the rest of the ensemble. The Drum Major is in charge of tempo only when the center snare is not marching. We will see why this is the case in just a bit. === In Practice === Unlike the speed of sound, the speed of light is functionally instantaneous. With the drum major looking at the center snare, and the performers looking at the drum major, the performers will be perfectly aligned with the center snare. So at risk of oversimplifying, that's the answer: <u>The Center Snare sets the tempo, the Drum Major relays the tempo, and pretty much everyone else* watches the Drum Major</u>. If everyone does that, then everyone will be at the same spot, and it will sound nice for the audience.{{Body note|Since symphonic orchestras aren't moving around on a football field, why do they still have a conductor? Can't they just listen in to each other? Yes, they could! Especially at a professional level, symphonic orchestras could play just fine all by themselves. But there, conductors help in creating a unified interpretation of the music across the several dozen performers who are playing. How much exactly should we slow down? At what volume exactly should the flutes play; is this good or is it too much? Drum Majors also do this to an extent, but their primary responsibility is relaying tempo, and interpretation is secondary to that.}} ==== Complications: Drumline versus Winds ==== We said "''pretty much everyone else'' watches the Drum Major." The small exception is that the drumline is actually supposed to listen in to the rest of the drumline. Why? Didn't we just establish that listening carries risks? Well, winds (brass and woodwinds) usually have the advantage of playing ''and holding'' notes. This can hide many minor tempo discrepancies. If a tuba plays a note 100 milliseconds late, it's probably unnoticeable, because the late entrance gets swallowed by several other tubas who started playing on-time. In a drumline however, every note is short and separated and exposed. Drums cannot sustain tones, so it is very obvious if the notes are imprecise. With an instrument as snappy as a drum, watching the Drum Major is not ideal, because each individual player may have a ''slightly'' different interpretation of when exactly the Drum Major signals a downbeat. The best way for drummers to stay aligned is to listen to each other; therefore the entire ensemble is built around allowing them to do that. ''This'' is why the center snare is the true source of tempo, and also why the drumline almost always marches in a tight group together. Any individual drummer is rarely more than about 5 yards away from a true source of tempo, so the speed of sound is negligible. Although listening is ideal for drummers, it comes with its own set of challenges: * When doing drill, the listening environment is constantly changing. You might be listening to the person on your right, but they're about to circle around to your left and end 5 yards away from you, so you've got to adjust your ears mid-phrase. * You might be at the edge of the drumline, so you've got drums in one ear but brass in the other ear, and you must ignore the brass. * The snare drum you're listening to might be on top of a prop, so you hear the bottom drum head louder than the top head, which sounds a bit different from usual. * You might be listening to a bass drum, whose playing is very disjointed because they are just one split of the overall bass drum part. Drumline is often anecdotally considered the most difficult section of a Drum Corps because of the responsibilities of tempo maintenance, technical passages, exposed and relatively obvious mistakes, combined with many of the same visual responsibilities as the brassline. ==== Complications: More Listening Environments ==== The core problem we started with is still here. Even if our two marchers, spread 50 yards apart, are both looking at the Drum Major, there's still a significant delay between when one plays and the other hears it. How does this get resolved? The answer is that it doesn't get resolved. You, as a performer, simply ''cannot'' listen to anyone who is either far away from you or in front of you. The only sources of truth are the center snare and the Drum Major(s). An unfortunate consequence is that the music may sound horrible from your perspective. It will sound like you are coming in late and that everything is failing to line up—because the sound literally takes a different amount of time to reach your ear depending on where everyone else is. But, if everyone is aligning with the Drum Major and/or the center snare, then it will reach the audience at the same time, and it will sound good for the audience. ==== Complications: Front and Backfield ==== Though it's also not exactly that simple. A football field is 53.3 yards wide, so it's hypothetically possible that one person is all the way up front near the audience and another person is all the way in the back. Even if both of these people watch the Drum Major and play at the exact same moment, the frontfield person will have their sound reach the audience ~133 milliseconds before the backfield sound reaches the audience. How can this be dealt with? In this case, it's actually the drill designers, who should generally prevent this situation from occurring in the first place. It should be exceptionally rare for marchers to actually be in a situation where they are playing with such a massive vertical spread. But in that event, the fix is for backfield players to "anticipate" the Drum Major a tiny bit. Consider the downbeat to be the moment ''just before'' the Drum Major actually signals a downbeat. The only way to know how much exactly to anticipate is to guess and check during rehearsal. Music Directors should let marchers know if the vertical spread is causing a delay, and fine-tune the timing by running the relevant segment a couple times. It's a tricky situation. ==== Complications: Audience in Different Seats ==== We've been taking for granted that the audience is one homogenous blob. ''Technically'', the audience is spread out just as far, or even farther, than the performers. If a marcher is playing on the 30-yard line, there are some audience members who are also on that 30-yard line. There are some audience members on the 50-yard line. There are other audience members on the opposite 30-yard line. This, unfortunately, is impossible to solve. The best that the marching ensemble can do is eliminate as much controllable error as possible, and prioritize the most important audience: the judges. Judges will sit in the press box, midfield high up and towards the back of the stands. Brass players will be instructed to point their bells towards the press box, or slightly below it—which is also why seats midfield high up and towards the back command the highest ticket prices. It's not all bad for audience members with seats on the outskirts. The worst-case scenario with timing would be when the marchers are spread very wide horizontally, playing fast music with a lot of exposed notes; but it's generally imperceptible, especially when you factor in echos. Nevertheless, this is one reason why two audience members might have different, equally-valid opinions about how in-sync each group was—they literally heard different things based on where their seats were! ==== Complications: Obstructions ==== Sometimes it's difficult for a marcher to see the Drum Major. * Maybe something else is blocking the view (another marcher? a spinning flag? a prop?) * Maybe the instrument itself is blocking the view (Mellophones and Tubas are most susceptible) * Maybe the marcher is [[Corps-style Marching/Drill Marching/Dress, Cover, Set, and Guide|watching the form to maintain drill shapes]] Many groups address these obstructions by having more than one Drum Major. It is common for one person to be in the middle (say, the 50-yard line), and two extra Drum Majors to be on either side (say, on either 30-yard line). If you're still obstructed, but there are people ''close behind you'' and ''they'' can see the Drum Major(s), it is acceptable to listen back to them for tempo. Listening for tempo from people ''behind you'' is okay, because your sound begins moving just as their sound passes you, which makes both sounds reach the audience at the same time. Between multiple Drum Majors and listening close behind you, there should never be a time when you have no source of true tempo. Your own internal metronome is good enough for any other short gaps, which should be too minor to cause any big tearing problems.{{BookCat}} misidmzn20zhififnaciy54859fgmn2 0 476569 4635567 4525948 2026-05-13T13:23:39Z JCrue 2226064 sideline template. no basis for name. 4635567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Danish gambit accepted |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C27]] |parent=[[../|Danish gambit accepted]] }} == 4. Nf3!? == {{Chess/sideline}} This offers another pawn to Black. Black may take '''4...cxb2''', where White's idea is '''5. Bxb2'''. It is more typical for White to offer this gambit with 4. Bc4 instead, which develops the bishop to pressure f7. Delaying Bc4 with 4. Nf3 is less sharp. The difference can be illustrated in the lines * After 4. Nf3 cxb2 5. Bxb2 Nf6 6. e5, Black has 6...Ne4, and 7. Bc4 is a bit too late. 7...Bb4+ {{Chess/not|--}} and Black's knight and bishop combine to control the dark squares around the king. * Compare the 4. Bc4 line, 4...cxb2 5. Bxb2 Nf6 6. e5, where 6...Ne4? allows 7. Bxf7+ Kxf7 8. Qf3+ Ke8 9. Qxe4 {{Chess/not|=}}. {{ChessMid}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} tw3bdbachwctk33hhr5gh0gy1l7jxbl 0 478581 4635644 4559382 2026-05-13T21:29:53Z HyperAnd 3491585 /* List of Countries */ Use svg, fix typos 4635644 wikitext text/x-wiki <center><h3>'''Welcome to Europe!'''</h3></center> <center>Europe is the third most populous and third smallest continent on earth.</center> ---- [[File:Map of EU Member States..png|thumb|Map of EU Member States (marked blue).]] Europe is one of the 7 continents (or one of 5 or 6 depending on how you define continents) and found entirely within the [[Geography for Scrubs/Northern Hemisphere|northern hemisphere]]. It is surrounded by the [[Geography for Scrubs/Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]], the [[Geography for Scrubs/Arctic Ocean|Arctic Ocean]], the [[Geography for Scrubs/Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean sea]], and [[Geography for Scrubs/Asia|Asia]]. Europe covers 6.8% of the [[Geography for Scrubs/Earth|Earth's]] land area. Europe has 51 [[Geography for Scrubs/Countries|Countries]], 49 of them being UN Members, and one being a observer state. Many european countries are part of the EU, also known as the ''European Union''. Europe is the only continent to not have any [[Geography for Scrubs/Desert|deserts]]. Europe is part of [[Geography for Scrubs/Eurasia|Eurasia]], along with asia. Europe is home to many famous landmarks and buildings, including the Eifel Tower in [[Geography for Scrubs/France|France]], the Colosseum in [[Geography for Scrubs/Italy|Italy]], the Big Ben in [[Geography for Scrubs/The United Kingdom|The United Kingdom]], the Brandenburger Gate in [[Geography for Scrubs/Germany|Germany]], etc. [[File:A Map of NATO Countries in Europe.png|thumb|Map of NATO Member States in europe (marked light blue).]] == List of Countries == Europe has 51 soverign states as of 2025, 50 of which being UN Members. This list includes transcontinental states and territorries. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |- !Flag !Name !Size in km² !Population (in thousands) !Capital !Number of Neighbouring Countries !Currency |- |[[File:Flag of Albania.svg|thumb|150px]] |'''[[Geography of Scrubs/Albania|Albania]]''' |28,748 |2,854 |Tirana |4 |Albanian Lek |- |[[File:Flag of Andorra.svg|thumb|150px]] |'''[[Geography for Scrubs/Andorra|Andorra]]''' |468 |79 |Andorra La Vella |2 |Euro |- |[[File:Flag of Armenia.svg|thumb|150px]] |'''[[Geography for Scrubs/Armenia|Armenia]]''' |29,743 |2,924 |Yerevan |4 |Armenian Dram |- |[[File:Flag of Austria.svg|thumb|150px]] |'''[[Geography for Scrubs/Austria|Austria]]''' |83,858 |8,823 |Vienna |8 |Euro |- |[[File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|thumb|150px]] |'''[[Geography for Scrubs/Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]''' |86,600 |9,911 |Baku |4 |Manat |- |[[File:Flag of Belarus.svg|thumb|150px]] |'''[[Geography for Scrubs/Belarus|Belarus]]''' |207,560 |9,504 |Minsk |5 |Belarusian Ruble |- |[[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|thumb|150px]] |'''[[Geography for Scrubs/Belgium|Belgium]]''' |30,528 |11,358 |Brussels |4 |Euro |- |[[File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.png|thumb|150px]] |'''[[Geography for Scrubs/Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]''' |51,129 |3,531 |Sarajevo |3 |Convertible mark |} {{BookCat}} ct3f5bn5edjh8yobltm46ww2sjjjpnn 5 479462 4635580 4634868 2026-05-13T14:20:54Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Inactivity criteria */ edit opening comment ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4635580 wikitext text/x-wiki == Recent changes criteria?? == Appearance in recent changes? This point needs more elaboration [[Wikibooks:Reviewers#Automatic criteria|Wikibooks:Reviewers#Automatic_criteria]] - depend not on the candidate but other users activity... Also de default is 50 records/7 days but whatif one use other view/filter ? [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 07:23, 27 October 2025 (UTC) == Inactivity criteria == I would like to propose that any reviewer who has not made any edit for two years or more should have their reviewer rights removed, but it is currently neither a policy nor a guideline. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:00, 9 May 2026 (UTC) 8n2whhsibce9jhiubcx6nd26x4n3d8l 0 482680 4635661 4632471 2026-05-14T06:12:24Z Kwfd 3577794 Added new line 4635661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Named Chess Openings/incomplete}} This is an index of every named opening according to Lichess. This page is currently incomplete. === [[Named Chess Openings/Anderssen's Opening|Anderssen's Opening, 1. a3]]: === * [[Named Chess Openings/Anderssen's Opening: Polish Gambit|1. a3 a5 2. b4]], Polish Gambit ==== Creepy Crawly Formation: ==== * [[Named Chess Openings/Creepy Crawly Formation: Classical Defense|1. a3 d5 2. h3 e5]], Classical Defense ==== Formation: ==== * [[Named Chess Openings/Formation: Hippopotamus Attack|1. a3 e5 2. b3 d5 3. c3 Nf6 4. d3 Nc6 5. e3 Bd6 6. f3 O-O 7. g3]], Hippopotamus Attack * [[Named Chess Openings/Formation: Shy Attack|1. a3 e5 2. g3 d5 3. Bg2 Nf6 4. d3 Nc6 5. Nd2 Bd6 6. e3 O-O 7. h3]], Shy Attack === [[Named Chess Openings/Ware Opening|Ware Opening, 1. a4]] === * [[Named Chess Openings/Ware Opening: Cologne Gambit|1. a4 b6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nd7]], Cologne Gambit * [[Named Chess Openings/Ware Opening: Crab Variation|1. a4 e5 2. h4]], Crab Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Ware Opening: Meadow Hay Trap|1. a4 e5 2. Ra3]], Meadow Hay Trap * [[Named Chess Openings/Ware Opening: Symmetric Variation|1. a4 a5]], Symmetric Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Ware Opening: Ware Gambit|1. a4 e5 2. a5 d5 3. e3 f5 4. a6]], Ware Gambit * [[Named Chess Openings/Ware Opening: Wing Gambit|1. a4 b5 2. axb5 Bb7]], Wing Gambit === [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack|Nimzo-Larsen Attack, 1. b3]] === * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation|1. b3 d5]], Classical Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation (2. Nf3 continuation)|1. b3 d5 2. Nf3]], Classical Variation (2. Nf3 continuation) * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Dutch Variation|1. b3 f5]], Dutch Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: English Variation|1. b3 c5]], English Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Graz Attack|1. b3 d5 2. Ba3]], Graz Attack * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Indian Variation|1. b3 Nf6]], Indian Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation|1. b3 e5]], Modern Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 continuation)|1. b3 e5 2. Bb2 Nc6]], Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 continuation) * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3 continuation)|1. b3 e5 2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3]], Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3 continuation) * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 3. c4 Nf6 continuation)|1. b3 e5 2. Bb2 Nc6 3. c4 Nf6]], Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 3. c4 Nf6 continuation) * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit (with 3. e4)|1. b3 d5 2. Nf3 c5 3. e4]], Norfolk Gambit (with 3. e4) * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit (with 4. e4)|1. b3 d5 2. Nf3 c5 3. Bb2 Nf6 4. e4]], Norfolk Gambit (with 4. e4) * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Pachman Gambit|1. b3 e5 2. Bb2 Nc6 3. f4]], Pachman Gambit * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Polish Variation|1. b3 b5]], Polish Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Ringelbach Gambit|1. b3 f5 2. Bb2 e6 3. e4]], Ringelbach Gambit * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Spike Variation|1. b3 Nf6 2. Bb2 g6 3. g4]], Spike Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Symmetrical Variation|1. b3 b6]], Symmetrical Variation {{bookcat}} t56c2pi1acnczxkwnub6z7zqfird3ra 0 482748 4635573 4635491 2026-05-13T13:58:38Z Idavidmiller 3577687 Work in progress. Saving Changes. 4635573 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Started Using Maxima - Some Essentials == This section is intended for those that are new to Maxima. It may or may not be of value or interest to those having prior experience. === The Maxima Way of doing Mathematics === Imagine that you want to create a computer application to perform some general mathematical tasks - not merely numerical calculations or "number crunching" as it is sometimes referred to somewhat pejoratively. It seems likely that it would be realized early on that, unlike humans that can interpret concepts and notation using context, computers and programming software generally are intolerant of any sort of ambiguity. Progress is being made in providing programming software with the ability to interpret based on context, but not here in Maxima. The Maxima expression syntax was created to be logical as well as unambiguous and precise in meaning and intention. Another realization likely would be that mathematical expressions are the essential object on which mathematical concepts hinge, and that these concepts are conveyed using a conventional (if not entirely standard) system of notation. So, the means to compose mathematical expressions using some syntax for interpreting mathematical notation that your program could read and process as input would be essential. So Maxima is not a programming language in the conventional sense. With the foregoing in mind, before starting to see examples of Maxima in action, keep the following in mind while learning and using Maxima: * Expressions of various types (especially mathematical expressions) are the input to Maxima * Every expression returns a value which is displayed as output unless the display is suppressed by some means * Expressions as input are entered using an expression syntax that Maxima can read and process ==== Maxima expressions are of three types: ==== # Mathematical expressions # Object expressions # Programming expressions ==== Maxima expressions are comprised of two "ingredients" so to speak: ==== # Atoms # Operators ==== Atoms: ==== These are one type of the built-in basic expression ingredients of Maxima. They are: # Identifiers - names used alone or to identify other expressions by name # Literal numerals for numbers - integer, fraction, and floating point literals # Strings - quoted strings of one or more characters ==== Operators: ==== These are the second type of the built-in expression ingredients of Maxima. Including: # Mathematical operators such as + , - , * , /, ^ , ! for addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication, division, exponentiation, factorial and the like. Internally to Maxima these are short-hand symbols for operators. Maxima operators also include "functions" such as sin(x), log(x), etc. # Operators that are used to accomplish something other than for mathematical purposes '''Note:''' It is important to point out that there is a difference between operators, functions as used in the context of programming, and the mathematical concept of functions. In this book all Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word that are built-in to Maxima (that is "out-of-the-box" so to speak) will be referred to as operators, including those from loaded packages that are included with the Maxima distribution. Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word created by the user will be referred to as functions. The context should make it clear when the mathematical concept of a function is being referred to. It is unfortunately the case that the Maxima documentation refers to operators as functions. Like so much else, the word "function" has become overloaded. === A Brief Introduction to Expressions - Atoms, Identifiers and Operators === Below follows a brief introduction to Maxima expressions. All Maxima expressions are composed of '''''atoms''''' (including identifiers) and '''''operators''''', and every expression has a value. With the foregoing information in mind, Maxima can be used to provide some examples of these various aspects of working with Maxima. This will be accomplished in the spirit of providing some insight and clarity for how to interact with Maxima, and how to compose expressions for input and how to interpret the values of expressions as output. === <u>Atoms</u> === There are three types of atoms used as "ingredients" for composing Maxima expressions for input: # Identifiers # Numerical literals for representing numbers # Strings An elaboration of the technical details of each of these three types will follow in subsequent sections. In this section is a brief introduction, and examples of each of these types presented to gain a basic level of familiarity with each type of atom. ==== <u>Identifiers</u> ==== Identifiers are one type of what are termed '''''atoms''''' as used in the context of Maxima expressions, but they are unique in that they are the only type of atom that can be assigned an expression other than their literal value. Identifiers as atoms are used in Maxima expressions for two main purposes: # To be unassigned an expression, and serve as a named variable # To name an expression by way of an assignment operator Try the following using Python: <code>m + n</code><syntaxhighlight lang="python3"> >>> m + n Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> NameError: name 'm' is not defined >>> </syntaxhighlight>or using R:<syntaxhighlight lang="r"> > m + n Error: object 'm' not found > </syntaxhighlight>or using Octave:<syntaxhighlight lang="octave"> octave:1> m + n error: 'm' undefined near line 1, column 1 octave:2> </syntaxhighlight>Now, try this using Maxima:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> Maxima 5.49.0 https://maxima.sourceforge.io using Lisp SBCL 2.0.1.debian Distributed under the GNU Public License. See the file COPYING. Dedicated to the memory of William Schelter. The function bug_report() provides bug reporting information. (%i1) m + n; (%o1) n + m </syntaxhighlight>Take it on faith that the identifiers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code> are in the Maxima namespace as a consequence of this expression, and that each has a value assigned by Maxima merely as a consequence of being used in the <code>m + n</code> input expression – <code>m</code> is <code>m</code> and <code>n</code> is <code>n</code> in this case.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i2) m; (%o2) m (%i3) n; (%o3) n </syntaxhighlight>A value for any identifier (other than itself) may never be assigned while using Maxima no matter how many times it is referenced. That is perfectly okay. Maxima doesn't care. But sometimes a value is assigned to an identifier – either the first time it is referenced or after it is first referenced:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) m : n; (m) n (%i5) m; (%o5) n (%i6) remvalue(m); (%o6) [m] (%i7) m; (%o7) m </syntaxhighlight>In the above expressions, the identifier <code>m</code> is assigned, using the <code>:</code> assignment operator, the value of identifier <code>n</code> (which is in this case <code>n</code>), and then the value of <code>m</code> is removed using the <code>remvalue()</code> operator. Thus, the value of <code>m</code> reverts to itself – <code>m</code>. These expressions, while trivial in a sense, provide some insight into an important way Maxima behaves. When identifiers are first referenced as input, they have a value – either a value through some sort of assignment, or merely the identifier name itself. Identifiers can be assigned values by different means as part of expressions as input. Below follows some examples of Maxima identifiers as a very brief introduction:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i1) x; /* An unassigned identifier x */ (%o1) x (%i2) mass; /* An unassigned identifier name of mass */ (%o2) mass (%i3) f(x); /* An identifier f(x) for unassigned Maxima user-defined function */ (%o3) f(x) (%i4) is(x = X); /* Identifiers are case-sensitive - x is not X */ (%o4) false (%i6) y = x^2; /* Identifiers x and y used in an expression */ (%o6) y=x^2 (%i7) x : sqrt(2); /* Idenifier x assigned a value */ (x) sqrt(2) /* An identifier w(x,y,z) for a Maxima user-defined function */ (%i8) w(x,w,z) := a*x^2 + b*y^2 + c*z^2; (%o8) w(x,w,z):=a*x^2+b*y^2+c*z^2</syntaxhighlight>Maxima identifiers serve to name expressions as a value by means on some type of assignment, or they can be simply a name with a value of the name itself, in which case these unassigned identifiers may be considered to be variables. The technical details of Identifiers, assignment types, and expressions are elaborated upon in other book sections for each of these topics. ==== <u>Numerical literals for representing numbers</u> ==== There are four types of numerical literal atoms used to compose Maxima expressions: # Integers # Fractions (for rational numbers) # Floating Point # Bigfloat (variable-precision floating point) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) 1234; /* This is an integer type. */ (%o8) 1234 (%i9) 5/9; /* This is a fraction for a rational number type. */ (%o9) 5/9 (%i10) 3.14159; /* This is a floating point type. */ (%o10) 3.14159 (%i11) 5.532051841609784b-1; /* This is a bigfloat type. */ (%o11) 5.532051841609784b-1 </syntaxhighlight> ==== <u>Strings</u> ==== Strings are simply a quoted sequence of characters: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) "a string atom"; /* This is a string atom. */ (%o12) "a string atom" (%i13) "Hello World!"; /* This is another string atom. */ (%o13) "Hello World!" (%i14) "Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious"; /* This is a longer string atom. */ (%o14) "Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious" (%i15) "C"; /* There is no Maxima character type. */ (%o15) "C" </syntaxhighlight> === <u>Operators</u> === Along with atoms, Maxima operators are the second ingredient used to form expressions used as input. There are many Maxima operators. Some are used frequently as a consequence of their utility for forming mathematical expressions. Many others are used infrequently as these operators are used for specialized purposes. {| class="wikitable" |+Operators !Operator !Operation ! |- |<u>Arithmetic</u> | | |- | + |addition | |- | - |subtaction |or negation |- |* |multiplication | |- |/ |division |or fraction |- |^ |exponentiation | |- |<u>Relational</u> | | |- |< |less than | |- |<= |less than or equal | |- |> |greater than | |- |>= |greater thanor equal | |- |<u>Logical</u> | | |- |and |and | |- |not |not | |- |or |or | |- |<u>Equations</u> | | |- |= |equality | |- |# |negation of syntactic equality = | |- |<u>Assignment</u> | | |- |: |assignment to left hand side |evaluates right hand side |- |'''::''' |assignment to left hand side |evaluates both sides |- |''':=''' |function definition |does not evaluate right hand side |- |'''::=''' |macro function definition | |- |define() |function definition |does evaluate right hand side |} {| class="wikitable" |+Mathematical Functions !Function ! ! ! |- |'''abs'''() | | | |- |'''ceiling'''() | | | |- |'''entier''' <var>()</var> | | | |- |'''floor''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''fix''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''hstep''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''lmax''' <var>(L)</var> | | | |- |'''lmin''' <var>(L)</var> | | | |- |'''max''' <var>(x_1, …, x_n)</var> | | | |- |'''min''' <var>(x_1, …, x_n)</var> | | | |- |'''round''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''signum''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''truncate''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |} ; ; ; ; ; {{BookCat}} 4ghrw2d8u7iw91k162x0fdyzw49s8ui 4635592 4635573 2026-05-13T16:11:27Z Idavidmiller 3577687 Work in progress. Saving Changes. 4635592 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Started Using Maxima - Some Essentials == This section is intended for those that are new to Maxima. It may or may not be of value or interest to those having prior experience. === The Maxima Way of doing Mathematics === Imagine that you want to create a computer application to perform some general mathematical tasks - not merely numerical calculations or "number crunching" as it is sometimes referred to somewhat pejoratively. It seems likely that it would be realized early on that, unlike humans that can interpret concepts and notation using context, computers and programming software generally are intolerant of any sort of ambiguity. Progress is being made in providing programming software with the ability to interpret based on context, but not here in Maxima. The Maxima expression syntax was created to be logical as well as unambiguous and precise in meaning and intention. Another realization likely would be that mathematical expressions are the essential object on which mathematical concepts hinge, and that these concepts are conveyed using a conventional (if not entirely standard) system of notation. So, the means to compose mathematical expressions using some syntax for interpreting mathematical notation that your program could read and process as input would be essential. So Maxima is not a programming language in the conventional sense. With the foregoing in mind, before starting to see examples of Maxima in action, keep the following in mind while learning and using Maxima: * Expressions of various types (especially mathematical expressions) are the input to Maxima * Every expression returns a value which is displayed as output unless the display is suppressed by some means * Expressions as input are entered using an expression syntax that Maxima can read and process ==== Maxima expressions are of three types: ==== # Mathematical expressions # Object expressions # Programming expressions ==== Maxima expressions are comprised of two "ingredients" so to speak: ==== # Atoms # Operators ==== Atoms: ==== These are one type of the built-in basic expression ingredients of Maxima. They are: # Identifiers - names used alone or to identify other expressions by name # Literal numerals for numbers - integer, fraction, and floating point literals # Strings - quoted strings of one or more characters ==== Operators: ==== These are the second type of the built-in expression ingredients of Maxima. Including: # Mathematical operators such as + , - , * , /, ^ , ! for addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication, division, exponentiation, factorial and the like. Internally to Maxima these are short-hand symbols for operators. Maxima operators also include "functions" such as sin(x), log(x), etc. # Operators that are used to accomplish something other than for mathematical purposes '''Note:''' It is important to point out that there is a difference between operators, functions as used in the context of programming, and the mathematical concept of functions. In this book all Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word that are built-in to Maxima (that is "out-of-the-box" so to speak) will be referred to as operators, including those from loaded packages that are included with the Maxima distribution. Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word created by the user will be referred to as functions. The context should make it clear when the mathematical concept of a function is being referred to. It is unfortunately the case that the Maxima documentation refers to operators as functions. Like so much else, the word "function" has become overloaded. === A Brief Introduction to Expressions - Atoms, Identifiers and Operators === Below follows a brief introduction to Maxima expressions. All Maxima expressions are composed of '''''atoms''''' (including identifiers) and '''''operators''''', and every expression has a value. With the foregoing information in mind, Maxima can be used to provide some examples of these various aspects of working with Maxima. This will be accomplished in the spirit of providing some insight and clarity for how to interact with Maxima, and how to compose expressions for input and how to interpret the values of expressions as output. === <u>Atoms</u> === There are three types of atoms used as "ingredients" for composing Maxima expressions for input: # Identifiers # Numerical literals for representing numbers # Strings An elaboration of the technical details of each of these three types will follow in subsequent sections. In this section is a brief introduction, and examples of each of these types presented to gain a basic level of familiarity with each type of atom. ==== <u>Identifiers</u> ==== Identifiers are one type of what are termed '''''atoms''''' as used in the context of Maxima expressions, but they are unique in that they are the only type of atom that can be assigned an expression other than their literal value. Identifiers as atoms are used in Maxima expressions for two main purposes: # To be unassigned an expression, and serve as a named variable # To name an expression by way of an assignment operator Try the following using Python: <code>m + n</code><syntaxhighlight lang="python3"> >>> m + n Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> NameError: name 'm' is not defined >>> </syntaxhighlight>or using R:<syntaxhighlight lang="r"> > m + n Error: object 'm' not found > </syntaxhighlight>or using Octave:<syntaxhighlight lang="octave"> octave:1> m + n error: 'm' undefined near line 1, column 1 octave:2> </syntaxhighlight>Now, try this using Maxima:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> Maxima 5.49.0 https://maxima.sourceforge.io using Lisp SBCL 2.0.1.debian Distributed under the GNU Public License. See the file COPYING. Dedicated to the memory of William Schelter. The function bug_report() provides bug reporting information. (%i1) m + n; (%o1) n + m </syntaxhighlight>Take it on faith that the identifiers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code> are in the Maxima namespace as a consequence of this expression, and that each has a value assigned by Maxima merely as a consequence of being used in the <code>m + n</code> input expression – <code>m</code> is <code>m</code> and <code>n</code> is <code>n</code> in this case.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i2) m; (%o2) m (%i3) n; (%o3) n </syntaxhighlight>A value for any identifier (other than itself) may never be assigned while using Maxima no matter how many times it is referenced. That is perfectly okay. Maxima doesn't care. But sometimes a value is assigned to an identifier – either the first time it is referenced or after it is first referenced:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) m : n; (m) n (%i5) m; (%o5) n (%i6) remvalue(m); (%o6) [m] (%i7) m; (%o7) m </syntaxhighlight>In the above expressions, the identifier <code>m</code> is assigned, using the <code>:</code> assignment operator, the value of identifier <code>n</code> (which is in this case <code>n</code>), and then the value of <code>m</code> is removed using the <code>remvalue()</code> operator. Thus, the value of <code>m</code> reverts to itself – <code>m</code>. These expressions, while trivial in a sense, provide some insight into an important way Maxima behaves. When identifiers are first referenced as input, they have a value – either a value through some sort of assignment, or merely the identifier name itself. Identifiers can be assigned values by different means as part of expressions as input. Below follows some examples of Maxima identifiers as a very brief introduction:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i1) x; /* An unassigned identifier x */ (%o1) x (%i2) mass; /* An unassigned identifier name of mass */ (%o2) mass (%i3) f(x); /* An identifier f(x) for unassigned Maxima user-defined function */ (%o3) f(x) (%i4) is(x = X); /* Identifiers are case-sensitive - x is not X */ (%o4) false (%i6) y = x^2; /* Identifiers x and y used in an expression */ (%o6) y=x^2 (%i7) x : sqrt(2); /* Idenifier x assigned a value */ (x) sqrt(2) /* An identifier w(x,y,z) for a Maxima user-defined function */ (%i8) w(x,w,z) := a*x^2 + b*y^2 + c*z^2; (%o8) w(x,w,z):=a*x^2+b*y^2+c*z^2</syntaxhighlight>Maxima identifiers serve to name expressions as a value by means on some type of assignment, or they can be simply a name with a value of the name itself, in which case these unassigned identifiers may be considered to be variables. The technical details of Identifiers, assignment types, and expressions are elaborated upon in other book sections for each of these topics. ==== <u>Numerical literals for representing numbers</u> ==== There are four types of numerical literal atoms used to compose Maxima expressions: # Integers # Fractions (for rational numbers) # Floating Point # Bigfloat (variable-precision floating point) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) 1234; /* This is an integer type. */ (%o8) 1234 (%i9) 5/9; /* This is a fraction for a rational number type. */ (%o9) 5/9 (%i10) 3.14159; /* This is a floating point type. */ (%o10) 3.14159 (%i11) 5.532051841609784b-1; /* This is a bigfloat type. */ (%o11) 5.532051841609784b-1 </syntaxhighlight> ==== <u>Strings</u> ==== Strings are simply a quoted sequence of characters: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) "a string atom"; /* This is a string atom. */ (%o12) "a string atom" (%i13) "Hello World!"; /* This is another string atom. */ (%o13) "Hello World!" (%i14) "Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious"; /* This is a longer string atom. */ (%o14) "Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious" (%i15) "C"; /* There is no Maxima character type. */ (%o15) "C" </syntaxhighlight> === <u>Operators</u> === Along with atoms, Maxima operators are the second ingredient used to form expressions used as input. There are many Maxima operators. Some are used frequently as a consequence of their utility for forming mathematical expressions. Many others are used infrequently as these operators are used for specialized purposes. {| class="wikitable" |+Operators !Operator !Operation !Notes !Type |- |<u>'''Arithmetic'''</u> | | | |- | '''+''' |addition |also unary addition |n-ary infix commutative |- | '''-''' |subtaction |also unary negation |binary infix or unary prefix |- |'''*''' |multiplication | | |- |'''/''' |division |or fraction | |- |'''^''' |exponentiation | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Relational'''</u> | | | |- |'''<''' |less than | | |- |'''<=''' |less than or equal | | |- |'''>''' |greater than | | |- |'''>=''' |greater thanor equal | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Logical'''</u> | | | |- |'''and''' |and | | |- |'''not''' |not | | |- |'''or''' |or | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Equations'''</u> | | | |- |'''=''' |equality | | |- |'''#''' |negation of syntactic equality = | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Assignment'''</u> | | | |- |''':''' |assignment to left hand side |evaluates right hand side | |- |'''::''' |assignment to left hand side |evaluates both sides | |- |''':=''' |function definition |does not evaluate right hand side | |- |'''::=''' |macro function definition | | |- |'''define''' () |function definition |does evaluate right hand side | |} {| class="wikitable" |+Mathematical Functions !Function ! ! ! |- |'''abs''' () | | | |- |'''ceiling''' () | | | |- |'''entier''' <var>()</var> | | | |- |'''floor''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''fix''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''hstep''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''lmax''' <var>(L)</var> | | | |- |'''lmin''' <var>(L)</var> | | | |- |'''max''' <var>(x_1, …, x_n)</var> | | | |- |'''min''' <var>(x_1, …, x_n)</var> | | | |- |'''round''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''signum''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''truncate''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |} ; ; ; ; ; {{BookCat}} b9ylkyr4igwv3n74pjfgo17cj2w5v7f 4635595 4635592 2026-05-13T16:49:23Z Idavidmiller 3577687 Work in progress. Saving Changes. 4635595 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Started Using Maxima - Some Essentials == This section is intended for those that are new to Maxima. It may or may not be of value or interest to those having prior experience. === The Maxima Way of doing Mathematics === Imagine that you want to create a computer application to perform some general mathematical tasks - not merely numerical calculations or "number crunching" as it is sometimes referred to somewhat pejoratively. It seems likely that it would be realized early on that, unlike humans that can interpret concepts and notation using context, computers and programming software generally are intolerant of any sort of ambiguity. Progress is being made in providing programming software with the ability to interpret based on context, but not here in Maxima. The Maxima expression syntax was created to be logical as well as unambiguous and precise in meaning and intention. Another realization likely would be that mathematical expressions are the essential object on which mathematical concepts hinge, and that these concepts are conveyed using a conventional (if not entirely standard) system of notation. So, the means to compose mathematical expressions using some syntax for interpreting mathematical notation that your program could read and process as input would be essential. So Maxima is not a programming language in the conventional sense. With the foregoing in mind, before starting to see examples of Maxima in action, keep the following in mind while learning and using Maxima: * Expressions of various types (especially mathematical expressions) are the input to Maxima * Every expression returns a value which is displayed as output unless the display is suppressed by some means * Expressions as input are entered using an expression syntax that Maxima can read and process ==== Maxima expressions are of three types: ==== # Mathematical expressions # Object expressions # Programming expressions ==== Maxima expressions are comprised of two "ingredients" so to speak: ==== # Atoms # Operators ==== Atoms: ==== These are one type of the built-in basic expression ingredients of Maxima. They are: # Identifiers - names used alone or to identify other expressions by name # Literal numerals for numbers - integer, fraction, and floating point literals # Strings - quoted strings of one or more characters ==== Operators: ==== These are the second type of the built-in expression ingredients of Maxima. Including: # Mathematical operators such as + , - , * , /, ^ , ! for addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication, division, exponentiation, factorial and the like. Internally to Maxima these are short-hand symbols for operators. Maxima operators also include "functions" such as sin(x), log(x), etc. # Operators that are used to accomplish something other than for mathematical purposes '''Note:''' It is important to point out that there is a difference between operators, functions as used in the context of programming, and the mathematical concept of functions. In this book all Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word that are built-in to Maxima (that is "out-of-the-box" so to speak) will be referred to as operators, including those from loaded packages that are included with the Maxima distribution. Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word created by the user will be referred to as functions. The context should make it clear when the mathematical concept of a function is being referred to. It is unfortunately the case that the Maxima documentation refers to operators as functions. Like so much else, the word "function" has become overloaded. === A Brief Introduction to Expressions - Atoms, Identifiers and Operators === Below follows a brief introduction to Maxima expressions. All Maxima expressions are composed of '''''atoms''''' (including identifiers) and '''''operators''''', and every expression has a value. With the foregoing information in mind, Maxima can be used to provide some examples of these various aspects of working with Maxima. This will be accomplished in the spirit of providing some insight and clarity for how to interact with Maxima, and how to compose expressions for input and how to interpret the values of expressions as output. === <u>Atoms</u> === There are three types of atoms used as "ingredients" for composing Maxima expressions for input: # Identifiers # Numerical literals for representing numbers # Strings An elaboration of the technical details of each of these three types will follow in subsequent sections. In this section is a brief introduction, and examples of each of these types presented to gain a basic level of familiarity with each type of atom. ==== <u>Identifiers</u> ==== Identifiers are one type of what are termed '''''atoms''''' as used in the context of Maxima expressions, but they are unique in that they are the only type of atom that can be assigned an expression other than their literal value. Identifiers as atoms are used in Maxima expressions for two main purposes: # To be unassigned an expression, and serve as a named variable # To name an expression by way of an assignment operator Try the following using Python: <code>m + n</code><syntaxhighlight lang="python3"> >>> m + n Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> NameError: name 'm' is not defined >>> </syntaxhighlight>or using R:<syntaxhighlight lang="r"> > m + n Error: object 'm' not found > </syntaxhighlight>or using Octave:<syntaxhighlight lang="octave"> octave:1> m + n error: 'm' undefined near line 1, column 1 octave:2> </syntaxhighlight>Now, try this using Maxima:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> Maxima 5.49.0 https://maxima.sourceforge.io using Lisp SBCL 2.0.1.debian Distributed under the GNU Public License. See the file COPYING. Dedicated to the memory of William Schelter. The function bug_report() provides bug reporting information. (%i1) m + n; (%o1) n + m </syntaxhighlight>Take it on faith that the identifiers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code> are in the Maxima namespace as a consequence of this expression, and that each has a value assigned by Maxima merely as a consequence of being used in the <code>m + n</code> input expression – <code>m</code> is <code>m</code> and <code>n</code> is <code>n</code> in this case.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i2) m; (%o2) m (%i3) n; (%o3) n </syntaxhighlight>A value for any identifier (other than itself) may never be assigned while using Maxima no matter how many times it is referenced. That is perfectly okay. Maxima doesn't care. But sometimes a value is assigned to an identifier – either the first time it is referenced or after it is first referenced:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) m : n; (m) n (%i5) m; (%o5) n (%i6) remvalue(m); (%o6) [m] (%i7) m; (%o7) m </syntaxhighlight>In the above expressions, the identifier <code>m</code> is assigned, using the <code>:</code> assignment operator, the value of identifier <code>n</code> (which is in this case <code>n</code>), and then the value of <code>m</code> is removed using the <code>remvalue()</code> operator. Thus, the value of <code>m</code> reverts to itself – <code>m</code>. These expressions, while trivial in a sense, provide some insight into an important way Maxima behaves. When identifiers are first referenced as input, they have a value – either a value through some sort of assignment, or merely the identifier name itself. Identifiers can be assigned values by different means as part of expressions as input. Below follows some examples of Maxima identifiers as a very brief introduction:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i1) x; /* An unassigned identifier x */ (%o1) x (%i2) mass; /* An unassigned identifier name of mass */ (%o2) mass (%i3) f(x); /* An identifier f(x) for unassigned Maxima user-defined function */ (%o3) f(x) (%i4) is(x = X); /* Identifiers are case-sensitive - x is not X */ (%o4) false (%i6) y = x^2; /* Identifiers x and y used in an expression */ (%o6) y=x^2 (%i7) x : sqrt(2); /* Idenifier x assigned a value */ (x) sqrt(2) /* An identifier w(x,y,z) for a Maxima user-defined function */ (%i8) w(x,w,z) := a*x^2 + b*y^2 + c*z^2; (%o8) w(x,w,z):=a*x^2+b*y^2+c*z^2</syntaxhighlight>Maxima identifiers serve to name expressions as a value by means on some type of assignment, or they can be simply a name with a value of the name itself, in which case these unassigned identifiers may be considered to be variables. The technical details of Identifiers, assignment types, and expressions are elaborated upon in other book sections for each of these topics. ==== <u>Numerical literals for representing numbers</u> ==== There are four types of numerical literal atoms used to compose Maxima expressions: # Integers # Fractions (for rational numbers) # Floating Point # Bigfloat (variable-precision floating point) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) 1234; /* This is an integer type. */ (%o8) 1234 (%i9) 5/9; /* This is a fraction for a rational number type. */ (%o9) 5/9 (%i10) 3.14159; /* This is a floating point type. */ (%o10) 3.14159 (%i11) 5.532051841609784b-1; /* This is a bigfloat type. */ (%o11) 5.532051841609784b-1 </syntaxhighlight> ==== <u>Strings</u> ==== Strings are simply a quoted sequence of characters: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) "a string atom"; /* This is a string atom. */ (%o12) "a string atom" (%i13) "Hello World!"; /* This is another string atom. */ (%o13) "Hello World!" (%i14) "Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious"; /* This is a longer string atom. */ (%o14) "Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious" (%i15) "C"; /* There is no Maxima character type. */ (%o15) "C" </syntaxhighlight> === <u>Operators</u> === Along with atoms, Maxima operators are the second ingredient used to form expressions used as input. There are many Maxima operators. Some are used frequently as a consequence of their utility for forming mathematical expressions. Many others are used infrequently as these operators are used for specialized purposes. {| class="wikitable" |+Operators !Operator !Operation !Notes !Type |- |<u>'''Arithmetic'''</u> | | | |- | '''+''' |addition |also unary addition |n-ary infix commutative |- | '''-''' |subtaction |also unary negation |binary infix or unary prefix |- |'''*''' |multiplication | | |- |'''/''' |division |or fraction | |- |'''^''' |exponentiation | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Relational'''</u> | | | |- |'''<''' |less than | | |- |'''<=''' |less than or equal | | |- |'''>''' |greater than | | |- |'''>=''' |greater thanor equal | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Logical'''</u> | | | |- |'''and''' |and | | |- |'''not''' |not | | |- |'''or''' |or | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Equations'''</u> | | | |- |'''=''' |equality | | |- |'''#''' |negation of syntactic equality = | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Assignment'''</u> | | | |- |''':''' |assignment to left hand side |evaluates right hand side | |- |'''::''' |assignment to left hand side |evaluates both sides | |- |''':=''' |function definition |does not evaluate right hand side | |- |'''::=''' |macro function definition | | |- |'''define''' () |function definition |does evaluate right hand side | |} {| class="wikitable" |+Mathematical Functions !Functions ! ! ! |- |'''<u>Numbers</u>''' | | | |- |'''abs''' () | | | |- |'''ceiling''' () | | | |- |'''entier''' <var>()</var> | | | |- |'''floor''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''fix''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''hstep''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''lmax''' <var>(L)</var> | | | |- |'''lmin''' <var>(L)</var> | | | |- |'''max''' <var>(x_1, …, x_n)</var> | | | |- |'''min''' <var>(x_1, …, x_n)</var> | | | |- |'''round''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''signum''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''truncate''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Complex Numbers</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Combinatorial Functions</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Root</u>''' '''<u>Exponential</u>''' '''<u>Logarithmic</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Trigonometric</u>''' '''<u>Hyperbolic</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Random Numbers</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |} ; ; ; ; ; {{BookCat}} mxdkk7j5el39buxogd4bn1v79bpe6xa 4635604 4635595 2026-05-13T17:22:58Z Idavidmiller 3577687 Work in progress. Saving Changes. 4635604 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Started Using Maxima - Some Essentials == This section is intended for those that are new to Maxima. It may or may not be of value or interest to those having prior experience. === The Maxima Way of doing Mathematics === Imagine that you want to create a computer application to perform some general mathematical tasks - not merely numerical calculations or "number crunching" as it is sometimes referred to somewhat pejoratively. It seems likely that it would be realized early on that, unlike humans that can interpret concepts and notation using context, computers and programming software generally are intolerant of any sort of ambiguity. Progress is being made in providing programming software with the ability to interpret based on context, but not here in Maxima. The Maxima expression syntax was created to be logical as well as unambiguous and precise in meaning and intention. Another realization likely would be that mathematical expressions are the essential object on which mathematical concepts hinge, and that these concepts are conveyed using a conventional (if not entirely standard) system of notation. So, the means to compose mathematical expressions using some syntax for interpreting mathematical notation that your program could read and process as input would be essential. So Maxima is not a programming language in the conventional sense. With the foregoing in mind, before starting to see examples of Maxima in action, keep the following in mind while learning and using Maxima: * Expressions of various types (especially mathematical expressions) are the input to Maxima * Every expression returns a value which is displayed as output unless the display is suppressed by some means * Expressions as input are entered using an expression syntax that Maxima can read and process ==== Maxima expressions are of three types: ==== # Mathematical expressions # Object expressions # Programming expressions ==== Maxima expressions are comprised of two "ingredients" so to speak: ==== # Atoms # Operators ==== Atoms: ==== These are one type of the built-in basic expression ingredients of Maxima. They are: # Identifiers - names used alone or to identify other expressions by name # Literal numerals for numbers - integer, fraction, and floating point literals # Strings - quoted strings of one or more characters ==== Operators: ==== These are the second type of the built-in expression ingredients of Maxima. Including: # Mathematical operators such as + , - , * , /, ^ , ! for addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication, division, exponentiation, factorial and the like. Internally to Maxima these are short-hand symbols for operators. Maxima operators also include "functions" such as sin(x), log(x), etc. # Operators that are used to accomplish something other than for mathematical purposes '''Note:''' It is important to point out that there is a difference between operators, functions as used in the context of programming, and the mathematical concept of functions. In this book all Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word that are built-in to Maxima (that is "out-of-the-box" so to speak) will be referred to as operators, including those from loaded packages that are included with the Maxima distribution. Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word created by the user will be referred to as functions. The context should make it clear when the mathematical concept of a function is being referred to. It is unfortunately the case that the Maxima documentation refers to operators as functions. Like so much else, the word "function" has become overloaded. === A Brief Introduction to Expressions - Atoms, Identifiers and Operators === Below follows a brief introduction to Maxima expressions. All Maxima expressions are composed of '''''atoms''''' (including identifiers) and '''''operators''''', and every expression has a value. With the foregoing information in mind, Maxima can be used to provide some examples of these various aspects of working with Maxima. This will be accomplished in the spirit of providing some insight and clarity for how to interact with Maxima, and how to compose expressions for input and how to interpret the values of expressions as output. === <u>Atoms</u> === There are three types of atoms used as "ingredients" for composing Maxima expressions for input: # Identifiers # Numerical literals for representing numbers # Strings An elaboration of the technical details of each of these three types will follow in subsequent sections. In this section is a brief introduction, and examples of each of these types presented to gain a basic level of familiarity with each type of atom. ==== <u>Identifiers</u> ==== Identifiers are one type of what are termed '''''atoms''''' as used in the context of Maxima expressions, but they are unique in that they are the only type of atom that can be assigned an expression other than their literal value. Identifiers as atoms are used in Maxima expressions for two main purposes: # To be unassigned an expression, and serve as a named variable # To name an expression by way of an assignment operator Try the following using Python: <code>m + n</code><syntaxhighlight lang="python3"> >>> m + n Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> NameError: name 'm' is not defined >>> </syntaxhighlight>or using R:<syntaxhighlight lang="r"> > m + n Error: object 'm' not found > </syntaxhighlight>or using Octave:<syntaxhighlight lang="octave"> octave:1> m + n error: 'm' undefined near line 1, column 1 octave:2> </syntaxhighlight>Now, try this using Maxima:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> Maxima 5.49.0 https://maxima.sourceforge.io using Lisp SBCL 2.0.1.debian Distributed under the GNU Public License. See the file COPYING. Dedicated to the memory of William Schelter. The function bug_report() provides bug reporting information. (%i1) m + n; (%o1) n + m </syntaxhighlight>Take it on faith that the identifiers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code> are in the Maxima namespace as a consequence of this expression, and that each has a value assigned by Maxima merely as a consequence of being used in the <code>m + n</code> input expression – <code>m</code> is <code>m</code> and <code>n</code> is <code>n</code> in this case.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i2) m; (%o2) m (%i3) n; (%o3) n </syntaxhighlight>A value for any identifier (other than itself) may never be assigned while using Maxima no matter how many times it is referenced. That is perfectly okay. Maxima doesn't care. But sometimes a value is assigned to an identifier – either the first time it is referenced or after it is first referenced:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) m : n; (m) n (%i5) m; (%o5) n (%i6) remvalue(m); (%o6) [m] (%i7) m; (%o7) m </syntaxhighlight>In the above expressions, the identifier <code>m</code> is assigned, using the <code>:</code> assignment operator, the value of identifier <code>n</code> (which is in this case <code>n</code>), and then the value of <code>m</code> is removed using the <code>remvalue()</code> operator. Thus, the value of <code>m</code> reverts to itself – <code>m</code>. These expressions, while trivial in a sense, provide some insight into an important way Maxima behaves. When identifiers are first referenced as input, they have a value – either a value through some sort of assignment, or merely the identifier name itself. Identifiers can be assigned values by different means as part of expressions as input. Below follows some examples of Maxima identifiers as a very brief introduction:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i1) x; /* An unassigned identifier x */ (%o1) x (%i2) mass; /* An unassigned identifier name of mass */ (%o2) mass (%i3) f(x); /* An identifier f(x) for unassigned Maxima user-defined function */ (%o3) f(x) (%i4) is(x = X); /* Identifiers are case-sensitive - x is not X */ (%o4) false (%i6) y = x^2; /* Identifiers x and y used in an expression */ (%o6) y=x^2 (%i7) x : sqrt(2); /* Idenifier x assigned a value */ (x) sqrt(2) /* An identifier w(x,y,z) for a Maxima user-defined function */ (%i8) w(x,w,z) := a*x^2 + b*y^2 + c*z^2; (%o8) w(x,w,z):=a*x^2+b*y^2+c*z^2</syntaxhighlight>Maxima identifiers serve to name expressions as a value by means on some type of assignment, or they can be simply a name with a value of the name itself, in which case these unassigned identifiers may be considered to be variables. The technical details of Identifiers, assignment types, and expressions are elaborated upon in other book sections for each of these topics. ==== <u>Numerical literals for representing numbers</u> ==== There are four types of numerical literal atoms used to compose Maxima expressions: # Integers # Fractions (for rational numbers) # Floating Point # Bigfloat (variable-precision floating point) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) 1234; /* This is an integer type. */ (%o8) 1234 (%i9) 5/9; /* This is a fraction for a rational number type. */ (%o9) 5/9 (%i10) 3.14159; /* This is a floating point type. */ (%o10) 3.14159 (%i11) 5.532051841609784b-1; /* This is a bigfloat type. */ (%o11) 5.532051841609784b-1 </syntaxhighlight> ==== <u>Strings</u> ==== Strings are simply a quoted sequence of characters: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) "a string atom"; /* This is a string atom. */ (%o12) "a string atom" (%i13) "Hello World!"; /* This is another string atom. */ (%o13) "Hello World!" (%i14) "Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious"; /* This is a longer string atom. */ (%o14) "Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious" (%i15) "C"; /* There is no Maxima character type. */ (%o15) "C" </syntaxhighlight> === <u>Operators</u> === Along with atoms, Maxima operators are the second ingredient used to form expressions used as input. There are many Maxima operators. Some are used frequently as a consequence of their utility for forming mathematical expressions. Many others are used infrequently as these operators are used for specialized purposes. {| class="wikitable" |+Operators !Operator !Operation !Notes !Type |- |<u>'''Arithmetic'''</u> | | | |- | '''+''' |addition |also unary addition |n-ary infix commutative |- | '''-''' |subtaction |also unary negation |binary infix or unary prefix |- |'''*''' |multiplication | | |- |'''/''' |division |or fraction | |- |'''^''' |exponentiation | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Relational'''</u> | | | |- |'''<''' |less than | | |- |'''<=''' |less than or equal | | |- |'''>''' |greater than | | |- |'''>=''' |greater thanor equal | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Logical'''</u> | | | |- |'''and''' |and | | |- |'''not''' |not | | |- |'''or''' |or | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Equations'''</u> | | | |- |'''=''' |equality | | |- |'''#''' |negation of syntactic equality = | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Assignment'''</u> | | | |- |''':''' |assignment to left hand side |evaluates right hand side | |- |'''::''' |assignment to left hand side |evaluates both sides | |- |''':=''' |function definition |does not evaluate right hand side | |- |'''::=''' |macro function definition | | |- |'''define''' () |function definition |does evaluate right hand side | |} {| class="wikitable" |+Mathematical Functions !Functions ! ! ! |- |'''<u>Numbers</u>''' | | | |- |'''abs''' () | | | |- |'''ceiling''' () | | | |- |'''entier''' <var>()</var> | | | |- |'''floor''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''fix''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''hstep''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''lmax''' <var>(L)</var> | | | |- |'''lmin''' <var>(L)</var> | | | |- |'''max''' <var>(x_1, …, x_n)</var> | | | |- |'''min''' <var>(x_1, …, x_n)</var> | | | |- |'''round''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''signum''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''truncate''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Complex</u>''' '''<u>Numbers</u>''' | | | |- |'''cabs''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- |'''carg''' <var>(z)</var> | | | |- |'''conjugate''' <var>(x</var> | | | |- |'''imagpart''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- |'''polarform''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- |'''realpart''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- |'''rectform''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Combinatorial</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Root</u>''' '''<u>Exponential</u>''' '''<u>Logarithmic</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Trigonometric</u>''' '''<u>Hyperbolic</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Random</u>''' '''<u>Numbers</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |} ; ; ; ; ; {{BookCat}} nogx16qxpopxcal71ww9khg15ljeh6w 4635631 4635604 2026-05-13T19:19:18Z Idavidmiller 3577687 4635631 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Started Using Maxima - Some Essentials == This section is intended for those that are new to Maxima. It may or may not be of value or interest to those having prior experience. === The Maxima Way of doing Mathematics === Imagine that you want to create a computer application to perform some general mathematical tasks - not merely numerical calculations or "number crunching" as it is sometimes referred to somewhat pejoratively. It seems likely that it would be realized early on that, unlike humans that can interpret concepts and notation using context, computers and programming software generally are intolerant of any sort of ambiguity. Progress is being made in providing programming software with the ability to interpret based on context, but not here in Maxima. The Maxima expression syntax was created to be logical as well as unambiguous and precise in meaning and intention. Another realization likely would be that mathematical expressions are the essential object on which mathematical concepts hinge, and that these concepts are conveyed using a conventional (if not entirely standard) system of notation. So, the means to compose mathematical expressions using some syntax for interpreting mathematical notation that your program could read and process as input would be essential. So Maxima is not a programming language in the conventional sense. With the foregoing in mind, before starting to see examples of Maxima in action, keep the following in mind while learning and using Maxima: * Expressions of various types (especially mathematical expressions) are the input to Maxima * Every expression returns a value which is displayed as output unless the display is suppressed by some means * Expressions as input are entered using an expression syntax that Maxima can read and process ==== Maxima expressions are of three types: ==== # Mathematical expressions # Object expressions # Programming expressions ==== Maxima expressions are comprised of two "ingredients" so to speak: ==== # Atoms # Operators ==== Atoms: ==== These are one type of the built-in basic expression ingredients of Maxima. They are: # Identifiers - names used alone or to identify other expressions by name # Literal numerals for numbers - integer, fraction, and floating point literals # Strings - quoted strings of one or more characters ==== Operators: ==== These are the second type of the built-in expression ingredients of Maxima. Including: # Mathematical operators such as + , - , * , /, ^ , ! for addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication, division, exponentiation, factorial and the like. Internally to Maxima these are short-hand symbols for operators. Maxima operators also include "functions" such as sin(x), log(x), etc. # Operators that are used to accomplish something other than for mathematical purposes '''Note:''' It is important to point out that there is a difference between operators, functions as used in the context of programming, and the mathematical concept of functions. In this book all Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word that are built-in to Maxima (that is "out-of-the-box" so to speak) will be referred to as operators, including those from loaded packages that are included with the Maxima distribution. Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word created by the user will be referred to as functions. The context should make it clear when the mathematical concept of a function is being referred to. It is unfortunately the case that the Maxima documentation refers to operators as functions. Like so much else, the word "function" has become overloaded. === A Brief Introduction to Expressions - Atoms, Identifiers and Operators === Below follows a brief introduction to Maxima expressions. All Maxima expressions are composed of '''''atoms''''' (including identifiers) and '''''operators''''', and every expression has a value. With the foregoing information in mind, Maxima can be used to provide some examples of these various aspects of working with Maxima. This will be accomplished in the spirit of providing some insight and clarity for how to interact with Maxima, and how to compose expressions for input and how to interpret the values of expressions as output. === <u>Atoms</u> === There are three types of atoms used as "ingredients" for composing Maxima expressions for input: # Identifiers # Numerical literals for representing numbers # Strings An elaboration of the technical details of each of these three types will follow in subsequent sections. In this section is a brief introduction, and examples of each of these types presented to gain a basic level of familiarity with each type of atom. ==== <u>Identifiers</u> ==== Identifiers are one type of what are termed '''''atoms''''' as used in the context of Maxima expressions, but they are unique in that they are the only type of atom that can be assigned an expression other than their literal value. Identifiers as atoms are used in Maxima expressions for two main purposes: # To be unassigned an expression, and serve as a named variable # To name an expression by way of an assignment operator Try the following using Python: <code>m + n</code><syntaxhighlight lang="python3"> >>> m + n Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> NameError: name 'm' is not defined >>> </syntaxhighlight>or using R:<syntaxhighlight lang="r"> > m + n Error: object 'm' not found > </syntaxhighlight>or using Octave:<syntaxhighlight lang="octave"> octave:1> m + n error: 'm' undefined near line 1, column 1 octave:2> </syntaxhighlight>Now, try this using Maxima:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> Maxima 5.49.0 https://maxima.sourceforge.io using Lisp SBCL 2.0.1.debian Distributed under the GNU Public License. See the file COPYING. Dedicated to the memory of William Schelter. The function bug_report() provides bug reporting information. (%i1) m + n; (%o1) n + m </syntaxhighlight>Take it on faith that the identifiers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code> are in the Maxima namespace as a consequence of this expression, and that each has a value assigned by Maxima merely as a consequence of being used in the <code>m + n</code> input expression – <code>m</code> is <code>m</code> and <code>n</code> is <code>n</code> in this case.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i2) m; (%o2) m (%i3) n; (%o3) n </syntaxhighlight>A value for any identifier (other than itself) may never be assigned while using Maxima no matter how many times it is referenced. That is perfectly okay. Maxima doesn't care. But sometimes a value is assigned to an identifier – either the first time it is referenced or after it is first referenced:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) m : n; (m) n (%i5) m; (%o5) n (%i6) remvalue(m); (%o6) [m] (%i7) m; (%o7) m </syntaxhighlight>In the above expressions, the identifier <code>m</code> is assigned, using the <code>:</code> assignment operator, the value of identifier <code>n</code> (which is in this case <code>n</code>), and then the value of <code>m</code> is removed using the <code>remvalue()</code> operator. Thus, the value of <code>m</code> reverts to itself – <code>m</code>. These expressions, while trivial in a sense, provide some insight into an important way Maxima behaves. When identifiers are first referenced as input, they have a value – either a value through some sort of assignment, or merely the identifier name itself. Identifiers can be assigned values by different means as part of expressions as input. Below follows some examples of Maxima identifiers as a very brief introduction:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i1) x; /* An unassigned identifier x */ (%o1) x (%i2) mass; /* An unassigned identifier name of mass */ (%o2) mass (%i3) f(x); /* An identifier f(x) for unassigned Maxima user-defined function */ (%o3) f(x) (%i4) is(x = X); /* Identifiers are case-sensitive - x is not X */ (%o4) false (%i6) y = x^2; /* Identifiers x and y used in an expression */ (%o6) y=x^2 (%i7) x : sqrt(2); /* Idenifier x assigned a value */ (x) sqrt(2) /* An identifier w(x,y,z) for a Maxima user-defined function */ (%i8) w(x,w,z) := a*x^2 + b*y^2 + c*z^2; (%o8) w(x,w,z):=a*x^2+b*y^2+c*z^2</syntaxhighlight>Maxima identifiers serve to name expressions as a value by means on some type of assignment, or they can be simply a name with a value of the name itself, in which case these unassigned identifiers may be considered to be variables. The technical details of Identifiers, assignment types, and expressions are elaborated upon in other book sections for each of these topics. ==== <u>Numerical literals for representing numbers</u> ==== There are four types of numerical literal atoms used to compose Maxima expressions: # Integers # Fractions (for rational numbers) # Floating Point # Bigfloat (variable-precision floating point) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) 1234; /* This is an integer type. */ (%o8) 1234 (%i9) 5/9; /* This is a fraction for a rational number type. */ (%o9) 5/9 (%i10) 3.14159; /* This is a floating point type. */ (%o10) 3.14159 (%i11) 5.532051841609784b-1; /* This is a bigfloat type. */ (%o11) 5.532051841609784b-1 </syntaxhighlight> ==== <u>Strings</u> ==== Strings are simply a quoted sequence of characters: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) "a string atom"; /* This is a string atom. */ (%o12) "a string atom" (%i13) "Hello World!"; /* This is another string atom. */ (%o13) "Hello World!" (%i14) "Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious"; /* This is a longer string atom. */ (%o14) "Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious" (%i15) "C"; /* There is no Maxima character type. */ (%o15) "C" </syntaxhighlight> === <u>Operators</u> === Along with atoms, Maxima operators are the second ingredient used to form expressions used as input. There are many Maxima operators. Some are used frequently as a consequence of their utility for forming mathematical expressions. Many others are used infrequently as these operators are used for specialized purposes. {| class="wikitable" |+Operators !Operator !Operation !Notes !Type |- |<u>'''Arithmetic'''</u> | | | |- | '''+''' |addition |also unary addition prefix |n-ary infix commutative |- | '''-''' |subtaction |also unary negation prefix |binary infix or unary prefix |- |'''*''' |multiplication | |n-ary infix commutative |- |'''/''' |division |or fraction |binary infix noncommutative |- |'''^''' |exponentiation | |binary postfix noncommutative |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Relational'''</u> | | | |- |'''<''' |less than | | |- |'''<=''' |less than or equal | | |- |'''>''' |greater than | | |- |'''>=''' |greater thanor equal | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Logical'''</u> | | | |- |'''and''' |and | | |- |'''not''' |not | | |- |'''or''' |or | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Equations'''</u> | | | |- |'''=''' |equality | | |- |'''#''' |negation of syntactic equality = | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Assignment'''</u> | | | |- |''':''' |assignment to left hand side |evaluates right hand side | |- |'''::''' |assignment to left hand side |evaluates both sides | |- |''':=''' |function definition |does not evaluate right hand side | |- |'''::=''' |macro function definition | | |- |'''define''' () |function definition |does evaluate right hand side | |} {| class="wikitable" |+Mathematical Functions !Functions ! ! ! |- |'''<u>Numbers</u>''' | | | |- |'''abs''' () | | | |- |'''ceiling''' () | | | |- |'''entier''' <var>()</var> | | | |- |'''floor''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''fix''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''hstep''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''lmax''' <var>(L)</var> | | | |- |'''lmin''' <var>(L)</var> | | | |- |'''max''' <var>(x_1, …, x_n)</var> | | | |- |'''min''' <var>(x_1, …, x_n)</var> | | | |- |'''round''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''signum''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''truncate''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Complex</u>''' '''<u>Numbers</u>''' | | | |- |'''cabs''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- |'''carg''' <var>(z)</var> | | | |- |'''conjugate''' <var>(x</var> | | | |- |'''imagpart''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- |'''polarform''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- |'''realpart''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- |'''rectform''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Combinatorial</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Root</u>''' '''<u>Exponential</u>''' '''<u>Logarithmic</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Trigonometric</u>''' '''<u>Hyperbolic</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Random</u>''' '''<u>Numbers</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |} ; ; ; ; ; {{BookCat}} gvicpjwwmxfbfk871ilqedptghqwgea 4635632 4635631 2026-05-13T19:21:44Z Idavidmiller 3577687 4635632 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Started Using Maxima - Some Essentials == This section is intended for those that are new to Maxima. It may or may not be of value or interest to those having prior experience. === The Maxima Way of doing Mathematics === Imagine that you want to create a computer application to perform some general mathematical tasks - not merely numerical calculations or "number crunching" as it is sometimes referred to somewhat pejoratively. It seems likely that it would be realized early on that, unlike humans that can interpret concepts and notation using context, computers and programming software generally are intolerant of any sort of ambiguity. Progress is being made in providing programming software with the ability to interpret based on context, but not here in Maxima. The Maxima expression syntax was created to be logical as well as unambiguous and precise in meaning and intention. Another realization likely would be that mathematical expressions are the essential object on which mathematical concepts hinge, and that these concepts are conveyed using a conventional (if not entirely standard) system of notation. So, the means to compose mathematical expressions using some syntax for interpreting mathematical notation that your program could read and process as input would be essential. So Maxima is not a programming language in the conventional sense. With the foregoing in mind, before starting to see examples of Maxima in action, keep the following in mind while learning and using Maxima: * Expressions of various types (especially mathematical expressions) are the input to Maxima * Every expression returns a value which is displayed as output unless the display is suppressed by some means * Expressions as input are entered using an expression syntax that Maxima can read and process ==== Maxima expressions are of three types: ==== # Mathematical expressions # Object expressions # Programming expressions ==== Maxima expressions are comprised of two "ingredients" so to speak: ==== # Atoms # Operators ==== Atoms: ==== These are one type of the built-in basic expression ingredients of Maxima. They are: # Identifiers - names used alone or to identify other expressions by name # Literal numerals for numbers - integer, fraction, and floating point literals # Strings - quoted strings of one or more characters ==== Operators: ==== These are the second type of the built-in expression ingredients of Maxima. Including: # Mathematical operators such as + , - , * , /, ^ , ! for addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication, division, exponentiation, factorial and the like. Internally to Maxima these are short-hand symbols for operators. Maxima operators also include "functions" such as sin(x), log(x), etc. # Operators that are used to accomplish something other than for mathematical purposes '''Note:''' It is important to point out that there is a difference between operators, functions as used in the context of programming, and the mathematical concept of functions. In this book all Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word that are built-in to Maxima (that is "out-of-the-box" so to speak) will be referred to as operators, including those from loaded packages that are included with the Maxima distribution. Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word created by the user will be referred to as functions. The context should make it clear when the mathematical concept of a function is being referred to. It is unfortunately the case that the Maxima documentation refers to operators as functions. Like so much else, the word "function" has become overloaded. === A Brief Introduction to Expressions - Atoms, Identifiers and Operators === Below follows a brief introduction to Maxima expressions. All Maxima expressions are composed of '''''atoms''''' (including identifiers) and '''''operators''''', and every expression has a value. With the foregoing information in mind, Maxima can be used to provide some examples of these various aspects of working with Maxima. This will be accomplished in the spirit of providing some insight and clarity for how to interact with Maxima, and how to compose expressions for input and how to interpret the values of expressions as output. === <u>Atoms</u> === There are three types of atoms used as "ingredients" for composing Maxima expressions for input: # Identifiers # Numerical literals for representing numbers # Strings An elaboration of the technical details of each of these three types will follow in subsequent sections. In this section is a brief introduction, and examples of each of these types presented to gain a basic level of familiarity with each type of atom. ==== <u>Identifiers</u> ==== Identifiers are one type of what are termed '''''atoms''''' as used in the context of Maxima expressions, but they are unique in that they are the only type of atom that can be assigned an expression other than their literal value. Identifiers as atoms are used in Maxima expressions for two main purposes: # To be unassigned an expression, and serve as a named variable # To name an expression by way of an assignment operator Try the following using Python: <code>m + n</code><syntaxhighlight lang="python3"> >>> m + n Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> NameError: name 'm' is not defined >>> </syntaxhighlight>or using R:<syntaxhighlight lang="r"> > m + n Error: object 'm' not found > </syntaxhighlight>or using Octave:<syntaxhighlight lang="octave"> octave:1> m + n error: 'm' undefined near line 1, column 1 octave:2> </syntaxhighlight>Now, try this using Maxima:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> Maxima 5.49.0 https://maxima.sourceforge.io using Lisp SBCL 2.0.1.debian Distributed under the GNU Public License. See the file COPYING. Dedicated to the memory of William Schelter. The function bug_report() provides bug reporting information. (%i1) m + n; (%o1) n + m </syntaxhighlight>Take it on faith that the identifiers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code> are in the Maxima namespace as a consequence of this expression, and that each has a value assigned by Maxima merely as a consequence of being used in the <code>m + n</code> input expression – <code>m</code> is <code>m</code> and <code>n</code> is <code>n</code> in this case.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i2) m; (%o2) m (%i3) n; (%o3) n </syntaxhighlight>A value for any identifier (other than itself) may never be assigned while using Maxima no matter how many times it is referenced. That is perfectly okay. Maxima doesn't care. But sometimes a value is assigned to an identifier – either the first time it is referenced or after it is first referenced:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) m : n; (m) n (%i5) m; (%o5) n (%i6) remvalue(m); (%o6) [m] (%i7) m; (%o7) m </syntaxhighlight>In the above expressions, the identifier <code>m</code> is assigned, using the <code>:</code> assignment operator, the value of identifier <code>n</code> (which is in this case <code>n</code>), and then the value of <code>m</code> is removed using the <code>remvalue()</code> operator. Thus, the value of <code>m</code> reverts to itself – <code>m</code>. These expressions, while trivial in a sense, provide some insight into an important way Maxima behaves. When identifiers are first referenced as input, they have a value – either a value through some sort of assignment, or merely the identifier name itself. Identifiers can be assigned values by different means as part of expressions as input. Below follows some examples of Maxima identifiers as a very brief introduction:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i1) x; /* An unassigned identifier x */ (%o1) x (%i2) mass; /* An unassigned identifier name of mass */ (%o2) mass (%i3) f(x); /* An identifier f(x) for unassigned Maxima user-defined function */ (%o3) f(x) (%i4) is(x = X); /* Identifiers are case-sensitive - x is not X */ (%o4) false (%i6) y = x^2; /* Identifiers x and y used in an expression */ (%o6) y=x^2 (%i7) x : sqrt(2); /* Idenifier x assigned a value */ (x) sqrt(2) /* An identifier w(x,y,z) for a Maxima user-defined function */ (%i8) w(x,w,z) := a*x^2 + b*y^2 + c*z^2; (%o8) w(x,w,z):=a*x^2+b*y^2+c*z^2</syntaxhighlight>Maxima identifiers serve to name expressions as a value by means on some type of assignment, or they can be simply a name with a value of the name itself, in which case these unassigned identifiers may be considered to be variables. The technical details of Identifiers, assignment types, and expressions are elaborated upon in other book sections for each of these topics. ==== <u>Numerical literals for representing numbers</u> ==== There are four types of numerical literal atoms used to compose Maxima expressions: # Integers # Fractions (for rational numbers) # Floating Point # Bigfloat (variable-precision floating point) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) 1234; /* This is an integer type. */ (%o8) 1234 (%i9) 5/9; /* This is a fraction for a rational number type. */ (%o9) 5/9 (%i10) 3.14159; /* This is a floating point type. */ (%o10) 3.14159 (%i11) 5.532051841609784b-1; /* This is a bigfloat type. */ (%o11) 5.532051841609784b-1 </syntaxhighlight> ==== <u>Strings</u> ==== Strings are simply a quoted sequence of characters: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) "a string atom"; /* This is a string atom. */ (%o12) "a string atom" (%i13) "Hello World!"; /* This is another string atom. */ (%o13) "Hello World!" (%i14) "Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious"; /* This is a longer string atom. */ (%o14) "Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious" (%i15) "C"; /* There is no Maxima character type. */ (%o15) "C" </syntaxhighlight> === <u>Operators</u> === Along with atoms, Maxima operators are the second ingredient used to form expressions used as input. There are many Maxima operators. Some are used frequently as a consequence of their utility for forming mathematical expressions. Many others are used infrequently as these operators are used for specialized purposes. {| class="wikitable" |+Operators !Operator !Operation !Notes !Type |- |<u>'''Arithmetic'''</u> | | | |- | '''+''' |addition |also unary addition prefix |n-ary infix commutative |- | '''-''' |subtaction |also unary negation prefix |binary infix noncommutative |- |'''*''' |multiplication | |n-ary infix commutative |- |'''/''' |division |or fraction |binary infix noncommutative |- |'''^''' |exponentiation | |binary postfix noncommutative |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Relational'''</u> | | | |- |'''<''' |less than | | |- |'''<=''' |less than or equal | | |- |'''>''' |greater than | | |- |'''>=''' |greater thanor equal | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Logical'''</u> | | | |- |'''and''' |and | | |- |'''not''' |not | | |- |'''or''' |or | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Equations'''</u> | | | |- |'''=''' |equality | | |- |'''#''' |negation of syntactic equality = | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Assignment'''</u> | | | |- |''':''' |assignment to left hand side |evaluates right hand side | |- |'''::''' |assignment to left hand side |evaluates both sides | |- |''':=''' |function definition |does not evaluate right hand side | |- |'''::=''' |macro function definition | | |- |'''define''' () |function definition |does evaluate right hand side | |} {| class="wikitable" |+Mathematical Functions !Functions ! ! ! |- |'''<u>Numbers</u>''' | | | |- |'''abs''' () | | | |- |'''ceiling''' () | | | |- |'''entier''' <var>()</var> | | | |- |'''floor''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''fix''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''hstep''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''lmax''' <var>(L)</var> | | | |- |'''lmin''' <var>(L)</var> | | | |- |'''max''' <var>(x_1, …, x_n)</var> | | | |- |'''min''' <var>(x_1, …, x_n)</var> | | | |- |'''round''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''signum''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''truncate''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Complex</u>''' '''<u>Numbers</u>''' | | | |- |'''cabs''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- |'''carg''' <var>(z)</var> | | | |- |'''conjugate''' <var>(x</var> | | | |- |'''imagpart''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- |'''polarform''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- |'''realpart''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- |'''rectform''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Combinatorial</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Root</u>''' '''<u>Exponential</u>''' '''<u>Logarithmic</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Trigonometric</u>''' '''<u>Hyperbolic</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Random</u>''' '''<u>Numbers</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |} ; ; ; ; ; {{BookCat}} 8ynfeoe37x6l4c83ikhke2tqkwns9mh 4635650 4635632 2026-05-14T01:17:45Z Idavidmiller 3577687 /* Getting Started Using Maxiwma - Some Essentials */ Work in progress. Saving Changes. 4635650 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Started Using Maxima - Some Essentials == This section is intended for those that are new to Maxima. It may or may not be of value or interest to those having prior experience. === The Maxima Way of doing Mathematics === Imagine that you want to create a computer application to perform some general mathematical tasks - not merely numerical calculations or "number crunching" as it is sometimes referred to somewhat pejoratively. It seems likely that it would be realized early on that, unlike humans that can interpret concepts and notation using context, computers and programming software generally are intolerant of any sort of ambiguity. Progress is being made in providing programming software with the ability to interpret based on context, but not here in Maxima. The Maxima expression syntax was created to be logical as well as unambiguous and precise in meaning and intention. Another realization likely would be that mathematical expressions are the essential object on which mathematical concepts hinge, and that these concepts are conveyed using a conventional (if not entirely standard) system of notation. So, the means to compose mathematical expressions using some syntax for interpreting mathematical notation that your program could read and process as input would be essential. So Maxima is not a programming language in the conventional sense. With the foregoing in mind, before starting to see examples of Maxima in action, keep the following in mind while learning and using Maxima: * Expressions of various types (especially mathematical expressions) are the input to Maxima * Every expression returns a value which is displayed as output unless the display is suppressed by some means * Expressions as input are entered using an expression syntax that Maxima can read and process ==== Maxima expressions are of three types: ==== # Mathematical expressions # Object expressions # Programming expressions ==== Maxima expressions are comprised of two "ingredients" so to speak: ==== # Atoms # Operators ==== Atoms: ==== These are one type of the built-in basic expression ingredients of Maxima. They are: # Identifiers - names used alone or to identify other expressions by name # Literal numerals for numbers - integer, fraction, and floating point literals # Strings - quoted strings of one or more characters ==== Operators: ==== These are the second type of the built-in expression ingredients of Maxima. Including: # Mathematical operators such as + , - , * , /, ^ , ! for addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication, division, exponentiation, factorial and the like. Internally to Maxima these are short-hand symbols for operators. Maxima operators also include "functions" such as sin(x), log(x), etc. # Operators that are used to accomplish something other than for mathematical purposes '''Note:''' It is important to point out that there is a difference between operators, functions as used in the context of programming, and the mathematical concept of functions. In this book all Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word that are built-in to Maxima (that is "out-of-the-box" so to speak) will be referred to as operators, including those from loaded packages that are included with the Maxima distribution. Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word created by the user will be referred to as functions. The context should make it clear when the mathematical concept of a function is being referred to. It is unfortunately the case that the Maxima documentation refers to operators as functions. Like so much else, the word "function" has become overloaded. === A Brief Introduction to Expressions - Atoms, Identifiers and Operators === Below follows a brief introduction to Maxima expressions. All Maxima expressions are composed of '''''atoms''''' (including identifiers) and '''''operators''''', and every expression has a value. With the foregoing information in mind, Maxima can be used to provide some examples of these various aspects of working with Maxima. This will be accomplished in the spirit of providing some insight and clarity for how to interact with Maxima, and how to compose expressions for input and how to interpret the values of expressions as output. === <u>Atoms</u> === There are three types of atoms used as "ingredients" for composing Maxima expressions for input: # Identifiers # Numerical literals for representing numbers # Strings An elaboration of the technical details of each of these three types will follow in subsequent sections. In this section is a brief introduction, and examples of each of these types presented to gain a basic level of familiarity with each type of atom. ==== <u>Identifiers</u> ==== Identifiers are one type of what are termed '''''atoms''''' as used in the context of Maxima expressions, but they are unique in that they are the only type of atom that can be assigned an expression other than their literal value. Identifiers as atoms are used in Maxima expressions for two main purposes: # To be unassigned an expression, and serve as a named variable # To name an expression by way of an assignment operator Try the following using Python: <code>m + n</code><syntaxhighlight lang="python3"> >>> m + n Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> NameError: name 'm' is not defined >>> </syntaxhighlight>or using R:<syntaxhighlight lang="r"> > m + n Error: object 'm' not found > </syntaxhighlight>or using Octave:<syntaxhighlight lang="octave"> octave:1> m + n error: 'm' undefined near line 1, column 1 octave:2> </syntaxhighlight>Now, try this using Maxima:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> Maxima 5.49.0 https://maxima.sourceforge.io using Lisp SBCL 2.0.1.debian Distributed under the GNU Public License. See the file COPYING. Dedicated to the memory of William Schelter. The function bug_report() provides bug reporting information. (%i1) m + n; (%o1) n + m </syntaxhighlight>Take it on faith that the identifiers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code> are in the Maxima namespace as a consequence of this expression, and that each has a value assigned by Maxima merely as a consequence of being used in the <code>m + n</code> input expression – <code>m</code> is <code>m</code> and <code>n</code> is <code>n</code> in this case.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i2) m; (%o2) m (%i3) n; (%o3) n </syntaxhighlight>A value for any identifier (other than itself) may never be assigned while using Maxima no matter how many times it is referenced. That is perfectly okay. Maxima doesn't care. But sometimes a value is assigned to an identifier – either the first time it is referenced or after it is first referenced:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) m : n; (m) n (%i5) m; (%o5) n (%i6) remvalue(m); (%o6) [m] (%i7) m; (%o7) m </syntaxhighlight>In the above expressions, the identifier <code>m</code> is assigned, using the <code>:</code> assignment operator, the value of identifier <code>n</code> (which is in this case <code>n</code>), and then the value of <code>m</code> is removed using the <code>remvalue()</code> operator. Thus, the value of <code>m</code> reverts to itself – <code>m</code>. These expressions, while trivial in a sense, provide some insight into an important way Maxima behaves. When identifiers are first referenced as input, they have a value – either a value through some sort of assignment, or merely the identifier name itself. Identifiers can be assigned values by different means as part of expressions as input. Below follows some examples of Maxima identifiers as a very brief introduction:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i1) x; /* An unassigned identifier x */ (%o1) x (%i2) mass; /* An unassigned identifier name of mass */ (%o2) mass (%i3) f(x); /* An identifier f(x) for unassigned Maxima user-defined function */ (%o3) f(x) (%i4) is(x = X); /* Identifiers are case-sensitive - x is not X */ (%o4) false (%i6) y = x^2; /* Identifiers x and y used in an expression */ (%o6) y=x^2 (%i7) x : sqrt(2); /* Idenifier x assigned a value */ (x) sqrt(2) /* An identifier w(x,y,z) for a Maxima user-defined function */ (%i8) w(x,w,z) := a*x^2 + b*y^2 + c*z^2; (%o8) w(x,w,z):=a*x^2+b*y^2+c*z^2</syntaxhighlight>Maxima identifiers serve to name expressions as a value by means on some type of assignment, or they can be simply a name with a value of the name itself, in which case these unassigned identifiers may be considered to be variables. The technical details of Identifiers, assignment types, and expressions are elaborated upon in other book sections for each of these topics. ==== <u>Numerical literals for representing numbers</u> ==== There are four types of numerical literal atoms used to compose Maxima expressions: # Integers # Fractions (for rational numbers) # Floating Point # Bigfloat (variable-precision floating point) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) 1234; /* This is an integer type. */ (%o8) 1234 (%i9) 5/9; /* This is a fraction for a rational number type. */ (%o9) 5/9 (%i10) 3.14159; /* This is a floating point type. */ (%o10) 3.14159 (%i11) 5.532051841609784b-1; /* This is a bigfloat type. */ (%o11) 5.532051841609784b-1 </syntaxhighlight> ==== <u>Strings</u> ==== Strings are simply a quoted sequence of characters: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) "a string atom"; /* This is a string atom. */ (%o12) "a string atom" (%i13) "Hello World!"; /* This is another string atom. */ (%o13) "Hello World!" (%i14) "Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious"; /* This is a longer string atom. */ (%o14) "Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious" (%i15) "C"; /* There is no Maxima character type. */ (%o15) "C" </syntaxhighlight> === <u>Operators</u> === Along with atoms, Maxima operators are the second ingredient used to form expressions used as input. There are many Maxima operators. Some are used frequently as a consequence of their utility for forming mathematical expressions. Many others are used infrequently as these operators are used for specialized purposes. {| class="wikitable" |+Operators !Operator !Operation !Notes !Type |- |<u>'''Arithmetic'''</u> | | | |- | '''+''' |addition |also unary addition prefix |n-ary infix commutative |- | '''-''' |subtaction |also unary negation prefix |binary infix noncommutative |- |'''*''' |multiplication | |n-ary infix commutative |- |'''/''' |division |or fraction |binary infix noncommutative |- |'''^''' |exponentiation | |binary postfix noncommutative |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Relational'''</u> | | | |- |'''<''' |less than | |binary infix |- |'''<=''' |less than or equal | |binary infix |- |'''>''' |greater than | |binary infix |- |'''>=''' |greater thanor equal | |binary infix |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Logical'''</u> | | | |- |'''and''' |and | |n-ary infix |- |'''not''' |not | | |- |'''or''' |or | |n-ary infix |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Equations'''</u> | | | |- |'''=''' |equality | | |- |'''#''' |negation of syntactic equality = | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |<u>'''Assignment'''</u> | | | |- |''':''' |assignment to left hand side |evaluates right hand side | |- |'''::''' |assignment to left hand side |evaluates both sides | |- |''':=''' |function definition |does not evaluate right hand side | |- |'''::=''' |macro function definition | | |- |'''define''' () |function definition |does evaluate right hand side | |} {| class="wikitable" |+Mathematical Functions !Functions ! ! ! |- |'''<u>Numbers</u>''' | | | |- |'''abs''' () | | | |- |'''ceiling''' () | | | |- |'''entier''' <var>()</var> | | | |- |'''floor''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''fix''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''hstep''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''lmax''' <var>(L)</var> | | | |- |'''lmin''' <var>(L)</var> | | | |- |'''max''' <var>(x_1, …, x_n)</var> | | | |- |'''min''' <var>(x_1, …, x_n)</var> | | | |- |'''round''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''signum''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- |'''truncate''' <var>(x)</var> | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Complex</u>''' '''<u>Numbers</u>''' | | | |- |'''cabs''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- |'''carg''' <var>(z)</var> | | | |- |'''conjugate''' <var>(x</var> | | | |- |'''imagpart''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- |'''polarform''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- |'''realpart''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- |'''rectform''' <var>(expr)</var> | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Combinatorial</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Root</u>''' '''<u>Exponential</u>''' '''<u>Logarithmic</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Trigonometric</u>''' '''<u>Hyperbolic</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | colspan="4" | |- |'''<u>Random</u>''' '''<u>Numbers</u>''' | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |} ; ; ; ; ; {{BookCat}} nigoseap1wtkijhgn6xpge1ijepis76 0 482808 4635668 4632662 2026-05-14T07:14:56Z Kwfd 3577794 Added template 4635668 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Named Chess Openings]] uses 8 main templates, 1 for chess in general and 7 exclusive to Named Chess Openings. <br> 1 for chess in general:<br> * <code><nowiki>{{Chess diagram}}</nowiki></code><br> 6 exclusive to Named Chess Openings:<br> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/rare}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/blunder}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/continuation}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/incomplete}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/meme}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/duplicate}}</nowiki></code> == <nowiki>{{Chess diagram}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Chess diagram}}</nowiki></code> should always be used at the top of an opening entry. You have to manually place the pieces. The opening name caption is written in parameter '''2''', while the "Position after [moves]" caption is written in parameter '''67'''. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/rare}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/rare}}</nowiki></code> should be used for opening entries with '''less than 100 games''' on the Lichess database. === gameamount === The parameter <code>gameamount</code> is to indicate how many games were played with that opening on Lichess. The default value is 'less than 100'. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/blunder}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/blunder}}</nowiki></code> should be used for opening entries where one side '''blunders a piece'''. === side === The parameter <code>side</code> indicates the side who blunders the piece. The default value is 'one side'. === piece === The parameter <code>piece</code> indicates the piece that was blundered. The default value is 'piece'. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/continuation}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/continuation}}</nowiki></code> should be used for opening entries where the opening is a '''Lichess-named continuation''' of the original/parent opening. === parentopening === The parameter <code>parentopening</code> indicates the parent opening of the continuation. The default value is 'a named opening'. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/incomplete}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/incomplete}}</nowiki></code> should be used for opening entries that are '''incomplete in their current form'''. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/meme}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/meme}}</nowiki></code> should be used for opening entries where the opening is a '''meme/joke opening'''. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}}</nowiki></code> should be used at the end of every opening entry and is for '''guiding contributors to the book style and template usage pages''', helping them contribute. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/duplicate}}</nowiki></code> should be used for opening entries which has the exact same full name as '''another opening'''. === duplicates === The parameter <code>duplicates</code> indicates the similarly named opening(s). {{BookCat}} fd46qxwgx0e5cjg5rvyawaklkblwl4y 3 483050 4635675 4634056 2026-05-14T09:37:29Z ~2026-29002-30 3586642 /* Whack */ new section 4635675 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Talk:The science of finance/Introduction to economics]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Test page</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:The science of finance/Introduction to economics|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 2 May 2026 (UTC) == May 2026 == {{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Please, can you [[Using Wikibooks|help]] improve [[WB:WIW|Wikibooks]]''' by [[Special:Contributions/Babywacko|doing future experiments]] with the [[Help:Contents|wiki software]] in the [{{fullurl:Wikibooks:Sandbox|action=edit}} sandbox] instead? Your fellow contributors consider test edits in the sandbox constructive. You can ask questions or ask for help in the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].<br /> Thanks. }} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:02, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Whack == Whack [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-29002-30|&#126;2026-29002-30]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-29002-30|talk]]) 09:37, 14 May 2026 (UTC) as59hlfmb8xt14msc93pxj6vlukk17y 102 483115 4635584 4634131 2026-05-13T14:41:11Z Itzv1ktor 3581155 Added categories and wiki links 4635584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=excessive capitalization, missing quantities, missing ingredient links, missing categories, missing cookbook templates, stylistic adjustments needed, incorrect formatting}} [[File:Abacha (or Afrcan Salad).jpg|thumb]] '''Abacha''', often called African salad, is a traditional dish from southeastern Nigeria, especially among the Igbo people. Despite the name “salad,” it’s quite different from Western salads—Abacha is hearty, flavorful, and deeply rooted in local culinary traditions. At its core, Abacha is made from dried, shredded cassava. The cassava is harvested, cooked, sliced into thin strips, and then sun-dried. Before serving, these strips are soaked in water to soften them, giving the dish its signature chewy texture. What really defines Abacha is its rich, spicy dressing. This is typically made with palm oil, potash (which helps emulsify the oil), ground crayfish, pepper, salt, and sometimes fermented ingredients like ugba (oil bean seeds). The mixture coats the cassava, creating a bold, slightly tangy flavor. == INGREDIENTS == * [[Cookbook:Cassava|Dried shredded cassava]] (Abacha) === For the sauce/dressing === * [[Cookbook:Palm Oil|Palm oil]] * [[Cookbook:Potash|Potash (akanwu/kaun)]] – helps thicken and emulsify the sauce * [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Ground crayfish]] * [[Cookbook:Pepper|Pepper]] * Salt * Seasoning cubes {{Recipe summary | Category = salad recipies | Cuisine = Nigerian | Difficulty = 1 }} === Traditional add-ins === * Ugba * Smoked fish or dried fish * Ponmo (cow skin) === Vegetables & garnishes === * [[Cookbook:Utazi|Utazi leaves]] * [[Cookbook:Garden Egg|Garden eggs (African eggplant)]] * Onions === Optional extras (depending on preference) === * [[wikipedia:Stockfish|Stockfish]] * Kpomo sauce or meat bits * Fresh herbs == PROCEDURE == * Soak the dried Abacha in warm water until soft, then drain. * Mix palm oil with a little dissolved potash until it thickens. * Add crayfish, pepper, salt, and seasoning to the oil. * Combine the softened Abacha with the sauce. * Stir in Ugba and any proteins like fish or ponmo. * Add onions, utazi leaves, and garden eggs. * Mix well and serve. [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipies made with fish]] [[Category:Salad recipies]] [[Category:Recipies made with crayfish]] qll7ik85pesb5ot20a4xg0liyyvzf5z 4635585 4635584 2026-05-13T14:45:12Z Itzv1ktor 3581155 Added categories and wiki links 4635585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=excessive capitalization, missing quantities, missing ingredient links, missing categories, missing cookbook templates, stylistic adjustments needed, incorrect formatting}} [[File:Abacha (or Afrcan Salad).jpg|thumb]] '''Abacha''', often called African salad, is a traditional dish from southeastern Nigeria, especially among the Igbo people. Despite the name “salad,” it’s quite different from Western salads—Abacha is hearty, flavorful, and deeply rooted in local culinary traditions. At its core, Abacha is made from dried, shredded cassava. The cassava is harvested, cooked, sliced into thin strips, and then sun-dried. Before serving, these strips are soaked in water to soften them, giving the dish its signature chewy texture. What really defines Abacha is its rich, spicy dressing. This is typically made with palm oil, potash (which helps emulsify the oil), ground crayfish, pepper, salt, and sometimes fermented ingredients like ugba (oil bean seeds). The mixture coats the cassava, creating a bold, slightly tangy flavor. == INGREDIENTS == * [[Cookbook:Cassava|Dried shredded cassava]] (Abacha) === For the sauce/dressing === * [[Cookbook:Palm Oil|Palm oil]] * [[Cookbook:Potash|Potash (akanwu/kaun)]] – helps thicken and emulsify the sauce * [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Ground crayfish]] * [[Cookbook:Pepper|Pepper]] * Salt * Seasoning cubes {{Recipe summary | Category = salad recipies | Cuisine = Nigerian | Difficulty = 1 }} === Traditional add-ins === * Ugba * Smoked fish or dried fish * Ponmo (cow skin) === Vegetables & garnishes === * [[Cookbook:Utazi|Utazi leaves]] * [[Cookbook:Garden Egg|Garden eggs (African eggplant)]] * Onions === Optional extras (depending on preference) === * [[wikipedia:Stockfish|Stockfish]] * Kpomo sauce or meat bits * Fresh herbs == PROCEDURE == * Soak the dried Abacha in warm water until soft, then drain. * Mix palm oil with a little dissolved potash until it thickens. * Add crayfish, pepper, salt, and seasoning to the oil. * Combine the softened Abacha with the sauce. * Stir in Ugba and any proteins like fish or ponmo. * Add onions, utazi leaves, and garden eggs. * Mix well and serve. [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipies made with fish]] [[Category:Salad recipies]] patbuu2vban2nhbqzjz79fh408mrumz 3 483122 4635579 4634805 2026-05-13T14:20:06Z Itzv1ktor 3581155 /* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply 4635579 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:45, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Itzv1ktor|Itzv1ktor]] I notice that you are rapidly adding many recipes, but so far they don't meet the cookbook requirements—could you please fix these recipes before adding any more? Let me know if you have questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:50, 5 May 2026 (UTC) ::How can I fix it ? [[User:Itzv1ktor|Itzv1ktor]] ([[User talk:Itzv1ktor|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Itzv1ktor|contribs]]) 06:16, 7 May 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Itzv1ktor|Itzv1ktor]] [[Cookbook:Manual of Style]] and [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template]] give detailed instructions on how to correctly format recipes here, and I listed the issues with each recipe in the box at the top of its page. I made some corrections to [[Cookbook:Nigerian Ewa Agoyin]] so you can see a little of what I mean, but there are still some residual issues with that recipe, and I outlined them at the recipe page. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:58, 8 May 2026 (UTC) ::::okay thank you [[User:Itzv1ktor|Itzv1ktor]] ([[User talk:Itzv1ktor|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Itzv1ktor|contribs]]) 14:20, 13 May 2026 (UTC) 8yjah5pa4kc63i2p0ti2ws2jms6cxrt 102 483133 4635583 4634631 2026-05-13T14:32:51Z Itzv1ktor 3581155 Added categories and wiki links 4635583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe}}{{Recipe summary}}{{Recipe summary | Name = Zobo | Category = Beverage recipies | Cuisine = Nigerian | Yield = 1 liter | Servings = 1-4 | Time = 1 hour | Difficulty = 1 | Energy = 100-200 cal | Note = Sweet ,Refreshing and cool }}[[File:Chilled Zobo drink.jpg|thumb]] '''Zobo''' is a popular Nigerian drink brewed ''from dried petals of the Hibiscus sabdariffa.it is a '''non-alcoholic herbal drink''' known for its deep red color, slightly tart taste.It is usually flavoured with ingredients like ginger, cloves, or pineapple and served best served chilled,especially in hot weather.'' == INGREDIENTS == * Dried hibiscus petals [[Cookbook:Hibiscus|(Hibiscus sabdariffa)]] * [[Cookbook:Ginger|Ginger]] * [[Cookbook:Clove|Cloves]] * [[Cookbook:Pineapple|Pineapple]] (fruit or peel, optional) * Sugar or [[Cookbook:Sweeteners|sweetener]] (to taste) * Water * [[Cookbook:Lemon|Lemon]] or [[Cookbook:Lime|lime]] (optional for extra flavour) == PROCEDURE == == 1. Sort and wash the hibiscus petals == * Pour the dried hibiscus petals into a bowl. * Pick out any dirt, sticks, or impurities. * Rinse thoroughly with clean water 2–3 times. * Drain and set aside. <references /> ---- == 2. Prepare the flavour ingredients == * Peel and slice ginger into small pieces (or blend slightly). * Wash cloves lightly. * Peel pineapple and cut into chunks (or use just the peel for stronger flavour). ---- == 3. Boil the base mixture == * Pour about '''4–6 liters of water''' into a large pot. * Add: ** Washed hibiscus petals ** Ginger ** Cloves ** Pineapple (or peel) * Cover and bring to a boil on medium heat. ---- == 4. Simmer for extraction == * Once boiling starts, reduce heat. * Let it simmer for '''20–40 minutes'''. * Stir occasionally with a wooden spoon. * You’ll notice the water turning deep red as the colour and flavour extract. == 5. Turn off heat and steep == * After simmering, turn off the heat. * Allow the mixture to '''steep for another 10–15 minutes''' for stronger taste. ---- == 6. Strain the liquid == * Place a fine sieve over a clean bowl or pot. * Carefully pour the mixture through the sieve. * Press lightly on the solids to extract more juice. * Discard the leftover pulp. ---- == 7. Sweeten and adjust flavour == * Add sugar to taste while the drink is still warm (easier to dissolve). * Stir well until fully dissolved. * Add lemon or lime juice if desired for extra freshness. ---- == 8. Cool and store == * Allow the drink to cool completely. * Pour into bottles or jugs using a funnel if needed. * Refrigerate for at least 2–4 hours before serving. == 9. Serving == * Best served chilled with ice cubes * Can be garnished with fruit slices if desired (optional) [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian beverages]] [[Category:Beverages]] [[Category:Beverages made with sugar]] [[Category:Refrigerated recipes]] lp703lehjswgm2ne7eam84hlh7tahko 102 483139 4635577 4634803 2026-05-13T14:16:28Z Itzv1ktor 3581155 Added categories and wiki links 4635577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Cuisine = Nigerian | Difficulty = 2 }}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=ingredients missing from procedure, unclear instructions (see talk page)}} {{Recipe}} Ewa agoyin is a popular Nigerian street food made from very soft and mashed beans with a rich, spicy, and deeply caramelized pepper sauce. Known for being simple, filling, and very flavorful, it is widely enjoyed across Nigeria, especially in cities like Lagos, where it is a common breakfast or lunch meal and is often served with bread, plantain, or yam. == Ingredients == * 4 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] [[Cookbook:Nigerian Brown Bean|brown beans]] or [[Cookbook:Honey Bean|honey beans]] * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] to taste * 2 cups water * 8–10 dried red [[Cookbook:Chiles|chile peppers]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]] * 1 cup [[Cookbook:Palm Oil|palm oil]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Dehydrated Broth|seasoning cube]] * 1 spoon [[Cookbook:Ground Crayfish|ground crayfish]] * A little [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]] or [[Cookbook:Ginger|ginger]] * 2–3 teaspoons [[Cookbook:Locust Bean|locusts beans]] == Procedure == # Cook the beans in plenty of water until they become extremely soft and mushy. # Stir or lightly mash the cooked beans until you get a smooth, thick, porridge-like texture. Season with salt to taste, and set aside. # [[File:Beans and fried plantains with Beef02.jpg|thumb]]Blend or grind dried pepper and fry it with chopped onions. Cook in palm oil and allow it to fry slowly until it becomes dark, thick, and smoky. # Add salt and seasoning cubes if desired, and continue frying until the oil rises and the sauce is well cooked. # Spoon the hot pepper sauce over the mashed beans and serve. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using honey bean]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using chile]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using palm oil]] [[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]] [[Category:Recipes using ground crayfish]] [[Category:Recipes using garlic]] [[Category:Recipes using ginger]] n4w97wxp3ce7d81uopdq28y3w9ol6c0 4635582 4635577 2026-05-13T14:24:05Z Itzv1ktor 3581155 Added categories and wiki links 4635582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Cuisine = Nigerian | Difficulty = 2 }}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=ingredients missing from procedure, unclear instructions (see talk page)}} {{Recipe}} Ewa agoyin is a popular Nigerian street food made from very soft and mashed beans with a rich, spicy, and deeply caramelized pepper sauce. Known for being simple, filling, and very flavorful, it is widely enjoyed across Nigeria, especially in cities like Lagos, where it is a common breakfast or lunch meal and is often served with bread, plantain, or yam. == Ingredients == * 4 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] [[Cookbook:Nigerian Brown Bean|brown beans]] or [[Cookbook:Honey Bean|honey beans]] * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] to taste * 2 cups water * 8–10 dried red [[Cookbook:Chiles|chile peppers]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]] * 1 cup [[Cookbook:Palm Oil|palm oil]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Dehydrated Broth|seasoning cube]] * 1 spoon [[Cookbook:Ground Crayfish|ground crayfish]] * A little [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]] or [[Cookbook:Ginger|ginger]] * 2–3 teaspoons [[Cookbook:Locust Bean|locusts beans]] == Procedure == # Cook the beans in plenty of water until they become extremely soft and mushy. # Stir or lightly mash the cooked beans until you get a smooth, thick, porridge-like texture. Season with salt to taste, and set aside. # [[File:Beans and fried plantains with Beef02.jpg|thumb]]Blend or grind dried pepper and fry it with chopped onions in a pot or pan.{{Recipe summary | Category = Bean recipies | Cuisine = Nigerian | Time = 1hour 30 minutes | Difficulty = 1 }} Cook in palm oil and allow it to fry slowly until it becomes dark, thick, and smoky. # Add salt and seasoning cubes if desired, and continue frying until the oil rises and the sauce is well cooked. # Spoon the hot pepper sauce over the mashed beans and serve. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using honey bean]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using chile]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using palm oil]] [[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]] [[Category:Recipes using ground crayfish]] [[Category:Recipes using garlic]] [[Category:Recipes using ginger]] [[Category:Bean recipes]] 46hac5wywtkhhp2jq86mdm1sfs7m5hj 102 483189 4635568 4635293 2026-05-13T13:23:51Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4635568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=headers don't match recipe requirements, missing appropriate linking, missing quantities, missing categories, missing recipe header template, general stylistic adjustments needed}} = Koki Beans = Koki beans, also knowc simply as ''Koki'', are a [[Traditional Abacus and Bead Arithmetic/Division/Guide to traditional division (帰除法)|traditional]] steamed bean pudding [[Common Lisp/First steps/Installation|commonly]] prepared in Cameroon and several regions of Central and West Africa. The dish is made from peeled beans blended into a smooth paste and mixed with palm oil, spices, and optional ingredients such as smoked fish or crayfish. The mixture is then wrapped, usually in banana leaves, and steamed until firm. {{Recipe summary | Name = {{subst:Koki beans}} | Category = Food | Cuisine = Cameroon | Origin = West African dish, | Servings = 4 | Difficulty = 3 | Image = Koki Beans.jpg }} Koki is appreciated for its rich flavor, soft texture, and high nutritional value. It is frequently served during family meals, ceremonies, festivals, and social gatherings. In many communities, Koki is traditionally eaten with boiled plantains, cassava, cocoyams, or pap made from fermented maize. The dish remains an important part of African culinary heritage and continues to be prepared both with traditional methods and modern kitchen equipment. == Main Ingredients == * 500 g black-eyed peas or cowpeas * 150 ml red palm oil * 1 medium onion * 1 or 2 chili peppers * Salt to taste * Water as needed == Optional Ingredients == * Smoked fish * Crayfish or dried shrimp * Garlic * Seasoning cubes * Vegetable oil * Fresh herbs == Wrapping Materials == * Banana leaves * Aluminum foil or heat-resistant containers if banana leaves are unavailable == Procedure == ==== Step 1: Soak the Beans ==== Wash the beans thoroughly and soak them in water for several hours or overnight. Soaking softens the beans and makes peeling easier. ==== Step 2: Remove the Skins ==== Rub the soaked beans between the hands to separate the skins from the seeds. Rinse several times with clean water until most of the skins are removed. ==== Step 3: Blend the Mixture ==== Blend the peeled beans together with onion, chili peppers, and a small amount of water until a smooth paste is obtained. The texture should be thick but soft enough to mix easily. ==== Step 4: Add Palm Oil and Seasoning ==== Transfer the bean paste into a bowl. Add red palm oil and salt, then mix thoroughly. Optional ingredients such as crayfish, smoked fish, or seasoning cubes may also be added at this stage. ==== Step 5: Prepare the Wrapping ==== Wash banana leaves and pass them briefly over heat to soften them. Fold the leaves into small containers or packets. ==== Step 6: Fill the Wrappers ==== Pour the bean mixture into the prepared banana leaf packets and close them securely to prevent water from entering during steaming. ==== Step 7: Steam the Koki ==== Arrange the wrapped portions in a large pot with a small amount of water at the bottom. Steam for approximately 1 to 2 hours, adding water when necessary to prevent the pot from drying out. ==== Step 8: Serve ==== Allow the Koki to cool slightly before serving. It may be eaten alone or accompanied by boiled plantains, cassava, sweet potatoes, or pap. == Notes == * Traditional Koki is usually prepared with red palm oil, which gives the dish its characteristic orange color. * Banana leaves contribute aroma and help maintain moisture during cooking. * The texture of Koki should be firm but soft when fully cooked. * Cooking time may vary depending on the size of the portions and the intensity of the heat. * Electric blenders and modern steamers are commonly used today, although traditional preparation methods remain popular. == Tips == * Use freshly soaked beans for a smoother texture. * Blend the beans thoroughly to avoid coarse particles in the final dish. * Avoid adding excessive water, as the mixture may become too soft during steaming. * Stir the batter well after adding palm oil to distribute the color evenly. * Check the water level regularly while steaming to avoid burning the pot. * If banana leaves are unavailable, use heat-resistant bowls or aluminum foil as substitutes. == Variations == * Smoked Fish Koki: Smoked fish may be mixed into the batter for additional flavor and protein * Crayfish Koki: Ground crayfish or dried shrimp can be added to create a richer taste commonly appreciated in coastal regions. * Vegetarian Version: A vegetarian version may be prepared without fish or seafood while maintaining the traditional seasoning and spices. * Low-Oil Version: Some modern recipes reduce the quantity of palm oil for dietary preferences while preserving the general texture of the dish. r6f92gl8wjxbv34kqbbziyxapqtzpqa 3 483199 4635569 4635117 2026-05-13T13:32:30Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Editing restriction */ new section 4635569 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:01, 8 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Golgbachev|Golgbachev]] I notice that you are rapidly adding many recipes, but so far they don't meet the cookbook requirements—could you please fix these recipes before adding more? Let me know if you have questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:35, 8 May 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Golgbachev|Golgbachev]] your latest recipes, in addition to your previous ones, still do not meet the cookbook requirements. Please do not add new recipes until your previous ones are fixed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:07, 10 May 2026 (UTC) == Editing restriction == @[[User:Golgbachev|Golgbachev]] Because you continue to create recipe pages that do not meet requirements and because you have not been engaging in discussion, I have temporarily restricted your ability to create new recipe pages in the Cookbook. I recommend taking this time to improve the recipes you have contributed so that they can stay in the main Cookbook namespace. Let me know if you have any questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:32, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ljjjibxbg3plrzvywm2m371zkni7l5x 4635572 4635569 2026-05-13T13:43:40Z Golgbachev 3581703 /* Editing restriction */ Reply 4635572 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:01, 8 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Golgbachev|Golgbachev]] I notice that you are rapidly adding many recipes, but so far they don't meet the cookbook requirements—could you please fix these recipes before adding more? Let me know if you have questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:35, 8 May 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Golgbachev|Golgbachev]] your latest recipes, in addition to your previous ones, still do not meet the cookbook requirements. Please do not add new recipes until your previous ones are fixed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:07, 10 May 2026 (UTC) == Editing restriction == @[[User:Golgbachev|Golgbachev]] Because you continue to create recipe pages that do not meet requirements and because you have not been engaging in discussion, I have temporarily restricted your ability to create new recipe pages in the Cookbook. I recommend taking this time to improve the recipes you have contributed so that they can stay in the main Cookbook namespace. Let me know if you have any questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:32, 13 May 2026 (UTC) :Really sorry, I had hidden my alerts and notifications. Could I know what I should improve on the previous articles and if you could indicate the steps to follow, that would help me a lot :Thanks in advance..... [[User:Golgbachev|Golgbachev]] ([[User talk:Golgbachev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Golgbachev|contribs]]) 13:43, 13 May 2026 (UTC) kud6ee721m1fmn7oh7q2muyyr04w294 0 483281 4635553 4635434 2026-05-13T12:26:17Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4635553 wikitext text/x-wiki Create Vampires: Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins Of Vampire Archetypes '''What is an Archetype?''' <br> According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Archetype means "the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies." [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype Archetype] <br> <br> An archetype is a pattern that repeats itself in many cultures, in several historical ages. <br> <br> Why do certain ideas or characters -- such as the trickster god, or the heroic figure, or the cosmic mother -- repeatedly arise in myths and belief systems? <br> <br> Archetypes provide a large frame, whereby people can analyze how different cultures develop similar concepts, or similar myths independently. These shared patterns indicate that people express common concerns, such as death, or fear of illness, in a similar manner. <br> <br> Although different cultures express particular differences, overall, vampires from other traditions are described as beings that drain life, return from the dead, or exist in a between state, between the living and the dead. <br> <br> When Researchers examine the similarities between vampires across cultures, Researchers and Creators define core features that create the vampire archetype. <br> <br> Although details differ, these vampire-like "beings" serve a similar cultural function. They may give warning, explain disease, and act as a valve releasing social anxieties. <br> <br> '''A general survey of vampire-like myths in global folklore''' <br> <br> ''African vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees <br> Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children. <br> Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force. <br> <br> ''European vampire-like "beings":''<br> <br> Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living. <br> Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks. <br> Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living. <br> Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation. <br> Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living. <br> <br> ''Asian vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy). <br> Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood. <br> Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night. <br> Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force. <br> Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth <br> <br> <br> ''Middle Eastern vampire-like "beings"'': <br> Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood. <br> Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality. <br> Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood. <br> <br> ''The American vampire-like "beings":'' <br> <br> Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock. <br> Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood. <br> Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood. <br> Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption. <br> <br> ''Oceanian vampire-like "beings":'' <br> Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.<br> A diversity of beliefs are reflected concerning these life-draining "beings." Through study, Researchers can better understand the development of the vampire archetype, and perhaps, readers will understand why it resonates in stories from around the world. {{BookCat}} knjurp3z876ty0psmaoae4ppkr8usqf 0 483282 4635552 4635502 2026-05-13T12:26:15Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4635552 wikitext text/x-wiki '''African Folklore''' <br> '''Asanbosam - Mythical Ghana vampire-like being''' Appearance: Asanbosam are said to have iron teeth. They are humanoid, with long hair. They have bat-like features, including large wings. Nature: Archetypal ogre. Vampiric Activity - They prey on humans, feeding off people who wander into their forest territory. Abilities: They live in trees and can attack from above. [[wikipedia:Sasabonsam|Sasabonsam - Wikipedia]] <br> '''Obayifo - Mythical West African vampire''' <br> <br> The obayifo is a myth that comes from West Africa. <br> <br> Appearance: The obayifo is described as a man or a woman. They look normal during the day, yet at night, they can be seen by their phosphorescent light that comes from their armpits or from their anal region. <br> <br> Nature: They can be male or female, although it has been suggested that the obayifo are primarily women. It is noted that the obayifo are greedy. <br> <br> Vampiric Activity: They are associated with negativity, and misfortune. They are reported as draining small children of blood, or draining the sap from plants. <br> <br> Abilities: They can fly. They will steal children. They can turn into a ball of flame, and are associated with human possession. <br> <br> Weakness: They avoid salt, Holy Priests, and may be vulnerable to starvation. <br> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obayifo '''Adze - A vampiric being, told by the people of Togo and Ghana''' Appearance: A male or female able to shift shape. It can change appearance from firefly to human. In human form, the Adze has the ability to possess its victim. Nature: Witchy. Vampiric Activity: The Adze can travel through cracks and keyholes as a firefly at night. It is able to '''''suck blood''''' from dreaming people, causing them to become ill, and possibly die. Abilities: Possession of a victim's family, or by those whom the victim is jealous. Weakness: None. There is no escape from an Adze. The Adze myth may have developed as a warning, describing the deadly effects of malaria, or mosquitoes, or both. [[wikipedia:Adze_(folklore)|Adze (folklore) - Wikipedia]] [[Bunson, Matthew (1993). The Vampire Encyclopedia. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 2.|Bunson, Matthew (1993). The Vampire Encyclopedia. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 2. ISBN]] Want to find out how a culture ''shaped by malaria from mosquitoes '''shaped''''' '''''vampire traits''''' in stories? Link: [[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]] {{BookCat}} iaxdr6emcuh8rk1nm1jhnmpneoladul 0 483283 4635551 4635452 2026-05-13T12:26:12Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4635551 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Public Domain Primary Sources''' (Safe for Wikibooks) <br> <br> These can be quoted freely because they are in the public domain.<br> <br> Polidori, John. The Vampyre. 1819. <br> <br> Rymer, James Malcolm. Varney the Vampire; or, The Feast of Blood. 1845–1847. <br> <br> Le Fanu, Sheridan. Carmilla. 1872. <br> <br> Stoker, Bram. Dracula. 1897. <br> {{BookCat}} 0qhdvv9sve6u2skin4omxh0pyczri4a 0 483284 4635550 4635461 2026-05-13T12:26:09Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4635550 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''A Definition For Vampire''':'' What are Vampires? <br> The definition for a vampire varies dependent on what dictionary one uses. For example: Dictionary.com has a general definition: Vampire: n. a preternatural being 2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon. [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire] According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is "a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire] {{BookCat}} 49ucg3re1hp1kzgbh5onarwgpbxezgb 0 483291 4635549 4635482 2026-05-13T12:26:06Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4635549 wikitext text/x-wiki '''How Cultural Traditions Shaped Modern Vampire Traits:''' A cultural warning, from the Ewe people, against malaria caused by mosquitoes, probably created a vampire-like insect (firefly) that sucks blood and can bring illness, or death. Poor understanding of decay in humans, such as the appearance of hair and nail growth, gassy corpses emitting sounds, and the appearance of blood around the mouth, caused by processes active during death, lends credence to the belief that the dead were still somewhat alive. This belief may have translated into vampire traits whereby vampires have bodies, instead of being clear like ghost, and were reanimation of the dead. Perhaps Christianity culturally shaped many vampire weaknesses. For example, crosses and holy water were symbols of divine protection. Garlic was used as a protective herb, while a belief that iron and silver may block harmful spirits could be the reason that vampires avoid silver which harms them. Vampires were repelled by garlic, and vampires feared crosses and holy water. Eastern Europeans experiences of blood loss, atrophy, and loss of energy may have been interpreted as attacks from vampires. Perhaps this fear developed into vampire traits such as vampirism that spreads like a disease, or a virus, and the method by which vampires feed: on blood. Many culture evolved myths about nighttime activities. Night time is less lit. The night has been associated with danger and the unknown. Vampires are active at night, they avoid the sunlight, which can often burn them alive. They are associated with predatory behavior, and darkness. The nachzehrer and the strigol are also associated with night time dwellers. Romantic and Gothic literature transformed the vampire from reddish colored and bloated, to pale and thin. Vampires were transformed from a dead body, to a charming being, possessing a high level of charisma. As Romantic and Gothic writers explored themes such as forbidden desire, sexuality, power, the boundary between life and death and immortality, vampires developed slow aging characteristics, magnetic allure, possessed immortality and existed somewhere between life and death, thus un-dead. The romantic qualities possessed by some vampires blur the lines between threat and attraction. {| class="wikitable" |+ Cultural Contributions to Modern Vampire Traits |- ! Culture / Region || Traditional Being(s) || Key Traits Contributed || How These Traits Shaped the Modern Vampire |- | Eastern Europe (Slavic, Romanian, Balkan) || Strigoi, Upir, Moroi, Vrykolakas || Reanimated corpse; nocturnal attacks; blood‑drinking; contagion; returning from the grave || Forms the core of the modern vampire: undead body, feeding on blood, spreading vampirism, rising from the grave |- | Western Europe (Germanic, Celtic) || Nachzehrer, Draugr || Corpse that harms the living; grave‑associated revenants; physical strength || Reinforces the idea of vampires as physically present, dangerous, and tied to burial practices |- | Middle East (Arabian, Turkish) || Ghul, Alp || Nocturnal predation; draining life or vitality; shape‑shifting|| Adds predatory stealth, dream‑draining, and the idea of supernatural feeding beyond blood |- | Africa (West African traditions) || Asanbosam, Obayifo, Adze || Tree‑dwelling predators; energy‑draining; witch‑like feeding || Influences modern “energy vampire” concepts and non‑blood feeding variations |- | China || Jiangshi || Reanimated corpse; stiff movement; qi‑draining; nocturna || Contributes the idea of life‑force draining and corpse‑like rigidity |- | Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia) || Penanggalan, Manananggal, Pontianak|| Female vampiric beings; night feeding; organ‑detachment; blood consumption || Shapes modern horror depictions of female vampires and body‑separation motifs |- | India || Vetala, Rakshasa || Spirit‑possession; corpse animation; predatory behavior || Adds psychological manipulation and possession themes to vampire fiction |- | Caribbean|| Soucouyant || Skin‑shedding; night feeding; fireball form || Influences shapeshifting and supernatural transformation tropes |- | Mesoamerica (Mexico || Tlahuelpuchi || Shape‑shifting; nocturnal feeding; hereditary vampirism || Contributes hereditary or “born vampire” concepts |- | Modern Western Literature (18th–19th century) || Polidori’s Vampyre, Le Fanu’s Carmilla, Stoker’s Dracula || Seduction; aristocracy; immortality; aversion to sunlight; sophisticated predator|| Establishes the literary vampire: charismatic, immortal, romanticized, and culturally iconic |} Vampire-like creatures appear in many shapes, in many fictional stories, yet they retain a similar core. They are depicted as beings that drain life, prey on the living, and exist between worlds. {{BookCat}} mshxhfnkduf1g9mtkzfd2yz09257qfu 0 483292 4635548 4635503 2026-05-13T12:26:02Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4635548 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Latin-American Folklore''' '''''Chupacabra'' - Mythical American Vampire''' <br> <br> Appearance: In Hispanic America, the chupacabra is heavy, reptilian and alienish. It is described as having a row of spines from neck to tail.<br> In the United States, it is more dog-like. Many reports of chupacabra were mostly dogs and coyotes with mange, which gave them an unusual appearance. <br> <br> Vampiric Activity: Chupacabra are thought to drink the blood of livestock, especially goats. <br> Many of the dead livestock had two holes in the neck. <br> <br> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra <br> '''''Tlahuelpuchi'' - Mythical Mexican Vampire''' <br> <br> Appearance: The Tlahuelpunchi has a glowing aura when it shape shifts. They can take the form of some birds when they hunt. <br> <br> Nature: Vampire-witch. According to myths, they are born with their curse, which develops around puberty. There are more females than males, with female power stronger than the males. <br> <br> Vampiric Activity: Sucks the blood of infants at night. <br> <br> Abilities: Shape shift (by detaching their bodies from their legs). <br> <br> Weakness: They must feed on blood at least once a month, or they will die. They avoid onions, garlic and metal.<br> <br> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra '''''Soucouyant'' - Mythical Caribbean Creature''' Appearance: Old man or woman during the day, at night they take off their old skin and put it in a mortar. Nature: practices black magic, witchy. Vampiric Activity: They are thought to be blood sucking creatures, who take blood from arms, necks, and legs while the victims are unconscious. Abilities: Shapeshift, trade blood for power with Bazil (demon). Weakness: Must stop to gather spilled rice, grain by grain. When they strip off their skin, and place it in a mortar, they can be destroyed by putting coarse salt in the mortar with its skin. [[wikipedia:Soucouyant|Soucouyant - Wikipedia]] '''''Wendigo'' - Mythical Native American Creature''' Appearance: Human like. In some versions of its stories, it is a giant humanoid with a heart of ice. Its presence can be detected by a foul smell or by chills. Nature: Evil spirit Vampiric Activity: They prey on humans to feed, in the form of human cannibalism. Abilities: They can possess human beings. They can cause insatiable hunger in victims, including a desire to eat other people. [[wikipedia:Wendigo|Wendigo - Wikipedia]] {{BookCat}} 7o0clg9q5iza4efn1qd3vmcwhh1s4wy 0 483294 4635547 4635521 2026-05-13T12:25:58Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4635547 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes''' {| class="wikitable" |+ Who Created Which Tropes |- ! Author / Creator !! Major Tropes Introduced or Codified |- | Polidori|| Aristocratic vampire, seductive gentleman |- | Le Fanu || Female seductress vampire, tragic intimacy |- | Stoker || Vampire weakness, hunters, castle, transformations |- | Burne-Jones & Kipling || Femme fatale "vamp," emotional vampirism |- | Murnau || Sunlight kills vampires, plague imagery |- | Lugosi || Cape, hypnotic stare, iconic mannerisms |- | Anne Rice || Sympathetic vampires, vampire society, moral conflict |- | Joss Whedon || Vampire dusting, vampire with a soul, teen metaphors |- | Stephenie Meyer || Sparkling vampires, integration into society, romance focus |- |} {{BookCat}} p83nelcmowy6mp0ntnccsb4ex9o1wds 4635554 4635547 2026-05-13T12:33:54Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 Added into section 4635554 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes''' * John Polidori - The Vampyre (1819) - Before Polidori, vampires were bloated, corpse-like normal folks in folklore. After Polidori, there emerged a sophisticated, upper-class vampire, the ancestor for most modern "sexy" vampire characters. * Sheridan Le Fanu - Carmilla (1872) - Le Fanu wrote a blueprint for the vampire as "forbidden desire" trope. His work directly influenced Bram Stoker. * Bram Stoker - '''Dracula''' (1897) - Stoker stabilized vampire traits into one standard version, shared around the world. * Philip Burn-Jones & Rudyard Kipling - The Vampire (1897) - Their painting and poem created early 20th century "vamp" archetype of a destructive yet tempting woman. This influenced pop culture and film. * Bela Lugosi - Dracula (1931) - Lugosi created a visual vampire archetype known around the world. * Anne Rice - Interview with the Vampire (1976) - Rice reinvented the vampire for modern readers and movie goers. * Joss Whedon - Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997) - Buffy created many storytelling rules that we used today. * Stephenie Meyer - Twilight (2005) - Twilight reshaped vampire fiction for a new audience.<br /> {| class="wikitable" |+ Who Created Which Tropes |- ! Author / Creator !! Major Tropes Introduced or Codified |- | Polidori|| Aristocratic vampire, seductive gentleman |- | Le Fanu || Female seductress vampire, tragic intimacy |- | Stoker || Vampire weakness, hunters, castle, transformations |- | Burne-Jones & Kipling || Femme fatale "vamp," emotional vampirism |- | Murnau || Sunlight kills vampires, plague imagery |- | Lugosi || Cape, hypnotic stare, iconic mannerisms |- | Anne Rice || Sympathetic vampires, vampire society, moral conflict |- | Joss Whedon || Vampire dusting, vampire with a soul, teen metaphors |- | Stephenie Meyer || Sparkling vampires, integration into society, romance focus |- |} {{BookCat}} a8xkqvji07qyvx8cg5ylm6alye1uel8 4635555 4635554 2026-05-13T12:36:30Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 bold and italicized a few key words. 4635555 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes''' * John Polidori - The Vampyre (1819) - Before Polidori, vampires were bloated, corpse-like normal folks in folklore. After Polidori, there emerged a sophisticated, upper-class vampire, the ancestor for most modern '''''sexy''''' vampire characters. * Sheridan Le Fanu - Carmilla (1872) - Le Fanu wrote a blueprint for the vampire as '''''forbidden desire''''' trope. His work directly influenced Bram Stoker. * Bram Stoker - '''Dracula''' (1897) - Stoker stabilized vampire traits into one standard version, shared around the world. * Philip Burn-Jones & Rudyard Kipling - The Vampire (1897) - Their painting and poem created early 20th century '''''vamp''''' archetype of a destructive yet tempting woman. This influenced pop culture and film. * Bela Lugosi - Dracula (1931) - Lugosi created a visual vampire archetype known around the world. * Anne Rice - Interview with the Vampire (1976) - Rice reinvented the vampire for modern readers and movie goers. * Joss Whedon - Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997) - Buffy created many storytelling rules that we used today. * Stephenie Meyer - Twilight (2005) - Twilight reshaped vampire fiction for a new audience.<br /> {| class="wikitable" |+ Who Created Which Tropes |- ! Author / Creator !! Major Tropes Introduced or Codified |- | Polidori|| Aristocratic vampire, seductive gentleman |- | Le Fanu || Female seductress vampire, tragic intimacy |- | Stoker || Vampire weakness, hunters, castle, transformations |- | Burne-Jones & Kipling || Femme fatale "vamp," emotional vampirism |- | Murnau || Sunlight kills vampires, plague imagery |- | Lugosi || Cape, hypnotic stare, iconic mannerisms |- | Anne Rice || Sympathetic vampires, vampire society, moral conflict |- | Joss Whedon || Vampire dusting, vampire with a soul, teen metaphors |- | Stephenie Meyer || Sparkling vampires, integration into society, romance focus |- |} {{BookCat}} gjd7xlx1hzbq1nwf9lu8o84f9g6ggo0 1 483295 4635546 4635527 2026-05-13T12:25:20Z MathXplore 3097823 Reset talk page with [[:w:simple:User:DannyS712/Reset talk|reset talk]] (version 1.1) 4635546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 3 483297 4635543 2026-05-13T12:24:17Z MathXplore 3097823 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4635543 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Guide to Tor hidden services and elements of the Tor network/Chapter 2: Hidden wikis in theory and practice]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Vandalism</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Guide to Tor hidden services and elements of the Tor network/Chapter 2: Hidden wikis in theory and practice|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:24, 13 May 2026 (UTC) jk4atx6hj29jlfe1s04orlufbt7vf8b 3 483298 4635545 2026-05-13T12:24:47Z MathXplore 3097823 delete1 ([[m:User:ZbVl/VD|Vandoom]]) 4635545 wikitext text/x-wiki == 2026-05-13 == <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left" lang="en">[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. Apologies for writing this in English, but I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28861-93|your recent contributions]] have been undone because you removed content without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to <span style="white-space:nowrap">Wikibooks</span> with an accurate [[:m:en:Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thanks. </div><!-- Glow-delete1 @ 1778675092843s --><nowiki></nowiki> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:24, 13 May 2026 (UTC) q1icar7cdt9rbw3xxex3qk45xdc6e7b 0 483299 4635556 2026-05-13T12:45:18Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 Added a definition for trope and a link 4635556 wikitext text/x-wiki '''What Is A Trope?''' According to Merriam-Webster, a trope is "a word or expression used in a figurative sense: Figure of Speech." 2. Cliche 3. Motif [[mwod:trope|TROPE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster]] h2gv4h3dgjxjso4pgfbseu6q3g685tv 4635558 4635556 2026-05-13T12:50:35Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4635558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''What Is A Trope?''' According to Merriam-Webster, a trope is "a word or expression used in a figurative sense: Figure of Speech." 2. Cliche 3. Motif [[mwod:trope|TROPE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster]] {{BookCat}} 783k4rts3um787qmep3nrghlgxgp3j4 4635562 4635558 2026-05-13T13:12:50Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4635562 wikitext text/x-wiki '''What Is A Trope?''' According to Merriam-Webster, a trope is "a word or expression used in a figurative sense: Figure of Speech." 2. Cliche 3. Motif [[mwod:trope|TROPE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster]] A trope is a reoccurring plot device, motif, archetype, or theme used by storytellers. Tropes build structure. Think of a trope as a construct used by creators to build narratives. Examples of popular trope plots include a "love triangle" or a "damsel in distress." [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/education/glossary/trope Trope | The Poetry Foundation] {{BookCat}} 891bzkejzxuds8czrs6kloyw0l6emnb 102 483300 4635560 2026-05-13T13:02:58Z Golgbachev 3581703 Wikibook creation (AfroCuisine 2026) 4635560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipe}} Melk kos is a traditional South African milk-based porridge originating from Afrikaans rural farm kitchens, developed as a simple nourishing breakfast using staple pantry ingredients. {{Recipe summary | Category = Breakfast recipes | Cuisine = Southern Africa | Time = 15 minutes | Difficulty = 1 }} '''Ingredients:''' * 1 L full cream milk * 100 g flour * 50 g sugar * 30 g butter * Pinch of salt * Cinnamon (optional) '''Utensils:''' * Heavy-bottom saucepan * Whisk * Wooden spoon '''Method:''' * Heat milk over medium heat until steaming (do not boil). * Mix flour with cold milk to form a smooth slurry. * Slowly whisk slurry into hot milk. * Cook 10–15 minutes until thick and silky. * Add butter and stir until fully melted. * Add sugar and salt. * Serve hot with cinnamon. 8cs2h8ilbe6xzddj2121avlsv22fs6i 4635561 4635560 2026-05-13T13:05:51Z Golgbachev 3581703 Wikibook improvement (AfroCuisine 2026) 4635561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipe}} Melk kos is a traditional South African milk-based porridge originating from Afrikaans rural farm kitchens, developed as a simple nourishing breakfast using staple pantry ingredients. {{Recipe summary | Category = Breakfast recipes | Cuisine = Southern Africa | Time = 15 minutes | Difficulty = 1 }} '''Ingredients:''' * 1 L full cream milk * 100 g flour * 50 g sugar * 30 g butter * Pinch of salt * Cinnamon (optional) '''Utensils:''' * Heavy-bottom saucepan * Whisk * Wooden spoon '''Method:''' * Heat milk over medium heat until steaming (do not boil). * Mix flour with cold milk to form a smooth slurry. * Slowly whisk slurry into hot milk. * Cook 10–15 minutes until thick and silky. * Add butter and stir until fully melted. * Add sugar and salt. * Serve hot with cinnamon. [[Category:South African recipes]] [[Category:Breakfast recipes]] [[Category:Easy recipes]] 35jpai5zkox0i2l8vhdqmgbgmeehwdm 4635566 4635561 2026-05-13T13:20:02Z Golgbachev 3581703 Wikibook improvement (AfroCuisine 2026) 4635566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipe}} Melk kos is a traditional South African milk-based porridge originating from Afrikaans rural farm kitchens, developed as a simple nourishing breakfast using staple pantry ingredients. {{Recipe summary | Category = Breakfast recipes | Cuisine = Southern Africa | Time = 15 minutes | Difficulty = 1 }} == Ingredients == * 1 L full cream milk * 100 g flour * 50 g sugar * 30 g butter * Pinch of salt * Cinnamon (optional) == Utensils == * Heavy-bottom saucepan * Whisk * Wooden spoon == Method == * Heat milk over medium heat until steaming (do not boil). * Mix flour with cold milk to form a smooth slurry. * Slowly whisk slurry into hot milk. * Cook 10–15 minutes until thick and silky. * Add butter and stir until fully melted. * Add sugar and salt. * Serve hot with cinnamon. [[Category:South African recipes]] [[Category:Breakfast recipes]] [[Category:Easy recipes]] olo5oaco76rt7aumiqn8z78jbhw1bap 4635570 4635566 2026-05-13T13:34:22Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete flag 4635570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipe}} {{Incomplete recipe|reason=headers and formatting don't match recipe requirements, missing appropriate linking, missing quantities, missing categories, general stylistic adjustments needed}} Melk kos is a traditional South African milk-based porridge originating from Afrikaans rural farm kitchens, developed as a simple nourishing breakfast using staple pantry ingredients. {{Recipe summary | Category = Breakfast recipes | Cuisine = Southern Africa | Time = 15 minutes | Difficulty = 1 }} == Ingredients == * 1 L full cream milk * 100 g flour * 50 g sugar * 30 g butter * Pinch of salt * Cinnamon (optional) == Utensils == * Heavy-bottom saucepan * Whisk * Wooden spoon == Method == * Heat milk over medium heat until steaming (do not boil). * Mix flour with cold milk to form a smooth slurry. * Slowly whisk slurry into hot milk. * Cook 10–15 minutes until thick and silky. * Add butter and stir until fully melted. * Add sugar and salt. * Serve hot with cinnamon. [[Category:South African recipes]] [[Category:Breakfast recipes]] [[Category:Easy recipes]] 40pdsuoudzejv3dntmjgvw2q4bld5pw 102 483301 4635564 2026-05-13T13:16:40Z Golgbachev 3581703 Wikibook creation (AfroCuisine 2026) 4635564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipe}} This dish originates from British colonial breakfast traditions introduced to South Africa, later becoming a common urban breakfast in households and hotels. {{Recipe summary | Category = Breakfast recipes | Origin = British colonial influence adapted in South Africa | Time = 30 minutes | Difficulty = 1 }} == Ingredients == * Bacon slices * Eggs * Bread * Butter == Utensils == * Frying pan * Spatula * Toaster or grill pan == Method == * Place bacon in a cold pan and slowly increase heat to render fat evenly. * Cook until edges curl and bacon becomes crisp, then set aside. * Use rendered fat to fry eggs sunny-side up or over-easy. * Toast bread until golden and immediately butter while hot. * Plate bacon first, then eggs, then toast for temperature contrast. q3tmucy9539rpat1owu2cggccsw7b23 4635565 4635564 2026-05-13T13:18:10Z Golgbachev 3581703 Wikibook creation (AfroCuisine 2026) 4635565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipe}} This dish originates from British colonial breakfast traditions introduced to South Africa, later becoming a common urban breakfast in households and hotels. {{Recipe summary | Category = Breakfast recipes | Origin = British colonial influence adapted in South Africa | Time = 30 minutes | Difficulty = 1 }} == Ingredients == * Bacon slices * Eggs * Bread * Butter == Utensils == * Frying pan * Spatula * Toaster or grill pan == Method == * Place bacon in a cold pan and slowly increase heat to render fat evenly. * Cook until edges curl and bacon becomes crisp, then set aside. * Use rendered fat to fry eggs sunny-side up or over-easy. * Toast bread until golden and immediately butter while hot. * Plate bacon first, then eggs, then toast for temperature contrast. [[Category:South African recipes]] [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:British recipes]] 05gw8013iaxjjlgllbtm4qip1is6phl 4635571 4635565 2026-05-13T13:35:42Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete flag 4635571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipe}} {{Incomplete recipe|reason=headers don't match recipe requirements, missing appropriate linking, missing quantities, missing categories, general stylistic adjustments needed}} This dish originates from British colonial breakfast traditions introduced to South Africa, later becoming a common urban breakfast in households and hotels. {{Recipe summary | Category = Breakfast recipes | Origin = British colonial influence adapted in South Africa | Time = 30 minutes | Difficulty = 1 }} == Ingredients == * Bacon slices * Eggs * Bread * Butter == Utensils == * Frying pan * Spatula * Toaster or grill pan == Method == * Place bacon in a cold pan and slowly increase heat to render fat evenly. * Cook until edges curl and bacon becomes crisp, then set aside. * Use rendered fat to fry eggs sunny-side up or over-easy. * Toast bread until golden and immediately butter while hot. * Plate bacon first, then eggs, then toast for temperature contrast. [[Category:South African recipes]] [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:British recipes]] p2daghpzwpxhxugwumbogamhuknrezz 0 483302 4635574 2026-05-13T14:12:01Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 Created new page. Added two examples. 4635574 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Examples Of Literary Pitfalls In Vampire Fiction''' <br> <br> 1. Overreliance on tropes without variation. <br> Falls into pitfall:<br> <br> Many Vampire films (1990s - 2000s). Because of their low budget, this film niche is known for recycling the same element: <br> pale thin seducer, cape, castle, hypnotic gaze... without adding new meaning. <br> <br> Avoids the pitfall: Anne Rice's ''Interview with the Vampire''. <br> Rice keeps familiar traits such as immortality, and blood drinking, but adds moral conflict, complex relationships, and existential dread. <br> <br> Why it matters: Readers want to recognize the vampire, yet not a copy-and-paste vampire. <br> <br> 2. Telling instead of showing: <br> <br> Falls into pitfall: <br> <br> Some Young Adult, or YA novels (after Twilight's success). <br> Instead of letting actions reveal, characters explain their feelings. [Ex: "I was so scared," "He was dangerous"] <br> Avoids the pitfall: Bram Stoker's Dracula. <br> Fear is shown through letters, diary entries, and reactions, not direct explanation. <br> <br> Why it matters: Showing creates immersion, telling creates distance. 9wpm6ll7zeeb4bnni49imptu4fpiwx6 4635575 4635574 2026-05-13T14:13:35Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 bold to title 4635575 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Examples Of Literary Pitfalls In Vampire Fiction''' <br> <br> 1. Overreliance on tropes without variation. <br> Falls into pitfall:<br> <br> Many Vampire films (1990s - 2000s). Because of their low budget, this film niche is known for recycling the same element: <br> pale thin seducer, cape, castle, hypnotic gaze... without adding new meaning. <br> <br> Avoids the pitfall: Anne Rice's ''Interview with the Vampire''. <br> Rice keeps familiar traits such as immortality, and blood drinking, but adds moral conflict, complex relationships, and existential dread. <br> <br> Why it matters: Readers want to recognize the vampire, yet not a copy-and-paste vampire. <br> <br> 2. Telling instead of showing: <br> <br> Falls into pitfall: <br> <br> Some Young Adult, or YA novels (after Twilight's success). <br> Instead of letting actions reveal, characters explain their feelings. [Ex: "I was so scared," "He was dangerous"] <br> Avoids the pitfall: Bram Stoker's '''Dracula'''. <br> Fear is shown through letters, diary entries, and reactions, not direct explanation. <br> <br> Why it matters: Showing creates immersion, telling creates distance. k2vmbw4hd6n9qpiti2w94arjchfkac5 4635586 4635575 2026-05-13T15:41:09Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 Added several pitfalls 4635586 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Examples Of Literary Pitfalls In Vampire Fiction''' <br> <br> 1. Overreliance on tropes without variation. <br> Falls into pitfall:<br> <br> Many Vampire films (1990s - 2000s). Because of their low budget, this film niche is known for recycling the same element: <br> pale thin seducer, cape, castle, hypnotic gaze... without adding new meaning. <br> <br> Avoids the pitfall: <br> Anne Rice's ''Interview with the Vampire''. <br> Rice keeps familiar traits such as immortality, and blood drinking, but adds moral conflict, complex relationships, and existential dread. <br> <br> Why it matters: Readers want to recognize the vampire, yet not a copy-and-paste vampire. <br> <br> 2. Telling instead of showing: <br> <br> Falls into pitfall: <br> <br> Some Young Adult, or YA novels (after Twilight's success). <br> Instead of letting actions reveal, characters explain their feelings. [Ex: "I was so scared," "He was dangerous"] <br> <br> Avoids the pitfall: Bram Stoker's '''Dracula'''. <br> Fear is shown through letters, diary entries, and reactions, not direct explanation. <br> <br> Why it matters: Showing creates immersion, telling creates distance. <br> <br> 3. Inconsistent Worldbuilding: <br> <br> Falls in pitfall: <br> <br> The Underworld film series. Rules that govern vampire weaknesses and vampire strengths, and hybridization shifts between films. <br> <br> Avoids the pitfalls: <br> Buffy the Vampire Slayer. <br> <br> Why it matters: Readers trust world's that obey their own logic. <br> <br> 4. Flat or One-Dimensional Characters: <br> <br> Falls in pitfall: <br> <br> Early pulp vampire villains. They exist only as a plot device, no motive, or depth. <br> <br> Avoid the pitfalls: <br> Carmilla (Le Fanu) <br> Carmilla is predatory, but also affectionate, lonely, and tragic. Emotionally layered. <br> <br> Why it matters: Complexity makes monsters memorable. <br> <br> 5. Overexplaining Lore <br> <br> Falls in pitfall:<br> <br> Some modern fantasy novels. <br> They pause the story, in order to take long lore dumps. These dumps pause for too long. Dumps are often about vampire history, bloodlines and councils. <br> Avoids the pitfall: <br> Guillermo del Toro's ''The Strain'' <br> Lore is revealed gradually through action, consequences, and investigation. <br> <br> Why it matters: <br> Readers want discovery, not lectures. 6. Underdeveloped Stakes <br> <br> Falls in pitfall: <br> <br> Romantic vampire stories where everyone is immortal. <br> If no one can die, stakes evaporate. <br> <br> Avoids the pitfalls: <br> The Lost Boys. <br> <br> Why it matters: <br> Stakes create tension, tension creates story. <br> <br> 7. Forced Romance <br> <br> Falls into pitfall: <br> Some paranormal romance series. Characters fall in love instantly. There is little believable development. <br> <br> Avoid the pitfall: <br> Buffy & Angel (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) Their relationship grows through sacrifice. <br> <br> Why it matters: <br> Earned emotion is powerful, forced emotion is empty inside. f3atnyueiwuq6znb8g5faaj5oe5h3jh 4635588 4635586 2026-05-13T15:49:53Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 corrected a few typos. 4635588 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Examples Of Literary Pitfalls In Vampire Fiction''' <br> <br> 1. Overreliance on tropes without variation. <br> <br> Falls into pitfall:<br> <br> Many Vampire films (1990s - 2000s). Because of their low budget, this film niche is known for recycling the same element: <br> pale thin seducer, cape, castle, hypnotic gaze... without adding new meaning. <br> <br> Avoids the pitfall: <br> Anne Rice's ''Interview with the Vampire''. <br> Rice keeps familiar traits such as immortality, and blood drinking, but adds moral conflict, complex relationships, and existential dread. <br> <br> Why it matters: Readers want to recognize the vampire, yet not a copy-and-paste vampire. <br> <br> 2. Telling instead of showing: <br> <br> Falls into pitfall: <br> <br> Some Young Adult, or YA novels (after Twilight's success). <br> Instead of letting actions reveal, characters explain their feelings. [Ex: "I was so scared," "He was dangerous"] <br> <br> Avoids the pitfall: Bram Stoker's '''Dracula'''. <br> Fear is shown through letters, diary entries, and reactions, not direct explanation. <br> <br> Why it matters: Showing creates immersion, telling creates distance. <br> <br> 3. Inconsistent Worldbuilding: <br> <br> Falls in pitfall: <br> <br> The Underworld film series. Rules that govern vampire weaknesses, vampire strengths, and hybridization, shift between films. <br> <br> Avoids the pitfalls: <br> Buffy the Vampire Slayer. <br> <br> Why it matters: Readers trust worlds that obey their own logic. <br> <br> 4. Flat or One-Dimensional Characters: <br> <br> Falls in pitfall: <br> <br> Early pulp vampire villains. They exist only as a plot device, no motive, or depth. <br> <br> Avoid the pitfalls: <br> Carmilla (Le Fanu) <br> Carmilla is predatory, but also affectionate, lonely, and tragic. Emotionally layered. <br> <br> Why it matters: Complexity makes monsters memorable. <br> <br> 5. Overexplaining Lore <br> <br> Falls in pitfall:<br> <br> Some modern fantasy novels. <br> They pause the story, in order to take long lore dumps. These dumps pause for too long. Dumps are often about vampire history, bloodlines and councils. <br> Avoids the pitfall: <br> Guillermo del Toro's ''The Strain'' <br> Lore is revealed gradually through action, consequences, and investigation. <br> <br> Why it matters: <br> Readers want discovery, not lectures. 6. Underdeveloped Stakes <br> <br> Falls in pitfall: <br> <br> Romantic vampire stories where everyone is immortal. <br> If one can not die, stakes evaporate. <br> <br> Avoids the pitfalls: <br> The Lost Boys. <br> <br> Why it matters: <br> Stakes create tension, tension creates story. <br> <br> 7. Forced Romance <br> <br> Falls into pitfall: <br> Some paranormal romance series. Characters fall in love instantly. There is little believable development. <br> <br> Avoid the pitfall: <br> Buffy & Angel (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) Their relationship grows through sacrifice. <br> <br> Why it matters: <br> Earned emotion is powerful, forced emotion is empty inside. ej0ljz02uayisxvpj62sd2w6e9rslt5 4635590 4635588 2026-05-13T15:52:45Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 Added bold subtitles 4635590 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Examples Of Literary Pitfalls In Vampire Fiction''' <br> <br> 1. '''Overreliance on tropes without variation.''' <br> <br> Falls into pitfall:<br> <br> Many Vampire films (1990s - 2000s). Because of their low budget, this film niche is known for recycling the same element: <br> pale thin seducer, cape, castle, hypnotic gaze... without adding new meaning. <br> <br> Avoids the pitfall: <br> Anne Rice's ''Interview with the Vampire''. <br> Rice keeps familiar traits such as immortality, and blood drinking, but adds moral conflict, complex relationships, and existential dread. <br> <br> Why it matters: Readers want to recognize the vampire, yet not a copy-and-paste vampire. <br> <br> 2. '''Telling instead of showing:''' <br> <br> Falls into pitfall: <br> <br> Some Young Adult, or YA novels (after Twilight's success). <br> Instead of letting actions reveal, characters explain their feelings. [Ex: "I was so scared," "He was dangerous"] <br> <br> Avoids the pitfall: Bram Stoker's '''Dracula'''. <br> Fear is shown through letters, diary entries, and reactions, not direct explanation. <br> <br> Why it matters: Showing creates immersion, telling creates distance. <br> <br> 3. '''Inconsistent Worldbuilding:''' <br> <br> Falls in pitfall: <br> <br> The Underworld film series. Rules that govern vampire weaknesses, vampire strengths, and hybridization, shift between films. <br> <br> Avoids the pitfalls: <br> Buffy the Vampire Slayer. <br> <br> Why it matters: Readers trust worlds that obey their own logic. <br> <br> 4. '''Flat or One-Dimensional Characters:''' <br> <br> Falls in pitfall: <br> <br> Early pulp vampire villains. They exist only as a plot device, no motive, or depth. <br> <br> Avoid the pitfalls: <br> Carmilla (Le Fanu) <br> Carmilla is predatory, but also affectionate, lonely, and tragic. Emotionally layered. <br> <br> Why it matters: Complexity makes monsters memorable. <br> <br> 5. '''Overexplaining Lore''' <br> <br> Falls in pitfall:<br> <br> Some modern fantasy novels. <br> They pause the story, in order to take long lore dumps. These dumps pause for too long. Dumps are often about vampire history, bloodlines and councils. <br> Avoids the pitfall: <br> Guillermo del Toro's ''The Strain'' <br> Lore is revealed gradually through action, consequences, and investigation. <br> <br> Why it matters: <br> Readers want discovery, not lectures. 6. '''Underdeveloped Stakes''' <br> <br> Falls in pitfall: <br> <br> Romantic vampire stories where everyone is immortal. <br> If one can not die, stakes evaporate. <br> <br> Avoids the pitfalls: <br> The Lost Boys. <br> <br> Why it matters: <br> Stakes create tension, tension creates story. <br> <br> 7. '''Forced Romance''' <br> <br> Falls into pitfall: <br> Some paranormal romance series. Characters fall in love instantly. There is little believable development. <br> <br> Avoid the pitfall: <br> Buffy & Angel (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) Their relationship grows through sacrifice. <br> <br> Why it matters: <br> Earned emotion is powerful, forced emotion is empty inside. b9a3bwga1hq3s66k0dc8vbs3qhnm89k 2 483303 4635591 2026-05-13T16:07:21Z Amaanshaikh2003 3586112 Created blank page 4635591 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3 483304 4635626 2026-05-13T19:15:32Z ~2026-28958-76 3586208 /* mango */ new section 4635626 wikitext text/x-wiki == mango == mango [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28958-76|&#126;2026-28958-76]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28958-76|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC) 4b2kev897wxhni53ya2obmov8n142ot 4635627 4635626 2026-05-13T19:15:38Z Quinlan83 3290607 Requesting deletion 4635627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|Test page}}== mango == mango [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28958-76|&#126;2026-28958-76]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28958-76|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC) tt2n5izx5399meoqyzdopgf4wgdjhr5 4635633 4635627 2026-05-13T19:23:25Z ~2026-28958-76 3586208 /* DO NOT DELETE */ new section 4635633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|Test page}}== mango == mango [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28958-76|&#126;2026-28958-76]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28958-76|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC) == DO NOT DELETE == please do not delete this talkpage. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28958-76|&#126;2026-28958-76]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28958-76|talk]]) 19:23, 13 May 2026 (UTC) 1nn4jjw1vhsejbtl9grnv22dbceyht0 2 483305 4635641 2026-05-13T20:55:46Z Panic2k4 2865 Transcompilement: For the betterment C++ and Ada (2026) 4635641 wikitext text/x-wiki == For the betterment C++ and Ada (2026) == The history of programming languages is not a straight line of progress but a branching story shaped by hardware limits, market pressures, institutional needs, and the uneven development of global computing cultures. Most programmers who entered the field in the late twentieth century did so through languages that reflected the democratization of computing: BASIC in school labs, perhaps some Pascal or COBOL if the teacher had the background, and with luck a taste of assembly or dBase. These languages were not chosen because they were ideal, but because they were accessible, cheap, and aligned with the educational and industrial realities of the time. Programming was still a craft, almost artisanal, shaped by experimentation and improvisation more than formal method. The personal computer revolution amplified this spirit, and as hardware became cheaper and more capable, the center of gravity shifted from academic computing to commercial software. Companies like Microsoft, Sun, and Cisco began to push their own ecosystems, certifications, and languages, each trying to capture the growing market of developers. Yet in parallel, a very different lineage was forming in the United States. During the 1970s, the Department of Defense faced a crisis: hundreds of incompatible languages were used across its systems, creating catastrophic failures and unmaintainable codebases. The DoD responded with a multi‑year requirements process that culminated in Ada, a language designed not for convenience but for correctness, longevity, and verifiability. Ada became the backbone of avionics, defense, rail systems, and other domains where failure is unacceptable. It was a language born from institutional necessity, not market demand, and its rigor reflected that origin. Operating systems evolved along a different path. Protected memory, privilege rings, process isolation, and sandboxing were not created to force developers into rigid discipline but to allow unsafe, expressive, experimental code to run without destroying the system. Security infrastructure became a freedom amplifier. If every developer were required to write Ada‑grade code, software would be too expensive, too slow, too rigid, and too uncreative. Instead, OS‑level safety nets allowed languages like C++, Python, JavaScript, and Lua to flourish. Divergence became the engine of innovation. As C++ matured, it began to evolve toward a more analyzable and declarative style. Modern C++ introduces constexpr evaluation, modules, contracts, safer ranges, and static analysis hooks. Guidelines‑based subsets like MISRA, AUTOSAR, and the Core Guidelines show that the language is slowly developing a safe interior core. This creates the possibility of a restricted, declarative subset of C++ that is structurally compatible with Ada’s correctness model. The natural question arises: if undefined behavior is such a problem, and if backward compatibility is so sacred, why not freeze versions of C++ the way Python does and move safety enforcement into the compiler? The answer is that C and C++ are not like Python. They are substrate languages, the foundation of operating systems, compilers, browsers, databases, embedded systems, telecom infrastructure, robotics, HPC, and AI frameworks. Freezing a version of C++ would fragment the ecosystem and break billions of lines of legacy code. Undefined behavior is not an accident but a contract with hardware that allows compilers to optimize aggressively across architectures. Removing it would destroy the performance and portability that make C and C++ viable. The compiler cannot be the central authority because there is no single compiler. GCC, Clang/LLVM, MSVC, Intel, ARM vendor compilers, embedded toolchains, and proprietary industrial compilers all coexist. If one enforces safety and another does not, the ecosystem fractures. Python can break compatibility because it has one canonical interpreter and runtime. C++ cannot because it has many. This is where LLVM changes the landscape. LLVM does not give us a single global compiler or a unified ABI, but it does give us a shared intermediate representation, powerful static analysis, sanitizers, lifetime tracking, alias analysis, concurrency modeling, and instrumentation. LLVM cannot fix C++ from the center, but it can host a safety layer on top of C++. For the first time, we can extract a safe declarative subset of C++, verify it using LLVM’s analysis, translate it into Ada or SPARK, enforce contracts, and prove correctness without breaking compatibility or fragmenting the ecosystem. LLVM becomes the bridge technology Ada never had. This leads naturally to the idea of a declarative C++ to Ada transcompiler. The goal is not to translate arbitrary C++ into Ada, which would be impossible and undesirable, but to define a restricted, safe subset of C++ with no raw pointers, no pointer arithmetic, no undefined behavior, no template metaprogramming, and no low‑level concurrency primitives. This subset becomes a bridge language. A transcompiler can map it onto Ada constructs, emit SPARK‑compatible code with explicit contracts, and feed it into formal verification pipelines. Expressive C++ can coexist with correctness‑critical Ada. The resulting ecosystem is layered. User‑level code is written in expressive modern C++ or Python/C++ hybrids, fast to develop and ergonomic. System‑level code is generated or hand‑written in Ada or SPARK, deterministic and analyzable. Hardware‑adjacent code remains in C, where minimal abstraction and maximal control are essential. OS security provides the isolation that allows unsafe code to run safely. No single language is forced to serve all needs; divergence becomes a system strength. A C++ to Ada pipeline creates healthy evolutionary pressure. C++ is nudged toward safer subsets, contracts, and analyzable patterns. Ada is pushed toward modern tooling, better ergonomics, and integration with contemporary build systems. Neither language needs to absorb the other; they co‑evolve through a shared declarative core. The deeper philosophy is that safety should protect the core while freedom thrives at the edges. The purpose of safety infrastructure (whether in hardware, OS design, or language design) is not to eliminate unsafe code but to make unsafe code survivable. The world needs strict languages for critical systems, flexible languages for user‑level logic, raw languages for hardware, and security infrastructure to let them coexist. This layered model reflects how real systems are built and how they should continue to evolve. The future is not a merger of languages but a recognition that divergence is a strength. With the right bridges (such as a declarative C++ to Ada transcompiler built on LLVM). Each language can excel in its natural domain while contributing to a coherent, safe, and expressive whole. This is not a rejection of Ada’s rigor or C++’s versatility but a synthesis that respects both and acknowledges that the complexity of modern systems has outgrown the capacity of any single human to comprehend or single language to compress alone. dgo4ldz1s2upo2rscsy39a6bb4xs4wb 8 483306 4635648 2026-05-13T22:40:49Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Using reviewed instead of checked. 4635648 wikitext text/x-wiki The page has not been reviewed h2fbpsqqynugzixxbg8cny0qg9w9olu 0 483307 4635660 2026-05-14T06:09:43Z Kwfd 3577794 Created page with "{{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|66=rl|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 d5 2. Nf3 c5 3. e4|30=pd|48=nl|29=pd|39=pl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Norfolk Gambit of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen..." 4635660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|66=rl|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 d5 2. Nf3 c5 3. e4|30=pd|48=nl|29=pd|39=pl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Norfolk Gambit of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Norfolk_Gambit/Nf3_d5_b3_c5_e4 |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is an uncommon gambit where White sacrifices their e-pawn. The idea of this aggressive gambit is to gain activity and development and potentially spring a few traps that Black will have to be careful of (e.g. 3...dxe4 4. Ne5 Qd4? 5. Bb2!! with ideas to trap the queen if Qxb2). This gambit is more commonly seen from the move order 1. Nf3 d5 2. b3 c5 3. e4. === History === There is no known origin of the name "Norfolk Gambit". It is a modern name assigned to a recently popularized gambit. === Main Moves === * 3...dxe4 * 3...d4 * 3...Nc6 * 3...e6 === Statistics === White wins ~51%, Black wins ~45%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A06<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/norfolk-gambit |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}}{{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} k2xx38w4lmax9v6q1psrficuk3lubrw 4635662 4635660 2026-05-14T06:13:21Z Kwfd 3577794 Kwfd moved page [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit]] to [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit (with 3. e4)]]: Misspelled title 4635660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|66=rl|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 d5 2. Nf3 c5 3. e4|30=pd|48=nl|29=pd|39=pl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Norfolk Gambit of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Norfolk_Gambit/Nf3_d5_b3_c5_e4 |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is an uncommon gambit where White sacrifices their e-pawn. The idea of this aggressive gambit is to gain activity and development and potentially spring a few traps that Black will have to be careful of (e.g. 3...dxe4 4. Ne5 Qd4? 5. Bb2!! with ideas to trap the queen if Qxb2). This gambit is more commonly seen from the move order 1. Nf3 d5 2. b3 c5 3. e4. === History === There is no known origin of the name "Norfolk Gambit". It is a modern name assigned to a recently popularized gambit. === Main Moves === * 3...dxe4 * 3...d4 * 3...Nc6 * 3...e6 === Statistics === White wins ~51%, Black wins ~45%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A06<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/norfolk-gambit |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}}{{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} k2xx38w4lmax9v6q1psrficuk3lubrw 4635664 4635662 2026-05-14T06:13:53Z Kwfd 3577794 Added "with 3. e4" 4635664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|66=rl|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 d5 2. Nf3 c5 3. e4|30=pd|48=nl|29=pd|39=pl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Norfolk Gambit of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack with 3. e4<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Norfolk_Gambit/Nf3_d5_b3_c5_e4 |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is an uncommon gambit where White sacrifices their e-pawn. The idea of this aggressive gambit is to gain activity and development and potentially spring a few traps that Black will have to be careful of (e.g. 3...dxe4 4. Ne5 Qd4? 5. Bb2!! with ideas to trap the queen if Qxb2). This gambit is more commonly seen from the move order 1. Nf3 d5 2. b3 c5 3. e4. === History === There is no known origin of the name "Norfolk Gambit". It is a modern name assigned to a recently popularized gambit. === Main Moves === * 3...dxe4 * 3...d4 * 3...Nc6 * 3...e6 === Statistics === White wins ~51%, Black wins ~45%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A06<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/norfolk-gambit |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}}{{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} 3wa5km53bh5t7kzyc2ooyljqz2dz72u 4635667 4635664 2026-05-14T06:24:52Z Kwfd 3577794 Added template 4635667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Named Chess Openings/duplicate|duplicates=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit (with 4. e4)}} {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|66=rl|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 d5 2. Nf3 c5 3. e4|30=pd|48=nl|29=pd|39=pl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Norfolk Gambit of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack with 3. e4<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Norfolk_Gambit/Nf3_d5_b3_c5_e4 |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is an uncommon gambit where White sacrifices their e-pawn. The idea of this aggressive gambit is to gain activity and development and potentially spring a few traps that Black will have to be careful of (e.g. 3...dxe4 4. Ne5 Qd4? 5. Bb2!! with ideas to trap the queen if Qxb2). This gambit is more commonly seen from the move order 1. Nf3 d5 2. b3 c5 3. e4. === History === There is no known origin of the name "Norfolk Gambit". It is a modern name assigned to a recently popularized gambit. === Main Moves === * 3...dxe4 * 3...d4 * 3...Nc6 * 3...e6 === Statistics === White wins ~51%, Black wins ~45%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A06<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/norfolk-gambit |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}}{{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} 00ovn235gaymc74zunykdo9l07qop0z 4635670 4635667 2026-05-14T07:25:31Z Kwfd 3577794 Fixed parameter in {{Chess diagram}} 4635670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Named Chess Openings/duplicate|duplicates=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit (with 4. e4)}} {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit (with 3. e4)|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|66=rl|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 d5 2. Nf3 c5 3. e4|30=pd|48=nl|29=pd|39=pl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Norfolk Gambit of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack with 3. e4<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Norfolk_Gambit/Nf3_d5_b3_c5_e4 |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is an uncommon gambit where White sacrifices their e-pawn. The idea of this aggressive gambit is to gain activity and development and potentially spring a few traps that Black will have to be careful of (e.g. 3...dxe4 4. Ne5 Qd4? 5. Bb2!! with ideas to trap the queen if Qxb2). This gambit is more commonly seen from the move order 1. Nf3 d5 2. b3 c5 3. e4. === History === There is no known origin of the name "Norfolk Gambit". It is a modern name assigned to a recently popularized gambit. === Main Moves === * 3...dxe4 * 3...d4 * 3...Nc6 * 3...e6 === Statistics === White wins ~51%, Black wins ~45%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A06<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/norfolk-gambit |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}}{{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} 8kwsesousfhiw42ryqjrcn7fqmsduv6 0 483308 4635663 2026-05-14T06:13:21Z Kwfd 3577794 Kwfd moved page [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit]] to [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit (with 3. e4)]]: Misspelled title 4635663 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit (with 3. e4)]] fmly3t80b99pp0fjyybe6txbmfrcmk4 4635669 4635663 2026-05-14T07:21:57Z Kwfd 3577794 Removed redirect to [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit (with 3. e4)]] 4635669 wikitext text/x-wiki __DISAMBIG__ There is no page named '''Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit.''' You may be looking for one of the following: * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit (with 3. e4)]] or * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit (with 4. e4)]] {{bookcat}} qt4yveemb1l7kckdmg9grtuk5vszib5 10 483309 4635665 2026-05-14T06:21:05Z Kwfd 3577794 Created page with "{{bmbox |type=notice |image=[[File:Chess black bishop.svg|40px]] |text='''This page has the exact same full name as {{{duplicates|another opening}}} and thus must be disambiguated.'''<br>This page must not be confused with its similarly named counterpart to keep information reliable and true. }} <noinclude><templatedata> { "params": { "duplicates": { "description": "The similarly named opening(s).", "type": "string", "autovalue": "another opening" } }, "d..." 4635665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bmbox |type=notice |image=[[File:Chess black bishop.svg|40px]] |text='''This page has the exact same full name as {{{duplicates|another opening}}} and thus must be disambiguated.'''<br>This page must not be confused with its similarly named counterpart to keep information reliable and true. }} <noinclude><templatedata> { "params": { "duplicates": { "description": "The similarly named opening(s).", "type": "string", "autovalue": "another opening" } }, "description": "Template represents opening entries in book Named Chess Openings which have the exact same name as another opening." } </templatedata> [[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings/Templates]]</noinclude> tup0ib1hfii1w8fpexivjtsb8cxnfp9 4635666 4635665 2026-05-14T06:21:57Z Kwfd 3577794 Wording made consistent with other template pages 4635666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bmbox |type=notice |image=[[File:Chess black bishop.svg|40px]] |text='''This page has the exact same full name as {{{duplicates|another opening}}} and thus must be disambiguated.'''<br>This page must not be confused with its similarly named counterpart to keep information reliable and true. }} <noinclude><templatedata> { "params": { "duplicates": { "description": "The similarly named opening(s).", "type": "string", "autovalue": "another opening" } }, "description": "Represents opening entries in book Named Chess Openings which have the exact same name as another opening." } </templatedata> [[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings/Templates]]</noinclude> qn3v1irkcglftho648gln5dw4vj0naj 0 483310 4635671 2026-05-14T07:34:53Z Kwfd 3577794 Created page with "{{Named Chess Openings/duplicate|duplicates=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit (with 3. e4)}} {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit (with 4. e4)|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|66=rl|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 d5 2. Nf3 c5 3. Bb2 Nf6 4. e4|30=pd|48=nl|29=pd|39=pl|24=nd|52=bl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Norfolk Gambit with the move 4. e4..." 4635671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Named Chess Openings/duplicate|duplicates=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit (with 3. e4)}} {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit (with 4. e4)|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|66=rl|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 d5 2. Nf3 c5 3. Bb2 Nf6 4. e4|30=pd|48=nl|29=pd|39=pl|24=nd|52=bl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Norfolk Gambit with the move 4. e4 in the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Norfolk_Gambit/Nf3_d5_b3_c5_Bb2_Nf6_e4 |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is an unsound gambit Where white sacrifices their e-pawn. The idea is that after 4...dxe4 White can try for activity with 5. Ne5. However, this is unjustified as there aren't any traps, unlike its similarly named counterpart and Black can also play the bold 4...Nxe4. More commonly reached from 1. b3 d5 2. Nf3 c5 3. Bb2 Nf6 4. e4. === History === There is no known history of the name "Norfolk Gambit". It is a modern name assigned to a gambit resembling the modernly popularized [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit (with 3. e4)|Norfolk Gambit with 3. e4]]. === Main Moves === * 4...dxe4 * 4...d4 * 4...Nc6 * 4...Nxe4 === Statistics === White wins ~44%, Black wins ~52%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A06<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack-with-c5/norfolk-gambit |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}}{{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} if8xyxz0im7kw6wjfz9gg5qbwex9ic8